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-5872558924664528813	List of alcohol laws of the United States	List of alcohol laws of the United states - wikipedia List of alcohol laws of the United states This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Beer at a Walmart in Kissimmee , Florida . Some states permit alcoholic beverages to be sold at all stores selling groceries while others have more restrictive laws , with laws of many states specifying different restrictions for different categories of alcoholic beverages . The following table of alcohol laws of the United States provides an overview of alcohol - related laws by first level jurisdictions throughout the US . This list is not intended to provide a breakdown of such laws by local jurisdiction within a state ; see that state 's alcohol laws page for more detailed information . On July 17 , 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act . The bill would force all states to raise their drinking age from 18 , 19 , or 20 to 21 . States that did not choose to raise their drinking age to 21 would risk losing 10 % ( Changed to 8 % in 2012 ) of federal highway funding as a penalty . As of July 1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had a minimum purchase age of 21 , with some grandfather clauses , and with the exception of Louisiana 's complicated legal situation that was not resolved until July 2 , 1996 . Prior to 1988 , the minimum purchase age varied by jurisdiction . After Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in July 1984 , states not in compliance had a portion of their federal highway budget withheld . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply , in mid-1988 . However , most states continue to allow those under 21 to drink in certain circumstances . Examples are some states like Tennessee and Washington , which allow those under 21 to drink for religious purposes . States including Oregon and New York allow those under 21 to drink on private non-alcohol selling premises . Unlike on the mainland , the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have a minimum purchase and drinking age of 18 . The minimum purchase age is 21 in the Northern Mariana Islands , Guam , American Samoa , and US Minor Outlying Islands . U.S. military reservations are exempt under federal law from state , county , and locally enacted alcohol beverage laws . Class Six stores in a base exchange facility , officers ' or NCO clubs , as well as other military commissaries which are located on a military reservation , may sell and serve alcohol beverages at any time during their prescribed hours of operation to authorized patrons . While the installation commander is free to set the drinking age , with some exceptions , most stateside military bases have a drinking age that mirrors the local community . Individual states remain free to restrict or prohibit the manufacture of beer , mead , hard cider , wine , and other fermented alcoholic beverages at home . Homebrewing beer became legal in all 50 states in 2013 as the governor of Mississippi signed a bill legalizing homebrewing on March 19 , 2013 and as the governor of Alabama signed a bill legalizing homebrewing of beer and wine which came into effect on May 9 , 2013 . The Mississippi bill went into effect July 1 , 2013 . Most states allow brewing 100 US gallons ( 380 L ) of beer per adult per year and up to a maximum of 200 US gallons ( 760 L ) per household annually when there are two or more adults residing in the household . Because alcohol is taxed by the federal government via excise taxes , homebrewers are prohibited from selling any beer they brew . This similarly applies in most Western countries . In 1979 , President Jimmy Carter signed into law a bill allowing home beers , which was at the time not permitted without paying the excise taxes as a holdover from the prohibition of alcoholic beverages ( repealed in 1933 ) . This change also exempted home brewers from posting a `` penal bond '' ( which is currently $1000.00 ) . Production of distilled alcohols is regulated at the National level under USC Title 26 subtitle E Ch51 . Numerous requirements must be met to do so and production carries an excise tax . Owning or operating a distillation apparatus without filing the proper paperwork and paying the taxes carries federal criminal penalties . In land or property that is being rented or owned by the federal government , state , territory , and federal district alcohol laws do not apply . Instead , only laws made by the federal government apply . Contents 1 Table 1.1 Alabama -- Hawaii 1.2 Idaho -- Massachusetts 1.3 Michigan -- New Mexico 1.4 New York -- South Dakota 1.5 Tennessee -- Wyoming , Puerto Rico 2 See also 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Table ( edit ) Alabama -- Hawaii ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery store sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled spirits Purchasing Consumption Alabama Yes Prohibited between midnight until noon on Sundays in some counties . Private clubs , which require a membership fee and a membership card , have no day or time restrictions . Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law 13.9 % ABV cap on beer Beer containers may not exceed 25.4 ounces ( 0.75 l ) ABV > 14.9 % wine sold in state stores Alcohol may be served 24 hours a day unless restricted by local ordinances . Twenty - six of Alabama 's 67 counties do not allow the sale of alcohol . However , possession and consumption remain legal within those 26 counties . Of the 26 `` dry '' counties , 23 have at least one `` wet '' city ; these are considered `` moist '' dry counties . Within those 23 counties there are 43 wet cities . State law allows any city with a population greater than 1,000 located within a dry county to `` go wet '' if a referendum is passed by 50 % of voters . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Distilled spirits ( liquor ) are purchasable in either state - owned retail liquor stores , known as ABC Stores , or privately owned retail liquor stores . Privately owned retail liquor stores tend to be open on Sundays , public ( federal & state ) holidays , and later hours than state - owned liquor stores . Alaska No 8 a.m. -- 5 a.m. , except election days ( liquor stores may not open until polls close ) No ( although many grocery stores have separate areas that sell all forms of alcoholic beverages and many bars sell packaged liquor as well ) 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed for medical purposes , and on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent Most communities have more restrictive laws , ranging from restrictions on operating hours to bans on sale and possession . Sellers / servers may not , for any reason , give a person alcohol for free or sell it for less than its cost . Sellers / servers may drink while on duty , but no intoxicated person may remain on the premises , so an impaired server could be arrested . Arizona No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. seven days a week -- no election day nor holiday restrictions Yes 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed for religious and medical purposes Sales of any type of alcohol are legal at any store that has an off - premises liquor license , including but not limited to convenience stores and grocery stores . Bars may sell closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises . Drive - through liquor stores are allowed . Everclear Grain Alcohol Proof 190 ( 95 % alcohol ) is legal . A large percentage of the land area of Arizona is in Indian reservations , many of which have liquor laws considerably more restrictive than state law , up to and including total prohibition . `` Beer busts '' ( all the beer / liquor one can drink for a set price ) in bars are illegal . Persons 18 years of age or older may work in bars and liquor stores serving and selling alcohol . Patrons may not purchase for on premises consumption more than 50 ounces of beer , 1 liter of wine or 4 ounces of distilled spirits at one time . DUI penalties are some of the most severe in the nation . A person convicted of a DUI ( even first offense ) must have an interlock installed in his car for one year . Arizona has an ' Impaired to the Slightest Degree ' law that can convict a person even if his BAC is less than . 08 % . Arkansas No 7 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Restaurants ) 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Class A license ) 10 a.m. -- 5 a.m. ( Class B license ) 7 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Generally prohibited on Sundays , but exceptions can be made through local option . ) Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law Has numerous dry counties and other dry areas , but private clubs can serve even in dry areas . No sales on Christmas Day . California No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Yes 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for consuming alcohol if discovered or reported through a medical emergency . Relatively unrestricted ; beer , wine and liquor available at grocery stores , convenience stores , gas stations , and warehouse clubs . No statewide holiday restrictions . Motor vehicles entering from Mexico may only import 1 liter of alcohol ( duty - free ) . Sale or distribution of alcoholic beverages higher than 60 % ABV is illegal ( B&P 23403 ) . You may serve alcohol if you are at least 21 years of age . City and county governments can set different sale hours . 18 - , 19 - and 20 - year - old wine and beer production students can taste -- but not consume -- what they are making and studying . Colorado No 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Beer , wine , and liquor : 8 a.m. -- midnight 3.2 beer : 5 a.m. - midnight 3.2 only * No * 21 21 Exception : Underage consumption allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for religious , medical , and educational purposes . Spirituous , vinous & malt liquor available in liquor stores and liquor - licensed drug stores only . Liquor stores closed on Christmas Day . Sunday sales restriction lifted on July 1 , 2008 . Liquor stores and liquor - licensed drug stores may have only one location , while 3.2 % beer may be sold in gas stations , supermarkets , and convenience stores . Appropriately licensed businesses may also sell 3.2 % beer for both on and off - premises consumption . A small number of grocery stores are licensed as drug stores and sell full strength beer , wine , and spirits . As an example , a chain grocery store that has pharmacy services at most or all locations may elect a single location in the chain as the licensed establishment to sell beer , wine , and spirits . Connecticut No 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Mon. -- Thurs . ) 9 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Fri. -- Sat . ) 11 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Sun . ) 8 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m. ( Sun . ) Yes No 21 Exception : No explicit age if a present legal guardian is 21 or older 21 Exception : Underage consumption is allowed on private non alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for medical and religious purposes , and on alcohol selling premises with parental consent . Sunday off - premises sales allowed as of May 20 , 2012 ; Sunday on - premises sales subject to local ordinances . Beer can be purchased at grocery / convenience stores . Spirits and wine can be purchased only at liquor stores . No off - premises alcohol sales on Thanksgiving , Christmas Day , and New Year 's Day . Open container law applies only to drivers , not passengers . Delaware No 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) noon -- 8 p.m. ( Sun . ) Municipalities with a population over 50,000 persons may impose stricter hours of sale by local ordinance . No 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency . Underage drinking allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for religious purposes . For off - premises consumption , alcohol may be purchased only in a liquor store , taproom , or a brew pub that has an off - premises license . Unless accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21 , no person under 21 may enter a liquor store or taproom for any reason , even for the intent of purchasing only tobacco or lottery tickets . No sales of alcohol by liquor stores or taprooms are permitted during designated holidays including Thanksgiving , Easter or Christmas . District of Columbia No 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sun. -- Thu. , 8 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Fri. -- Sat . Liquor Stores : 9 a.m. -- midnight daily * Grocery Stores : 9 a.m. - 12 a.m. daily Yes No 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency . * Liquor stores can begin applying for licenses to open on Sunday as of January 16 , 2013 . No singles sold , but stores in some areas may apply for an exemption . Certain wards may be made dry by the decision of the local ANC , but as of 2005 none are The day before a federal or district holiday , on - premises retailers may sell / serve from 8 a.m. - 3 a.m. On New Yer 's Eve , on - premises retailers may sell / serve until 4 a.m. on January 1 . Florida No State law prohibits selling of alcohol between midnight and 7 a.m. , unless the county chooses to change the operating hours later ( FS 562.14 ( 1 ) ) ; such as for Sunday morning ; Ormond Beach stays open until 7pm on Sundays . Miami - Dade County liquor stores may operate 24 hours a day . Yes No 21 21 Exception : 18 for educational purposes Sale , processing , or consumption of any liquor or spirit of greater than 153 proof is illegal . ( FSS 565.07 ) No retail sale of wine in containers larger than 1 gallon . FS 564.05 Supermarkets and other licensed business establishments may sell beer , low - alcohol liquors , and wine . Liquor must be sold in dedicated liquor stores which may be in a separate part of a grocery or a drug store . As of July 1 , 2015 , the restriction on 64 ounce refillable containers , or growlers , has been lifted and beer may be sold in quantities of 64 ounces , in addition to the previously legal 32 and 128 ounce sizes . Georgia No Hours of sale determined by local jurisdiction . No alcohol sales on Christmas Day . Yes No 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed on non-alcoholic premises with parental consent , and for religious and medical purposes . 14 % ABV cap on beer . Sunday off - premises sales from 12 : 30 p.m. to 11 : 30 p.m. allowed only by local referendum . In general , one may not be drunk in public . Though there is no state law prohibiting drinking in public , most municipal corporations and political subdivisions limit the possession of open containers of alcohol to private property , with notable exceptions being Savannah and Roswell . A charge of public drunkenness is only warranted when one is drunk in public and his acts are either loud or disorderly . Hawaii No Bars and restaurants stop serving alcohol at 2 a.m. , but some hold a special ' cabaret license ' that allows them to continue serving alcohol until 4 a.m. 6 a.m. to 12 a.m. Within Honolulu County 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. Within Kauai , Maui , and Hawaii counties Yes 21 21 Exception : Underage consumption allowed for religious purposes Idaho -- Massachusetts ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Idaho No Yes 6 : 00 a.m. to 2 : 00 a.m. , 7 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. in some counties Yes No Alcoholic beverages exceeding 16 % ABV can only be sold in Idaho State Liquor Dispensary stores , or contracted stores . Illinois No Depending on local government ; 24 - hour bars are permitted in Cicero ; a handful of 21 - to 22 - hour bars exist in Cook County , and the Metro East . In Rock Island County , many establishments sell alcohol 24 hours a day . Yes Opening / closing hours are up to the decision of counties or municipalities . Indiana No 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Noon - 8 p.m. on Sunday . Yes Indiana prohibits the sales of cold beer by grocery stores or gas stations , but allows cold beer to be sold from liquor stores ( IC 7.1 - 5 - 10 - 11 ) . Minors , including babies , are not allowed to enter a liquor store . Indiana has a photo identification requirement for all off - premises transactions to anyone who is or reasonably appears to be less than forty ( 40 ) years of age . ( See IC 7.1 - 5 - 10 - 23 ) . Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor . ( IC 7.1 - 5 - 1 - 3 ) Iowa No Yes 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Mon -- Sat 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sun Yes If a controlled substance is detected in a person 's system at or near the time they were operating a motor vehicle , they can be charged and potentially convicted of operating while intoxicated ( OWI ) even if they were not `` impaired '' by that substance . Kansas Yes 9 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( in counties which allow on - premises sales ) 9 a.m. - 11 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) ( in counties which allow off - premises sales ) noon - 7 p.m. or 8 p.m. ( Sun ) ( in communities which allow Sunday off - premises sales ) 3.2 only No Kansas 's alcohol laws are among the strictest in the United States . Kansas prohibited all alcohol from 1881 to 1948 , and continued to prohibit on - premises sales of alcohol from 1949 to 1987 . Sunday sales only have been allowed since 2005 . Today , 29 counties still do not permit the on - premises sale of alcohol . 59 counties require a business to receive at least 30 % of revenue from food sales to allow on - premises sale of alcohol . Only 17 counties allow general on - premises sales . Not all communities which allow off - premises sales allow sales on Sunday . Sales are prohibited on Christmas and Easter . The only alcoholic beverage which grocery stores and gas stations may sell is beer with no more than 3.2 % alcohol by weight . Other liquor sales only are allowed at state - licensed retail liquor stores . Kansas has comprehensive open container laws for public places and vehicles , public intoxication laws , and requirements for prospective on - premises or off - premises licensees . Kentucky No 6 a.m. to 4 a.m. on Monday through Saturday 1 p.m. to 4 a.m. on Sundays Yes No Local ordinance may vote to permit Sunday sales at restaurants . Sales 2 -- 4 a.m. only in Louisville . As of 2005 Sunday sales were allowed per state law , but may still be prohibited in some areas by local ordinance ( as of early 2006 , such a situation existed with smaller cities within Louisville Metro , though these cities have since changed local ordinances ) . Alcohol sale restriction and wet / dry ( both by drink and package ) allowed by both county and city local option . Approximately 39 counties in the state ( mostly eastern and southern counties ) are dry , all alcohol sale and possession prohibited ; 22 `` moist '' counties ( with `` wet '' cities allowing package liquor sales in counties otherwise dry ) ; 29 counties that are otherwise dry but have communities with local option that allow sales of liquor by the drink or under special exemptions allowing sales at wineries . Majority of wet counties are around major metropolitan areas ( Louisville , Lexington , Covington , Bowling Green ) . Note : Beginning in 2013 Liquor by the drink and beer by the drink are available on Sundays in Louisville , KY beginning at 10 : 00 am . Bowling Green , KY recently began allowing Sunday sales in December 2013 for carry - out beer , wine , and liquor . Prohibition on liquor sales on Election Day was repealed effective June 24 , 2013 . Kentucky was one of only two states to still have Election Day prohibition , the other being South Carolina . Louisiana No No state imposed restrictions on on - premises hours . `` 24 hour '' bars are common in New Orleans and in Jefferson Parish . Some municipalities and parishes ( including Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish ) require on - premises service to stop at 2 : 00 am . No statewide restrictions on hours of package sales . Yes 21 Exceptions to state law include : For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication , or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician , pharmacist , dentist , nurse , hospital , or medical institution ; In a private residence , which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres , on which the dwelling is located , owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale , handling , transport , or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer , wholesaler , or retailer of beverage alcohol . Packaged alcoholic beverages of any strength may be sold in supermarkets , drug stores , gas stations , and convenience stores . Local municipalities may not restrict this . As a result , dedicated `` liquor stores '' are mostly specialty stores in larger cities , and some supermarkets have large selections of liquors and wines , and compete on the basis of liquor prices and selection . Alcohol can be consumed in the streets of New Orleans as long as it is in an `` unbreakable container '' ( no glass ) and may be taken from club to club if both establishments allow it . Otherwise , it depends on the locality . Most parishes other than Orleans Parish do not permit alcoholic beverages served on premises to be carried out . However , many parishes and municipalities permit consumption of packaged beverages ( for example , cans of beer ) on the street . Glass bottles on the streets are prohibited . One can enter most bars at 18 years of age but must be 21 years old to purchase or consume alcohol . Also , it is legal in the state of Louisiana for a legal parent or guardian to purchase alcoholic beverages for their underaged child . Drive - thru frozen daiquiri stands are legal and common , but the police can arrest you for driving with an open container , if you have put the straw in the cup Maine No Yes 6 a.m. to 1 a.m. ( Mon -- Sun ) Yes 21 21 ABV > Alcohol may not be purchased after 1 a.m. any day of the week , may not be purchased prior to 6 a.m. Monday through Saturday , and not prior to 9 a.m. on Sunday . Bars and restaurants may serve until 1 : 15 a.m. On New Year 's Day alcohol may be sold one hour later in all establishments . When St. Patrick 's Day falls on a Sunday , bars and restaurants may serve alcohol starting at 6 a.m that day . Wholesaling through state - licensed monopoly . Municipalities may prohibit the sale of alcohol by referendum ; 56 towns have done so . Maryland Variable by locality Variable by locality Variable by locality Variable by locality Baltimore County prohibits the sale on Sunday in some areas . In the counties of Montgomery , Somerset , Wicomico , and Worcester sale of alcoholic beverages are controlled directly by the county Liquor Control Boards , there are exceptions in Montgomery where some liquors are still sold in grocery store due to being grandfathered before the change of the law . Garrett County prohibits the sale on Sunday except in some areas . The sale of alcohol at grocery and convenience stores varies by county . There are no dry counties , but some individual voting districts within counties restrict or prohibit alcohol on a local - option basis . Massachusetts No 8 : 00 a.m. -- 2 : 00 a.m. by state law , although individual cities and towns may prohibit sales before 11 : 00 a.m. and after 11 : 00 p.m. Not before 11 : 00 a.m. on Sunday . 8 : 00 a.m. -- 11 : 00 p.m. , or 8 : 00 a.m. -- 11 : 30 p.m. on the day before a holiday . Not before 10 : 00 am on Sunday . Yes . 21 21 As of January 2016 , no individual , partnership , or corporation may have more than seven off - premises licences in the state , nor more than two in any city , nor more than one in any town . No individual , partnership , or corporation not resident or headquartered in Massachusetts may apply for a license , although one may devolve thereupon . As of 2012 - 10 - 29 , a Massachusetts driver 's license , Massachusetts Liquor ID card , RMV - issued Massachusetts non-driver ID card , passport ( issued by the US or a US - recognized foreign entity ) , US - issued Passport Card , and military identification card are the only acceptable proofs of age under state law . Out of state or Canadian driver 's licenses / ID 's and other forms of identification do not grant the establishment legal protection if accepted as proof of age ( and many establishments will not accept out of state licenses for this reason ) . On - premises regulations : No discounts at specific times ( i.e. no `` Happy Hour '' discounts ) or for specific individuals , no fixed - price open bar or all - you - can - drink ( except at private functions ) , no more than two drinks per individual at any one time , no pitchers for fewer than two people , no drinking contests , no drinks as prizes , no free drinks . Off - premises sale of alcohol is prohibited on the last Monday in May ( Memorial Day ) , Thanksgiving Day , Christmas Day , and the day after Christmas if Christmas falls on a Sunday . Sale of alcohol is prohibited during polling hours on election days ( subject to local exceptions ) . `` Malt beverages '' defined as having not more than 12 % alcohol by weight . Michigan -- New Mexico ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Michigan No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) noon - 2 a.m. ( Sunday ) * sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension 7 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( Mon - Sat ) noon - 2 a.m. ( Sunday ) * sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension , Yes 21 21 The Michigan Liquor Control Commission allows the sale of alcoholic beverages until 11 : 59 p.m. on December 24 and after 12 : 00 p.m. on December 25 . On - premises sales are permitted on January 1 until 4 : 00 a.m. Local or county ordinance may restrict Sunday or Sunday morning sales . State does not operate retail outlets ; maintains a monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . State owns liquor until purchased and distributor acts as a delivery service for cases sold to retailers . Minnesota No ( but see note ) 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. seven days 8 : 00 a.m. - 10 : 00 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) ; 11 : 00 a.m. - 6 : 00 p.m. ( Sun ) 3.2 % Only No Local or County ordinance prevails for hours of operation for off - sale licenses . Growler sales allowed until 10 p.m. 7 days a week . Certain municipalities may establish municipal liquor stores ; they are permitted , but not required , to exclude privately owned stores . Off - premises sales on Sundays became legal on July 1 , 2017 . Mississippi No Yes Local authorities fix hours of alcohol sale Yes No ABW > 5 % wine and sparkling wine sold in state - contracted stores which are open from 10 : 00 am until 10 : 00 pm ( Closed Sundays ) statewide . Beer and light wine ( ABW < 5 % , ABV < ~ 6.3 % ) sold in convenience stores / supermarkets . Beer and light wine ( ABW < 5 % ) may be consumed by persons age 18 - 20 with parental supervision . Governor Phil Bryant signed a bill permitting beer with 8 % ABW / 10 % ABV on April 9 , 2012 . The bill went into effect on July 1 , 2012 . No sales on Christmas Day . No state open container laws . Complimentary alcohol all day and night in coastal casinos . In most counties , alcohol can not be sold on Sundays . There are many dry counties in which it is illegal to possess alcoholic beverages , though some cities within dry counties have voted in beer sales . Missouri No Most establishments : ( Mon -- Sat ) 6 : 00am -- 1 : 30am ( Sunday ) 9 : 00am -- 12 : 00pm Special licenses in Kansas City and St. Louis : ( Daily ) 6 : 00am -- 3 : 00am ( Mon -- Sat ) 6 : 00am -- 1 : 30am ( Sunday ) 9 : 00am -- 12 : 00am Sales permitted until 3 : 00 am in those Kansas City and St. Louis bars grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores . Yes One of the most alcohol - permissive states , perhaps only behind Nevada and Louisiana : No open container law . No state public intoxication law . Liquor control law covers all beverages containing more than 0.5 % alcohol , without further particularities based on percentage . Cities and counties are prohibited from banning off - premises alcohol sales . No dry jurisdictions . State preemption of local alcohol laws which do not follow state law . Certain bars in Kansas City and St. Louis grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores . Special licenses available for bars and nightclubs which allow selling alcohol until 3 : 00am in Kansas City , Jackson County , North Kansas City , St. Louis , and St. Louis County . Grocery stores , drug stores , and even gas stations may sell liquor without limitation other than hours . Patrons allowed to take open containers out of bars in Kansas City 's Power & Light District . Parents and guardians may furnish alcohol to their children . Missourians over 21 may manufacture up to 100 gallons of any liquor per year for personal use , without any further state limitation , state taxation , or state license . ( Obtaining a permit from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and meeting other requirements under federal law probably still is required for private citizens to manufacture distilled alcohol - but not wine or beer - for personal use . ) Missouri law recognizes two types of alcoholic beverage : liquor , which is any beverage containing more than 0.5 % alcohol except `` non-intoxicating beer '' ; and `` non-intoxicating beer , '' which is beer containing between 0.5 % and 3.2 % alcohol . Liquor laws apply to all liquor , and special laws apply to `` non-intoxicating beer . '' Montana No Yes Closing 2am No alcohol sales between 2 am and 8 am Yes Distilled spirits can not be sold in grocery stores 21 Minors can consume alcohol purchased by a parent or guardian in a private location . ABV > 16 % wine sold in state - contracted stores , ABV < 16 % may be sold in grocery stores . Some local ordinances restrict alcohol sales on Sundays . State run liquor stores are closed on Sundays . Nebraska No 6 a.m. -- 1 a.m. Legislation passed in 2010 allows for municipalities to extend on - premises sales to 2 a.m. with two - thirds approval of city or county councils . Yes No on - or off - premises sales of spirits before noon on Sundays . All beer , wine , and champagne can be sold starting at 6 a.m. Nevada No 24 hours Yes There are few restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol in Nevada except for age . The maximum abv of alcohol sold is 80 % . State law also renders public intoxication legal , and explicitly prohibits any local or state law from making it a public offence . Alcohol purchase is only controlled in Panaca . New Hampshire No Yes 6 a.m. -- 1 a.m. 6 a.m. -- 11 : 45 p.m. Yes No Liquor sold in state - run stores , many found at highway rest areas . 14 % ABV cap on beer . State is wholesaler of wine . State taxes beer $0.30 / gal at the wholesale level . New Jersey No Each municipality can control hours by local ordinance . Most municipalities have a last call of 2 or 3 a.m. Atlantic City , Brigantine , Absecon , Elwood , Pomona , Smithville , Galloway , and Mullica ( All in Atlantic County ) serve 24 hours . There are some dry towns in the southern part of the state , including Ocean City . 9 a.m. - 10 p.m. for liquor . Beer and wine can be sold at any time on - premise sales are permitted in that municipality . This causes most liquor stores to close at 10 PM , however some will stay open an hour later selling only beer and wine . Cities of the first class ( e.g. Jersey City and Newark ) are exempt from this law and may set their own hours for liquor sales . Rarely 21 21 ( unless provided by parent or guardian in private ) Some dry communities in historically Methodist and Quaker communities in the southern part of the state . Though there is not a ban on selling alcoholic beverages at grocery stores , New Jersey limits each chain to two licenses , so with only a few exceptions , most supermarkets / convenience stores / gas stations / pharmacies do not sell alcoholic beverages . In addition , liquor sales are only permitted in a separate department or attached sister store . The ability of a `` liquor store '' to sell other items , such as convenience store fare , is determined by municipality . Many towns permit beer / wine / liquor stores to sell non-alcohol items including convenience store items at the same register . In such towns , grocery stores including chains may theoretically apply for and receive a liquor license if the company does not already have two in the state . Bars are allowed to off - sale packaged goods . With the exception of Jersey City and Newark , all municipalities MUST allow off - sales of beer and wine at any time on - sales are permitted . However , since alcoholic beverages are generally only found in package stores , this right is rarely exercised . Alcoholic beverages by the drink as well as off - sales of beer and wine are permitted 24 hours a day in Atlantic City and Brigantine . New Mexico No 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. , except Sundays , for establishments with full dispenser license . 7 a.m. -- 11 p.m. , except Sundays , for restaurants with beer and wine license . 7 a.m. -- midnight except Sundays Yes New Mexico issues two types of license for consumption on - premises : a full dispenser license allowing sale of all types of alcohol , or a restaurant license permitting sale of beer and wine only . An additional Sunday permit is available which allows sale ( on or off premises ) on Sundays from noon until midnight . Exceptions are the prohibition of alcohol sale on Christmas , regardless of the day it falls on , and a Sunday permit allowing of sale ( on or off premises ) until 2 : 00 a.m. January 1 , if December 31 falls on a Sunday . Sunday permits are only available where approved by voters within a local option district . Selling , serving and giving alcohol to a minor is a class 4 felony punishable by up to 18 months in prison , except when `` a parent , legal guardian or adult spouse of a minor serves alcoholic beverages to that minor on real property , other than licensed premises , under the control of the parent , legal guardian or adult spouse '' , or for religious purposes . New York -- South Dakota ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption New York No 8 a.m. -- 4 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 4 a.m. ( Sun ) Some counties have more restrictive hours . Beer : 24 hours Wine & spirits : 8 a.m. -- midnight ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 9 p.m. ( Sun ) . Yes No 21 Off - premises sale of wine and spirits is only at liquor stores , and beer is not sold at liquor stores ; it must be sold at supermarkets and convenience stores . Exchanges for returned items are permitted ( at store owners ' discretion ) . Some counties may retain the Sunday morning beer prohibition which the state discontinued as of July 30 , 2006 . Twelve dry towns , mostly in western region of state . Many counties have more restrictive off - premises hours , such as bans on beer sales overnight ( hours vary ) . All liquor stores must be owned by a single owner , who owns that store and lives within a certain distance of it -- effectively banning chain liquor stores from the state . New York City law does not allow open containers of alcohol in public . Distilled spirits may not be sold within 200 feet of a school , church , synagogue or other place of worship . North Carolina No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Beer and wine : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Yes No 21 15 % ABV cap on beer , 16 % cap on unfortified wine , 24 % cap on fortified wine . No `` happy hour , '' `` buy one get one free , '' or `` ladies night '' style specials allowed . North Dakota No 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) No 21 No off - sale on Thanksgiving Day . No Christmas Day on - sale , nor sales on Christmas Eve after 6 p.m. Ohio No Yes 5 : 30 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 5 : 30 a.m. -- 1 a.m. Yes , under 21 % ABV 21 21 or older , unrestricted under supervision of individual 's parent or legal guardian or legal age spouse 12 % ABV cap on beer was removed on May 31 , 2016 . 21 % ABV cap on wine . Some counties have more restrictive off - premises hours . The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets ; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission . Normal proof spirits ( > 21 % ABV ) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores . Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits ( diluted by water to 21 % ABV ) under a more readily obtained permit . No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty - one years of age , except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales , and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel , restaurant , club , or night club ... Beverages with less than 0.5 % ABV can be sold / given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes , or the underage person is accompanied by a parent , spouse who is not an underage person , or legal guardian . Oklahoma No 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Liquor stores : 8 a.m. -- midnight ( Mon -- Sat ) Sunday sales vary by county . Grocery stores : 6 a.m. - 2 a.m. seven days a week including holidays . Yes No 21 Consumption by those under 21 is not prohibited in private settings , where supervised by a parent or guardian . As of October 1 , 2018 , strong beer ( up to 9 % ABV ) and wine ( up to 15 % ABV ) can be sold in grocery and convenience stores , and can be sold refrigerated . Prior to this date , only 3.2 % ABV beer could be sold in these outlets , and liquor stores could only sell strong beer and wine at room temperature . Distilled spirits are only available in package liquor stores . State law prohibits public intoxication , many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication . Oregon No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. Yes No 21 Liquor , all of which is state - owned prior to sale to consumers , is sold in private liquor stores . These stores are approved by Oregon 's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state 's behalf . Pennsylvania No Yes Restaurants , and bars : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 11 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Clubs : 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Beverage Centers and State Run Stores : 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 5 p.m . ( Sun ) Grocery Stores : 7 a.m. - 10 p.m. ( Mon - Sat ) 9 a.m. - 10pm ( Sun ) Yes * No 21 Spirits can only be sold at state - operated stores . All persons must be at least 21 years of age to enter a state - operated liquor store alone . Beer is not sold at state - operated liquor stores . Beer ( but not wine ) to go can be purchased at beverage outlets in any quantity . Prior to 2015 beverage centers could only sell 24 pack cases or greater . The rules were relaxed to permit sales of beer in any quantity in 2016 . * Beer and wine to go can be purchased in restaurants and grocery stores ( at a separate point of purchase for alcohol and prepared foods sales in grocery stores ) ( six and 12 packs / 192oz max . purchase ( two six packs ) ) with Liquor Control Board -- issued licenses Sunday sales were prohibited in LCB stores until 2003 ( selected locations ) and beverage outlets ( owner 's option ) until 2005 . Special permits may be purchased for certain organizations for fundraisers once per calendar year , and are valid for a total of six days under the same rules governing restaurants . Grain alcohol prohibited as a beverage . Rhode Island No 9 am -- 1 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 1 a.m. ( Sun ) 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m. ( Sun ) No 21 21 All alcohol may be sold only in liquor stores . Bars may stay open until 2 a.m. in Providence only on Friday and Saturday nights and nights before a state - recognized holiday . South Carolina No Yes Liquor : 10 AM - 2 AM . Beer and Wine : Local Option . Beer and low - alcohol wine : 24 hours Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 7 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat . ) Yes No 21 14 % ABW ( 17.5 % ABV ) cap on beer Wine > 16 % ABV sold in liquor stores No hard liquor sales after 7 p.m. and none on Sundays . No off - premises alcohol sales after midnight Saturday until 7 a.m. Monday , except in Aiken , Greenville , Pendleton , Spartanburg , Horry County , Colleton County , Richland County , Charleston County / city , Beaufort County , York County , and Newberry County . South Dakota No Yes 21 14 % ABV cap on beer Tennessee -- Wyoming , Puerto Rico ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Stores Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Wine Beer Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Tennessee No Mon - Sat : 8 a.m. to 3 a.m. ; Sun : Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission . Beer : By municipality . Wine & Spirits : 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon -- Sat Yes No 21 Wine may be sold in grocery stores . As of January 2018 , sales of wine and liquor are no longer limited to on - premises in restaurants on Sundays . Liquor stores may remain open on Sundays , and liquor is permitted to be sold from retail stores for off - premises consumption. There are no liquor sales in OFF Premise Grocery Stores as of 8 / 2018 . Retail stores must be closed for business on Christmas , Thanksgiving Day , Labor Day , New Year 's Day , and the Fourth of July . Beer above 8 % ABW / 10.1 % ABV must be sold in liquor stores . Open container law only applies to drivers , not passengers . It is legal to carry alcohol in a non-glass container on the Beale Street stretch in Memphis . While most clubs allow drinks to be carried outside , many do not allow drinks from outside . Texas No Monday - Friday : 7am - midnight Saturday : 7am - 1am Sunday : Noon to 12 midnight . Some cities / counties permit sale until 2am ( with license ) . Beer / Non-hard liquor : 7 a.m. to midnight ( Mon. - Fri . ) 7 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. ( Sat . ) Noon to midnight ( Sun . ) Hard Liquor : 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. ( Mon. - Sat . ) Yes No 21 No alcohol cap but ABV > 15.5 % requires additional license , so many places are beer / wine only . Wet / dry issues determined by city / county election . Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday . An alcoholic beverage served ( on - premises ) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer . Eleven Texas counties are completely dry . In many counties , public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld . Texas law permits consumption by minors ( any age under 21 ) if in the `` visible presence '' of a parent , guardian or adult spouse . ( Section 106.04 ) Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education , or in the visible presence of an adult parent , guardian or spouse , or supervision of a commissioned peace officer . ( Section 106.05 ) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention . Utah Yes Restaurants : Noon to midnight for liquor , 10 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. for beer . Bars may serve liquor from 10 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. Varies by state liquor store hours 3.2 only No 21 ABV > 4.0 + % sold in state - controlled stores only . 3.2 % ABW ( 4.0 % ABV ) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores . State - controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week . Restaurants must buy from the state - controlled store ( no delivery ) at retail prices . No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food . Sales of kegs prohibited . Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited . Vermont No Yes 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. 6 a.m. -- midnight Yes No 21 ABV > 16 % beer and ABV > 16 % wine are only available through state liquor stores ( most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores ) . A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16 % . Virginia No Yes 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees . 6 a.m. -- 11 : 59 p.m. except local blue law . Yes No 21 Licensed supermarkets , convenience stores , and gas stations may sell beer and wine . Off - premises sales no later than 12 midnight . Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10am - 9pm Monday - Saturday and from 12pm - 6pm on Sunday . Washington No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours . ) Yes 21 Beer and wine are available in specialty stores , grocery stores , convenience stores , department stores , taverns , and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board . Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft ( grocery stores , big box liquor chains ) . There are two exceptions to the 10,000 - sq - ft rule : 1 ) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state . 2 ) Cities , mostly in rural areas , that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area . West Virginia No Yes Beer / Wine : Mon - Sat : 7 am - 2 am , Sun : 1 pm - 2 am Liquor : Mon - Sat : 8 am - Midnight , Sun : Prohibited Mon - Fri : 7 am - 3 : 30 am , Sat : 7A - 3 : 00A , Sun : 1 pm - 3 am Yes 21 12 % ABV Cap on Beer . 75 % ABV spirits Permitted . Liquor , wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations . State no longer operates retail stores ( formerly State ABC Stores ) ; Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population . All stores are state contracted ; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Wisconsin No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sunday -- Thursday , 2 : 30 a.m. Friday -- Saturday , no closing time on New Year 's Day . 6 a.m. -- midnight for beer ( some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer ) , 6 a.m. -- 9 p.m. for liquor and wine By local ordinance 21 Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors , provided they are being supervised by parents / guardians / spouses . Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales . Notable exceptions : Kenosha , Green Bay , La Crosse , Maple Bluff ( near Madison ) , Baraboo ( near the Dells ) . Supermarkets , liquor stores , and gas stations may sell liquor , wine , and beer . Law changed effective 12 / 7 / 2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m. Nonalcoholic beer is not regulated by state law . Wyoming No Yes 6.00 a.m. -- 2.00 a.m. Yes 21 Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority , but it does not seem to happen in practice Puerto Rico No No territory - wide mandated last call No territory - wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores , but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies ; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2 : 00 weekends . Beer , wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets , convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores . 18 Minimum drinking age is 18 . Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan ( except in designated areas during selected street festivals ) but not in all cities . See also ( edit ) Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcohol exclusion laws Blue laws in the United States Drunk driving in the United States Last call Liquor store List of dry communities by U.S. state Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) United States open container laws Wine shipping laws in the United States Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The U.S. Department of Defense defines Authorized Patron as a person who is an active member of or a member who has the status of honorably retired from the U.S. Army , U.S. Air Force , U.S. Coast Guard , U.S. Marine Corps , and the U.S. Navy , and their direct dependents with proper military identification / dependents identification . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bragg , Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 21 '' . The New York Times . 1996 - 07 - 03 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Government Affairs '' . American Homebrewers Association . Retrieved March 2011 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Phillip Rawls / The Associated Press ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Home brewing legal in Alabama '' . Tuscaloosa News . Jump up ^ Chris Elkins ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Gov. Bryant signs bill to allow home brewing Daily Journal '' . Djournal.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 27 CFR 25.205 - Production . LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu. 2014 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Donald J. Smith , Life , liberty and the pursuit of homebrewing , The Birmingham News , May 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` TTBGov General Alcohol FAQ '' . Alcohol and Tobacco Trade Bureau . Retrieved December 2011 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` United States Code : Title 26 , 5601 . Criminal penalties '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved December 2011 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Alaska Alcoholic Beverage Control Board ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Archived February 6 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alaska Alcoholic Beverage Control Board Local Option List Archived 2010 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Arizona Revised Statute 4 - 249 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Arizona Revised Statute 4 - 244 ( 23 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ 2010 California Code Business and Professions Code . `` Article 3 . Rights And Obligations Of Licensees '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Governor signs ' sip and spit ' bill '' . UC Davis . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Zalaznick , Matt . `` Norwalk Liquor Stores Can Open Sunday '' . The Norwalk Daily Voice . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alissa . `` Norwalk Welcomes Sunday Liquor Sales '' . The Norwalk Daily Voice . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title 4 '' . delcode.delaware.gov . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : ( 9 ) Archived 2013 - 05 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . DC ABRA Laws and Regulations FAQs Jump up ^ ( 10 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Archived 2013 - 05 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . The Omnibus Alcoholic Beverage Regulation Emergency Amendment Act of 2012 Takes Effect Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Archived 2013 - 05 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . DC ABRA Exception to Single Sales Moratorium Jump up ^ ( 14 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 15 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday alcohol sales begin in Winder '' . AccessNorthGa. 2011 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Alcohol Laws '' . AlcoholLaws.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 16 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Iowa ABD . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ `` Current Active Agency Liquor Stores '' . Maine Liquor Licensing and Compliance Division . Augusta , ME , USA : Maine State Police . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LePage signs St. Patrick 's Day bill '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages & Lottery Operations : Alcoholic Beverages '' . Maine Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages & Lottery Operations . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Title 28 - A , § 123 : Local option questions '' . Jump up ^ Moretto , Mario ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` Voters pave way for expanded liquor service in Sedgwick '' . Bangor Daily NEws . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/138-33.htm Massachusetts General Law M.G.L. - Chapter 138 , Section 33 ^ Jump up to : http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/138-15.htm Massachusetts General Law M.G.L. - Chapter 138 , Section 15 Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission ( ABCC ) '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission ( ABCC ) '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ 2012 ABCC Identification Card Advisory Jump up ^ `` Administration '' . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . Jump up ^ Michigan Alcohol Laws ( 18 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` LARA - Liquor Control Commission '' . www.michigan.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Coolican , J. Patrick . `` Gov. Dayton signs bill legalizing sale of alcohol on Sundays '' . Star Tribune . Star Tribune . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ 340A. 601 , Minn . Stats. ( 19 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 20 ) Jump up ^ Justin Roberts , `` Missouri State and Local Open Container Laws , '' Archived 2008 - 06 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . University of Missouri Institute of Public Policy , June 2005 Jump up ^ Chapter 311 , Revised Statutes of Missouri ( R.S. Mo . ) Jump up ^ Section 311.020 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.170 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.174 , R.S. Mo . ^ Jump up to : Ibid . Jump up ^ Section 311.176 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.178 , R.S. Mo Jump up ^ Section 311.200 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.086 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.310 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.055 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Try This at Home '' . Energy . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5179 Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5601 Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5602 Jump up ^ 27 CFR Part 19 ^ Jump up to : Chapter 312 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Chapter 311 R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Ph. D. , Prof. David J. Hanson , ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Montana Alcohol Laws : What 's Legal and Not Legal '' . Alcohol Problems & Solutions . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Bill 861 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NRS 202.065 Sale of alcoholic beverage containing more than 80 percent of alcohol by volume '' . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Revised Statutes : Chapter 458 , Section 260 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Panaca '' . Nevada Commission on Tourism . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nj.gov/oag/abc/downloads/abchandbook02.pdf Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section A Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section B Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section D Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section C , H Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section E Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7B - 1A Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7B - 1B1 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ `` Product Approval : North Carolina ABC Commission '' . Abc.nc.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Hour FAQs '' ( PDF ) . Abc.nc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4301.69 Jump up ^ Armon , Rick . `` Ohio governor signs bill doing away with state 's ABV limit '' . www.ohio.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Revised Code '' TITLE ( 43 ) XLIII LIQUOR '' CHAPTER 4301 : LIQUOR CONTROL LAW `` . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Revised Code '' TITLE ( 43 ) XLIII LIQUOR '' CHAPTER 4301 : LIQUOR CONTROL LAW `` . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Law Orientation for Retailers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.oregon.gov/OLCC/index.shtml '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 24 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Liquor License Company '' . Pennsylvanialiquorlicense.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Liquor License Company '' . Pennsylvanialiquorlicense.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Store Locations '' . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081207030427/http://www.lcb.state.pa.us/plcb/cwp/view.asp?a=1327&q=556216&plcbNav . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ANNOUNCEMENT REGARDING CHANGE TO R.I. GEN . LAWS § 3 - 8 - 1 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Business Regulation . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20130119111119/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/11/06/3648466/york-county-council-chair-fends.html . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130615101517/http://www.newberryobserver.com/view/full_story/20734686/article-Sunday-alcohol-sales-gets-go-ahead-from-voters . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TN Alcoholic Beverage Commission '' . Jump up ^ https://legiscan.com/TN/bill/HB1540/2017 Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Legal Resources '' . Jump up ^ `` TABC Local Option Elections General Information '' . Tabc.state.tx.us . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Public Intoxication Laws '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Your Vermont State Liquor Stores '' . Vt . Dept. of Liquor Control . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NABCA '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) National Alcohol Beverage Control Association Alcohol Policy Information System , U.S. National Institute of Health Federation of Tax Administrators - State Excise Taxes National Restaurant Association - State laws on alcohol sales ( Word document ) Alcohol and Public Health FAQ , U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Alcoholic beverage authorities of the United States Federal authorities Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives State authorities Alabama * Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho * Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine * Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi * Missouri Montana * Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire * New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina * North Dakota Ohio * Oklahoma Oregon * Pennsylvania * Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah * Vermont * Virginia * Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territorial authorities District of Columbia Local authorities Montgomery County , Maryland * An * indicates an alcoholic beverage control state or county . 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5380510072544668429	Perihelion and aphelion	Perihelion and aphelion - wikipedia Perihelion and aphelion It has been suggested that this article be merged into Apsis . ( Discuss ) Proposed since January 2018 . This article is about astronomy . For the image analysis software suite , see Aphelion ( software ) . For other uses , see Aphelion ( disambiguation ) . For a more general treatment of the subject , see Apsis . The perihelion and aphelion are the nearest and farthest points respectively ( apsides ) of a body 's direct orbit around the Sun . The perihelion ( / ˌpɛrɪˈhiːliən / ) of any orbit of a celestial body about the Sun is the point where the body comes closest to the Sun . It is the opposite of aphelion ( / æpˈhiːliən / ) , which is the point in the orbit where the celestial body is farthest from the Sun . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Astronomical meaning 3 Application to Earth 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) The words perihelion and aphelion were coined by Johannes Kepler to describe the orbital motion of the planets . The words are formed from the prefixes peri - ( Greek : περί , near ) and apo - ( Greek : ἀπό , away from ) affixed to the Greek word for the sun , ἥλιος . Perihelion and aphelion are sometimes incorrectly used for the orbits of objects about bodies other than the Sun . The correct terms are : For orbits around the Earth : perigee and apogee . For orbits around a star : periastron and apastron . For orbits around any center of mass : periapsis ( or pericenter ) and apoapsis ( or apocenter ) . Astronomical meaning ( edit ) According to Kepler 's first law of planetary motion , all planets , comets , and asteroids in the Solar System have approximately elliptical orbits around the Sun . Newton 's and Einstein 's laws of gravity imply that the orbits are only approximately elliptical because of perturbations due to the gravitational attraction of other bodies . Every ellipse has two focus points , and the Sun is at one of these focus points for the elliptical orbits of its satellites . Hence , an orbiting body has a closest and a farthest point from its parent object , that is , a perihelion and an aphelion . Each extreme is known as an apsis . Orbital eccentricity measures the flatness ( departure from a perfect circle ) of the orbit . Application to Earth ( edit ) Main article : Apsis § Perihelion and aphelion of the Earth Earth is about 147.1 million kilometers ( 91.4 million miles ) from the Sun at perihelion around January 3 , in contrast to about 152.1 million kilometers ( 94.5 million miles ) at aphelion around July 4 -- a difference of about 5.0 million kilometers ( 3.1 million miles ) . ( These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors , which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles . For a table of these dates for various years , see Apsis . ) Because of the increased distance at aphelion , only 93.55 % of the solar radiation from the Sun falls on a given area of land as does at perihelion . However , this fluctuation does not account for the seasons , as it is summer in the northern hemisphere when it is winter in the southern hemisphere and vice versa . Instead , seasons result from the tilt of Earth 's axis , which is 23.4 degrees away from perpendicular to the plane of Earth 's orbit around the sun . Winter falls on the hemisphere where sunlight strikes least directly , and summer falls where sunlight strikes most directly , regardless of the Earth 's distance from the Sun . In the northern hemisphere , summer occurs at the same time as aphelion . Despite this , there are larger land masses in the northern hemisphere , which are easier to heat than the seas . Consequently , summers are 2.3 ° C ( 4 ° F ) warmer in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere under similar conditions . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Solar System portal Ellipse Solstice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walker , Peter , ed. ( 1988 ) . Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology ( Hardback ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . pp. 44 , 660 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39441 - 4 . Jump up ^ Klein , Ernest , A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language , Elsevier , Amsterdam , 1965 . ( Archived version ) Jump up ^ Since the Sun , Ἥλιος in Greek , begins with a vowel , H is the long e vowel in Greek , the final o in `` apo '' is omitted from the prefix . The pronunciation `` Ap - helion '' is given in many dictionaries ( 1 ) , pronouncing the `` p '' and `` h '' in separate syllables . However , the pronunciation / əˈfiːliən / ( 2 ) is also common ( e.g. , McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms , 5th edition , 1994 , p. 114 ) , since in late Greek , ' p ' from ἀπό followed by the ' h ' from ἥλιος becomes phi ; thus , the Greek word is αφήλιον . ( see , for example , Walker , John , A Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Greek , Latin , and Scripture Proper Names , Townsend Young 1859 ( 3 ) , page 26 . ) Many ( 4 ) dictionaries give both pronunciations Jump up ^ `` Introductory Astronomy : Ellipses '' . Washington State University . Jump up ^ `` Solar System Exploration : Science & Technology : Science Features : Weather , Weather , Everywhere ? '' . NASA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Earth at Aphelion '' . Space Weather . July 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Dates and times of Earth 's perihelion and aphelion , 2000 -- 2025 from the United States Naval Observatory List of asteroids currently closer to the Sun than Mercury ( These objects will be close to perihelion ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perihelion_and_aphelion&oldid=853486522 '' Categories : Orbits Stars Planets Minor planets Comets Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles to be merged from January 2018 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी עברית ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Scots සිංහල اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 03 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	point in the earth's orbit nearest to the sun	[ "The perihelion (/ˌpɛrɪˈhiːliən/) of any orbit of a celestial body about the Sun is the point where the body comes closest to the Sun. It is the opposite of aphelion (/æpˈhiːliən/), which is the point in the orbit where the celestial body is farthest from the Sun.[1]\n" ]	[ "perihelion" ]
1806803385644105810	While My Guitar Gently Weeps	While My Guitar Gently Weeps - wikipedia While My Guitar Gently Weeps Jump to : navigation , search `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' Cover of the Apple Publishing sheet music Song by the Beatles from the album The Beatles Published Harrisongs Released 22 November 1968 ( 1968 - 11 - 22 ) Recorded 5 -- 6 September 1968 Studio EMI Studios , London Genre Heavy rock , blues Length 4 : 46 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles ( also known as `` the White Album '' ) . It was written by George Harrison , the band 's lead guitarist . The song serves as a comment on the disharmony within the Beatles following their return from studying Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968 . This lack of camaraderie was reflected in the band 's initial apathy towards the composition , which Harrison countered by inviting his friend and occasional collaborator , Eric Clapton , to contribute to the recording . Clapton overdubbed a lead guitar part , although he was not formally credited for his contribution . Harrison wrote `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' as an exercise in randomness inspired by the Chinese I Ching . The song conveys his dismay at the world 's unrealised potential for universal love , which he refers to as `` the love there that 's sleeping '' . Harrison first recorded it with a sparse backing of acoustic guitar and harmonium -- a version that appeared on the 1996 Anthology 3 outtakes compilation and , with the addition of a string arrangement by George Martin , on the Love soundtrack album in 2006 . The full group recording was made in September 1968 , at which point the song 's folk - based musical arrangement was replaced by a production in the heavy rock style . The recording was one of several collaborations between Harrison and Clapton during the late 1960s and was followed by the pair co-writing the song `` Badge '' for Clapton 's group Cream . On release , the song received praise from several music critics , and it has since been recognised as an example of Harrison 's continued maturity as a songwriter beside his Beatles bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . Rolling Stone ranked `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' 136th on its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , seventh on the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' , and at number 10 on its list of `` The Beatles 100 Greatest Songs '' . Clapton 's performance was ranked 42nd in Guitar World 's 2008 list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' . Harrison and Clapton often performed the song together live , during which they shared the lead guitarist 's role over the closing section . Live versions featuring the pair were included on the Concert for Bangladesh album in 1971 and Live in Japan in 1992 . Backed by a band that included McCartney and Ringo Starr , Clapton performed the song at the Concert for George in November 2002 , a year after Harrison 's death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and inspiration 2 Composition 2.1 Music 2.2 Lyrics 3 Recording 3.1 Early attempts and basic track 3.2 Overdubs 3.3 Mixing 4 Release and reception 5 Harrison live performances 6 Cover versions 7 2016 music video 8 Personnel 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 12 External links Background and inspiration ( edit ) The Eastern concept is that whatever happens is all meant to be ... every little item that 's going down has a purpose . `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was a simple study based on that theory ... I picked up a book at random , opened it , saw `` gently weeps '' , then laid the book down again and started the song . -- George Harrison George Harrison wrote `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' after his return from India , where the Beatles had been studying Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi during the spring of 1968 . The visit had allowed Harrison to re-engage with the guitar as his primary instrument , after focusing on the Indian sitar for the previous two years , and also marked the start of a prolific period for him as a songwriter . Inspiration for the song came to him when he was visiting his parents in Warrington , Cheshire , and he began reading the I Ching , or `` The Book of Changes '' . As Harrison put it , `` ( the book ) seemed to me to be based on the Eastern concept that everything is relative to everything else , as opposed to the Western view that things are merely coincidental . '' Embracing this idea of relativism , he committed to writing a song based on the first words he saw upon opening a book , which happened to be `` gently weeps '' . Harrison continued to work on the lyrics after this initial writing session . The song reflects the disharmonious atmosphere within the Beatles following their return from India . Harrison had led the band in their highly publicised endorsement of Transcendental Meditation and viewed this spiritual pursuit as superior in importance to their career momentum . When discussing another song he wrote at this time , `` Not Guilty '' , Harrison said it referred to `` the grief I was catching '' from John Lennon and Paul McCartney for leading them to Rishikesh and supposedly hindering the group 's career and the launch of their Apple record label . Eric Clapton , with whom Harrison collaborated on several recordings throughout 1968 as a distraction from the Beatles , said that `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' conveyed Harrison 's spiritual isolation within the group . Author Jonathan Gould writes that , although in the past each of the Beatles had become temporarily subsumed in fads and personal interests , the level of Harrison 's commitment to Indian spirituality as an alternative to the band was unprecedented . A demo that Harrison recorded at his home in Esher includes an unused verse : `` I look at the trouble and see that it 's raging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing ... '' This version also includes the line `` The problems you sow are the troubles you 're reaping '' , which he similarly discarded . An early acoustic guitar and harmonium performance of the song features a slightly different third verse : `` I look from the wings at the play you are staging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing ... '' This version was released on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 and was used as the basis of the 2006 Love remix , with a string arrangement by George Martin . Composition ( edit ) Music ( edit ) `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was one of the few Beatles compositions from early 1968 that changed markedly from demo form to the official recording . Harrison 's demos suggest the influence of folk music , yet the Beatles ' version is in the heavy rock style typical of much of the band 's late 1960s work . While noting the importance of Harrison 's return to the guitar during this period , Gould describes the song as `` virtually a declaration of his recommitment to rock '' . The song as originally issued by the Beatles is in the key of A minor , changing to A major over the bridges . Aside from the intro , the composition is structured into two rounds of verse and bridge , with an instrumental passage extending the second of these verse sections , followed by a final verse and a long instrumental passage that fades out on the released recording . All the sections consist of an even sixteen bars or measures , which are divided into four phrases . The chord progression over the verses includes a shift to a ♭ 7 ( Am / G ) on `` all '' ( bass note G ) and a 6 ( D9 ( major 3rd F ♯ ) ) after `` love '' ( bass note F ♯ ) to a ♭ 6 ( Fmaj7 ) on `` sleeping '' ( bass note F ) . According to musicologist Dominic Pedler , the 8 -- ♭ 7 -- 6 -- ♭ 6 progression represents a hybrid of the Aeolian and Dorian modes . The change to the parallel major key is heralded by a C chord as the verse 's penultimate chord ( replacing the D used in the second phrase of each verse ) before the E that leads into the bridge . Musicologist Alan Pollack views this combination of C and E as representing a sense of `` arrival '' , after which the bridge contains `` upward ( harmonic ) gestures '' that contrast with the bass descents that dominate the verse . Such contrasts are limited by the inclusion of minor triads ( III , VI and II ) played over the E chord that ends the bridge 's second and fourth phrases . Lyrics ( edit ) In his lyrics to `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , Harrison revisits the theme of universal love and the philosophical concerns that were evident in his overtly Indian - influenced compositions , particularly `` Within You Without You '' . The song is a lament for how a universal love for humankind is latent in all individuals yet remains unrealised . In the description of theologian Dale Allison , the song `` conveys spiritual angst and an urgent religious point of view without being explicitly theological '' . Harrison sings of surveying `` you all '' and seeing `` the love there that 's sleeping '' . Musicologist Walter Everett comments that the change from the minor - mode verse to the parallel major might express hope that `` unrealized potential '' described in the lyrics is to be `` fulfilled '' , but the continued minor triads `` seem to express a strong dismay that love is not to be unfolded '' . During the bridges , Harrison adopts a repetitive rhyming scheme in the style of Bob Dylan to convey how humankind has become distracted from its ability to manifest this love . He sings of people that have been `` inverted '' and `` perverted '' from their natural perspective . According to Harrison biographer Joshua Greene , the song 's message reflects the pessimism encouraged by world events throughout 1968 , such as the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy in the United States , and the Soviet Russian oppression of Czechoslovakia . Allison writes that the lyrics represent the `` antithesis of spiritual triumphalism '' , in which Harrison `` mourns because love has not conquered all '' . Recording ( edit ) Early attempts and basic track ( edit ) The Beatles recorded `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' several times during the sessions for their self - titled double album , also known as `` the White Album '' . The recording sessions , which began in late May 1968 , were characterised by a lack of cooperation among the four band members , and by what Lennon 's bandmates regarded as the overly intrusive presence of his new romantic partner , Yoko Ono . In this atmosphere , Harrison had initially been reluctant to present his new compositions to the group . Take 1 on 25 July -- the version later issued on Anthology 3 -- was a solo performance by Harrison , playing his Gibson J - 200 acoustic guitar , with an overdubbed harmonium part . Sessions on 16 August and 5 September produced full band recordings of the song . In the case of the 16 August version , an overdubbing session on 3 September marked the first time that the Beatles had used eight - track recording at EMI Studios . At the same session , Harrison overdubbed a backwards ( or `` backmasked '' ) guitar solo , as he had done two years before on `` I 'm Only Sleeping '' , on the Revolver album , but he was not satisfied with the results . The Beatles then remade the basic track on 5 September -- a session that marked Ringo Starr 's return to the group after he had walked out on 22 August , upset at the unpleasant atmosphere . While Harrison led the band in welcoming back their drummer , by installing a large flower display all over Starr 's drum kit , he continued to think that his bandmates were not giving their best to the song . Overdubs ( edit ) Clapton had given Harrison his red Gibson Les Paul shortly before the session and subsequently used it on the song . On 6 September , during a ride from Surrey into London , Harrison asked Clapton to play guitar on the track . Clapton , who recognised Harrison 's talent as a songwriter , and considered that his abilities had long been held back by Lennon and McCartney , was nevertheless reluctant to participate ; he later recalled that his initial response was : `` I ca n't do that . Nobody ever plays on Beatles records . '' Harrison convinced him , and Clapton 's lead guitar part , played on Harrison 's Gibson Les Paul electric guitar `` Lucy '' ( a recent gift from Clapton ) , was overdubbed that evening . Recalling the session in his 2007 autobiography , Clapton says that , while Lennon and McCartney were `` fairly non-committal '' , he thought the track `` sounded fantastic '' , adding : `` I knew George was happy , because he listened to it over and over in the control room . '' Harrison recalled that Clapton 's presence also ensured that his bandmates `` tr ( ied ) a bit harder '' and `` were all on their best behaviour '' . The Beatles carried out the remaining overdubs , which included an ascending piano motif , played by McCartney , over the introduction , Hammond organ by Harrison , and further percussion by Starr . McCartney also added a second bass part , played on his Fender Jazz Bass rather than on either of his preferred Hofner or Rickenbacker models . Mixing ( edit ) Still wary that his contribution might present too much of a departure from the band 's sound , Clapton requested that Harrison give the lead guitar track a more `` Beatley '' sound when mixing the song . During final mixing for the White Album , on 14 October , the guitar part was run through an ADT circuit with `` varispeed '' , with engineer Chris Thomas manipulating the oscillator to achieve the desired `` wobbly '' effect . According to Everett , Lennon 's tremolo - rich guitar part , recorded on 5 September , was retained only in the song 's coda . Clapton 's guitar contribution has been described as making this a `` monumental '' track . As particularly notable features , Everett highlights the increasing lengths of thrice - heard first scale degrees ( 0 : 17 -- 0 : 19 ) , the restraint shown by rests in many bars then unexpected appearances ( as at 0 : 28 -- 0 : 29 ) , commanding turnaround phrases ( 0 : 31 -- 0 : 33 ) , expressive string bends marking modal changes from C to C ♯ ( 0 : 47 -- 0 : 53 ) , power retransition ( 1 : 21 -- 1 : 24 ) , emotive vibrato ( 2 : 01 -- 2 : 07 ) , and a solo ( 1 : 55 -- 2 : 31 ) with a `` measured rise in intensity , rhythmic activity , tonal drive and registral climb '' . In October 1968 , Harrison reciprocated by co-writing `` Badge '' with Clapton and playing on Cream 's recording of the track . Released on Cream 's final album , Goodbye , `` Badge '' reflected Harrison 's pop sensibilities and helped Clapton transition from the heavy blues style and its reliance on extended soloing , and onto the more song - based approach that he and Harrison admired in the Band 's 1968 album Music from Big Pink . Release and reception ( edit ) Apple Records released The Beatles on 22 November 1968 . One of four Harrison compositions on the double album , `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was sequenced as the penultimate track on side one in the LP format , between Lennon 's `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' and `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' . The song was issued as the B - side of `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' , a McCartney - written song that had also tested the Beatles ' patience during the White Album sessions . This single was an international hit , topping charts in Australia , Austria , Switzerland and West Germany , but was not released in Britain or the United States . LP cover of The Beatles . Some music critics have recognised `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' as a highlight of the Beatles ' 1968 double album . According to music critic Tim Riley , Harrison 's writing contributions `` regain ( ed ) the promise '' evident in his three songs on the Beatles ' 1966 album Revolver . Recalling the release in his 1977 book The Beatles Forever , Nicholas Schaffner said that , in returning to pop / rock songwriting after his excursions into the Indian classical style , Harrison 's four White Album songs `` firmly established him as a contender '' beside Lennon and McCartney . In Schaffner 's description , `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was the most instantly popular of `` a quartet of more conventionally accessible pop songs ( written by Harrison ) that many felt were among the finest on the album '' . Among contemporary reviews , Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone said that `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was `` one of George Harrison 's very best songs '' , and likened it to `` Blue Jay Way '' in that it `` recalls California , the simple Baja California beat , the dreamy words of the Los Angeles haze , the organic pace lapping around every room as if in invisible waves '' . Wenner found the lyrics `` slightly self - righteous and preaching '' , representing `` a general set of incidents , a message , like a sermon , impersonally directed to everyone '' , and concluded : `` I am willing to bet something substantial that the lead guitarist on this cut is Eric Clapton , yet another involution of the circular logic on which this song ( is ) so superbly constructed as a musical piece . '' In his review for the International Times , Barry Miles said the song was a `` great tune '' with `` nice hi - hats '' but a `` lifeless '' guitar part . Alan Smith of the NME credited the `` warm voice '' and `` very strong melody '' to McCartney and said that the track was one of the `` highlights ... moving into a slightly Hendrix thing '' and was bound to be `` Another hit for somebody '' . Three weeks later , Smith acknowledged that the singer and composer was in fact Harrison , and added : `` the words are evocative and the melody line is creeping into my mind to stay . '' Geoffrey Cannon wrote in The Guardian : `` George Harrison has seen the truth , and is anxious that we should see our truth . He 's a preacher , man of fire . When his songs speak of ' you , ' the address is direct . He achieves his character in ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' , which , with Phil Ochs 's ' Tape from California ' , is the first track I know that succeeds in making magnanimous love serious and touching . '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' became a staple of US rock radio during the early 1970s , on a par with songs such as `` Layla '' by Clapton 's short - lived band Derek and the Dominos , Led Zeppelin 's `` Stairway to Heaven '' and the Who 's `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' . In 1973 , it appeared on the Beatles ' double album compilation 1967 -- 1970 , as one of only three tracks representing the White Album . Capitol Records included it on The Best of George Harrison in 1976 ; a year before this , Harrison released a sequel to the song , titled `` This Guitar ( Ca n't Keep from Crying ) '' , which also served as the final single issued by Apple in its original incarnation . The Beatles ' recording also appeared on the soundtrack to Withnail and I , a 1987 comedy film set in late - 1960s London and produced by Harrison 's company HandMade Films . Despite his reluctance to record `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , McCartney later identified it as one of his favourite selections on the 1995 -- 96 Anthology outtakes series , and he grouped the song with `` Something '' and `` Here Comes the Sun '' as candidates for Harrison 's `` greatest track '' . Starr paired it with `` Something '' as `` Two of the finest love songs ever written '' , adding : `` they 're really on a par with what John and Paul or anyone else of that time wrote . '' In their written tributes to Harrison following his death in November 2001 , Mick Jagger and Keith Richards each expressed their admiration for the song . Jagger said : `` It 's lovely , plaintive . Only a guitar player could write that ... '' Harrison Live performances ( edit ) Harrison and Clapton performing `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' at the 1987 Prince 's Trust Concert in London Harrison played `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' at every one of his comparatively rare concerts as a solo artist . Writing for Mojo in 2003 , Ashley Kahn attributed the track 's `` classic '' status to its evocation of `` a band falling out of harmony '' and , with regard to the enduring musical bond between Harrison and Clapton , its standing as `` their song '' . At Harrison 's Concert for Bangladesh , held at Madison Square Garden in New York on 1 August 1971 , Clapton performed the song on a Gibson Byrdland , a hollow - body guitar more suited to jazz or country music than rock . He later said that this was a poor decision and , as with his substandard playing at the event , one indicative of his descent into heroin addiction . The version performed by Harrison during his set at the 1987 Prince 's Trust Concert reunited him with Starr and Clapton , and features an extended coda with the guitars of Harrison and Clapton interweaving . On their 1991 tour of Japan , Harrison and Clapton performed `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' with additional background vocals . An edit combining parts of the 14 December and 17 December Tokyo Dome performances of the song was included on Harrison 's 1992 double album Live in Japan . Harrison also featured the song in the set list for his only other tour as a solo artist , a series of North American concerts over November -- December 1974 with Ravi Shankar . Harrison shared the lead guitarist 's role with Robben Ford , often extending the piece to eight minutes . While it was a popular inclusion in a set list that barely acknowledged Harrison 's past as a former Beatle , his alteration of some of the lyrics -- so that his guitar `` gently smiles '' and `` tries to smile '' -- disappointed many concert - goers and reviewers . Author Simon Leng comments that on Harrison 's return to Madison Square Garden towards the end of the tour , his playing on the song nevertheless received a standing ovation . Cover versions ( edit ) Canadian guitarist Jeff Healey covered `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' on his 1990 album Hell to Pay . Harrison participated in the recording , contributing on acoustic guitar and backing vocals . Also issued as a single , Healey 's version peaked at number 27 in Canada , number 85 in the UK and number 25 in New Zealand . During the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II concert at Buckingham Palace Garden on 3 June 2002 , McCartney performed the song with Clapton , as a tribute to Harrison . The performance appears on the DVD release Party at the Palace . On 29 November the same year , Clapton , McCartney , Starr , Dhani Harrison , Jeff Lynne and Marc Mann performed `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' at the Concert for George in memory of Harrison . This version showcased Clapton singing the lead vocal while McCartney provided background vocals and piano ; Mann played Clapton 's original fills and the mid-song solo . Author Ian Inglis writes that while Clapton was already `` permanently associated '' with `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' due to his presence on the White Album recording and the Concert for Bangladesh and Live in Japan versions , Clapton 's long , closing solo at the Concert for George contained `` perhaps the most expressive '' playing of all these versions . American musician Todd Rundgren covered `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' for the 2003 album Songs from the Material World : A Tribute to George Harrison . Rundgren said of his contribution to the multi-artist tribute : `` ( Before the Beatles ) , I 'd never heard the term ' lead guitarist . ' George created the job description for my first paying gig , the vocation that I 'm still lucky enough to practice today ... '' Johnny Loftus of AllMusic views the recording as one of the collection 's highlights , saying that Rundgren `` effortlessly replicates the grandeur '' of the Beatles ' track . As his personal tribute to Harrison , Peter Frampton released a version of the song on his 2003 album Now . In 2004 , when Harrison was inducted posthumously into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist , `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was played in tribute by a large band that included Tom Petty , Lynne , Steve Winwood , Marc Mann and Dhani Harrison . The performance concluded with an extended guitar solo by Prince , who was also being inducted into the Hall of Fame . Among other cover versions , the song has also been recorded by guitarists such as Marc Ribot , Phish and Charlie Byrd , and on ukulele by Jake Shimabukuro . Toto did a cover version for their album Through the Looking Glass and in a live performance in Live in Amsterdam . Santana did a cover for his twentieth album Guitar Heaven : The Greatest Guitar Classics of All Time , in 2010 , featuring singer India Arie and cellist Yo - Yo Ma . Released as a single , it charted on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary . In 2016 , Regina Spektor performed the song for the soundtrack to the film Kubo and the Two Strings , accompanied by Kevin Kmetz on a shamisen . 2016 music video ( edit ) In June 2016 , Apple Corps and Cirque du Soleil released a music video for `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . The video was created for the tenth anniversary re-staging of Cirque du Soleil 's Love theatrical production . The video was directed by Dandypunk , André Kasten and Leah Moyer . Ryan Reed , describing the clip for rollingstone.com , wrote that `` Dandypunk 's hand - drawn illustrations depict Harrison 's lyrics falling off the page into the air , transporting LOVE performer Eira Glover into a series of fantastical locations . Projection mapping -- and no CGI -- was used to create the clip . '' Personnel ( edit ) According to Ian MacDonald , Walter Everett and John Winn : White Album version George Harrison -- double - tracked vocals , backing vocal , acoustic guitar , Hammond organ John Lennon -- electric guitar with tremolo Paul McCartney -- harmony vocal , piano , bass guitar Ringo Starr -- drums , tambourine , castanets Eric Clapton -- lead guitar Anthology 3 version George Harrison -- vocals , acoustic guitar Paul McCartney -- organ Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Having contributed to `` Ski - ing '' on Harrison 's debut solo album , Wonderwall Music , in January 1968 , Clapton played on `` Sour Milk Sea '' , a song that Harrison wrote and produced for his Apple Records signing Jackie Lomax . Another Harrison composition from 1968 , `` Savoy Truffle '' , was inspired by Clapton 's love of chocolate . Jump up ^ Greene comments that `` Wilting Flowers '' was the title of Time magazine 's article summarising the year . By contrast , at the start of 1968 , Life had declared it `` the Year of the Guru '' , partly as a result of the Beatles ' championing of Eastern religion , and had featured the Maharishi on the cover of the magazine . Jump up ^ This version remained in EMI 's archives through the 1980s . It was first presented for public hearing when Abbey Road Studios ( formerly EMI Studios ) hosted The Beatles at Abbey Road in 1983 , at which point EMI reported that Harrison was keen that the song be released `` as soon as possible '' . When remixing the recording for inclusion on the planned Sessions compilation album in 1984 , however ( and as later heard on Anthology 3 ) , Geoff Emerick chose to loop and repeat Harrison 's concluding guitar phrase into a fadeout , and increased the volume of the harmonium . Jump up ^ In Ken Scott 's recollection , the need to manually work the ADT oscillation was a result of the Beatles ' impatience to use EMI 's new eight - track recording equipment . The company 's technical engineers had yet to carry out the conversion necessary to allow the effect to be applied automatically . Jump up ^ `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was listed with `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' , as a double A-side , when the single topped Australia 's Go - Set National Top 40 chart . Jump up ^ This 1971 performance of the song was included on Harrison 's 2009 compilation album Let It Roll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 153 -- 54 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Riley 2002 , p. 268 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 9 December 2004 . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Ten Beatles Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs : 10 . While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Guitar World Staff ( 30 October 2008 ) . `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' . guitarworld.com . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Beatles 2000 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 34 , 36 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Quantick 2002 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2002 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , pp. 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Ingham 2006 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Rabey , Steve ( 9 October 2011 ) . `` George Harrison , ' Living In The Material World ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 2006 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Huntley 2006 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , pp. 305 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Scorsese , Martin ( dir . ) ( 2011 ) . George Harrison : Living in the Material World ( 2 DVDs ) . Roadshow Entertainment / Grove Street Productions . R - 112294 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2002 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 468 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 297 , 300 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 523 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 498 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Alan W. ( 2001 ) . `` Notes on ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' '' . Soundscapes . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , pp. 435 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis 2010 , pp. 12 , 26 . Jump up ^ Greene 2006 , pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Allison 2006 , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Tillery 2011 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Allison 2006 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 2006 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , pp. 106 -- 07 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 238 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , pp. 318 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 78 , 153 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 151 , 153 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 252 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Winn 2009 , pp. 209 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Nigel ( February 2002 ) . `` Only a Northern Song : The songs George Harrison wrote for The Beatles '' . Uncut . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Harris , John ( July 2001 ) . `` A Quiet Storm '' . Mojo . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Clapton 2007 , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Ingham 2006 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Womack 2007 , pp. 225 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Buskin , Richard ( June 2012 ) . `` The Beatles ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' '' . Sound on Sound . Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , pp. 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 163 , 200 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 317 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer 2003 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Womack 2007 , pp. 223 -- 24 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , p. 684 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles -- Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 23 April 1969 '' . poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2002 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Wenner , Jann S. ( 21 December 1968 ) . `` Review : The Beatles ' ' White Album ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Miles , Barry ( 29 November 1968 ) . `` Multi-Purpose Beatles Music '' . International Times . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 9 November 1968 ) . `` Beatles Double - LP in Full '' . NME . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 30 November 1968 ) . `` The Beatles '' The Beatles ( The White Album ) `` . NME . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Cannon , Geoffrey ( 26 November 1968 ) . `` Back to Spring : The Beatles : The Beatles ( White Album ) ( Apple ) '' . The Guardian . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , pp. 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , pp. 188 , 209 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , pp. 280 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Womack 2007 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Pirnia , Garin ( 19 March 2016 ) . `` 13 Loaded Facts About Withnail and I '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillery 2011 , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : The Beatles 2000 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , pp. 227 , 229 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Khan , Ashley ( 2003 ) . `` Gun for Hire '' . Mojo Special Limited Edition : 1000 Days of Revolution ( The Beatles ' Final Years -- Jan 1 , 1968 to Sept 27 , 1970 ) . London : Emap . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited with George Harrison and Friends , DVD , 2005 . Jump up ^ Clapton 2007 , pp. 146 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 483 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez 2010 , pp. 59 , 60 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 167 , 170 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks -- November 3 , 1990 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jeff Healey Band -- While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2014 , p. 990 . Jump up ^ Party at the Palace -- The Queen 's Concerts , Buckingham Palace ( booklet ) . Various Artists . Opus Arte. 2002 . OA 0845 D . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff ( 11 December 2002 ) . `` Rock Vets Fete Harrison On Tribute Disc '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Johnny . `` Various Artists Songs From The Material World : A Tribute To George Harrison '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Frampton '' . interviewsofrecordingartists.com . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Hal . `` Peter Frampton Now '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Prince , an Artist Who Defied Genre , Is Dead at 57 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Phull , Hardeep ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Prince was so good , he made his own competition '' . New York Post . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DaveO ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` Cover Wars : While My Guitar Gently Weeps ( The Beatles ) - Glide Magazine '' . Glide Magazine . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Byrd 's Guitar Weeps -- Due to Late 60s Social Tumult '' . Zero to 180 - Three Minute Magic. 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Santana Covers Classics on ' Guitar Heaven ' '' . Billboard. 2010 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2010 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Santana , Michael Buble , Kings Of Leon Preview New Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Renner Brown , Eric ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Cirque du Soleil 's Beatles music video : Show debuts clip for ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' '' . ew.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Watch the Beatles ' Hypnotic ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' Video '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 300 -- 01 . Sources ( edit ) Allison , Dale C. , Jr. ( 2006 ) . The Love There That 's Sleeping : The Art and Spirituality of George Harrison . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1917 - 0 . Badman , Keith ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clapton , Eric ( 2007 ) . Eric Clapton : The Autobiography . London : Century . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84605 - 309 - 2 . The Editors of Rolling Stone ( 2002 ) . Harrison . New York , NY : Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 5 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Gould , Jonathan ( 2007 ) . Ca n't Buy Me Love : The Beatles , Britain and America . London : Piatkus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7499 - 2988 - 6 . Greene , Joshua M. ( 2006 ) . Here Comes the Sun : The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12780 - 3 . Harrison , George ( 2002 ) . I , Me , Mine . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5900 - 4 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Huntley , Elliot J. ( 2006 ) . Mystical One : George Harrison -- After the Break - up of the Beatles . Toronto , ON : Guernica Editions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55071 - 197 - 4 . Ingham , Chris ( 2006 ) . The Rough Guide to the Beatles ( 2nd edn ) . London : Rough Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 720 - 5 . Inglis , Ian ( 2010 ) . The Words and Music of George Harrison . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2005 ) ( 1988 ) . The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions : The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962 -- 1970 . London : Bounty Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7537 - 2545 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 2nd rev . edn ) . Chicago , IL : Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 . Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . Pedler , Dominic ( 2003 ) . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8167 - 6 . Quantick , David ( 2002 ) . Revolution : The Making of the Beatles ' White Album . Chicago , IL : A Cappella Books . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 470 - 6 . Riley , Tim ( 2002 ) ( 1988 ) . Tell Me Why : A Beatles Commentary . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81120 - 3 . Riley , Tim ( 2011 ) . Lennon : The Man , the Myth , the Music -- The Definitive Life . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 4020 - 6 . Rodriguez , Robert ( 2010 ) . Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Spizer , Bruce ( 2003 ) . The Beatles on Apple Records . New Orleans , LA : 498 Productions . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 4 - 0 . Tillery , Gary ( 2011 ) . Working Class Mystic : A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison . Wheaton , IL : Quest Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8356 - 0900 - 5 . Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 . New York , NY : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Long and Winding Roads : The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1746 - 6 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Beatles ( album ) Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles ' official website The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Across the Universe '' `` Hey Bulldog '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Jeff Healey Jeff Healey Band albums See the Light ( 1988 ) Hell to Pay ( 1990 ) Feel This ( 1992 ) Cover to Cover ( 1995 ) Get Me Some ( 2000 ) Solo albums Mess of Blues ( 2008 ) Songs From The Road ( 2009 ) Jeff Healey Band songs `` Angel Eyes '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps&oldid=827243590 '' Categories : 1968 songs The Beatles songs Songs written by George Harrison Song recordings produced by George Martin Music published by Harrisongs Apple Records singles George Harrison songs Eric Clapton songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Use British English from August 2010 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 16 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who made the song while my guitar gently weeps	[ "\"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as \"the White Album\"). It was written by George Harrison, the band's lead guitarist. The song serves as a comment on the disharmony within the Beatles following their return from studying Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968. This lack of camaraderie was reflected in the band's initial apathy towards the composition, which Harrison countered by inviting his friend and occasional collaborator, Eric Clapton, to contribute to the recording. Clapton overdubbed a lead guitar part, although he was not formally credited for his contribution.[4]" ]	[ "English rock band the Beatles" ]
-5742981071947946179	AP Poll	AP Poll - wikipedia AP Poll Jump to : navigation , search Inaugural AP polls Div I / FBS football 1936 Div I / FCS football 1978 Div I men 's basketball 1948 -- 49 Div I women 's basketball 1976 -- 77 Current AP polls FBS football 2017 season FCS football 2017 season Div I men 's basketball 2017 -- 18 season Div I women 's basketball 2017 -- 18 season The Associated Press ( AP Poll ) provides weekly rankings of the top 25 NCAA teams in one of three Division I college sports : football , men 's basketball and women 's basketball . The rankings are compiled by polling 65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation . Each voter provides his own ranking of the top 25 teams , and the individual rankings are then combined to produce the national ranking by giving a team 25 points for a first place vote , 24 for a second place vote , and so on down to 1 point for a twenty - fifth place vote . Ballots of the voting members in the AP Poll are made public . Contents ( hide ) 1 College football 1.1 History 1.2 AP Poll inclusion in the BCS 1.3 Final AP football polls 1.4 Other media football polls 2 College basketball 2.1 Men 's basketball 2.2 Women 's basketball 3 NFL football 4 See also 5 References 6 External links College football ( edit ) The football poll is released Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season , unless ranked teams have not finished their games . History ( edit ) The AP college football poll has a long history . The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was , by popular opinion , the best football team in the country at the end of the season . One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll , first run in 1934 . In 1935 , AP sports editor Alan J. Gould declared a three way tie for national champion in football between Minnesota , Princeton , and Southern Methodist . Minnesota fans protested , and a number of Gould 's colleagues led by Charles `` Cy '' Sherman suggested he create a poll of sports editors instead of only using his own list , and the next year the poll was born . It has run continuously from 1936 . Due to the long - standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high - paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl , the NCAA had not held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division , NCAA Division I , Football Bowl Subdivision ( the Division I , Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments ) . As a result , the public and the media began to acknowledge the leading vote - getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season . While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation , from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams . From 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized . From 1968 to 1988 , the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to the current 25 teams in 1989 . The AP began conducting a preseason poll starting in 1950 . At the end of the 1947 season the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll . Until the 1968 college football season , the final AP poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season , with the lone exception of the 1965 season . In 1964 , Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season , but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas , leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated , untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic . In 1965 , the AP 's decision to wait to crown its champion paid handsomely , as top - ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl , number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic , and fourth - ranked Alabama defeated third - ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl , vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP 's final poll ( Michigan State was named national champion in the final UPI Coaches Poll , which did not conduct a post-bowl poll ) . Beginning in the 1968 season , the post bowl game poll became permanent and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results . The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches ' poll until the 1974 season . = Clemson 1 vs. Alabama 2 = = = As of the completion of the 2015 season the number one ranked team has faced the number two ranked team 50 times since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 . The number one team has a record of 28 -- 20 -- 2 against the number two team . No. 1 vs. No. 2 games Light blue indicates bowl game Season No. 1 Result No. 2 Site Event 1943 Notre Dame 35 -- 12 Michigan Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI 1943 Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1943 Notre Dame 14 -- 13 Iowa Pre-Flight Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1944 Army 23 -- 7 Navy Baltimore Stadium Baltimore , MD 1944 Army -- Navy Game 1945 Army 48 -- 0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium New York , NY 1945 Army -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1945 Army 32 - 13 Navy Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Philadelphia , PA 1945 Army -- Navy Game 1946 Army 0 -- 0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium New York , NY 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game 1962 USC 42 -- 37 Wisconsin Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 1963 Rose Bowl 1963 Oklahoma 7 -- 28 Texas Cotton Bowl Dallas , TX 1963 Red River Shootout game 1963 Texas 28 -- 6 Navy Cotton Bowl Dallas , TX 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic 1966 Notre Dame 10 -- 10 Michigan State Spartan Stadium East Lansing , MI 1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game 1968 Purdue 37 -- 22 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1968 Shillelagh Trophy game 1968 Ohio State 27 -- 16 USC Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 1969 Rose Bowl 1969 Texas 15 -- 14 Arkansas Razorback Stadium Fayetteville , AR 1969 Texas vs. Arkansas football game 1971 Nebraska 35 -- 31 Oklahoma Oklahoma Memorial Stadium Norman , OK 1971 Nebraska vs. Oklahoma football game 1971 Nebraska 38 -- 6 Alabama Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1972 Orange Bowl 1978 Penn State 7 -- 14 Alabama Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1979 Sugar Bowl 1981 USC 28 -- 24 Oklahoma Los Angeles Coliseum Los Angeles 1982 Georgia 23 -- 27 Penn State Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1983 Sugar Bowl 1985 Iowa 12 -- 10 Michigan Kinnick Stadium Iowa City , IA 1986 Oklahoma 16 -- 28 Miami Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1986 Miami 10 -- 14 Penn State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1987 Fiesta Bowl Nebraska 7 -- 17 Oklahoma Memorial Stadium Lincoln , NE 1987 Nebraska -- Oklahoma football rivalry game Oklahoma 14 -- 20 Miami Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1988 Orange Bowl 1988 Notre Dame 27 -- 10 USC Los Angeles Coliseum Los Angeles 1988 Jeweled Shillelagh game 1989 Notre Dame 24 -- 19 Michigan Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI 1989 Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1991 Florida State 16 -- 17 Miami Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL 1991 Miami vs. Florida State football game 1992 Miami 13 -- 34 Alabama Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1993 Sugar Bowl 1993 Florida State 24 -- 31 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game 1993 Florida State 18 -- 16 Nebraska Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1994 Orange Bowl 1995 Nebraska 62 -- 24 Florida Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1996 Fiesta Bowl Florida 21 -- 24 Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL 1996 Florida -- Florida State football rivalry game 1998 Tennessee 23 -- 16 Florida State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1999 Fiesta Bowl 1999 Florida State 46 -- 29 Virginia Tech Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 2000 Sugar Bowl 2002 Miami 24 -- 31 Ohio State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 2003 Fiesta Bowl USC 55 -- 19 Oklahoma Pro Player Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2005 Orange Bowl 2005 USC 38 -- 41 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 2006 Rose Bowl 2006 Ohio State 24 -- 7 Texas Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium Austin , TX 2006 Ohio State 42 -- 39 Michigan Ohio Stadium Columbus , OH 2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game 2006 Ohio State 14 -- 41 Florida University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2007 BCS National Championship Game 2007 Ohio State 24 -- 38 LSU Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 2008 BCS National Championship Game 2008 Alabama 20 -- 31 Florida Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 2008 SEC Championship Game 2008 Florida 24 -- 14 Oklahoma Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2009 BCS National Championship Game 2009 Florida 13 -- 32 Alabama Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 2009 SEC Championship Game 2009 Alabama 37 -- 21 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 2010 BCS National Championship Game Auburn 22 -- 19 Oregon University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2011 BCS National Championship Game 2011 LSU 9 -- 6 Alabama Bryant -- Denny Stadium Tuscaloosa , AL 2011 LSU vs. Alabama football game 2011 LSU 0 -- 21 Alabama Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans , LA 2012 BCS National Championship Game 2012 Notre Dame 14 -- 42 Alabama Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2013 BCS National Championship Game 2013 Florida State 34 -- 31 Auburn Rose Bowl Pasadena , CA 2014 BCS National Championship Game 2015 Clemson 40 -- 45 Alabama University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship 2016 Alabama 31 -- 35 Clemson Raymond James Stadium Tampa , FL 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship AP Poll inclusion in the BCS ( edit ) In 1997 , the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) was developed to try to unify the poll results by picking two teams for a `` real '' national championship game . For the first several years the AP Poll factored in the determination of the BCS rankings , along with other factors including the Coaches Poll and computer - based polls . Because of a series of controversies surrounding the BCS , the AP demanded in December , 2004 , that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings , and so the 2004 -- 2005 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used for this purpose . In the 2003 season the BCS system broke down when the final BCS standings ranked the University of Southern California ( USC ) at No. 3 while the two human polls in the system had ranked USC at No. 1 . As a result , USC did not play in the BCS ' designated national championship game . After defeating another highly ranked team , Michigan , in its final game , the AP Poll kept USC at No. 1 while the Coaches Poll was contractually obligated to select the winner of the BCS game , Louisiana State University ( LSU ) , as the No. 1 team . The resulting split national title was the very problem that the BCS was created to solve , and has been widely considered an embarrassment . In 2004 , a new controversy erupted at the end of the season when Auburn and Utah , who both finished the regular season 12 -- 0 , were left out of the BCS title game in favor of Oklahoma who also was 12 -- 0 and had won decisively over Colorado in the Big 12 Championship game . USC went on to a win easily over Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl while Auburn and Utah both won their bowl games , leaving three undefeated teams at the end of the season . Also , in that same year , Texas made up late ground on California ( Cal ) in the BCS standings and as a result grabbed a high - payout , at - large spot in the Rose Bowl . Previous to that poll , Cal had been ranked ahead of Texas in both human polls and the BCS poll . Going into their final game , the Golden Bears were made aware that while margin of victory did not affect computer rankings , it did affect human polls and just eight voters changing their vote could affect the final standings . Both teams won their game that week , but the Texas coach , Mack Brown , had made a public effort to lobby for his team to be moved higher in the ranking . When the human polls were released , Texas remained behind Cal , but it had closed the gap enough so that the BCS poll ( which determines placement ) placed Texas above Cal , angering both Cal and its conference , the Pac - 10 . The final poll positions had been unchanged with Cal at No. 4 AP , No. 4 coaches , and No. 6 computers polls and Texas at No. 6 AP , No. 5 coaches , and No. 4 computer polls . The AP Poll voters were caught in the middle because their vote changes were automatically made public , while the votes of the Coaches poll were kept confidential . Although there had been a more substantial shift in the votes of the Coaches Poll , the only clear targets for the ire of fanatical fans were the voters in the AP Poll . While officials from both Cal and the Pac - 10 called for the coaches ' votes to be made public , the overtures were turned down and did little to solve the problem of AP voters . Cal went on to lose to Texas Tech in the Holiday Bowl . Texas defeated Michigan in the Rose Bowl . Many members of the press who voted in the AP Poll were upset by the controversy and , at the behest of its members , the AP asked that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings . The 2004 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used in the BCS rankings , it was replaced in the BCS equation by the newly created Harris Interactive College Football Poll . Final AP football polls ( edit ) Main article : AP National Championship Trophy Other media football polls ( edit ) The AP Poll is not the only college football poll . The other major poll is the Coaches Poll , which has been sponsored by several organizations : the United Press ( 1950 -- 1957 ) , the United Press International ( 1958 -- 1990 ) , USA Today ( 1991 -- present ) , CNN ( 1991 -- 1996 ) , and ESPN ( 1997 -- 2005 ) . Having two major polls has led to numerous `` split '' national titles , where the two polls disagreed on the No. 1 team . This has occurred on eleven different occasions ( 1954 , 1957 , 1965 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1990 , 1991 , 1997 , 2003 ) . College basketball ( edit ) In Division I men 's and women 's college basketball , the AP Poll is largely just a tool to compare schools throughout the season and spark debate , as it has no bearing on postseason play . Generally , all top 25 teams in the poll are invited to the men 's and women 's NCAA basketball tournament , also known as March Madness . The poll is usually released every Monday and voters ' ballots are made public . Men 's basketball ( edit ) For rankings from the most recent season , see 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings § AP Poll . The AP began compiling a ranking of the top 20 college men 's basketball teams during the 1948 -- 1949 season . It has issued this poll continuously since the 1950 -- 1951 season . North Carolina has been ranked # 1 the most times ( 9 ) and UCLA has been ranked # 1 the second most times ( 8 ) . Women 's basketball ( edit ) For rankings from the most recent season , see 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I women 's basketball rankings § AP Poll . The women 's basketball poll began during the 1976 -- 1977 season , and was initially compiled by Mel Greenberg and published by The Philadelphia Inquirer . At first , it was a poll of coaches conducted via telephone , where coaches identified top teams and a list of the Top 20 team was produced . The initial list of coaches did not include Pat Summitt , who asked to join the group , not to improve her rankings , but because of the lack of media coverage , Summitt believed it would be a good way to stay on top of who the top teams were outside of her own schedule . The contributors continued to be coaches until 1994 , when the AP took over administration of the poll from Greenberg , and switched to a panel of writers . In 1994 , Tennessee started out as No. 1 in the polls with Connecticut at No. 4 . After losses by the No. 2 and No. 3 teams , Tennessee and Connecticut were ranked No. 1 and No. 2 , headed into a showdown , scheduled as a special event on Martin Luther King day , the only women 's basketball game scheduled on that day . Because of the unusual circumstances , the decision was made to hold off the AP voting for one day , to ensure it would be after the game . Connecticut won the game , and moved into first place in the AP poll , published on Tuesday for the only time . ( Connecticut went on to complete an undefeated season . ) Over the history of the poll , over 255 coaches have had a team represented in polls . Nfl football ( edit ) Beginning in 2012 , the AP began issuing a weekly pro football ranking , the AP Pro32 rankings . See also ( edit ) College football portal 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings Bowl Championship Series Coaches ' Poll College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS Dickinson System Game of the Century ( college football ) Grantland Rice Award Harris Interactive College Football Poll List of college football teams by weekly appearances atop AP Poll List of NCAA college football rankings Mythical national championship NAIA Coach 's Poll References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Associated Press voters 2013 retrieved 2 January 2014 Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` AP College Poll Voters ( Football ) '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` November 15 , 1934 AP Football Poll '' . College Poll Archive -- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings. 1934 - 11 - 15 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , David . Breaking news : how the Associated Press has covered war , peace , and everything else . Princeton Architectural Press , 2007 . p150 - 151 Jump up ^ `` 1936 Final Football Polls '' . College Poll Archive -- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Zac ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) . `` AP Poll : Alabama , Ohio State headline first preseason rankings '' . Campus Union - SI.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The official final AP poll , taken before the bowls , had Notre Dame No. 1 ( 107 first place votes ) and Michigan No. 2 ( 25 first place votes ) . Michigan won the Rose Bowl 49 -- 0 over USC while Notre Dame did not play in a bowl game . Detroit Free Press sports editor Lyall Smith arranged a post-bowl AP poll with only Michigan or Notre Dame as choices . Michigan won that poll 266 -- 119 . Kyrk , John . Natural Enemies . pp. 142 -- 7 . ISBN 1 - 58979 - 090 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : AP No. 1 vs. No. 2 games . Associated Press , August 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ AP Removes Its Poll From BCS , ncaasports.com , Dec. 22 , 2004 , Accessed June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Tim Layden , Embarrassing moments in College Football ( # 10 ) , SportsIllustrated.com , Aug. 2 , 2006 , Accessed Aug. 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kelly Whiteside = California bears burden of making point that it 's BCS - worthy . USA TODAY , November 29 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : * `` 2004 BCS Standings , BCS Rankings '' ( PDF ) . The National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame , Inc . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ BCS Replaces AP Poll , ncaasports.com , July 12 , 2005 , Accessed June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AP College Poll Voters ( Men 's Basketball ) '' . College Poll Tracker . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Mel . `` '' The stare '' may have been Summitt 's trademark , but it did not define her true personality `` . FullCourt.com . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mel Greenberg Class of 2004 / 2005 -- Sports Writer '' . Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame . Retrieved 1 Oct 2017 . Jump up ^ Mel Greenberg , Mel . `` Guru 's College Special : How A Previous NHL Lockout Enhanced WBB To UConn 's Benefit '' . Womhoops Guru . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Mel . `` Guru 's College Report : Associated Press Preseason Poll Trivia '' . Womhoops Guru . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( 31 July 2012 ) . `` Packers top first - ever AP Pro32 rankings '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Associated Press Top 25 College Football Poll at The Associated Press The Associated Press Top 25 Men 's College Basketball Poll at The Associated Press Index AP Ballot Information by Voter and Team for Football / Men 's Basketball AP Football Poll voters AP Men 's Basketball Poll voters Archive of all AP weekly polls for football and men 's / women 's basketball List of all Final AP football Poll results and champions NCAA college football rankings NCAA 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 NCAA University Division 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 NCAA College Division 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 NCAA Division I 1973 1976 1977 NCAA Division I-A / FBS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NCAA Division I - AA / FCS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NCAA Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Polls AP Poll Coaches Poll NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings navbox 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Sports rating systems Concepts Home advantage Sabermetrics Strength of schedule Win probability Methods and computer models Advanced Football Analytics Albrecht Matrix Hybrid ARGH Power Ratings Dickinson System English Chess Federation grading Log5 Pomeroy College Basketball Ratings Pythagorean expectation Rating Percentage Index ( RPI ) Sonny Moore Power Ratings TrueSkill Elo family Chessmetrics DWZ Elo Glicko Universal Polls and opinion AP Poll FWAA - NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 Poll Harris Interactive College Football Poll Legends Poll NAIA Coaches ' Poll USA Today / Amway Coaches ' Poll People Mark Glickman John Hollinger Bill James Kenneth Massey Ken Pomeroy Jeff Sagarin Nate Silver Jeff Sonas Peter Wolfe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AP_Poll&oldid=807540112 '' Categories : Associated Press awards Bowl Championship Series College men 's basketball rankings in the United States College football rankings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 16 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does new ap football poll come out	[ "The football poll is released Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season, unless ranked teams have not finished their games." ]	[ "Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season" ]
3742162879065524588	Cowboy hat	Cowboy hat - wikipedia Cowboy hat Jump to : navigation , search A felt cowboy hat A straw cowboy hat The cowboy hat is a high - crowned , wide - brimmed hat best known as the defining piece of attire for the North American cowboy . Influenced by 19th century Mexican culture , today it is worn by many people , and is particularly associated with ranch workers in the western and southern United States , western Canada and northern Mexico , with country - western singers and ranchero singers in Mexico , and for participants in the North American rodeo circuit . It is recognized around the world as part of Old West lore . The shape of a cowboy hat 's crown and brim are often modified by the wearer for fashion and to protect against weather . It is an item of apparel that can be worn in any corner of the world , and receive immediate recognition as part of North American cowboy culture . The first western model was the open - crowned `` Boss of the Plains '' , and after that came the front - creased Carlsbad , destined to become `` the '' cowboy style . The high - crowned , wide - brimmed , soft - felt western hats that followed are intimately associated with the cowboy image . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 History 3 Modern designs 4 `` Ten - gallon '' hat 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links Design ( edit ) Stetson hat manufactured in the 1920s Modern cowboy hats are made of fur - based felt , straw or , less often , leather . They are sold with a tall , rounded crown and a wide flat brim . They have a simple sweat band on the inside to stabilize the fit of the head , and usually a small decorative hat band on the outside of the crown . Hats are customized by creasing the crown and rolling the brim . Often a more decorative hat band is added . In some places , `` stampede strings '' or `` wind strings '' are also attached . Hats can be manufactured in virtually any color , but are most often seen in shades of beige , brown and black . Beginning in the 1940s , pastel colors were introduced , seen often on hats worn by movie cowboys and rodeo riders . `` Today 's cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and design since the first one was created in 1865 by J.B. Stetson . '' History ( edit ) Painting ( circa 1830 ) showing Mexican hats The concept of a broad - brimmed hat with a high crown worn by a rider on horseback can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century . A tall crown provided insulation , the wide brim , shade . Hot , sunny climates inspire designs with very wide brims such as the sombrero of Mexico . It is not clear when the cowboy hat began to be named as such . European - Americans in the Western United States originally had no standard headwear . People moving West wore many styles of hat , including top hats , derbies , remains of Civil War headgear , sailor hats and everything else . Contrary to popular belief , it was the bowler and not the cowboy hat that was the most popular in the American West , prompting Lucius Beebe to call it `` the hat that won the West '' . The working cowboy wore wide - brimmed , high - crowned hats that were most likely adopted from the Mexican Vaqueros before the invention of the modern design . However , original cowboy hats originated in Northern Mexico and the Stetson hats came later . Credit for the American cowboy hat as it is known today is generally given to John Batterson Stetson . The original `` Boss of the Plains '' , manufactured by Stetson in 1865 , was flat - brimmed , had a straight sided crown , with rounded corners . These light - weight , waterproof hats , were natural in color , with four - inch crowns and brims . A plain hatband was fitted to adjust head size . The sweatband bore Stetson 's name . While only making one style of hat , they came in different qualities ranging from one - grade material at five dollars apiece to pure beaver felt hats for thirty dollars each . J.B. Stetson was the first to market the `` Boss of the Plains '' to cowboys , and it has remained the universal image of the American West . The charisma of the West was carried back East when adventurers returned in the expensive `` Boss of the plains '' style hat . In the 19th century and first half of the 20th century , a hat was an indispensable item in every man 's wardrobe . Stetson focused on expensive , high - quality hats that represented a real investment for the working cowboy and a statement of success for the city dweller . President Ronald Reagan demonstrated the popularity of the cowboy hat as a movie star , as a resident of the American west , and as a horseback rider . The durability and water - resistance of the original Stetson obtained additional publicity in 1912 , when the battleship USS Maine was raised from Havana harbor , where it had sunk in 1898 . A Stetson hat was found in the wreck , which had been submerged in seawater for 14 years . The hat had been exposed to ooze , mud , and plant growth . However , the hat was cleaned off , and appeared to be undamaged . Modern designs ( edit ) Modern working cowboys wearing cowboy hats . While providing less protection from the sun , their turned - up brims prevent them from being as easily knocked off during lasso use . Ornamentation , such as bows or buckles , are attached on the left side . Historically this had a practical purpose . Because the majority of people are right - handed , in the absence of a wide brim , bows or feathers on the right side of headwear could interfere with the use of weapons . Inside the cowboy hat is a memorial bow to past hatters , who developed brain damage from treating felt with toxic mercury ( which gave rise to the expression `` Mad as a hatter '' ) . The bow on the inside hatband at the rear of the hat resembles a skull and crossbones . `` Early hatters used mercury in the making of their felt . Their bodies absorbed mercury , and after several years of making hats , the hatters developed violent and uncontrollable muscle twitching . The ignorance of the times caused people to attribute these strange gyrations to madness , not mercury . '' The modern cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and underlying design since the Stetson creation . The cowboy hat quickly developed the capability , even in the early years , to identify its wearer as someone associated with the West . `` Within a decade the name `` John B. Stetson '' became synonymous with the word `` hat '' in every corner and culture west of the Mississippi . '' The shape of the hat 's crown and brim were often modified by the wearer for fashion and to protect against weather by being softened in hot steam , shaped , and allowed to dry and cool . Felt tends to stay in the shape that it dries . Because of the ease of personalization , it was often possible to tell where a cowboy hat was from , right down to which ranch , simply by looking at the crease in the crown . Silent film actor William S. Hart Later as the mystique of the `` Wild West '' was popularized by entertainers such as Buffalo Bill Cody and western movies starring actors such as Tom Mix , the Cowboy hat came to symbolize the American West . John Wayne christened them `` the hat that won the West '' . The Boss of the Plains design influenced various wide - brimmed hats worn by farmers and ranchers all over the United States . Later designs were customized for law enforcement , military and motion pictures . The first American law - enforcement agency to adopt Stetson 's western hat as part of their uniform was the Texas Rangers . A Stetson - based design is also part of the ceremonial uniform of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Presidents Harry Truman , Dwight Eisenhower , and Lyndon B Johnson wore cowboy hats manufactured by Stetson . Creases in cowboy hats are used to give hats individual character and to help users identify with a particular subculture . Creases and dents make it easier to don or remove the hat by grasping it by the crown rather than the brim . A very popular crease used on modern cowboy hats is the Cattlemen . It is creased straight down the center of the crown with a dent on each side . Returning in popularity is the Carlsbad crease , now often called a `` Gus crease '' after the character Gus McCrae in Lonesome Dove . It maintains a high crown at the back , with the crease sloping steeply toward the front . The rodeo crease , the bullrider 's crease ( Formerly called the RCA crease , for the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association ) , the quarter horse crease , and the `` tycoon '' , with a pinched front , are also seen today . `` Ten - gallon '' hat ( edit ) Tom Mix , an early - 20th century movie star , wearing a ten - gallon hat Some cowboy hats have been called `` ten - gallon '' hats . The term came into use about 1925 . There are multiple theories for how the concept arose . One theory is that the term `` ten - gallon '' is a corruption of the Spanish modifier tan galán , which loosely translates as `` really handsome '' or `` so fine '' . For example , `` un sombrero tan galán '' translates as `` such a fine hat '' . Another theory is that the term `` ten - gallon '' is a corruption of the Spanish term galón , which means `` galloon '' , a type of narrow braided trim around the crown , possibly a style adapted by Spanish cowboys . When Texas cowboys misunderstood the word galón for `` gallon '' , the popular , though incorrect , legend may have been born . According to Reynolds and Rand , `` The term ten - gallon did not originally refer to the holding capacity of the hat , but to the width of a Mexican sombrero hatband , and is more closely related to this unit of measurement by the Spanish than to the water - holding capacity of a Stetson . '' The Stetson hat company boasted that the tight weave of most Stetsons hats made them sufficiently waterproof to be used as a bucket . Early print advertising by Stetson showed a cowboy giving his horse a drink of water from a hat . However , even the Stetson company notes that a `` ten - gallon '' hat holds only 3 quarts ( about 3 L instead of 38 liters ) . Regardless , using a hat as a water container is apt to seriously damage a modern hat . On one hand , fur felt hats were designed in part so they could be used in the rain . However , wool felt hats were designed for dry climates , and most straw hats can only handle a light rain for a brief time . While a very high quality felt hat made from animal fur may hold water , over time , any cloth container will leak . Furthermore , modern hats may react to getting wet differently , though this depends on the quality of the materials used in construction . They are generally likely to lose shape , and the felt may also soften up if they are completely drenched . See also ( edit ) Akubra Chupalla Equestrian helmet Fedora John B. Stetson Company Resistol Western wear Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reynolds and Rand , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Foster - Harris , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christian , needs page # Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bender , p. # ^ Jump up to : Carlson , p. # Jump up ^ Cowboyhathistory.org . Web page . Jump up ^ The Hat That Won the West , retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 Jump up ^ Bender , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Sobey , Edwin J.C. Young Inventors at Work ! Learning Science by Doing Science ( 1999 ) p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 673 - 57735 - X . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bender , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. # ^ Jump up to : Reynolds & Rand , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 49 . Jump up ^ John B. Stetson Company ( 1927 ) Stetson Hats the World Over . The Story of 50 Years of Stetson Foreign Business . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : John B. Stetson Company . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Reynolds & Rand , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Bender , p. 12 . Jump up ^ The Fedora Lounge . Web site ... Jump up ^ Reynolds & Rand , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` History '' at Hitching post.net . Web site . Jump up ^ Blevins , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Bender , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Story of Spanish ' offers a rich history of the language '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds & Rand , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Frequently asked questions , Stetson Hat Company . Web site . Jump up ^ `` The CanadianCowboy.com Hat Guide '' CanadianCowboy.com . Accessed December 30 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` How to Take Care of Your Hat '' Stampede Tack and Western Wear . Accessed August 9 , 2014 References ( edit ) Bender , Texan Bix. ( 1994 ) Hats & the Cowboys Who Wear Them . ISBN 1 - 58685 - 191 - 8 Blevins , Winfred . Dictionary of the American West : over 5,000 terms and expressions from Aarigaa ! to Zopilote ( 2001 ) ISBN 1 - 57061 - 304 - 4 Carlson , Laurie. ( 1998 ) Boss of the plains , the hat that won the West . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 2479 - 7 Christian , Mary Blount. ( 1992 ) Hats off to John Stetson 1992 ISBN 0 - 02 - 718465 - X Foster - Harris , William ( 2007 ) The Look of the Old West : A Fully Illustrated Guide ISBN 1 - 60239 - 024 - X Reynolds , William and Rich Rand ( 1995 ) The Cowboy Hat book . ISBN 0 - 87905 - 656 - 8 Snyder , Jeffrey B. ( 1997 ) Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865 - 1970 . ISBN 0 - 7643 - 0211 - 6 External links ( edit ) Media related to Cowboy hats at Wikimedia Commons Hats Hats Albanian Animal Anthony Eden Apex Arakhchin Ascot Asian Aso Oke Assamese Attifet Aviator Ayam Baggy green Barretina Baseball Beanie Bearskin Beaver Bell - boy Beonggeoji Beret Bergère Bhaad - gaaule topi Bicorne Bicycle Black Blangkon Boater Bobble Bokgeon Boonie Boss of the Plains Bowler Boyar Breton Bucket Budenovka Busby Bycocket Cabbage - tree Camauro Campaign Canadian military fur wedge Canterbury Cap Cap of Maintenance Capirote Capotain Cappello Alpino Cappello romano Capuchon Cartwheel Casquette Casquette d'Afrique Caubeen Cavalier Cavalry Stetson Chapeau Chengziguan Chilote Chullo Chupalla Cloche Coal scuttle bonnet Cockade Cocktail Coif Coloured Coonskin Coppola Cork Cowboy Cricket Czapka Deerstalker Dhaka topi Doctoral Doll Dolly Varden Doppa Draped turban Dunce Easter bonnet Energy dome Epanokalimavkion Eugénie Faluche Fascinator Fedora Fez Flat Fontange Forage Four Winds French hood Fruit Fulani Gandhi Gat Glengarry Greek fisherman 's Green eyeshade Half Halo Hard Hardee Hennin Homburg Jaapi Jewish Jobawi Juliet Kalimavkion Kalpak Karakul Karvalakki Kasa Kashket Kasket Kausia Kepi Klobuk Knit cap Kofia Kokoshnik Kolpik Koukoulion Kufi Lampshade Lika Mantilla Miner 's Ming Mob Modius Monmouth Montenegrin Montera picona Mooskappe Mounteere Mushroom Nambawi Newsboy Nón quai thao Nurse 's Paag Pahlavi Pakol Pamela Panama Papakha Party Patrol Peach basket Peaked Petasos Phrygian Picture Pileus Pilgrim 's Pillbox Pith helmet Poke bonnet Pork pie Printer 's Pudding Pungcha Qeleshe Qing Rally Rastacap Red beret Rice Rogatywka Sailor Šajkača Salako Salakot Salvation Army bonnet Scrum Senufo Bird Shako Shower Shtreimel Šibenik Side Sindhi Ski Skufia Slouch Smoking Snapback Sombrero Sombrero calañés Sombrero cordobés Sombrero de catite Sombrero vueltiao Song Songkok Spodik Sport Sports visor Square academic Stormy Kromer Straw Šubara Sun Tam Tang Tanggeon Tantour Taqiyah Tembel Tin foil Titovka Tokin Top Topor Toque Tricorne Triglavka Trilby Trucker Tsunokakushi Tubeteika Tuque Tyrolean Umbrella Ushanka Utility cover Welsh Whoopee Witch Yanggwan Wrapped headwear Apostolnik Balmoral bonnet Bashlyk Birrus Bonnet Boshiya Burqa Caul Chador Chaperon Christian Cornette Dastar Do - rag Dumalla Dutch Emamah Feather bonnet Għonnella Gook Gugel Gulle Haredi burqa sect Hijab Hogeon Hood Jangot Litham Mysore Peta Niqāb Pagri Paranja Pheta Poke bonnet Puneri Pagadi Roach Snood Tam o ' shanter Tudong Turban Veil War bonnet Yashmak Hat parts Agal Aigrette Brim Bumper brim Campaign Cords Cointoise Gamsbart Hackle Lappet Plume Sarpech Visor Hat accessories Hat box Hatpin Headwear Hats caps General Baseball Beanie Bonnet Beret Bucket Casquette Conical Asian Cowboy Cricket Easter Fedora Fez Flat Gandhi Knit Kofia Newsboy Pillbox Pork pie Sombrero Stormy Kromer Straw Sun Top Tricorne Trucker Ushanka Military Bearskin Boonie Campaign Forage Mitznefet Peaked Sailor Side Utility cover Wrapped Do - rag Hood Turban Veil Crowns and bands Astral Circlet Consort Corolla Coronation Coronet Diadem Eastern Ferronnière Fillet Hoop Imperial `` Queens '' State Tiara Wreath ( laurel ) Helmets Combat Corinthian Imperial Barbute Close Great Morion Sallet Advanced Combat Enhanced Combat ( US ) Flight Mk 7 Paratrooper Stahlhelm Vocational Firefighter Hard hat Welding Sport Batting Bicycle Football Motorcycle Racing Other protective Balaclava Earmuffs Earplug Face shield Facekini Padded headgear Scarf Sports visor Eyewear Eyeglasses Pince - nez Browline GI Rimless Monocle Goggles Sunglasses Head - mounted display Hairwear and other items Barrette Deely bobber Dush - toh Hair drop Hair tie Hairnet Headband Headphones Headpiece Kerchief Peineta Scrunchie Shpitzel List of headwear Clothing Historical clothing Traditional and national clothing Tops Blouse Cache - cœur Cardigan Crop top Dress shirt Guayabera Guernsey Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater Sweater vest T - shirt Tube top Turtleneck Twinset Trousers Bell - bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Capri pants Cargo pants Chaps Cycling shorts Dress pants High water pants Hotpants Lowrise pants Jeans Jodhpurs Leggings Overall Palazzo pants Parachute pants Pedal pushers Phat pants Shorts Slim - fit pants Sweatpants Windpants Yoga pants Skirts A-line skirt Ballerina skirt Denim skirt Men 's skirts Miniskirt Pencil skirt Prairie skirt Rah - rah skirt Sarong Skort Tutu Wrap Dresses Ball gown Bouffant gown Coatdress Cocktail dress Débutante dress Formal wear Frock Evening gown Gown House dress Jumper Little black dress Princess line Sheath dress Shirtdress Slip dress Strapless dress Sundress Wedding dress Wrap dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress Ball dress Black tie Boilersuit Cleanroom suit Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Jumpsuit Kasaya Lab coat Military uniform Morning dress Onesie Pantsuit Red Sea rig Romper suit School uniform Scrubs Stroller Tuxedo Vestment White tie Outerwear Apron Blazer British Warm Cagoule Cape Chesterfield Coat Covert coat Cut - off Duffel coat Flight jacket Gilet Goggle jacket Guards coat Harrington jacket Hoodie Jacket Jerkin Leather jacket Mess jacket Opera coat Overcoat Parka Paletot Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Robe Safari jacket Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Smoking jacket Sport coat Trench coat Ulster coat Waistcoat Windbreaker Underwear ( lingerie ) Top Bra Camisole Undershirt Bottom Diaper Panties Plastic pants Slip Thong Underpants Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Midway briefs Briefs Full Adult bodysuit Infant bodysuit Long underwear Playsuit Teddy Footwear Boot Court shoe Dress shoe Flip - flops Hosiery Sandal Shoe Spats Slipper Sneakers Sock Stocking Tights Headwear Baseball cap Beret Cap Fedora Hat Helmet Hood Kerchief Knit cap Toque Turban Veil Neckwear Ascot tie Bow tie Cravat Neckerchief Necktie Scarf Nightwear Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightgown Nightshirt Pajamas Swimwear Bikini Burkini Boardshorts Dry suit Monokini One - piece Rash guard Square leg suit Swim briefs Swim diaper Trunks Wetsuit Accessories Belt Coin purse Cufflink Cummerbund Gaiters Glasses Gloves Headband Handbag Jewellery Muff Pocket protector Pocket watch Sash Sunglasses Suspenders Umbrella Wallet Wristwatch See also Clothing technology Clothing terminology Costume Cross-dressing Dress code Fashion Haute couture History of clothing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowboy_hat&oldid=805476893 '' Categories : 1860s fashion Cowboy culture 19th - century fashion 20th - century fashion 21st - century fashion Hats History of clothing ( Western fashion ) History of fashion Rider apparel Western wear Rodeo clothing Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of a cowboy hat	[ "The concept of a broad-brimmed hat with a high crown worn by a rider on horseback can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century.[6] A tall crown provided insulation, the wide brim, shade. Hot, sunny climates inspire designs with very wide brims such as the sombrero of Mexico.", "The concept of a broad-brimmed hat with a high crown worn by a rider on horseback can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century.[6] A tall crown provided insulation, the wide brim, shade. Hot, sunny climates inspire designs with very wide brims such as the sombrero of Mexico." ]	[ "insulation", "shade" ]
-3251296208076337999	Visa requirements for British citizens	Visa requirements for British citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for British citizens Jump to : navigation , search A British citizen passport ( 2010 series ) Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom . As of 1 January 2018 , British citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 175 countries and territories , ranking the British passport 3rd in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Danish , Finnish , French , Italian , Japanese , Norwegian and Swedish passports ) according to the Henley Passport Index . Additionally , the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world ( tied with Denmark , Finland , Germany , Italy , Luxembourg and Singapore ) in terms of travel freedom , with a mobility index of 160 ( out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1 , visa on arrival weighted by 0.7 , eVisa by 0.5 , and traditional visa weighted by 0 ) . Visa requirements for other classes of British nationals such as British Nationals ( Overseas ) , British Overseas Citizens , British Overseas Territories Citizens , British Protected Persons or British Subjects are different . Contents 1 History 2 Visa requirements map 3 Visa requirements 4 British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories 5 Territories and disputed areas 6 Non-ordinary passports 7 Non-visa restrictions 7.1 Passport validity length 7.2 Blank passport pages 7.3 Vaccination 7.4 Israeli stamps 7.5 Armenian ethnicity 7.6 Persona non grata 7.7 Fingerprinting 7.8 Criminal record 8 Right to consular protection in non-EU countries 9 Travel impact of Brexit 10 Fingerprinting 11 Foreign travel statistics 12 See also 13 References and Notes History ( edit ) Visa requirements for British citizens were lifted by some European nations following World War II . The following list shows when countries abolished visa restrictions for British citizens : France ( 1 January 1947 ) , Belgium ( 15 February 1947 ) , Luxembourg ( 15 February 1947 ) , Norway ( 1 March 1947 ) , Denmark ( 22 March 1947 ) , Sweden ( 1 April 1947 ) , Netherlands ( 15 April 1947 ) , Switzerland ( 24 June 1947 ) , Liechtenstein ( 24 June 1947 ) , Iceland ( 1 July 1947 ) , Italy ( 1 January 1948 ) , Monaco ( 8 November 1948 ) , Austria ( 15 May 1955 ) , Paraguay ( 27 November 1966 ) , United States ( 1 July 1988 ) , Poland ( 1 July 1992 ) , Bulgaria ( March 1997 ) , Romania ( 1 January 2001 ) , Serbia and Montenegro ( 31 May 2003 ) , Ukraine ( 1 May 2005 ) , Georgia ( 1 June 2006 ) , Moldova ( 1 January 2007 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 27 July 2012 ) , Armenia ( 10 January 2013 ) , Kazakhstan ( 15 July 2014 ) , Indonesia ( 13 June 2015 ) , Vietnam ( 1 July 2015 ) and Belarus ( 12 February 2017 ) . Electronic visas for British citizens were introduced : India ( 15 August 2015 ) and Benin ( 1 January 2018 ) . Visas on arrival were discontinued for British citizens by Mali ( March 2015 ) and Malawi ( 1 October 2015 ) . Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for British citizens United Kingdom Freedom of movement Visa not required Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required prior to arrival Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola Visa required Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 6 months Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia Visa not required 180 days Australia eVisitor 90 days If granted , eVisitor allows British citizens to stay in Australia for 90 days per visit . Issued free of charge and valid for one year . Austria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 21 days Extendable up to eight months . Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Visas can be issued on arrival for a stay up to 3 months . eVisa issued for 14 days , extendable once . Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival available at Dhaka International Airport Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days Must arrive and leave via Minsk International Airport Visas are also issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted by inviting organization / person not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Visa and police registration required for stays of more than 5 days . Belgium EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Belize Visa not required 30 days Benin eVisa Bhutan Visa required Visa via approved tour operators only Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 month period . Botswana Visa not required 90 days Brazil Visa not required 90 days Extendable for further 90 days Brunei Visa not required 90 days Bulgaria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Extendable for another 30 days . Cameroon Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa not required 90 days May be extended . China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Visiting visas issued to British citizens are generally valid for 2 years Colombia Visa not required 90 days Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period . Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 3 months Croatia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required Cyprus EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Czech Republic EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Denmark EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( DK ) Djibouti Visa on arrival Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa not required 30 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days May be extended . Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Estonia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Visa on arrival only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement France EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days eVisa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Georgia Visa not required 1 year Germany EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ghana Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Greece EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Grenada Visa not required 6 months Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 90 days Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Iceland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Not available at all entry points . Iran Visa required Iraq Visa required Visa on arrival for 30 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Ireland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ivory Coast ! Ivory Coast eVisa 3 months eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . Jamaica Visa not required 180 days Japan Visa not required 90 days May be extended once . Jordan Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival Conditions apply Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Rwanda or Uganda . Kiribati Visa not required 30 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Latvia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Libya Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Liechtenstein EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lithuania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Luxembourg EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Marshall Islands Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 90 days Free of charge . Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 month period Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Must register with the local police station ( either through a tourist organisation or at hotel reception ) within 24 hours of arrival . Morocco Visa not required 90 days Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports Regular visa for up to three months Namibia Visa not required 3 months 3 months within a calendar year Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Visa - on - arrival is extendable Netherlands EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 6 months Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Norway EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 60 days Issued free of charge . Paraguay Visa not required 90 days Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Portugal EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Russia Visa required Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Uganda . Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Free Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Free of charge . San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa not required 90 days Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Sierra Leone Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Singapore Visa not required 90 days Slovakia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Slovenia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days British citizens are allowed to extend their stay twice when in the country to a maximum stay of 90 days in total . Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Switzerland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Syria Visa required Visa not required for citizens born in Syria . Tajikistan eVisa 45 days Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days If not arriving by air , British citizens are only permitted two visits per year . Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is only available at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 31 days Issued free of charge . Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 3 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Turkmenistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Tuvalu Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 1 month Issued free of charge . Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Issued free of charge . United States Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program 90 days ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship , which is valid for 2 years . ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Uzbekistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Simplified procedure for British citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa not required 15 days Visa exemption is valid from 1 July 2015 until 30 June 2018 . A single entry eVisa valid for 30 days is also available . Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days British citizens are eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months British citizens are also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia . British crown dependencies and Overseas territories ( edit ) British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa not required Anguilla Visa not required 3 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Bermuda Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . British Antarctic Territory Special permit required British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required British Virgin Islands Visa not required 1 month Extension of stay possible . British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Falkland Islands Visitor 's permit on arrival 4 weeks The initial visitor 's permit is valid for 4 weeks . Visitors who have a connection with the Falkland Islands have right of abode . Guernsey EU ! Right of abode British citizens have right of abode in the Bailiwick of Guernsey . In Guernsey and Sark , a work or employment permit is not required . In Alderney , a work or employment permit is required for persons without Guernsey ( Alderney ) status . Isle of Man EU ! Right of abode Work or employment permit is required for persons without `` Isle of Man worker '' status . Jersey EU ! Right of abode Work or employment permit is not required . Gibraltar EU ! Right of abode British citizens have right of abode in Gibraltar . Montserrat Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days Landing fee applies . Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Visa not required 3 months Entry permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance . Saint Helena Entry permit on arrival 183 days The entry permit costs £ 25 and is issued on arrival . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands , unless connection with Tristan da Cunha , in which case right of abode . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required 90 days British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Territories and disputed areas ( edit ) Europe Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Abkhazia Visa required Artsakh Visa required Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa - free for 10 days Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required . If traveling from mainland Ukraine , special permit issued by Ukrainian authorities is required . Ukraine will deny entry to anyone in case of evidence they have entered occupied Crimea from Russia bypassing mainland Ukraine after March 2014 . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands Visa not required Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Kosovo Visa not required Visa free 90 days Novorossiya Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities require special authorization . South Ossetia Visa not required Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria Visa not required Visa free . Registration required after 24h . Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required Visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Visa not required Visa not required up to 3 months in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival Visa issued on arrival ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) . Sudan Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Hainan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 21 days for travelling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) Hong Kong Visa not required Visa not required for 180 days . Prior to April 1997 , British citizens were allowed to land and remain in Hong Kong for 12 months without being subject to any other condition of stay . India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macao Visa not required Visa not required for 6 months Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan Visa not required Visa not required for 90 days Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Turkmenistan Special permit required A special permit , issued prior to arrival by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . Phú Quốc Visa not required Can visit without a visa for up to 30 days . Yemen Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Aruba Visa not required Visa not required for 30 days , extendable to 180 days . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required Visa not required up to 3 months San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival . Curaçao Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . French West Indies Visa not required French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy . Greenland Visa not required Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted . Puerto Rico Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required Visa not required for 90 days . Sint Maarten Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) American Samoa Entry Permit required Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cook Islands Visa not required Visa free access for 31 days . Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . French Polynesia Visa not required Visa not required . Guam Visa not required 45 days New Caledonia Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . Niue Visa on arrival Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge . Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required 45 days Tokelau Entry Permit required United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . Wallis and Futuna Visa not required Visa not required . South America Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Antarctica Special authorisation required Special permits required for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Non-ordinary passports ( edit ) Holders of various categories of official British passports have additional visa - free access to the following countries - China ( diplomatic passports ) , Kuwait ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Mongolia ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Qatar ( diplomatic or official passports and British Diplomatic Messenger or Queen 's Messenger Passports ) and the United Arab Emirates ( diplomatic or official passports ) . Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa - free access to Cape Verde , Ethiopia , Mali and Zimbabwe . Holders of British official and diplomatic passports require a visa for South Africa . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and except for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Persona non grata ( edit ) The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea and the United States demand all passengers , or all foreign passengers , to be fingerprinted on arrival . Criminal record ( edit ) Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . Right to Consular protection in non-EU countries ( edit ) When in a non-EU country where there is no British embassy , British citizens , like all other EU citizens , have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country . See also List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom . Diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom Travel impact of Brexit ( edit ) Main article : Brexit On 23 June 2016 , the British electorate voted to leave the European Union in a nationwide referendum in England , Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland and Gibraltar . The UK sent notification of their intention to leave the EU to the European Council through Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty . After notifying the European Council , the UK has two years to negotiate with other member states until it leaves , and British citizens will only then cease to be citizens of the European Union . British citizens will still have the right of freedom of movement until the UK formally leaves . It has since been suggested that British citizens wishing to travel to EU countries may have to apply for a visa or apply online for an American style ESTA visa waiver and pay a fee in order to enter the country of destination . This issue will be a major topic of discussions taking place between the British government and all leaders of the 27 European Union countries during the two - year - long Brexit negotiations . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea and the United States demand all adult passengers ( age varies by country ) to be fingerprinted on arrival . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) This section is transcluded from British passport . ( edit history ) According to the Foreign travel advice provided by the British Government ( unless otherwise noted ) these are the numbers of British visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : Foreign travel statistics Country Number of visitors Albania 80,000 American Samoa 119 Angola 14,267 / 12,319 ? Andorra 150,000 Angola 12,319 Anguilla 6,272 Antarctica 3,233 Antigua and Barbuda 70,701 Aruba 10,447 Australia 716,700 Austria 919,500 Azerbaijan 29,514 Bahamas 28,022 Bangladesh 150,000 Barbados 218,638 Belarus 6,000 Belgium 868,173 Belize 13,342 Bermuda 21,738 Bhutan 3,124 Bolivia 17,528 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10,223 Botswana 41,011 Brazil 202,671 Brunei 18,222 Bulgaria 352,054 Burkina Faso 2,192 Cambodia 159,489 Cameroon 16,008 Canada 850,841 Cape Verde 126,685 Cayman Islands 14,919 Chile 51,611 China 579,600 Colombia 39,715 Congo 6,115 Cook Islands 2,568 Costa Rica 71,392 Croatia 596,444 Cuba 155,802 Curacao 2,806 Cyprus 1,253,839 Czech Republic 470,576 Denmark 150,000 Dominica 4,951 Dominican Republic 177,534 Ecuador 27,126 Egypt 865,000 Ethiopia 20,000 Estonia 58,402 Fiji 16,925 Finland 199,654 France 12,235,713 French Polynesia 2,840 Gambia 60,424 Ghana 90,000 Georgia 26,852 Germany 2,551,061 Greece 2,397,169 Greenland 1,595 Grenada 25,351 Guadeloupe < 1,000 Hong Kong 555,353 Hungary 376,573 Iceland 322,543 Indonesia 352,017 India 941,883 Ireland 3,547,000 Israel 197,100 Italy 4,922,000 Jamaica 217,647 Japan 310,500 Jordan 64,776 Kazakhstan 20,166 Kiribati 60 Kuwait 7,000 Kenya 100,000 Kyrgyzstan 6,600 Laos 39,170 Latvia 85,139 Lebanon 61,994 Lesotho 2,380 Liechtenstein 2,200 Lithuania 58,200 Luxembourg 69,350 Macau 61,301 Macedonia 8,856 Madagascar 3,167 Malaysia 400,269 Malawi 51,145 Maldives 103,977 Malta 559,987 Mali 900 Mauritius 149,807 Mexico 563,099 Moldova 7,820 Mongolia 6,012 Montenegro 37,464 Montserrat 1,380 Morocco 554,000 Myanmar 51,051 Namibia 27,365 Nepal 29,730 Nigeria 117,000 Niue 47 Norway 581,000 Netherlands 2,195,000 New Zealand 249,264 Nicaragua 16,923 Oman 133,529 Pakistan 275,400 Palau 852 Panama 16,338 Papua New Guinea 6,974 Peru 69,302 Philippines 154,589 Poland 796,900 Portugal 2,600,000 Qatar 132,301 Romania 179,265 Russia 190,278 Saba 200 Saint Lucia 68,175 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17,045 Samoa 1,773 San Marino 5,750 São Tomé and Príncipe 83 Serbia 31,658 Seychelles 21,906 Singapore 489,205 Sint Eustatius 200 Slovakia 77,837 Slovenia 118,508 Solomon Islands 387 South Africa 407,486 South Korea 126,024 Spain 18,779,466 Sri Lanka 201,879 Suriname 1,474 Swaziland 15,503 Switzerland 709,925 Sweden 603,000 Taiwan 104,911 Tanzania 67,742 Thailand 994,468 Timor - Leste 548 Tonga 787 Trinidad and Tobago 37,473 Turkey 1,658,715 Turks and Caicos 6,399 Tuvalu 22 Uganda 43,009 Uruguay 20,000 Ukraine 78,603 United Arab Emirates 1,483,167 United States 5,216,692 Venezuela 20,837 Vietnam 283,537 Zambia 36,997 ^ Data for 2014 ^ Data for 2015 ^ Data for 2016 ^ Data for 2017 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Data for 2010 ^ Data for 2005 ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) . See also ( edit ) European Union portal United Kingdom portal Visa requirements for the European Union citizens British passport British National ( Overseas ) passport British nationality law Visa requirements for British Nationals ( Overseas ) Visa requirements for British Overseas Citizens Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories Citizens Visa policy of the United Kingdom References and notes ( edit ) References ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ `` Visa Openness Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . World Tourism Organization . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ Austria abolished the visa requirement for British citizens on 1 August 1927 ( 1 ) but this was reversed after the Anschluss in 1938 . ^ Resolution of the Ministry on Internal Affairs of 28 July 1955 , concerning the abolition of visas for citizens of the United States of America , the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( in German ) ^ `` ACUERDO POR NOTAS REVERSALES PARA LA SUPRESIÓN DE VISAS DE LOS PASAPORTES VÁLIDOS . REINO UNIDO '' . Paraguay Treaties Online ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ Robinson , by Richard ( 22 August 1997 ) . `` Bulgaria : How I lost my heart to Sofia '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . ^ `` Foreign & Commonwealth Office - Travel Advice '' . 26 May 2001 . ^ `` Serbia and Montenegro Travel Visa Requirements '' . www.travelvisas.eu . ^ ( http://www.secomunidades.pt/vistos/images/docs/Ukrania%20en.pdf AGREEMENT between the European Community and Ukraine on the facilitation of the issuance of visas ) ^ `` Commission proposes visa - free travel for Georgia '' . ^ Law No. 151 - XVI on 8 June 2006 `` On the abolition of visa regime for citizens of member States of the European Union , the United States Of America , Canada , Swiss Confederation , Kingdom of Norway , the Republic of Iceland and Japan '' ( in Russian ) ^ Law of the Kyrgyz Republic On visa - free regime for citizens of some States within 60 days ( in Russian ) ^ Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on 21 January 2012 No. 148 ( in Russian ) ^ ( http://www.ttgasia.com/article.php?article_id=25297 Finally , visa - free entry to Indonesia ( TTG Asia ) ^ Under Resolution No. 46 / NQ - CP ^ ( http://finland.mfa.gov.by/en/embassy/news/e9d8d87b86f70f50.html On the introduction of the 5 days visa - free entry to Belarus ^ ( 2 ) ^ `` Entry requirements - Afghanistan travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ `` Entry requirements - Algeria travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ `` Entry requirements - Angola travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Antigua and Barbuda travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Argentina travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Travelling to Argentina Londres '' . Clond.mrecic.gov.ar . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . ^ `` Visa - Embassy of Armenia to the United Kingdom '' . Uk.mfa.am . 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Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ ( 4 ) ^ `` Entry requirements - Bhutan travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ `` Association of Bhutanese Tour Operators - ABTO '' . www.abto.org.bt . ^ `` Tourism Council of Bhutan ( Official Website ) - Tourism Council of Bhutan ( Official Website ) '' . www.tourism.gov.bt . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bolivia travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ `` Entry requirements - Brazil travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ http://cglondres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/tourist_visa.xml ^ `` Entry requirements - Brunei travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ `` Visa Information '' . www.mofat.gov.bn . ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Page Not Found '' ( PDF ) . www.evisa.gov.kh . ^ `` eVisa Kingdom of Cambodia ( Official Government Website ) '' . www.evisa.gov.kh . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cameroon/entry requirements ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Electronic Travel Authorization ( eTA ) - Canada.ca '' . www.canada.ca . ^ Canada , Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship . `` Entry requirements by country - Canada.ca '' . www.canada.ca . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Central African Republic travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Chile travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` 144 小时过境免签政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时过境免签政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时过境免签政策 '' ^ `` Chinese Embassy and Consulates in the UK to Issue Two - year Multi-entry Visas to British Nationals '' . www.chinese-embassy.org.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Colombia travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ https://londres.consulado.gov.co/en/procedures_services/visas ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Congo travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Democratic Republic of the Congo travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ `` Entry requirements - Costa Rica travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Ecuador travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Egypt e-Visa Portal '' . Ministry of Interior ( Egypt ) . 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Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . ^ e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Indonesia travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . ^ `` Visa Exemption - Immigration Checkpoint '' . 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Ministerio de Comercio , Industria y Turismo de Colombia ^ ( in French ) http://www.apicongo.org/code/Annuaire_statistique_du_tourisme_Congo_2012.pdf ^ `` Visitor Arrivals by Country of Usual Residence '' . ^ `` Informes Estadísticos - Instituto Costarricense de Turismo - ICT '' . www.ict.go.cr . ^ `` DOLASCI I NOĆENJA TURISTA U 2016. / TOURIST ARRIVALS AND NIGHTS IN 2016 '' . Dzs.hr . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/06turismoycomercio/llegadadevisitantes/201512llegadadevisitantes.pdf ^ `` Monthly Statistics '' . ^ `` Statistical Service - Services - Tourism - Key Figures '' . ^ - 4 . quarter of 2017 - Table 5 Guests , overnight stays ( non-residents by country , numbers , indices ) ^ `` 2015 Visitors Statistics Report '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` BCRD - Estadísticas Económicas '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . ^ `` ACCOMMODATED TOURISTS BY COUNTY AND COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE ( MONTHS ) '' . ^ ( 14 ) ^ `` Appendix table 5.2 . Visitor arrivals and nights spent by country of residence , January - December 2016 '' . ^ http://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/files/files/directions_services/etudes-et-statistiques/4p-DGE/2016-4pages-60-EVE2015.xlsx ^ `` Données détaillées '' . ^ `` Tourism , transport and communication summary '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` International arrivals 2017 '' . ^ Tourismus in Zahlen 2016 , Statistisches Bundesamt ^ `` Hellenic Statistical Authority . 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Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . ^ `` ANNUAIRE 2014 '' . ^ ( 23 ) ^ Carrodeguas , Norfi . `` Datatur3 - Visitantes por Nacionalidad '' . ^ Statistică , Biroul Naţional de ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` / / Comunicate de presă '' . ^ ( 24 ) ^ ( 25 ) ^ `` Tourist arrivals by country of residence '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 26 ) ^ `` Myanmar Tourism Statistics - Ministry of Hotels and Tourism , Myanmar '' . ^ ( 27 ) ^ `` Tourism Statistics 2015 p. 34 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 01 - 31 . ^ `` Visitors arrival by country of residence and year '' . ^ Toerisme in perspectief 2018 ^ `` International travel and migration : December 2017 '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ `` Estadísticas de Turismo '' . ^ `` Number of Tourists to Oman '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05 . ^ `` Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2012 - Pakistan Bureau of Statistics '' . ^ `` Immigration / Tourism Statistics - Palau National Government '' . ^ ( 28 ) ^ ( 29 ) ^ The data obtained on request . Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo Archived 2016 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ ( 30 ) ^ `` in 2016 - tables TABL . III / 6 . NON-RESIDENTS VISITING POLAND IN 2016 AND THEIR EXPENDITURE '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` 2016 Annual Tourism Performance Report '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 31 ) ^ `` Въезд иностранных граждан в РФ '' . Fedstat.ru. 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ `` Statistics Netherlands '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . ^ ( 32 ) ^ ( 33 ) ^ `` Entrada de Visitantes / S. Tomé e Príncipe Ano 2005 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Tourist turnover - December 2017 ^ ( 34 ) ^ `` Singapore Tourism Board '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 35 ) ^ ( 36 ) ^ `` statistics / visitor - arrivals '' . ^ ( 37 ) ^ `` Korea , Monthly Statistics of Tourism - key facts on toursim - Tourism Statistics '' . ^ `` Tabla23984 '' . ^ `` TOURIST ARRIVALS BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Suriname Tourism Foundation '' ( PDF ) . www.surinametourism.sr . ^ `` Swaziland Tourism - Swaziland Safari - Swaziland Attractions - Useful Links - Research '' . ^ `` Tillväxtverkets Publikationer - '' . ^ Visitor Arrivals by Nationality ^ `` The 2016 International Visitors ' Exit Survey Report . International Tourist Arrivals . p. 73 - 77 '' ( PDF ) . nbs.go.tz/ . NBS Tanzania . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ `` สถิติ ด้าน การ ท่องเที่ยว ปี 2560 ( Tourism Statistics 2017 ) '' . Ministry of Tourism & Sports . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ ( 38 ) ^ Stats , Tonga . `` Migration Statistics - Tonga Stats '' . ^ `` T&T -- Stopover Arrivals By Main Markets 1995 - YTD '' ( PDF ) . ^ NUMBER OF ARRIVING - DEPARTING VISITORS , FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017 ^ `` Turks and Caicos sto - over arrivals '' ( PDF ) . ^ Dev1 . `` Migration - Visitors by nationalities '' . ^ `` MINISTRY OF TOURISM , WILDLIFE AND ANTIQUITIES SECTOR STATISTICAL ABSTRACT , 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 07 . ^ ( 39 ) ^ General statistics for the Emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai ^ `` Reports & Statistics '' . translation category : ( social. media. translations ) , translation key : ( site name ) . ^ Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality ^ `` Table 28 - Homeland Security '' . ^ ( 40 ) ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2017 ^ `` Downloads '' . Notes Ahmedabad Amritsar Bagdogra Bengaluru Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gaya Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Mangaluru Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cochin Goa Mangalore Visa policies and requirements in the European Union Schengen Area Common Travel Area Special territories Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Overseas Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the French overseas departments and territories Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Candidates Albania Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Turkey Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . 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7522908223042957492	Iodometry	Iodometry - wikipedia Iodometry Jump to : navigation , search Iodometry , also known as iodometric titration , is a method of volumetric chemical analysis , a redox titration where the appearance or disappearance of elementary iodine indicates the end point . Note that iodometry involves indirect titration of iodine liberated by reaction with the analyte , whereas iodimetry involves direct titration using iodine as the titrant . Redox titration using sodium thiosulfate , Na S O ( usually ) as a reducing agent is known as iodometric titration since it is used specifically to titrate iodine . The iodometric titration is a general method to determine the concentration of an oxidising agent in solution . In an iodometric titration , a starch solution is used as an indicator since it can absorb the I that is released . This absorption will cause the solution to change its colour from light yellow to a dark blue colour when titrated with standardised thiosulfate solution . This indicates the end point of the titration . Iodometry is commonly used to analyse the concentration of oxidizing agents in water samples , such as oxygen saturation in ecological studies or active chlorine in swimming pool water analysis . Color of iodometric titration mixture before ( left ) and after ( right ) the end point Contents ( hide ) 1 Basic principles 2 Applications 2.1 Determination of hydrogensulfites and sulfites 2.2 Determination of sulfides and hydrogensulfides 2.3 Determination of hexacyanoferrate ( III ) 3 References Basic principles ( edit ) Dilute solutions containing iodine - starch complex . Using starch as an indicator can help create a sharper color change at the endpoint ( Dark blue → Colorless ) . The color above can be seen just before the endpoint is reached . To a known volume of sample , an excess but known amount of iodide is added , which the oxidizing agent then oxidizes to iodine . Iodine dissolves in the iodide - containing solution to give triiodide ions , which have a dark brown color . The triiodide ion solution is then titrated against standard thiosulfate solution to give iodide again using starch indicator : I + 2 e ⇌ 3 I ( E = + 0.5355 V ) Together with reduction potential of thiosulfate : S O + 2 e ⇌ 2 S O ( E = + 0.08 V ) The overall reaction is thus : I + 2 S O → S O + 3 I ( E = + 0.4555 V ) For simplicity , the equations will usually be written in terms of aqueous molecular iodine rather than the triiodide ion , as the iodide ion did not participate in the reaction in terms of mole ratio analysis . The disappearance of the deep blue color is due to the decomposition of the iodine - starch clathrate marks the end point . The reducing agent used does not necessarily need to be thiosulfate ; stannous chloride , sulfites , sulfides , arsenic ( III ) , and antimony ( III ) are commonly used alternatives . At higher pH ( > 8 ) ) At low pH would also react with the thiosulfate : S O + 2 H → SO + S + H O Some reactions involving certain reductants are reversible at certain pH , thus the pH of the sample solution should be carefully adjusted before the performing the analysis . For example , the reaction : H AsO + I + H O → H AsO + 2 H + 2 I is reversible at pH < 4 . The volatility of iodine is also a source of error for the titration , this can be effectively prevented by ensuring an excess iodide is present and cooling the titration mixture . Strong light , nitrite and copper ions catalyzes the conversion of iodide to iodine , so these should be removed prior to the addition of iodide to the sample . For prolonged titrations , it is advised to add dry ice to the titration mixture to displace air from the erlenmeyer flask so as to prevent the aerial oxidation of iodide to iodine . Standard iodine solution is prepared from potassium iodate and potassium iodide , which are both primary standards ) : IO + 8 I + 6 H → 3 I + 3 H O Iodine in organic solvents , such as diethyl ether and carbon tetrachloride may be titrated against sodium thiosulfate dissolved in acetone . Iodine standard solution , sealed in an ampoule for iodometric analysis Applications ( edit ) Iodometry in its many variations is extremely useful in volumetric analysis . Examples include the determination of copper ( II ) , chlorate , Hydrogen peroxide , and dissolved oxygen : 2 Cu + 4 I → 2 CuI + I 6 H + ClO + 6 I → 3 I + Cl + 3 H O 2 H + H O + 2 I → I + 2 H O 2 H O + 4 Mn ( OH ) + O → 4 Mn ( OH ) 2 Mn + 2 I → I + 2 Mn Available chlorine refers to chlorine liberated by the action of dilute acids on hypochlorite . Iodometry is commonly employed to determine the active amount of hypochlorite in bleach responsible for the bleaching action . In this method , excess but known amount of iodide is added to known volume of sample , in which only the active ( electrophilic ) can oxidize iodide to iodine . The iodine content and thus the active chlorine content can be determined with iodometry . The determination of arsenic ( V ) is the reverse of the standardization of iodine solution with sodium arsenite , where a known and excess amount of iodide is added to the sample : As O + 4 H + 4 I ⇌ As O + 2 I + 2 H O For analysis of antimony ( V ) , some tartaric acid is added to solubilize the antimony ( III ) product . Determination of hydrogensulfites and sulfites ( edit ) Sulfites and hydrogensulfites reduce iodine readily in acidic medium to iodide . Thus when a diluted but excess amount of standard iodine solution is added to known volume of sample , the sulfurous acid and sulfites present reduces iodine quantitatively : SO + I + H O → SO + 2 H + 2 I HSO + I + H O → SO + 3 H + 2 I Determination of sulfides and hydrogensulfides ( edit ) Although the sulfide content in sample can be determined straight forwardly as described for sulfites , the results are often poor and inaccurate . A better , alternative method with higher accuracy is available , which involves the addition of excess but known volume of standard sodium arsenite solution to the sample , during which arsenic trisulfide is precipitated : As O + 3 H S → As S + 3 H O The excess arsenic trioxide is then determined by titrating against standard iodine solution using starch indicator . Note that for the best results , the sulfide solution must be dilute with the sulfide concentration not greater than 0.01 M . Determination of hexacyanoferrate ( III ) ( edit ) When iodide is added to a solution of hexacyanoferrate ( III ) , the following equilibrium exists : 2 ( Fe ( CN ) ) + 2 I ⇌ 2 ( Fe ( CN ) ) + I Under strongly acidic solution , the above equilibrium lies far to the right hand side , but is reversed in almost neutral solution . This makes analysis of hexacyanoferrate ( III ) troublesome as the iodide and thiosulfate decomposes in strongly acidic medium . To drive the reaction to completion , an excess amount of zinc salt can be added to the reaction mixture containing potassium ions , which precipitates the hexacyanoferrate ( II ) ion quantitatively : 2 ( Fe ( CN ) ) + 2 I + 2 K + 2 Zn → 2 KZn ( Fe ( CN ) ) + I The precipitation occurs in slightly acidic medium , thus avoids the problem of decomposition of iodide and thiosulfate in strongly acidic medium , and the hexacyanoferrate ( III ) can be determined by iodometry as usual . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lide , David R. , ed. ( 2006 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 87th ed . ) . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0487 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Mendham , J. ; Denney , R.C. ; Barnes , J.D. ; Thomas , M.J.K. ( 2000 ) , Vogel 's Quantitative Chemical Analysis ( 6th ed . ) , New York : Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 582 - 22628 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Chlorine by Iodometry '' . National Environmental Methods Index . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iodometry&oldid=831136698 '' Categories : Iodine Titration Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 23 : 17 . 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-3316663900968326213	Timeline of United States diplomatic history	Timeline of United States diplomatic history - wikipedia Timeline of United States diplomatic history Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal Main article : History of U.S. foreign policy The diplomatic history of the United States oscillated among three positions : isolation from diplomatic entanglements of other ( typically European ) nations ( but with economic connections to the world ) ; alliances with European and other military partners ; and unilateralism , or operating on its own sovereign policy decisions . The US always was large in terms of area , but its population was small , only 4 million in 1790 . Population growth was rapid , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 316 million in 2013 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster . However , the nation 's military strength was quite limited in peacetime before 1940 . This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Brune ( 2003 ) and Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. , ed . The Almanac of American History ( 1983 ) have specifics for many incidents . Contents ( hide ) 1 18th century 2 19th century 3 1900 - 1939 4 1939 - 1945 5 1945 -- 2000 6 21st century 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Further reading 18th century ( edit ) 1721 -- Treaty with South Carolina established with the Cherokee and the Province of South Carolina which ceded land between the Santee , Saluda , and Edisto Rivers to the Province of South Carolina . 1730 -- Treaty of Nikwasi established a trade agreement between the Cherokee and the Province of North Carolina 1761 -- Treaty of Long - Island - on - the - Holston established with the Cherokee and the Colony of Virginia which ended the Anglo - Cherokee war with the colony . 1762 -- Treaty of Charlestown established with the Cherokee and the Province of South Carolina which ended the Anglo - Cherokee war with the colony . 1776 -- Thirteen Colonies declared independence as the United States of America on July 2 ; Declaration of Independence adopted on July 4 1776 -- Three commissioners sent to Europe to negotiate treaties 1776 -- Treaty of Watertown 1777 -- European officers recruited to Continental Army , including Marquis de Lafayette , Johann de Kalb , Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , and Tadeusz Kościuszko 1777 -- Treaty of Dewitt 's Corner between the Overhill Cherokee and the State of South Carolina which ceded the lands of the Cherokee Lower Towns in the State of South Carolina , except for a narrow strip of what is now Oconee County . 1777 -- France decides to recognize America in December after victory at Saratoga , New York 1778 -- Treaty of Alliance with France . Negotiated by Benjamin Franklin , the US and France agreed to a military alliance ; France sends naval and land forces , and much - needed munitions . 1778 -- Carlisle Peace Commission sent by Great Britain ; offers Americans all the terms they sought in 1775 , but not independence ; rejected . 1779 -- Spain enters the war as an ally of France ( but not of America ) ; John Jay appointed minister to Spain ; he obtains money but not recognition . 1779 -- John Adams sent to Paris , to negotiate peace terms with Great Britain 1780 -- Russia proclaims `` armed neutrality '' which helps Allies 1780 -- 81 -- Russia and Austria propose peace terms ; rejected by Adams . 1781 -- Benjamin Franklin , Henry Laurens and Thomas Jefferson named to assist Adams in peace negotiations ; the Congress of the Confederation insists on independence ; all else is negotiable -- Robert R. Livingston named first United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1782 -- The Dutch Republic recognizes American independence and signs treaty of commerce and friendship ; Dutch bankers loan US $2 million for war supplies 1783 -- Treaty of Paris ends Revolutionary War ; US boundaries confirmed as British North America ( Canada ) on north , Mississippi River on west , Florida on south . Britain gives Florida to Spain . 1783 -- A commercial treaty with Sweden 1784 -- British allow trade with America but forbid some American food exports to West Indies ; British exports to America reach £ 3.7 million , imports only £ 750,000 ; imbalance causes shortage of gold in US . -- May 7 Congress votes to begin negotiations with Morocco . -- New York -- based merchants open trade with China , followed by Salem , Boston and Philadelphia merchants . -- October 11 Moroccan corsair seizes the American ship Betsey and enslaves the crew ; the Moroccans demand that the US pay a ransom to release the crew and a treaty to pay tribute to avoid future such incidents . 1784 -- Treaty of Fort Stanwix in which the Iroquois Confederacy cedes all lands west of the Niagara River to the United States . 1785 -- Treaty of Hopewell 1785 -- Adams appointed first minister to Court of St James 's ( Great Britain ) ; Jefferson replaces Franklin as minister to France . -- March 11 Congress votes to appropriate $80,000 to pay in tribute to the Barbary states of Morocco , Algiers , Tunis and Tripoli . -- July 9 The Moroccans release the Betsy and her crew . -- July 25 Algerine pirates seizes the American ship Maria off the coast of Portugal ; Algiers declares war on the US , and the dey Muhammad V of Algiers demands that the US pay $1 million in tribute to end the war . 1785 - 86 -- A commercial treaty with Prussia 1786 -- Treaty of Coyatee established between the Overhill Cherokee and the State of Franklin . Signed at gunpoint , this treaty ceded the remaining Cherokee land north and east of the Little Tennessee River to the ridge dividing it from Little River . -- March 25 A team of American diplomats arrive in Algiers to begin talks on paying tribute and a ransom to free the enslaved American sailors . -- June 23 Moroccan - American treaty is signed in the US agrees to pay tribute to Morocco in exchange for a promise that Moroccan corsairs will not attack American ships . 1789 -- Jay -- Gardoqui Treaty with Spain , gave Spain exclusive right to navigate Mississippi River for 25 years ; not ratified due to western opposition -- March 1 United States Congress succeeds Congress of the Confederation -- July 27 Department of Foreign Affairs signed into law -- September , changed to Department of State ; Jefferson appointed ; John Jay continues to act as foreign affairs secretary until Jefferson 's return from France ; from 1789 to 1883 . Much of the routine overseas business is the responsibility of navy officers . 1789 -- Treaty of Fort Harmar 1791 -- Treaty of Holston 1792 -- February 22 Congress votes to send another team of diplomats to Algiers to pay a ransom for the enslaved Americans and to negotiate a tribute treaty . 1793 -- 1815 -- Major worldwide war between Great Britain and France ( and their allies ) ; America neutral until 1812 and does business with both sides 1794 - : -- March 20 Congress votes to establish a navy and to spend $1 million building six frigates . Birth of the United States Navy . 1795 -- -- June 24 Jay Treaty with Britain . Averts war , opens 10 years of peaceful trade with Britain , fails to settle neutrality issues ; British eventually evacuate western forts ; boundary lines and debts ( in both directions ) to be settled by arbitration . Barely approved by Senate ( 1795 ) after revision ; intensely opposed , became major issue in the formation of First Party System . -- September 5 United States signs a treaty agreeing to pay tribute to Algiers in exchange for which the dey Ali Hassan will free the 85 surviving American slaves . The treaty with Algiers is considered a national humiliation . 1796 -- Treaty of Colerain 1796 -- Treaty of Madrid established boundaries with the Spanish colonies of Florida and Louisiana and guaranteed navigation rights on the Mississippi River . It becomes law . -- July 11 Algiers frees the 85 American slaves . -- The pasha Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli , hoping for a similar treaty that Algiers has achieved starts attacking and seizing American ships . 1797 - -- President Adams asks Congress to spend more money on the navy and to arm American merchantmen in response to the Barbary pirate attacks . -- August 28 Treaty of Tripoli ; treaty with Barbary state of Tripoli approved unanimously by Senate and signed into law by President John Adams on June 10 ; states `` the Government of the United States of America is not , in any sense , founded on the Christian religion . '' First Treaty of Tellico with the Cherokee Nation 1798 -- XYZ Affair ; humiliation by French diplomats ; threat of war with France 1798 -- 1800 -- Quasi-War ; undeclared naval war with France . 1800 -- -- April Tripoli threatens war if the US does not pay more tribute . -- July The Tripolitan warship Tripolino takes the American merchantman Catherine and enslaves the crew . Much outrage in the US -- September 30 Convention of 1800 ( Treaty of Mortefontaine ) with France ends the Quasi-War and ends alliance of 1778 . The treaty frees up the US Navy for operations against the Barbary pirates . 19th century ( edit ) Early 19th century -- The Barbary states of Algiers , Morocco , Tripoli , and Tunis require America to pay protection money under the Barbary treaties . 1801 - The beginning of the First Barbary War . President Jefferson does not ask Congress for a declaration of war against Tripoli , but instead decides to begin military operations against Tripoli , arguing that the President has the right to begin military operations in self - defense without asking for permission from Congress . -- July 24 An American naval squadron begins the blockade of Tripoli . -- August 1 The U.S.S. Enterprise takes the Tripolitan ship Tripoli . 1802 - -- April 27 Second American naval squadron sent to the Mediterranean . -- June 19 Morocco declares war on the United States . 1803 -- Louisiana Purchase from France for $15,000,000 ; financed by sale of American bonds in London , and shipment of gold from London to Paris . -- June 2 Captain David Porter leads raid into Tripoli ; first American amphibious landing in the Old World . 1805 -- February 23 The American diplomat William Eaton meets with Hamet Karanmanli , the exiled brother of the pasha Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli in Egypt and agrees that the US will depose Yusuf and put Hamet on the throne ; the first American effort at `` regime change '' . -- March 8 A force of American sailors , marines , Tripolian exiles and Egyptian mercenaries under the leadership of Eaton leaves Alexandria with the aim of deposing pasha Yusuf of Tripoli . -- April 28 Eaton 's force takes Derna , the road is wide open to Tripoli . -- June 4 Tripoli and the US sign a peace treaty . 1806 -- Essex Case ; British reverse policy and seize American ships trading with French colonies ; America responds with Non-Importation Act stopping imports of some items from Great Britain 1806 -- Napoleon issues Berlin Decree , a paper blockade of Great Britain 1806 -- diplomats negotiate treaty with Britain to extend the expiring Jay Treaty ; rejected by Jefferson and never in effect as relations deteriorate HMS Leopard ( right ) mauls the USS Chesapeake in 1807 1807 -- US Navy humiliated by Royal Navy in Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair ; demand for war ; Jefferson responds with economic warfare using embargoes 1807 - 09 -- Embargo Act , against Great Britain and France during their wars 1807 - 12 -- Impressment of 6,000 sailors from American ships with US citizenship into the Royal Navy ; Great Britain ignores vehement American protests 1812 -- America declares war on Great Britain , beginning the War of 1812 . 1812 -- US forces invade Canada to gain a bargaining chip ; they are repeatedly repulsed ; The US Army at Detroit surrenders without a fight . 1813 -- US wins control of Lake Erie and what is now Western Ontario ; British and Indians defeated and Tecumseh killed ; end of Indian threats to American settlement 1814 -- Treaty of Fort Jackson 1814 -- British raid and Burn Washington ; are repulsed at Baltimore 1814 -- British invasion of northern New York defeated 1814 -- December 24 : Treaty of Ghent signed ; providing status quo ante bellum ( no change in boundaries ) ; Great Britain no longer needs impressment and stops . 1815 -- British invasion army decisively defeated at the Battle of New Orleans -- Treaty of Ghent goes in effect in February ; opens long era of friendly trade and peaceful settlement of boundary issues . -- March 2 The US declares war on Algiers . The beginning of the Second Barbary War . -- June 28 Commodore Stephen Decatur arrives off Algiers , after threatening bombardment , the dey agrees to a peace treaty two days later in which he releases the American slaves and agrees to the end of the United States 's tributary status . 1815 -- Treaties of Portage des Sioux 1818 -- London Convention of 1818 , between the US and Great Britain 1819 -- Adams - Onís Treaty : Spain cedes Florida to America for $5,000,000 ; America agrees to assume claims against Spain , America gives up claims to Texas . 1823 -- Monroe Doctrine . British propose America join in stating that European powers will not be permitted further American colonization . President James Monroe states it on December 2 as independent American policy . 1826 -- Treaty of Mississinwas 1831 -- Treaty of Wapakoneta 1832 -- First Sumatran expedition , in retaliation for the seizing of American ship Friendship of Salem while engaged in the East Indies pepper trade . 1832 -- Treaty of Cusseta 1832 -- Treaty of Tippecanoe 1833 -- Argentina . US Navy shells the Falkland Islands , at the time under Argentine control , in retaliation for the seizing of American ships fishing in Argentine waters . -- Siam . Roberts Treaty of 1833 ; stipulates free trade with few limitations , most favored nation status , and relief for US citizens in cases of shipwreck , piracy , or bankruptcy . 1837 -- Caroline affair ; Canadian military enters US territory to burn a ship used by Canadian rebels . 1838 -- Aroostook War re : Maine - New Brunswick ; no combat -- Second Sumatran expedition , in retaliation for the massacre of the crew of an American merchant ship . 1842 -- Webster -- Ashburton Treaty - settles US - Canada border , settling Aroostook War and Caroline affair . 1843 -- Treaty of Bird 's Fort 1844 -- Oregon Question ; America and Great Britain at sword 's point ; `` 54 -- 40 or fight '' is American slogan 1844 -- Treaty of Wanghia . 1845 -- Annexation of Republic of Texas ; Mexico breaks relations in retaliation 1845 -- Slidell Mission fails to avert war with Mexico 1846 -- Oregon crisis ended by compromise that splits the region , with British Columbia to Great Britain , and Washington , Idaho , and Oregon to America . 1846 -- Mexican -- American War begins ; Oregon settlement with Britain . 1848 -- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; settled Mexican -- American War , Rio Grande as US border ; territory of New Mexico rest of west ceded to America , especially California . US pays Mexico $15,000,000 and assumes $3,250,000 liability against Mexico . 1849 -- Hawaiian -- American Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation signed with the Kingdom of Hawaii 1850 -- Clayton -- Bulwer Treaty . America and Great Britain agreed that both nations were not to colonize or control any Central American republic , neither nation would seek exclusive control of Isthmian canal , if canal built protected by both nations for neutrality and security . Any canal built open to all nations on equal terms . 1851 -- Treaty of Mendota 1853 -- Gadsden Purchase : purchase of 30,000 square miles ( 78,700 km2 ) in southern Arizona for $10,000,000 for purpose of railroad connections 1854 -- Kanagawa Treaty ; Matthew Perry to Tokyo in 1853 ; returning 1854 with seven warships ; treaty opened two Japanese ports and guaranteeing the safety of shipwrecked American seamen . 1855 -- Quinault Treaty 1856 -- Siam . Harris Treaty of 1856 ; adds extraterritoriality status for US citizens to provisions of Roberts Treaty of 1833 , and appointment of a US consul ( representative ) . 1857 -- Nicaragua ; US Navy forces the surrender of filibusterer William Walker , who had tried to seize control of the country . 1858 -- Modern -- era Japan . Harris Treaty of 1858 . 1858 -- Yankton Treaty 1858 -- Outrages at Jaffa resulted in significant US efforts to coordinate with and pressure Ottoman officials , growing US influence and strength in the region . 1859 -- Pig War : tense confrontation over the boundary between the US and British North America , settled by arbitration , the pig the only casualty 1861 -- President Abraham Lincoln proclaims blockade of Confederate States of America , giving it some legitimacy 1861 - 65 -- Lincoln threatens war against any country that recognizes the Confederacy ; no country does so 1864 - 65 -- Maximilian Affair : In defiance of the Monroe Doctrine , French Emperor Napoleon III placed Archduke Maximilian on Mexican throne , America warns France against intervention , with 50,000 combat troops being sent to the Mexican border by President Andrew Johnson ; Maximilian overthrown 1867 -- Alaska Purchase : America purchases Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 . 1868 -- Treaty on Naturalization with North German Confederation marked first recognition by a European power of the right of its subjects to become naturalized US citizens . 1868 -- Burlingame Treaty established formal friendly relations with China and placed them on most favored nation status , Chinese immigration encouraged ; reversed in 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act . 1871 -- Alabama Claims . During the American Civil War , Confederate States of America raider CSS Alabama built in Great Britain , America claimed direct and collateral damage against Great Britain , awarded $15,500,000 by international tribunal . 1875 -- Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 with the Kingdom of Hawaii established free access to American markets for Hawaiian sugar and other products , and also ceded Puʻu Loa , which became Pearl Harbor 1891 -- Baltimore crisis , minor scuffle with Chile over treatment of soldiers . 1893 -- Hawaii ; January 16 to April 1 . American businessmen unhappy with Queen Liliuokalani attempt to set up absolute monarchy ; overthrows her with no violence and proclaims provisional government ; US Marines landed to protect American lives ; Hawaii and President Harrison agree to annexation but treaty withdrawn ( 1893 ) by President Grover Cleveland who rejects annexation 1895 -- Venezuela Crisis of 1895 is a dispute with Britain over the boundary of Venezuela and a British colony ; it is finally settled by arbitration . 1897 -- The Olney - Pauncefote Treaty of 1897 is a proposed treaty with Britain in 1897 that required arbitration of major disputes . Despite wide public and elite support , the treaty was rejected by the US Senate , which was jealous of its prerogatives , and never went into effect . 1897 - 98 -- American public opinion is outraged by news of Spanish atrocities in Cuba . President McKinley demands reforms . 1898 -- De Lôme Letter : Spanish minister to Washington writes disparagingly of President McKinley , casting doubt on Spain 's promises to reform its role in Cuba -- Spanish -- American War ; `` splendid little war '' with American quick victory -- Treaty of Paris ; US gains Philippines , Guam and Puerto Rico ; pays Spain for claims ; Cuba comes under temporary US control -- Hawaii seeks to join US ; with votes lacking for 2 / 3 approval of a treaty on July 7 . The Newlands Resolution in Congress annexes the Republic of Hawaii , with full US citizenship for Hawaiian citizens regardless of race 1899 -- 1901 -- Philippine -- American War , commonly known as the `` Philippine Insurrection '' . 1899 -- Open Door Policy for equal trading rights inside China ; accepted by Great Britain , Germany , France , Italy , Russia and Japan 1900 -- US forces participate in international rescue in Peking , in Boxer Rebellion 1900 - 1939 ( edit ) 1901 -- Hay -- Pauncefote Treaty . American agreement with Great Britain nullifying Clayton -- Bulwer Treaty of 1850 ; guarantee of open passage for any nation through proposed Panama Canal . 1901 -- Platt Amendment , March 2 . Rider attached to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901 designed to protect Cuba 's independence from foreign intervention . The amendment effectively makes Cuba a US protectorate and allowed for American intervention in Cuban affairs in 1906 , 1912 , 1917 , and 1920 . It also permitted America to lease Guantanamo Bay Naval Base . Rising Cuban nationalism and widespread criticism led to its abrogation in 1934 by the Ramón Grau administration . 1902 -- Drago Doctrine . Foreign Minister Luis María Drago of Argentina announced policy that no European power could use force against any American nation to collect debt , supplanted in 1904 by Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine . 1903 -- Big Stick diplomacy : Theodore Roosevelt refers to US policy as `` speaking softly and carrying a big stick '' , applied the same year by assisting Panama 's independence movement from Colombia . US forces sought to protect American interests and lives during and following the Panamanian revolution over construction of the Isthmian Canal . US Marines were stationed on the isthmus ( 1903 -- 1914 ) 1903 -- Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty with Panama ; leased strip of land increased to 10 miles ( 16 km ) wide . 1903 -- Alaska boundary treaty resolved the Alaska boundary dispute between the United States and Canada in favor of US ; Canada angry at Britain . 1906 -- Algeciras Conference . Roosevelt mediated the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany , essentially in French favor . 1908 - 09 -- America negotiates arbitration treaties with 25 countries ( not Germany ) 1911 -- Reciprocity treaty with Canada fails on surge of Canadian nationalism led by Conservative Party . 1911 - 20 -- Mexican Revolution ; hundreds of thousands of refugees flee to America ; President William Howard Taft recognizes Francisco I. Madero 's regime ; Madero assassinated by Victoriano Huerta , not recognized by America 1912 - 25 -- Nicaragua ; America controls Nicaraguan affairs through control of tariff revenues under the Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty . 1912 - 41 -- China . US forces sent to protect American interests in China during chaotic revolution . In 1927 , America had 5,670 troops ashore in China ( mostly Marines ) and 44 naval vessels in its waters . 1913 - 15 -- Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan negotiates 28 treaties that promised arbitration of disputes before war broke out between the signatory countries and the United States . He made several attempts to negotiate a treaty with Germany , but ultimately was never able to succeed . The agreements , known officially as `` Treaties for the Advancement of Peace , '' set up procedures for conciliation rather than for arbitration . 1914 -- Veracruz Incident a standoff between America and Huerta ; Congress authorizes force at president 's discretion ; ABC Powers try to mediate ; America seizes Veracruz ; Huerta breaks diplomatic relations ; war seems near 1915 -- British passenger liner RMS Lusitania torpedoed off Irish coast by German submarine ; 1,200 dead include 128 Americans ; Theodore Roosevelt demands war ; Woodrow Wilson issues strong protest 1915 - 34 -- Haiti . US forces maintained order and control customs revenue during a period of chronic political instability . 1916 - 24 -- Dominican Republic ; US naval forces maintained order and control customs revenue during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection . 1916 -- Pancho Villa raid into America ; the Mexican Punitive Expedition under John J. Pershing chases Villa deep into Mexico ; verge of war 1917 -- Zimmermann Telegram . Germany proposes military alliance between Germany and Mexico against America . Publication outrages American opinion ; Mexico rejects proposal . New York Times April 3 , 1917 1917 -- April . America declares war on Germany and later on Austria ( but not Turkey or Bulgaria ) ; remains independent of Great Britain and France 1917 -- Lansing -- Ishii Agreement . America recognizes Japan 's claim to special interests in China , particularly in contiguous territory . Objection to Japan assuming German Asian territories . 1917 - November -- Britain announces the Balfour Declaration which promises a homeland in Palestine to the Jews ; it checked with Washington before hand , and gained America 's quiet approval 1918 -- Fourteen Points . Statement of American war aims by Wilson , served as basis for Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations . 1918 -- 20 -- Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War sees US troops sent to Siberia 1919 -- Versailles Treaty -- Wilson one of `` The Big Four '' negotiators ; signed by Wilson but not ratified by Senate . 1919 -- League of Nations -- part of Versailles Treaty ; US never joins . 1922 -- Washington Naval Conference held in Washington , D.C. concluding in the Four - Power Treaty , Five - Power Treaty , and Nine - Power Treaty ; major naval disarmament 1924 -- American - led conference results in the Dawes Plan . Eased reparations for Germany and improvement of its economic situation . 1924 -- Rogers Act establishes the Foreign Service by merging the low - paid high prestige diplomatic service with the higher paid , middle class consul service . The act provided a merit - based career path , with guaranteed rotations and better pay . 1926 - 33 -- Nicaragua ; The coup d'état of General Emiliano Chamorro Vargas aroused revolutionary activities leading to the landing of US Marines intermittently until January 3 , 1933 . 1927 -- Naval Disarmament Conference in Geneva ; failure to reach an agreement . 1927 -- Clark Memorandum repudiates Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine . 1928 -- Kellogg -- Briand Pact , multilateral treaty outlawing war by moral force of 60 signatory nations . 1929 -- Young Plan reduces amount of reparations due from Germany to $8.0 billion over 58 years . 1930 -- Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act raised American tariffs on imports ; 1000 economists protest it will worsen depression ; retaliation by Canada and others . 1931 -- Stimson Doctrine America will not recognize Japanese takeover of parts of China ; policy endorsed by the League of Nations . 1932 -- Lausanne Conference cancels 90 percent of reparations owed by Germany ; the remainder was quietly paid off in October 2010 with a final payment of $94 million . 1933 -- Montevideo Convention . President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares the `` Good Neighbor policy '' , US opposition to armed intervention in inter-American affairs . 1933 -- London Economic Conference , to deal with Great Depression , collapses after US withdraws . 1933 -- US extends diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union . 1935 -- Neutrality Act of 1935 ; when war breaks out prohibits all arms shipments ( allowing shipment of oil , steel , chemicals ) ; US citizens can travel on belligerent ships only at their own risk 1936 -- Neutrality Act of 1936 ; no loans to belligerents 1936 -- Spanish Civil War ; US neutral ; American Catholics support Nationalist forces ; left - wing elements support Republican forces 1937 -- Neutrality Act of 1937 ; 1935 laws apply to civil wars 1937 -- Japan invades China , with full - scale war and many atrocities against Chinese ; Japan conquers major cities and seacoast ; Americans strongly sympathetic to China ; Roosevelt does not invoke neutrality laws 1938 -- Munich Pact sacrifices Czechoslovakia in the name of appeasement ; US not involved but does not object 1939 - 1945 ( edit ) Main article : Diplomatic history of World War II § United States 1939 -- World War II begins , America initially neutral . 1940 - American intelligence breaks the Japanese diplomatic code with MAGIC . 1941 - -- July 29 Japan occupies the southern half of French Indochina , seen as a threatening move . -- July 30 US together with Britain and the Dutch government in exile imposes trade embargo against Japan , most crucially in oil . -- August 13 Atlantic Charter . Anglo - American summit off the coast of Newfoundland . Roosevelt and Winston Churchill agree ( 1 ) no territorial gains sought by America or Great Britain , ( 2 ) territorial adjustments must conform to people involved , ( 3 ) people have right to choose their own govt. ( 4 ) trade barriers lowered , ( 5 ) there must be disarmament , ( 6 ) there must be freedom from want and fear ( `` Four Freedoms '' of FDR ) , ( 7 ) there must be freedom of the seas , ( 8 ) there must be an association of nations . Charter is accepted by Allies , who call themselves `` the United Nations '' . -- October 31 American destroyer USS Reuben James sunk by a U-boat . Rise in German - American tensions . -- December 6 American intelligence fails to predict attack on Pearl Harbor . -- December 7 Attack on Pearl Harbor . United States is hit by surprise by Japanese Navy . -- December 11 Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. 1942 - : -- August 8 Riegner Telegram received in Washington . Gerhart M. Riegner of the World Jewish Congress has received reliable information that Germany is engaged in a campaign of extermination against the Jews of Europe . 1943 -- -- January Casablanca Conference . Roosevelt and Churchill meet to plan European strategy . Unconditional surrender of Axis countries demanded , Soviet aid and participation , invasion of Sicily and Italy planned -- October 30 Moscow Declaration . Joint statement by the United States , United Kingdom and the Soviet Union promises that German leaders will be tried for war crimes after the Allied victory . -- November Cairo Conference . Roosevelt , Churchill and Chiang Kai - shek meet to make decisions about postwar Asia : Japan returns all territory , independent Korea . -- November Tehran Conference . Roosevelt and Churchill meet with Stalin . 1944 -- Monetary and Financial Conference held in July in Bretton Woods , New Hampshire ; International Monetary Fund and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( World Bank ) created to aid nations devastated by the war and to stabilize the international monetary system . 1944 -- Dumbarton Oaks Conference held in August in Washington ; 1945 -- February 4 -- 11 Yalta Conference with Joseph Stalin and Churchill ; agreement on division of Eastern Europe 1945 -- Surrender of Germany ( V-E Day ) 1945 -- July 17 -- August 2 Potsdam Conference ; President Harry S. Truman meets with Stalin and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee ; tells Stalin of atomic bomb ; gives Japan last warning to surrender ; Germany ( and Austria ) divided into 4 zones of occupation 1945 -- 2000 ( edit ) 1945 -- US eager to help establish United Nations at San Francisco Conference on International Organization . 1945 -- June 26 -- United Nations Charter signed in San Francisco . America becomes a founding member and has veto power on the Security Council along with Great Britain , France , China and the Soviet Union . 1945 -- August -- Nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ; surrender of Japan ( V-J Day ) ; beginning of the nuclear age . 1945 - 47 -- Marshall Mission to China tries and fails to force coalition government of Chiang Kai - shek 's Nationalists and Mao Zedong 's Communists 1945 - 53 -- U.S. provides grants and credits amounting to $5.9 billion to Asian countries , especially China / Taiwan ( $1.051 billion ) , India ( $255 million ) , Indonesia ( $215 million ) , Japan ( $2.44 billion ) , South Korea ( $894 million ) , Pakistan ( $98 million ) and the Philippines ( $803 million ) . In addition , another $282 million went to Israel and $196 million to the rest of the Middle East . All this aid was separate from the Marshall Plan . 1946 -- In the Blum -- Byrnes agreement , the US forgives $2.8 billion in French debts ( mostly World War I loans ) , and gives an additional low - interest loan of $650 million . In turn , France allows American films in its cinemas . 1947 -- Truman Doctrine gives military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to halt spread of Communism 1947 -- 89 -- Cold War , an era of high tension and hostility -- but no major `` hot '' war -- between the US and its allies ( Western Europe , Canada , Japan , etc . ) and the Soviet Union and its satellite states . 1947 -- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) includes US and 22 nations who agree to eliminate trade barriers of all kinds on industrial and agricultural goods . Replaced in 1995 by World Trade Organization / 1948 - 51 -- Marshall Plan ( formally , `` European Recovery Plan '' ) ; US gives out $13 billion to rebuild and modernize Western European economies . Increased trade between Europe and the America ; no repayment asked for . 1948 -- June 24 Berlin Blockade imposed by the Soviet Union , blocking traffic into western sectors of Berlin , followed by Operation Vittles , America airlifted massive amounts of food , fuel and supplies into city . Soviet blockade lifted on May 12 , 1949 . 1949 -- January 21 Dean Acheson appointed Secretary of State . He will hold this office until 1953 and is remembered as one of the more abler Secretaries of State . -- April 4 America and eleven other nations sign the North Atlantic Treaty , creating NATO , a military alliance with the purpose of countering the Soviet Union and its allies . -- 23 May 1949 The United States , Britain and France grant independence in their zones in Germany to a new state called the Federal Republic of Germany . 1950 - 53 -- June 25 Korean War begins . US sends in troops to stop North Korean invasion ; UN votes support ; ( Soviet Union boycotted UN and did not veto . ) US forces deployed in Korea exceeded 300,000 during the last year of the conflict . -- September US - led invasion defeats North Korean army ; UN authorizes rollback strategy , with North Korea to come under UN control -- November Chinese forces enter North Korea ; roll back UN-US - South Korean forces to below 38th parallel 1951 -- March 28 President Vincent Auriol of France visits Washington to meet President Truman . During his visit , the US agrees to pay for entire French war effort in Vietnam , and to provide unlimited military aid . -- April President Truman fires General Douglas MacArthur as blame game escalates regarding Korean war stalemate . -- June Talks for an armistice in the Korean War open . The major issue that divides the Communist and UN sides is the return of the POWs with the Communists demanding that all POWs from their nations be repatriated while the UN insists on voluntary repatriation . -- September 1 ANZUS Treaty united America , Australia and New Zealand in a defensive regional pact 1952 -- Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats isolationist element in GOP ; denounces stalemate in Korea and promises to go there himself ; elected president in landslide 1953 -- -- May Eisenhower threatens use of nuclear weapons in Korean War ; China agrees to negotiate . -- July 27 armistice signed ending the Korean War ( it is still in effect ) . 1953 -- Iran . US and UK governments support shah 's coup against Iran 's Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh 1954 -- March 13 The Battle of Dien Bien Phu begins . As the French are faced with defeat in Vietnam , Eisenhower considers intervention with tactical nuclear weapons to break the siege of Dien Bien Phu , and orders the Joint Chiefs of Staff to start work on Operation Vulture , the plan to intervene in Vietnam . Operation Vulture is ultimately rejected as a policy option . -- April 26 Geneva conference opens . Through called to consider a peace treaty for the Korean War , the conference is soon dominated by the question of Vietnam . The Secretary of State John Foster Dulles heads the American delegation . -- June 18 Guatemala . Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes Operation PBSUCCESS , a program of `` psychological warfare and political action '' against anti-US regime ; Guatemalan military overthrows the left - wing government of Jacobo Árbenz and installs Carlos Castillo Armas . -- July 20 The Geneva conference closes with an agreement on the partition of Vietnam into two states with a promise to hold a general election in both by June 1956 . Dulles does not sign the Geneva accords , but promises that the US will abide by them . -- September 8 SEATO alliance in Southeast Asia is founded . South Vietnam not a signatory 1955 -- February 24 Baghdad Pact is founded . Later known as the Central Treaty Organization ( or CENTO ) initiated by John Foster Dulles , members were Iran , Iraq , United Kingdom , Pakistan , and Turkey , US aid . 1957 -- Eisenhower Doctrine gives the president authority to determine the necessity to assist any nation requesting assistance against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism , applied in Lebanon the following year . 1957 -- Americans embarrassed when Soviets launch Sputnik , the first space satellite and leapfrog America in high technology . 1958 -- US foreign aid appropriation , $3.2 billion for military and economic aid ; lending authority of the Export - Import Bank raised to $7 billion ; US admits 32,000 Hungarian refugees from 1956 revolt 1959 -- Cuba . Fidel Castro comes to power . The first of 1 million Cuban exiles go to US , concentrating in Miami 1960 -- Nikita Khrushchev cancels summit conference with Eisenhower after US U-2 spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union 1960 -- Act of Bogotá makes social reform a prior condition for American economic aid 1960 -- Cuba seizes $1.5 billion of American properties ; America imposes complete trade embargo ( except food , medicine ) continues in effect in 2012 1961 -- President John F. Kennedy launches Space Race , promising Americans on the Moon ; they landed July 20 , 1969 1961 McGeorge Bundy becomes US National Security Advisor . 1961 -- Cuba . America breaks diplomatic relations as Castro aligns with Soviet Union . 1961 -- Alliance for Progress . inter-regional agreement funded by America to counter the growing regional appeal of the Cuban Revolution . 1961 -- Bay of Pigs Invasion in April ; CIA - trained Cuban exiles invaded Cuba and were defeated at the Bay of Pigs ; captured and ransomed by President Kennedy 1961 -- Berlin Crisis . Soviets give East Germany control over East Berlin ; in August the Berlin Wall is built to stem the wave of refugees escaping to the Western side . Kennedy proclaims `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' ( `` I am a citizen of Berlin '' ) to cheering West Berliners . 1962 -- Organization of American States ( OAS ) excludes Cuba , sets up trade embargo ; dropped in 1975 . 1962 -- Cuban missile crisis . John F. Kennedy on October 22 announces that there exist Soviet missiles in Cuba and demanded their removal while imposing an air - sea blockade . Soviet missiles are withdrawn on condition that America will not invade Cuba . 1963 -- Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty . US and the Soviet Union agreed not to conduct nuclear tests in space , in the atmosphere or underwater . Underground tests permitted ; signed by 100 nations , excluding France and the People 's Republic of China . 1964 -- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gives President Lyndon B. Johnson Congressional approval to act in Vietnam ; repealed in 1970 . 1965 -- Intervention in Dominican Republic . 1968 -- Tet Offensive in Vietnam causes political crisis at home . -- November 1 The first `` accelerated pacification '' of launching land reforms in South Vietnam intended to persuade South Vietnamese peasants not to support the Viet Cong is launched ; a success . 1969 -- Richard Nixon as president and Henry Kissinger as his National Security Advisor ; Kissinger serves as Secretary of State 1973 - 77 . -- January 28 Nixon launches policy of Vietnamization , in which American ground troops in Vietnam were to be steadily reduced and the American role was to provide military training , equipment , and air support for the South Vietnamese . Vietnamization was intended to reduce American losses in Vietnam , and thus reduce the domestic pressure for a total withdrawal of American forces . Nixon 's aim in Vietnam is to force a Korean War - type armistice , which requires that the war go on until Hanoi agreed to the American terms while at the same time forcing Nixon to deflect pressure from domestic anti-war protests . With the same aim of achieving an armistice that would allow South Vietnam to continue to exist , Nixon begins a policy of seeking better relations with the Soviet Union and China , hoping those two states would reduce , if not end their arm supplies to North Vietnam in return for better relations with Washington , and thus forcing Hanoi to accept peace on American terms . -- February Following the success of the first `` accelerated pacification '' and the Phoenix Program of `` neutralizing '' ( i.e. assassinating ) Viet Cong operatives , Nixon applies strong pressure for more `` accelerated pacification '' campaigns and the Phoenix Program killings in South Vietnam as a part of the effort at breaking the Viet Cong . For Nixon , `` accelerated pacification '' and the Phoenix Program killings both have the effect of weakening the Viet Cong without the use of American troops , which serves to achieve both his aims of reducing American forces and applying pressure for the Vietnamese Communists to accept peace on American terms . -- March 8 President Nasser of Egypt launches the War of Attrition against Israel . The US supports Israel while the Soviet Union supports Egypt . -- July 25 Nixon announces the Nixon Doctrine in which Nixon warns that the United States will not to any lengths to defend its allies , especially in Asia , and henceforth American allies must do more for their own defense . The doctrine is especially aimed at South Vietnam and is intended to pressure the South Vietnamese government to do a more effective job of fighting the Communists . -- July Nixon visits Pakistan and meets with the Pakistani President General Agha Yahya Khan , tells him that he wants to use Pakistan as an intermediary for talks with China . Yahya Khan agrees to Nixon 's request . -- September 9 Walter Stoessel , the American ambassador to Poland is ordered by Nixon to make contacts with Chinese diplomats in an informal way . -- October 16 Pakistani ambassador to the United States Agha Hilaly tells Kissinger that President Yahya is going to visit China early the next year , and is there any message that Kissinger would like Yahya to pass on to Mao . -- November 3 Nixon gives a TV speech claiming that there was a `` silent majority '' supporting his Vietnam policies , states that he needs some more time for his policies to work , denounces anti-war protestors as a threat to world peace , and asks for the support of the `` silent majority '' to help him `` to end the war in a way that we could win the peace . '' 1970 -- February 23 Hilaly tells Kissinger that after Yahya 's visit to Beijing that the Chinese were interested in the American offer , but did not want to negotiate from a position of weakness . -- March Under the `` accelerated pacification '' , more than million hectares of land have been redistributed in American - encouraged land reform in South Vietnam . -- March 7 Chiang Kai - shek who has heard reports of Sino - American talks in Warsaw writes to Nixon to protest . -- April 29 Nixon orders the Cambodian Incursion . American and South Vietnamese force invade eastern provinces of Cambodia with the aim of clearing out the Viet Cong / North Vietnamese forces based there . Sparks much protest in the United States . -- June By this point in the War of Attrition between Israel and Egypt , there are regular clashes occurring between Israel and Soviet forces in Egypt , leading to fears that this might cause a world war , which in turn leads to strong pressure for a ceasefire . -- October 25 During a Pakistani - American summit , President Nixon asks President Yahya to pass on another message to Beijing about the American wish for rapprochement with China . -- October 31 Kissinger meets with Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu and asks him to pass on a message to China that the US wishes for a normalization of relations with the People 's Republic of China . 1971 -- January 12 Corneliu Bogdan , the Romanian ambassador to the US tells Kissinger that Ceaușescu has passed on the American message , and that for Mao , normalization would be possible if the US would end the `` occupation '' of Taiwan as Mao calls American support for Taiwan . This poses a major problem for Nixon as allow China to take Taiwan would greatly damage America 's image and pose domestic problems . -- March 4 Nixon gives press conference , and warns that better Sino - American relations can not come at the expense of Taiwan . -- March 26 Pakistan launches Operation Searchlight intended by President Agha Yahya Khan to crush the Awami League in East Pakistan , and to eliminate the intelligentsia , political class and Hindu minority of East Pakistan . As General Yahya is a key conduit in the talks between the US and China , the Nixon administration does not protest Operation Searchlight as it fears this might offend General Yahya , as part of its marked `` tilt '' towards Pakistan . -- April 6 The Blood telegram sent by Archer Blood , the American consul in Dhaka and 20 other diplomats protesting the Nixon administration 's silence about the Pakistani government 's repression in East Pakistan and what the telegram argues is a campaign of genocide by the government against the Hindu minority in East Pakistan . The Blood telegram does not affect American policy towards Pakistan , and effectively cuts the career of Blood and the other diplomats . -- April 14 Ping - pong diplomacy . The American table tennis team is allowed to visit China , causes a sensation . During a phone conversation , Kissinger says `` It 's a tragedy that it has to happen to Chiang at the end of his life but we have to be cold about it '' , to which Nixon replies `` We have to do what 's best for us '' . -- April 21 Pakistani President Yahya informs Nixon that he had spoken with Zhou Enlai , and that the Chinese wished for a senior American envoy to make a secret visit to Beijing . -- April 27 About the Chinese offer of a secret American envoy to visit Beijing , Kissinger tells Nixon that `` If we get this thing working , we will end Vietnam this year . '' -- July 9 Kissinger visits Islamabad , Pakistan , and from there goes on to a secret trip to Beijing to meet Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong . During the secret summit in Beijing , it is agreed that President Nixon will visit China the next year . -- December 3 Indo - Pakistani war begins . The US supports Pakistan while the Soviet Union supports India . -- December 11 Nixon orders Task Force 74 to the Bay of Bengal in an attempt to intimidate India into accepting a ceasefire before the Indians defeat Pakistan . -- December 16 The war ends in Pakistan 's defeat . Nixon fails in his efforts preserve Pakistan 's unity . 1972 - -- February 21 Nixon visits China . Nixon in Beijing opens era of détente with China . -- May 9 Nixon orders Operation Linebacker with the aiming of destroying North Vietnam 's logistical capacity . -- May 22 Moscow summit . Nixon in Moscow opens era of détente with Soviet Union ; SALT I . -- June 3 Quadripartite Agreement governing the status of Berlin . -- October 8 Kissinger meets with the North Vietnamese negotiator Le Duc Tho in Paris for peace talks to end the Vietnam War , and initially the talks go well . -- October 18 President Nguyen Van Thieu of South Vietnam rejects the proposed Paris peace agreement , complaining that Kissinger had not consulted him . -- December 17 Paris peace talks break down . -- December 18 Nixon orders `` Christmas Bombings '' against North Vietnam following the breakdown in the Paris peace talks . 1973 -- -- 27 January Paris Peace Accords ends the American war in Vietnam ; POW 's returned in March . -- October 6 October War begins with a surprise attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria . The US supports Israel while the Soviet Union supports Egypt and Syria . -- October 12 Nixon orders Operation Nickel Grass , a major American effort to supply Israel with weapons to make good the IDF 's heavy initial losses . -- October 20 Arab oil embargo led by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia against the US and other Western nations begins as punishment for support of Israel . The oil embargo sparks major inflation in the United States . -- October 24 The Soviet Union announces that it will send troops to Egypt , which in turn leads Kissinger to warn that the United States will send troops to fight the Soviet forces deployed to Egypt . Nixon places the United States military on DEFCON 3 , one of the highest states of alert . The Soviets back down . -- October 25 A ceasefire brokered by the US and the Soviet Union ends the October War . 1974 - -- January 18 Under an American disengagement plan negotiated by Kissinger , Israeli forces pull back from the Suez Canal . -- March 17 Arab oil embargo against the West ends . 1975 -- North Vietnam invades and conquers South Vietnam ; over one million refugees eventually come to America . 1977 : -- June 30 SEATO alliance is dissolved . 1978 -- Camp David Accords , brokered by President Jimmy Carter , saw Egypt 's president Anwar Sadat and Israel 's Menachem Begin come to terms , leading to their historic peace treaty in 1979 1979 -- The US switches diplomatic recognition from the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) to the People 's Republic of China and passes the Taiwan Relations Act . 1979 -- 89 -- The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan ; America works with Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in funding , training , and arming Muslim mujahideen insurgency against Soviet occupation . 1979 -- After Afghanistan , President Carter agrees détente has failed ; leads worldwide boycott of Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics 1979 -- 90 -- Nicaragua ; America supports the Contras fighting against the pro-Communist Sandinista government in Nicaragua . 1979 -- 81 -- Iran becomes an Islamic republic after the overthrow of American - backed Shah ; militants seize 63 American diplomats for 444 days during the Iran hostage crisis ; America seizes $12 billion in Iranian assets ; American rescue effort fails ; hostages and assets are freed on January 20 , 1981 . 1980 -- Cuba . 125,000 Cuban refugees arrive in America during the Mariel boatlift . 1980 -- 88 -- Iran -- Iraq War . America officially neutral in the war between Iraq and Iran ; America flags oil tankers to protect flow of oil in Persian Gulf , and sells arms and weaponry to both sides of the conflict . 1981 -- President Ronald Reagan escalates Cold War with heavy new military spending and research in new weapons ; forward strategy for Navy . 1982 - -- September 29 MNF comprising forces from the United States , France , and Italy set to Lebanon to stabilize the nation in the middle of its civil war . 1983 -- -- April 18 A suicide attack by the Iranian - supported Hezbollah terrorist group destroys the American embassy in Beirut . -- October 23 A suicide attack by Hezbollah kills 241 American servicemen , mostly Marines in Beirut . -- October 25 US invades Grenada in response to a coup d'état by Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard on the Caribbean island . 1984 -- February 26 Reagan orders the Marines in Lebanon to be `` redeployed to the fleet '' as the withdrawal from Lebanon is euphemistically known . -- April 10 Senate votes to condemn Reagan for mining Nicaraguan waters . -- September 20 Another suicide attack by Hezbollah damages the American embassy in Beirut . 1985 -- The US suspends its ANZUS obligations to New Zealand after David Lange 's Labour government bans nuclear - armed and nuclear - powered warships . 1986 -- March 24 Gulf of Sidra incident . Libyan attacks on American warships in the Gulf of Sidra . -- April 5 La Belle discotheque in Berlin bombed by Libyan agents . The discotheque is popular with American servicemen and two out of the three killed are American . As the NSA has broken the Libyan diplomatic codes , it is established that the bombing was planned out of the Libyan `` people 's bureau '' ( embassy ) in East Berlin . -- April 15 Operation El Dorado Canyon . The US bombs Libya in response to the bombing in Berlin . -- November The news of the Iran -- Contra affair breaks : White House officials sell weapons to Iran and give the profits to Contras ; President Reagan embarrassed . -- June 12 President Reagan gives the `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech in Berlin , saying `` Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this wall ! '' . Reagan argues that tearing the Berlin Wall would be a symbol of Soviet good faith to prove Gorbachev was sincere in seeking better relations with the West . 1989 -- End of Eastern Bloc ; fall of Berlin Wall ; all East European satellites break away from Moscow 1990 -- Panama ; America invades to oust Manuel Noriega . -- September 12 Four plus two treaty signed by the US , Britain , France , the Soviet Union , West Germany and East Germany formally ends World War II in Europe , grants the two German states the right to unify and ends all of the sovereign rights held by the Allies in Germany since 1945 . 1991 -- Gulf War ; America leads a UN-authorized coalition to repel an Iraqi invasion out of neighboring Kuwait . 1991 -- 2003 -- Iraq sanctions ; America and Great Britain maintain no - fly - zones in the north and south of Iraq with periodic bombings . 1991 -- 93 -- START II accords held by America and Russia to limit nuclear weapons 1991 -- The Soviet Union is dissolved ; Mikhail Gorbachev resigns 1999 -- The US and NATO bomb the FR Yugoslavia , which brings an end to the Kosovo War . 21st century ( edit ) 2001 -- September 11 terrorist attacks , orchestrated by Al - Qaeda terrorist network , occur on American soil . 2001 -- US and NATO forces invade Afghanistan and overthrow the Taliban . 2003 -- US - led coalition invades Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein ; troops remain to fight insurgency against the UN-approved elected government . 2004 to present -- Drone attacks in Pakistan CIA maintains drone surveillance and launches hundreds of attacks on pro-Taliban targets 2006 -- President George W. Bush signs the United States - India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act into law ; US no longer opposes India 's civilian and military nuclear programs ; bilateral relations improve 2009 - 2017 - Obama administration policy against terrorism downplays Bush 's counterinsurgency model , and uses a light - footprint approach with expanded air strikes , extensive use of special forces and greater reliance on host - government militaries . 2009 -- President Barack Obama lifts all travel restrictions to see relatives in Cuba and send remittances . However , later that year , Obama approved continuing the Trading with the Enemy Act , which regulates sanctions on Cuba . 2011 -- US removes all military forces from Iraq 2011 -- New START treaty with Russia goes into effect . 2011 -- CIA uses Navy Seals against the highest priority terrorism target . They raid Al - Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden 's compound in Pakistan , killing him and seizing his computers . Pakistan was not informed . 2013 -- US threatens an air attack on Syria after it uses chemical weapons ; resolved by agreement to destroy all the chemical weapons under international auspices 2014 -- US implements economic sanctions against the Russian Federation after its illegal occupation of Crimea during the 2014 Ukraine conflict . 2015 -- US reopens its diplomatic mission in Cuba , after over five decades of it being closed ... 2017 -- US formally recognizes Jerusalem as the capital of Israel but does not move embassy yet . UN General Assembly condemns US plan by a vote of 128 - 9 . 2017 - Trump administration sounds alarm about development by North Korea of nuclear weapons and missiles that can hit North America . It tries to enlist support from Russia and China , as well as South Korea and Japan . 2017 - Trump administration gives high priority to combating terrorism , especially from radical Islam . It prioritizes military action and deemphasizes soft power , political engagement , and diplomacy . It calls for a high wall across the southern border . See also ( edit ) Timeline of United States history History of United States diplomatic relations by country Timeline of British diplomatic history List of United States treaties List of diplomatic missions of the United States Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mikulas Fabry ( 2010 ) . Recognizing States : International Society and the Establishment of New States Since 1776 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Richard Dean Burns ; et al. ( 2013 ) . American Foreign Relations Since Independence . ABC - CLIO . p. 6 . Jump up ^ See text ^ Jump up to : Fremont - Barnes , Gregory The Wars of the Barbary Pirates , London : Osprey , 2006 page 13 Jump up ^ See link Jump up ^ Long , David Foster ( 1988 ) . Gold braid and foreign relations : diplomatic activities of US naval officers , 1798 -- 1883 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9780870212284 . Jump up ^ Todd Estes , `` Shaping the politics of public opinion : Federalists and the Jay treaty debate . '' Journal of the Early Republic 20.3 ( 2000 ) : 393 - 422 . online Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , Gregory The Wars of the Barbary Pirates , London : Osprey , 2006 page 14 Jump up ^ Tom Head ( 2009 ) . Freedom of Religion . Infobase Publishing . p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Fremont - Barnes , Gregory The Wars of the Barbary States , London : Osprey , 2006 page 14 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , Gregory The Wars of the Barbary States , London : Osprey , 2006 page 39 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , Gregory The Wars of the Barbary States , London : Osprey , 2006 pages 57 - 58 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , Gregory The Wars of the Barbary States , London : Osprey , 2006 page 58 . ^ Jump up to : Fremont - Barnes , Gregory The Wars of the Barbary States , London : Osprey , 2006 page 15 . Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins , Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 - 1812 ( 1961 ) full text online Jump up ^ David M. Pletcher , The Diplomacy of Annexation : Texas , Oregon , and the Mexican War ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Nelson M. Blake , `` Background of Cleveland 's Venezuelan Policy , '' American Historical Review ( 1942 ) 47 # 2 pp. 259 -- 277 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Nelson M. Blake , `` The Olney - Pauncefote Treaty of 1897 , '' American Historical Review , ( 1945 ) 50 # 2 pp. 228 - 243 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Louis A. Perez , Jr . Cuba under the Platt Amendment , 1902 -- 1934 . Univ of Pittsburgh Pr . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 3533 - 3 Platt Amendment . Our Documents.com National Archives . An Amendment 's End . Time Magazine . Jump up ^ Genevieve Forbes Herrick ; John Origen Herrick ( 2005 ) ( 1925 ) . The Life of William Jennings Bryan . Kessinger Publishing . p. 280 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts , `` ' All the Right People : The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment . '' Journal of American Studies 26 # 3 ( 1992 ) : 409 -- 434 . Jump up ^ Christian Science Monitor , 4 Oct. 2010 Jump up ^ David Kahn , `` The intelligence failure of Pearl Harbor . '' Foreign Affairs 70.5 ( 1991 ) : 138 - 152 . online Jump up ^ Lt - Col Robert F. Piacine , Pearl Harbor : Failure of Intelligence ? ( Air War College , 1997 ) online Jump up ^ All data from the official document : U.S. Bureau of the Census , Statistical Abstract of the United States : 1954 ( 1955 ) table 1075 pp 899 - 902 online edition file 1954 - 08. pdf Jump up ^ Harry Bayard Price , The Marshall Plan and its Meaning ( Cornell UP , 1955 ) , pp 179 - 219 . Jump up ^ Irwin M. Wall ( 1991 ) . The United States and the Making of Postwar France , 1945 - 1954 . Cambridge U.P. p. 55 . Jump up ^ John Lewis Gaddis , The Cold War : A New History ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Douglas A. Irwin , `` The GATT in Historical Perspective , '' American Economic Review Vol. 85 , No. 2 , ( May , 1995 ) , pp. 323 - 328 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Francine McKenzie , `` GATT and the Cold War , '' Journal of Cold War Studies , Summer 2008 , 10 # 3 pp 78 - 109 Jump up ^ Scott Jackson , `` Prologue to the Marshall Plan : The Origins of the American Commitment for a European Recovery Program , '' Journal of American History 65 # 4 ( 1979 ) , pp. 1043 - 1068 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Deborah Welch Larson , `` The Origins of Commitment : Truman and West Berlin , '' Journal of Cold War Studies , 13 # 1 Winter 2011 , pp. 180 -- 212 ^ Jump up to : `` Getting to Beijing : Henry Kissinger 's Secret 1971 Trip '' . University of California . July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Accelerated Pacification Campaign '' . VietnamWar.net . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blood meridian '' . The Economist . September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Clete Hinton . Camp David Accords ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ ' U.S. Policy on the New Zealand Port Access Issue ' , National Security Decision Directive 193 , 21 October 1985 , Federation of American Scientists Intelligence Program , accessed 22 October 2012 , https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-193.htm Jump up ^ Saskia Brechenmacher and Steven Feldstein , `` Trump 's War on Terror '' The National Interest ( Nov - Dec. 2017 ) Issue 152 , pp 58 - 68 Jump up ^ Nicholas Schmidle , `` Getting Bin Laden . '' The New Yorker ( Aug 8 2011 ) online . Jump up ^ Louis Nelson , `` U.N. votes 128 - 9 to criticize U.S. decision on Jerusalem '' POLITICO 12 - 21 - 2017 Jump up ^ Scott D. Sagan , `` The Korean Missile Crisis : Why Deterrence Is Still the Best Option . '' Foreign Affairs 96 # 1 ( 2017 ) : 72 + online Jump up ^ Saskia Brechenmacher and Steven Feldstein , `` Trump 's War on Terror '' The National Interest ( Nov - Dec. 2017 ) Issue 152 , pp 58 - 68 Further reading ( edit ) Allen , Debra J. Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from the Revolution to Secession ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Anderson , Frank Maloy and Amos Shartle Hershey , eds . Handbook For The Diplomatic History Of Europe , Asia , and Africa , 1870 - 1914 ( 1918 ) online Bailey , Thomas A. Diplomatic History of the American People ( 1940 ) , standard older textbook Beisner , Robert L. ed , American Foreign Relations since 1600 : A Guide to the Literature ( 2003 ) , 2 vol . 16,300 annotated entries evaluate every major book and scholarly article . Bemis , Samuel Flagg . A Diplomatic History of the United States ( 2nd ed. 1942 ) online ; old standard textbook Bemis , Samuel Flagg and Grace Gardner Griffin . Guide to the Diplomatic History of the United States 1775 -- 1921 ( 1935 ) bibliographies ; out of date and replaced by Beisner ( 2003 ) Brune , Lester H. Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations ( 2003 ) , 1400 pages Burns , Richard Dean , ed . Guide to American Foreign Relations since 1700 ( 1983 ) highly detailed annotated bibliography Deconde , Alexander , et al. eds . Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 3 vol ( 2001 ) , 2200 pages ; 120 long articles by specialists . DeConde , Alexander ; A History of American Foreign Policy ( 1963 ) online edition Ellis , Sylvia . Historical Dictionary of Anglo - American Relations ( 2009 ) Excerpt and text search Findling , John , ed . Dictionary of American Diplomatic History 2nd ed. 1989 . 700pp ; 1200 short articles . Folly , Martin and Niall Palmer . The A to Z of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Herring , George . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2008 ) , 1056pp Hahn , Peter L. Historical Dictionary of United States - Middle East Relations ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Hogan , Michael J. ed . Paths to Power : The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941 ( 2000 ) essays on main topics Hogan , Michael J. , and Thomas G. Paterson , eds . Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations ( 1991 ) essays on historiography Lafeber , Walter . The American Age : United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad , 1750 to Present ( 2nd ed 1994 ) university textbook ; 884pp online edition Leffler , Melvyn P. Safeguarding Democratic Capitalism : U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security , 1920 -- 2015 ( Princeton University Press , 2017 ) 348 pp . Mauch , Peter , and Yoneyuki Sugita . Historical Dictionary of United States - Japan Relations ( 2007 ) Excerpt and text search Paterson , Thomas , et al. American Foreign Relations : A History ( 7th ed. 2 vol. 2009 ) , university textbook Saul , Norman E. Historical Dictionary of United States - Russian / Soviet Relations ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Smith , Joseph . Historical Dictionary of United States - Latin American Relations ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Sutter , Robert G. Historical Dictionary of United States - China Relations ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search Waters , Robert Anthony , Jr . Historical Dictionary of United States - Africa Relations ( 2009 ) Excerpt and text search Weatherbee , Donald E. Historical Dictionary of United States - Southeast Asia Relations ( 2008 ) Excerpt and text search Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_United_States_diplomatic_history&oldid=838586807 '' Categories : History of the foreign relations of the United States United States history timelines Hidden categories : Dynamic lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 00 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the united states used diplomacy to broker peace agreements in which of these countries	[]	[]
-2192915437174892122	Joanna Moore	Joanna Moore - wikipedia Joanna Moore Jump to : navigation , search For the Baptist missionary , see Joanna P. Moore . Joanna Moore Moore in 1964 Dorothy Joanne Cook ( 1934 - 11 - 10 ) November 10 , 1934 Parrott , Georgia , U.S. November 22 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 22 ) ( aged 63 ) Indian Wells , California , U.S. Cause of death Lung cancer Resting place Oak Grove Cemetery , Americus , Georgia Nationality American Other names Joanna Cook Moore Alma mater Agnes Scott College Occupation Actress Years active 1957 -- 1986 Spouse ( s ) Willis Moore ( 1951 ) Don Oreck ( m . 1955 -- 1957 ) Ryan O'Neal ( m . 1963 -- 1967 ) Gary L. Reeves ( m . 1975 -- 1976 ) Children Tatum O'Neal Griffin O'Neal Parent ( s ) Henry Anderson Cook ( 1901 - 1942 ) Dorothy Martha English Cook ( 1916 - 1941 ) Relatives Virginia Louesa Cook ( sister 1940 - 1941 ) Joanna Moore ( November 10 , 1934 -- November 22 , 1997 ) was an American film and television actress . Over the course of her career , she appeared in more than eighty television and film roles . From 1963 to 1967 , she was married to actor Ryan O'Neal , with whom she had two children : Griffin and Tatum O'Neal . Moore 's career hit its peak in the 1960s . During that time , she guest starred in several popular shows of the era including Alfred Hitchcock Presents , Perry Mason , Bewitched , and The Real McCoys . One of her more notable recurring roles was as Sheriff Andy Taylor 's love interest , Peggy `` Peg '' McMillan in four episodes of The Andy Griffith Show from 1962 to 1963 . Moore was a guest star in television westerns like The Rifleman , Wagon Train , Gunsmoke , The Rebel , and The Virginian . By the 1970s , her career began to wane because of drug and alcohol issues . She made her final onscreen appearance in 1986 . Moore died of lung cancer in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1950s 2.2 1960s 2.3 1970s and 1980s 3 Personal life 3.1 Marriages and children 3.2 Drug and alcohol abuse 3.3 Hearing loss 4 Death 5 Cultural reference 6 Selected filmography 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Moore was born Dorothy Joanne Cook in Americus , Georgia , the elder of two daughters of Dorothy Martha ( née English ) and Henry Anderson Cook III . In 1941 , when she was a child , her parents and younger sister were involved in a fatal car accident . Her mother and sister died immediately , while her father died a year after of the injuries he sustained in the accident . Moore was then adopted by a wealthy local family and changed her name from Dorothy to Joanna . As a teen , she married and quickly divorced Willis Moore in 1951 . After the divorce , she attended Agnes Scott College in Decatur , Georgia . While attending college , she entered and won a beauty contest and was brought to Hollywood . Moore 's acting career began when a producer for Universal Studios spotted her at a cocktail party . Career ( edit ) 1950s ( edit ) Moore made her television debut in the November 8 , 1956 , episode of Lux Video Theatre . The following year , she made her film debut in the 1957 crime drama Appointment with a Shadow . Later that year , she appeared in episodes of Goodyear Theater and Harbormaster along with another film , Slim Carter . In 1958 , she had a small role in the film noir classic Touch of Evil with Orson Welles , Charlton Heston , Janet Leigh , and Marlene Dietrich , followed by more substantial roles in the horror film Monster on the Campus and the western Ride a Crooked Trail . From 1958 to 1959 , Moore landed guest spots on television , including Studio One , Suspicion , The Rough Riders , Bourbon Street Beat , Bat Masterson , The Real McCoys , and Riverboat . She made a guest appearance on Perry Mason as the title character in the 1958 episode `` The Case of the Terrified Typist . '' 1960s ( edit ) During the 1960s , Moore continued her career guest - starring on numerous television shows in addition to film appearances . From 1960 to 1961 , she guest - starred on Five Fingers , The Rebel , Hong Kong , The Untouchables , 77 Sunset Strip , Going My Way , and Empire . In 1962 , Moore appeared as Miss Precious in Walk on the Wild Side with Jane Fonda , Barbara Stanwyck and Capucine , followed by the musical , Follow That Dream with Elvis Presley . That same year , Moore appeared in four episodes of The Andy Griffith Show as Peggy `` Peg '' McMillan , Sheriff Taylor 's love interest . In 1963 , she co-starred in Son of Flubber and was cast in The Man from Galveston , intended as the pilot for Temple Houston . Also that year she made a second guest appearance on Perry Mason as Grace Olney in `` The Case of the Reluctant Model . '' In 1964 , she guest - starred on Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre . From 1965 to 1967 , Moore guest starred on The Man from U.N.C.L.E. , The Rogues , My Three Sons , Peyton Place ( starring Moore 's then husband , Ryan O'Neal ) , Daniel Boone , Cowboy in Africa , and The Iron Horse . In 1967 , Moore appeared as Daphne Harper , a snob and former college beauty queen chum of Darrin 's , in the `` Charlie Harper , Winner '' episode of Bewitched . During the time , Moore also had an uncredited role as `` Angie , '' the widow of Jesse Coe , in Nevada Smith starring Steve McQueen . Throughout the 1950s and 1960s , Moore also made multiple appearances on The Millionaire , The United States Steel Hour , Route 66 , Wagon Train , Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( and The Alfred Hitchcock Hour ) , Hawaiian Eye , Alcoa Premiere , Gunsmoke , The Fugitive , The Virginian , High Chaparral , The F.B.I , and The Rifleman . 1970s and 1980s ( edit ) During the 1970s , Moore continued with guest roles on Nanny and the Professor , The Governor & J.J. , and McCloud . In 1973 , she appeared in the television adaption of the 1954 film Three Coins in the Fountain , also starring Yvonne Craig and Cynthia Pepper . In 1974 she appeared on The Waltons in the episode entitled `` The Departure . '' In 1975 , she co-starred in the feature film The Hindenburg . The next year , she guest - starred on Petrocelli and The Blue Knight and made two appearances on Bronk . By the late 1970s , Moore 's career had begun to wane owing to personal problems . Her only two on - screen appearances after 1976 were in a supporting role in the 1980 television film Scout 's Honor starring Gary Coleman and a small bit part in the 1986 Australian film Run Chrissie Run ! . Personal Life ( edit ) Marriages and children ( edit ) On April 3 , 1963 , Moore married her third husband , actor Ryan O'Neal . The couple had two children : Tatum O'Neal ( b . 1963 ) and Griffin O'Neal ( b . 1964 ) . The marriage was tempestuous and the couple separated in early 1966 . In February 1967 , their divorce became final . In February 1975 , she married roofing contractor Gary L. Reeves . They divorced in 1977 . Drug and alcohol abuse ( edit ) Around the time of her separation from O'Neal , Moore began to abuse alcohol and drugs , namely amphetamines , and she became addicted . She continued acting , but her depression worsened over her impending divorce . In 1970 , Moore checked into the Camarillo State Hospital for psychiatric treatment . The next year , she was arrested for drunk driving after she and O'Neal got into a fight while she and their children were visiting O'Neal's Malibu home . After her arrest , she lost custody of her children . By the late 1970s , she was being supported financially by her daughter , Tatum , who had become an Academy Award - winning actress at age 10 and one of the highest - paid child stars of the era . The children were still in Ryan O'Neal's custody , and despite treatment , Moore continued to abuse drugs and alcohol . As a result , she was arrested five times for DUI during the 1980s . Hearing loss ( edit ) In the early 1960s , Moore became deaf as a result of otosclerosis , which her doctor said resulted from a deposit of calcium in her middle ear . Moore said that she had to read lips to understand what people were saying . An operation restored her hearing . Death ( edit ) In 1996 , Moore , a longtime smoker , was diagnosed with lung cancer . On November 22 , 1997 , she died from the disease at age 63 . Her daughter , Tatum O'Neal , was by her side at the time of her death . Moore was initially interred at Hillside Memorial Park in Redlands , California , but her family later moved her remains to Oak Grove Cemetery in her home town of Americus , Georgia . Cultural reference ( edit ) Moore 's grandson Kevin McEnroe ( son of Tatum O'Neal and John McEnroe ) wrote a roman à clef about her titled Our Town , published in 2015 . Selected filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1957 Appointment with a Shadow Penny Spencer Alternative title : If I Should Die 1957 Slim Carter Charlene Carroll 1958 Flood Tide Barbara Brooks 1958 Touch of Evil Marcia Linnekar 1958 Ride a Crooked Trail Little Brandy 1958 Monster on the Campus Madeline Howard 1959 The Last Angry Man Alice Taggart 1962 Walk on the Wild Side Miss Precious 1962 Follow That Dream Alisha Claypoole 1963 Son of Flubber Desiree de la Roche 1963 The Man from Galveston Rita Dillard 1966 Nevada Smith Angie Coe - Saloon Girl & Widow of Jesse Coe Uncredited 1968 Countdown Mickey Stegler 1968 Never a Dull Moment Melanie Smooth 1972 J.C. Miriam Wages Alternative title : Iron Horsemen The Hindenburg Mrs. Channing 1986 Run Chrissie Run ! Cricket coach Alternative title : Moving Targets , ( final film role ) Television Year Title Role Notes 1956 Lux Video Theatre Stephanie Episode : `` Jezebel '' 1957 Goodyear Theater Alice Bowles Episode : `` Lost and Found '' 1957 Harbormaster Maggie Episode : `` The Wreckers '' 1958 Bachelor Father Diana Webster Episode : `` Parent 's Night '' 1958 Kraft Television Theatre Paula Carter Episode : `` Death for Sale '' 1958 Perry Mason Patricia Taylor Episode : `` The Case of the Terrified Typist '' 1959 Maverick Linda Episode : `` The Lass with the Poisonous Air '' 1959 The Rifleman Eleanor Claremont Episode : `` Obituary '' 1960 Tales of Wells Fargo Arlene Howell Episode : `` The Easterner '' 1960 Gunsmoke Colleen Tawny Episode : `` Colleen So Green '' 1960 Gunsmoke Cherry O'Dell Episode : `` Cherry Red '' 1960 Adventures in Paradise Ricky Episode : `` The Siege of Troy '' 1961 The Brothers Brannagan Amanda Barnes Episode : `` A Matter of Millions '' 1961 Follow the Sun Constance Episode : `` The Far Side of Nowhere '' 1961 Route 66 Trinket Episode : `` A Skill For Hunting '' 1962 Ripcord Jill Kelly Episode : `` Chute to Kill '' 1962 The Dick Powell Show Jeanne Lauring Episode : `` Squadron '' 1962 Route 66 Lola Episode : `` There I Am - There I Always Am '' 1962 -- 1963 The Andy Griffith Show Peggy McMillan 4 episodes 1963 Going My Way Gerry Episode : `` Do n't Forget to Say Goodbye '' 1963 The Dakotas Doll Harvey Episode : `` Justice at Eagle 's Nest '' 1963 Perry Mason Grace Olney Episode : `` The Case of the Reluctant Model '' 1964 The Fugitive Helen Simmons Episode : `` Never Stop Running '' 1964 The Lieutenant Julie Havener Episode : `` Interlude '' 1964 The Greatest Show on Earth Denny Greenleaf Episode : `` There Are No Problems , Only Opportunities '' 1965 The Fugitive Joan Mitchell Episode : `` Crack in a Crystal Ball '' 1965 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Fran Parsons Episode : `` The Deadly Decoy Affair '' 1965 The Wild Wild West Linda Medford Episode : `` The Night of the Fatal Trap '' 1966 The Fugitive Ruth Bianchi Episode : `` Nobody Loses All the Time '' 1966 Run for Your Life Kay Mills Episode : `` The Man Who Had No Enemies '' 1966 Felony Squad Betty Reilly Episode : `` Miss Reilly 's Revenge '' 1967 Bewitched Daphne Harper Episode : `` Charlie Harper , Winner '' 1967 T.H.E. Cat Valerie Evans Episode : `` Design for Death '' 1969 Judd , for the Defense Barbara Townsend Episode : `` Visitation '' 1969 The High Chaparral Charlene `` Charly '' Converse Episode : `` Lady Fair '' 1970 The Name of the Game Emily Episode : `` A Love to Remember '' 1970 The Most Deadly Game Paula Winton Episode : `` Nightbirds '' Police Story Lisa Roberts Episode : `` Explosion '' The Waltons Laura Sue Champion Episode : `` The Departure '' Kung Fu Lula Morgan Episode : `` The Brothers Caine '' 1976 Petrocelli Kay Willis Episode : `` Death Ride '' 1980 Scout 's Honor Ms. Odom Television film Biography portal Georgia portal California portal Los Angeles portal Film portal Television portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Memorial service planned for actress Joanna Moore '' . Columbus Ledger - Enquirer . January 24 , 1998 . p . B2 -- via nl.newsbank.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Joanna Moore - The Private Life and Times of Joanna Moore . Joanna Moore Pictures '' . www.glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen.com . Jump up ^ `` Joanna Moore Is a Bride '' . The Kansas City Times . Missouri , Kansas City . Associated Press . April 12 , 1963 . p. 2 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Tatum ( 2004 ) . A Paper Life . HarperEntertainment . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054097 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Tatum ( 2004 ) . A Paper Life . HarperEntertainment . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054097 - 4 . Jump up ^ Manners , Dorothy ( February 20 , 1975 ) . `` Off the Grapevine '' . Toledo Blade . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Surgery Restores Hearing of Television Actress , Honking Truck Sounds ' Beautiful ' '' . Independent Press - Telegram . California , Long Beach . United Press International . July 8 , 1962 . p. 84 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Joanna Moore at Find a Grave Jump up ^ `` Tatum O'Neal on Redmond O'Neal : ' I 've Never Seen a More Scary Side of Addiction ' '' . people.com . External links ( edit ) Joanna Moore on IMDb Joanna Moore at the TCM Movie Database BNE : XX4887689 BNF : cb142083673 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1469 9703 LCCN : no98029050 SUDOC : 174116934 VIAF : 29145382 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joanna_Moore&oldid=839792712 '' Categories : 1934 births 1997 deaths 20th - century American actresses Actresses from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Agnes Scott College people American film actresses American television actresses Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from lung cancer People from Americus , Georgia People from Indian Wells , California Actresses from Los Angeles Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Articles with hCards Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Türkçe اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 18 : 15 . 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8516231998121606733	Salt poisoning	Salt poisoning - wikipedia Salt poisoning Jump to : navigation , search `` Sodium poisoning '' , `` Salt water poisoning '' , `` Sea water poisoning '' and `` Drinking sea water '' all redirect here . Salt poisoning -- or sodium poisoning -- is an intoxication resulting from the excessive intake of sodium ( usually as sodium chloride ) in either solid form or in solution ( saline water , including brine , brackish water , or seawater ) . In medicine , the circumstance of salt poisoning is most frequently encountered in children or infants who may be made to consume excessive amounts of table salt . At least one instance of murder of a hospitalized child by salt poisoning has been reported . Too much salt intake in adults can also occur from the drinking of seawater in survival situations or the drinking of soy sauce . Salt poisoning has also been seen in a number of adults with mental health problems . Symptoms and physiology ( edit ) Salt poisoning typically results in a feeling of confusion and jitteriness ; more severe degrees of intoxication can cause seizures and coma . Death can result if medical intervention is not forthcoming . These symptoms are generally a consequence of hypernatremia -- an abnormally high sodium level in the blood . ( There are myriad causes of hypernatremia , which is frequently encountered in medical practice ; salt poisoning is not a common cause . ) Early on , the intoxicant will experience a strong feeling of thirst , followed by weakness , nausea , and loss of appetite . More severe symptoms ensue , including confusion , muscle twitching , and bleeding in or around the brain . ( Normal serum sodium levels are 135 -- 145 mEq / liter ( 135 -- 145 mmol / L ) . Severe symptoms typically only occur when levels are above 160 mEq / L . ) The human renal system actively regulates sodium chloride in the blood within a very narrow range around 9 g / L ( 0.9 % by weight ) . Accidentally consuming small quantities of clean seawater is not harmful , especially if the seawater is taken along with a larger quantity of fresh water . However , drinking seawater to maintain hydration is counterproductive ; more water must be excreted to eliminate the salt ( via urine ) than the amount of water obtained from the seawater itself . In most open waters concentrations vary somewhat around typical values of about 3.5 % ; drinking seawater temporarily increases blood 's NaCl concentration , which signals the kidney to excrete sodium . However , seawater 's sodium concentration is above the kidney 's maximum concentrating ability . Eventually the blood 's sodium concentration rises to toxic levels , removing water from cells and interfering with nerve conduction , ultimately producing fatal seizure and cardiac arrhythmia . Sea water poisoning ( edit ) Survival manuals consistently advise against drinking seawater . A summary of 163 life raft voyages estimated the risk of death at 39 % for those who drank seawater , compared to 3 % for those who did not . The effect of seawater intake on rats confirmed the negative effects of drinking seawater when dehydrated . ( In contrast to humans , pelagic birds and other sea animals can ( and must ) drink sea water without ill effects . ) Historical experiences Some historians have suggested that the mysterious sicknesses afflicting the early English colonists at Jamestown , Virginia ( 1607 -- 1610 ) -- which nearly extinguished the settlement -- reflect sea water poisoning . The settlers arrived in the spring , when the James River water was relatively fresh , but by summer a drought of historical magnitude had rendered it much more brackish . The historical geographer Carville Earle , among others , holds to this view . The temptation to drink seawater was greatest for sailors who had expended their supply of fresh water , and were unable to capture enough rainwater for drinking . This frustration was described famously by a line from Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's epic poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( 1798 ) : `` Water , water , everywhere , And all the boards did shrink ; Water , water , everywhere , Nor any drop to drink . '' Although humans can not survive on seawater alone -- and , indeed , will sicken quickly if they try -- some people have claimed that up to two cups a day , mixed with fresh water in a 2 : 3 ratio , produces no ill effect . During the 18th century , British physician Richard Russell ( 1687 -- 1759 ) advocated the practice as part of medical therapy in his country . ( In the 20th century , René Quinton ( 1866 -- 1925 ) , in France , would also endorse the practice . Currently , the practice is widely used in Nicaragua and other countries , supposedly taking advantage of the latest medical discoveries. ) In his 1948 book , Kon - Tiki , Thor Heyerdahl reported drinking seawater mixed with fresh in a 2 : 3 ratio during the 1947 expedition . The French physician Alain Bombard ( 1924 -- 2005 ) survived an ocean crossing ( 1952 -- 53 ) in a small Zodiac rubber boat using mainly raw fish meat , which contains about 40 percent water ( like most living tissues ) , as well as small amounts of seawater and other provisions harvested from the ocean . His findings were challenged , but an alternative explanation was not given . A few years later , an American sailor and adventurer , William Willis ( 1893 -- 1968 ) , claimed to have drunk two cups of seawater and one cup of fresh per day for 70 days without ill effect when he lost part of his water supply . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Saunders , N. ; Balfe , J.W. ; Laski , B. ( 1976 ) . `` Severe salt poisoning in an infant '' . J. Pediatr. 88 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / s0022 - 3476 ( 76 ) 80992 - 4 . PMID 1249688 . Jump up ^ Paut , O. ; André , N. ; Fabre , P. ; Sobraquès , P. ; Drouet , G. ; Arditti , J. ; Camboulives , J. ( 1999 ) . `` The management of extreme hypernatraemia secondary to salt poisoning in an infant '' . Paediatr . Anaesth. 9 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 174 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1460 - 9592.1999. 9220325. x . PMID 10189662 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Russell ( 2014 ) , '' When Table Salt Becomes Poison '' ; The Daily Beast ( 20 June ) Jump up ^ Carlberg , D.J. ; Borek , H.A. ; Syverud , S.A. ; Holstege , C.P. ( 2013 ) . `` Survival of Acute Hypernatremia Due to Massive Soy Sauce Ingestion '' . J. Emerg . Med. 45 ( 2 ) : 228 -- 231 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jemermed. 2012.11. 109 . PMID 23735849 . Jump up ^ Ofran , Y. ; Lavi , D. ; Opher , D. ; Weiss , T.A. ; Elinav , E. ( 2004 ) . `` Fatal voluntary salt intake resulting in the highest ever documented sodium plasma level in adults ( 255 mmol L ) a disorder linked to female gender and psychiatric disorders '' . J. Intern . Med. 256 ( 6 ) : 525 -- 528 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2796.2004. 01411. x . PMID 15554954 . Jump up ^ `` Can humans drink seawater ? '' . National Ocean Service ( NOAA ) . Jump up ^ `` 29 '' . Shipboard Medicine ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Etzion , Z. ; Yagil , R. ( 1987 ) . `` Metabolic effects in rats drinking increasing concentrations of seawater '' . Comp Biochem Physiol A. 86 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 55 . doi : 10.1016 / 0300 - 9629 ( 87 ) 90275 - 1 . PMID 2881655 . Jump up ^ `` Cohen , Jennie ( 17 Oct 2011 ) , `` Did Jamestown 's Settlers Drink Themselves to Death ? '' ; History.com . Jump up ^ Heyerdahl , Thor ; Lyon , F.H. ( translator ) ( 1950 ) . Kon - Tiki : Across the Pacific by Raft . Rand McNally & Company , Chicago , Ill . Jump up ^ King , Dean ( 2004 ) . Skeletons on the Zahara : a true story of survival . New York : Back Bay Books . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 15935 - 7 . Electrolyte imbalance and acid -- base imbalance ( E86 -- E87 , 276 ) Volume status Volume contraction ( dehydration / hypovolemia ) Hypervolemia Electrolyte Sodium High Hypernatremia Salt poisoning Low Hypotonic Isotonic Potassium High Low Chloride High Low Calcium High Low Acid -- base Acidosis Metabolic : High anion gap Ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis Alcoholic ketoacidosis Lactic Normal anion gap Hyperchloremic Renal tubular Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic Contraction alkalosis Respiratory Both Mixed disorder of acid - base balance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_poisoning&oldid=824724940 '' Categories : Electrolyte disturbances Intoxication Body water Substance intoxication Sodium Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 02 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how do you know if you have salt poisoning	[]	[]
-2329171578444616070	The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)	The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Hamilton , Ontario Cambridge , Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) MGM Television White Oak Pictures The Littlefield Company Daniel Wilson Productions , Inc . Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale The Handmaid 's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood . It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes , with the production beginning in late 2016 . The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 , with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . The series garnered extremely positive reviews and won the 2017 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series , along with seven other Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution . With this chaos in place , the totalitarian , Christian theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war . Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new , militarized , hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes , in which women are brutally subjugated , and by law are not allowed to work , own property , handle money , or read . Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead , called handmaids , according to an `` extremist interpretation '' of a Biblical account . They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite , where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives . June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . She is subject to the strictest rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to her execution . Offred , who is named after her male master like all Handmaids , can remember the `` time before '' , when she was married with a daughter and had her own name and identity , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in the hope that she can someday live free and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred , a Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife , Serena Joy , mother of Hannah and wife of Luke . Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford , a high - ranking government official and Offred 's master , who secretly meets with her to form a connection in the hopes she does n't kill herself like her predecessor . Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding . Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford , Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist who appears to have accepted her new limited role in a society she helped create . Capable of great cruelty , she desperately wants to become a mother . Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen ( later Ofsteven ) , Offred 's Handmaid shopping partner . She is considered a `` gender traitor '' ( a term used in Gilead in reference to homosexuality ) and knows of a resistance movement called Mayday . Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren ( later Ofdaniel ) , a Handmaid with a fragile psyche who has had her right eye removed as punishment for misbehavior . She is convinced her Commander truly loves her and that he wants to run away with her and start a family . Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia , a brutal instructor and guardian of the Handmaids . However , she seems to develop a fondness for Janine / Ofwarren . O.T. Fagbenle as Luke Bankole , June 's husband from before Gilead and father to their daughter Hannah . As June is his second wife , their union is considered invalid in the new society and Hannah to be illegitimate . Max Minghella as Nick Blaine , Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who develops feelings for Offred . Samira Wiley as Moira , June 's best friend since college . With June 's help , she is able to escape her life as a handmaid but ultimately goes to work at one of Gilead 's many unofficial brothels / sex clubs as a `` Jezebel '' named Ruby . She appears to have given up the will to escape Gilead altogether until June gives her the strength to escape again . Recurring ( edit ) Amanda Brugel as Rita , a Martha , or housekeeper . Her son was killed in the Gilead takeover . Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam , Commander Warren Putnam 's wife . She views her baby merely as a status symbol and has no sympathy for the handmaids . Kristen Gutoskie as Beth , a Martha at Jezebel 's . She does business with Nick and appears to have quite an interest in him . Tattiawna Jones as Ofglen # 2 , who replaces Emily in the position after she 's captured by The Eyes . Her new life in Gilead is much better than her old one and she does not want to jeopardize it . However , she is the very first handmaid to refuse to punish Janine / Ofdaniel in the season finale . Nina Kiri as Alma , a handmaid already `` in service '' upon Offred 's arrival . She later becomes a contact to a possible resistance group . Jordana Blake as Hannah Osborne , Offred 's daughter . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) A woman flees from a group of men with guns , but she is captured and separated from her young daughter ; her husband has vanished . She is known as Offred , a handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford . Offred goes grocery shopping with her companion , Ofglen . On the way home , they pass by a wall of men who have been hanged for crimes such as being gay , working in an abortion clinic , and being Catholic . In a flashback , various women are indoctrinated into the handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia , who tells them about declining birth rates and that they are `` special '' , serving a Biblical purpose . Offred enters the room and notices Moira , a woman she knew at college . One woman in the class , Janine , answers Lydia back and is shocked with a cattle prod before having her right eye removed as punishment . In the present , Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred as she lies in the lap of his wife , Serena Joy . The next day , the handmaids gather in an open field where Lydia announces a man has raped a pregnant handmaid . As punishment , the handmaids are allowed to beat him to death . Janine tells Offred that Moira is dead . On the way home , Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son and warns her there is an Eye ( a secret spy ) in her house . Through voiceover , Offred reveals her true name , June , and that she intends to survive to find her daughter . `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Offred and Ofglen go shopping and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other . While they are walking , Offred and Ofglen see St. Paul Catholic Church , the local church they belonged to , being destroyed by the new régime . Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed ; Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information and she reveals that she is part of a resistance against the government . Ofglen asks her to join , but Offred declines . Nick , Commander Waterford 's driver , tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night , which is forbidden . Nick also warns her `` Do n't get too close to ( Ofglen ) . It 's dangerous . '' Offred and other handmaids go to a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren 's ( formerly Janine 's ) child , named `` Angela '' by the Puttnams , but `` Charlotte '' by Ofwarren . In flashbacks , June remembers her own daughter 's birth . During this time , healthy births were rare and a woman tried to kidnap Hannah but was arrested . Offred goes to the Commander 's office , unsure of what will happen , but he just wants to play Scrabble . She laughs with relief when she returns to her room . The next day , Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night but when she goes outside , it 's a different woman who introduces herself as Ofglen . `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) In flashbacks , the rise of Gilead is detailed . June and all the other women at her office are fired because `` it 's the law now '' . June and Moira also learn that the government has frozen all women 's bank accounts and that they can no longer own property . In the present , Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby . Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional and comments on her behaviour to Serena . Nick drives Offred home and there is a black van waiting . Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen . Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible ; for this , Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod . Before she can leave the room , Offred responds by quoting the Bible back : `` Blessed are those who suffer for the cause of righteousness , for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven . '' That would have earned her a much more serious beating but Serena intervenes , yelling at them to stop as she believes that Offred is pregnant . Nick visits Offred in her room to check on her and they share an intimate moment . Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant so Serena angrily drags her to her room and loudly orders her not to come out . In a flashback , June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws that is suppressed by automatic gunfire and explosives . In the present , Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '' , with Ofglen receiving a lesser sentence because she can still bear children . The Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches , sobbing and horrified . Later , Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name , Emily ) wakes up in a clinic , having undergone female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia . `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Offred , who is banished to her room , goes into the closet where she finds the Latin phrase Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum scratched into the wall . Rita , the Commander 's housekeeper , finds Offred lying in the closet but Offred tells her that she fainted . Believing she is ill , Serena has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up . While examining Offred , the physician remarks that the Commander is sterile , because `` most of those guys are '' . He offers to impregnate her but she declines . In flashbacks , Aunt Lydia teaches the handmaids ( including June and Moira ) about the `` Ceremony '' : when the Commander rapes a handmaid . Later , June lures Aunt Elizabeth into the bathroom saying a toilet has overflowed , and Moira threatens the Aunt with a shiv . June and Moira take her to the basement where Moira takes the Aunt 's outfit and they tie her up . June and Moira begin their escape , hoping to leave via train to Boston , which has safehouses . When Moira is asking one of the guards for directions , June is approached by another guard who is suspicious of her being alone . Moira gets on the train , leaving June behind , but June smiles at her to letting her know it 's okay . June is later punished by having her feet whipped . In the present , Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred . Later that night , the Commander and Offred have another game of Scrabble where she asks him about the Latin phrase ; he tells her it means `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . She also inquires about the previous Offred , in which he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable . He makes it known that he does n't want that to happen again and releases Offred from her solitary confinement . 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile . At the grocery store , Offred talks to the original Ofglen , now called Ofsteven , but she is not as responsive as she used to be . During a Ceremony night , The Commander touches Offred 's thigh , which she later tells him never to do again . Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye . At an open - air market , Offred questions Ofsteven about `` Mayday '' , the resistance group . Ofsteven steals one of the guards ' cars and proceeds to drive away ; in the process , she kills a guard by running him over but she is caught and put into a van . Later that day , Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room where she waits by the door while they have Ceremony - like sex . Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship . Offred returns to Nick 's place alone later that night and they share an intimate night . 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Mexican delegates visit the Commander 's home in an effort to create partnerships in trade and see the effects of the Gilead cultural movement . The head of the Mexican delegation is a woman who questions Offred about her experience in Gilead . With great self - control , Offred tells them , `` I have found happiness '' . After the meeting , Offred visits the Commander 's office for their usual discussions where some tensions flare up between them . He asks her to kiss him `` like you mean it '' . She kisses the Commander and leaves , ferociously brushing her teeth afterwards . The handmaids are then taken to a party to honour Gilead and show the foreign delegates their success , including presenting the children of Gilead . Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are interested in fertile women as a commodity to be traded between the two nations . The next day , as the delegates are leaving , Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead . She pleads for their help , but the Mexican ambassador claims that she can not help Offred and explains her own country 's dire situation . When Offred is left alone with the ambassador 's assistant , he claims her husband is alive and that he can send a message to him . Flashbacks detail Serena and Fred 's life before and during the beginnings of the Gilead movement . Serena is revealed to have been a conservative cultural activist during the `` life before '' , with a passion and intelligence equal to that of her husband 's ( as well as a special fondness for movie popcorn ) . She even wrote a book about her beliefs , titled A Woman 's Place , which contained the famous line `` do not mistake a woman 's meekness for weakness '' . However , after the takeover , she is shown to be completely shut out of the new government planning ( to Fred 's dismay ) . Rather symbolically , as she prepares to accept her new limited role in the society she helped create , a copy of her book is seen being thrown out in the trash . 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) The episode chronicles the story of Luke after he is separated from his wife and daughter . Luke is shot by Gileadan guards and taken in an ambulance to be interrogated . He escapes when the ambulance gets into an accident and he takes some supplies with him . Evidence of the country 's violent takeover is everywhere . After passing out from his wounds , he is awoken by a resistance group ( viewed as `` undesirables '' by Gilead ) who are traveling to Canada ; these survivors included a Roman Catholic nun , an escaped handmaid , a homosexual man and a daughter of a US army soldier . Initially reluctant , Luke joins them after one of the survivors , Zoe , shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged local townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting . As they are boarding a boat , they are shot at by Gileadan guards , who kill several members of the group . Luke and one of the members , a mute blonde woman who was being trained as a handmaid , survive and flee . Flashbacks prior to Luke , June and their daughter Hannah being separated are detailed . June and Luke get help from Mr. Whitford , a man who knew June 's mother . He drives them safely out of town and drops them off at a secluded cabin in the woods . Luke and June wait as Mr. Whitford gets documentation for them to escape to Canada . They are confronted by a hunter , who tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged . But the man says he can help them get over the border . Three years later , Luke and the mute blonde woman are living safely in `` Little America '' , based in Toronto , Ontario . Missing person flyers are posted everywhere in the main administrative office . Luke receives the letter from June , which reads `` I love you so much . Save Hannah . '' 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night . Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel where prostitutes known as `` Jezebels '' work . Offred spots Moira working in the club and they briefly reunite . Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas . Offred goes to see Moira again , where she explains to Offred about how Quakers tried to help her escape , but were caught . Moira had the choice of either being sent to the colonies or one of the brothels . Moira tells Offred , `` Forget about escaping . This is Gilead . No one gets out . '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive . Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his handmaids . There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred , with Serena pointedly saying to her husband , `` What did you think was going to happen ? '' In the present , after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home , he ends his relationship with Offred , which upsets and angers her . Offred receives a gift from Serena , a music box . The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall . 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Ofwarren 's daughter is presented to Commander Putnam and his wife . Offred is worried about Ofwarren 's mental state but Aunt Lydia informs her that `` she 's tougher than you think '' . Ofwarren , now known as Ofdaniel , is taken to her new home . During her first Ceremony night with her new Commander , Ofdaniel forcefully stops it and sobs . At the market , Alma pulls Offred aside and lets her know that she knows about the resistance group `` Mayday '' . Alma tells her to retrieve a package from Jezebel 's . Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that very night . After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room , he presents Moira as he believes a sexual attraction between the two was the reason Offred wanted to come back . Offred talks to Moira about having her retrieve the package from the bar , but she refuses , which angers Offred . Moira seems to have completely given up . Back at the house , Offred is awoken by Serena , who takes her to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with Charlotte . Various Gileadan guards , the Putnams , Waterfords , and Aunt Lydia are also present . Ofdaniel loudly accuses Commander Putnam of lying to her and accuses him of having promised to leave his wife for her . Offred is able to convince Ofdaniel to give her the child but Ofdaniel jumps , attempting suicide . She is pulled out by the guards and lies comatose in hospital with Aunt Lydia by her side , who calls her `` stupid '' . Commander Putnam is later seen being led into a black van by guards due to the accusations made by Ofdaniel . Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam and offers help with the baby , which she curtly refuses . Mrs. Putnam then reminds Serena of the first Offred , saying that `` men do n't change '' . Serena is seen going into Fred 's office . At the market , Offred is given a package by the butcher , sent by Moira from Jezebels . At the brothel , Moira kills a client and takes his clothes , jubilantly driving off in his car . 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) This episode begins with a flashback to when June was first captured and sent to the red center , receiving her first indoctrination lesson from Aunt Lydia . Serena discovers the trips to Jezebel 's and strikes Offred in anger before forcing her to take a pregnancy test , which is positive . Serena then directs her anger at her husband , telling him about the pregnancy and that the child is not his . She also says he is weak and that God would never allow him to pass on that weakness . On learning the news , Nick shares a brief , tender moment with Offred . Serena and Offred visit the house that Offred 's daughter , Hannah , now lives ; Offred can see her daughter through a gate . While Serena does not allow Offred to reveal herself to Hannah , she assures her that she is doing fine . Serena also warns Offred that as long as nothing bad happens to her child , nothing bad will happen to Hannah . Offred furiously curses Serena in a breathless rant , only to be told to be quiet ; yelling is not good for the baby . Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial : he himself is all for leniency but is told there have been too many occurrences of this kind of sin recently and an example has to be made . Mrs. Putnam herself has asked that her husband receive the harshest punishment possible , as she fears for his immortal soul . Ultimately , Putnam 's left hand is amputated . In the evening , Offred pleads with Fred to protect her daughter . He asks if he is the father of her child and she says `` of course '' , to which he replies `` you do that so well . '' Later , Fred is seen being quite gentle and conciliatory towards Serena . The package from Jezebel 's is revealed to contain letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover . Later , a somewhat emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the handmaids for an execution : they are to stone someone who has endangered a child . The convict turns out to be Janine / Ofdaniel . The handmaids hesitate and Ofglen # 2 is brutally beaten when she breaks rank and voices her angry refusal . The other women , beginning with Offred , drop their stones , each saying `` I 'm sorry , Aunt Lydia '' ( a phrase they were taught early in their indoctrination ) . The guards are ready to kill them all , but Aunt Lydia frantically tells them that the handmaids are her responsibility . She tells the women to go home , assuring them that there will be consequences . Not long after , a black van comes for Offred , much to Fred and Serena 's surprise and indignation . Nick quietly urges her to trust him and go with them . As she is being led out , Offred whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters . In a side story , Moira makes it to Canada and is reunited with Luke . Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016 , with Elisabeth Moss set to star . Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , the series was created by Bruce Miller , who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , and Warren Littlefield . Atwood serves as consulting producer giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands or modernizes the book , , and also had a small cameo role in the first episode . Moss is also a producer . In June 2016 , Reed Morano was announced as director of the series . Samira Wiley , Max Minghella , and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016 . Joseph Fiennes , Madeline Brewer and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016 , followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016 . In October 2016 , Ever Carradine joined the cast , and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017 . Filming on the series took place in Toronto , Mississauga , Hamilton , and Cambridge , Ontario from September 2016 to February 2017 . The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23 , 2017 . The series premiered on April 26 , 2017 . On May 3 , 2017 , The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes will cover further developments in the story , filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book . The second season will consist of 13 episodes and will begin filming in fall 2017 . Alexis Bledel will return as a series regular . Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned ten seasons of the show , stating `` Well , you know , honestly , when I started , I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like ? If you hit a home run , you want energy to go around the bases , you want enough story to keep going , if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale . '' Broadcast ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 , with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis . In Canada , the series is broadcast by Bravo , beginning with the first two episodes premiering on April 30 . In Scandinavia , the series is available on HBO Nordic . In the UK and Ireland , the series premiered on May 28 , 2017 and airs every Sunday on Channel 4 . In New Zealand , the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8 , 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand on July 6 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale has received high acclaim from television critics . On Metacritic , it has a score of 92 out of 100 based on 40 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The season has a 99 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 8.94 out of 10 based on 88 reviews . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Haunting and vivid , The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show and certainly its most important '' . Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review , and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian , sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced , brutal , visually stunning , and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale '' . There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , the book it is based on ) and American society following Donald Trump 's and Mike Pence 's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States , respectively . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipients Result 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano for `` Offred '' Won Kate Dennis for `` The Bridge '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott , Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series , Limited Series , or Movie Ane Crabtree , Sheena Wichary for `` Offred '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff , Evan Webber , Sophie Neudorfer for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor , Stephen Lebed , Leo Bovell , Martin O'Brien , Winston Lee , Kelly Knauff , Zach Dembinski , Mike Suta , Cameron Kerr for `` Birth Day '' Nominated TCA Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse , caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( June 22 , 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pacatte , Rose ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression , silent sisterhood '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . They walk past a priest , doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge , Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized , being torn down . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . In the screen version , Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's , their local church . Jump up ^ Sabelhaus , Kate Jackson ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . On their stroll , they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's , a historic cathedral in Boston . Burned and bombed , it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII . Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism , which took place there years prior , and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City . `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River . They erased it . '' Upon hearing this bit of news , Offred asks , `` How do you know that ? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house ? '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap , Episode 7 : The Other Side '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late '' . Wired . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . The group has a plan to escape , but Luke wo n't go , refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ) , one of the rebels , shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist . Jump up ^ Blunt , Tom ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side '' . Signature Reads . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Finally , one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building , driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within . This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call , underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution , it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary - A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Following her great escape from Handmaid training , Moira is helped by a Quaker family . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1 , Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Since we last saw the escapee , she made it to Boston , hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country . She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city . `` They shot the guys who helped me , '' Moira sadly tells Offred , adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence , '' she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingfelder , Sadie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Margaret ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Katie ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto '' . Playback . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars , Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer , Three - Episode Premiere '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic '' . SoundVenue ( in Danish ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Casey , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand '' . SBS . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Take and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours `` . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Take and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Westworld ' and ' Saturday Night Live ' lead the 2017 Emmy nominations . Here 's the complete list '' . Los Angeles Times . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . 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Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)&oldid=801202757 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows Dystopian television series English - language television programs Feminist fiction Hulu original programs Margaret Atwood Nonlinear narrative television series Post-apocalyptic television series Television programs based on Canadian novels Television series produced in Toronto Works about totalitarianism Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Use mdy dates from July 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 08 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new season of handmaids tale come out	[ "On May 3, 2017, The Handmaid's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018.[32] Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes will cover further developments in the story, filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already \"finished\" in the book.[33] The second season will consist of 13 episodes and will begin filming in fall 2017.[34] Alexis Bledel will return as a series regular. Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned ten seasons of the show, stating \"Well, you know, honestly, when I started, I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like? If you hit a home run, you want energy to go around the bases, you want enough story to keep going, if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they’re actually crying at the finale.\"[35]" ]	[ "2018" ]
651603109616189384	On the Way to Cape May	On the Way to Cape May - wikipedia On the Way to Cape May `` On The Way To Cape May '' is a song that has become a Jersey Shore sound summertime anthem for the Philadelphia / Delaware Valley and South Jersey Shore area . It was written by Maurice `` Buddy '' Nugent according to BMI and The Philadelphia Inquirer . The song became popular without the push of a major record label . Originally , the tune circulated from one band to another around Cape May County in the second half of the 20th century . Early versions came from singers like Daddy Beans and Don Cornell . Cozy Morley advanced its popularity with his large local following . The song became even more locally widespread when Al Alberts recorded it and increased its broadcast exposure on radio and TV . Today , the top selling version is the Philly Cuzz rendition , which has a Bobby Darin inspired arrangement . It has become popular in a variety of 21st century media , such as XM satellite and internet radio , and also enjoys regular airplay on many Delaware Valley AM and FM stations . The lyrics are about a love story and journey which begins with the intro mentioning Ocean City . Traveling southward , the lyrics then continue with mentions of Sea Isle City ; Avalon ; Stone Harbor ; Wildwood coming into view and talks of marriage around the town of Cape May Court House . The words never actually say anything about the town of Cape May . And though that town is the target destination , it 's more about a journey through Cape May County . The `` Breakfast Club '' on 98.1 WOGL plays the Al Alberts version every Friday morning between the Friday preceding Memorial Day through and including the Friday before Labor Day . Harry Kalas , the 2002 Ford C. Frick Award winner honored by the Baseball Hall of Fame , who was the late voice of the Philadelphia Phillies , had an avid affection for this song and can be seen singing the chorus at the end of the WHYY - TV biography produced in 2004 . As per the Cape May County library ( edit ) `` A love story that begins in Ocean City and wends its way along the Jersey Shore through Sea Isle City , Avalon , Stone Harbor , Cape May Court House , Wildwood , and romantic Cape May . '' ( Words and music by Bud Nugent , 1960 ) . Popular comedian Cozy Morley , who owned a nightclub in Wildwood for many years ( a life - size statue of him now stands in front of his nightclub ) , made `` On the Way to Cape May '' his signature song and performed it many times during his acts in the Philadelphia - South Jersey region . He lived in Collingswood , NJ , for many years and retired to Wildwood . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cape May County Herald obit for Alberts , dated 2009 - 11 - 29 Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 External links ( edit ) Lyrics as found on the Cape May County Library Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Way_to_Cape_May&oldid=794447268 '' Categories : Regional songs Culture of Philadelphia Cape May , New Jersey North American anthems Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 02 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	on the way to cape may the song	[]	[]
5822217179078424877	Return to Oz	Return to Oz - wikipedia Return to Oz Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Return to Oz ( disambiguation ) . Return to Oz Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Walter Murch Produced by Paul Maslansky Written by Gill Dennis Walter Murch Based on The Marvelous Land of Oz and Ozma of Oz by L. Frank Baum Starring Nicol Williamson Jean Marsh Piper Laurie Fairuza Balk Music by David Shire Cinematography David Watkin Freddie Francis Edited by Leslie Hodgson Production company Walt Disney Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date June 21 , 1985 ( 1985 - 06 - 21 ) ( United States ) July 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 07 - 10 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $28 million Box office $11.1 million ( USA ) Oz portal Return to Oz is a 1985 fantasy adventure film directed and written by Walter Murch , an editor and sound designer , co-written by Gill Dennis and produced by Paul Maslansky . It stars Nicol Williamson as the Nome King , Jean Marsh as Princess Mombi , Piper Laurie as Aunt Em , Matt Clark as Uncle Henry and introduces Fairuza Balk as Dorothy Gale . It is loosely based on L. Frank Baum 's Oz novels , mainly The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) and Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) , yet is set six months after the events of the first novel , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) took place . Although it is not a sequel to the 1939 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film , The Wizard of Oz , it borrows a few elements of it such as the ruby slippers . The plot focuses on an insomniac Dorothy , who returns to the Land of Oz only to discover that the entire country and its inhabitants are facing near extinction at the hands of a villainous king who dwells in a neighboring mountain . Upon her second arrival , she , alongside her pet hen , Billina , befriend a group of new companions , including Tik - Tok , Jack Pumpkinhead and the flying Gump . Together they set out on a quest to save Oz and restore it to its former glory . Murch was interested in making another Oz story , while The Walt Disney Company had a long failed history of producing a film adaptation of Baum 's novels dating back to the 1930s . Disney bought the rights to his novels in the 1950s , but never used them . After Return to Oz , Disney lost the film rights to the Oz novels , and they were subsequently reverted to the public domain . Released on June 21 , 1985 by Walt Disney Pictures , the film performed poorly at the box office , grossing $11.1 million in the United States against a $28 million budget , and received mixed reviews from critics . However , it performed well outside the U.S and is considered by fans as a more faithful adaptation of the book series than the 1939 classic , and has since acquired a cult following . The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Release 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In October 1899 , six months after returning home from the Land of Oz , Dorothy Gale is melancholic . Her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry take her to Dr. Worley , known for his electrotherapy treatments , and leave her under the care of Nurse Wilson . During a thunderstorm , the lab suffers a blackout and Dorothy is saved by a mysterious girl . They escape with Nurse Wilson in pursuit , and fall into a river . Dorothy clambers aboard a chicken coop , but the other girl appears to have vanished underwater . Upon awakening , Dorothy finds herself back in Oz with her chicken Billina , who can now talk . They find the Emerald City in ruins and its citizens ( including the Tin Woodman and Cowardly Lion ) turned to stone . Pursued by Wheelers ( humans who have wheels instead of hands and feet ) , Dorothy and Billina hide in a room accessed by a glyph key Billina earlier had found . They meet a mechanical man , Tik - Tok , who explains that King Scarecrow has been captured by the Nome King , a subterranean demon who is responsible for the Emerald City 's destruction . The three visit princess Mombi in hopes of getting more information , but she is working with the Nome King and imprisons them . Dorothy , Billina , and Tik - Tok meet Jack Pumpkinhead , who explains he was brought to life via Mombi 's Powder of Life . Dorothy uses the powder to vivify the Gump , the head of a moose - like animal whose body they put together using two sofas , palm leaves , a broom , and rope . Using the Gump as transport , the group escapes and flies across the Deadly Desert to reach the Nome King 's mountain . In his underground domain , the Nome King tells Dorothy that the Scarecrow stole the emeralds from him to build the Emerald City , and should be punished . He does not listen when Dorothy protests that the emeralds preceded the Scarecrow at the city . The Scarecrow has been turned into an ornament , and the group has three guesses each to identify which one he is , or they will be turned into ornaments themselves . The Gump , Jack and Tik - Tok each fail and are turned into ornaments . The Nome King gives Dorothy the chance to go home unscathed since he has her discarded ruby slippers , but Dorothy refuses to use them to leave her companions . On Dorothy 's last guess , she locates the Scarecrow , having deduced that people from Oz turn into green ornaments . The hunt for green ornaments yields Jack and Gump , but the enraged Nome King , who has trapped Mombi in a cage , confronts Dorothy and company and transforms in a monstrous form where he eats the Gump 's couch body . He tries to eat Jack , but Billina , hiding in Jack 's head , lays an egg in fright and it falls into the Nome King 's mouth . Due to eggs being toxic to Nomes , the Nome King and his subterranean kingdom crumble to pieces all around Dorothy and her friends . Dorothy finds the ruby slippers and wishes she and her friends be returned to a restored Emerald City . There , they mourn the loss of Tik - Tok until Billina notices a green medal stuck to one of the Gump 's antlers ; Dorothy uses one more `` guess '' and Tik - Tok materializes . At a celebration , Dorothy is asked to be Queen of Oz but refuses , realizing she must return to Kansas eventually . She learns that the girl who helped her escape the hospital is Princess Ozma , Jack 's long - lost creator , and the rightful ruler of Oz , who had been enchanted by Mombi at the Nome King 's request . Ozma forgives the no - longer - magical Mombi . She takes her place on the throne and Dorothy hands over the ruby slippers . Billina opts to stay in Oz . Ozma sends Dorothy home , promising that Dorothy is welcome to return . Back in Kansas , Dorothy 's family finds her on a riverbank . Aunt Em reveals that Worley 's hospital was struck by lightning and burned down , and Worley died trying to save his machines . They see Nurse Wilson , arrested and locked in a cage on a horse buggy . Upon returning to the farmhouse , Dorothy sees Billina and Ozma peering at her through her bedroom mirror . When Dorothy entreats Aunt Em to come to her room to see Ozma , Ozma silently instructs her to keep her and Oz a secret . Cast ( edit ) Fairuza Balk as Dorothy Gale Nicol Williamson as Dr. Worley / Nome King Jean Marsh as Nurse Wilson / Mombi Piper Laurie as Aunt Em Matt Clark as Uncle Henry Michael Sundin & Tim Rose as Tik - Tok ( puppeteers ) Sean Barrett as Tik - Tok ( voice ) Mak Wilson as Billina ( puppeteer ) Denise Bryer as Billina ( voice ) Brian Henson & Stewart Larange as Jack Pumpkinhead ( puppeteers ) Brian Henson as Jack Pumpkinhead ( voice ) Lyle Conway & Steve Norrington as The Gump ( puppeteer ) Lyle Conway as the Gump ( voice ) Justin Case as the Scarecrow John Alexander as the Cowardly Lion , Wheeler Deep Roy as the Tin Woodman Emma Ridley as the Girl at the hospital / Princess Ozma Pons Maar as Lead Wheeler , Nome Messenger , and one of Nurse Wilson 's assistants Sophie Ward as Mombi II Fiona Victory as Mombi III Bruce Boa as Policeman Tansy as Toto Production ( edit ) Walter Murch began development on the film in 1980 , during a brainstorming session with Walt Disney Productions production chief Tom Wilhite . `` It was just a fishing expedition on both of our parts , '' Murch remembered . `` But one of the questions he asked was , ' What are you interested in that you think we might also be interested in ? ' , and I said , ' Another Oz story . ' ... And Tom sort of straightened up in his chair because it turned out , unbeknownst to me , that Disney owned the rights to all of the Oz stories . And they were particularly interested in doing something with them because the copyright was going to run out in the next five years . '' The film is based on the second and third Oz books , The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) and Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) . The element about Tik - Tok being `` The Royal Army of Oz '' derives from Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) , in which he is made the Royal Army of Oogaboo , and also makes frequent cries of `` Pick me up ! '' That book was itself based on a dramatic production , The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) . Murch also used the book Wisconsin Death Trip as a historical source for the film . Murch took a decidedly darker take on Baum 's source material than the 1939 adaptation , which he knew starting out would be a gamble . Between the development period and actual shooting , there was a change of leadership at the Walt Disney studios ( with Wilhite being replaced by Richard Berger ) , and the movie 's budget increased . Once shooting began , Murch began to fall behind schedule , and there was further pressure from the studio , leading to Murch being fired as director for a short period . George Lucas and other high - profile filmmakers including Francis Ford Coppola supported Murch in discussions with the studio , and Murch was reinstated and finished the film . The film was developed and produced without the involvement of Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , the studio behind the 1939 film . No approval was necessary , because by 1985 , the Oz books on which it was based were in the public domain , and the subsequent Oz books had been optioned to Disney many years earlier . A large fee was paid , however , to use the ruby slippers , which were still the intellectual property of MGM at the time ( as they had been created specifically for the 1939 film to replace the Silver Shoes of the original stories ) . Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews upon its release . The film - critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes records 55 % positive reviews based on 22 reviews . Those who were familiar with the Oz books praised its faithfulness to the source material of L. Frank Baum . However , many critics described its tone and overall content as slightly too dark and intense for young children . `` Children are sure to be startled by its bleakness , '' said The New York Times ' Janet Maslin . Canadian film critic Jay Scott felt the protagonists were too creepy and weird for viewers to relate or sympathize with : `` Dorothy 's friends are as weird as her enemies , which is faithful to the original Oz books but turns out not to be a virtue on film , where the eerie has a tendency to remain eerie no matter how often we 're told it 's not . '' `` It 's bleak , creepy , and occasionally terrifying , '' added Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader . It earned $2,844,895 in its opening weekend , finishing in seventh place . It ultimately grossed $11,137,801 in North America . The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects , but lost to Cocoon . Fairuza Balk and Emma Ridley were nominated for Young Artist Awards . It received two Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film ( lost to Ladyhawke ) and Best Younger Actor for Fairuza Balk ( who lost to Barret Oliver for D.A.R.Y.L. ) . The film 's interpretation of Oz is featured in the Storybook Land Canal Boats attraction at Disneyland Paris . Amelie Gillette of The A.V. Club frequently refers to its dark nature as unsuitable for its intended audience of young children despite it being one of her favorite movies growing up . Family Films Productions is producing a documentary about the movie , Remembering Return to Oz . The film features cast and crew sharing memories about the film . The film features the director Walter Murch , alongside Gary Kurtz , Paul Maslansky , David Shire , and other crew members . Fairuza Balk , Emma Ridley , Pons Maar , and other cast from the 1985 are also being featured . A short film , `` Reflections in the Mirror '' which is being labeled as a `` spin - off '' to Disney 's Return to Oz was produced in August of 2017 . A young man named Randy ( Randy Bruce ) knows that the Land of Oz is calling his name as he has a big obsession with the 1985 film , Return to Oz . After he goes to sleep - he goes on a journey and mysteriously finds different objects from the Land of Oz throughout a park . Later in the dream , we meet ( older Randy ) ( Jason Smither ) it is about 15 years later and Randy ( now older ) still enjoys the Return to Oz film . During the dream , he encounters even a headless witch . The film stars Randy Bruce as young Randy and Jason Smither as Randy 15 years later . Michael Williams , Producer of Ozland & The Atoning has praised the film saying , `` Reflections in the Mirror '' is an affectionate look at `` Return to Oz '' from the perspective of a true fan . It makes you want to revisit the original cult classic . Release ( edit ) The film has been released to VHS , beta , laserdisc , DVD , and Blu - Ray over the years . The initial release , to VHS , laserdisc , and Beta , occurred in December 1985 shortly after the theatrical release , with the VHS initially priced with a list price of $79.95 . Disney reissued it in 1992 with alternate cover art . In 1999 , Anchor Bay Entertainment , who had obtained the home video rights to several titles from Disney 's live - action catalogue , issued the film on full - screen and letterbox VHS , as well as a DVD release featuring both versions . All three releases featured an intro by Fairuza Balk before the film and an interview featurette with her after it . All three versions went out of print shortly after their release . In 2004 , Disney released their own DVD , which dropped the Anchor Bay disc 's fullscreen version and added anamorphic enhancement for 16 : 9 TV 's for the widescreen version , upgraded the audio to 5.1 surround , retained the Anchor Bay disc 's extras , and added four TV spots and a theatrical trailer . In 2015 , Disney released a 30th Anniversary Edition of the film on Blu - Ray exclusively through the Disney Movie Club , featuring a newly remastered and cleaned up transfer and DTS Master Audio 5.1 sound , but none of the bonus features from the 2004 DVD . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Disasters Outnumber Movie Hits '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2011 ) . American Hollywood . Intellect Books . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 415 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Exclusive : A ' Return to Oz ' '' . ET Online . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , Bill . `` A Conversation with Walter Murch '' . Film Freak Central . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ondaatje , Michael ( 2002 ) . The Conversations : Walter Murch and the Art of Editing Film . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Lakeland Ledger - Jun 23 , 1985 , page 65 , retrieved 11 - August - 2012 Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1985 - 06 - 21 ) . `` A New ' Oz ' Gives Dorothy New Friends '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Scott , Jay . `` Return to Oz '' . Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` Return to Oz '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ June 21 -- 23 , 1985 Weekend Jump up ^ Return to Oz @ Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Childhood Scares '' . A.V Scares. April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.waltdisneysreturntooz.com ^ Jump up to : http://www.familyfilmsproductions.com External links ( edit ) Official website Return to Oz on IMDb Return to Oz at AllMovie Return to Oz at Rotten Tomatoes Return to Oz at Box Office Mojo The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_to_Oz&oldid=809740651 '' Categories : 1985 films English - language films 1980s adventure films 1980s fantasy films American films American fantasy adventure films American sequel films British films British sequel films Dark fantasy films Directorial debut films Films shot at Elstree Studios Fantasy adventure films Films using stop - motion animation Films about psychiatry Films based on American novels Films based on fantasy novels Films based on multiple works of a series Films set in 1899 Films set in Kansas Films with live action and animation Oz in stage and film productions Walt Disney Pictures films Films set in psychiatric hospitals Apocalyptic films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 02 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the sequel to the wizard of oz	[ "Return to Oz is a 1985 fantasy adventure film directed and written by Walter Murch, an editor and sound designer, co-written by Gill Dennis and produced by Paul Maslansky. It stars Nicol Williamson as the Nome King, Jean Marsh as Princess Mombi, Piper Laurie as Aunt Em, Matt Clark as Uncle Henry and introduces Fairuza Balk as Dorothy Gale. It is loosely based on L. Frank Baum's Oz novels, mainly The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) and Ozma of Oz (1907), yet is set six months after the events of the first novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) took place. Although it is not a sequel to the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film, The Wizard of Oz, it borrows a few elements of it such as the ruby slippers." ]	[ "The Marvelous Land of Oz" ]
-7276919337251630925	List of largest stars	List of largest stars - wikipedia List of largest stars Not to be confused with List of most massive stars . This article possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text . Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Relative sizes of the planets in the Solar System and several well - known stars : Mercury < Mars < Venus < Earth Earth < Neptune < Uranus < Saturn < Jupiter Jupiter < Proxima Centauri < Sun < Sirius A Sirius A < Pollux < Arcturus < Aldebaran Aldebaran < Rigel A < Antares A < Betelgeuse Betelgeuse < Mu Cephei < VV Cephei A < VY Canis Majoris Below is an ordered list of the largest stars currently known by radius . The unit of measurement used is the radius of the Sun ( approximately 695,700 km ; 432,288 mi ) . The exact order of this list is very incomplete , as great uncertainties currently remain , especially when deriving various important parameters used in calculations , such as stellar luminosity and effective temperature . Often stellar radii can only be expressed as an average or within a large range of values . Values for stellar radii vary significantly in sources and throughout the literature , mostly as the boundary of the very tenuous atmosphere ( opacity ) greatly differs depending on the wavelength of light in which the star is observed . Radii of several stars can be directly obtained by stellar interferometry . Other methods can use lunar occultations or from eclipsing binaries , which can be used to test other indirect methods of finding true stellar size . Only a few useful supergiant stars can be occulted by the Moon , including Antares and Aldebaran . Examples of eclipsing binaries include Epsilon Aurigae , VV Cephei , and HR 5171 . Contents 1 Caveats 2 Extragalactic large stars 3 List 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Caveats UY Scuti as seen in visible light . Complex issues exist in determining the true radii of the largest stars , which in many cases do display significant errors . The following lists are generally based on various considerations or assumptions that include : Largest stars are usually expressed in units of the solar radius ( R ) , where 1.00 R equals 695,700 kilometres . Stellar radii or diameters are usually only approximated using Stefan -- Boltzmann law for the deduced stellar luminosity and effective surface temperature ; Stellar distances , and their errors , for most , remain uncertain or poorly determined ; Many supergiant stars have extended atmospheres and many are embedded within opaque dust shells , making their true effective temperatures highly uncertain ; Many extended supergiant atmospheres also significantly change in size over time , regularly or irregularly pulsating over several months or years as variable stars . This makes adopted luminosities poorly known and may significantly change the quoted radii ; Other direct methods for determining stellar radii , rely on lunar occultations or from eclipses in binary systems . This is only possible for a very small number of stars ; Based on various theoretical evolutionary models , few stars will exceed 1,500 -- 2,000 times the Sun ( roughly 3,715 K and M = − 9 ) . Such limits maybe also depend on the stellar metallicity . Extragalactic large stars In this list are some examples of more distant extragalactic stars , which may have slightly different properties and natures than the currently largest known stars in the Milky Way : Some red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds are suspected to have slightly different limiting temperatures and luminosities . Such stars may exceed accepted limits by undergoing large eruptions or change their spectral types over just a few months . Humphreys et al. , for example , calculates the maximum size for a Magellanic cloud star as ~ 2,600 R . A survey of the Magellanic Clouds has catalogued many red supergiants , where more than 50 of them exceed 700 R ( 490,000,000 km ; 3.3 AU ; 300,000,000 mi ) . Largest of these is about 1,200 -- 1,300 R . List This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . List of the largest stars Star name Solar radii ( Sun = 1 ) Method Notes Orbit of Saturn 1,940 -- 2,169 Reported for reference UY Scuti 1,708 ± 192 AD The quoted size was based on an angular diameter and distance of 2.9 kpc . Gaia Data Release 2 suggests a much closer distance and consequently smaller radius . WOH G64 1,540 -- 1,730 L / T This would be the largest star in the LMC , but is unusual in position and motion and might still be a foreground halo giant . RW Cephei 1,535 L / T RW Cep is variable both in brightness ( by at least a factor of 3 ) and spectral type ( observed from G8 to M ) , thus probably also in diameter . Because the spectral type and temperature at maximum luminosity are not known , the quoted size is just an estimate . Westerlund 1 - 26 1,530 -- 1,580 ( -- 2,550 ) L / T Very uncertain parameters for an unusual star with strong radio emission . The spectrum is variable but apparently the luminosity is not . HD 143183 1,480 -- 1,830 L / T VY Canis Majoris 1,420 ± 120 AD The size of VY CMa was revised in 2012 through newly improved measurements which result this value being the highest among well - characterized stars . Other stars could be larger but they could have less accurate radius estimates . KY Cygni 1,420 -- 2,850 L / T The upper estimate is due to an unusual K - band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error , and is thought to be against stellar evolutionary theory . The lower estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models . AH Scorpii 1,411 ± 124 AD AH Sco is variable by nearly 3 magnitudes in the visual range , and an estimated 20 % in total luminosity . The variation in diameter is not clear because the temperature also varies . RSGC1 - F02 1,398 L / T IRAS 04509 - 6922 1,360 L / T RSGC1 - F01 1,335 L / T HR 5171 A 1,315 ± 260 , 1,575 ± 400 AD HR 5171 A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system , losing mass to the secondary , and is also variable in temperature , thus probably also in diameter . Traditionally , it is considered as the largest known yellow hypergiant , although the latest research suggests it is a red supergiant with a radius of 1,490 ± 540 R . SMC 18136 1,310 Largest star in the Small Magellanic Cloud IRAS 05280 - 6910 1,260 - 1,738 L / T Mu Cephei ( Herschel 's `` Garnet Star '' ) 1,260 Prototype of the obsolete class of the Mu Cephei variables and also the reddest star in the night sky in terms of the B-V color index . Other recent estimates range from 650 R to 1,420 R LMC 136042 1,240 BI Cygni 1,240 L / T Westerlund 1 - 237 1,233 L / T SMC 5092 1,220 S Persei 1,212 ± 124 AD & L / T A red hypergiant localed in the Perseus Double Cluster . A large radius of 1,230 R is due to an unusual K - band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error . A small radius of 780 R is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models . LMC 175464 1,200 LMC 135720 1,200 IRC - 10414 1,200 IRC - 10414 is a rare red supergiant companion to WR 114 that has a bow shock . PZ Cassiopeiae 1,190 -- 1,940 L / T The upper estimate is due to an unusual K - band measurement and thought to be an artefact of a reddening correction error . The lower estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models , and the intermediate ones have been obtained refining the distance to this star , and thus its parameters . SMC 69886 1,190 NML Cygni 1,183 L / T RSGC1 - F05 1,177 L / T EV Carinae 1,168 - 2,880 L / T RSGC1 - F03 1,168 L / T LMC 119219 1,150 RSGC1 - F08 1,146 L / T BC Cygni 1,140 - 1,230 L / T BC Cyg is calculated to vary in size from 856 R to 1,553 R . MY Cephei 1,134 L / T One of the coolest known red supergiants . SMC 10889 1,130 VX Sagittarii 1,120 - 1,550 L / T VX Sgr is a pulsating variable calculated to vary in size from 1,350 R to 1,940 R . LMC 141430 1,110 IRAS 04516 - 6902 1,100 L / T LMC 175746 1,100 RSGC1 - F13 1,098 L / T RT Carinae 1,090 L / T RSGC1 - F04 1,082 L / T LMC 174714 1,080 LMC 68125 1,080 SMC 49478 1,080 SMC 20133 1,080 V396 Centauri 1,070 L / T SMC 8930 1,070 Orbit of Jupiter 1,064 -- 1,173 Reported for reference HV 11423 1,060 -- 1,220 L / T HV 11423 is variable in spectral type ( observed from K0 to M5 ) , thus probably also in diameter . In October 1978 , it was a star of M0I type . CK Carinae 1,060 L / T SMC 25879 1,060 VV Cephei A 1,050 - 1,900 VV Cep A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system , losing mass to the secondary for at least part of its orbit . Data from the most recent eclipse has cast additional doubt on the accepted model of the system . It is among the largest stars visible to the naked eye . LMC 142202 1,050 LMC 146126 1,050 LMC 67982 1,040 U Lacertae 1,022 L / T RSGC1 - F11 1,015 L / T W Persei 1,011 L / T LMC 143877 1,010 KW Sagittarii 1,009 - 1,460 AD & L / T Margin of possible error : ± 142 R . RSGC1 - F12 1,005 L / T Progenitor of SN 2017eaw 1,000 -- 2,000 Localed in NGC 6946 SMC 46497 990 LMC 140296 990 RSGC1 - F09 986 L / T NR Vulpeculae 980 L / T SMC 12322 980 LMC 177997 980 SMC 59803 970 Westerlund 1 - 20 965 L / T GCIRS 7 960 -- 1,000 AD At the galactic center . Margin of possible error : ± 92 R or ± 150 R . Betelgeuse ( Alpha Orionis ) 7002955000000000000 ♠ 955 ± 217 AD Star with the third largest apparent size after R Doradus and the Sun . Other estimates range from 887 ± 203 R to 1,180 R SMC 50840 950 J004424. 94 + 412322.3 945 -- 1,300 L / T Located in the Andromeda Galaxy . RSGC1 - F10 931 L / T S Cassiopeiae 930 IX Carinae 920 L / T HV 2112 916 L / T Most likely candidate for a Thorne - Zytkow Object . RSGC1 - F07 910 L / T LMC 54365 900 IRAS 04498 - 6842 900 -- 1,660 L / T NSV 25875 891 L / T LMC 109106 890 RSGC1 - F06 885 L / T LMC 116895 880 SMC 30616 880 LMC 64048 880 IRAS 05558 - 7000 880 L / T V437 Scuti 874 L / T IRAS 04407 - 7000 870 L / T IRAS 05329 - 6708 870 L / T V602 Carinae 860 -- 1,050 L / T & AD Margin of possible error : ± 165 R . J004047. 82 + 410936.4 860 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy J004428. 71 + 420601.6 860 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy V669 Cassiopeiae 859 L / T SMC 55681 850 SMC 15510 850 LMC 61753 830 LMC 62090 830 SMC 11709 830 V1185 Scorpii 830 L / T LMC 142199 810 IRAS 05294 - 7104 810 L / T IRAS 05402 - 6956 800 L / T LMC 134383 800 Eta Carinae A ( Tseen She ) 800 Previously thought to be the most massive single star , but in 2005 it was realized to be a binary system . During the Great Eruption , the size was as large as 1,400 R . V441 Persei 799 L / T BU Persei 795 L / T IRAS 05298 - 6957 790 L / T BO Carinae 790 L / T LMC 142907 790 J004359. 94 + 411330.9 785 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy SU Persei 780 L / T In the Perseus Double Cluster RS Persei 770 -- 1,000 AD & L / T In the Perseus Double Cluster . Margin of possible error : ± 30 R . AV Persei 770 L / T In the Perseus Double Cluster V355 Cephei 770 L / T Mauron et al. 2011 derive 37,000 L , which implies a size around 300 R . J004124. 80 + 411634.7 760 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy V915 Scorpii 760 L / T S Cephei 760 AD YZ Persei 758 L / T J004447. 08 + 412801.7 755 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy GP Cassiopeiae 751 L / T Outer limits of the asteroid belt 750 -- 900 Reported for reference SMC 11939 750 HD 303250 750 L / T V382 Carinae 747 The brightest yellow hypergiant in the night sky , one of the rarest types of star . Other estimate ranges of 600 R to 1,100 R . RU Virginis 740 L / T LMC 137818 740 SMC 48122 740 IRAS 04545 - 7000 730 L / T IRAS 05003 - 6712 730 L / T SMC 56732 730 KK Persei 724 L / T V648 Cassiopeiae 710 L / T XX Persei 710 L / T Located in the Perseus Double Cluster and near the border with Andromeda . TV Geminorum 620 -- 710 ( -- 770 ) L / T HD 179821 704 A yellow hypergiant , although most authors consider it as a supergiant , a protoplanetary nebula or a post-AGB star with a luminosity of only 16,000 L . J004255. 95 + 404857.5 700 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy J003950. 98 + 405422.5 700 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy LMC 169754 700 LMC 65558 700 V528 Carinae 700 L / T RSGC1 - F14 700 L / T The following well - known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison . V354 Cephei 690 - 1,520 L / T Antares A ( Alpha Scorpii A ) 680 AD This star appears to vary its size by 165 R . Older estimates have given radii over 800 R , but some are likely to have been affected by asymmetry of the atmosphere and the narrow range of infrared wavelengths observed . HR 5171 Ab 7002650000000000000 ♠ 650 ± 150 AD Companion of HR 5171 A . CE Tauri 587 -- 593 ( -- 608 ) AD Second reddest star in the night sky . Can be occulted by the Moon , allowing accurate determination of its apparent diameter . CW Leonis 500 -- 700 L / T CW Leonis is one of the mistaken identities as the claimed planet `` Nibiru '' or `` Planet X '' , due to its brightness as it approaches 1st magnitude . Other estimates range from 390 R to 826 R . Rho Cassiopeiae 400 -- 500 Yellow hypergiant , one of the rarest types of a star . R Leporis ( Hind 's `` Crimson Star '' ) 400 -- 535 Margin of possible error : ± 90 R . V509 Cassiopeiae 400 -- 900 Yellow hypergiant , one of the rarest types of a star . Inner limits of the asteroid belt 380 Reported for reference V838 Monocerotis 380 ( in 2009 ) A short time after the outburst V838 Mon was measured at 1,570 ± 400 R . However the distance to this `` L - type supergiant '' , and hence its size , have since been reduced and it proved to be a transient object that shrunk about four-fold over a few years . Like CW Leo , it has been erroneously portrayed as `` Nibiru '' or `` Planet X '' ( see above ) . R Doradus 7002370000000000000 ♠ 370 ± 50 Star with the second largest apparent size after the Sun . Tail of Comet Hyakutake 360 Reported for reference IRC + 10420 357 -- 1,342 L / T A yellow hypergiant that has increased its temperature into the LBV range . The Pistol Star 340 Blue hypergiant , among the most massive and luminous stars known . Mira A ( Omicron Ceti ) 332 -- 402 AD Prototype Mira variable . De beck et al. 2010 calculates 541 R . La Superba ( Y Canum Venaticorum ) 307 -- 390 L / T Referred to as La Superba by Angelo Secchi . Currently one of the coolest and reddest stars . Orbit of Mars 297 -- 358 Reported for reference Alpha Herculis ( Ras Algethi ) 7002284000000000000 ♠ 284 ± 60 The estimate ranges from 264 R to 303 R Sun 's red giant phase 256 The core hydrogen would be exhausted in 5.4 billion years . In 7.9 billion years , The Sun would reach the tip of the red - giant branch of the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram . ( see below ) Reported for reference Orbit of Earth 215 ( 211 -- 219 ) Reported for reference Deneb ( Alpha Cygni ) 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 ± 17 Prototype Alpha Cygni variable . Solar System Habitable Zone 200 -- 520 ( uncertain ) Reported for reference Orbit of Venus 154 -- 157 Reported for reference Epsilon Aurigae A ( Almaaz ) 143 -- 358 ε Aur was incorrectly claimed in 1970 as the largest star with a size between 2,000 R and 3,000 R , even though it later turned out not to be an infrared light star but rather a dusk torus surrounding the system . S Doradus 100 -- 380 Prototype S Doradus variable , even though P Cygni was the first discovered . Peony Star 92 Candidate for most luminous star in the Milky Way . Rigel A ( Beta Orionis A ) 78.9 -- 115 Margin of possible error : ± 7.4 R . Canopus ( Alpha Carinae ) 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 ± 4 Second brightest star in the night sky . Orbit of Mercury 66 -- 100 Reported for reference LBV 1806 - 20 45 -- 145 L / T Formerly a candidate for the most luminous star in the Milky Way with 40 million L , but the luminosity has been revised later only 2 -- 5 million L . Aldebaran ( Alpha Tauri ) 7001441300000000000 ♠ 44.13 ± 0.84 AD Polaris ( Alpha Ursae Minoris ) 37.5 The current northern pole star . R136a1 28.8 -- 35.4 Also on record as the most massive and luminous star known ( 265 - 315 M and 8.71 million L ) . Arcturus ( Alpha Boötis ) 7001254000000000000 ♠ 25.4 ± 0.2 Brightest star in the northern hemisphere . HDE 226868 20 -- 22 The supergiant companion of black hole Cygnus X-1 . The black hole is 500,000 times smaller than the star . VV Cephei B 13 -- 25 The B - type main sequence companion of VV Cephei A . Sun 's helium burning phase 10 After the red - giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left . Reported for reference Sun The largest object in the Solar System . Reported for reference Jump up ^ AD : radius determined from angular diameter and distance L / T : radius calculated from bolometric luminosity and effective temperature See also Star portal Constellation Lists of stars List of most massive stars List of most luminous stars List of hottest stars List of coolest stars List of most massive black holes List of largest nebulae List of largest galaxies List of largest cosmic structures List of largest exoplanets List of star extremes References ^ Jump up to : Table 4 in Levesque , Emily M. ; Massey , Philip ; Olsen , K.A.G. ; Plez , Bertrand ; Josselin , Eric ; Maeder , Andre ; Meynet , Georges ( 2005 ) . `` The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants : Cool , but Not as Cool as We Thought '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 628 ( 2 ) : 973 -- 985 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0504337 . 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( 2005 ) , `` Evolutionary constraints on the masses of the components of HDE 226868 / Cyg X-1 binary system '' , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 358 ( 3 ) : 851 -- 859 , arXiv : astro - ph / 0501102 , Bibcode : 2005MNRAS. 358 ... 851Z , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2005. 08796. x Note : For radius , see Table 1 with d = 2 kpc . Jump up ^ Wright , K.O. ( 1977 ) . `` The system of VV Cephei derived from an analysis of the H - alpha line '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 71 : 152 . Bibcode : 1977JRASC ... 71 ... 152W . Jump up ^ Hack , M. ; Engin , S. ; Yilmaz , N. ; Sedmak , G. ; Rusconi , L. ; Boehm , C. ( 1992 ) . `` Spectroscopic study of the atmospheric eclipsing binary VV Cephei '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series . 95 : 589 . Bibcode : 1992A&AS ... 95 ... 589H . ISSN 0365 - 0138 . External links Giant Stars An interactive website comparing the Earth and the Sun to some of the largest known stars Three largest stars identified BBC News What is the Biggest Star in the Universe ? Universe Today Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red - giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Yellow Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Oscillating Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Hypothetical stars Boson star Black dwarf Exotic Electroweak star Quark Strange Preon Planck Dark matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Symbiotic Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Icarus ( most distant individual star ) Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_stars&oldid=860412791 '' Categories : Hypergiants Supergiants Lists of stars Lists of superlatives in astronomy Hidden categories : CS1 errors : deprecated parameters Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Incomplete lists from January 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Башҡортса Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2018 , at 14 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which is the largest sun in the universe	[ "\nList of the largest stars\n\n\nStar name\n\nSolar radii(Sun = 1)\n\nMethod[a]\n\nNotes\n\n\nOrbit of Saturn\n1,940–2,169\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nUY Scuti\n1,708 ± 192[3]\nAD\nThe quoted size was based on an angular diameter and distance of 2.9 kpc. Gaia Data Release 2 suggests a much closer distance and consequently smaller radius.\n\n\nWOH G64\n1,540[4]–1,730[5]\nL/Teff\nThis would be the largest star in the LMC, but is unusual in position and motion and might still be a foreground halo giant.\n\n\nRW Cephei\n 1,535[6][7]\nL/Teff\nRW Cep is variable both in brightness (by at least a factor of 3) and spectral type (observed from G8 to M), thus probably also in diameter. Because the spectral type and temperature at maximum luminosity are not known, the quoted size is just an estimate.\n\n\nWesterlund 1-26\n 1,530–1,580[8] (–2,550) [9]\nL/Teff\nVery uncertain parameters for an unusual star with strong radio emission. The spectrum is variable but apparently the luminosity is not.\n\n\nHD 143183\n1,480[10]–1,830[11]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nVY Canis Majoris\n1,420 ± 120[12]\nAD\nThe size of VY CMa was revised in 2012 through newly improved measurements[13] which result this value being the highest among well-characterized stars.[14] Other stars could be larger but they could have less accurate radius estimates.\n\n\nKY Cygni\n 1,420–2,850 [1]\nL/Teff\nThe upper estimate is due to an unusual K-band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error, and is thought to be against stellar evolutionary theory. The lower estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models.\n\n\nAH Scorpii\n1,411 ± 124[3]\nAD\nAH Sco is variable by nearly 3 magnitudes in the visual range, and an estimated 20% in total luminosity. The variation in diameter is not clear because the temperature also varies.\n\n\nRSGC1-F02\n1,398[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 04509-6922\n1,360[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F01\n1,335[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nHR 5171 A\n1,315 ± 260,[17] 1,575 ± 400[18]\nAD\nHR 5171 A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system, losing mass to the secondary, and is also variable in temperature, thus probably also in diameter. Traditionally, it is considered as the largest known yellow hypergiant, although the latest research suggests it is a red supergiant with a radius of 1,490 ± 540 R☉.[19]\n\n\nSMC 18136\n1,310[2]\n\nLargest star in the Small Magellanic Cloud\n\n\nIRAS 05280-6910\n1,260[16] - 1,738[20]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nMu Cephei (Herschel's \"Garnet Star\")\n1,260[21]\n\nPrototype of the obsolete class of the Mu Cephei variables and also the reddest star in the night sky in terms of the B-V color index.[22] Other recent estimates range from 650 R☉[23] to 1,420 R☉[1]\n\n\nLMC 136042\n1,240[2]\n\n\n\n\nBI Cygni\n1,240[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nWesterlund 1-237\n1,233[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 5092\n1,220[2]\n\n\n\n\nS Persei\n1,212 ± 124[24]\nAD & L/Teff\nA red hypergiant localed in the Perseus Double Cluster. A large radius of 1,230 R☉ is due to an unusual K-band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error. A small radius of 780 R☉ is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models.[1]\n\n\nLMC 175464\n1,200[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 135720\n1,200[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRC-10414\n1,200[25]\n\nIRC -10414 is a rare red supergiant companion to WR 114 that has a bow shock.\n\n\nPZ Cassiopeiae\n1,190–1,940[1]\nL/Teff\nThe upper estimate is due to an unusual K-band measurement and thought to be an artefact of a reddening correction error. The lower estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models, and the intermediate ones have been obtained refining the distance to this star, and thus its parameters.[26]\n\n\nSMC 69886\n1,190[2]\n\n\n\n\nNML Cygni\n1,183[27]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F05\n1,177[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nEV Carinae\n1,168[28]-2,880[29]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F03\n1,168[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 119219\n1,150[2]\n\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F08\n1,146[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nBC Cygni\n1,140[1]-1,230[21]\nL/Teff\nBC Cyg is calculated to vary in size from 856 R☉ to 1,553 R☉.[30]\n\n\nMY Cephei\n1,134[31]\nL/Teff\nOne of the coolest known red supergiants.\n\n\nSMC 10889\n1,130[2]\n\n\n\n\nVX Sagittarii\n1,120 - 1,550[32]\nL/Teff\nVX Sgr is a pulsating variable calculated to vary in size from 1,350 R☉ to 1,940 R☉.[33]\n\n\nLMC 141430\n1,110[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRAS 04516-6902\n1,100[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 175746\n1,100[2]\n\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F13\n1,098[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRT Carinae\n1,090[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F04\n1,082[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 174714\n1,080[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 68125\n1,080[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 49478\n1,080[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 20133\n1,080[2]\n\n\n\n\nV396 Centauri\n1,070[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 8930\n1,070[2]\n\n\n\n\nOrbit of Jupiter\n1,064–1,173\n\n Reported for reference \n\n\nHV 11423\n1,060–1,220[34]\nL/Teff\nHV 11423 is variable in spectral type (observed from K0 to M5), thus probably also in diameter. In October 1978, it was a star of M0I type.\n\n\nCK Carinae\n1,060[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 25879\n1,060[2]\n\n\n\n\nVV Cephei A\n1,050[35] - 1,900[1]\n\nVV Cep A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system, losing mass to the secondary for at least part of its orbit. Data from the most recent eclipse has cast additional doubt on the accepted model of the system. It is among the largest stars visible to the naked eye.\n\n\nLMC 142202\n1,050[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 146126\n1,050[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 67982\n1,040[2]\n\n\n\n\nU Lacertae\n1,022[36][37]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F11\n1,015[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nW Persei\n1,011[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\nLMC 143877\n1,010[2]\n\n\n\n\nKW Sagittarii\n1,009[3]-1,460[1]\nAD & L/Teff\nMargin of possible error: ±142 R☉.[3]\n\n\nRSGC1-F12\n1,005[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nProgenitor of SN 2017eaw\n1,000–2,000[38]\n\nLocaled in NGC 6946\n\n\nSMC 46497\n990[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 140296\n990[2]\n\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F09\n986[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nNR Vulpeculae\n980[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 12322\n980[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 177997\n980[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 59803\n970[2]\n\n\n\n\nWesterlund 1-20\n965[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nGCIRS 7\n960[39]–1,000[40]\nAD\nAt the galactic center. Margin of possible error: ±92 R☉[39] or ±150 R☉.[40]\n\n\nBetelgeuse (Alpha Orionis)\n7002955000000000000♠955±217[41]\nAD\nStar with the third largest apparent size after R Doradus and the Sun. Other estimates range from 887 ± 203 R☉[42] to 1,180 R☉[43]\n\n\nSMC 50840\n950[2]\n\n\n\n\nJ004424.94+412322.3\n945–1,300[44]\nL/Teff\nLocated in the Andromeda Galaxy.\n\n\nRSGC1-F10\n931[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nS Cassiopeiae\n930[45][46]\n\n\n\n\nIX Carinae\n920[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nHV 2112\n916[47]\nL/Teff\nMost likely candidate for a Thorne-Zytkow Object.\n\n\nRSGC1-F07\n910[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 54365\n900[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRAS 04498-6842\n900[48]–1,660[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nNSV 25875\n891[27]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 109106\n890[2]\n\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F06\n885[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 116895\n880[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 30616\n880[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 64048\n880[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRAS 05558-7000\n880[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nV437 Scuti\n874[27]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 04407-7000\n870[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 05329-6708\n870[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nV602 Carinae\n860[1]–1,050[49]\nL/Teff & AD\nMargin of possible error: ±165 R☉.[49]\n\n\nJ004047.82+410936.4\n860[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nJ004428.71+420601.6\n860[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nV669 Cassiopeiae\n859[27]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 55681\n850[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 15510\n850[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 61753\n830[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 62090\n830[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 11709\n830[2]\n\n\n\n\nV1185 Scorpii\n830[27]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 142199\n810[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRAS 05294-7104\n810[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 05402-6956\n800[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 134383\n800[2]\n\n\n\n\nEta Carinae A (Tseen She)\n800[50]\n\nPreviously thought to be the most massive single star, but in 2005 it was realized to be a binary system. During the Great Eruption, the size was as large as 1,400 R☉.[51]\n\n\nV441 Persei\n799[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nBU Persei\n795[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 05298-6957\n790[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nBO Carinae\n790[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 142907\n790[2]\n\n\n\n\nJ004359.94+411330.9\n785[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nSU Persei\n780[1]\nL/Teff\nIn the Perseus Double Cluster\n\n\nRS Persei\n770[52]–1,000[1]\nAD & L/Teff\nIn the Perseus Double Cluster. Margin of possible error: ±30 R☉.[52]\n\n\nAV Persei\n770[1]\nL/Teff\nIn the Perseus Double Cluster\n\n\nV355 Cephei\n770[1]\nL/Teff\nMauron et al. 2011 derive 37,000 L☉, which implies a size around 300 R☉.[36]\n\n\nJ004124.80+411634.7\n760[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nV915 Scorpii\n760[53][54]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nS Cephei\n760[55]\nAD\n\n\n\nYZ Persei\n758[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nJ004447.08+412801.7\n755[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nGP Cassiopeiae\n751[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nOuter limits of the asteroid belt\n750–900\n\n Reported for reference \n\n\nSMC 11939\n750[2]\n\n\n\n\nHD 303250\n750[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nV382 Carinae\n747[56]\n\nThe brightest yellow hypergiant in the night sky, one of the rarest types of star. Other estimate ranges of 600 R☉ to 1,100 R☉.[57]\n\n\nRU Virginis\n740[58]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 137818\n740[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 48122\n740[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRAS 04545-7000\n730[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 05003-6712\n730[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 56732\n730[2]\n\n\n\n\nKK Persei\n724[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nV648 Cassiopeiae\n710[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nXX Persei\n710[9]\nL/Teff\nLocated in the Perseus Double Cluster and near the border with Andromeda.\n\n\nTV Geminorum\n620–710[59] (–770)[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nHD 179821\n704[60]\n\nA yellow hypergiant, although most authors consider it as a supergiant, a protoplanetary nebula or a post-AGB star with a luminosity of only 16,000 L☉.\n\n\nJ004255.95+404857.5\n700[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nJ003950.98+405422.5\n700[61]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nLMC 169754\n700[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 65558\n700[2]\n\n\n\n\nV528 Carinae\n700[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F14\n700[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nThe following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.\n\n\nV354 Cephei\n690[36]-1,520[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nAntares A (Alpha Scorpii A)\n680[62]\nAD\nThis star appears to vary its size by 165 R☉. Older estimates have given radii over 800 R☉,[63][64] but some are likely to have been affected by asymmetry of the atmosphere and the narrow range of infrared wavelengths observed.[62]\n\n\nHR 5171 Ab\n7002650000000000000♠650±150[18]\nAD\nCompanion of HR 5171 A.\n\n\nCE Tauri\n587–593[65] (–608[66])\nAD\nSecond reddest star in the night sky.[22] Can be occulted by the Moon, allowing accurate determination of its apparent diameter.\n\n\nCW Leonis\n500[67]–700[68]\nL/Teff\nCW Leonis is one of the mistaken identities as the claimed planet \"Nibiru\" or \"Planet X\", due to its brightness as it approaches 1st magnitude. Other estimates range from 390 R☉[67] to 826 R☉.[27]\n\n\nRho Cassiopeiae\n400–500[69]\n\nYellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star.\n\n\nR Leporis (Hind's \"Crimson Star\")\n400[70]–535[71]\n\nMargin of possible error: ±90 R☉.[70]\n\n\nV509 Cassiopeiae\n400–900[72]\n\nYellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star.\n\n\nInner limits of the asteroid belt\n380\n\n Reported for reference \n\n\nV838 Monocerotis\n380 (in 2009)[73]\n\nA short time after the outburst V838 Mon was measured at 1,570 ± 400 R☉.[74] However the distance to this \"L-type supergiant\", and hence its size, have since been reduced and it proved to be a transient object that shrunk about four-fold over a few years. Like CW Leo, it has been erroneously portrayed as \"Nibiru\" or \"Planet X\" (see above).\n\n\nR Doradus\n7002370000000000000♠370±50[75]\n\nStar with the second largest apparent size after the Sun.\n\n\nTail of Comet Hyakutake\n360\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nIRC +10420\n357[76]–1,342[27]\nL/Teff\nA yellow hypergiant that has increased its temperature into the LBV range.\n\n\nThe Pistol Star\n340[77]\n\nBlue hypergiant, among the most massive and luminous stars known.\n\n\nMira A (Omicron Ceti)\n332–402[78]\nAD\nPrototype Mira variable. De beck et al. 2010 calculates 541 R☉.[27]\n\n\nLa Superba (Y Canum Venaticorum)\n307[27]–390[79]\nL/Teff\nReferred to as La Superba by Angelo Secchi. Currently one of the coolest and reddest stars.\n\n\nOrbit of Mars\n297–358\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nAlpha Herculis (Ras Algethi)\n7002284000000000000♠284±60[80]\n\nThe estimate ranges from 264 R☉ to 303 R☉[80]\n\n\nSun's red giant phase\n256[81]\n\nThe core hydrogen would be exhausted in 5.4 billion years. In 7.9 billion years, The Sun would reach the tip of the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. (see below) Reported for reference \n\n\nOrbit of Earth\n215 (211–219)\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nDeneb (Alpha Cygni)\n7002203000000000000♠203±17[82]\n\nPrototype Alpha Cygni variable.\n\n\nSolar System Habitable Zone\n200–520[83] (uncertain)\n\nReported for reference \n\n\nOrbit of Venus\n154–157\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nEpsilon Aurigae A (Almaaz)\n143–358[84]\n\nε Aur was incorrectly claimed in 1970 as the largest star with a size between 2,000 R☉ and 3,000 R☉,[85] even though it later turned out not to be an infrared light star but rather a dusk torus surrounding the system.\n\n\nS Doradus\n100–380[86]\n\nPrototype S Doradus variable, even though P Cygni was the first discovered.\n\n\nPeony Star\n92[87]\n\nCandidate for most luminous star in the Milky Way.\n\n\nRigel A (Beta Orionis A)\n78.9[88]–115[89]\n\nMargin of possible error: ±7.4 R☉.[88]\n\n\nCanopus (Alpha Carinae)\n7001710000000000000♠71±4[90]\n\nSecond brightest star in the night sky.\n\n\nOrbit of Mercury\n66–100\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nLBV 1806-20\n45–145[91]\nL/Teff\nFormerly a candidate for the most luminous star in the Milky Way with 40 million L☉,[92] but the luminosity has been revised later only 2–5 million L☉.[93][94]\n\n\nAldebaran (Alpha Tauri)\n7001441300000000000♠44.13±0.84[95]\nAD\n\n\n\nPolaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris)\n37.5[96]\n\nThe current northern pole star.\n\n\nR136a1\n28.8[97]–35.4[98]\n\nAlso on record as the most massive and luminous star known (265 - 315 M☉ and 8.71 million L☉).\n\n\nArcturus (Alpha Boötis)\n7001254000000000000♠25.4±0.2[99]\n\nBrightest star in the northern hemisphere.\n\n\nHDE 226868\n20–22[100]\n\nThe supergiant companion of black hole Cygnus X-1. The black hole is 500,000 times smaller than the star.\n\n\nVV Cephei B\n13[101]–25[102]\n\nThe B-type main sequence companion of VV Cephei A.\n\n\nSun's helium burning phase\n10\n\nAfter the red-giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left. Reported for reference \n\n\nSun\n1\n\nThe largest object in the Solar System. Reported for reference \n" ]	[ "UY Scuti" ]
-8538649192134439966	Quiet Riot	Quiet Riot - wikipedia Quiet Riot Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the band . For other uses , see Quiet Riot ( disambiguation ) . Quiet Riot The Metal Health - era lineup of the band in 2002 : ( L to R ) Kevin DuBrow , Rudy Sarzo , Frankie Banali and Carlos Cavazo . Background information Origin Los Angeles , California , U.S. Genres Heavy metal , glam metal , hard rock Years active 1975 -- 1989 , 1991 - 2003 , 2004 -- 2007 , 2010 -- present Labels Pasha , CBS Sony , Chavis Associated acts Ozzy Osbourne House of Lords Heavy Bones Website www.officialquietriot.com Members Frankie Banali Chuck Wright Alex Grossi James Durbin Quiet Riot is an American heavy metal band . The band was founded in 1973 , by guitarist Randy Rhoads and bassist Kelly Garni under the name Mach 1 . They then changed the name to Little Women , before settling on Quiet Riot in May 1975 . The band 's name was inspired by a conversation with Rick Parfitt of the British band Status Quo , who expressed desire to name a band `` Quite Right , '' and his thick English accent made it sound like he was saying `` Quiet Riot . '' The band is ranked at No. 100 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock . The original line - up featured Rhoads and Garni with lead vocalist Kevin DuBrow and drummer Drew Forsyth . Their most commercially successful lineup consisted of DuBrow alongside guitarist Carlos Cavazo , bassist Rudy Sarzo and drummer Frankie Banali , and in 1983 released their breakthrough album Metal Health , which is known for being the first heavy metal album to top the Billboard album chart . Despite several lineup changes and brief breakups , Quiet Riot continued to record and tour until DuBrow 's death from a cocaine overdose in 2007 . Banali revived the band in 2010 , and the current lineup consists of himself on drums , lead vocalist James Durbin , bassist Chuck Wright and guitarist Alex Grossi , with no founding members remaining . The band have continued to record as well as tour following DuBrow 's death , and in 2014 , they released their first album in eight years titled Quiet Riot 10 , which was followed by Road Rage in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years with the original band ( 1973 -- 1980 ) 1.2 A new lineup and success with Metal Health ( 1982 -- 1984 ) 1.3 Steady decline and DuBrow 's firing ( 1984 -- 1989 ) 1.4 Reformation and Metal Health lineup reunion ( 1990 -- 2003 ) 1.5 Second reformation and death of DuBrow ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 1.6 Revival with multiple vocalists ( 2010 -- present ) 2 Legacy 3 Personnel 3.1 Current members 3.2 Former members 3.2. 1 Lead vocalists 3.2. 2 Guitarists 3.2. 3 Bassists 3.2. 4 Drummers 3.3 Live personnel 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Singles / EPs 4.3 Live albums 4.4 Compilations 5 Videography 5.1 Videos 5.2 Music videos 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Early years with the original band ( 1973 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) Quiet Riot were one of the more successful hard rock acts in Los Angeles in the mid to late 1970s . They often opened for Van Halen in several L.A. clubs , including the Starwood and KROQ 's Cabaret nightclub , before either act had a record deal . Nonetheless , Quiet Riot was unable to procure a recording contract in the United States . By 1977 they were able to secure a deal with Sony , but their records would be released only in Japan . The original four members recorded their debut album Quiet Riot , or QR I , in 1977 . Vocalist Kevin DuBrow and bassist Kelly Garni did not get along . According to Garni , `` I was on a constant quest to get him out of the band and get a different singer . I hated him , he hated me and we could not find any way whatsoever to get along which caused a lot of tension in the band and it put a lot of stress on Randy to try to be neutral . '' Their second album Quiet Riot II , or QR II , was recorded at The Record Plant and released in Japan in 1978 . Once recording was completed , Garni left the band . ( Although Garni 's replacement Rudy Sarzo was pictured and credited on QR II , he actually joined the band after the album was recorded . ) DuBrow claimed that this period of the band 's existence was very frustrating . `` We had one of the best guitar players ever in our band and we could n't get arrested ! '' he lamented many years later . In 1979 , Rhoads auditioned for Ozzy Osbourne 's band upon the recommendation of future Slaughter bassist Dana Strum . Osbourne himself has stated that he interrupted Rhoads ' warm - up for the audition to hire him . Shortly thereafter , Sarzo also left Quiet Riot for Osbourne 's band . Since no one expected Quiet Riot to reform at this point , according to Sarzo `` a lot of the Quiet Riot songs ended up on the ( Osbourne ) albums under different titles . Obviously Randy thought we 'd never use those songs again so he 'd give the riffs to Ozzy who 'd come up with new words . '' Sarzo went on to say that the Osbourne song `` Suicide Solution '' originated as a Quiet Riot demo called `` Force of Habit . '' According to DuBrow , Rhoads ' departure from Quiet Riot `` did n't derail the band , it ended it . '' He and Forsyth continued on with the addition of guitarist Greg Leon . Quiet Riot broke up in 1980 . During this period ( 1980 -- 1982 ) , Kevin DuBrow formed his own band called ' DuBrow ' and also played shows with former Gamma drummer Skip Gillette . By 1982 guitarist Carlos Cavazo and drummer Frankie Banali had also been recruited by DuBrow . A new lineup and success with Metal Health ( 1982 -- 1984 ) ( edit ) Randy Rhoads died in a plane crash while on tour with Ozzy Osbourne in March 1982 , after which Rudy Sarzo quit Osbourne 's band . DuBrow contacted Sarzo and asked him to play on a track called `` Thunderbird , '' which was a tribute to Rhoads . The lineup of DuBrow , Sarzo , Cavazo , and Banali had so much fun recording the track that they wound up recording more than half of an album in the process . Gary Van Dyke ( Hollywood Stars , Virgin ) , previous bassist for the band DuBrow , was replaced by Sarzo . There was some uncertainty over whether this incarnation of the band should have been named `` DuBrow '' or `` Quiet Riot ; '' in the end they decided on Quiet Riot `` because although Randy would n't be in it , the original spirit of the band was back , '' according to Sarzo . In September 1982 , with help from producer Spencer Proffer , they were signed to CBS Records in America and completed recording the album Metal Health , which was released on March 11 , 1983 . This was Quiet Riot 's American debut , as their two previous albums , QR I and QR II , have still not been released in North America , despite the band 's subsequent success . Quiet Riot 's second single `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' was released on August 27 , 1983 . A cover of the 1973 hit by Slade , the single spent two weeks at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1983 and was the first heavy metal song to make the top 5 on that chart . The success of the single helped carry the album Metal Health to the top of Billboard album chart , making it the first American heavy metal debut album ever to reach No. 1 in the United States . On November 26 , 1983 Quiet Riot became the first heavy metal band to have a top 5 hit and No. 1 album in the same week . Their success was aided in no small part by the `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' video 's heavy rotation on MTV . Metal Health displaced The Police 's Synchronicity at No. 1 and stayed there for just a week until Lionel Richie 's Ca n't Slow Down took over the No. 1 spot . Metal Health 's title track , which had been released as the album 's first single on March 11 , 1983 , finally charted in early 1984 and peaked at No. 31 . This could be attributed to the song 's appearance in the 1984 movie Footloose , as well as another heavily rotated video on MTV . The song was placed at No. 41 on VH1 's Top 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs . The album Metal Health would ultimately sell over six million copies in the US . In support of Metal Health , Quiet Riot toured North America as the opening act for ZZ Top on their Eliminator Tour for selected dates in June , July and September 1983 , and Black Sabbath on their Born Again tour from October 1983 through March 1984 . Steady decline and DuBrow 's firing ( 1984 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) The group 's follow - up , Condition Critical , was released on July 7 , 1984 . Though successful , it was a relative critical and commercial disappointment , selling only 3 million units and reaching only No. 15 on the Billboard album chart . This release included yet another Slade cover , the single `` Mama Weer All Crazee Now . '' Reportedly frustrated over the album 's failure to duplicate the success of its predecessor , DuBrow began expressing his opinion in the heavy metal press that many bands in the Los Angeles metal scene owed their success to what he saw as the doors opened for them by Quiet Riot . At one point he even compared his band to The Beatles . DuBrow 's verbal assaults angered many of Quiet Riot 's musical contemporaries and alienated fans . DuBrow 's tirades led to fan backlash and clashes in the media with several other Los Angeles - based metal bands , which resulted in Rudy Sarzo quitting the group in January 1985 . Despite this , in May 1985 all four Quiet Riot members participated in Hear ' n Aid , a charity project headed by Ronnie James Dio to raise awareness about homeless children on city streets . Sarzo resurfaced in Whitesnake two years later , in time for their hugely successful 1987 tour . Sarzo was replaced in Quiet Riot by Chuck Wright ( formerly of Giuffria ) and the group temporarily added keyboardist John Purdell for their 1986 tour . That year the album QR III was released and became another commercial disappointment . Fed up with DuBrow 's antics and pressure from the band 's management and record label , the rest of Quiet Riot fired DuBrow from his own band in February 1987 and replaced him with former Rough Cutt vocalist Paul Shortino , leaving no original members in the band . Chuck Wright left the band shortly thereafter , and Sarzo was invited to return . Sarzo agreed , and while technically back in the band and even featured in some press photos for this brief liaison , he was also committed to Whitesnake at the time and could not continue onward . The group then recruited Sean McNabb for the bassist slot . The revamped band released their second self - titled album , Quiet Riot ( also known as QR IV ) , in October 1988 . The album failed to return the band to its commercial glory . In April 1989 the band members went their separate ways . A show from their final tour was later released on a DVD titled ' 89 Live in Japan . Frankie Banali resurfaced on the W.A.S.P. album The Headless Children , and played some shows with Faster Pussycat . Sean McNabb joined House of Lords in 1991 , where he ironically replaced Chuck Wright , the bass player whom he also replaced in Quiet Riot . Kevin DuBrow subsequently fought in court to keep control of the band 's name . Reformation and Metal Health lineup reunion ( 1990 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Having won the rights to the band 's name , DuBrow teamed up with 21 - year - old English born blues guitarist Sean Manning , bassist Kenny Hillery , and drummer Pat Ashby to reform Quiet Riot . Initially using the moniker Little Women ( a name Rhoads and DuBrow used in the 1970s before settling on Quiet Riot ) on tour to avoid any adverse publicity , DuBrow and Manning compiled songs for a new album , which would eventually turn up on the July 1993 release Terrified . The band played venues throughout the United States until 1990 when Manning left to join the band Hurricane . By the early 1990s tempers had cooled between former bandmates Carlos Cavazo and Kevin DuBrow , and they started to communicate again . They eventually formed the band Heat in 1990 with bassist Kenny Hillery and drummer Bobby Rondinelli . This foursome reverted to the name Quiet Riot the following year , and released the aforementioned Terrified in 1993 with Banali rejoining on drums after Bobby Rondinelli joined Black Sabbath . Chuck Wright then rejoined on bass for a 1994 tour in support of Terrified . That same year , DuBrow released The Randy Rhoads Years , a compilation featuring remixed tracks from Quiet Riot 's two Japan - only releases along with previously unreleased material , many of which featured newly recorded vocals . The band released the album Down to the Bone in March 1995 and a Greatest Hits album in February 1996 . Greatest Hits covered only material from the CBS years , including three tracks from the 1988 album with Shortino and two previously promo - only live tracks . Former bassist Kenny Hillery , who had left the group in 1994 , committed suicide on June 5 , 1996 . Rudy Sarzo rejoined the band again in January 1997 , reuniting the Metal Health lineup . During a tour that year , one angry fan sued DuBrow for injuries she claimed were sustained during a show . In March 1999 the band released the album Alive and Well , which featured new songs and several re-recorded hits . The same lineup released the album Guilty Pleasures in May 2001 . In September 2002 , the band teamed up with director Jack Edward Sawyers to shoot a concert video at the Key Club in Los Angeles . The live DVD Live in the 21st Century was released November 11 , 2003 . Quiet Riot officially broke up again in September 2003 . DuBrow performing Second reformation and death of DuBrow ( 2004 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Kevin DuBrow released his first solo album , In for the Kill , in May 2004 , which was followed by the announcement of a Quiet Riot reunion in October 2004 . This reunion line - up included Kevin DuBrow , Frankie Banali , Chuck Wright , and new guitarist Alex Grossi . The band was featured on the 2005 Rock Never Stops Tour along with Cinderella , Ratt , and FireHouse . In December 2005 , guitarist Tracii Guns of L.A. Guns briefly joined Quiet Riot . Guns left less than a month later after one rehearsal due to musical differences . Wright and Grossi left the band in early 2006 . During this period Quiet Riot also included guitarists Billy Morris and Neil Citron , and bassists Sean McNabb and Wayne Carver . During 2006 , Quiet Riot worked on a new studio album that was expected to be released in either 2006 or 2007 . The band stated that they had set no timetable for the release of the album , that they were financing the project themselves , and that it would be released when they saw fit and on their terms . Ex-The Firm and Blue Murder bassist Tony Franklin worked with the band in the studio . Quiet Riot released the album Rehab , featuring a lineup of DuBrow , Banali , Franklin , and Neil Citron , on October 3 , 2006 . Former Deep Purple bassist and singer Glenn Hughes made a guest vocal appearance on the album . By the end of 2006 , Wright and Grossi were back in the band and toured in support of the album . In 2007 , Quiet Riot were featured in radio promos for ESPN Radio , parodying their status as outdated rock n ' roll icons , with commentary from DuBrow and Banali . On November 25 , 2007 , Kevin DuBrow was found dead in his Las Vegas apartment . Frankie Banali confirmed the death in an e-mail to Spain 's The Metal Circus . Banali wrote : `` Please respect my privacy as I mourn the passing and honor the memory of my dearest friend Kevin DuBrow . '' On December 10 , 2007 , media reports confirmed that DuBrow was pronounced dead on November 25 , 2007 , and was later determined to have died of a cocaine overdose approximately six days earlier . On January 14 , 2008 , Banali issued the following statement via his website regarding the future of Quiet Riot : `` I have been approached to see if I would be interested in contacting Rudy Sarzo and Carlos Cavazo and to audition singers for Quiet Riot . I have also been approached to see if I would be interested in contacting and reforming the version of Quiet Riot that included Paul Shortino , Carlos Cavazo and Sean McNabb . Let me make this very simple and perfectly clear . While I am still actively involved in the business interests of Quiet Riot and will continue in that capacity , I reject any and all suggestions to have Quiet Riot continue as a live performing entity . My friendship , love and respect for Kevin DuBrow as well as my personal love and affection for Kevin 's mother and his family makes it inconceivable for me to ever entertain any ovation to reform or to continue Quiet Riot . Kevin was too important to go on without him . It would also be a disrespect to the fans who have supported Quiet Riot for nearly 25 years . I thank everyone for the wonderful and sometimes unpredictable adventure that I was able to share as a member of Quiet Riot . The only regret that I have is the loss of Kevin . May he rest in peace . I now begin life after Quiet Riot . '' Revival with multiple vocalists ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) Despite his previous insistence that Quiet Riot could never return as a live performing entity , Banali announced a new version of Quiet Riot in September 2010 with himself on drums , Chuck Wright on bass , Alex Grossi on guitar , and newcomer Mark Huff ( formerly of the Van Halen tribute band 5150 ) on vocals . The band has sought the blessings of the DuBrow family , and DuBrow 's mother encouraged Banali to revive the band . In July 2011 , this lineup toured Germany as support for Slayer and Accept . On January 12 , 2012 , whilst Huff was awaiting brain surgery , Quiet Riot released a statement , announcing that they had parted ways with Huff , and they were replacing him for upcoming dates with Keith St. John ( formerly of Montrose ) . Huff found out about his firing online . In March 2012 , Banali hired unknown vocalist Scott Vokoun to fully replace Huff . Original bassist and founding member Kelly Garni released his long - awaited autobiography in October 2012 . The book covers the beginnings and early years of Quiet Riot , as well as details of Garni 's friendship with founder Randy Rhoads . In November 2013 , it was announced that Scott Vokoun had amicably parted ways with Quiet Riot , and that his replacement was Love / Hate vocalist Jizzy Pearl , who played his first show with the band on December 31 in Flagstaff , Arizona . The band then were reported to be in the recording studio working on a new studio album which was set for release some time in 2014 . In December 2013 Frankie Banali was interviewed by Loudwire , during which he discussed the future of Quiet Riot as well as their upcoming album . He revealed that the album would feature six new songs recorded in the studio , with former bassist Rudy Sarzo and Rehab session bassist Tony Franklin playing on two songs each , as well as four live songs taken from Kevin DuBrow 's final professionally recorded shows with the band in 2007 . Banali said of the song choices : `` I made a conscious decision not to use the usual songs that people would expect . I picked tracks that were special and of the moment . Let 's just say that there will be a familiar track , two unexpected choices and one that really shows the roots of Quiet Riot and how the band interacted in the live arena . I think that Quiet Riot fans will really appreciate my choices . '' A Quiet Riot documentary movie , titled `` Well Now You 're Here , There 's No Way Back '' ( named after a lyric in the band 's hit song `` Bang Your Head ( Metal Health ) '' ) and directed and produced by Banali 's fiancee Regina Russell , was completed around this time . It premiered at the Newport Beach Film Festival on April 29 , 2014 . In June 2014 , the band released their new album , titled 10 , their first studio release in eight years and their first since their most recent reformation . Vocalist Jizzy Pearl departed the band at the end of 2016 to concentrate on his solo career , and was replaced by Adler 's Appetite vocalist Seann Nicols . On February 13 , 2017 , the band announced that they would release a new album Road Rage on April 21 . However , in March , it was announced that Nicols had left the band and that James Durbin was the new singer . The band subsequently announced that Road Rage would be delayed until summer 2017 so that all of Nicols ' vocals could be replaced by Durbin 's with new lyrics and melodies . It was then announced that the new version of the album would be released on August 4 by Frontiers Music Srl . Legacy ( edit ) Quiet Riot 's song `` Metal Health '' is used as the title theme to the video game Showdown : Legends of Wrestling . The same song also appears in the soundtrack to Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Stories , and is a playable song in the games Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80 's and Rock Band Blitz , while `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' is featured in Grand Theft Auto : Vice City . `` The Wild and the Young '' is in the soundtrack to Brütal Legend . Quiet Riot are mentioned in Ben Folds 2001 song `` Rockin ' the Suburbs '' in the lines `` I 'm rockin ' the suburbs , just like Quiet Riot did . I 'm rockin ' the suburbs , except that they were talented . '' In the 2005 album `` Punk Goes 80 's , '' Relient K covered The Bangles ' song `` Manic Monday '' and changed two original lines to read `` He says to me in his Quiet Riot voice : `` C'mon feel the noise . '' On the Weezer track `` Heart Songs '' from their self - titled `` Red '' album , one line goes : `` Quiet Riot got me started with the banging of my head . '' In the 2005 episode of The Simpsons titled `` The Father , the Son , and the Holy Guest Star , '' the band is jokingly depicted as converted to a religious band called `` Pious Riot '' and plays a parody of the song `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' as `` Come on Feel the Lord . '' `` Metal Health '' was also used in the Crank soundtrack , as the song played during the film 's opening sequence . It was also used in scenes for the films Footloose and The Wrestler . The song `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' is featured in the musical Rock of Ages . Professional wrestler Necro Butcher uses `` Metal Health '' as his entrance theme in Wrecking Ball Wrestling . Personnel ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) Frankie Banali -- drums , percussion ( 1982 -- 1989 , 1993 -- 2003 , 2004 -- 2007 , 2010 -- present ) Chuck Wright -- bass , backing vocals ( 1985 -- 1987 , 1994 -- 1997 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2007 , 2010 -- present ) Alex Grossi -- guitar , backing vocals ( 2004 -- 2006 , 2007 , 2010 -- present ) James Durbin -- lead vocals ( 2017 -- present ) Former members ( edit ) Lead vocalists ( edit ) Kevin DuBrow ( 1975 -- 1987 , 1990 -- 2007 ; died 2007 ) Paul Shortino ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Mark Huff ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Scott Vokoun ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Jizzy Pearl ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Guitarists ( edit ) Randy Rhoads ( 1975 -- 1979 ; died 1982 ) Greg Leon ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Carlos Cavazo ( 1982 -- 2003 ) Neil Citron ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Bassists ( edit ) Kelly Garni ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Rudy Sarzo ( 1978 -- 1980 , 1982 -- 1985 , 1997 -- 2003 ) Gary VanDyke ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Sean McNabb ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Kenny Hillery ( 1990 -- 1994 ; died 1996 ) Tony Franklin ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Drummers ( edit ) Drew Forsyth ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Pat Ashby ( 1990 - 1991 ) Bobby Rondinelli ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Live personnel ( edit ) Kjell Benner -- bass ( 1985 ) John Purdell -- keyboards ( 1986 ) Jimmy Waldo -- keyboards ( 1989 ) Keith St. John -- vocals ( 2012 ) Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Year Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US CAN GER NZ NOR SWE SWI UK 1977 Quiet Riot ( Japan only ) Released : March 2 , 1977 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1978 Quiet Riot II ( Japan only ) Released : December 2 , 1978 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Metal Health Released : March 11 , 1983 5 -- 33 -- -- -- -- US : 6 × Platinum CAN : 3 × Platinum 1984 Condition Critical Released : July 27 , 1984 15 14 42 35 13 18 -- 71 US : Platinum 1986 QR III Released : September 8 , 1986 31 -- -- -- -- 29 -- -- 1988 QR Released : October 21 , 1988 119 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1993 Terrified Released : July 19 , 1993 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1995 Down to the Bone Released : March 1 , 1995 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1999 Alive and Well Released : March 23 , 1999 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Guilty Pleasures Released : May 29 , 2001 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2006 Rehab Released : October 3 , 2006 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2014 Quiet Riot 10 Released : June 27 , 2014 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2017 Road Rage Released : August 4 , 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Singles / EPs ( edit ) Year Song US Rock CAN `` Suicidal Show '' / `` Just How You Want It '' / `` West Coast Tryouts '' - - - 1977 `` It 's Not So Funny '' - - - 1978 `` Slick Black Cadillac '' - - - `` Bang Your Head ( Metal Health ) '' 31 37 48 `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' ( US : Gold , CAN : Gold ) 5 7 8 `` Slick Black Cadillac '' ( re-recording ) - 32 - 1984 `` Do n't Wanna Let You Go '' - 28 - `` Mama Weer All Crazee Now '' 51 13 50 `` Sign of the Times '' - 28 - `` Party All Night '' - - - `` Winners Take All '' - - - `` Bad Boy '' - - - 1986 `` The Wild and the Young '' - - - `` Twilight Hotel '' - - - 1988 `` Stay with Me Tonight '' - - - 1993 `` Little Angel '' - - - Live albums ( edit ) Live at the US Festival , 1983 ( 2012 ) Compilations ( edit ) Winners Take All ( 1990 ) The Randy Rhoads Years ( 1993 ) Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Super Hits ( 1999 ) The Collection ( 2000 ) Live & Rare Volume 1 ( 2005 ) Extended Versions ( Recorded live in Pasadena and Nashville , 1983 ) ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Quiet Riot ( 2008 ) Videography ( edit ) Videos ( edit ) Bang Thy Head ( 1986 ) Live in the 21st Century ( 2003 ) ' 89 Live in Japan ( 2004 ) Live at the US Festival , 1983 ( 2012 ) Well Now You 're Here , There 's No Way Back ( 2014 ) Music videos ( edit ) `` Metal Health '' `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' `` Mama Weer All Crazee Now '' `` Party All Night '' `` The Wild and the Young '' `` Twilight Hotel '' `` Stay with Me Tonight '' `` Picking Up the Pieces '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alan Blank ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Quieting the noize '' . Daily Pilot . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Randy Rhoads : A Life , by David A. Bene , c. 2005 Jump up ^ `` VH1 : ' 100 Greatest Hard Rock Artists ' : 51 - 100 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Riot singer died of overdose '' . Ultimate Guitar via Yahoo ! News . December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quiet Riot to rerecord Road Rage album with new singer James Durbin '' . blabbermouth.net. 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Parks , John ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` Quiet Riot original bassist and co-founder Kelly Garni talks Randy , Kevin and his new book with LRI '' . legendaryrockinterviews.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Riot profile '' . No Life Til Metal . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kindred , John ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` Kevin DuBrow : Revisited '' . hardrockhaven.net . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Osbourne , Ozzy ( 2009 ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Quiet Riot part ways with singer Mark Huff ; former Montrose vocalist Keith St. John fills in for upcoming live dates '' . Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Former Quiet Riot singer Mark Huff says he found about his firing online '' . Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. April 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Riot introduce new vocalist Scott Vokoun '' . Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles . March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Original Quiet Riot bassist Kelly Garni announces long awaited autobiography release '' . Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles . March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friday , 22 November 2013 at 22 : 10 '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Riot 2014 Album '' . Blabbermouth . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Banali Discusses Quiet Riot 's New Lead Singer + More ( Exclusive ) '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newport Beach Film Festival 2014 : Well now you 're here , there 's no way back '' . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Riot To Release ' 10 ' Album ; Audio Snippet Of New Single ' Rock In Peace ' Available '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://bravewords.com/news/quiet-riot-announce-new-vocalist-seann-nicols-working-on-new-album Jump up ^ `` QUIET RIOT Announces New Vocalist SEANN NICOLS '' . Blabbermouth.net . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` QUIET RIOT To Release ' Road Rage ' Album In April '' . Blabbermouth.net . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` QUIET RIOT : New Version Of ' Road Rage ' Album Feat . JAMES DURBIN To Arrive In August '' . Blabbermouth.net . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://teamrock.com/feature/2015-10-29/quiet-riot-death-drugs-and-rock-and-roll Jump up ^ `` AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA website Bienvenue au site Web BIBLIOTHÈQUE ET ARCHIVES CANADA '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` New Zealand charts portal '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung ( 2006 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Norwegian charts portal '' . norwegiancharts.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Swedish Charts Portal '' . swedishcharts.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community '' . swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/21218/quiet-riot/ Jump up ^ Quiet Riot . `` Quiet Riot - Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Riot 's first release on Magic Wand Records '' . popsike.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official Quiet Riot website Quiet Riot at AllMusic Quiet Riot discography at Discogs Historic interview with Kevin Dubrow on early days of Quiet Riot Interview with Kevin DuBrow Interview with Rudy Sarzo CC Banana Interview with Frankie Banali ( hide ) Quiet Riot Frankie Banali Chuck Wright Alex Grossi James Durbin Kelly Garni Randy Rhoads Greg Leon Kevin DuBrow Rudy Sarzo Carlos Cavazo Paul Shortino Sean McNabb Neil Citron Tracii Guns Studio albums Quiet Riot Quiet Riot II Metal Health Condition Critical QR III QR Terrified Down to the Bone Alive and Well Guilty Pleasures Rehab Quiet Riot 10 Road Rage Singles `` Metal Health '' `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' `` Mama Weer All Crazee Now '' Live albums Live & Rare Volume 1 Compilation albums Winners Take All The Randy Rhoads Years Greatest Hits The Collection Video albums Bang Thy Head Live in the 21st Century ' 89 Live in Japan Related articles Hear ' n Aid House of Lords List of Ozzy Osbourne band members Ratt Tony Franklin GND : 1217778 - 7 MusicBrainz : 5c6acb91 - 4b9b - 4245 - b92f - e817295c4ed0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quiet_Riot&oldid=797729682 '' Categories : American glam metal musical groups Hard rock musical groups from California Heavy metal musical groups from California Musical groups established in 1973 Musical groups disestablished in 1989 Musical groups reestablished in 1991 Musical groups disestablished in 2003 Musical groups reestablished in 2004 Musical groups disestablished in 2007 Musical groups reestablished in 2010 Musical groups from Los Angeles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 21 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many slade songs did quiet riot cover	[]	[]
-2381058544836397370	List of Punjabi films	List of Punjabi films - wikipedia List of Punjabi films hide Punjabi cinema List of Punjabi films 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Contents ( hide ) 1 1930s 2 1940s -- 1970s 3 1980s 4 1990s 5 2000s 6 2010s 7 References 1930s ( edit ) Main article : List of Punjabi films of the 1930s K.D. Mehra made the first Punjabi `` talkie '' film , Sheela , also known as Pind Di Kurhi , in 1935 . Young Noor Jehan was introduced as an actress and singer in this film . Sheila was made in the city of Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) and released in Lahore . It ran very successfully and was a hit across the province . Due to the success of this film more producers started making Punjabi films . Notable Punjabi film of the 1930s : Pind Di Kurhi ( 1930 ) -- the first Punjabi film with synchronized sound 1940s -- 1970s ( edit ) Main article : List of Punjabi films of the 1940s Main article : List of Punjabi films of the 1950s Main article : List of Punjabi films of the 1960s Main article : List of Punjabi films of the 1970s Notable Punjabi films of the 1940s -- 1960s : Notable Punjabi films of the 1970s : 1980s ( edit ) Main article : List of Punjabi films of the 1980s Notable Punjabi films of the 1980s : 1990s ( edit ) Main article : List of Punjabi films of the 1990s Notable Punjabi films of the 1990s : 2000s ( edit ) Main article : List of Punjabi films of the 2000s Notable Punjabi films of the 2000s : 2010s ( edit ) Main article : List of Punjabi films of the 2010s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gokulsing , K. ; Wimal Dissanayake ( 2004 ) . Indian popular cinema : a narrative of cultural change . Trentham Books . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85856 - 329 - 9 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema . Jump up ^ `` The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum '' . tribuneindia.com . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Cinema of Punjab Films By decade 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s By year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Production companies and studios White Hill Productions Maan Films Sippy Grewal Productions Basic Brothers Productions Baweja Movies Studio 7 Production Awards Punjabi International Film Academy Awards PTC Punjabi Film Awards Theatres Event Cinemas Hoyts PVR Cinemas Cineplex Entertainment PAF Cinema Cineworld Lists of films by language Afrikaans Assamese Bengali Bodo Chinese Dutch Esperanto French German Hindi Japanese Kannada Korean Tulu Malayalam Mandarin Marathi Odia Polish Portuguese Punjabi Rajasthani Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Punjabi_films&oldid=830217795 '' Categories : Lists of Punjabi films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 14 : 01 . About Wikipedia	punjabi language movies (by initial release)	[]	[]
2128639864823679636	Arachnoid granulation	Arachnoid granulation - wikipedia Arachnoid granulation Jump to : navigation , search Arachnoid granulation Diagrammatic representation of a section across the top of the skull , showing the membranes of the brain , etc . ( `` Arachnoid granulation '' label is at top right . ) Details Identifiers Latin Granulationes arachnoideae TA A14. 1.01. 205 FMA 77760 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Arachnoid granulations ( also arachnoid villi , and pacchionian granulations or bodies ) are small protrusions of the arachnoid mater ( the thin second layer covering the brain ) into the outer membrane of the dura mater ( the thick outer layer ) . They protrude into the dural venous sinuses of the brain , and allow cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the blood stream . Largest granulations lie along the superior sagittal sinus , a large venous space running from front to back along the center of the head ( on the inside of the skull ) . They are , however , present along other dural sinuses as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Eponym 3 References 4 Additional images Function ( edit ) Diffusion across the arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus returns CSF to the venous circulation . The arachnoid granulations act as one - way valves . Normally the pressure of the CSF is higher than that of the venous system , so CSF flows through the villi and granulations into the blood . If the pressure is reversed for some reason , fluid will not pass back into the subarachnoid space . The reason for this is not known . It has been suggested that the endothelial cells of the venous sinus create vacuoles of CSF , which move through the cell and out into the blood . The importance of arachnoid granulations for the drainage of CSF is controversial . By some accounts , a large portion ( perhaps the majority ) of CSF is drained through lymphatics associated with extracranial segments of the cranial nerves . A large proportion of CSF is believed to leave the cranial vault through the axons of CN I ( olfactory nerve ) through their extension through the cribriform plate . On the inner surface of cranial bones , small pits called granular fovea are produced by arachnoid granulations . Eponym ( edit ) Occasionally , they are referred to by their old name : Pacchioni 's granulations or pacchionian bodies , named after Italian anatomist Antonio Pacchioni . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martini , Frederick ; Timmons , Michael ; Tallitsch , Robert ( 2015 ) . Human Anatomy ( Eighth ed . ) . Boston : Pearson . p. 453 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 88332 - 2 . Jump up ^ Linden Forest Edwards ( 1934 ) . Anatomy for physical education , descriptive and applied . P. Blakiston 's son & co. , inc . p. 80 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sir Henry Morris ( 1921 ) . Morris 's human anatomy . P. Blakiston 's son & Company . p. 953 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ synd / 392 at Who Named It ? Additional images ( edit ) Left parietal bone . Inner surface . Frontal bone . Inner surface . CT angiography showing an arachnoid granulation in the right transverse sinus Non-contrast CT scan of the head showing an arachnoid granulation ( hide ) Meninges of the brain and spinal cord Layers Dura mater Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli Diaphragma sellae Trigeminal cave Arachnoid mater Arachnoid granulation Arachnoid trabeculae Subarachnoid cisterns : Cisterna magna Pontine cistern Interpeduncular cistern Chiasmatic cistern Of lateral cerebral fossa Superior cistern Of lamina terminalis Pia mater Denticulate ligaments Tela choroidea Choroid plexus Perivascular space Combined Filum terminale Leptomeninges Spaces Epidural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space Cerebrospinal fluid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arachnoid_granulation&oldid=825330894 '' Categories : Meninges Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	villi that absorb csf into the venous circulation	[ "Arachnoid granulations (also arachnoid villi, and pacchionian granulations or bodies) are small protrusions of the arachnoid mater (the thin second layer covering the brain) into the outer membrane of the dura mater (the thick outer layer). They protrude into the dural venous sinuses of the brain, and allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the blood stream." ]	[ "Arachnoid granulations" ]
5423139950610481146	Western Roman Empire	Western Roman Empire - wikipedia Western Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search `` Western Empire '' redirects here . For the Frankish State , see Carolingian Empire . Roman Empire Senatus Populusque Romanus Imperium Romanum Western division of the Roman Empire 285 -- 476 Tremissis depicting Flavius Julius Nepos ( 474 - 480 ) , the de jure last Emperor of the Western Court The territory controlled by the Western Roman court at its greatest extent in AD 395 . Capital Mediolanum ( 286 -- 402 ) Ravenna ( 402 -- 476 ) Languages Latin ( official ) Koine Greek , Aquitanian , Gaulish , Common Brittonic , Gothic , Neo-Punic , Berber Religion Roman religion until 4th century Christianity ( state church ) after 380 Government Autocracy , Tetrarchy ( 293 -- 313 ) Notable emperors 286 -- 305 Maximian 324 -- 337 Constantine I 364 -- 375 Valentinian I 392 -- 395 Theodosius I 395 -- 423 Honorius 457 -- 461 Majorian 475 -- 476 Romulus Augustulus Consul 395 Flavius Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius , Flavius Anicius Probinus 476 Basiliscus , Flavius Armatus Legislature Roman Senate Historical era Late Antiquity Division of Diocletian 285 Division after Constantine I 337 Division by Valentinian I 364 Division after Theodosius I 395 Deposition of Romulus Augustus 4 September 476 Area 395 2,000,000 km ( 770,000 sq mi ) Currency Roman currency Preceded by Succeeded by Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire Kingdom of Odoacer Kingdom of the Visigoths Kingdom of the Vandals Kingdom of the Franks Kingdom of the Suebi Kingdom of the Burgundians Domain of Soissons Domain of Moor Alamannia Armorica Sub-Roman Britain Today part of Various countries Romania ( show ) Algeria Andorra Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia France Germany Gibraltar Guernsey Hungary Italy Jersey Liechtenstein Libya Luxembourg Malta Monaco Morocco Netherlands Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Switzerland Tunisia United Kingdom Vatican City a . ^ The deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476 is the most commonly cited end date for the Western Roman Empire . Other suggested dates include the death of Julius Nepos and the abolition of the title of `` Western Roman Emperor '' in 480 and the reorganization of Italy and abolition of separate Western Roman administrative institutions under Justinian I in 554 . In historiography , the Western Roman Empire consists of the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any one time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court , coequal with ( or only nominally subordinate to ) that administering the eastern half . Both `` Western Roman Empire '' and `` Eastern Roman Empire '' ( or `` Byzantine Empire '' ) are modern terms describing de facto independent entities ; however , at no point did the Romans consider the Empire split into two , but rather considered it a single state governed by two separate Imperial courts out of administrative expediency , a system of government known as a diarchy . The view that the Empire was impossible to govern by one emperor was established by Diocletian following the disastrous civil wars and disintegration of the Crisis of the 3rd century , and was instituted in Roman law by his introduction of the Tetrarchy in AD 285 , a form of government which was legally to endure in one form or another for centuries . There being more than one emperor at a time was not an unknown concept in the empire , as there had been multiple points in the past where more than one emperor ruled jointly . The Western Court was periodically abolished and recreated for the next two centuries until final abolition by Zeno in 480 , by which time there was little effective central control left in the area legally administered by the Western Court . The Western Roman Empire existed intermittently in several periods between the 3rd and 5th centuries , after Diocletian 's Tetrarchy and the reunifications associated with Constantine the Great and Julian the Apostate ( 331 / 2 -- 363 ) . Theodosius I divided the Empire upon his death ( in 395 ) between his two sons . Finally , eighty - five years later , Zeno of the Eastern Empire recognized the reality of the Western Empire 's reduced domain -- Roman power ceased to exist even in the Italian Peninsula -- after the deposition of Romulus Augustus and the subsequent death of Julius Nepos , and therefore proclaimed himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire . The rise of Odoacer of the Foederati to rule over Italy in 476 was popularized by eighteenth - century historian Edward Gibbon as a demarcating event for the end of the Western Empire and is sometimes used to mark the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages . Imperial rule was reimposed in large parts of the West , including North Africa , Italy and parts of Hispania , in the sixth century by the armies of the Eastern Roman Empire under Emperor Justinian I. Political upheaval in the East Roman heartlands made efforts to retain control of these territories difficult and they were gradually lost , this time for good . Though the Eastern Empire retained territories in the south of Italy until the 11th century , the influence that the Empire had over Western Europe had diminished significantly with the papal coronation of the Frankish king Charlemagne as `` Roman Emperor '' in 800 AD . His imperial line would come to evolve into the Holy Roman Empire , a revival of the imperial title in the West but in no meaningful sense an extension of Roman traditions or institutions . The Great Schism of 1054 between the churches of Rome and Constantinople further diminshed the authority the Emperor in Constantinople could hope to bring forth in the west . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Rebellions , uprisings , and political developments 1.2 Crisis of the Third Century 2 History 2.1 Tetrarchy 2.2 Further divisions 2.3 Reign of Honorius 2.4 Escalating barbarian conflicts 2.5 Internal unrest and Majorian 2.6 Collapse 2.7 Last Emperor 3 Political aftermath 3.1 Germanic Italy 3.2 Barbarian Kingdoms 3.3 Imperial reconquest 4 Economic factors 5 Legacy 5.1 Attempted restorations 5.2 Restoration of the Imperial title in the West 6 List of Western Roman Emperors 6.1 Tetrarchy ( 293 to 313 ) 6.2 Constantinian dynasty ( 313 to 363 ) 6.3 Non-dynastic ( 363 to 364 ) 6.4 Valentinian dynasty ( 364 to 392 ) 6.5 Non-dynastic ( 392 to 394 ) 6.6 Theodosian dynasty ( 394 to 455 ) 6.7 Non-dynastic ( 455 to 480 ) 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Notes 11 External links Background ( edit ) As the Roman Republic expanded , it reached a point where the central government in Rome could not effectively rule the distant provinces . Communications and transportation were especially problematic given the vast extent of the Empire . News of invasion , revolt , natural disasters , or epidemic outbreak was carried by ship or mounted postal service , often requiring much time to reach Rome and for Rome 's orders to be realized in the province of origin . For this reason , provincial governors had de facto rule in the name of the Roman Republic . Governors had several duties , including the command of armies , handling the taxes of the province and serving as a local chief judges . Prior to the establishment of the Empire , the territories of the Roman Republic had been divided in 43 BC among the members of the Second Triumvirate : Mark Antony , Octavian and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus . Antony received the provinces in the East : Achaea , Macedonia and Epirus ( roughly modern Greece , Albania and the coast of Croatia ) , Bithynia , Pontus and Asia ( roughly modern Turkey ) , Syria , Cyprus , and Cyrenaica . These lands had previously been conquered by Alexander the Great ; thus , much of the aristocracy was of Greek origin . The whole region , especially the major cities , had been largely assimilated into Greek culture , Greek often serving as the lingua franca . The Roman Republic before the conquests of Octavian Octavian obtained the Roman provinces of the West : Italia ( modern Italy ) , Gaul ( modern France ) , Gallia Belgica ( parts of modern Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg ) , and Hispania ( modern Spain and Portugal ) . These lands also included Greek and Carthaginian colonies in the coastal areas , though Celtic tribes such as Gauls and Celtiberians were culturally dominant . Lepidus received the minor province of Africa ( roughly modern Tunisia ) . Octavian soon took Africa from Lepidus , while adding Sicilia ( modern Sicily ) to his holdings . Upon the defeat of Mark Antony , a victorious Octavian controlled a united Roman Empire . While the Roman Empire featured many distinct cultures , all were often said to experience gradual Romanization . While the predominantly Greek culture of the East and the predominantly Latin culture of the West functioned effectively as an integrated whole , political and military developments would ultimately realign the Empire along those cultural and linguistic lines . Rebellions , uprisings , and political developments ( edit ) Minor rebellions and uprisings were fairly common events throughout the Empire . Conquered tribes or cities would revolt , and the legions would be detached to crush the rebellion . While this process was simple in peacetime , it could be considerably more complicated in wartime , as for example in the Great Jewish Revolt . In a full - blown military campaign , the legions , under generals such as Vespasian , were far more numerous . To ensure a commander 's loyalty , a pragmatic emperor might hold some members of the general 's family hostage . To this end , Nero effectively held Domitian and Quintus Petillius Cerialis , governor of Ostia , who were respectively the younger son and brother - in - law of Vespasian . The rule of Nero ended only with the revolt of the Praetorian Guard , who had been bribed in the name of Galba . The Praetorian Guard , a figurative `` sword of Damocles '' , were often perceived as being of dubious loyalty . Following their example , the legions at the borders increased participation in the civil wars . The main enemy in the West was arguably the Germanic tribes behind the rivers Rhine and Danube . Augustus had tried to conquer them but ultimately pulled back after the Teutoburg reversal . The Parthian Empire , in the East , on the other hand , was too remote and powerful to be conquered . Any Parthian invasion was confronted and usually defeated ; similarly , Parthians repelled some attempts of Roman invasion , however , even after successful wars of conquest , such as those implemented by Trajan and Septimius Severus . Those distant territories were forsaken to prevent unrest and also to ensure a more healthy and lasting peace with the Persians . The Parthians were followed by the Sasanian Empire , which continued hostilities with the Roman Empire . Controlling the western border of Rome was reasonably easy because it was relatively close and also because of the disunity between the Germanic foes , however , controlling both frontiers altogether during wartime was difficult . If the emperor was near the border in the East , chances were high that an ambitious general would rebel in the West and vice versa . This wartime opportunism plagued many ruling emperors and indeed paved the road to power for several future emperors . Crisis of the Third century ( edit ) Main article : Crisis of the Third Century The Roman Empire in 268 With the assassination of the Emperor Alexander Severus on 18 March 235 , the Roman Empire sank into a 50 - year civil war , now known as the Crisis of the Third Century . The rise of the bellicose Sassanid dynasty in Parthia posed a major threat to Rome in the east . Demonstrating the increased danger , Emperor Valerian was captured by Shapur I in 259 . His eldest son and heir - apparent , Gallienus , succeeded and took up the fight on the eastern frontier . Gallienus ' son , Saloninus , and the Praetorian Prefect Silvanus were residing in Colonia Agrippina ( modern Cologne ) to solidify the loyalty of the local legions . Nevertheless , Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus - the local governor of the German provinces -- rebelled ; his assault on Colonia Agrippina resulted in the deaths of Saloninus and the prefect . In the confusion that followed , an independent state known as the Gallic Empire emerged . Its capital was Augusta Treverorum ( modern Trier ) , and it quickly expanded its control over the German and Gaulish provinces and over all of Hispania and Britannia . It had its own senate , and a partial list of its consuls still survives . It maintained Roman religion , language , and culture , and was far more concerned with fighting the Germanic tribes than other Romans . However , in the reign of Claudius Gothicus ( 268 to 270 ) , large expanses of the Gallic Empire were restored to Roman rule . At roughly the same time , several eastern provinces seceded under the Palmyrene Empire , under the rule of Queen Zenobia . In 272 , Emperor Aurelian finally managed to reclaim Palmyra and its territory for the empire . With the East secure , his attention was turned to the West , taking the Gallic Empire a year later . Because of a secret deal between Aurelian and Gallic Emperor Tetricus I and his son Tetricus II , the Gallic army was swiftly defeated . In exchange , Aurelian spared their lives and gave the two former rebels important positions in Italy . History ( edit ) Tetrarchy ( edit ) Main articles : Tetrarchy and Constantine the Great The organization of the Empire under the Tetrarchy . The external borders were mostly stable for the remainder of the Crisis of the Third Century , although , between the death of Aurelian in 275 and the accession of Diocletian ten years later , at least eight emperors or would - be emperors were killed , many assassinated by their own troops . Under Diocletian , the political division of the Roman Empire began . In 285 , he promoted Maximian to the rank of Augustus ( Emperor ) and gave him control of the Western regions of the Empire . In 293 , Galerius and Constantius Chlorus were appointed as their subordinates ( Caesars ) , creating the First Tetrarchy . This system effectively divided the Empire into four major regions and created separate capitals besides Rome as a way to avoid the civil unrest that had marked the 3rd century . In the West , the capitals were Maximian 's Mediolanum ( now Milan ) and Constantius ' Trier . In the East , the capitals were Sirmium and Nicomedia . On 1 May 305 , the two senior Augusti stepped down , and their respective Caesars were promoted to Augusti and appointed two new Caesars , thus creating the Second Tetrarchy . The system of the Tetrarchy quickly ran aground when the Western Roman Empire 's Constantius died unexpectedly in 306 , and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Augustus of the West by the legions in Britain . A crisis followed as several claimants attempted to rule the Western half . In 308 , the Augustus of the East , Galerius , arranged a conference at Carnuntum which revived the Tetrarchy by dividing the West between Constantine and a newcomer named Licinius . Constantine was far more interested in conquering the whole empire . Through a series of battles in the East and the West , Licinius and Constantine stabilized their respective parts of the Roman Empire by 314 , and began to compete for sole control of a reunified state . Constantine emerged victorious in 324 after the surrender and murder of Licinius following the Battle of Chrysopolis . Following his victory and the unification of the Empire under one ruler once more , Constantine refounded the city of Byzantium in modern - day Greece as Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' , later to be renamed Constantinople ) as the new capital of the Empire , shifting the administrative center of the Empire to the East . The Tetrarchy ended , but the idea of dividing the Roman Empire between two emperors had been validated . Very strong emperors would reunite it under their single rule , but with their death the Roman Empire would be divided again and again between the East and the West . Further divisions ( edit ) Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by Constantine I : from west to east , the territories of Constantine II , Constans I , Dalmatius and Constantius II . After the death of Constantine I ( May 337 ) , this was the formal division of the Empire , until Dalmatius was killed and his territory divided between Constans and Constantius . Constantius was born in 317 at Sirmium , Pannonia . He was the third son of Constantine the Great , and second by his second wife Fausta , the daughter of Maximian . Constantius was made Caesar by his father on 13 November 324 . The Roman Empire was under the rule of a single Emperor , but , with the death of Constantine in 337 , the empire was partioned between his surviving male heirs . Constantius received the eastern provinces , including Constantinople , Thrace , Asia Minor , Syria , Egypt , and Cyrenaica ; Constantine II received Britannia , Gaul , Hispania , and Mauretania ; and Constans , initially under the supervision of Constantine II , received Italy , Africa , Illyricum , Pannonia , Macedonia , and Achaea . The provinces of Thrace , Achaea and Macedonia were shortly controlled by Dalmatius , nephew of Constantine I and a caesar and not an Augustus , until his murder by his own soldiers in 337 . The West was unified in 340 under Constans , who was assassinated in 350 under the order of the usurper Magnentius ; after Magnentius lost the Battle of Mursa Major and committed suicide , a complete reunification of the whole Empire occurred in 353 , with Constantius . Constantius II focused most of his power in the East . Under his rule , the city of Byzantium - only recently re-founded as Constantinople - was fully developed as a capital . In 361 , Constantius II became ill and died , and Constantius Chlorus ' grandson Julian , who had served as Constantius II 's Caesar , assumed power . Julian was killed in 363 in the Battle of Samarra against the Persian Empire and was succeeded by Jovian , who ruled only until 364 . The division of the Empire after the death of Theodosius I , ca. 395 AD superimposed on modern borders . Western Court under Honorius Eastern Court under Arcadius Following the death of Jovian , Valentinian I emerged as Emperor in 364 . He immediately divided the Empire once again , giving the eastern half to his brother Valens . Stability was not achieved for long in either half , as the conflicts with outside forces ( tribes ) intensified . In 376 , the Visigoths , fleeing before the Ostrogoths , who in turn were fleeing before the Huns , were allowed to cross the river Danube and settle into the Balkans by the Eastern government . Mistreatment caused a full - scale rebellion , and in 378 they inflicted a crippling defeat on the Eastern Roman field army in the Battle of Adrianople , in which Valens also died . The campaigns to subdue them were only partly successful , and they officially became semi-independent foederati under their own leaders . More than in the East , there was also opposition to the Christianizing policy of the Emperors in the western half of the Empire . In 379 , Valentinian I 's son and successor Gratian declined to wear the mantle of Pontifex Maximus , and in 382 he rescinded the rights of pagan priests and removed the Altar of Victory from the Roman Curia , a decision which caused dissatisfaction among the traditionally pagan aristocracy of Rome . Theodosius I later decreed a ban on all religions except Christianity . The political situation was unstable . In 383 , a powerful and popular general named Magnus Maximus seized power in the West and forced Gratian 's half - brother Valentinian II to flee to the East for aid ; in a destructive civil war , the Eastern Emperor Theodosius I restored him to power . In 392 , the Frankish and pagan magister militum Arbogast assassinated Valentinian II and proclaimed an obscure senator named Eugenius as Emperor . In 394 the forces of the two halves of the Empire again clashed with great loss of life . Again Theodosius I won , and he briefly ruled a united Empire until his death in 395 . He was the last Emperor to rule both parts of the Roman Empire ; his older son Arcadius inherited the eastern half while the younger Honorius got the western half . Both were still minors and neither was capable of ruling effectively . Honorius was placed under the tutelage of the half - Roman / half - barbarian magister militum Flavius Stilicho while Rufinus became the power behind the throne in the east . Rufinus and Stilicho were rivals , and their disagreements were exploited by the Gothic leader Alaric I who again rebelled following the death of Theodosius I. Neither half of the Empire could raise forces sufficient even to subdue Alaric 's men , and both tried to use Alaric against the other half . Alaric himself tried to establish a long - term territorial and official base , but was never able to do so . Stilicho tried to defend Italy and bring the invading Goths under control , but to do so he stripped the Rhine frontier of troops and the Vandals , Alans , and Suevi invaded Gaul in large numbers . Stilicho became a victim of court intrigues and was killed in 408 . While the East began a slow recovery and consolidation , the West began to collapse entirely . Alaric 's men sacked Rome in 410 . Reign of Honorius ( edit ) Main article : Honorius ( emperor ) Solidus of Emperor Honorius . Honorius , the younger son of Theodosius I , was declared Augustus ( and as such co-emperor with his father ) on January 23rd in 393 . Upon the death of Theodosius , Honorius inherited the throne of the West at the age of ten whilst his older brother Arcadius inherited the East . The western capital was initially Mediolanum , as it had been during previous divisions , but it was moved to Ravenna in 402 upon the entrance of the visigothic king Alaric I into Italy . Ravenna , protected by abundant marshes and strong fortifactions , was far easier to defend but made it more difficult for the Roman military to defend central parts of Italy from the regular barbarian incursions . Ravenna would remain the western capital until the deposition of Romulus Augustus 74 years later and would later be used as the capital for both the Ostrogothic Kingdom and the Exarchate of Ravenna . The reign of Honorius was , even by Western Roman standards , chaotic and plagued by both internal and external struggles . The Visigothic foederati under Alaric , magister militum in Illyricum , rebelled as early as 395 . Gildo , the Comes Africae and Magister utriusque militiae per Africam , rebelled in 397 and initiated the Gildonic War . Stilicho managed to subdue Gildo but was away in Raetia when the Visigoths entered Italy in 402 . Stilicho , hurrying back to aid in defending Italy , summoned legions in Gaul and Britain with which he managed to defeat Alaric twice before agreeing to allow him to retreat back to Illyria . Barbarian invasions and the invasion of usurper Constantine III in the Western Roman Empire during the reign of Honorius 407 - 409 . The weakened frontiers in Britain and Gaul had dire consequences for the empire . Numerous usurpers rose from Britain , including Marcus ( 406 -- 407 ) , Gratian ( 407 ) , and Constantine III who invaded Gaul in 407 . Britain was effectively abandoned by the empire by 410 due to the crumbling resources and the need to look after more important frontiers . The weakened rhine frontier allowed multiple barbarian tribes , including the Vandals , Alans and Suebi , to cross the river and enter Roman territory in 406 . Honorius was convinced by the minister Olympius that Stilicho was conspiring to overthrow him , and thus arrested and executed Stilicho in 408 . Olympius headed a conspiracy that successfully orchestrated the deaths of key individuals related to the regime of Stilicho , including his son and the families of many of his federated troops . This lead many of the soldiers to instead join with Alaric , who returned to Italy in 409 and met little opposition . Despite attempts by Honorius to a settlement and six legions of Eastern Roman soldiers sent to support him , the negotiations between Alaric and Honorius broke down in 410 and Alaric sacked the city of Rome . Though the sack was relatively mild and Rome was no longer the capital , this event made a great impression on contemporaries , as this was the first time since the Gallic invasions of the 4th century BC that the city had fallen to a foreign enemy . Without Stilicho and following the sack of Rome , Honorius reign grew more and more chaotic . The usurper Constantine III had stripped Roman Britain of its defenses when he crossed over to Gaul in 407 , leaving the Romanized population subject to invasions , first by the Picts and then by the Saxons , Angli , and the Jutes who began to settle permanently from about 440 onwards . After Honorius accepted Constantine as co-emperor , Constantine 's general in Hispania , Gerontius , proclaimed Maximus as Emperor . With the aid of general Constantius , Honorius successfully defeated Gerontius and Maximus in 411 and shortly thereafter captured and executed Constantine III . With Constantius back in Italy , the Gallo - Roman senator Jovinus revolted after proclaiming himself Emperor . With the support of the Gallic nobility and the barbarian Burgundians and Alans , Honorius turned to the Visigoths under King Ataulf for support against Jovinus . Ataulf defeated and executed Jovinus and his proclaimed co-emperor Sebastianus in 413 , around the same time as another usurper rose in Africa , Heraclianus . Heraclianus attempted to invade Italy but failed and retreated to Carthage , where he was killed . With the roman legions withdrawn , northern Gaul became subject to more and more Frankish influence , the Franks naturally adopting a somewhat leading role in the region . In 418 , Honorius granted southwestern Gaul ( Gallia Aquitania ) to the Visigoths as a vassal federation . Removing the local imperial governors , the Visigoths and the provincial roman inhabitants were left to conduct their own affairs . As such , the first of the `` barbarian kingdoms '' , the Visigothic Kingdom , was formed . Escalating barbarian conflicts ( edit ) Germanic and Hunnic invasions of the Roman Empire , 100 -- 500 AD Honorius ' death in 423 was followed by turmoil until the Eastern Roman government with the force of arms installed Valentinian III as Western Emperor in Ravenna , with Galla Placidia acting as regent during her son 's minority . Theodosius II , Eastern Emperor , had hesitated to announce the death of Honorius and in the ensuing interregnum , Joannes was nominated as Western Emperor . Joannes `` rule '' was short and the forces of the East successfully defeated and executed him in 425 . After a violent struggle with several rivals , and against Placidia 's wish , Aetius rose to the rank of magister militum . Aetius was able to stabilize the Western Empire 's military situation somewhat , relying heavily on his Hunnic allies . With their help Aetius undertook extensive campaigns in Gaul , defeating the Visigoths in 437 and 438 but suffering a defeat himself in 439 , ending the conflicts in a status quo . Meanwhile , pressure from the Visigoths and a rebellion by Bonifacius , the governor of Africa , induced the Vandals under their king Gaiseric to cross over from Spain in 429 . They temporarily halted in Numidia ( 435 ) before moving eastward . With Aetius occupied in Gaul , the Western Roman government could do nothing to prevent the Vandals conquering the wealthy African provinces , eventually culminating in the fall of Carthage on 19 October 439 and the establishment of the Vandalic Kingdom . By the 400s , Italy and Rome itself was dependent on the taxes and foodstuffs from these provinces , leading to an economical crisis . With Vandal fleets becoming an increasingly constant danger to Roman sea trade and the coasts and islands of the western and central Mediterranean , Aetius coordinated a counterattack against the Vandals in 440 , organizing a large army in Sicily . However , the plans of retaking Africa had to be abandoned due to the immediate need to combat the invading Huns , who in 444 were united under their ambitious king Attila . Turning against their former ally , the Huns became a formidable threat to the Empire . Aetius transferred his forces to the Danube , though Attila had begun to concentrate on raiding the Eastern Roman provinces in the Balkans , providing momentary relief to the Western court . In 449 , Attila received a message from Honoria , Valentinian III 's sister , offering him half the western empire if he would rescue her from an unwanted marriage that her brother was forcing her into . With a pretext to invade the West , Attila secured peace with the Eastern court and crossed the Rhine in early 451 . With Attila wreaking havoc in Gaul , Aetius gathered together a coalition of Roman and Germanic forces , including Visigoths and Burgundians , and prevented the Huns from taking the city Aurelianum , forcing them into retreat . At the Battle of Châlons , the Roman - Germanic coalition met and defeat the Hunnic forces , though Attila escaped . Attila regrouped and invaded Italy in 452 . With Aetius not having enough forces to attack , the road to Rome was open . Valentinian sent Pope Leo I and two leading senators to negotiate with Attila . This embassy , combined with a plague among Attila 's troops , the threat of famine , and news that the Eastern Emperor Marcian had launched an attack on Hun homelands along the Danube , forced Attila to turn around and leave Italy . With Attila dying unexpectedly in 453 , the power struggle that erupted between his sons ended the threat posed by the Huns . Internal unrest and Majorian ( edit ) The Western Roman Empire during the reign of Majorian in 460 AD . During his four - year long reign from 457 to 461 , Majorian successfully restored Western Roman authority in Hispania and most of Gaul . Despite his accomplishments , Roman rule in the west would last less than two more decades . Valentinian III , feeling intimidated by Aetius , was enlisted by the Roman senator Petronius Maximus and the chamberlain Heraclius to assassinate him . When Aetius was at court in Ravenna delivering a financial account , Valentinian suddenly leaped from his seat and declared that he would no longer be the victim of Aetius 's drunken depravities . He held Aetius responsible for the empire 's troubles and accused him of trying to steal the empire from him . Aetius attempted to defend himself from the charges , but Valentinian drew his sword and struck the weaponless Aetius on the head , killing him on the spot . On March 16 the following year , Valentinian himself was killed by supporters of the dead general , possibly put up to it by Petronius Maximus . With the end of the Theodosian dynasty , Petronius Maximus proclaimed himself emperor during the ensuing period of unrest . Petronius was not prepared to take control over the significantly weaken and unstable Empire . Petronius broke the betrothal between Huneric , son of the Vandal king Gaiseric , and Eudocia , daughter of Valentinian III . This was seen as just cause of war by King Gaiseric , who set sail to attack Rome . Petronius and his supporters attempted to flee the city at the sight of the approaching Vandals , only to be stoned to death by a roman mob after a reign of only 11 weeks . With the Vandals at the gates , Pope Leo I requested that the king not destroy the ancient city or murder its inhabitants , to which Gaiseric agreed and the city gates were opened to him . Though keeping his promise , Gaiseric looted great amounts of treasure and damaged objects of cultural significance such as the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus . The severity of the Vandal sack of 455 is disputed , though with the Vandals plundering the city for a full fourteen days as opposed to the Visigothic sack of 410 , where the Visigoths only spent three days in the city , it was likely more thorough . Avitus , a prominent general under Petronius , was proclaimed emperor by the Visigothic king Theoderic II and accepted as such by the Roman senate . Though supported by the Gallic provinces and the Visigoths , Avitus was resented in Italy due to ongoing food shortages caused by Vandal control of trade routes and for using a Visigothic imperial guard . Disbanding his guard due to popular pressure , the Suebian general Ricimer used this opportunity to depose Avitus , counting on popular discontent . After the deposition of Avitus , the Eastern Emperor Leo I did not select a new western Augustus . After the prominent general Majorian defeated an invading force of Alemanni , he was proclaimed Western Emperor by the army and eventually accepted as such by Eastern Emperor Leo I . Majorian was the last Western Emperor to attempt to recover the Western Empire with its own military forces . To prepare , Majorian significantly strengthened the Western Roman army by recruiting large numbers of barbarian mercenaries , among them m Gepids , Ostrogoths , Rugii , Burgundians , Huns , Bastarnae , Suebi , Scythians and Alans , and built two fleets , one at Ravenna , to combat the strong vandalic fleet . Majorian personally lead the army to wage war in Gaul , leaving Ricimer in Italy . The Gallic provinces and the Visigothic Kingdom had rebelled following the deposition of Avitus , refusing to acknowledge Majorian as lawful emperor . At the Battle of Arelate , Majorian decisively defeated the Visigoths under Theoderic II and forced them to relinquish their great conquests in Hispania and return to foederati status . Majorian then entered the Rhone Valley , where he defeated the Burgundians and reconquered the rebel city of Lugdunum . With Gaul back under Roman control , Majorian turned his eyes to the Vandals and Africa . Not only did the Vandals pose a constant danger to coastal Italy and trade in the Mediterranean , but the province they ruled was economically vital to the survival of the West . Majorian began a campaign to fully reconquer Hispania to use it as a base of his conquest of Africa . Throughout 459 , Majorian campaigned against the Suebi in northwestern Hispania . The Vandals began to increasingly fear a Roman invasion . King Gaiseric tried to negotiate a peace with Majorian , who rejected the proposal . In the wake of this , Gaiseric devastated Mauretania , part of his own kingdom , fearing that the Roman army would land there . Having restored control of Hispania , Majorian intended to use his fleet at Carthaginiensis to attack the Vandals . Before he could , the fleet was destroyed , allegedly by traitors paid by the Vandals . Deprived of his fleet , Majorian had to cancel his attack on the Vandals and conclude a peace with Gaiseric . Disbanding his barbarian forces , Majorian intended to return to Rome and issue reforms , stopping at Arelate on his way . Here , Ricimer deposed and arrested him in 461 , having gathered significant aristocratical opposition against Majorian . After five days of beatings and torture , Majorian was beheaded near the river Iria . Collapse ( edit ) See also : Fall of the Western Roman Empire The Western and Eastern Roman Empire by 476 . The final collapse of the Empire in the West was marked by increasingly ineffectual puppet Emperors dominated by their Germanic masters of the soldiers . The most pointed example of this is Ricimer , who effectively became a `` Shadow Emperor '' following the depositions of Avitus and Majorian . Unable to take the throne for himself due to his barbarian heritage , Ricimer appointed a series of `` puppet emperors '' that could do little to halt the collapse of Roman authority and the loss of the territories reconquered by Majorian . The first of these puppet emperors , Libius Severus , had no recognition outside of Italy , with the Eastern Emperor Leo I and provincial governors in Gaul and Illyria all refusing to recognize him . Severus died in 465 and Leo I , with the consent of Ricimer , appointed the capable Eastern general Anthemius as Western Emperor following an eighteen - month Western interregnum . The relationship between Anthemius and the East was good , Anthemius is the last Western Emperor recorded in an Eastern law , and the two courts conducted a joint operation to retake Africa from the Vandals , culminating in the disastrous Battle of Cap Bon in 468 . Furthermore , Anthemius conducted failed campaigns against the Visigoths , hoping to halt their increasing expansion . The trial and subsequent execution of Romanus , an Italian senator and friend of Ricimer , on the grounds of treachery in 470 made Ricimer hostile to Anthemius . Following two years of hostilities , Ricimer successfully deposed and killed Anthemius in 472 , elevating Olybrius to the Western throne . During the brief reign of Olybrius , Ricimer died and his nephew Gundobad succeeded him as magister militum . After only seven months of rule , Olybrius died of dropsy . Gundobad elevated Glycerius to Western Emperor . The Eastern Empire had rejected Olybrius and also rejected Glycerius , instead supporting a candidate of their own , Julius Nepos , magister militum in Dalmatia . With the support of Eastern Emperors Leo II and Zeno , Julius Nepos crossed the Adriatic Sea in the spring of 474 to depose Glycerius . At the arrival of Nepos in Italy , Glycerius abdicated without a fight and was allowed to live out his life as the Bishop of Salona . The brief rule of Nepos in Italy ended in 475 when Orestes , a former secretary of Attila and the magister militum of Julius Nepos , took control of Ravenna and forced Nepos to flee by ship to Dalmatia . Later in the same year , Orestes crowned his own young son as Western Emperor under the name Romulus Augustus . Romulus Augustus was not recognised as Western Emperor by the Eastern Court , who maintained that Nepos was the only legal Western Emperor , reigning in exile from Dalmatia . On September 4 , 476 , Odoacer , leader of the Germanic foederati in Italy , captured Ravenna , killed Orestes and deposed Romulus . Though Romulus was deposed , Nepos did not return to Italy and continued to reign as Western Emperor from Dalmatia , with support from Constantinople . Odoacer proclaimed himself ruler of Italy and began to negotiate with the Eastern Emperor Zeno . Zeno eventually granted Odoacer patrician status as recognition of his authority and accepted him as his own viceroy of Italy . Zeno , however , insisted that Odoacer had to pay homage to Julius Nepos as the Emperor of the Western Empire . Odoacer accepted this condition and issued coins in the name of Julius Nepos throughout Italy . This , however , was mainly an empty political gesture , as Odoacer never returned any real power or territories to Julius Nepos . The murder of Julius Nepos in 480 prompted Odoacer to invade Dalmatia , annexing it to his Kingdom of Italy . Last Emperor ( edit ) By convention , the Western Roman Empire is deemed to have ended on 4 September 476 , when Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustus , but the historical record calls this determination into question . Julius Nepos still claimed to be Emperor of the West , and ruled a rump state in Dalmatia . He was recognized as such by Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno and by Syagrius , who had managed to preserve Roman sovereignty in an exclave in northern Gaul , known today as the Domain of Soissons . Recognising that no direct Roman control remained over the territories legally governed by the western emperor , Zeno did not appoint a new western emperor after the death of Julius Nepos in 480 . Instead Zeno abolished the juridical division of the position of emperor into two separate courts , declaring himself the sole emperor of a reunited Roman Empire . As such , the ( eastern ) Roman emperors after 480 are the successors of the western ones , albeit only in a juridical sense . These emperors would continue to rule the Roman Empire until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , nearly a thousand years later . Political aftermath ( edit ) Europe in 477 AD . Highlighted areas are Roman lands that survived the deposition of Romulus Augustulus . The deposition of Romulus Augustus and the end of direct Roman rule in Italy in 476 was evidently not seen as a world - changing event at the time . The Western court had lacked true power and been subject to Germanic aristocrats for decades , with most of its legal territory being under control of various barbarian kingdoms . With Odoacer recognising Julius Nepos , and later Zeno , as his sovereign , nominal Roman control continued in Italy . Some further territories of Roman control continued to exist in the West in some form even after 480 . The Domain of Soissons , a rump state in Northern Gaul ruled by Syagrius , survived until 486 when it was conquered by the Franks under King Clovis I after the Battle of Soissons . Syagrius was known as the `` King of the Romans '' by the Germanic peoples of the region and continually claimed that he was merely governing a Roman province , not an independent realm . Furthermore , a Roman - Moor realm survived in the province of Mauretania Caesariensis until the early 8th century . An inscription on a fortification at the ruined city of Altava from the year 508 identifies a man named Masuna as the king of `` Regnum Maurorum et Romanarum '' , the Kingdom of the Moors and Romans . It is possible that Masuna is the same man as the `` Massonas '' who allied himself with the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire against the Vandals in 535 . As the Mauro - Roman realm shrank it eventually became known as the `` Kingdom of Altava '' after its capital city and it fell during the Islamic conquests of the 700s . Germanic Italy ( edit ) Odoacer 's Italy in 480 AD , following the annexation of Dalmatia . The deposition of Romulus Augustus and rise of Odoacer as ruler of Italy in 476 received very little attention at the time . Overall , very little changed for the people ; there was still a Roman Emperor in Constantinople that Odoacer had subordinated himself to . Throne vacances had been experienced at many points in the West before and the deposition of Romulus Augustus was nothing out of the ordinary . Odoacer saw his rule as entirely in the tradition of the Roman Empire , his role was not unlike that of Ricimer , and he effectively ruled as an imperial `` governor '' of Italy and was even awarded the title of patricius . Odoacer ruled using the roman administrative systems already in place and continued to mint coins with the name and portrait of Julius Nepos until 480 and later with the name and portrait of the Eastern Augustus , rather than in his own name . Solidus minted under Odoacer with the name and portrait of the Eastern Emperor Zeno . When Julius Nepos was murdered in Dalmatia in 480 , Odoacer assumed the duty of pursuing and executing the assassins and established his own rule in Dalmatia at the same time . Odoacer established his power with the loyal support of the Roman Senate , a legislative body that had continued even without an emperor residing in Italy . Indeed , the Senate seems to have increased in power under Odoacer . For the first time since the mid-3rd century , copper coins were issued with the legend SC ( Senatus Consulto ) . These coins were copied by Vandals in Africa and also formed the basis of the currency reform done by Emperor Anastasius in the East . Under Odoacer , Western consuls continued to be appointed as they had been under Western Roman Empire and were accepted by the Eastern Court , the first of these were Caecina Decius Maximus Basilus in 480 . Basilus was later also made the Preatorian Prefect of Italy in 483 , a position that continued to exist under Odoacer. 11 further consuls were appointed by the Senate under Odoacer during his reign from 480 to 493 and one further Praetorian Prefect of Italy was appointed , Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius ( 486 - 493 ) . Though Odoacer ruled as a Roman governor would have and maintained himself as a subordinate to the remaining Empire , the Eastern Emperor Zeno began to increasingly see him as a rival . Thus , Zeno promised Theoderic the Great of the Ostrogoths , foederati of the Eastern Court , control over the Italian peninsula if they were able to defeat Odoacer . Theoderic leade the Ostrogoths across the Julian Alps and into Italy in 489 and defeated Odoacer in battle twice the same year . Following four years of hostilities between them , John , the Bishop of Ravenna , was able to negotiate a treaty in 493 between Odoacer and Theoderic wherein they agreed to rule Ravenna and Italy jointly . Theoderic entered Ravenna on 5 March and Odoacer was dead ten days later , killed by Theoderic after sharing a meal with him . Map of the realm of Theoderic the Great at its height in 523 , following the annexation of the southern parts of the Burgundian kingdom . Theoderic ruled both the Visigothic and Ostrogothic kingdoms and exerted hegemony over the Burgundians and Vandals . Theoderic inherited the role of Odoacer , the acting viceroy for Italy and ostensibly a patricius and subject of the emperor in Constantinople . This position was recognized by Emperor Anastasius in 497 . Though Theoderic acted as an independent ruler , he meticulously preserved the outward appearance of his subordinate position . Theoderic continued to use the administrative systems of Odoacer 's kingdom , essentially those of the Western Roman Empire , and administrative positions continued to be staffed exclusively by Romans . The senate continued to function as it always had and the laws of the Empire were recognized as ruling the Roman population , though the Goths were ruled by their own traditional laws . As a subordinate , Theoderic did not have the right to issue his own laws , only edicts or clarifications . The army and military offices were exclusively staffed by the Goths however , largely settled in northern Italy . Though acting as a subordinate in domestic affairs , Theoderic acted increasingly independent in his foreign policies . Seeking to counterbalance the influence of the Empire in the East , Theoderic married his daughters to the Visigothic king Alaric II and the Burgundian prince Sigismund , his sister Amalfrida was married to the Vandal king Thrasamund and he married Audofleda , sister of the Frankish king Clovis I , himself . Through these alliances and occasional conflicts , the territory controlled by Theoderic in the early sixth century nearly constituted a restored Western Roman Empire . Ruler of Italy since 493 , Theoderic became king of the Visigoths in 511 and exerted hegemony over the Vandals in North Africa between 521 and 523 . As such , his rule extended throughout the western Mediterranean . The western imperial regalia had been returned to Ravenna by the emperor Anastasius in 497 and Theoderic was essentially western emperor in all but name . With the death of Theoderic in 526 , his network of alliances began to collapse . The Visigoths regained autonomy under king Amalaric and the relations with the Vandals turned increasingly hostile under the reign of the new Ostrogothic king Athalaric , a child under the regency of his mother Amalasuntha . Amalasuntha intended to coninue the policies of conciliation between the Goths and Romans , supporting the new Eastern Emperor Justinian I and allowing him to use Sicily as a staging point during the reconquest of Africa in the Vandalic War . With the death of Athalaric in 534 , Amalasuntha crowned her cousin and only relative Theodahad as king , hoping for his support . Instead , Amalasuntha was imprisoned and even though Theodahad assured Emperor Justinian of her safety , she was executed shortly thereafter . This served as an ideal cause of war for Justinian , who invaded Italy after Theodahad had refused to renounce his rule of the peninsula in favour of the Empire . Barbarian kingdoms ( edit ) Main article : Barbarian kingdoms Map of the Barbarian Kingdoms of the western Mediterranean in 526 , seven years before the campaigns of reconquest under Justinian I . In the context of the Western Roman Empire , the term `` barbarian kingdoms '' most often refers to the Germanic kingdoms that sprung from the formerly western roman territory . Their beginnings , together with the end of the Western Roman Empire , marks the transition from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages . The barbarian kingdoms gradually replaced the old roman system , specifically in the praetorian prefectures of Gaul and Italy , during the sixth and seventh centuries . 6th - century Visigothic coin , struck in the name of Emperor Justinian I . There were several different kingdoms of differing size , power and origins . The Visigothic Kingdom was the earliest one established , founded as a vassal state to the Western Roman Empire through the Visigoths being granted land in southern Gaul by Emperor Honorius in 418 . After its establishment , relations between the Visigoths and the Western court were mixed . Though federated vassals , the Visigoths remained de facto independent and began a rapid period of expansion at the expense of the Western empire . The Visigoths were thus periodically enemies with the Western court , though they had allied with the Western Roman army against the Huns and assisted in defeating Attila at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451 . At the time of the collapse of the Western Empire in 476 / 480 , the Visigoths controlled large swaths of Southern Gaul as well as a majority of Hispania , their increased domain having been partly conquered and partly awarded to them by the Western Emperor Avitus in the 450s - 60s . Like the Germanic kingdoms of Italy , the Visigoths continued to recognise the Emperor in Constantinople as somewhat of a nominal sovereign , continuing to mint coins in their names until the reign of Justinian I in the sixth century . The Visigothic Kingdom continued to control most of the Iberian peninsula until it fell to the Umayyad Caliphate in the 720s . The Kingdom of Asturias was founded by a Visigoth nobleman around the same time and remained the only bastion of Christianity on the peninsula until the reconquista . The Vandal Kingdom was founded through Vandalic conquests in the provinces of Roman Africa , culminating in a siege and subsequent conquest of Carthage in 439 . The Vandals continually used an impressive fleet to loot the coasts of both the Western and Eastern halves of the Empire , becoming an increasingly strong naval power . After the death of Attila , the Romans made repeated efforts at recapturing Africa and destroying the Vandals , since they were in control of some of the richest imperial lands . With several planned campaigns never being carried out or being destroyed in naval battles , the Vandals remained a power and even sacked Rome in 455 . Unlike the Visigoths , the Vandals minted their own coinage and were both de facto and de jure independent . Just like the Ostrogoths of Italy , the Vandalic Kingdom would come to be reconquered under the western campaigns of Emperor Justinian I . After the collapse of Theoderic the Great 's control of the western Mediterranean through alliances , the Frankish Kingdom would rise to become the most powerful of the Barbarian Kingdoms , having taken control of most of Gaul in the absence of Roman governance . Under Clovis I from the 480s to 511 , the Franks would come to develop into a great regional power , conquering the Domain of Soissons in 481 , defeating the Alemanni in 504 and conquering all Visigothic territory north of the north of the Pyrenees other than Septimania in 507 . Unlike with the hostile Vandals , relations between the Franks and the Eastern Empire appear to have been rather positive , with Emperor Anastasius granting Clovis the title of consul following his victory against the Visigoths . The Frankish Kingdom would turn out to be the most stable of all the Barbarian kingdoms , eventually developing into the Carolingian Empire and later France and the Holy Roman Empire . Imperial reconquest ( edit ) Further information : Vandalic War and Gothic War ( 535 -- 554 ) The Eastern Roman Empire , by reoccupying some of the former Western Roman Empire 's lands , enlarged its territory considerably during Justinian 's reign from 527 ( red ) to 565 ( orange ) . With Emperor Zeno having juridically reunified the Empire into one imperial court , the remaining Eastern Roman Empire continued to lay claim to the areas previously controlled by the Western court throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages . Though military campaigns had been conducted by the Western court prior to 476 with the aim of recapturing lost territory , most notably under Majorian , the reconquests , if successful at all , were only momentary . It was first under the campaigns of the generals Belisarius and Narses on behalf of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I from 533 to 554 that long - lasting reconquests of Roman lands were witnessed . During the 6th century , the Eastern Roman Empire under Justinian managed to reconquer large areas of the former Western Roman Empire . With the pro-Roman Vandal king Hilderic having been deposed by Gelimer in 530 , Justinian prepared an expedition lead by prominent general Belisarius that swiftly retook North Africa from June 533 to March 534 , returning the wealthy province to Roman rule . Following the reconquest , Justinian swiftly reestablished the Roman administrations of the province , establishing a new Praetorian Prefecture of Africa and taking measures to decrease vandal influence , eventually leading to the complete disappearance of the vandalic people . Justinian I ( right ) was the first Eastern Emperor to attempt to reconquer the territories of the Western Roman Empire , undertaking successful campaigns in Africa and Italy in the 500s . Manuel I Komnenos ( right ) was the last , campaigning in southern Italy in the 1150s . Following the execution of the pro-Roman Ostrogoth queen Amalasuntha and the refusal of Ostrogoth king Theodahad to renounce his control of Italy , Justinian ordered the expedition to move on to reconquer Italy , ancient heartland of the Empire . From 534 to 540 , the Roman forces campaigned in Italy and captured Ravenna , the Ostrogothic and formerly Western Roman capital , in 540 . The Gothic resistance revived under king Totila in 541 , and they were only defeated following campaigns by the Roman general Narses , who also repelled invasions into Italy by the Franks and Alemanni . Justinian promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction to reorganize the governance of Italy and the province was returned to Roman rule , though some cities in northern Italy continued to hold out until the 560s . The end of the conflict saw Italy devastated and considerably depopulated , which made it difficult to retain over the following centuries . Justinian also undertook limited campaigns against the Visigoths , recovering portions of the southern coast of the Iberian peninsula . Here , the province of Spania would last until the 620s , when the Visigoths under king Suintila reconquered the southern coast . These regions remained under Roman control throughout the reign of Justinian . Only three years after his death , the Lombards invaded Italy . Through conquests of the devastated peninsula , the Lombards conquered large parts of Italy in the late 500s , establishing the Lombard Kingdom . The Lombards were in constant conflict with the Exarchate of Ravenna , a polity established to replace the old Praetorian Prefecture of Italy and enforcing roman rule in Italy . The wealthiest parts of the province , including the cities of Rome and Ravenna , remained securely in Roman hands under the Exarchate throughout the seventh century . Map of the Eastern Roman Empire in 717 AD , over the course of the seventh and eighth centuries , Islamic expansion had ended Roman rule in Africa and though some bastions of Roman rule remained , most of Italy was controlled by the Lombards . Although some eastern emperors occasionally attempted to campaign in the West , none were as successful as Justinian . After 600 , events conspired to drive the Western provinces out of Constantinople 's control , with imperial attention focused on the pressing issues of war with Sasanian Persia and then the rise of Islam . For a while , the West remained important , with the Emperor Constans II ruling from Syracuse in Sicily a Roman Empire that still stretched from North Africa to the Caucasus in the 660s , but thereafter imperial attention declined rapidly , with Constantinople itself being besieged in the 670s , renewed war with the Arabs in the 680s , and then a period of chaos between 695 and 717 , during which time Africa was finally lost to the Romans once and for all , being conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate . Through reforms and military campaigns , Emperor Leo III attempted to restore order in the Empire , but his doctrinal reforms , known as the Iconoclastic Controversy , were extremely unpopular in the West and were condemned by Pope Gregory III . This led to the final breakdown in imperial rule over Rome itself , and the gradual transition of the Exarchate of Ravenna into the independent Papal States , lead by the Pope . In an attempt at gaining support against the Lombards , the Pope called for aid from the Frankish Kingdom instead of the Eastern Empire , eventually crowning the Frankish king Charlemagne as `` Roman Emperor '' in 800 AD . Though this coronation was strongly opposed by the Eastern Empire , there was little they could do as their influence in Western Europe decreased . Imperial rule continued in Sicily throughout the eighth century , with the island slowly being overrun by the Arabs over the course of the ninth century . In Italy , a few strongholds in Calabria ultimately provided a base for modest imperial expansion , which reached its peak in the early eleventh century , with most of southern Italy under Roman rule of a sort . This , however , was undone by further civil wars in the empire , and the slow conquest of the region by the Empires ' former mercenaries , the Normans , who finally put an end to imperial rule in Western Europe in 1071 with the conquest of Bari . The last Emperor to attempt reconquests in the West was Manuel I Komnenos , who invaded Southern Italy during a war with the Norman Kingdom of Sicily in the 1150s . The city of Bari willingly opened its gates to the Emperor and facing successes in the taking of other cities in the region , Manuel dreamed of a restored Roman Empire and a union between the churches of Rome and Constantinople , separated since the schism of 1054 . Despite initial successes and Papal support , the campaign was unsuccessful and Manuel was forced to return East . Economic factors ( edit ) Stone - carved relief depicting the liberation of a besieged city by a relief force , with those defending the walls making a sortie ( i.e. a sudden attack against a besieging enemy from within the besieged town ) ; Western Roman Empire , early 5th century AD Rome and the Italian peninsula began to experience an economic slowdown as industries and money began to move outward . By the beginning of the 2nd century AD , the economic stagnation of Italia was seen in the provincial - born Emperors , such as Trajan and Hadrian . Economic problems increased in strength and frequency . The West , less urbanized with a spread - out populace , may have experienced an economic decline throughout the Late Empire in some provinces . Southern Italy , northern Gaul ( except for large towns and cities ) to some extent Spain and the Danubian areas may have suffered . The East was not so destitute , especially as Emperors like Constantine the Great and Constantius II had invested heavily in the eastern economy . As a result , the Eastern Empire could afford large numbers of professional soldiers and augment them with mercenaries , while the Western Roman Empire could not afford this to the same extent . Even in major defeats , the East could , certainly not without difficulties , buy off its enemies with a ransom . The political , economic and military control of the Eastern Empire 's resources remained safe in Constantinople , which was well fortified and located at the crossroads of several major trade and military routes . In contrast , the Western Empire was more fragmented . Its capital was transferred to Ravenna in 402 largely for defensive reasons , and it had easy access to the imperial fleet of the Eastern Empire but was isolated in other aspects as it was surrounded by swamps and marshes . The economic power remained focused on Rome and its hyper - rich senatorial aristocracy which dominated much of Italy and Africa in particular . After Gallienus banned senators from army commands in the mid-3rd century , the senatorial elite lost all experience of -- and interest in -- military life . In the early 5th century the wealthy landowning elite of the Roman Senate largely barred its tenants from military service , but it also refused to approve sufficient funding for maintaining a sufficiently powerful mercenary army to defend the entire Western Empire . The West 's most important military area had been northern Gaul and the Rhine frontier in the 4th century , when Trier frequently served as the capital of the Empire and many leading Western generals were Barbarians . After the civil war in 394 between Theodosius I and Eugenius , the new Western government installed by Theodosius I increasingly had to divert military resources from Britain and the Rhine to protect Italy . This , in turn , led to further rebellions and civil wars because the Western imperial government was not providing the military protection the northern provinces expected and needed against the barbarians . The Western Empire 's resources were much limited , and the lack of available manpower forced the government to rely ever more on confederate barbarian troops operating under their own commanders , where the Western Empire would often have difficulties paying . In certain cases deals were struck with the leaders of barbaric mercenaries rewarding them with land , which led to the Empire 's decline as less land meant there would be less tax revenue to support the military . As the central power weakened , the State gradually lost control of its borders and provinces , as well as control over the Mediterranean Sea . Roman Emperors tried to maintain control of the sea , but , once the Vandals conquered North Africa , imperial authorities had to cover too much ground with too few resources . The loss of the African provinces might have been the worse reversal on the West 's fortunes , since they were among its wealthiest territories and supplied the essential grain imports to Italy . In many places , the Roman institutions collapsed along with the economic stability . In some regions , such as Gaul and Italy , the settlement of barbarians on former Roman lands seems to have caused relatively little disruption . Legacy ( edit ) Further information : Legacy of the Roman Empire , Romance languages , Corpus Juris Civilis , Civil law ( legal system ) , Latin alphabet , Literature , Bust ( sculpture ) , Concrete , and Cities On the left : Emperor Honorius on the consular diptych of Anicius Petronius Probus ( 406 ) On the right : Consular diptych of Constantius III ( a co-emperor with Honorius in 421 ) , produced for his consulate in 413 or 417 As the Western Roman Empire crumbled , the new Germanic rulers who conquered the provinces upheld many Roman laws and traditions . Many of the invading Germanic tribes were already Christianized , although most were followers of Arianism . They quickly converted to official imperial Christianity , gaining more loyalty from the local Roman populations , as well as the recognition and support of the powerful Bishop of Rome . Although they initially continued to recognize indigenous tribal laws , they were more influenced by Roman Law and gradually incorporated it as well . Roman Law , particularly the Corpus Juris Civilis collected by order of Justinian I , is the ancient basis on which the modern Civil law stands . In contrast , Common law is based on the Germanic Anglo - Saxon law . Civil law is by far the most widespread system of law in the world , in force in some form in about 150 countries . Romance languages , languages that developed from Latin following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , are spoken in Western Europe to this day and their spread almost reflect the continental borders of the old Empire . Latin as a language never really disappeared . Vulgar Latin combined with neighboring Germanic and Celtic languages , giving rise to many modern Romance languages such as Italian , French , Spanish , Portuguese , Romanian and a large number of minor languages and dialects . Today , more than 900 million people are native speakers worldwide . In addition , many Romance languages are used throughout the world as lingua francas by non-native speakers . Latin also influenced Germanic languages such as English , German , and Dutch ; all surviving Celtic languages , Albanian , and such Slavic languages as Polish and Czech , and even the non-Indo - European Hungarian . It survives in its `` purer '' form as the language of the Catholic Church ( the Mass was spoken exclusively in Latin until 1969 ) , and was used as a lingua franca between many nations . It remained the language of medicine , law , diplomacy ( most treaties were written in Latin ) , of intellectuals and scholarship . The Latin alphabet was expanded due to the splits of I into I and J and of U into U , V , and in places ( especially Germanic languages and Polish ) W ; it is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today . Roman numerals continue to be used , but were mostly replaced by Arabic numerals . A very visible legacy of the Western Roman Empire is the Roman Catholic Church . The Church slowly began to replace Roman institutions in the West , even helping to negotiate the safety of Rome during the late 5th century . In many cases the only source of law and civil administration was the local bishop , often himself a former governor like St. Ambrose of Milan and St. Germanus of Auxerre . As Rome was invaded by Germanic tribes , many assimilated , and by the middle of the medieval period ( c. 9th and 10th centuries ) the central , western , and northern parts of Europe had been largely converted to Roman Catholicism and acknowledged the Pope as the Vicar of Christ . The first of the Barbarian kings to convert to the church of Rome was Clovis I of the Franks and other kingdoms , such as the Visigoths , later followed suit to garner favor with the papacy . Following the reconquest of Italy under Emperor Justinian I , the popes were largely subservient to the Exarchs of Ravenna ( the imperial representative in Italy ) . This humiliation , alongside the increasing amounts of territory lost by the Empire to the Islamic conquests and the inability to protect Italy against the Lombards , prompted Pope Stephen II to turn from the Eastern Emperor Constantine V. Instead he appealed to the Frankish king Pepin , who subdued the Lombards and donated lands to the papacy . When Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as `` Roman Emperor '' in 800 , he both severed ties with the outraged Eastern Empire and established the precedent that no man in Western Europe would be emperor without a papal coronation . Though the power the Pope wielded changed significantly throughout the subsequent Middle Ages and the Modern period , the office remains as the head of the Roman Catholic Church and the head of state of the Vatican City , the smallest sovereign state in the world . The Pope has consistently held the title of `` Pontifex Maximus '' since before the fall of the Western Roman Empire and retains it to this day , a title formerly used by the high priest of the old roman polytheism . Though gone in modern times , the Roman Senate survived the initial collapse of the Western Roman Empire . Its authority even seems to have increased under the rule of Italy by Odoacer and later the Ostrogoths , evident by that the senate in 498 managed to install Symmachus as pope despite both Theoderic of Italy and emperor Anastasius supporting the other candidate , Laurentius . When exactly the senate disappeared is unclear , it is known that the institution remained into the sixth century as gifts from the senate were received by emperor Tiberius II in 578 and 580 in hope of aid against the invading Lombards . The traditional senate building , Curia Julia , was rebuilt into a church under pope Honorius I in 630 , probably with permission from the eastern emperor Heraclius . Attempted restorations ( edit ) The Exarchate of Ravenna within the Roman Empire in 600 AD . The Exarchates of Ravenna and Africa were established by the Eastern Empire to better administrate the reconquered Western territories . The positions of Eastern and Western Augustus , established under Emperor Diocletian in 286 as the Tetrarchy , had been abolished by Emperor Zeno in 480 following the loss of direct control over the western territories . Declaring himself the sole Augustus , Zeno only exercised true control over the largely intact Eastern Empire and over Italy as the nominal overlord of Odoacer . With the reconquests under Justinian I and the significant expansion of territory they brought , the Empire began to face the same problems it had faced during previous periods where there was only one ruler . As such , the idea of splitting the imperial court into two once more to more effectively govern the territory of the Empire resurfaced in the East . The earliest attempt at crowning a new Western Emperor after the abolition of the title occurred already during the Gothic Wars under Justinian . Belisarius , an accomplished general that had already successfully campaigned to restore Roman control over North Africa and large parts of Italy ( including Rome itself ) , was offered the position of Western Roman Emperor by the Ostrogoths during his siege of Ravenna ( the Ostrogothic , and previously Western Roman , capital ) in 540 . The Ostrogoths , desperate to avoid losing their control of Italy , offered the title and fealty to Belisarius as Western Augustus . Loyal to Justinian ( who hoped to rule over a restored Roman Empire alone ) , Belisarius feigned to accept the title to enter the city , whereupon he immediately relinquished it . Despite Belisarius relinquishing the title , the offer had made Justinian suspicious and Belisarius was ordered to return east . At the end of emperor Tiberius II 's reign in 582 , the Eastern Roman Empire retained control over relatively large parts of the regions reconquered under Justinian . Tiberius chose two Caesares , the general Maurice and the governor Germanus , and married his two daughters to them . Germanus had clear connections to the western provinces , and Maurice to the eastern provinces . It is possible that Tiberius had planned to divide the empire into western and eastern administrative units once more , but if those plans existed they were never realized . At the death of Tiberius , Maurice inherited the entire empire as Germanus had refused the throne . Maurice would come to establish a new type of administrative unit , the Exarchates , and organized the remaining western territories under his control into two such exarchates ; the Exarchates of Ravenna and Africa . Restoration of the imperial title in the West ( edit ) Map of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne , who was crowned as `` Roman Emperor '' by the pope Leo III in the year 800 in opposition to the Roman Empire in the east at the time being ruled by Irene , a woman . In addition to remaining as a concept for an administrative unit in the remaining Empire , the ideal of the Roman Empire as a mighty Christian Empire with a single ruler further continued to appeal to many powerful rulers in western Europe . With the papal coronation of Charlemagne as `` Emperor of the Romans '' in 800 AD , his realm was explicitly proclaimed as a restoration of the Roman Empire in Western Europe under the concept of translatio imperii . Though the Carolingian Empire collapsed in 888 and Berengar , the last `` Emperor '' claiming succession from Charlemagne , died in 924 , the concept of a papacy - and germanic - based Roman Empire in the West would resurface in the form of the Holy Roman Empire in 962 . This Empire would regard itself as the successor state of Ancient Rome until its downfall in 1806 . Charlemagne , and the subsequent Holy Roman Emperors were not , and did not claim to be , rulers of a restored Western Roman Empire . Pope Leo III and contemporary historians were fully aware of that the notion of a separate Western court had been abolished over three centuries prior and considered the Roman Empire to be `` one and indivisible '' . The ruler of the Roman Empire at the time of Charlemagne 's coronation was Irene , the mother of emperor Constantine VI who she had deposed . Leo III considered Irene to be a usurper and illegitimate to rule due to her gender and as such considered the imperial throne to be vacant . Thus , Charlemagne was not crowned as the ruler of the Western Roman Empire and successor to Romulus Augustulus , but rather as the successor of Constantine VI and as sole Roman Emperor . Irene was deposed and replaced by Emperor Nikephoros soon after , and the Eastern Empire refused to recognize the Imperial title of Charlemagne . Emperor Michael I Rangabe eventually recognized Charlemagne as an `` Emperor '' following several wars in the 810s , but as the slightly humiliating `` Emperor of the Franks '' rather than `` Roman Emperor '' , a title he reserved for himself . For centuries to come , the `` revived '' Western court and the Eastern court , in direct succession to the Roman Emperors of old , would make competing claims to be rulers of the whole and as being the sole legitimate Roman Empire . Following the final fall of the Eastern Roman Empire after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the downfall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 , the title of `` Emperor '' became widespread among European monarchs . The Austrian Empire laid claim to be the heir of the Holy Roman Empire as Austria 's Habsburgs attempted to unite Germany under their rule . The German Empire , established in 1871 , also claimed to be a successor of Rome through the lineage of the Holy Roman Empire . Both of these empires used the imperial title Kaiser ( derived from latin Caesar ) , the German word for emperor . List of Western Roman emperors ( edit ) Tetrarchy ( 293 to 313 ) ( edit ) Augusti are shown with their Caesares and regents further indented Maximian : 293 to 305 Constantius Chlorus : 293 to 305 Constantius Chlorus : 305 to 306 Flavius Valerius Severus : 305 to 306 Flavius Valerius Severus : 306 to 307 Constantine I : 306 to 313 Maxentius / Maximian : 307 to 308 Licinius : 308 to 313 Constantinian dynasty ( 313 to 363 ) ( edit ) Constantine the Great : 306 to 337 Sole emperor of the empire from 324 to 337 Constantine II : 337 to 340 Emperor of Gaul , Britannia , and Hispania Constantius II : 337 to 361 Emperor of the east from 337 to 353 , Sole emperor of the empire from 353 to 360 Constans I : 337 to 350 Emperor of Italy and Africa 337 - 340 , emperor of the west from 340 to 350 Julian : 355 to 363 Emperor of the west from 355 to 361 , Sole emperor of the empire from 361 to 363 Non-dynastic ( 363 to 364 ) ( edit ) Jovian : 363 to 364 Valentinian dynasty ( 364 to 392 ) ( edit ) Valentinian I : 364 to 375 Gratian : 367 to 375 Gratian : 375 to 383 Valentinian II : 375 to 383 Valentinian II : 383 to 392 Non-dynastic ( 392 to 394 ) ( edit ) Eugenius : 392 to 394 Theodosian dynasty ( 394 to 455 ) ( edit ) Theodosius I : 394 to 395 Sole emperor Honorius : 395 to 423 Flavius Stilicho : 395 to 408 Power behind the throne Constantine III : 409 to 411 with Honorius Constantius III : 421 with Honorius Valentinian III : 423 to 455 Galla Placidia : 423 to 433 Regent Aëtius : 433 to 454 Regent Non-dynastic ( 455 to 480 ) ( edit ) Petronius Maximus : 455 not recognized in Constantinople Avitus : 455 to 456 not recognized in Constantinople Ricimer : 456 to 472 Power behind the throne Majorian : 457 to 461 Libius Severus : 461 to 465 not recognized in Constantinople Anthemius : 467 to 472 Olybrius : 472 not recognized in Constantinople Glycerius : 473 to 474 not recognized in Constantinople Julius Nepos : 474 to 480 In exile 475 to 480 Romulus Augustus : 475 to 476 not recognized in Constantinople Flavius Orestes : 475 to 476 Power behind the throne Flavius Orestes was killed by revolting Germanic mercenaries . Their chieftain , Odoacer , assumed control of Italy as a de jure representative of Julius Nepos and Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno . See also ( edit ) Fall of the Western Roman Empire Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Legacy of the Roman Empire Carolingian Empire Holy Roman Empire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taagepera , Rein ( 1979 ) . `` Size and Duration of Empires : Growth - Decline Curves , 600 B.C. to 600 A.D '' . Social Science History . Duke University Press . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 24 . doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 . Jump up ^ `` Governor ( Roman ) - Livius '' . www.livius.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Eck , Werner ( 2002 ) . The Age of Augustus . ( D.L. Schneider , Trans . ) New Your , NY : Wiley - Blackwell . p. 15f Jump up ^ Weigel , Richard D. ( 1992 ) . Lepidus : The Tarnished Triumvir . London , UK : Routledge . pp. 88f . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 6 -- 7 ; Potter , 282 ; Southern , 141 -- 42 . 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Jump up ^ Pearse , Roger . `` John , Bishop of Nikiu : Chronicle . London ( 1916 ) . English Translation '' . www.tertullian.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 , pp 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ eum imperatorem et basileum appellantes , cf . Royal Frankish Annals , a . 812 . Jump up ^ Eichmann , Eduard ( 1942 ) . Die Kaiserkrönung im Abendland : ein Beitrag zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters , mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des kirchlichen Rechte , der Liturgie und der Kirchenpolitik . Echter - Verlag . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Craig M. White . The Great German Nation : Origins and Destiny . AuthorHouse , 2007 . P. 139 . Jump up ^ Warwick Ball . Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire . London , England , UK : Routledge , 2000 . P. 449 . References ( edit ) Bury , J.B. , A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene , Vol . I ( 1889 ) Heather , Peter , The Western Empire 425 -- 76 in The Cambridge Ancient History : Late antiquity : empire and successors , A.D. 425 -- 600 ( ed . Averil Cameron and Bryan Ward - Perkins ) ( 2000 ) Henning Börm : Das weströmische Kaisertum nach 476 . In : Josef Wiesehöfer et al. ( eds . ) , Monumentum et instrumentum inscriptum . Stuttgart 2008 , pp. 47 -- 69 . Henning Börm : Westrom . Von Honorius bis Justinian . Stuttgart 2013 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 17 - 023276 - 1 ( Review in English ) . Hugh Elton , Fifth - Century Gaul : A Crisis of Identity ? ( Cambridge : University Press , 1992 ) John Moorhead . Justinian , Longman 1994 . Michael Whitby ( 1988 ) . The Emperor Maurice and his historian : Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822945 - 3 Neil Christie : The Fall of the Western Roman Empire . London 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 75966 - 0 . Kaj Sandberg : The So - Called Division of the Roman Empire . Notes On A Persistent Theme in Western Historiography . In : Arctos 42 ( 2008 ) , 199 - 213 . El Housin Helal Ouriachen : La ciudad bética durante la Antigüedad Tardía . Persistencias y mutaciones locales en relación con la realidad urbana del Mediterraneo y del Atlántico , PhD thesis , Universidad de Granada . Granada 2009 . Stephen Williams och J.G.P. Friell : The Rome that did not fall : the survival of the East in the fifth century , CRC Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 203 - 98231 - 2 . Thompson , E.A. ( 1969 ) . The Goths in Spain . Oxford : Clarendon . Cf . the appendix `` The Byzantine Province '' , pp. 320 -- 34 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ecclesiastical Latin , the language used by the modern Catholic Church , is largely identical to written Classical Latin ( the language of the Roman Empire ) , but differs in a simplified syntax and a pronounciation that is closer to modern Italian than to the language of antiquity . 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8237657363835673096	Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)	Walk on the Wild Side ( Lou Reed song ) - wikipedia Walk on the Wild Side ( Lou Reed song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Walk on the Wild Side '' Single by Lou Reed from the album Transformer A-side `` Perfect Day '' Released November 8 , 1972 ( 1972 - 11 - 08 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded August 1972 , Trident Studios , London Length 4 : 12 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Lou Reed Producer ( s ) David Bowie Mick Ronson Lou Reed singles chronology `` Walk and Talk It '' ( 1972 ) `` Walk on the Wild Side '' ( 1972 ) `` Satellite Of Love '' ( 1973 ) `` Walk and Talk It '' ( 1972 ) `` Walk on the Wild Side '' ( 1972 ) `` Satellite Of Love '' ( 1973 ) `` Walk on the Wild Side '' is a song by Lou Reed from his second solo album , Transformer ( 1972 ) . It was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson , and released as a double A-side with `` Perfect Day '' . The song received wide radio coverage , despite its touching on taboo topics such as transgender people , drugs , male prostitution , and oral sex . In the United States , RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex . In 2010 , Rolling Stone ranked it at number 223 in its list of the 500 greatest songs of all time . The lyrics , describing a series of individuals and their journeys to New York City , refer to several of the regular `` superstars '' at Andy Warhol 's New York studio , the Factory , namely Holly Woodlawn , Candy Darling , Joe Dallesandro , Jackie Curtis and Joe Campbell ( referred to in the song by his nickname Sugar Plum Fairy ) . Candy Darling was also the subject of Reed 's earlier song for The Velvet Underground , `` Candy Says '' . Two decades after the song 's release , Reed told interviewer David Fricke , `` I know my obituary has already been written . And it starts out , `` Doot , di - doot , di - doot ... '' '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Musicians 2 Musical elements 3 Inspiration 4 Reception 5 Personnel 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Musicians ( edit ) The baritone saxophone solo played over the fadeout of the song is performed by Ronnie Ross , who had taught David Bowie to play the saxophone during Bowie 's childhood . The backing vocals are sung by Thunderthighs , a vocal group that included Dari Lalou , Karen Friedman , and Casey Synge . The upright bass and bass guitar are both played by Herbie Flowers who was paid a £ 17 flat fee ( equivalent to £ 200 in 2016 ) . Musical elements ( edit ) Like many of Reed 's songs , `` Walk on the Wild Side '' is based on a plagal cadence , alternating from C to F. The F is played as a sixth chord . The pre-chorus introduces the major second , D Major , although in some live performances this was changed to D minor , resulting in a completely diatonic song . The song is also noted for its twin interlocking bass lines played by Herbie Flowers on double bass and overdubbed on a stacked knob 1960 Fender Jazz Bass . In an interview on BBC Radio 4 ( Playing Second Fiddle , aired July 2005 ) , Flowers claimed that the reason he came up with the twin bass line was that as a session musician he would be paid double for playing two instruments on the same track , thus likely totalling his pay to £ 34 ( equivalent to £ 400 in 2016 ) . Inspiration ( edit ) In the 2001 documentary Classic Albums : Lou Reed : Transformer , Reed says that it was Nelson Algren 's 1956 novel , A Walk on the Wild Side ( itself titled after the 1952 song `` The Wild Side of Life '' ) , that was the launching point for the song , even though , as it grew , the song became inhabited by characters from his own life . As with several other Reed songs from the 1970s , the title may also be an allusion to an earlier song , in this case Mack David and Elmer Bernstein 's song of the same name , the Academy Award - nominated title song of the 1962 film based on Algren 's novel . During his performance of the song on his 1978 Live : Take No Prisoners album , Reed humorously explains the song 's development from a request that he write the music for the never - completed musical version of Algren 's novel . Each verse refers to one of the `` superstars '' at Andy Warhol 's New York studio , The Factory . `` Holly '' is based on Holly Woodlawn , a transgender actress who lived in Miami Beach , Florida as a child . In 1962 , after being bullied by homophobes , the fifteen - year - old ran away from home ; and , as in the lyrics , learned how to pluck her eyebrows while hitchhiking to New York . `` Candy '' is based on Candy Darling , a transgender actress and the subject of an earlier song by Lou Reed , `` Candy Says '' . She grew up on Long Island ( `` the island '' ) and was a regular at `` the back room '' of Max 's Kansas City . `` Little Joe '' was the nickname of Joe Dallesandro , an actor who starred in Flesh , a 1968 film about a teenage hustler . Dallesandro said in 2014 that he had never met Reed when the song was written , and that the lyrics were based on the film character , not himself personally . `` Sugar Plum Fairy '' was a reference to actor Joe Campbell , who played a character by that name in Warhol 's 1965 film , My Hustler . The term was a euphemism for `` drug dealer '' . `` Jackie '' is based on Jackie Curtis , another Warhol actor . `` Speeding '' and `` crashing '' are drug references . Curtis at one time hoped to play the role of James Dean in a movie ; Dean was killed in a car crash . Reception ( edit ) The lyrics were groundbreaking and risqué for their time , telling stories not usually told in rock songs up to then , and containing references to prostitution , transsexuals , and oral sex . `` I always thought it would be kinda fun to introduce people to characters they maybe had n't met before , or had n't wanted to meet , '' Reed said . The original release was a worldwide hit . In 2010 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked it as the 223rd greatest song of all time . In the United States , RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex . In the UK , the reference has sometimes slipped past the censors , who were apparently unfamiliar with the term `` giving head '' . The term `` colored girls '' was also an issue in the US ; RCA provided radio stations with a version in which it was edited out . The single peaked at # 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles charts in early 1973 . After the announcement of Reed 's death in October 2013 , both the song and the Transformer album re-charted via iTunes . Personnel ( edit ) Lou Reed -- lead vocals , acoustic guitar Thunderthighs -- backing vocals David Bowie -- acoustic guitar Mick Ronson -- electric guitar , string arrangement Herbie Flowers -- electric bass , double bass Ronnie Ross -- baritone saxophone John Halsey -- drums Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia KMR 100 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 57 Canada RPM 18 France ( SNEP ) 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 67 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 29 Italy ( FIMI ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 21 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 14 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 17 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Canada 95 U.S. ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 125 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Italy ( FIMI ) Gold United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/lou-reed-walk-on-the-wild-side-20110527 Jump up ^ Fricke , David , Mojo Magazine , November 2016 , pg. 75 ^ Jump up to : Dave Simpson ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` The little - known musicians behind some of music 's most famous moments '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Barton , Laura ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` Hail , Hail , Rock'n'Roll '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Thunderthighs '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed - Walk On The Wild Side ( ver 3 ) Chords '' . Bigchords.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Richard Flanagan , `` Prophet of the neon wilderness '' , The Sunday Telegraph , January 29 , 2006 ( reprinted as `` Introduction '' , dated `` October 2005 '' , in the novel 's digital edition , Canongate Books , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84767 - 649 - 8 ) : ' As Algren admitted , the book `` was n't written until long after it had been walked ... I found my way to the streets on the other side of the Southern Pacific station , where the big jukes were singing something called ' Walking the Wild Side of Life . ' I 've stayed pretty much on that side of the curb ever since . '' ' Jump up ^ Reed , Lou ( 1991 ) . Between Thought and Expression : Selected Lyrics of Lou Reed . Hyperion . p. 42 . ISBN 1 - 56282 - 923 - 8 . They were going to make a musical out of Nelson Algren 's A Walk on the Wild Side . When they dropped the project I took my song and changed the book 's characters into people I knew from Warhol 's Factory . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( 12 December 2008 ) . `` Bet you think this song is about you '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Colin ( 24 February 2009 ) . `` From the Archives , a Portrait of a Pop - Art Muse '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Joe Dallesandro : The Warhol - Era Sex Symbol Talks '' . LA Weekly . 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Klemm , Michael D. `` Warhol On The Beach '' . CinemaQueer.com . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ McCourt , James . `` Warhol 's Brainy Goddess '' . Gay City News . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Trebay , Guy ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` The Real - Life Stories Told in ' Walk on the Wild Side ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Bockris , Victor ( 1994 ) . Transformer : The Lou Reed Story . Simon & Schuster . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80366 - 6 . The impact of Transformer 's sexual content has been forgotten . It is hard to conjure up the shock resulting from David Bowie 's confession of bisexuality ( in 1972 ) . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/lou-reed-walk-on-the-wild-side-20110527 Jump up ^ `` Ten things you never knew about Lou Reed '' . Clash . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Santoso , Alex ( 17 September 2012 ) . `` The Story Behind Lou Reed 's `` Walk on the Wild Side '' `` . Neatorama . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 523 . Jump up ^ `` NME News Lou Reed to have posthumous hit with ' Walk On The Wild Side ' ? - NME.COM '' . NME.COM. 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Walk on the Wild Side '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archivio - Top Digital Download - Classifica settimanale WK 44 ( dal 28 - 10 - 2013 al 03 - 11 - 2013 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Enter Walk on the Wild Side in the search field and then press Enter . Further reading ( edit ) Jones , Josh ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Characters Immortalized in Lou Reed 's ' Walk on the Wild Side ' : The Stars and Gay Rights Icons from Andy Warhol 's Factory Scene '' . Open Culture . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Lou Reed Discography Studio albums Lou Reed Transformer Berlin Sally Ca n't Dance Metal Machine Music Coney Island Baby Rock and Roll Heart Street Hassle The Bells Growing Up in Public The Blue Mask Legendary Hearts New Sensations Mistrial New York Magic and Loss Set the Twilight Reeling Ecstasy The Raven Hudson River Wind Meditations Collaborations Le Bataclan ' 72 ( with John Cale and Nico ) Songs for Drella ( with John Cale ) The Stone : Issue Three ( with John Zorn and Laurie Anderson ) Lulu ( with Metallica ) Live albums Rock ' n ' Roll Animal Lou Reed Live Live : Take No Prisoners Live in Italy Live in Concert Perfect Night : Live in London American Poet Animal Serenade Berlin : Live At St. Ann 's Warehouse The Creation of the Universe Compilations Walk on the Wild Side : The Best of Lou Reed Rock and Roll Diary : 1967 -- 1980 City Lights Walk on the Wild Side & Other Hits Different Times : Lou Reed in the ' 70s The Best of Lou Reed & The Velvet Underground A Retrospective Perfect Day Retro The Definitive Collection The Very Best of Lou Reed Legendary Lou Reed NYC Man ( The Ultimate Collection 1967 -- 2003 ) The Essential Lou Reed Singles `` Walk on the Wild Side '' `` Satellite of Love '' `` Vicious '' `` Sweet Jane '' `` Street Hassle '' `` September Song '' `` The Original Wrapper '' `` No Money Down '' `` Dirty Blvd . '' Box sets Between Thought and Expression : The Lou Reed Anthology Related articles The Velvet Underground John Cale Nico Metal Machine Trio Live at Montreux 2000 Loureedia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walk_on_the_Wild_Side_(Lou_Reed_song)&oldid=835475775 '' Categories : 1972 songs Lou Reed songs Songs about New York City LGBT - related songs Songs written by Lou Reed Songs about drugs Songs based on actual events Song recordings produced by David Bowie 1973 singles Transgender and transsexual - related media Songs about prostitutes RCA Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was walk on the wild side written	[ "\"Walk on the Wild Side\" is a song by Lou Reed from his second solo album, Transformer (1972). It was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson, and released as a double A-side with \"Perfect Day\". The song received wide radio coverage, despite its touching on taboo topics such as transgender people, drugs, male prostitution, and oral sex. In the United States, RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex. In 2010, Rolling Stone ranked it at number 223 in its list of the 500 greatest songs of all time.[1]" ]	[ "1972" ]
-6030728074189265510	Town	Town - wikipedia Town Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Town ( disambiguation ) . Çeşme , Turkey a coastal Turkish town with houses in regional style and an Ottoman Castle The alpine town of Davos in the Swiss Alps Reading , England , is a large town which has unsuccessfully tried to become a city . The historical town of Skalica in Slovakia Hum ( Croatia ) A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city . The size definition for what constitutes a `` town '' varies considerably in different parts of the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and use 2 Age of towns scheme 3 By country 3.1 Albania 3.2 Australia 3.3 Austria 3.4 Bulgaria 3.5 Canada 3.6 Chile 3.7 Czech Republic 3.8 Denmark 3.9 Estonia 3.10 France 3.11 Germany 3.12 Greece and Cyprus 3.13 Hong Kong 3.14 Hungary 3.15 Iceland 3.16 Ireland 3.17 India 3.18 Iran 3.19 Israel 3.20 Italy 3.21 Japan 3.22 Latvia 3.23 Lithuania 3.24 Netherlands 3.25 New Zealand 3.26 Norway 3.27 Philippines 3.28 Poland 3.29 Portugal 3.30 Romania 3.31 Russia 3.32 South Africa 3.33 Spain 3.34 Sweden 3.35 Ukraine 3.36 United Kingdom 3.36. 1 England and Wales 3.36. 2 Scotland 3.37 United States 3.37. 1 Alabama 3.37. 2 Arizona 3.37. 3 California 3.37. 4 Hawaii 3.37. 5 Illinois 3.37. 6 Louisiana 3.37. 7 Maryland 3.37. 8 Nevada 3.37. 9 New England 3.37. 10 New Jersey 3.37. 11 New York 3.37. 12 North Carolina 3.37. 13 Pennsylvania 3.37. 14 Utah 3.37. 15 Virginia 3.37. 16 Washington 3.37. 17 Wisconsin 3.37. 18 Wyoming 3.38 Vietnam 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Origin and use ( edit ) The word town shares an origin with the German word Zaun , the Dutch word tuin , and the Old Norse tun . The German word Zaun comes closest to the original meaning of the word : a fence of any material . An early borrowing from Celtic * dunom ( cf. Old Irish dun , Welsh din `` fortress , fortified place , camp , '' dinas `` city '' ) . In English and Dutch , the meaning of the word took on the sense of the space which these fences enclosed . In England , a town was a small community that could not afford or was not allowed to build walls or other larger fortifications , and built a palisade or stockade instead . In the Netherlands , this space was a garden , more specifically those of the wealthy , which had a high fence or a wall around them ( like the garden of palace Het Loo in Apeldoorn , which was the example for the privy garden of William III and Mary II at Hampton Court ) . In Old Norse tun means a ( grassy ) place between farmhouses , and is still used in a similar meaning in modern Norwegian . In Old English and Early and Middle Scots , the word ton , toun , etc. could refer to kinds of settlements as diverse as agricultural estates and holdings , partly picking up the Norse sense ( as in the Scots word fermtoun ) at one end of the scale , to fortified municipality at the other . If there was any distinction between toun ( fortified municipality ) and burgh ( unfortified municipality ) as claimed by some , it did not last in practice as burghs and touns developed . For example , `` Edina Burgh '' or `` Edinburgh '' ( called a city today ) was built around a fort and eventually came to have a defensive wall . In some cases , `` town '' is an alternate name for `` city '' or `` village '' ( especially a larger village ) . Sometimes , the word `` town '' is short for `` township '' . In general , today towns can be differentiated from townships , villages , or hamlets on the basis of their economic character , in that most of a town 's population will tend to derive their living from manufacturing industry , commerce , and public services rather than primary industry such as agriculture or related activities . A place 's population size is not a reliable determinant of urban character . In many areas of the world , as in India at least until recent times , a large village might contain several times as many people as a small town . In the United Kingdom , there are historical cities that are far smaller than the larger towns . The modern phenomenon of extensive suburban growth , satellite urban development , and migration of city - dwellers to villages have further complicated the definition of towns , creating communities urban in their economic and cultural characteristics but lacking other characteristics of urban localities . Some forms of non-rural settlement , such as temporary mining locations , may be clearly non-rural , but have at best a questionable claim to be called a town . Towns often exist as distinct governmental units , with legally defined borders and some or all of the appurtenances of local government ( e.g. , a police force ) . In the United States these are referred to as `` incorporated towns '' . In other cases the town lacks its own governance and is said to be `` unincorporated '' . Note that the existence of an unincorporated town may be legally set forth through other means , as through zoning districts . In the case of some planned communities , the town exists legally in the form of covenants on the properties within the town . The United States Census identifies many census - designated places ( CDPs ) by the names of unincorporated towns which lie within them ; however , those CDPs typically include rural and suburban areas and even surrounding villages and other towns . The distinction between a town and a city similarly depends on the approach : a city may strictly be an administrative entity which has been granted that designation by law , but in informal usage , the term is also used to denote an urban locality of a particular size or importance : whereas a medieval city may have possessed as few as 10,000 inhabitants , today some consider an urban place of fewer than 100,000 as a town , even though there are many officially designated cities that are much smaller than that . Age of towns scheme ( edit ) Australian geographer Thomas Griffith Taylor proposed a classification of towns based on their age and pattern of land use . He identified five types of town : Infantile towns , with no clear zoning Juvenile towns , which have developed an area of shops Adolescent towns , where factories have started to appear Early mature towns , with a separate area of high - class housing Mature towns , with defined industrial , commercial and various types of residential area By country ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) In Albania `` qytezë '' means town , which is very similar with the word for city ( `` qytet '' ) . Although there is no official use of the term for any settlement . In Albanian `` qytezë '' means `` small city '' or `` new city '' , while in ancient times `` small residential center within the walls of a castle '' . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , towns or `` urban centre localities '' are commonly understood to be those centers of population not formally declared to be cities and having a population in excess of about 200 people . Centers too small to be called towns are generally understood to be a township . In addition , some local government entities are officially styled as towns in Queensland , Western Australia and the Northern Territory , and before the statewide amalgamations of the 1990s in Victoria some local government entities were styled as towns , but now towns are only localities that contain an urban centre with a population greater than 200 . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , designations are similar to those in Germany with a trichotomy in Gemeinde , Markt ( gemeinde ) and Stadt . Which translate to `` Community '' , `` Market Community '' and `` City '' . Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : List of cities and towns in Bulgaria Bulgarians do not , in general , differentiate between ' city ' and ' town ' . However , in everyday language and media the terms `` large towns '' and `` small towns '' are in use . Usually `` large towns '' refers to Sofia , Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas or sometimes to all 28 oblast cities . In Bulgaria the Council of Ministers defines what constitutes a settlement , while the President of Bulgaria grants each settlement its title . In 2005 the requirement that villages that wish to classify themselves as town must have a social and technical infrastructure , as well as a population of no fewer than 3500 people . For resort settlements the requirements are lower with the population needing to be no fewer than 1000 people but infrastructure requirements remain . Canada ( edit ) Main articles : List of towns in Canada and Municipal government in Canada The legal definition of a town in Canada varies by province or territory , as each has jurisdiction over defining and legislating towns , cities and other types of municipal organization within its own boundaries . The province of Quebec is unique in that it makes no distinction under law between towns and cities . There is no intermediate level in French between village and ville ( municipality is an administrative term usually applied to a legal , not geographical entity ) , so both are combined under the single legal status of ville . While an informal preference may exist among English speakers as to whether any individual ville is commonly referred to as a city or as a town , no distinction and no objective legal criteria exist to make such a distinction under law . Chile ( edit ) In Chile , towns ( Spanish : pueblos ) are defined by the National Statistics Institute ( INE ) as an urban entity with a population from 2001 to 5000 or an area with a population from 1001 to 2000 and an established economic activity . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Czech Republic , the word město ( city ) is used for very wide variety of municipalities , ranging from Prague , the largest and capital city with approximately 1.2 million inhabitants , to the smallest , Přebuz , with just 74 inhabitants . Technically , a municipality must have at least 3,000 inhabitants to be granted the město title , although many smaller municipalities , especially some former mining towns , retain the title město for historic reasons . Currently , approximately 192 of the 592 města have less than 3,000 inhabitants . Some municipalities have been amalgamated together , such that the whole is considered as a město . Statutory cities ( statutární město ) , which are defined by law no . 128 / 2000 Coll. , can define their own self - governing municipal districts ... There are 25 such cities , in addition to Prague , which is a de facto statutory city . In 2006 , the legal concept of a town ( městys , or formerly městečko ) was reintroduced . Currently , around 213 municipalities hold the title městys . Municipalities which do not qualify as a město or a městys default to the title of obec ( a municipality ) or , unofficially , a vesnice ( village ) , even though they may consist of one or more villages . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark , in many contexts no distinction is made between `` city '' , `` town '' and `` village '' ; all three translate as `` by '' . In more specific use , for small villages and hamlets the word `` landsby '' ( meaning `` country town '' ) is used , while the Danish equivalent of English `` city '' is `` storby '' ( meaning `` large town '' ) . For formal purposes , urban areas having at least 200 inhabitants are counted as `` by '' . Historically some towns held various privileges , the most important of which was the right to hold market . They were administered separately from the rural areas in both fiscal , military and legal matters . Such towns are known as `` købstad '' ( roughly the same meaning as `` borough '' albeit deriving from a different etymology ) and they retain the exclusive right to the title even after the last vestiges of their privileges vanished through the reform of the local administration carried through in 1970 . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , there is no distinction between a town and a city as the word linn is used for both bigger and smaller settlements , which are bigger than villages and boroughs . There are 30 municipal towns ( omavalitsuslik linn ) in Estonia and a further 17 towns , which have merged with a municipal parish ( vallasisene linn ) . The town of Salins - les - Bains , France France ( edit ) From an administrative standpoint , the smallest level of local authorities are all called `` communes '' . However , some laws do treat these authorities differently based on the population and different rules apply to the three big cities Paris , Lyon and Marseille . For historical reasons , six communes in the Meuse département exist as independent entities despite having no inhabitant at all . For statistical purposes , the national statistical institute ( INSEE ) operates a distinction between urban areas with fewer than 2,000 inhabitants and bigger communes , the latter being called `` villes '' . Smaller settlements are usually called `` villages '' . The French term for `` town '' is `` bourg '' but in fact , the French laws do not really distinguish between towns and cities which are all commonly called `` villes '' . Putbus on Rügen Island , Germany Germany ( edit ) Main article : List of cities and towns in Germany Germans do not , in general , differentiate between ' city ' and ' town ' . The German word for both is Stadt as it is in many other languages that do not make any difference between the Anglo - Saxon concepts . However , the International Statistics Conference of 1887 defined different sizes of Stadt , based on their population size , as follows : Landstadt ( `` country town '' ; under 5,000 ) , Kleinstadt ( `` small town '' ; 5,000 to under 20,000 ) , Mittelstadt ( `` middle town '' ; between 20,000 and 100,000 ) and Großstadt ( `` large town '' ; over 100,000 ) . The term Großstadt may be translated as `` city '' . In addition , Germans may speak of Millionenstadt , a city with over one million inhabitants ( such as Munich , Hamburg and Berlin ) . In Germany also the historical importance , the centrality and the population density of an urban place might be taken as characteristics of a ' city ' . Many settlements became a Stadt by being awarded a Stadtrecht in medieval times already . The word for a ' village ' , as a smaller settlement , is Dorf . The current local government organization is subject to state law of a state and the related denomination of a specific settlement may differ from its common designation ( e.g. Samtgemeinde -- a legal term in Lower Saxony for a group of villages ( Dorf , pl . Dörfer ) with common local government , united from single municipalities ( Gemeinde , pl . Gemeinden ) ) . Designations in different states are as diverse as for example in Australian States and Territories and differ from state to state . In some German states , the words Markt ( `` market '' ) , Marktflecken ( both used in southern Germany ) or Flecken ( `` spot '' ; northern Germany e.g. in Lower Saxony ) designate a town - like residential community between Gemeinde and Stadt with special importance to its outer conurbation area . Historically those had Marktrecht ( market right ) but not full town privileges ; see Market town . Greece and Cyprus ( edit ) In written speech , Greeks use the word πόλη ( póli ) to express ' city ' and the word κωμόπολη ( komópoli ) to express ' town ' , both with a feminine grammatical gender . For Greeks , a town ( komópoli ) is a human settlement with a population of 2,000 -- 9,999 . If a settlement has a lower population , it is considered a village ( χωριό , chorjó ) . For the cities , Greeks , use the word ' póli ' , whereas for bigger cities with a population above 1 million , they usually use another name , μητρόπολη ( mitrópoli ) , in English Metropolis . In the Greek speaking world ( Greece and Cyprus ) only Athens and Salonica can be described as `` metropoleis '' . In spoken speech , Greeks use the word for village to refer both to villages and towns and the word for city to refer to both cities and metropoleis . Hong Kong ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 ) Main article : List of cities and towns in Hong Kong Nearly every town in Hong Kong has its own town hall . The picture shows the Sha Tin Town Hall in the town of Sha Tin . Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s , to accommodate exponential population increase . The very first new towns included Tsuen Wan and Kwun Tong . In the late 1960s and the 1970s , another stage of new town developments was launched . Nine new towns have been developed so far . Land use is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects . Rail transport is usually available at a later stage . The first towns are Sha Tin , Tsuen Wan , Tuen Mun and Tseung Kwan O. Tuen Mun was intended to be self - reliant , but was not successful and turned into a bedroom community like the other new towns . More recent developments are Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau ( Tung Chung - Tai Ho ) . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary there is no official distinction between a city and a town ( the word for both in Hungarian is : város ) . Nevertheless , the expressions formed by adding the adjectives `` kis '' ( small ) and `` nagy '' ( large ) to the beginning of the root word ( e.g. `` nagyváros '' ) have been normalized to differentiate between cities and towns ( towns being smaller , therefore bearing the name `` kisváros '' . ) In Hungary , a village can gain the status of `` város '' ( town ) , if it meets a set of diverse conditions for quality of life and development of certain public services and utilities ( e.g. having a local secondary school or installing full - area sewage collection pipe network ) . Every year the Minister of Internal Affairs selects candidates from a committee - screened list of applicants , whom the President of Republic usually affirms by issuing a bill of town 's rank to them . Since being a town carries extra fiscal support from the government , many relatively small villages try to win the status of `` városi rang '' nowadays . Before the fall of communism in 1990 , Hungarian villages with fewer than 10,000 residents were not allowed to become towns . Recently some settlements as small as 2,500 souls have received the rank of town ( e.g. Visegrád , Zalakaros or Gönc ) and meeting the conditions of development is often disregarded to quickly elevate larger villages into towns . As of middle 2013 , there are 346 towns in Hungary , encompassing some 69 % of the entire population . Towns of more than 50,000 people are able to gain the status of `` megyei jogú város '' ( town with the rights of a county ) , which allows them to maintain a higher degree of services . ( There are a few exceptions , when towns of fewer than 50,000 people gained the status : Érd , Hódmezővásárhely , Salgótarján and Szekszárd ) As of middle 2013 , there are only 23 such towns in Hungary . Iceland ( edit ) Main article : List of cities and towns in Iceland Ireland ( edit ) Main article : List of populated places in the Republic of Ireland The Local Government act 2001 provides that from January 1 , 2002 ( section 10 subsection ( 3 ) Within the county in which they are situated and of which they form part , there continue to be such other local government areas as are set out in Schedule 6 which -- ( a ) in the case of the areas set out in Chapter 1 of Part 1 of that Schedule , shall be known as boroughs , and -- ( b ) in the case of the areas set out in Chapter 2 of Part 1 and Part 2 of that Schedule , shall be known as towns , and in this Act a reference to a town shall include a reference to a borough . These provisions affect the replacement of the boroughs , Towns and urban districts which existed before then . Similar reforms in the nomenclature of local authorities ( but not their functions ) are effected by section 11 part 17 of the act includes provision ( section 185 ( 2 ) ) Qualified electors of a town having a population of at least 7,500 as ascertained at the last preceding census or such other figure as the Minister may from time to time prescribe by regulations , and not having a town council , may make a proposal in accordance with paragraph ( b ) for the establishment of such a council and contains provisions enabling the establishment of new town councils and provisions enabling the dissolution of existing or new town councils in certain circumstances The reference to town having a population of at least 7,500 as ascertained at the last preceding census hands much of the power relating to defining what is in fact a town over to the Central Statistics Office and their criteria are published as part of each census . Planning and Development Act 2000 Another reference to the Census and its role in determining what is or is not a town for some administrative purpose is in the Planning and Development act 2000 ( part II chapter I which provides for Local area plans ) A local area plan shall be made in respect of an area which -- ( i ) is designated as a town in the most recent census of population , other than a town designated as a suburb or environs in that census , ( ii ) has a population in excess of 2,000 , and ( iii ) is situated within the functional area of a planning authority which is a county council . Central Statistics Office criteria These are set out in full at 2006 Census Appendices . In short they speak of `` towns with legally defined boundaries '' ( i.e. those established by the Local Government Act 2001 ) and the remaining 664 as `` census towns '' , defined by themselves since 1971 as a cluster of 50 or more occupied dwellings in which within a distance of 800 meters there is a nucleus of 30 occupied houses on both sides of the road or twenty occupied houses on one side of the road there is also a 200 meter criterion for determining whether a house is part of a census town . India ( edit ) A street in Paravur town , India The 2011 Census of India defines towns of two types : statutory town and census town . Statutory town is defined as all places with a municipality , corporation , cantonment board or notified town area committee . Census towns are defined as places that satisfy the following criteria : Minimum population of 5,000 At least 75 % of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits Density of population at least 400 / km . ( 1,000 per sq. mile ) . All the statutory towns , census towns and out growths are considered as urban settlements , as opposed to rural areas . Iran ( edit ) In contemporary Persian texts , no distinction is made between `` city '' and `` town '' ; both translate as `` Shahr '' ( شهر ) . In older Persian texts ( until the first half of the 20th century ) , the Arabic word `` Qasabeh '' ( قصبه ) was used for a town . However , in recent 50 years , this word has become obsolete . There is a word in Persian which is used for special sort of satellite townships and city neighborhoods . It is Shahrak ( شهرک ) , ( lit. : small city ) . Another smaller type of town or neighborhood in a big city is called Kuy ( کوی ) . Shahrak and Kuy each have their different legal definitions . Large cities such as Tehran , Mashhad , Isfahan , Tabriz , etc. which have millions of populations are referred to as Kalan - shahrکلان‌شهر ( metropole ) . The pace in which different large villages have gained city status in Iran shows a dramatic increase in the last two decades . Bigger cities and towns usually are centers of a township ( in Persian : Shahrestan ( شهرستان ) . Shahrestan itself is a subdivision of Ostan استان ( Province ) . Israel ( edit ) Modern Hebrew does provide a word for the concept of a town : Ayara ( עיירה ) , derived from Ir ( עיר ) , the biblical word for `` city '' . However , the term `` Ayara '' is normally used only to describe towns in foreign countries , i.e. urban areas of limited population , particularly when the speaker is attempting to evoke nostalgic or romantic attitudes . The term is also used to describe a Shtetl , a pre-Holocaust Eastern European Jewish town . Within Israel , established urban areas are always referred to as cities ( with one notable exception explained below ) regardless of their actual size . Israeli law does not define any nomenclature for distinction between urban areas based on size or any other factor -- meaning that all urban settlements in Israel are legally referred to as `` cities '' . The exception to the above is the term Ayeret Pituakh ( עיירת פיתוח , lit . `` Development Town '' ) which is applied to certain cities in Israel based on the reasons for their establishment . These cities , created during the earlier decades of Israeli independence ( 1950s and 1960s , generally ) , were designed primarily to serve as commercial and transportation hubs , connecting smaller agricultural settlements in the northern and southern regions of the country ( the `` Periphery '' ) to the major urban areas of the coastal and central regions . Some of these `` development towns '' have since grown to a comparatively large size , and yet are still referred to as `` development towns '' , particularly when the speaker wishes to emphasize their ( often low ) socio - economic status . Nonetheless , they are rarely ( if ever ) referred to simply as `` towns '' ; when referring to one directly , it will be either be called a `` development town '' or a `` city '' , depending on context . Italy ( edit ) Although Italian provides different words for city ( città ) , town ( paese ) and village ( villaggio , old - fashioned , or frazione , most common ) , no legal definitions exist as to how settlements must be classified . Administratively , both towns and cities are ruled as comuni / comunes , while villages might be subdivisions of the former . Generally , in everyday 's speech , a town is larger or more populated than a village and smaller than a city . Various cities and towns together may form a metropolitan area ( area metropolitana ) . A city , can also be a culturally , economically or politically prominent community with respect to surrounding towns . Moreover , a city can be such by Presidential decree . A town , in contrast , can be an inhabited place which would elsewhere be styled a city , but has not received any official recognition . Remarkable exceptions do exist : for instance , Bassano del Grappa , was given the status of `` città '' in 1760 by Francesco Loredan 's dogal decree and has since then carried this title . Also , the Italian word for town ( paese with lowercase P ) must not be confused with the Italian word for country / nation ( Paese usually with uppercase P ) . Japan ( edit ) In Japan city status ( shi ) was traditionally reserved for only a few particularly large settlements . Over time however the necessary conditions to be a city have been watered down and today the only loose rules that apply are having a population over 50,000 and over 60 % of the population in a `` city centre '' . In recent times many small villages and towns have merged in order to form a city despite seeming geographically to be just a collection of villages . The distinction between towns ( machi / chō ) and villages ( mura / son ) is largely unwritten and purely one of population size when the settlement was founded with villages having under 10,000 and towns 10,000 -- 50,000 . Latvia ( edit ) In Latvia , towns and cities are indiscriminately called pilsēta in singular form . The name is a contraction of two Latvian words : pils ( castle ) and sēta ( fence ) , making it very obvious what is meant by the word -- what is situated between the castle and the castle fence . However , a city can be called lielpilsēta in reference to its size . A village is called ciemats or ciems in Latvian . Lithuania ( edit ) Main article : List of towns in Lithuania In Lithuanian , a city is called miestas , a town is called miestelis ( literally `` small miestas ) . Metropolis is called didmiestis ( literally `` big miestas ) . Netherlands ( edit ) Before 1848 there was a legal distinction between stad and non-stad parts of the country , but the word no longer has any legal significance . About 220 places got `` stadsrechten '' ( city rights ) and are still so called for historical and traditional reasons , though the word is also used for large urban areas that never got such rights . Because of this , in the Netherlands , no distinction is made between `` city '' and `` town '' ; both translate as `` stad '' . A hamlet ( `` gehucht '' ) usually has fewer than 1,000 inhabitants , a village ( `` dorp '' ) ranges from 1,000 up to 25,000 inhabitants , and anything above the latter can call itself either village or city , mostly depending on historic reasons or size of the place . As an example : a large city like The Hague never gained city rights , but because of its size - more than half a million inhabitants - it is regarded as such . Staverden , with only 40 inhabitants would be a hamlet , but because of city rights it may call itself a city . For statistical reasons , the Netherlands has three sorts of cities : `` kleine stad '' ( small - sized cities ) : 50,000 -- 99,999 inhabitants `` middelgrote stad '' ( medium - sized cities ) : 100,000 -- 249,999 inhabitants `` grote stad '' ( big , or large cities ) : 250,000 and more Only Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague and Utrecht are regarded as `` grote stad '' . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , a town is a built - up area that is not large enough to be considered a city . Historically , this definition corresponded to a population of between approximately 1,000 and 20,000 . Towns have no independent legal existence , being administered simply as built - up parts of districts , or , in some cases , of cities . New Zealand 's towns vary greatly in size and importance , ranging from small rural service centres to significant regional centres such as Blenheim and Taupo . Typically , once a town reaches a population of somewhere between 20,000 and 30,000 people , it will begin to be informally regarded as a city . One who regards a settlement as too small to be a town will typically call it a `` township '' or `` village . '' Norway ( edit ) In Norway , `` city '' and `` town '' both translate to `` by '' , even if a city may be referred to as `` storby '' ( `` large town '' ) . They will all be part of and administered as a `` kommune '' ( `` municipality '' ) Philippines ( edit ) Main articles : List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines and Municipalities of the Philippines In the Philippines , the local official equivalent of the town is the municipality ( Filipino bayan ) . Every municipality , or town , in the country has a mayor and a vice mayor as well as local town officials . Philippine towns are composed of a number of villages and communities called barangays with one ( or a few cluster of ) barangay ( s ) serving as the town center or poblacion , and are juridically separate from cities , which are typically larger and more populous ( some smaller and less populated ) than , and which political and economic status are above that of , towns . Unique in Philippine towns is that they have fixed budget , population and land requirements to become as such , i.e. from a barangay , or a cluster of such , to a town , or to become cities , i.e. from town to a city . Respectively , examples of these are the town of B.E. Dujali in Davao del Norte province , which was formed in 1998 from a cluster of 5 barangays , and the city of El Salvador , which was converted from a town to a city in 2007 . Each town in the Philippines was classified by its annual income and budget . Poland ( edit ) Main article : List of cities and towns in Poland Similarly to Germany and Sweden , in Poland there is no linguistic distinction between a city and a town . The word for both is Miasto , as a form of settlement distinct from following : village ( wieś ) , hamlet ( przysiółek ) , settlement ( osada ) , or colony ( kolonia ) . Town status is conferred by administrative decree , new towns are announced by the Government in a separate Bill effective from the first day of the year . Some settlements tend to remain villages even though they have a larger population than many smaller towns . Town may be called in diminutive way as `` Miasteczko '' , what is colloquially used for localities with a few thousand residents . Such localities have usually a Mayor ( Burmistrz ) as a chief of town council . Cities are the biggest localities , generally must be bigger than 100 thousand of residents , they are ruled by President ( Prezydent ) as a chief of City Council . There are bare a few ( mainly historic or political ) exemptions which have allowed towns lesser than 100 thousand of people , to obtain President title for their Mayors , and to become recognized as Cities that way . Just to name a few : Bolesławiec , Gniezno , Zamość . Portugal ( edit ) Like other Iberian cultures , in Portugal there is a traditional distinction between towns ( vilas ) and cities ( cidades ) . Similarly , although these areas are not defined under the constitution , and have no political function ( with associated organs ) , they are defined by law , and a town must have : at least 3,000 inhabitants at least half of these services : health unit , pharmacy , cultural centre , public transportation network , post office , commercial food and drinking establishments , primary school and / or bank office In this context , the town or city is subordinate to the local authority ( civil parish or municipality , in comparison to the North American context , where they have political functions . In special cases , some villages may be granted the status of town if they possess historical , cultural or architectonic importance . The Portuguese urban settlements heraldry reflects the difference between towns and cities , with the coat of arms of a town bearing a crown with 4 towers , while the coat of arms of a city bears a crown with 5 towers . This difference between towns and cities is still in use in other Portuguese speaking countries , but in Brazil is no longer in use . Romania ( edit ) Main article : List of cities and towns in Romania In Romania there is no official distinction between a city and a town ( the word for both in Romanian is : oraş ) . Cities and towns in Romania can have the status either of oraş municipiu , conferred to large urban areas , or only oraş to smaller urban localities . Some settlements remain villages ( communes ) even though they have a larger population than other smaller towns . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Types of inhabited localities in Russia The town of Reutov is separated from the city of Moscow just by the MKAD highway Unlike English , the Russian language does not distinguish the terms `` city '' and `` town '' -- both are translated as `` город '' ( gorod ) . Occasionally the term `` город '' is applied to urban - type settlements as well , even though the status of those is not the same as that of a city / town proper . In Russia , the criteria an inhabited locality needs to meet in order to be granted city / town ( gorod ) status vary in different federal subjects . In general , to qualify for this status , an inhabited locality should have more than 12,000 inhabitants and the occupation of no less than 85 % of inhabitants must be other than agriculture . However , inhabited localities which were previously granted the city / town status but no longer meet the criteria can still retain the status for historical reasons . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa the Afrikaans term `` Dorp '' is used interchangeably with the English equivalent of `` Town '' . A `` town '' is a settlement that has a size that is smaller than that of a city . Spain ( edit ) In Spain , the equivalent of town would be villa , a population unit between a village ( pueblo ) and a city ( ciudad ) , and is not defined by the number of inhabitants , but by some historical rights and privileges dating from the Middle Ages , such as the right to hold a market or fair . For instance , while Madrid is technically a villa , Barcelona , with a smaller population , is known as a city . Sweden ( edit ) Visby is one of the most well - preserved former Hanseatic cities in Sweden . Today it is the seat of Gotland Municipality . See also : Stad ( Sweden ) and Köping The Swedish language does not differentiate between towns and cities in the English sense of the words ; both words are commonly translated as stad , a term which has no legal significance today . The term tätort is used for an urban area or a locality , which however is a statistical rather than an administrative concept and encompasses densely settled villages with only 200 inhabitants as well as the major cities . The word köping corresponds to an English market town ( chipping ) or German Markt but is mainly of historical significance , as the term is not used today and only survives in some toponyms . Some towns with names ending in - köping are cities with over 100 000 inhabitants today , e.g. Linköping . Before 1971 , 132 larger municipalities in Sweden enjoyed special royal charters as stad instead of kommun ( which is similar to a US county ) . However , since 1971 all municipalities are officially defined as kommun , thus making no legal difference between , for instance , Stockholm and a small countryside municipality . However , every urban area that was a stad before 1971 is still a called stad in daily speech , and since the 1980s , 14 of these municipalities brand themselves as stad again , although it has no legal or administrative significance , as they still have refer to themselves as kommun in all legal documentation . Today , Statistics Sweden defines a stad as an urban area of at least 10,000 inhabitants . In the Swedish language the term for a major city is storstad ( literally `` big town '' ) , but there is no clear definition as to when a stad should be called a storstad . Most Swedes would only call Stockholm , Gothenburg and Malmö storstäder , i.e. `` major cities '' , although Uppsala fulfills the definition of `` municipality with a population that exceeds 200 000 inhabitants '' . Ukraine ( edit ) Fire station in town of Bohorodchany In Ukraine the term town existed until 1925 inherited from the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth as Polish miasteczko when it was replaced by the Soviet regime in 1925 with urban type settlement . Further information : Urban - type settlement Historically , town in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth was a smaller populated place that was chartered under the German town law and had a market square ( see Market town ) . Today informally , town is also referred to cities of district significance and cities with small population . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : City status in the United Kingdom England and Wales ( edit ) Main articles : List of urban areas in England by population and list of urban areas in Wales by population A traditional English town centre at Rugby In England and Wales , a town traditionally was a settlement which had a charter to hold a market or fair and therefore became a `` market town '' . Market towns were distinguished from villages in that they were the economic hub of a surrounding area , and were usually larger and had more facilities . In parallel with popular usage , however , there are many technical and official definitions of what constitutes a town , to which various interested parties cling . In modern official usage the term town is employed either for old market towns , or for settlements which have a town council , or for settlements which elsewhere would be classed a city , but which do not have the legal right to call themselves such . Any parish council can decide to describe itself as a town council , but this will usually only apply to the smallest `` towns '' ( because larger towns will be larger than a single civil parish ) . Not all settlements which are commonly described as towns have a `` Town Council '' or `` Borough Council '' . In fact , because of many successive changes to the structure of local government , there are now few large towns which are represented by a body closely related to their historic borough council . These days , a smaller town will usually be part of a local authority which covers several towns . And where a larger town is the seat of a local authority , the authority will usually cover a much wider area than the town itself ( either a large rural hinterland , or several other , smaller towns ) . Additionally , there are `` new towns '' which were created during the 20th century , such as Basildon , Redditch and Telford . Milton Keynes was designed to be a `` new city '' but legally it is still a town despite its size . Some settlements which describe themselves as towns ( e.g. Shipston - on - Stour , Warwickshire ) are smaller than some large villages ( e.g. Kidlington , Oxfordshire ) . The status of a city is reserved for places that have Letters Patent entitling them to the name , historically associated with the possession of a cathedral . Some large municipalities ( such as Northampton and Bournemouth ) are legally boroughs but not cities , whereas some cities are quite small -- such as Ely or St David 's . The city of Brighton and Hove was created from the two former towns and some surrounding villages , and within the city the correct term for the former distinct entities is somewhat unclear . Bishop 's Stortford It appears that a city may become a town , though perhaps only through administrative error : Rochester ( Kent ) has been a city for centuries but , when in 1998 the Medway district was created , a bureaucratic blunder meant that Rochester lost its official city status and is now technically a town . It is often thought that towns with bishops ' seats rank automatically as cities : however , Chelmsford was a town until 5 June 2012 despite being the seat of the diocese of Chelmsford , created in 1914 . St Asaph , which is the seat of the diocese of St Asaph , only became a city on 1 June 2012 though the diocese was founded in the mid sixth century . In reality , the pre-qualification of having a cathedral of the established Church of England , and the formerly established Church in Wales or Church of Ireland , ceased to apply from 1888 . The word town can also be used as a general term for urban areas , including cities and in a few cases , districts within cities . In this usage , a city is a type of town ; a large one , with a certain status . For example , central Greater London is sometimes referred to colloquially as `` London town '' . ( The `` City of London '' is the historical nucleus , informally known as the `` Square Mile '' , and is administratively separate from the rest of Greater London , while the City of Westminster is also technically a city and is also a London borough . ) Camden Town and Somers Town are districts of London , as New Town is a district of Edinburgh -- actually the Georgian centre . Scotland ( edit ) Main articles : List of burghs in Scotland and List of towns and cities in Scotland by population A town in Scotland has no specific legal meaning and ( especially in areas which were or are still Gaelic - speaking ) can refer to a mere collection of buildings ( e.g. a farm - town or in Scots ferm - toun ) , not all of which might be inhabited , or to an inhabited area of any size which is not otherwise described in terms such as city , burgh , etc . Many locations of greatly different size will be encountered with a name ending with - town , - ton , - toun etc. ( or beginning with the Gaelic equivalent baile etc . ) . A burgh ( pronounced burruh ) is the Scots ' term for a town or a municipality . They were highly autonomous units of local government from at least the 12th century until their abolition in 1975 , when a new regional structure of local government was introduced across the country . Usually based upon a town , they had a municipal corporation and certain rights , such as a degree of self - governance and representation in the sovereign Parliament of Scotland adjourned in 1707 . The term no longer describes units of local government although various claims are made from time to time that the legislation used was not competent to change the status of the Royal Burghs described below . The status is now chiefly ceremonial but various functions have been inherited by current Councils ( e.g. the application of various endowments providing for public benefit ) which might only apply within the area previously served by a burgh ; in consequence a burgh can still exist ( if only as a defined geographical area ) and might still be signed as such by the current local authority . It should be noted that the word ' burgh ' is generally not used as a synonym for ' town ' or ' city ' in everyday speech , but is reserved mostly for government and administrative purposes . Historically , the most important burghs were royal burghs , followed by burghs of regality and burghs of barony . Some newer settlements were only designated as police burghs from the 19th century onward , a classification which also applies to most of the older burghs . United states ( edit ) The tiny farming community of Wyatt , Indiana Since the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution largely leaves local - government organization to the individual U.S. states , the definition ( if any ) of `` town '' varies widely from state to state . In some states , the term `` town '' refers to an area of population distinct from others in some meaningful dimension , typically population or type of government . The characteristic that distinguishes a town from another type of populated place -- a city , borough , village , or township , for example -- differs from state to state . In some states , a town is an incorporated municipality ; that is , one with a charter received from the state , similar to a city ( see incorporated town ) , while in others , a town is unincorporated . In some instances , the term `` town '' refers to a small incorporated municipality of less than a population threshold specified by state statute , while in others a town can be significantly larger . Some states do not use the term `` town '' at all , while in others the term has no official meaning and is used informally to refer to a populated place , of any size , whether incorporated or unincorporated . In still other states , the words `` town '' and `` city '' are legally interchangeable . Small town life has been a major theme in American literature , especially stories of rejection by young people leaving for the metropolis . Since the use of the term varies considerably by state , individual usages are presented in the following sections : Alabama ( edit ) In Alabama , the legal use of the terms `` town '' and `` city '' is based on population . A municipality with a population of 2,000 or more is a city , while less than 2,000 is a town ( Code of Alabama 1975 , Section 11 - 40 - 6 ) . For legislative purposes , municipalities are divided into eight classes based on population . Class 8 includes all towns , plus cities with populations of less than 6,000 ( Code of Alabama 1975 , Section 11 - 40 - 12 ) . Arizona ( edit ) In Arizona , the terms `` town '' and `` city '' are largely interchangeable . A community may incorporate under either a town or a city organization with no regard to population or other restrictions according to Arizona law ( see Arizona Revised Statutes , Title 9 ) . Cities may function under slightly differing governmental systems , such as the option to organize a district system for city governments , but largely retain the same powers as towns . Arizona law also allows for the consolidation of neighboring towns and the unification of a city and a town , but makes no provision for the joining of two adjacent cities . California ( edit ) In California , the words `` town '' and `` city '' are synonymous by law ( see Cal . Govt . Code Secs. 34500 -- 34504 ) . There are two types of cities in California : charter and general law . Cities organized as charter cities derive their authority from a charter that they draft and file with the state , and which , among other things , states the municipality 's name as `` City of ( Name ) '' or `` Town of ( Name ) . '' Government Code Sections 34500 -- 34504 applies to cities organized as general law cities , which differ from charter cities in that they do not have charters but instead operate with the powers conferred them by the pertinent sections of the Government Code . Like charter cities , general law cities may incorporate as `` City of ( Name ) '' or `` Town of ( Name ) . '' Some cities change their minds as to how they want to be called . The sign in front of the municipal offices in Los Gatos , California , for example , reads `` City of Los Gatos '' , but the words engraved on the building above the front entrance when the city hall was built read `` Town of Los Gatos . '' There are also signs at the municipal corporation limit , some of which welcome visitors to the `` City of Los Gatos '' while older , adjacent signs welcome people to the `` Town of Los Gatos . '' Meanwhile , the village does not exist in California as a municipal corporation . Instead , the word `` town '' is commonly used to indicate any unincorporated community that might otherwise be known as an unincorporated village . Additionally , some people may still use the word `` town '' as shorthand for `` township '' , which is not an incorporated municipality but an administrative division of a county . Hawaii ( edit ) The Hawaiian Island of Oahu has various communities that may be referred to as towns . However , the entire island is lumped as a single incorporated city , the City and County of Honolulu . The towns on Oahu are merely unincorporated census - designated places . Illinois ( edit ) In Illinois , the word `` town '' has been used both to denote a subdivision of a county called a township , and to denote a form of municipality similar to a village , in that it is generally governed by a president and trustees rather than a mayor . In some areas a `` Town '' may be incorporated legally as a Village ( meaning it has at large Trustees ) or a City ( meaning it has aldermen from districts ) and absorb the duties of the Township it is coterminous with ( maintenance of birth records , certain welfare items ) . Evanston , Berwyn and Cicero are examples of Towns in this manner . Under the current Illinois Municipal Code , an incorporated or unincorporated town may choose to incorporate as a city or as a village , but other forms of incorporation are no longer allowed . Louisiana ( edit ) In Louisiana a `` town '' is defined as being a municipal government having a population of 1,001 to 4,999 inhabitants . Maryland ( edit ) While generally a `` town '' is usually considered a smaller entity than a city , legally they are exactly the same as far as Maryland law is concerned . With the exception of the Independent city of Baltimore ( which is a special case , as it was created by the Constitution of Maryland ) , in Maryland , there is no difference between a `` city '' and a `` town , '' it is simply part of the name that was chosen to designate an incorporated municipality . It is analogous to a corporate business entity choosing to have a name with `` incorporated '' or with `` corporation '' , both terms mean the same thing . Nevada ( edit ) In Nevada , a town has a form of government , but is not considered to be incorporated . It generally provides a limited range of services , such as land use planning and recreation , while leaving most services to the county . Many communities have found this `` semi-incorporated '' status attractive ; the state has only 20 incorporated cities , and towns as large as Paradise ( 186,020 in 2000 Census ) , home of the Las Vegas Strip . Most county seats are also towns , not cities . New England ( edit ) Main article : New England town In the six New England states , a town is a municipality and a more important unit than the county . In Connecticut , Rhode Island and 7 out of 14 counties in Massachusetts , in fact , counties only exist as map divisions and have no legal functions ; in the other three states , counties are primarily judicial districts , with other functions primarily in New Hampshire , Maine , and Vermont . In all six , towns perform functions that in most states would be county functions . The defining feature of a New England town , as opposed to a city , is that a town meeting and a board of selectmen serve as the main form of government for a town , while cities are run by a mayor and a city council . For example , Brookline , Massachusetts is a town , even though it is fairly urban , because of its form of government . New Jersey ( edit ) Main article : Town ( New Jersey ) A `` town '' in the context of New Jerseyan local government refers to one of five types and one of eleven forms of municipal government . While Town is often used as a shorthand to refer to a Township , the two are not the same . The Town Act of 1895 allowed any municipality or area with a population exceeding 5,000 to become a Town through a petition and referendum process . Under the 1895 Act , a newly incorporated town was divided into at least three wards , with two councilmen per ward serving staggered two - year terms , and one councilman at large , who also served a two - year term . The councilman at large served as chairman of the town council . The Town Act of 1988 completely revised the Town form of government and applied to all towns incorporated under the Town Act of 1895 and to those incorporated by a special charter granted by the Legislature prior to 1875 . Under the 1988 Act , the mayor is also the councilman at large , serving a term of two years , unless increased to three years by a petition and referendum process . The Council under the Town Act of 1988 consists of eight members serving staggered two - year terms with two elected from each of four wards . One councilman from each ward is up for election each year . Towns with different structures predating the 1988 Act may retain those features unless changed by a petition and referendum process . Two new provisions were added in 1991 to the statutes governing towns , First , a petition and referendum process was created whereby the voters can require that the mayor and town council be elected to four - year terms of office . The second new provision defines the election procedure in towns with wards . The mayor in a town chairs the town council and heads the municipal government . The mayor may both vote on legislation before council and veto ordinances . A veto may be overridden by a vote of two - thirds of all the members of the council . The council may enact an ordinance to delegate all or a portion of the executive responsibilities of the town to a municipal administrator . Fifteen New Jersey municipalities currently have a type of Town , nine of which operate under the town form of government . New York ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of New York § Town In New York , a town is similarly a division of the county , but with less importance than in New England . Of some importance , a town provides a closer level of governance than its enclosing county , providing almost all municipal services to unincorporated communities , called hamlets , and selected services to incorporated areas , called villages . In New York , a town typically contains a number of such hamlets and villages . However , due to their independent nature , incorporated villages may exist in two towns or even two counties ( example : Almond ( village ) , New York ) . Everyone in New York who does not live on an Indian reservation or a city lives in a town and possibly in one of the town 's hamlets or villages . ( There are no towns in the five counties -- also known as boroughs -- that make up New York City . ) What is a `` town '' in New York is called a township in some other states . North Carolina ( edit ) In North Carolina , all cities , towns , and villages are incorporated as municipalities . According to the North Carolina League of Municipalities , there is no legal distinction among a city , town , or village -- it is a matter of preference of the local government . Some North Carolina cities have populations as small as 1,000 residents , while some towns , such as Cary , have populations of greater than 100,000 . Pennsylvania ( edit ) In Pennsylvania , only one municipality is incorporated as a `` town '' : Bloomsburg . Most of the rest of the state is incorporated as townships ( there are also boroughs and cities ) , which function in much the same way as the towns of New York or New England , although they may have different forms of government . Utah ( edit ) See also : List of cities and towns in Utah In Utah , the legal use of the terms `` town '' and `` city '' is based on population . A municipality with a population of 1,000 or more is a city , while less than 1,000 is a town . In addition , cities are divided into five separate classes based on population . Virginia ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Virginia § Towns In Virginia , a town is an incorporated municipality similar to a city ( though with a smaller required minimum population ) . But while cities are by Virginia law independent of counties , towns are contained within counties . Washington ( edit ) Further information : City government in Washington ( state ) A town in the state of Washington is a municipality that has a population of less than 1,500 at incorporation , however an existing town can reorganize as a code city . Town government authority is limited relative to cities , the other main classification of municipalities in the state . As of 2012 , most municipalities in Washington are cities . ( See List of towns in Washington . ) Wisconsin ( edit ) Wisconsin has Towns which are areas outside of incorporated cities and villages . These Towns retain the name of the Civil Township from which the evolved and are often the same name as a neighboring City . Some Towns , especially those in urban areas , have services similar to those of incorporated Cities , such as police departments . These Towns will from time to time incorporate into Cities , such as Fox Crossing in 2016 from the former Town of Menasha . Often this is to protect against being annexed into neighboring cities and villages . Wyoming ( edit ) Wyoming statute indicates towns are incorporated municipalities with populations of less than 4,000 . Municipalities of 4,000 or more residents are considered `` first - class cities '' . Vietnam ( edit ) In Vietnam , a district - level town ( Vietnamese : thị xã ) is the second subdivision , below a province ( tỉnh ) or municipality ( thành phố trực thuộc trung ương ) . A commune - level town ( thị trấn ) a third - level ( commune - level ) subdivision , below a district ( huyện ) . See also ( edit ) Commuter town Company town Developed environments List of towns Location ( geography ) Megalopolis ( city type ) Proto - city Town charter Town Hall Town limits Town privileges Town square Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goodall , B. ( 1987 ) The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography . London : Penguin . Jump up ^ `` The Australian '' , December 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ Consolidated version of Law no . 128 / 200 Coll . Jump up ^ `` Byopgørelsen pr. 1 . januar -- Varedeklaration -- Danmarks Statistik '' . Dst.dk. 2005 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Universität Dortmund : Kleine und mittlere Städte -- Blaupausen der Großstadt ? , Dokumentation des Expertenkolloquiums am 29 . April 2004 in Dortmund Jump up ^ Megyei jogú városok -- essay of Hungarian Central Statistical Office ( Hungarian , July 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Magyarország megyei jogú városai '' -- list of Hungarian town with the rights of a county on `` Térport '' related webpage of Ministry of National Development ( Hungarian , access date : May 4 , 2013 . ) Jump up ^ `` Some Concepts and Definitions '' ( PDF ) . Census of India . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Law n. o 11 / 82 ( Lei das designações e determinação de categoria das povoações ) , of June , 2nd '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Flags of the World '' . Crwflags.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.scb.se/statistik/BE/LE0102/2002A01/LE0102_2002A01_BR_12_BE51ST0307.pdf Jump up ^ Mistechko . Public electronic dictionary of Ukrainian language ( ukrlit.org ) Jump up ^ Miles Orvell , The Death and Life of Main Street : Small Towns in American Memory , Space , and Community ( University of North Carolina Press ; 2012 ) Jump up ^ See the Township Code , 60 ILCS 1 et seq . Jump up ^ See Phillips v. Town of Scales Mound , 195 Ill . 353 , 357 , 63 N.E. 180 ( 1902 ) Jump up ^ See generally Article 2 of the Illinois Municipal Code , 65 ILCS 5 / 2 ‐ 1 ‐ 1 et seq . Jump up ^ http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/gc021x2.pdf Jump up ^ North Carolina League of Municipalities : How Municipalities Work . Web page . Accessed February 14 , 2012 . http://www.nclm.org/resource-center/Pages/How-Municipalities-Work.aspx Jump up ^ ( hhttp://web.archive.org/web/20110808233054/http://le.utah.gov/~code/TITLE10/htm/10_02_030100.htm `` Utah Code , Title 10 , Chapter 2 , Section 301 '' ) . Utah State Legislature . Retrieved May 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles A. Grymes . `` County vs. Town vs. City in Virginia '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Cities own and maintain their roads , while Virginia counties ( except for Arlington and Henrico ) rely upon VDOT for road maintenance . Cities get a fixed allocation of state funding for building and maintaining those roads , while counties must compete with each other and other VDOT priorities for a substantial portion of their road budget . Cities have been granted more authorities , such as the right of city councils to issue bonds to build roads without a voter referendum ( counties must get voter approval in a referendum before issuing road bonds ) ... In Virginia , towns have distinct boundaries , established by the General Assembly or by courts guided by laws passed by the legislature . Towns are * not * independent from counties ; residents of towns are still residents of the county in which the town is located . For example , residents of the four towns of Haymarket , Quantico , Dumfries , and Occoquan are also residents of Prince William County . They pay both town and county property taxes , and town residents get to vote for a town council / mayor . Jump up ^ `` Classification of Washington Cities '' . Municipal Research and Services Center of Washington . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Comparison of the Powers of a Town and a Noncharter Code City '' . Municipal Research and Services Center of Washington . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.town-menasha.com/town-of-menasha-incorporation-update/ References ( edit ) Australian Bureau of Statistics : Australian Standard Geographical Classification ( ASGC ) 2005 External links ( edit ) Look up town in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Open - Site Regional -- Contains information about towns in numerous countries . Geopolis : research group , university of Paris - Diderot , France -- Access to Geopolis Database Designations for types of administrative territorial entities English terms Common English terms Area Insular area Local government area Protected area Special area Statistical area Combined statistical area Metropolitan statistical area Micropolitan statistical area Urban area Canton Half - canton Borough County borough Metropolitan borough Capital Federal capital Imperial capital City City state Autonomous city Charter city Independent city Incorporated city Imperial city Free imperial city Royal free city Community Autonomous community Residential community County Administrative county Autonomous county Consolidated city - county Metropolitan county Non-metropolitan Viscountcy Country Overseas country Department Overseas department District Capital district City district Congressional district Electoral district Federal district Indian government district Land district Metropolitan district Non-metropolitan district Military district Municipal district Police district Regional district Rural district Sanitary district Subdistrict Urban district Special district Division Census division Police division Subdivision Municipality County municipality Norway Nova Scotia Regional county municipality Direct - controlled municipality District municipality Mountain resort municipality Neutral municipality Regional municipality Resort municipality Rural municipality Specialized municipality Prefecture Autonomous prefecture Subprefecture Super-prefecture Praetorian prefecture Province Autonomous province Overseas province Roman province Region Administrative region Autonomous region Capital region Development region Economic region Mesoregion Microregion Overseas region Planning region Special administrative region Statistical region Subregion Reserve Biosphere reserve Ecological reserve Game reserve Indian reserve Nature reserve State Federal state Free state Sovereign state Territory Capital territory Federal capital territory Dependent territory Federal territory Military territory Organized incorporated territory Overseas territory Union territory Unorganized territory Town Census town Market town Township Charter township Civil township Paper township Survey township Urban township Unit Autonomous territorial unit Local administrative unit Municipal unit Regional unit Zone Economic zone Exclusive economic zone Free economic zone Special economic zone Free - trade zone Neutral zone Self - administered zone Other English terms Current Alpine resort Bailiwick Banner Autonomous Block Cadastre Circle Circuit Colony Commune Condominium Constituency Duchy Eldership Emirate Federal dependency Governorate Hamlet Ilkhanate Indian reservation Manor Royal Muftiate Neighbourhood Parish Periphery Precinct Principality Protectorate Quarter Regency Autonomous republic Riding Sector Autonomous Shire Sultanate Suzerainty Townland Village Administrative Summer Ward Historical Agency Barony Burgh Exarchate Hide Hundred Imperial Circle March Monthon Presidency Residency Roman diocese Seat Tenth Tithing Non-English or loanwords Current Amt Bakhsh Barangay Bezirk Regierungsbezirk Comune Frazione Fu Gemeinde Județ Kunta / kommun Finland Sweden Län Località Megye Muban Oblast Autonomous Okrug Ostān Poblacion Purok Shahrestān Sum Sýsla Tehsil Vingtaine Historical Commote Gau Heerlijkheid Köping Maalaiskunta Nome Egypt Greece Pagus Pargana Plasă Satrapy Socken Subah Syssel Zhou Arabic terms for country subdivisions First - level Muhafazah ( محافظة governorate ) Wilayah ( ولاية province ) Mintaqah ( منطقة region ) Mudiriyah ( مديرية directorate ) Imarah ( إمارة emirate ) Baladiyah ( بلدية municipality ) Shabiyah ( شعبية `` popularate '' ) Second / third - level Mintaqah ( منطقة region ) Qadaa ( قضاء district ) Nahiyah ( ناحية subdistrict ) Markaz ( مركز district ) Mutamadiyah ( معتمدية `` delegation '' ) Daerah / Daïra ( دائرة circle ) Liwa ( لواء banner / sanjak ) City / township - level Amanah ( أمانة municipality ) Baladiyah ( بلدية municipality ) Ḥai ( حي neighborhood / quarter ) Mahallah ( محلة ) Qarya ( قرية ) Sheyakhah ( شياخة `` neighborhood subdivision '' ) English translations given are those most commonly used . French terms for country subdivisions arrondissement département préfecture subprefectures Greek terms for country subdivisions Modern apokentromenes dioikiseis / geniki dioikisis / diamerisma / periphereia nomos / periphereiaki enotita demos / eparchia / koinotita Historical archontia / archontaton bandon demos despotaton dioikesis doukaton droungos eparchia exarchaton katepanikion kephalatikion kleisoura meris naukrareia satrapeia strategis thema toparchia tourma signifies a defunct institution Portuguese terms for country subdivisions Regional subdivisions Estado Distrito federal Província Região Distrito Comarca Capitania Local subdivisions Município Concelho Freguesia Comuna Circunscrição Setlements Cidade Vila Aldeia Bairro Lugar Historical subdivisions in italics . Slavic terms for country subdivisions Current dzielnica gmina krai kraj krajina / pokrajina městys obec oblast / oblast ' / oblasti / oblys / obwód / voblast ' okręg okres okrug opština / općina / občina / obshtina osiedle powiat / povit raion selsoviet / silrada sołectwo voivodeship / vojvodina županija Historical darugha gromada guberniya / gubernia jurydyka khutor obshchina okolia opole pogost prowincja sorok srez starostwo / starostva uyezd volost ziemia župa Spanish terms for country subdivisions National , Federal Comunidad autónoma Departamento Distrito federal Estado Provincia Región Regional , Metropolitan Cantón Comarca Comuna Corregimiento Delegación Distrito Mancomunidad Merindad Municipalidad Municipio Parroquia Ecuador Spain Urban , Rural Aldea Alquería Anteiglesia Asentamiento Asentamiento informal Pueblos jóvenes Barrio Campamento Caserío Ciudad Ciudad autónoma Colonia Lugar Masía Pedanía Población Ranchería Sitio Vereda Villa Village ( Pueblito / Pueblo ) Historical subdivisions in italics . Turkish terms for country subdivisions Modern il ( province ) ilçe ( district ) şehir ( city ) kasaba ( town ) belediye ( municipality ) belde ( community ) köy ( village ) mahalle ( neighbourhood / quarter ) Historical ağalık ( feudal district ) bucak ( subdistrict ) beylerbeylik ( province ) kadılık ( subprovince ) kaza ( sub-province ) hidivlik ( viceroyalty ) mutasarrıflık ( subprovince ) nahiye ( nahiyah ) paşalık ( province ) reya ( Romanian principalities ) sancak ( prefecture ) vilayet ( province ) voyvodalık ( Romanian provinces ) Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms . Historical derivations in italics . 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-4413418996190022532	FIFA World Cup	FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia FIFA World Cup This article is about the men 's association football tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website fifa.com/worldcup/ The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is France , which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia . The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals . After this , 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina , France and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England and Spain with one title each . The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world , as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . 17 countries have hosted the World Cup . Brazil , France , Italy , Germany and Mexico have each hosted twice , while Uruguay , Switzerland , Sweden , Chile , England , Argentina , Spain , the United States , Japan and South Korea ( jointly ) , South Africa and Russia have each hosted once . Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals , and 2026 will be a joint hosted finals between Canada , the United States and Mexico , which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three different finals . Contents 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 4.2 Performances 5 Attendance 6 Broadcasting and promotion 7 Results 7.1 Teams reaching the top four 7.2 Best performances by continental zones 8 Awards 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Top goalscorers 9.2 All - time table for champions 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links History Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup Previous international competitions The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . World Cups before World War II FIFA president Jules Rimet convinced the confederations to promote an international football tournament . Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament . Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . World Cups after World War II The opening game of the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , shortly before the 1950 FIFA World Cup . From the National Archives of Brazil The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams Interior view of the Soccer City in Johannesburg , South Africa , during a match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini , responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on 29 May and 3 December . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . Other FIFA tournaments The BC Place in Vancouver hosting a 2015 Women 's World Cup match An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . Trophy Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy Queen Elizabeth II presenting the Jules Rimet trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . The current World Cup trophy , presented since 1974 After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . Format Qualification Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) outcome combinations possible . However , 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams Fair play points , defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage : Yellow card : minus 1 point Indirect red card ( as a result of a second yellow card ) : minus 3 points Direct red card : minus 4 points Yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . Hosts Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned Selection process Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the first tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States , Canada and Mexico , marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations . The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held , with 48 teams playing 80 matches . Sixty matches will take place in the US , including all matches from the quarter - finals onward , while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each . Performances See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) won its only title while playing as a host nation . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Year Hosts Venues / Cities Total attendance Matches Avg . attendance Highest attendances † Number Venue Game ( s ) 1930 Uruguay 3 / 1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final 1934 Italy 8 / 8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final 1938 France 10 / 9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final 1950 Brazil 6 / 6 1,045,246 22 47,511 173,850 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6 / 6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final 1958 Sweden 12 / 12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage 1962 Chile 4 / 4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final 1966 England 8 / 7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1970 Mexico 5 / 5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage West Germany 9 / 9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage 1978 Argentina 6 / 5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage 1982 Spain 17 / 14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match 1986 Mexico 12 / 11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1990 Italy 12 / 12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage 1994 United States 9 / 9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final 1998 France 10 / 10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final 2002 South Korea Japan 10 / 10 10 / 10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final 2006 Germany 12 / 12 3,359,439 64 52,491 72,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final South Africa 10 / 9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final 2014 Brazil 12 / 12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final 2018 Russia 12 / 11 3,031,768 64 47,371 78,011 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Seven matches at the Luzhniki , including France 4 -- 2 Croatia , Final Overall 40,532,478 900 45,036 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) The best - attended single match , shown in the last three columns , has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014 . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . Source : FIFA Broadcasting and promotion See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters A Coca - Cola bottle promoting the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . The governing body of the sport , FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament . Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . World Cups feature official match balls specially designed for each tournament . Each World Cup also has an official song , which have been performed by artists ranging from Shakira to Will Smith . Other songs , such as `` Nessun dorma '' , performed by The Three Tenors at four World Cup concerts , have also become identified with the tournament . The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . Results See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals # Year Hosts Champions Score and Venue Runners - up Third place Score and Venue Fourth place No. of Teams 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 2 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Argentina United States Yugoslavia 13 1934 Details Italy Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Czechoslovakia Germany 3 -- 2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli , Naples Austria 16 1938 Details France Italy 4 -- 2 Stade de Colombes , Paris Hungary Brazil 4 -- 2 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Sweden 15 1942 Editions not organized because of World War II . 1946 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay 2 -- 1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Brazil Sweden 3 -- 1 Pacaembu , São Paulo Spain 13 5 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3 -- 2 Wankdorfstadion , Bern Hungary Austria 3 -- 1 Hardturm , Zürich Uruguay 16 6 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5 -- 2 Råsundastadion , Solna Sweden France 6 -- 3 Ullevi , Gothenburg West Germany 16 7 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3 -- 1 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Czechoslovakia Chile 1 -- 0 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Yugoslavia 16 8 1966 Details England England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Wembley Stadium , London West Germany Portugal 2 -- 1 Wembley Stadium , London Soviet Union 16 9 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4 -- 1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Uruguay 16 10 Details West Germany West Germany 2 -- 1 Olympiastadion , Munich Netherlands Poland 1 -- 0 Olympiastadion , Munich Brazil 16 11 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Netherlands Brazil 2 -- 1 Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Italy 16 12 1982 Details Spain Italy 3 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid West Germany Poland 3 -- 2 Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante France 24 13 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3 -- 2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City West Germany France 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Belgium 24 14 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico , Rome Argentina Italy 2 -- 1 Stadio San Nicola , Bari England 24 15 1994 Details United States Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 PSO ) Rose Bowl , Pasadena Italy Sweden 4 -- 0 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Bulgaria 24 16 1998 Details France France 3 -- 0 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil Croatia 2 -- 1 Parc des Princes , Paris Netherlands 32 17 2002 Details South Korea Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama Germany Turkey 3 -- 2 Daegu Stadium , Daegu South Korea 32 18 2006 Details Germany Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 PSO ) Olympiastadion , Berlin France Germany 3 -- 1 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Portugal 32 19 Details South Africa Spain 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Soccer City , Johannesburg Netherlands Germany 3 -- 2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Uruguay 32 20 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Argentina Netherlands 3 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Brasília Brazil 32 21 2018 Details Russia France 4 -- 2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Croatia Belgium 2 -- 0 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg England 32 22 2022 Details Qatar TBD TBD Lusail Iconic Stadium , Lusail TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 32 23 2026 Details Canada United States Mexico TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 48 a.e.t. : after extra time PSO : after penalty shoot - out TBD : to be determined Notes Jump up ^ There was no third place match in 1930 ; the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a 3rd place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . In all , 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 21 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . Map of countries ' best results Teams reaching the top four See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament Teams reaching the top four Team Titles Runners - up Third place Fourth place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) 5 5 5 France 2 ( 1998 * , 2018 ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 6 5 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 England 1 ( 1966 * ) 2 ( 1990 , 2018 ) Spain 1 ( 2010 ) 1 ( 1950 ) Netherlands 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 Hungary 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) Czechoslovakia 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) Sweden 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) Croatia 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Poland 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) Austria 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) Portugal 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) Belgium 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1986 ) United States 1 ( 1930 ) Chile 1 ( 1962 * ) Turkey 1 ( 2002 ) Yugoslavia 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) Soviet Union 1 ( 1966 ) Bulgaria 1 ( 1994 ) South Korea 1 ( 2002 * ) * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations Best performances by continental zones See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won twelve titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : United States ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) . Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won in Africa in 2010 . In 2014 , Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas . Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010 , Germany in 2014 and France in 2018 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by more than one championship . Total times teams qualified by confederation Confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 37 44 42 85 245 457 Top 16 6 9 14 35 91 156 Top 8 5 34 0 100 144 Top 4 0 22 0 60 84 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 28 42 1st 0 0 0 9 0 12 21 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 16 21 3rd 0 0 0 17 21 4th 0 0 5 0 15 21 Awards Main article : FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . Records and Statistics Main article : List of FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments . Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Rafael Márquez ( 2002 - 2018 ) ; and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) all played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach , and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018 , after having won in 1998 as captain . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup - winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . Among the national teams , Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches ( 109 ) , Germany appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 21 ) , has the most wins ( 73 ) and has scored the most goals ( 229 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . Top goalscorers Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups . Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored Miroslav Klose 16 Ronaldo 15 Gerd Müller 14 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All - time table for champions Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies Brazil 21 109 73 18 18 229 105 124 237 2.17 5 Germany 19 109 67 20 22 226 125 101 221 2.03 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 Argentina 17 81 43 15 23 137 93 44 144 1.78 5 France 15 66 34 13 19 120 77 43 115 1.74 6 England 15 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 108 1.59 7 Spain 15 63 30 15 18 99 72 27 105 1.67 8 Uruguay 13 56 24 12 20 87 74 13 84 1.50 See also Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . List of FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup referees National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM Trophy '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations - 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Stephen ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 30 October 2007 ) , `` Brazil officially named 2014 World Cup hosts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 July 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1974 - West Germany win on home soil '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris . `` France 1 - 2 South Africa '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Officially , 173,850 paid spectators crammed into Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã Stadium on July 16 ( ... ) Some estimates have even pegged the attendance as high as 199,000 or 210,000 unofficially Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Financial Report 2014 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FIFA.com. 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Footballs during the FIFA World Cup '' . Football Facts . FIFA . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Sara D ( 27 April 2010 ) . `` Shakira Records Official Song for 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Aolradioblog . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Official Song ' Live It Up ' to be performed by all - star line - up '' . FIFA. 23 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A riot of colour , emotion and memories : the World Cup stands alone in the field of sport '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil , Germany & Every World Cup Winner from 1930 to 2014 '' . Goal. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jeremy ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France boss Didier Deschamps makes history with World Cup final victory over Croatia '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Curse of the Foreign - Born Coach '' . Wall Street Journal . 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil pass Germany as all - time top scorers at the World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five Aside : Germany - Brazil preview '' . ESPN . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . External links Official website Previous FIFA World Cups FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . 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-9169755495545334571	DeFord Bailey	DeFord Bailey - wikipedia DeFord Bailey Jump to : navigation , search DeFord Bailey Bailey in the 1970s Background information ( 1899 - 12 - 14 ) December 14 , 1899 Smith County , Tennessee July 2 , 1982 ( 1982 - 07 - 02 ) ( aged 82 ) Nashville , Tennessee Genres Country , Blues Instruments Harmonica , Guitar , Banjo Years active 1920s -- 1941 Labels Victor , Bluebird , RCA DeFord Bailey ( December 14 , 1899 -- July 2 , 1982 ) was an American country music and blues star from the 1920s until 1941 . He was the first performer to be introduced on the Grand Ole Opry and the first African - American performer on the show . He played several instruments but is best known for his harmonica tunes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Discography 3 References 4 Sources 5 External links Career ( edit ) A grandson of slaves , Bailey was born near the Bellwood community in Smith County , Tennessee , and learned to play the harmonica at the age of three , when he contracted polio ( or , as it was called at the time , infantile paralysis ) . He was confined to bed for a year , during which he began developing his distinctive style of playing . In 1918 , he moved to Nashville and performed locally as an amateur . Bailey was known to have been discovered on the streets of Nashville by Grand Ole Opry pioneer Dr. Humphrey Bate , who insisted upon presenting and sponsoring him on the Opry . His first radio appearance ( as documented in radio program schedules published in newspapers ) was on June 19 , 1926 , on Nashville 's WSM . On December 10 , 1927 , he debuted his trademark song , `` Pan American Blues '' ( named for the Louisville and Nashville Railroad 's Pan-American ) , on a program then known as the WSM Barn Dance . At that time Barn Dance aired after NBC 's classical music show , the Music Appreciation Hour . While introducing Bailey , WSM station manager and announcer George D. Hay exclaimed on - air , `` For the past hour , we have been listening to music largely from Grand Opera , but from now on , we will present ' The Grand Ole Opry . ' '' `` Pan American Blues '' was the first recording of a harmonica blues solo . Several records by Bailey were issued in 1927 and 1928 , all of them harmonica solos . In 1927 he recorded for Brunswick Records in New York City , and in 1928 he recorded eight sides for Victor in Nashville , three of which were issued on Victor , Bluebird and RCA . Emblematic of the ambiguity of Bailey 's position as a recording artist is the fact that his arguably greatest recording , `` John Henry '' , was released by RCA separately in both its `` race '' series and its `` hillbilly '' series . In addition to his well - known harmonica , Bailey also played the guitar , bones , and banjo . Tennessee Historical Commission marker near Bailey 's birthplace in Smith County Bailey was a pioneer member of the WSM Grand Ole Opry and one of its most popular performers , appearing on the program from 1927 to 1941 . During this period he toured with major country stars , including Uncle Dave Macon , Bill Monroe , and Roy Acuff . Like other black stars of his day traveling in the South and West , he faced difficulties in finding food and accommodations because of discriminatory Jim Crow laws . Bailey was fired by WSM in 1941 because of a licensing conflict with BMI - ASCAP , which prevented him from playing his best - known tunes on the radio . This effectively ended his performance career , and he spent the rest of his life shining shoes and renting out rooms in his home to make a living . Though he continued to play the harp , he almost never performed publicly . One of his rare performances occurred in 1974 , when he agreed to make one more appearance on the Opry . This became the occasion for the Opry 's first annual Old Timers ' Show . He died on July 2 , 1982 , in Nashville , and is buried in Greenwood Cemetery there . In 2005 , Nashville Public Television produced the documentary DeFord Bailey : A Legend Lost . The documentary was broadcast nationally through PBS . Bailey was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame on November 15 , 2005 . The DeFord Bailey Tribute Garden at the George Washington Carver Food Park in Nashville was dedicated on June 27 , 2007 . The Encyclopedia of Country Music called him `` the most significant black country star before World War II . '' Discography ( edit ) The Legendary DeFord Bailey ( TFS , 1998 ) Harmonica Genius : DeFord Bailey ( Collection Gérard Herzhaft , 2011 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DeFord Bailey at Find a Grave ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Ole Opry Legend DeFord Bailey , 82 , Dead '' . JET. 62 ( 21 ) : 53 . August 2 , 1982 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Allen ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` A Black Star In Early Country Music '' . BlackHistory.Com . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deford Bailey '' . Country Music Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morton , David C. ; Charles K. Wolfe ( 1993 ) . DeFord Bailey : A Black Star in Early Country Music . University of Tennessee Press . p. 15 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Deford Bailey : Legend Lost ( Early Years ) , Nashville Public Television , 2002 , retrieved 23 August 2010 Jump up ^ Morton , pp. 77 , 181 . Jump up ^ Morton , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Russell , Tony ( 1997 ) . The Blues : From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray . Dubai : Carlton Books . p. 12 . ISBN 1 - 85868 - 255 - X . ^ Jump up to : Tosches , Nick ( 1996 ) . Country : The Twisted Roots of Rock ' n ' Roll . Da Capo Press . p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver , Paul ( 2009 ) . Barrelhouse Blues : Location Recording and the Early Traditions of the Blues . Basic Books . p. 97 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morton , page 58 . Jump up ^ `` DeFord Bailey : A Legend Lost / Samples of DeFord 's music '' . PBS . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CMA Press Release 2005 Hall of Fame , 29 August 2005 , retrieved 23 August 2010 Jump up ^ Morris , Edward ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` DeFord Bailey Documentary to Air May 7 '' . CMT.Com . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Oermann , Robert K. ( 2008 ) . `` The Harmonica Wizard ( Chapter 30 ) '' . Behind the Grand Ole Opry Curtain : Tales of Romance and Tragedy . Hachette Digital . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morton , David C. ; Charles K. Wolfe ( 1993 ) . `` Chapter 10 , They Turned Me Loose to Root Hog or Die '' . Deford Bailey : A Black Star in Early Country Music . Oxford University Press . pp. 121 -- 130 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` DeFord Bailey ( Timeline ) '' . PBS . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Charles K. ( December 25 , 2009 ) . `` Deford Bailey ( 1899 - 1982 ) '' . The Tennessee Encyclopedia . University of Tennessee Press ( originally published by the Tennessee Historical Society , 1998 ) . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DeFord Bailey : A Legend Lost '' . PBS . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DeFord Bailey honored with Tribute Garden '' . Earth Matters. 15 June 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Rumble , John ( 2004 ) . Paul Kingsbury , ed . The Encyclopedia of Country Music : The Ultimate Guide to the Music . Oxford University Press . p. 37 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Sources ( edit ) Komara , Edward ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) , Encyclopedia of the Blues , Routledge Morton , David C. & Wolfe , Charles K. ( 1993 ) , Deford Bailey : A Black Star in Early Country Music . University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 792 - 8 . Morton , David C. ( 1998 ) , `` DeFord Bailey , '' in The Encyclopedia of Country Music PBS DeFord Bailey Documentary External links ( edit ) Bailey 's biographer 's site , with audio and photos Allmusic A netowne article The PBS page Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum Illustrated DeFord Bailey discography Members of the Grand Ole Opry Roy Acuff Trace Adkins David `` Stringbean '' Akeman Bill Anderson Jack Anglin Eddy Arnold Ernest Ashworth Chet Atkins DeFord Bailey Bobby Bare Bashful Brother Oswald Humphrey Bate Dierks Bentley Binkley Brothers ' Dixie Clodhoppers Clint Black Margie Bowes Rod Brasfield Garth Brooks Jim Ed Brown The Browns Carl Butler and Pearl Archie Campbell Bill Carlisle Martha Carson The Carter Sisters Maybelle Carter Johnny Cash June Carter Cash Roy Clark Terri Clark Zeke Clements Patsy Cline Jerry Clower John Conlee Stoney Cooper Wilma Lee Cooper Cowboy Copas Dailey & Vincent Charlie Daniels Skeeter Davis The Delmore Brothers The DeZurik Sisters Diamond Rio Little Jimmy Dickens Joe Diffie Danny Dill Jimmy Driftwood Roy Drusky The Duke of Paducah Holly Dunn The Everly Brothers Lester Flatt Red Foley Curly Fox Lefty Frizzell Larry Gatlin Crystal Gayle Don Gibson Vince Gill Billy Grammer Jack Greene The Gully Jumpers Theron Hale Tom T. 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6555583449592281293	Iranian Embassy siege	Iranian embassy siege - wikipedia Iranian embassy siege Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the siege of the Iranian embassy in London . For the siege of the American embassy in Tehran , see Iran hostage crisis . Iranian Embassy Siege Part of Arab separatism in Khuzestan The Iranian Embassy , severely damaged by fire following the end of the siege Date 30 April -- 5 May 1980 Location Princes Gate , South Kensington , London 51 ° 30 ′ 5.5 '' N 0 ° 10 ′ 19.9 '' W / 51.501528 ° N 0.172194 ° W / 51.501528 ; - 0.172194 Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 5.5 '' N 0 ° 10 ′ 19.9 '' W / 51.501528 ° N 0.172194 ° W / 51.501528 ; - 0.172194 Result Embassy recaptured after six - day siege Belligerents United Kingdom Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan ( DRFLA ) Commanders and leaders John Dellow Peter de la Billière Michael Rose Oan Ali Mohammed † Strength 30 -- 35 SAS soldiers , large numbers of Metropolitan Police officers 6 DRFLA members Casualties and losses Two hostages killed -- one before , one during the assault ; two hostages wounded during assault ; one SAS soldier wounded Five killed , one captured ( hide ) Arab separatism in Khuzestan Sheikh Khazal ( 1924 ) Insurgency ( 1979 ) Embassy siege ( 1980 ) Unrest ( 2005 ) 2005 -- 06 Ahvaz bombings Day of Rage ( 2011 ) The Iranian Embassy siege took place from 30 April to 5 May 1980 , after a group of six armed men stormed the Iranian embassy in South Kensington , London . The gunmen , members of Arabs of KSA group campaigning for Arab national sovereignty in the southern Iranian region of Khuzestan Province , took 26 people hostage -- mostly embassy staff , but also several visitors as well as a police officer who had been guarding the embassy . They demanded the release of Arab prisoners from prisons in Khuzestan and their own safe passage out of the United Kingdom . Margaret Thatcher 's government quickly resolved that safe passage would not be granted , and a siege ensued . Over the following days , police negotiators secured the release of five hostages in exchange for minor concessions , such as the broadcasting of the hostage - takers ' demands on British television . By the sixth day of the siege the gunmen had become increasingly frustrated at the lack of progress in meeting their demands . That evening , they killed one of the hostages and threw his body out of the embassy . As a result , the government ordered the Special Air Service ( SAS ) , a special forces regiment of the British Army , to conduct an assault -- Operation Nimrod -- to rescue the remaining hostages . Shortly afterwards , SAS soldiers abseiled from the roof of the building and forced entry through the windows . During the 17 - minute raid , they rescued all but one of the remaining hostages , and killed five of the six hostage - takers . The soldiers later faced accusations of unnecessarily killing two of the five , but an inquest into the deaths eventually cleared the SAS of any wrongdoing . The sole remaining gunman was prosecuted and served 27 years in British prisons . The hostage - takers and their cause were largely forgotten after the Iran -- Iraq War broke out later that year and the hostage crisis in Tehran continued until January 1981 . Nonetheless , the operation brought the SAS to the public eye for the first time and bolstered the reputation of Thatcher . The SAS was quickly overwhelmed by the number of applications it received from people inspired by the operation and experienced greater demand for its expertise from foreign governments . The building , having suffered major damage from a fire that broke out during the assault , was not reopened as the Iranian embassy until 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Motives 1.2 Arrival in London 1.3 Special Air Service 2 Siege 2.1 Day one : 30 April 2.2 Day two : 1 May 2.3 Day three : 2 May 2.4 Day four : 3 May 2.5 Day five : 4 May 2.6 Day six : 5 May 3 SAS assault 4 Aftermath 5 Long - term impact 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Background ( edit ) Motives ( edit ) Main article : 1979 Khuzestan uprising The front of the Iranian embassy in 2008 The hostage - takers were members of the Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan ( DRFLA ) , Iranian Arabs protesting for the establishment of an autonomous Arab state in the southern region of the Iranian province of Khūzestān ( also known as Arabistan ) which is home to an Arabic - speaking minority . The oil - rich area had become the source of much of Iran 's wealth , having been developed by multi-national companies during the reign of the Shah . According to Oan Ali Mohammed , suppression of the Arab sovereignty movement was the spark that led to his desire to attack the Iranian Embassy in London . The plan was inspired by the Iran hostage crisis in which supporters of the revolution held the staff of the American embassy in Tehran hostage . Arrival in London ( edit ) Using Iraqi passports , Oan and three other members of the DRFLA arrived in London on 31 March 1980 and rented a flat in Earls Court . They claimed they had met by chance on the flight . The men typically returned to the flat drunk , late at night , and sometimes accompanied by prostitutes . Within a week , the housekeeper asked them to leave . They soon found another flat , where they told their new landlord they were moving because they had been joined by other men and required larger accommodation . Over the following days , the group swelled , with up to a dozen men in the flat on one occasion . Oan was 27 and from Khūzestān ; he had studied at the University of Tehran , where he became politically active . He had been imprisoned by SAVAK , the Shah 's secret police , and bore scars which he said were from torture in SAVAK custody . The other members of his group were Shakir Abdullah Radhil , known as `` Faisal '' , Oan 's second - in - command who also claimed to have been tortured by SAVAK ; Shakir Sultan Said , or `` Hassan '' ; Themir Moammed Hussein , or Abbas ; Fowzi Badavi Nejad , or `` Ali '' ; and Makki Hanoun Ali , the youngest of the group , who went by the name of `` Makki '' . On 30 April the men informed their landlord that they were going to Bristol for a week and then returning to Iraq , stated that they would no longer require the flat , and arranged for their belongings to be sent to Iraq . They left the building at 09 : 30 ( BST ) on 30 April . Their initial destination is unknown , but en route to the Iranian Embassy they collected firearms ( including pistols and submachine guns ) , ammunition and hand grenades . The weapons , predominantly Soviet - made , are believed to have been smuggled into the United Kingdom in a diplomatic bag belonging to Iraq . Shortly before 11 : 30 , and almost two hours after vacating the nearby flat in Lexham Gardens in South Kensington , the six men arrived outside the embassy . Special Air Service ( edit ) The Special Air Service ( SAS ) is a regiment of the British Army and part of the United Kingdom 's special forces . The regiment was formed by Colonel David Stirling in Africa in 1941 , at the height of the Second World War . Its original role was to penetrate enemy lines and strike at airfields and supply lines deep in enemy territory , first in North Africa and later around the Mediterranean and in occupied Europe . Stirling established the principle of using small teams , usually of just four men , to carry out raids , having realised that a four - man team could sometimes prove much more effective than a unit of hundreds of soldiers . Western governments were prompted to form specialist anti-terrorist units following the `` Munich massacre '' . During the 1972 Olympic Games , a firefight between a group of hostage - takers and West German police left a police officer and all the hostages dead . The British government , worried that the country was unprepared for a similar crisis in the United Kingdom , ordered the formation of the Counter Revolutionary Warfare ( CRW ) Wing of the SAS , which became the UK 's primary anti-terrorist and anti-hijacking unit . The SAS had taken part in counter-insurgency operations abroad since 1945 , and had trained the bodyguards of influential people whose deaths would be contrary to British interests . Thus , it was believed to be better prepared for the role than any unit in the police or elsewhere in the armed forces . The CRW Wing 's first operational experience was the storming of Lufthansa Flight 181 in 1977 , when a small detachment of soldiers were sent to assist GSG 9 , the elite West German police unit set up after the events of 1972 . Siege ( edit ) Day one : 30 April ( edit ) At approximately 11 : 30 on Wednesday 30 April the six heavily armed members of DRFLA stormed the Iranian Embassy building on Princes Gate , South Kensington . The gunmen quickly overpowered Police Constable Trevor Lock of the Metropolitan Police 's Diplomatic Protection Group ( DPG ) . Lock was carrying a concealed Smith & Wesson . 38 - calibre revolver , but was unable to draw it before he was overpowered , although he did manage to press the `` panic button '' on his radio . Lock was later frisked , but the gunman conducting the search did not find the constable 's weapon . He remained in possession of the revolver , and to keep it concealed refused to remove his coat , which he told the gunmen was to `` preserve his image '' as a police officer . The officer also refused offers of food throughout the siege for fear that the weapon would be seen if he had to use the toilet and a gunman decided to escort him . Although the majority of the people in the embassy were captured , three managed to escape -- two by climbing out of a ground - floor window and the third by climbing across a first - floor ( second - floor in American dialect ) parapet to the Ethiopian Embassy next door . A fourth person , Gholam - Ali Afrouz -- the chargé d'affaires and thus most senior Iranian official present -- briefly escaped by jumping out of a first - floor window , but was injured in the process and quickly captured . Afrouz and the 25 other hostages were all taken to a room on the second floor . The majority of the hostages were embassy staff -- predominantly Iranian nationals , but several British employees were also captured . The other hostages were all visitors , with the exception of Lock , the British police officer guarding the embassy . Afrouz had been appointed to the position less than a year before , his predecessor having been dismissed after the revolution . Abbas Fallahi , who had been a butler before the revolution , was appointed the doorman by Afrouz . One of the British members of staff was Ron Morris , from Battersea , who had worked for the embassy in various positions since 1947 . During the course of the siege , police and journalists established the identities of several other hostages . Mustapha Karkouti was a journalist covering the crisis at the US Embassy in Tehran and was at the embassy for an interview with Abdul Fazi Ezzati , the cultural attaché . Muhammad Hashir Faruqi was another journalist , at the embassy to interview Afrouz for an article on the Iranian Revolution . Simeon `` Sim '' Harris and Chris Cramer , both employees of the BBC , were at the embassy attempting to obtain visas to visit Iran -- hoping to cover the aftermath of the 1979 revolution -- after several unsuccessful attempts . They found themselves sitting next to Moutaba Mehrnavard , who was there to consult Ahmad Dadgar , the embassy 's medical adviser , and Ali Asghar Tabatabai , who was collecting a map for use in a presentation he had been asked to give at the end of a course he had been attending . Hostage Occupation Fate Afrouz ! Gholam - Ali Afrouz Embassy Chargé d'affaires wounded during assault Bouroumand ! Shirazeh Bouroumand Embassy secretary Cramer ! Chris Cramer BBC sound organiser released prior to assault Dadgar ! Ahmad Dadgar Medical adviser wounded during assault Ezzati ! Abdul Fazi Ezzati Iranian cultural attaché Fallahi ! Abbas Fallahi Embassy doorman Farugi ! Muhammad Hashir Faruqi British - Pakistani editor of Impact International Ghanzafar ! Ali Guil Ghanzafar Pakistani tourist released prior to assault Harris ! Simeon Harris BBC sound recordist Hashemenian ! Nooshin Hashemenian Embassy secretary Kaghachi ! Roya Kaghachi Secretary to Dr. Afrouz Kanji ! Hiyech Sanei Kanji Embassy secretary released prior to assault Karkouti , Mustapha Mustapha Karkouti Syrian journalist released prior to assault Khabaz ! Vahid Khabaz Iranian student Lavasani ! Abbas Lavasani Chief Press Officer killed prior to assault Lock ! Trevor Lock Metropolitan Police Constable , Diplomatic Protection Group Mehrnavard ! Moutaba Mehrnavard Carpet dealer Jishverdi - Moghaddam ! Aboutaleb Jishverdi - Moghaddam Iranian attaché Moheb ! Muhammad Moheb Embassy accountant Morris ! Ronald Morris Embassy manager and chauffeur Mozafarian ! Frieda Mozafarian Press officer released prior to assault Naghizadeh ! Issa Naghizadeh First Secretary Samadzadeh ! Ali Akbar Samadzadeh Temporary employee at embassy killed during assault Tabatabal ! Ali Asghar Tabatabai Banker Taghi ! Kaujouri Muhammad Taghi Accountant Zomorrodian ! Zahra Zomorrodian Embassy clerk Police arrived at the embassy almost immediately after the first reports of gunfire , and , within ten minutes , seven DPG officers were on the scene . The officers moved to surround the embassy , but retreated when a gunman appeared at a window and threatened to open fire . Deputy Assistant Commissioner John Dellow arrived nearly 30 minutes later and took command of the operation . Dellow established a temporary headquarters in his car before moving it to the Royal School of Needlework further down Princes Gate and then to 24 Princes Gate , a nursery school . From his various command posts , Dellow coordinated the police response , including the deployment of D11 , the Metropolitan Police 's marksmen , and officers with specialist surveillance equipment . Police negotiators made contact with Oan via a field telephone passed through one of the embassy windows , and were assisted by a negotiator and a psychiatrist . At 15 : 15 Oan issued the DRFLA 's first demand , the release of 91 Arabs held in prisons in Khūzestān , and threatened to blow up the embassy and the hostages if this were not done by noon on 1 May . Large numbers of journalists were on the scene quickly and were moved into a holding area to the west of the front of the embassy , while dozens of Iranian protesters also arrived near the embassy and remained there throughout the siege . Shortly after the beginning of the crisis , the British government 's emergency committee COBRA , was assembled . COBRA is made up of ministers , civil servants and expert advisers , including representatives from the police and the armed forces . The meeting was chaired by William Whitelaw , the Home Secretary , as Margaret Thatcher , the Prime Minister , was unavailable . The Iranian government accused the British and American governments of sponsoring the attack as revenge for the ongoing siege of the US Embassy in Tehran . Given the lack of co-operation from Iran , Thatcher , kept apprised of the situation by Whitelaw , determined that British law would be applied to the embassy , despite the Vienna Convention , under which the embassy is considered Iranian soil . At 16 : 30 , the gunmen released their first hostage , Frieda Mozaffarian . She had been unwell since the siege began , and Oan had asked for a doctor to be sent into the embassy to treat her , but the police refused . The other hostages deceived Oan into believing that Mozaffarian was pregnant , and Oan eventually released Mozaffarian after her condition deteriorated . Day two : 1 May ( edit ) The COBRA meetings continued through the night and into Thursday . Meanwhile , two teams were dispatched from the headquarters of the Special Air Service ( SAS ) near Hereford , and arrived at a holding area in Regent 's Park Barracks . The teams -- from B Squadron , complemented by specialists from other squadrons -- were equipped with CS gas , stun grenades , and explosives and armed with Browning Hi - Power pistols and Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns . Lieutenant Colonel Michael Rose , commander of 22 SAS had travelled ahead of the detachment and introduced himself to Dellow , the commander of the police operation . At approximately 03 : 30 on 1 May , one of the SAS teams moved into the building next door to the embassy , normally occupied by the Royal College of General Practitioners , where they were briefed on Rose 's `` immediate action '' plan , to be implemented should the SAS be required to storm the building before a more sophisticated plan could be formed . The front of 14 Prince 's Gate , head office of the Royal College of General Practitioners , which was used as a base by the SAS during the siege . Early in the morning of 1 May , the gunmen ordered one of the hostages to telephone the BBC 's news desk . During the call , Oan took the receiver and spoke directly to the BBC journalist . He identified the group to which the gunmen belonged and stated that the non-Iranian hostages would not be harmed , but refused to allow the journalist to speak to any other hostages . At some point during the day , the police disabled the embassy 's telephone lines , leaving the hostage - takers just the field telephone for outside communication . As the hostages woke up , Chris Cramer , a sound organiser for the BBC , became seriously ill and his colleague , Sim Harris , was taken to the field telephone to negotiate for a doctor . The police negotiator refused the request , instead telling Harris to persuade Oan to release Cramer . The ensuing negotiations between Harris , Oan , and the police took up most of the morning , and Cramer was eventually released at 11 : 15 . He was rushed to hospital in an ambulance , accompanied by police officers sent to gather information from him . As the deadline of noon approached , set the previous day for the release of the Arab prisoners , the police became convinced that the gunmen did not have the capability to carry out their threat of blowing up the embassy , and persuaded Oan to agree to a new deadline of 14 : 00 . The police allowed the deadline to pass , to no immediate response from the gunmen . During the afternoon , Oan altered his demands , requesting that the British media broadcast a statement of the group 's grievances and for ambassadors of three Arab countries to negotiate the group 's safe passage out of the UK once the statement had been broadcast . At approximately 20 : 00 , Oan became agitated by noises coming from the Ethiopian Embassy next door . The noise came from technicians who were drilling holes in the wall to implant listening devices , but PC Trevor Lock , when asked to identify the sound , attributed it to mice . COBRA decided to create ambient noise to cover the sound created by the technicians and instructed British Gas to commence drilling in an adjacent road , supposedly to repair a gas main . The drilling was aborted after it agitated the gunmen , and instead British Airports Authority , owner of London Heathrow Airport , was told to instruct approaching aircraft to fly over the embassy at low altitude . Day three : 2 May ( edit ) At 09 : 30 on 2 May , Oan appeared at the first - floor window of the embassy to demand access to the telex system , which the police had disabled along with the telephone lines , and threatened to kill Abdul Fazi Ezzati , the cultural attaché . The police refused and Oan pushed Ezzati , who he had been holding at gunpoint at the window , across the room , before demanding to speak to somebody from the BBC who knew Sim Harris . The police , relieved to have a demand to which they could easily agree , produced Tony Crabb , managing director of BBC Television News and Harris 's boss . Oan shouted his demands -- for safe passage out of the UK , to be negotiated by three ambassadors from Arab countries -- to Crabb from the first - floor window , and instructed that they should be broadcast along with a statement of the hostage - takers ' aims by the BBC . The Foreign and Commonwealth Office informally approached the embassies of Algeria , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Syria and Qatar to ask if their ambassadors would be willing to talk to the hostage - takers . The Jordanian ambassador immediately refused and the other five said they would consult their governments . The BBC broadcast the statement that evening , but in a form unsatisfactory to Oan , who considered it to be truncated and incorrect . Meanwhile , the police located the embassy caretaker and took him to their forward headquarters to brief the SAS and senior police officers . He informed them that the embassy 's front door was reinforced by a steel security door , and that the windows on the ground floor and first floor were fitted with armoured glass -- the result of recommendations made after the SAS had been asked to review security arrangements for the embassy several years earlier . Plans for entering the embassy by battering the front door and ground - floor windows were quickly scrapped and work began on other ideas . Day four : 3 May ( edit ) Oan , angered by the BBC 's incorrect reporting of his demands the previous evening , contacted the police negotiators shortly after 06 : 00 and accused the authorities of deceiving him . He demanded to speak with an Arab ambassador , but the negotiator on duty claimed that talks were still being arranged by the Foreign Office . Recognising the delaying tactic , Oan told the negotiator that the British hostages would be the last to be released because of the British authorities ' deceit . He added that a hostage would be killed unless Tony Crabb was brought back to the embassy . Crabb did not arrive at the embassy until 15 : 30 , nearly ten hours after Oan demanded his presence , to the frustration of both Oan and Sim Harris . Oan then relayed another statement to Crabb via Mustapha Karkouti , a journalist also being held hostage in the embassy . The police guaranteed that the statement would be broadcast on the BBC 's next news bulletin , in exchange for the release of two hostages . The hostages decided amongst themselves that the two to be released would be Hiyech Kanji and Ali - Guil Ghanzafar ; the former as she was pregnant and the latter for no other reason than his loud snoring , which kept the other hostages awake at night and irritated the terrorists . Later in the evening , at approximately 23 : 00 , an SAS team reconnoitred the roof of the embassy . They discovered a skylight , and succeeded in unlocking it for potential use as an access point , should they later be required to storm the building . They also attached ropes to the chimneys to allow soldiers to abseil down the building and gain access through the windows if necessary . Day five : 4 May ( edit ) During the day , the Foreign Office held further talks with diplomats from Arabian countries in the hope of persuading them to go to the embassy and talk to the hostage - takers . The talks , hosted by Douglas Hurd , ended in stalemate . The diplomats insisted they must be able to offer safe passage out of the UK for the gunmen , believing this to be the only way to guarantee a peaceful outcome , but the British government was adamant that safe passage would not be considered under any circumstances . Karkhouti , through whom Oan had issued his revised demands the previous day , became increasingly ill throughout the day and by the evening was feverish , which led to suggestions that the police had spiked the food that had been sent into the embassy . John Dellow , the commander of the police operation , had apparently considered the idea and even consulted a doctor about its viability , but eventually dismissed it as `` impracticable '' . The SAS officers involved in the operation -- including Brigadier Peter de la Billière , Director Special Forces ; Lieutenant Colonel Mike Rose , Commander of 22 SAS ; and Major Hector Gullan , commander of the team that would undertake any raid -- spent the day refining their plans for an assault . Day six : 5 May ( edit ) Oan woke Lock at dawn , convinced that an intruder was in the embassy . Lock was sent to investigate , but no intruder was found . Later in the morning , Oan called Lock to examine a bulge in the wall separating the Iranian embassy from the Ethiopian embassy next door . The bulge had , in fact , been caused by the removal of bricks to allow an assault team to break through the wall and to implant listening devices , resulting in a weakening of the wall . Although Lock assured him that he did not believe the police were about to storm the building , Oan remained convinced that they were `` up to something '' and moved the male hostages from the room in which they had spent the last four days to another down the hall . Tensions rose throughout the morning and , at 13 : 00 , Oan told the police that he would kill a hostage unless he was able to speak to an Arab ambassador within 45 minutes . At 13 : 40 , Lock informed the negotiator that the gunmen had taken Abbas Lavasani , the embassy 's chief press officer , downstairs and were preparing to execute him . Lavasani , a devout believer in the Iranian Revolution , had repeatedly provoked his captors during the siege . According to Lock , Lavasani stated that `` if they were going to kill a hostage , ( Lavasani ) wanted it to be him . '' At exactly 13 : 45 , 45 minutes after Oan 's demand to speak to an ambassador , three shots were heard from inside the embassy . Home Secretary Willie Whitelaw , who had been chairing COBRA during the siege , was rushed back to Whitehall from a function he had been attending in Slough , roughly 20 miles ( 30 km ) away , arriving 19 minutes after the shots had been reported . He was briefed on the SAS plan by de la Billière , who told him to expect that up to 40 percent of the hostages would be killed in an assault . After deliberations , Whitelaw instructed the SAS to prepare to assault the building at short notice , an order that was received by Mike Rose at 15 : 50 . By 17 : 00 , the SAS were in a position to assault the embassy at ten minutes ' notice . The police negotiators recruited the imam from a local mosque at 18 : 20 , fearing that a `` crisis point '' had been reached , and asked him to talk to the gunmen . Three further shots were fired during the course of the imam 's conversation with Oan . Oan announced that a hostage had been killed , and the rest would die in 30 minutes unless his demands were met . A few minutes later , Lavasani 's body was dumped out of the front door . Upon a preliminary examination , conducted at the scene , a forensic pathologist estimated that Lavasani had been dead for at least an hour , meaning he could not have been killed by the three most recent shots , and leading the police to believe that two hostages had been killed . In fact , only Lavasani had been shot . After Lavasani 's body had been recovered , Sir David McNee , Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police , contacted the Home Secretary to request approval to hand control of the operation over to the British Army , under the provisions of Military Aid to the Civil Power . Whitelaw relayed the request to Thatcher , and the prime minister agreed immediately . Thus John Dellow , the ranking police officer at the embassy , signed over control of the operation to Lieutenant Colonel Mike Rose at 19 : 07 , authorising Rose to order an assault at his discretion . Meanwhile , the police negotiators began stalling Oan . They offered concessions in order to distract him and prevent him killing further hostages , buying time for the SAS to make its final preparations for the now - inevitable assault . SAS assault ( edit ) The two SAS teams on - scene , Red Team and Blue Team , were ordered to begin their simultaneous assaults , under the codename Operation Nimrod , at 19 : 23 . One group of four men from Red Team abseiled from the roof down the rear of the building , while another four - man team lowered a stun grenade through the skylight . The detonation of the stun grenade was supposed to coincide with the abseiling teams detonating explosives to gain entry to the building through the second - floor windows . Their descent had not gone according to plan and the staff sergeant leading the abseilers became entangled in his rope . While trying to assist him , one of the other soldiers had accidentally smashed a window with his foot . The noise of the breaking window alerted Oan , who was on the first floor communicating with the police negotiators , and he went to investigate . The soldiers were unable to use explosives for fear of injuring their stranded staff sergeant , but managed to smash their way into the embassy . Sim Harris making his escape across the first - floor balcony , as ordered by the masked SAS trooper ( John T. McAleese ) ( far right ) After the first three soldiers entered , a fire started and travelled up the curtains and out of the second - floor window , severely burning the staff sergeant . A second wave of abseilers cut him free , and he fell to the balcony below before entering the embassy behind the rest of his team . Slightly behind Red Team , Blue Team detonated explosives on a first - floor window , forcing Sim Harris , who had just run into the room , to take cover . Much of the operation at the front of the embassy took place in full view of the assembled journalists and was broadcast on live television , thus Harris 's escape across the parapet of a first - floor balcony was famously captured on video . As the soldiers emerged onto the first - floor landing , Lock tackled Oan to prevent him attacking the SAS men . Oan , still armed , was subsequently shot dead by one of the soldiers . Meanwhile , further teams entered the embassy through the back door and cleared the ground floor and cellar . The SAS then began evacuating hostages , manhandling them down the stairs towards the back door of the embassy . Two of the terrorists were hiding amongst the hostages ; one of them produced a hand grenade when he was identified . An SAS soldier , who was unable to shoot for fear of hitting a hostage or another soldier , pushed the grenade - wielding terrorist to the bottom of the stairs , where two other soldiers shot him dead . The raid lasted seventeen minutes and involved 30 -- 35 soldiers . The terrorists killed one hostage and seriously wounded two others during the raid while the SAS killed all but one of the terrorists . The rescued hostages and the remaining terrorist , who was still concealed amongst them , were taken into the embassy 's back garden and restrained on the ground while they were identified . The last terrorist was identified by Sim Harris and led away by the SAS . Aftermath ( edit ) The ribbon of the George Medal , which was awarded to PC Trevor Lock After the end of the siege , PC Trevor Lock was widely considered a hero . He was awarded the George Medal , the United Kingdom 's second - highest civil honour , for his conduct during the siege and for tackling Oan during the SAS raid , the only time during the siege that he drew his concealed side arm . In addition , he was honoured with the Freedom of the City of London and in a motion in the House of Commons . Police historian Michael J. Waldren , referring to the television series Dixon of Dock Green , suggested that Lock 's restraint in the use of his revolver was `` a defining example of the power of the Dixon image '' , and Maurice Punch noted the contrast between Lock 's actions and the highly aggressive tactics of the SAS . Sergeant Tommy Palmer was awarded the Queen 's Gallantry Medal for his part in the assault , in which he shot dead a terrorist who was apparently about to throw a grenade amongst the hostages . After the operation concluded , the staff sergeant who was caught in his abseil rope was treated at St Stephen 's Hospital in Fulham . He suffered serious burns to his legs , but went on to make a full recovery . The Iranian government welcomed the end of the siege , and declared that the two hostages killed were martyrs for the Iranian Revolution . They also thanked the British government for `` the persevering action of your police force during the unjust hostage - taking event at the Embassy '' . After the assault concluded , the police conducted an investigation into the siege and the deaths of the two hostages and five terrorists , including the actions of the SAS . The soldiers ' weapons were taken away for examination and , the following day , the soldiers themselves were interviewed at length by the police at the regiment 's base in Hereford . There was controversy over the deaths of two terrorists in the telex room , where the male hostages were held . Hostages later said in interviews that they had persuaded their captors to surrender and television footage appeared to show them throwing weapons out of the window and holding a white flag . The two SAS soldiers who killed the men both stated at the inquest into the terrorists ' deaths that they believed the men had been reaching for weapons before they were shot . The inquest jury reached the verdict that the soldiers ' actions were justifiable homicide ( later known as `` lawful killing '' ) . Fowzi Nejad was the only gunman to survive the SAS assault . After being identified , he was dragged away by an SAS trooper , who allegedly intended to take him back into the building and shoot him . The soldier reportedly changed his mind when it was pointed out to him that the raid was being broadcast on live television . It later emerged that the footage from the back of the embassy was coming from a wireless camera placed in the window of a flat overlooking the embassy . The camera had been installed by ITN technicians , who had posed as guests of a local resident in order to get past the police cordon , which had been in place since the beginning of the siege . Nejad was arrested , and was eventually tried , convicted , and sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in the siege . He became eligible for parole in 2005 . As a foreign national , he would normally have been immediately deported to his home country but Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights , incorporated into British law by the Human Rights Act 1998 , has been held by the European Court of Human Rights to prohibit deportation in cases where the person concerned would be likely to be tortured or executed in his home country . Nejad was eventually paroled in 2008 and granted leave to remain in the UK , but was not given political asylum . The Home Office released a statement , saying `` We do not give refugee status to convicted terrorists . Our aim is to deport people as quickly as possible but the law requires us to first obtain assurances that the person being returned will not face certain death '' . After 27 years in prison , Nejad was deemed no longer to be a threat to society , but Trevor Lock wrote to the Home Office to oppose his release . Because it is accepted by the British government that he would be executed or tortured , he can not be deported to Iran under the Human Rights Act 1998 . He now lives in Peckham , south London , having assumed another identity . Long - term impact ( edit ) The SAS raid , codenamed `` Operation Nimrod '' , was broadcast live at peak time on a bank holiday Monday evening and was viewed by millions of people , mostly in the UK , making it a defining moment in British history . Both the BBC and ITV interrupted their scheduled programming to show the end of the siege , which proved to be a major career break for several journalists . Kate Adie , the BBC 's duty reporter at the embassy when the SAS assault began , went on to report from war zones across the world and eventually to become chief news correspondent for BBC News , while David Goldsmith and his team , responsible for the hidden camera at the back of the embassy , were awarded a BAFTA for their coverage . The success of the operation , combined with the high - profile it was given by the media , invoked a sense of national pride compared to Victory in Europe Day , the end of the Second World War in Europe . The operation was declared `` an almost unqualified success '' . Margaret Thatcher recalled that she was congratulated wherever she went over the following days , and received messages of support and congratulation from other world leaders . However , the incident strained already - tense relations between the UK and Iran following the Iranian Revolution . The Iranian government declared that the siege of the embassy was planned by the British and American governments , and that the hostages who had been killed were martyrs for the Revolution . Operation Nimrod brought the SAS , a regiment that was largely unknown at the time owing to the covert nature of its operations , into the public eye . The regiment was not pleased with its new high profile , having enjoyed its previous obscurity . Nonetheless , the operation vindicated the SAS , which had been threatened with disbandment and whose use of resources had previously been considered a waste . The regiment was quickly overwhelmed by new applicants . Membership of 22 SAS is open only to individuals currently serving in the Armed Forces ( allowing applications from any individual in any service ) , but the unit also has two regiments from the volunteer Territorial Army ( TA ) : 21 SAS and 23 SAS . Both the TA regiments received hundreds more applications than in previous years , prompting de la Billière to remark that the applicants seemed `` convinced that a balaclava helmet and a Heckler & Koch sub-machine gun would be handed to them over the counter , so that they could go off and conduct embassy - style sieges of their own '' . All three units were forced to introduce additional fitness tests at the start of the application process . The SAS also experienced an increased demand for their expertise in training the forces of friendly countries and those whose collapse was considered not to be in Britain 's interest . The British government 's response to the crisis , and the successful use of force to end it , strengthened the Conservative government of the day and boosted Thatcher 's personal credibility . McNee believed that the conclusion of the siege exemplified the British government 's policy of refusing to give in to terrorist demands , `` nowhere was the effectiveness of this response to terrorism more effectively demonstrated '' . The embassy building was severely damaged by fire . It was more than a decade before the British and Iranian governments came to an agreement whereby the United Kingdom would repair the damage to the embassy in London and Iran would pay for repairs to the British embassy in Tehran , which had been damaged during the 1979 Iranian Revolution . Iranian diplomats began working from 16 Princes Gate again in December 1993 . The DRFLA was undermined by its links with the Iraqi government after it emerged that Iraq had sponsored the training and equipping of the hostage - takers . The Iran -- Iraq War started five months after the end of the siege and continued for eight years . The campaign for autonomy of Khūzestān was largely forgotten in the wake of the hostilities , as was the DRFLA . In popular culture ( edit ) Who Dares Wins ( film ) 6 Days ( film ) Rainbow Six : Siege , a 2015 counter-terrorism video game , used the Iranian Embassy Siege , along with other historical hostage extraction operations , as inspiration for the game and as research for making the game more accurate . See also ( edit ) Iran portal United Kingdom portal List of hostage crises History of the Special Air Service Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also spelt `` Awn '' , codenamed `` Salim '' by the police . Jump up ^ British police officers do not routinely carry firearms . Jump up ^ The committee is named after the room in which it meets -- the Cabinet Office Briefing Room -- but is almost invariably abbreviated to `` COBRA '' . Jump up ^ Most team members were issued with standard model MP5s , but there were not enough available at such short notice , so several members were issued with the shorter MP5K variant and two were armed with the MP5SD , with built - in suppressor . References ( edit ) Bibliography Firmin , Rusty ; Pearson , Will ( 2011 ) . Go ! Go ! Go ! ( paperback ed . ) . London : Phoenix Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2854 - 0 . Fremont - Barnes , Gregory ( 2009 ) . Who Dares Wins : The SAS and the Iranian Embassy Siege 1980 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 395 - 7 . Sunday Times `` Insight '' Team ( 1980 ) . Siege ! Princes Gate , London -- The Great Embassy Rescue . London : Times Newspapers Ltd ( The Sunday Times ) . ISBN 0 - 600 - 20337 - 9 . McNee , Sir David ( 1983 ) . McNee 's Law . Glasgow : William Collins , Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 217007 - 9 . Punch , Maurice ( 2011 ) . Shoot to Kill : Police Accountability , Firearms , and Fatal Force . Bristol : The Policy Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84742 - 472 - 3 . Waldren , Michael J. ( 2007 ) . Armed Police : The Police Use of Firearms Since 1945 . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 4637 - 7 . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` In Depth : Iran and the hostage - takers '' . BBC News . 26 April 2000 . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fremont - Barnes , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Six days of fear '' . BBC News . 26 April 2000 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , pp. 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Firm & Pearson , p . VIII . ^ Jump up to : Siege , pp. 10 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , pp. 8 -- 10 Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , p68 . Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , pp. 14 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , pp. 5 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson p. 27 . Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Armed police in the UK '' . BBC News . 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , pp. 21 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Siege ! , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McNee , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Waldren , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Fremont - Barnes , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , pp. 72 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Fremont - Barnes , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , pp. 76 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Halfpenny , Martin ( 2 May 2010 ) . `` The private trauma of Constable Lock , quiet hero of the Iranian embassy siege '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , p. 31 . Jump up ^ McNee , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , pp. 37 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iranian Embassy Siege '' . BBC News . 2005 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Banres , pp. 40 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky to be alive '' . BBC News . 26 April 2000 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Fremont - Barnes , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson , p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` No. 48584 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 13 April 1981 . p. 5531 . Jump up ^ McNee , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Waldren , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Waldren , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Punch , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : Fremont - Barnes , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Peter ( 24 July 2002 ) . `` Six days that shook Britain '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Siege ! , pp. 114 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Waldren , p. 85 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy gunman could get asylum '' . BBC News . 21 February 2005 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Addison , Adrian ( 20 February 2005 ) . `` Dilemma for Clarke over Iranian embassy siege survivor '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Richard ( 9 October 2008 ) . `` Iranian embassy siege terrorist Fowzi Badavi Nejad is to be freed '' . The Times . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Khan , Urmee ( 3 November 2008 ) . `` Iranian Embassy terrorist pictured in London days after jail release '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Only surviving terrorist behind Iranian Embassy siege lives on welfare in south London '' . RT International . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` The cult of the SAS '' . BBC News . 26 April 2000 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Adie '' . On This Day . BBC . 3 January 2003 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Fremont - Barnes , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Punch , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ McNee , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Colin ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) . `` How Rainbow Six : Siege takes inspiration from real life hostage rescues '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Embassy_siege&oldid=837160481 '' Categories : 1980 crimes in the United Kingdom 1980 in London 20th - century history of the British Army Attacks on diplomatic missions in the United Kingdom Attacks on diplomatic missions of Iran Fires in London History of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Iran -- United Kingdom relations Khuzestan conflict Battles and military actions in London Military raids Operations involving British special forces Sieges in the United Kingdom Special Air Service Terrorist incidents in London Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom 1980 in international relations Arab nationalism in Iran Hostage taking in the United Kingdom April 1980 events May 1980 events Diplomatic incidents Attacks on buildings and structures in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Use dmy dates from September 2010 Use British English from September 2010 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hCards Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 02 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	1980 six day siege of the iranian embassy in london	[]	[]
-1203521991007808918	Azygos vein	Azygos vein - wikipedia Azygos vein Jump to : navigation , search Azygos vein Superior vena cava , inferior vena cava , azygos vein and their tributaries . ( Vena azygos labeled at center . ) POSTERIOR VIEW : The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum . Seen from behind . ( Azygos vein labeled at bottom left . ) Details Precursor Right supracardinal vein Source superior intercostal vein Drains to superior vena cava Identifiers Latin vena azygos MeSH A07. 231.908. 106 Dorlands / Elsevier v_05 / 12849551 TA A12. 3.07. 001 FMA 4838 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The azygos vein is a vein running up the side of the thoracic vertebral column draining itself towards the superior vena cava . It connects the systems of superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and can provide an alternative path for blood to the right atrium when either of the venae cavae is blocked . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 History 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The azygos vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava vein . The anatomy of this blood vessel can be quite variable . In some rare variations for example , it also drains thoracic veins , bronchial veins and even gonadal veins . The vein is so named because it has no symmetrically equivalent vein on the left side of the body . It is formed by the union of the ascending lumbar veins with the right subcostal veins at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra , ascending in the posterior mediastinum , and arching over the right main bronchus posteriorly at the root of the right lung to join the superior vena cava . This `` arch of the azygos vein '' ( arcus venae azygos ) is an important anatomic landmark . As an anatomical variation in 1 - 2 % of the population , the arch can be displaced laterally , thereby creating a pleural septum separating an azygos lobe from the upper lobe of the right lung . A major tributary is the hemiazygos vein , a similar structure on the opposite side of the vertebral column . Other tributaries include the bronchial veins , pericardial veins , and posterior right intercostal veins . It communicates with the vertebrael venous plexuses . Function ( edit ) The azygos system of veins is considered to be the azygos vein , along with its left - sided counterparts , the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein . Clinical significance ( edit ) Azygos vein abnormalities can be inferenced on chest radiograph by enlargement of the azygos vein shadow greater than 1 cm . False positives can occur in heart failure causing increased pressures on the right side of the heart , or adjacent lymphadenopathy . History ( edit ) The Greek root zyg refers to a pair . ' A - ' means not . Thus , azygos means unpaired . The azygos vein is unpaired in that there is only one in the body , mostly on the right side . While there is the hemiazygos vein and its accessory on the left side of the body , they are considered tributaries of the azygos vein rather than its left - side equivalent . This terminology is only accurate in some species , such as the human , dog and cat . Ruminants ( such as sheep and cows ) have paired azygos veins . Additional images ( edit ) Diagram showing completion of development of the parietal veins . The venæ cavæ and azygos veins , with their tributaries . Mediastinal surface of right lung . Azygos vein Azygos vein See also ( edit ) Hemiazygos vein Posterior intercostal veins Superior vena cava Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edward Lamperti ; Michael Schuenke ; Erik Schulte ; Udo Schumacher ; Ross , Lawrence J. ( 2006 ) . General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System ( Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ) . Thieme Publishing Group . p. 13 . ISBN 3 - 13 - 142081 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.clinicalimaging.org/article/S0899-7071%2899%2900141-2/abstract Jump up ^ http://library.prognosisapp.com/case/Emergency/Superior-Vena-Cava-Syndrome Jump up ^ Berman , Gerald de Lacey , Simon Morley , Laurence ( 2008 ) . The chest X-ray : a survival guide . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0702030468 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy figure : 19 : 03 - 03 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Right side of the mediastinum . '' Dissection at lumc.edu Radiology at umich.edu Function at Knowyourbody.net ( hide ) Veins of the thorax and vertebral column Thorax Coronary Coronary sinus Great cardiac ( Left marginal ) Posterior of the left ventricle Oblique of the left atrium ( Ligament of the left vena cava ) Middle cardiac Small cardiac vein Anterior cardiac ( Right marginal ) Smallest cardiac veins Right atrial veins Right ventricular veins Pulmonary right inferior pulmonary vein right superior pulmonary vein left inferior pulmonary vein left superior pulmonary vein superior vena cava Brachiocephalic internal thoracic anterior intercostal superior epigastric left superior intercostal supreme vertebral subclavian axillary : lateral thoracic thoracoepigastric dorsal scapular external jugular pericardiacophrenic internal jugular Azygos right superior intercostal bronchial intercostal / posterior intercostal 5 - 11 accessory hemiazygos / hemiazygos superior phrenic Vertebral column vertebral venous plexuses external internal spinal posterior anterior basivertebral intervertebral Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azygos_vein&oldid=793145330 '' Categories : Veins of the torso Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 22 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the azygos vein drains what part of the body	[ "The azygos vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava vein. The anatomy of this blood vessel can be quite variable. In some rare variations for example, it also drains thoracic veins, bronchial veins and even gonadal veins. The vein is so named because it has no symmetrically equivalent vein on the left side of the body.", "The azygos vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava vein. The anatomy of this blood vessel can be quite variable. In some rare variations for example, it also drains thoracic veins, bronchial veins and even gonadal veins. The vein is so named because it has no symmetrically equivalent vein on the left side of the body." ]	[ "thorax", "abdomen" ]
-4778501295557214359	Big One (roller coaster)	Big One ( roller coaster ) - wikipedia Big One ( roller coaster ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Big One The Big One Blackpool Pleasure Beach Coordinates 53 ° 47 ′ 21 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 19 '' W / 53.78917 ° N 3.05528 ° W / 53.78917 ; - 3.05528 Coordinates : 53 ° 47 ′ 21 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 19 '' W / 53.78917 ° N 3.05528 ° W / 53.78917 ; - 3.05528 Status Operating Opening date May 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 28 ) Cost £ 12,000,000 General statistics Type Steel Manufacturer Arrow Dynamics Designer Ron Toomer Model Hyper Coaster Lift / launch system Chain lift hill Height 213 ft ( 65 m ) Drop 205 ft ( 62 m ) Length 5,497 ft ( 1,675 m ) Speed 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) Duration 3 : 00 Max vertical angle 65 ° Capacity 1,800 riders per hour G - force 3.5 Height restriction 52 in ( 132 cm ) Trains 3 trains with 5 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 30 riders per train . Big One at RCDB Pictures of Big One at RCDB The Big One , formerly known as Pepsi Max Big One , is a steel roller coaster located at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in Blackpool , Lancashire in the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Statistics 3 Records 4 Incidents 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The updated design of the trains on The Big One The Big One was manufactured by Arrow Dynamics . Construction of the ride began in September 1993 and lasted just over seven months . The tubular track and supports were airlifted from Bolton to Blackpool and stored at nearby Blackpool Airport . During the start of the construction of the ride , the south of Blackpool promenade was closed and pieces of the structure were stored on the road adjacent to the Pleasure Beach . The first pieces to be fitted were the large foundations that would follow on from the main supports . Once all the supports were fitted , the tubular track was fitted followed by additional supports on the turnaround and the mid course brake section . The ride opened to the public on 28 May 1994 . Statistics ( edit ) The ride is the second Megacoaster to be built by Arrow Dynamics , the first being Magnum XL - 200 at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . At its highest point , the ride reaches 235 feet ( 72 m ) above sea level , but only stands 213 feet ( 65 m ) above the ground with the first drop measuring 205 feet ( 62 m ) . These numbers were later confirmed by Ron Toomer of Arrow Dynamics . The first drop has an incline angle of 65 degrees and the usual maximum speed for the ride is 74 miles per hour ( 119 km / h ) . The ride lasts approximately three minutes and during this time riders normally experience positive g - forces of up to 3.5 g and negative g - forces of up to 0.5 g . Blackpool Pleasure Beach advertises the ride as rising 235 feet ( 72 m ) , but that is above sea level and not the actual height of the ride . The ride is capable of running three trains at any one time . Each train has five cars with six passengers to a car , enabling each train to carry 30 riders two - abreast in total . This gives Big One a capacity of 1,800 people per hour . The colour scheme for each train is the same : a blue base with two coloured bands around the side and front ( red and white ) showing the Union Jack logo . Each train is numbered at the back of the fifth car , and each car is numbered according to the back of each section . During testing , sand bags are used to weigh the train down . This is a safety mechanism and is common practice on roller coasters of a certain height . Before the ride was granted a certificate to operate , Blackpool Pleasure Beach had to appeal to Blackpool Airport which is one mile from the park . Due to the ride 's height , warning beacons had to be installed on the peaks of the first two hills , including the main drop , before the ride was given the all clear to operate . Records ( edit ) When it opened on 28 May 1994 , Big One was both the tallest and steepest roller coaster in the world . It was also one of the longest out - and - back roller coasters , measuring 5,497 feet ( 1,675 m ) . With a 205 - foot drop and 74 mph top speed , it was second only to Steel Phantom at Kennywood in West Mifflin , Pennsylvania in speed , but it was the fastest coaster in Europe . The Big One lost its height record to Fujiyama in Japan in 1996 , though it remained the tallest and fastest roller coaster in Europe until 2002 , when Silver Star opened at Europa - Park in Germany . The ride still remains the tallest in the United Kingdom , although Stealth in Thorpe Park is the fastest . It is also the second longest in the UK , losing only to Lightwater Valley 's Ultimate . Richard Rodriguez completed a 112 - day endurance record on the roller coaster in 2012 . This broke the world record for the most consecutive days on a rollercoaster . This attempt was only during operating hours ( approximately six hours a day ) as opposed to 24 hours a day . He also had his own row of seating assigned only for him during the record . Incidents ( edit ) Main article : Incidents at European amusement parks In May 1994 during the ride 's inaugural season , 26 people were injured when the computer system failed to completely stop a train returning to the station . The result of this brake failure was a collision with a train parked inside the ride 's station . Another train collision occurred in August 2000 , caused by another computer failure and injured 16 people . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ When Desperado opened three months later , Big One became the third fastest . Though not standing as tall as Big One , Steel Phantom and Desperado both had longer drops ( 225 feet ) and therefore achieved greater speeds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammond , Kip ( 1994 ) . `` Nevada Jackpot '' . RollerCoaster ! Magazine . Chicago , Illinois : American Coaster Enthusiasts. 16 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 16 . ISSN 0896 - 7261 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Kip ( 1994 ) . `` Nevada Jackpot : The Numbers Game '' . RollerCoaster ! Magazine . 16 ( 1 ) : 12 . ISSN 0896 - 7261 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Chris ( 2000 - 09 - 01 ) . `` 20 hurt in crash on Blackpool rollercoaster '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Roberts , J.M. ( November 1 , 1994 ) . `` The ' Pepsi Max Big One ' rollercoaster - Blackpool Pleasure Beach '' . The Structural Engineer . Institution of Structural Engineers . 72 ( 21 ) : 345 -- 349 . External links ( edit ) Pleasure Beach Blackpool , Pepsi Max Big One Official Site Pics of the Pepsi Max Big One and a front seat ride Preceded by Magnum XL - 200 World 's Tallest Complete Circuit Roller Coaster May 1994 -- July 1996 Succeeded by Fujiyama ( hide ) Blackpool Pleasure Beach rides Roller coasters Avalanche Big Dipper Blue Flyer Icon ( opening 2018 ) Grand National Infusion Revolution Nickelodeon Streak Big One Steeplechase Wild Mouse Other attractions Ghost Train Ice Blast : The Ride Nickelodeon Land Pleasure Beach Express Valhalla Wallace & Gromit : The Thrill - O - Matic Former attractions Beaver Creek Big Apple Bling Cyclone Morgan 's Circus Clown Coaster Scenic Railway Space Invader 2 Tokaydo Express Trauma Towers Velvet Coaster Vikingar Virginia Reel Related articles Blackpool Pleasure Beach railway station Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_One_(roller_coaster)&oldid=804781077 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 1994 Steel roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Arrow Dynamics Hypercoasters Blackpool Pleasure Beach Roller coasters in the United Kingdom PepsiCo buildings and structures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 03 : 01 . About Wikipedia	when did the pepsi max big one open	[ "The Big One was manufactured by Arrow Dynamics. Construction of the ride began in September 1993 and lasted just over seven months. The tubular track and supports were airlifted from Bolton to Blackpool and stored at nearby Blackpool Airport. During the start of the construction of the ride, the south of Blackpool promenade was closed and pieces of the structure were stored on the road adjacent to the Pleasure Beach. The first pieces to be fitted were the large foundations that would follow on from the main supports. Once all the supports were fitted, the tubular track was fitted followed by additional supports on the turnaround and the mid course brake section. The ride opened to the public on 28 May 1994." ]	[ "28 May 1994" ]
-2498029426417594827	American Airlines destinations	American Airlines destinations - wikipedia American Airlines destinations Jump to : navigation , search A new American Airlines 777 - 300 lands at Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport . This airport is the airline 's largest hub . American Airlines flies to 96 domestic destinations and 95 international destinations in 55 countries ( as of August 2017 ) . The list includes the city , country , and the airport 's name , with the airline 's hubs and seasonal destinations marked . This list does not include airports only served by American Eagle . An American Airlines 777 - 200 landed in Narita International Airport . List ( edit ) Country ( State / Province ) City Airport Notes Refs American Samoa Pago Pago Pago Pago International Airport Terminated Antigua and Barbuda Saint John 's V.C. Bird International Airport Argentina Buenos Aires Ministro Pistarini International Airport Aruba Oranjestad Queen Beatrix International Airport Australia ( New South Wales ) Sydney Sydney Airport Bahamas Nassau Lynden Pindling International Airport Seasonal Barbados Bridgetown Grantley Adams International Airport Belize Belize City Philip S.W. Goldson International Airport Belgium Brussels Brussels Airport Terminated Bermuda St. George 's Parish L.F. 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King Airport Uruguay Montevideo Carrasco International Airport Venezuela Caracas Simón Bolívar International Airport Venezuela Maracaibo La Chinita International Airport References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American Airlines to operate SYD - LAX , Qantas returning to SFO '' . Australian Aviation . June 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuba − Destinations − American Airlines '' . aa.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Airlines Cuba service changes from April 2017 '' . airlineroute.net . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines to fly from LAX to Cuba '' . dailynews.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American plans late - Nov 2016 Havana launch '' . routesonline . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.philly.com/philly/business/transportation/american-airlines-to-begin-nonstop-flights-from-phl-to-budapest-prague-next-summer-20170816.html Jump up ^ `` American Airlines Provides Customers Access To Cap - Haitien , Haiti : : American Airlines Newsroom '' . hub.aa.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines Group Reports Second Quarter Profit - Yahoo Finance '' . finance.yahoo.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines to Start Dallas -- Hong Kong Service from June 2014 '' . Airline Route . December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Airlines Adjusts International Winter Schedule '' . prnewswire.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines To Launch Service Between Los Angeles And Tokyo Haneda In February 2016 - Yahoo Finance '' . finance.yahoo.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines Customers Gain More Access To Mexico With New Service To Merida '' . prnewswire.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines Opens Los Angeles - Auckland Route Reservation due late - June 2016 '' . Airlineroute.net . November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11837619 Jump up ^ `` American Airlines Group Reports Second Quarter Profit - Yahoo Finance '' . finance.yahoo.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines Expands European Service in S15 '' . Airline Route . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 timetable '' . timetableimages.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 timetable '' . timetableimages.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines Begins Flights at Appleton Airport '' . Fox 11 Online . July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . American Airlines ( Oneworld member ) Mergers and acquisitions Air California American Overseas Airlines Executive Airlines Reno Air Simmons Airlines Trans Caribbean Airways Trans World Airlines US Airways All American Aviation Allegheny Airlines America West Airlines Lake Central Airlines MetroJet MidAtlantic Airways Mohawk Airlines Piedmont Airlines Pacific Southwest Airlines Trump Shuttle Facilities AA Arena AA Center C.R. Smith Museum Programs AAdvantage AAirpass Brands American Airlines Shuttle American Eagle American Eagle Airlines destinations AmericanConnection Incidents American Airlines Flight 1 Flight 2 Flight 11 Flight 28 Flight 63 July 1943 October 1943 Flight 77 Flight 96 Flight 157 Flight 191 Flight 293 Flight 320 Flight 331 Flight 383 1965 2016 Flight 444 Flight 514 Flight 587 Flight 625 Flight 711 Flight 723 Flight 910 Flight 924 Flight 965 Flight 1420 Flight 1502 Flight 1572 Flight 6780 American Eagle Flight 4184 Flight 5452 Flight 5456 People Gerard Arpey Donald J. Carty Albert V. Casey O. Roy Chalk E.L. Cord Robert Crandall Thomas W. Horton Doug Parker C.R. Smith George A. Spater Organizations Allied Pilots Association Association of Professional Flight Attendants TWU - IAM Association CWA / Teamsters Passenger Service Association Related History of American Airlines Destinations Fleet American Airlines Group AMR Corporation American Way Celebrated Living Reservisor Sabre Transpacific Route Case Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Airlines_destinations&oldid=808782589 '' Categories : Lists of airline destinations Oneworld destinations American Airlines Talk About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 03 : 42 . About Wikipedia	where does american airlines fly in central america	[]	[]
-8810935190017645854	This too shall pass	This too shall pass - wikipedia This too shall pass Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the adage . For other uses , see This too shall pass ( disambiguation ) . `` This too shall pass '' ( Persian : این نیز بگذرد ‎ , translit . īn nīz bogzarad ) is originally a Persian adage reflecting on the temporary nature , or ephemerality , of the human condition . The general sentiment is often expressed in wisdom literature throughout history and across cultures , although the specific phrase seems to have originated in the writings of the medieval Persian Sufi poets . It is known in the Western world primarily due to a 19th century retelling of Persian fable by the English poet Edward FitzGerald . It was also notably employed in a speech by Abraham Lincoln before he became the sixteenth President of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Origin of the fable 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) An early English reference to the adage may be in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice ( Vol . III , Ch. 6 ) , published in 1813 . The `` philosophic composure '' of Mr. Bennet leads him to reply to his daughter , Elizabeth , who has counseled him not to become inconsolable after a recent family misfortune , that `` You may well warn me against such an evil . Human nature is so prone to fall into it ! ... I am not afraid of being overpowered by the impression . It will pass away soon enough . '' Another early English citation of `` this too shall pass '' appears in 1848 : When an Eastern sage was desired by his sultan to inscribe on a ring the sentiment which , amidst the perpetual change of human affairs , was most descriptive of their real tendency , he engraved on it the words : -- `` And this , too , shall pass away . '' It is impossible to imagine a thought more truly and universally applicable to human affairs than that expressed in these memorable words , or more descriptive of that perpetual oscillation from good to evil , and from evil to good , which from the beginning of the world has been the invariable characteristic of the annals of man , and so evidently flows from the strange mixture of noble and generous with base and selfish inclinations , which is constantly found in the children of Adam . It was also used in 1852 , in a retelling of fable , entitled `` Solomon 's Seal '' , by the English poet Edward Fitzgerald . In it , a sultan requests of King Solomon a sentence that would always be true in good times or bad ; Solomon responds , `` This too will pass away '' . On September 30 , 1859 , Abraham Lincoln recounted a similar story : It is said an Eastern monarch once charged his wise men to invent him a sentence , to be ever in view , and which should be true and appropriate in all times and situations . They presented him the words : `` And this , too , shall pass away . '' How much it expresses ! How chastening in the hour of pride ! How consoling in the depths of affliction ! Origin of the fable ( edit ) The fable retold by Fitzgerald can be traced to the first half of the 19th century , appearing in American papers by at least as early as 1839 . It usually involved a nameless `` Eastern monarch '' . Its origin has been traced to the works of Persian Sufi poets , such as Sanai and Attar of Nishapur . Attar records the fable of a powerful king who asks assembled wise men to create a ring that will make him happy when he is sad . After deliberation the sages hand him a simple ring with the words `` This too will pass '' etched on it , which has the desired effect to make him happy when he is sad . It also , however , became a curse for whenever he is happy . Many versions of comparable stories have been recorded by the Israel Folklore Archive at the University of Haifa . Jewish folklore often casts Solomon as either the king humbled by the adage , or as the one who delivers it to another . In some versions the phrase is simplified even further , appearing as only the Hebrew letters gimel , zayin , and yodh , which begin the words `` Gam zeh ya'avor '' ( Hebrew : גם זה יעבור ‎ , gam zeh yaavor ) , `` this too shall pass . '' See also ( edit ) Sic transit gloria mundi Memento mori Ozymandias Yorick Deor Anicca References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Revolutions in Europe '' , Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine , May , 1848 , p. 638 Jump up ^ in Polonius : A Collection of Wise Saws and Modern Instances ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Ralph ( 2006 ) . The quote Verifier : Who Said What , Where , and When . Macmillan . pp. 159 -- 160 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34004 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society '' . Abraham Lincoln Online . Milwaukee , Wisconsin . September 30 , 1859 . Jump up ^ `` The Advantages of `` Thorough Cultivation '' , and the Fallacies of the `` Mud - sill '' Theory of Labor 's Subjection to Capital `` . Life and Works of Abraham Lincoln . 5 . 1907 . p. 293 . Jump up ^ Ranke , Kurt ( 1968 ) . `` This Too Will Pass ( Jason 910Q ) '' . In Harkort , Fritz ; Peeters , Karel Constant ; Wildhaber , Robert . Volksüberlieferung : Festschrift für Kurt Ranke . Göttingen : Otto Schwartz . pp. 345 -- 350 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_too_shall_pass&oldid=829937121 '' Categories : English phrases Adages Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the phrase this too shall pass come from	[ "The fable retold by Fitzgerald can be traced to the first half of the 19th century, appearing in American papers by at least as early as 1839.[3] It usually involved a nameless \"Eastern monarch\". Its origin has been traced to the works of Persian Sufi poets, such as Sanai and Attar of Nishapur.[3] Attar records the fable of a powerful king who asks assembled wise men to create a ring that will make him happy when he is sad. After deliberation the sages hand him a simple ring with the words \"This too will pass\" etched on it, which has the desired effect to make him happy when he is sad. It also, however, became a curse for whenever he is happy.[3]" ]	[ "the works of Persian Sufi poets, such as Sanai and Attar of Nishapur" ]
1872672689955067913	Autoimmune disease	Autoimmune disease - wikipedia Autoimmune disease Jump to : navigation , search Autoimmune diseases Young woman with the typical `` butterfly rash '' found in lupus Specialty Rheumatology , immunology , gastroenterology , other Symptoms Depends on the condition . Commonly low grade fever , feeling tired Usual onset Adulthood Types Alopecia areata , Celiac disease , diabetes mellitus type 1 , Graves disease , inflammatory bowel disease , multiple sclerosis , psoriasis , rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus Medication Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , immunosuppressants , intravenous Immunoglobulin Frequency 24 million / 7 % ( USA ) ( edit on Wikidata ) An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part . There are at least 80 types of autoimmune diseases . Nearly any body part can be involved . Common symptoms include low grade fever and feeling tired . Often symptoms come and go . The cause is generally unknown . Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus run in families , and certain cases may be triggered by infections or other environmental factors . Some common diseases that are generally considered autoimmune include celiac disease , diabetes mellitus type 1 , Graves ' disease , inflammatory bowel disease , multiple sclerosis , psoriasis , rheumatoid arthritis , and systemic lupus erythematosus . The diagnosis can be difficult to determine . Treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) and immunosuppressants are often used . Intravenous Immunoglobulin may also occasionally be used . While treatment usually improves symptoms they do not typically cure the disease . About 24 million ( 7 % ) people in the United States are affected by an autoimmune disease . Women are more commonly affected than men . Often they start during adulthood . The first autoimmune diseases were described in the early 1900s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Pathophysiology 3.1 Cryptic determinants / molecular sequestration 3.2 Molecular mimicry 3.3 Altered glycan theory 3.4 Hygiene hypothesis 4 Epidemiology 5 Research 6 History 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Definition ( edit ) See also : List of autoimmune diseases For a disease to be regarded as an autoimmune disease it needs to answer to Witebsky 's postulates ( first formulated by Ernest Witebsky and colleagues in 1957 and modified in 1994 ) : Direct evidence from transfer of disease - causing antibody or disease - causing T lymphocyte white blood cells Indirect evidence based on reproduction of the autoimmune disease in experimental animals Circumstantial evidence from clinical clues Genetic evidence suggesting `` clustering '' with other autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases are incurable Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Autoimmune diseases have a wide variety of different effects . They do tend to have one of three characteristic pathological effects which characterize them as autoimmune diseases : Damage to or destruction of tissues Altered organ growth Altered organ function It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the leading causes of death among women in the United States in all age groups up to 65 years . A substantial minority of the population suffers from these diseases , which are often chronic , debilitating , and life - threatening . There are more than 80 illnesses caused by autoimmunity . Autoimmune diseases affect approximately 2 - 5 % of the western world 's population . Women are found to be more commonly affected than men . Environmental events can trigger some cases of autoimmune diseases such as exposure to radiation or certain drugs which can damage tissues of the body . Infection can also be a trigger of some autoimmune diseases for example Lupus which is thought to be a milder version of an idiopathic disorder where there is an increased production of antihistone antibodies. ( 7 ) Pathophysiology ( edit ) The human immune system typically produces both T - cells and B - cells that are capable of being reactive with self - antigens , but these self - reactive cells are usually either killed prior to becoming active within the immune system , placed into a state of anergy ( silently removed from their role within the immune system due to over-activation ) , or removed from their role within the immune system by regulatory cells . When any one of these mechanisms fail , it is possible to have a reservoir of self - reactive cells that become functional within the immune system . The mechanisms of preventing self - reactive T - cells from being created takes place through negative selection process within the thymus as the T - cell is developing into a mature immune cell . Some infections , such as Campylobacter jejuni , have antigens that are similar ( but not identical ) to our own self - molecules . In this case , a normal immune response to C. jejuni can result in the production of antibodies that also react to a lesser degree with receptors on skeletal muscle ( i.e. , Myasthenia gravis ) . A major understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases has been the application of genome wide association scans that have identified a degree of genetic sharing among the autoimmune diseases . Autoimmunity , on the other hand , is the presence of self - reactive immune response ( e.g. , auto - antibodies , self - reactive T - cells ) , with or without damage or pathology resulting from it . This may be restricted to certain organs ( e.g. in autoimmune thyroiditis ) or involve a particular tissue in different places ( e.g. Goodpasture 's disease which may affect the basement membrane in both the lung and the kidney ) . There are many theories as to how an autoimmune disease state arises . Some common ones are listed below . Cryptic determinants / molecular sequestration ( edit ) Although it is possible for a potential autoantigen to be geographically sequestered in an immune privileged site within the body ( e.g. the eye ) , mechanisms exist to express even these antigens in a tolerogenic fashion to the immune system . However , it is impossible to induce tolerance ( immune unresponsiveness ) to all aspects of an autoantigen . This is because under normal physiologic conditions some regions of a self - antigen are not expressed at a sufficient level to induce tolerance . These poorly displayed areas of an antigen are called `` cryptic determinants . '' The immune system maintains a high - affinity repertoire to the cryptic self because the presentation of these determinants was insufficient to induce strong tolerance . Molecular mimicry ( edit ) The concept of molecular mimicry describes a situation in which a foreign antigen can initiate an immune response in which a T or B cell component cross-recognizes self . The cross reactive immune response is responsible for the autoimmune disease state . Cross-reactive immune responses to self were first described for antibodies . Altered glycan theory ( edit ) According to this theory the effector function of the immune response is mediated by the glycans ( polysaccharides ) displayed by the cells and humoral components of the immune system . Individuals with autoimmunity have alterations in their glycosylation profile such that a proinflammatory immune response is favored . It is further hypothesized that individual autoimmune diseases will have unique glycan signatures . Hygiene hypothesis ( edit ) According to the hygiene hypothesis , high levels of cleanliness expose children to fewer antigens than in the past , causing their immune systems to become overactive and more likely to misidentify own tissues as foreign , resulting in autoimmune conditions such as asthma . Epidemiology ( edit ) The first estimate of US prevalence for autoimmune diseases as a group was published in 1997 by Jacobson , et al. They reported US prevalence to be around 9 million , applying prevalence estimates for 24 diseases to a US population of 279 million . Jacobson 's work was updated by Hayter & Cook in 2012 . This study used Witebsky 's postulates , as revised by Rose & Bona , to extend the list to 81 diseases and estimated overall cumulative US prevalence for the 81 autoimmune diseases at 5.0 % , with 3.0 % for males and 7.1 % for females . The estimated community prevalence , which takes into account the observation that many people have more than one autoimmune disease , was 4.5 % overall , with 2.7 % for males and 6.4 % for females . Research ( edit ) In both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases , the condition arises through aberrant reactions of the human adaptive or innate immune systems . In autoimmunity , the patient 's immune system is activated against the body 's own proteins . In chronic inflammatory diseases , neutrophils and other leukocytes are constitutively recruited by cytokines and chemokines , leading to tissue damage . Mitigation of inflammation by activation of anti-inflammatory genes and the suppression of inflammatory genes in immune cells is a promising therapeutic approach . There is a body of evidence that once the production of autoantibodies has been initialized , autoantibodies have the capacity to maintain their own production . Stem cell transplantation is being studied and has shown promising results in certain cases . History ( edit ) Traditionally it was believed that the immune system was unable to react against the body 's own tissues , a concept described by the German immunologist Paul Ehrlich as `` horror autotoxicus '' . In 1904 this theory was challenged by the discovery of a substance in the serum of patients with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria that reacted with red blood cells . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Autoimmune diseases fact sheet '' . OWH. 16 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , U ; Shoenfeld , Y ; Zandman - Goddard , G ( 2011 ) . `` Update on intravenous immunoglobulins ( IVIg ) mechanisms of action and off - label use in autoimmune diseases . '' . Current pharmaceutical design . 17 ( 29 ) : 3166 -- 75 . PMID 21864262 . doi : 10.2174 / 138161211798157540 . ^ Jump up to : Borgelt , Laura Marie ( 2010 ) . Women 's Health Across the Lifespan : A Pharmacotherapeutic Approach . ASHP . p. 579 . ISBN 9781585281947 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reinhard Hohlfeld , Klaus Dornmair , Edgar Mein , Hartmut Weker , The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis , part 1 : autoreactive CD4+ T lymphocytes as pathogenic effectors and therapeutic targets . The Lancet , Neurology , Volume 15 , Issue 2 , February 2016 , Pages 198 - 209 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00334-8 Jump up ^ Paniker , Ananthanarayan And ( 169 ) . Ananthanarayan and Paniker 's Textbook of Microbiology. 2005 : Orient Blackswan . ISBN 9788125028086 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Witebsky E , Rose NR , Terplan K , Paine JR , Egan RW ( 1957 ) . `` Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization '' . J. Am. Med . Assoc. 164 ( 13 ) : 1439 -- 47 . PMID 13448890 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1957.02980130015004 . Jump up ^ Rose NR , Bona C ( September 1993 ) . `` Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases ( Witebsky 's postulates revisited ) '' . Immunol . Today . 14 ( 9 ) : 426 -- 30 . PMID 8216719 . doi : 10.1016 / 0167 - 5699 ( 93 ) 90244 - F . Jump up ^ `` Autoimmune disorders : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia '' . www.nlm.nih.gov . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Walsh , SJ ; Rau , LM ( September 2000 ) . `` Autoimmune diseases : a leading cause of death among young and middle - aged women in the United States . '' . American Journal of Public Health . 90 ( 9 ) : 1463 -- 6 . PMC 1447637 . PMID 10983209 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 90.9. 1463 . Jump up ^ `` MedlinePlus medical encyclopedia - autoimmune disorders '' . National Institutes of Health . 16 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Cotsapas C , Hafler DA ( 2013 ) . `` Immune - mediated disease genetics : the shared basis of pathogenesis '' . Trends in Immunology. 34 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 6 . PMID 23031829 . doi : 10.1016 / j. it. 2012.09. 001 . Jump up ^ Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine : Volumes 1 and 2 , 18th Edition ( 18 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . 2011 - 08 - 11 . ISBN 9780071748896 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gammon G , Sercarz E ( 1989 ) . `` How some T cells escape tolerance induction '' . Nature . 342 : 6246 . PMID 2478888 . doi : 10.1038 / 342183a0 . Jump up ^ Wucherpfennig KW , Strominger JL ( 1995 ) . `` Molecular mimicry in T cell - mediated autoimmunity : viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein . '' . Cell. 80 ( 5 ) : 695 -- 705 . PMID 7534214 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 95 ) 90348 - 8 . Jump up ^ Maverakis E , Kim K , Shimoda M , Gershwin M , Patel F , Wilken R , Raychaudhuri S , Ruhaak LR , Lebrilla CB ( 2015 ) . `` Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity '' . J Autoimmun. 57 ( 6 ) : 1 -- 13 . PMC 4340844 . PMID 25578468 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaut. 2014.12. 002 . Jump up ^ Rook , Graham A.W. ( 17 November 2011 ) . `` Hygiene Hypothesis and Autoimmune Diseases '' . Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 42 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 15 . PMID 22090147 . doi : 10.1007 / s12016 - 011 - 8285 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , DL ; Gange , SJ ; Rose , NR ; Graham , NM ( September 1997 ) . `` Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States . '' . Clinical immunology and immunopathology. 84 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 43 . PMID 9281381 . doi : 10.1006 / clin. 1997.4412 . ^ Jump up to : Hayter , SM ; Cook , MC ( August 2012 ) . `` Updated assessment of the prevalence , spectrum and case definition of autoimmune disease . '' . Autoimmunity reviews . 11 ( 10 ) : 754 -- 65 . PMID 22387972 . doi : 10.1016 / j. autrev. 2012.02. 001 . Jump up ^ Rose , NR ; Bona , C ( September 1993 ) . `` Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases ( Witebsky 's postulates revisited ) '' . Immunology Today . 14 ( 9 ) : 426 -- 30 . PMID 8216719 . doi : 10.1016 / 0167 - 5699 ( 93 ) 90244 - F . Jump up ^ Mukundan L , Odegaard JI , Morel CR , Heredia JE , Mwangi JW , Ricardo - Gonzalez RR , Goh YP , Eagle AR , Dunn SE , et al. ( Nov 2009 ) . `` PPAR - delta senses and orchestrates clearance of apoptotic cells to promote tolerance '' . Nat Med. 15 ( 11 ) : 1266 -- 72 . PMC 2783696 . PMID 19838202 . doi : 10.1038 / nm. 2048 . Jump up ^ Roszer T , Menéndez - Gutiérrez MP , Lefterova MI , Alameda D , Núñez V , Lazar MA , Fischer T , Ricote M ( Jan 2011 ) . `` Autoimmune kidney disease and impaired engulfment of apoptotic cells in mice with macrophage peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor gamma or retinoid X receptor alpha deficiency '' . J Immunol. 186 ( 1 ) : 621 -- 31 . PMID 21135166 . doi : 10.4049 / jimmunol. 1002230 . Jump up ^ Singh RP , Waldron RT , Hahn BH ( 2012 ) . `` Genes , tolerance and systemic autoimmunity '' . Autoimmunity Reviews . 11 ( 9 ) : 664 -- 9 . PMC 3306516 . PMID 22155015 . doi : 10.1016 / j. autrev. 2011.11. 017 . Jump up ^ Böhm I ( 2003 ) . `` Disruption of the cytoskeleton after apoptosis induction by autoantibodies '' . Autoimmunity. 36 ( 3 ) : 183 -- 9 . PMID 12911286 . Jump up ^ Swart , JF ; Delemarre , EM ; van Wijk , F ; Boelens , JJ ; Kuball , J ; van Laar , JM ; Wulffraat , NM ( April 2017 ) . `` Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases . '' . Nature reviews . Rheumatology. 13 ( 4 ) : 244 -- 256 . PMID 28228650 . Jump up ^ Moticka , Edward J. ( 2013 ) . Historical perspective on evidence - based immunology . Elsevier Science Publishing . p. 300 . ISBN 9780123983817 . Further reading ( edit ) Vinay Kumar , Abul K. Abbas , Nelson Fausto , Jon Aster , Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease , Elsevier , 8th edition , 2010 , 1464 pp. , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 3121 - 5 Handbook of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases , edited by Ronald Asherson , Elsevier , in 10 Volumes : http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/BS_HSAD/description#description Ronald Asherson , Andrea Doria , Paolo Pauletto , The Heart in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases , Volume 1 , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 51398 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 51398 - 1 Ronald Asherson , Andrea Doria , Paolo Pauletto , Pulmonary Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases , Volume 2 , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 51652 - 7 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 51652 - 2 Ronald Asherson , Doruk Erkan , Steven Levine , The Neurologic Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases , Volume 3 , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 51651 - 0 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 51651 - 4 Michael Lockshin , Ware Branch ( eds ) , Reproductive and Hormonal Aspects of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases , Volume 4 , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 51801 - 9 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 51801 - 0 Piercarlo Sarzi - Puttini , Ronald Asherson , Andrea Doria , Annegret Kuhn , Giampietro Girolomoni ( eds ) , The Skin in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases , Volume Volume 5 , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 52158 - 3 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 52158 - 5 Rolando Cimaz , Ronald Asherson , Thomas Lehman ( eds ) , Pediatrics in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases , Volume 6 , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 52971 - 8 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 52971 - 3 Justin Mason , Ronald Asherson , Charles Pusey ( eds ) , The Kidney in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases , Volume 7 , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 52972 - 5 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 52972 - 1 Ronald Asherson , Manel Ramos - Casals , Joan Rodes , Josep Font , Digestive Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases , Volume 8 , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53168 - 1 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 53168 - 8 Ronald Asherson , Sara Walker , Luis Jara , Endocrine Manifestations of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases , Volume 9 , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53172 - 8 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 53172 - 6 R. Cervera , Ronald Asherson , Munther Khamashta , Joan Carles Reverter ( eds ) , Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases , Volume 10 , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53169 - 8 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 53169 - 6 External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : D84. 9 , M35. 9 ICD - 9 - CM : 279.4 OMIM : 109100 MeSH : D001327 DiseasesDB : 28805 External resources MedlinePlus : 000816 Autoimmune disorders at DMOZ ( hide ) Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases ( 279.5 -- 6 ) Type I / allergy / atopy ( IgE ) Foreign Atopic eczema Allergic urticaria Allergic rhinitis ( Hay fever ) Allergic asthma Anaphylaxis Food allergy common allergies include : Milk Egg Peanut Tree nut Seafood Soy Wheat Penicillin allergy Autoimmune Eosinophilic esophagitis Type II / ADCC IgM IgG Foreign Hemolytic disease of the newborn Autoimmune Cytotoxic Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Immune thrombocytopenic purpura Bullous pemphigoid Pemphigus vulgaris Rheumatic fever Goodpasture 's syndrome Guillain -- Barré syndrome `` Type V '' / receptor Graves ' disease Myasthenia gravis Pernicious anemia Type III ( Immune complex ) Foreign Henoch -- Schönlein purpura Hypersensitivity vasculitis Reactive arthritis Farmer 's lung Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Serum sickness Arthus reaction Autoimmune Systemic lupus erythematosus Subacute bacterial endocarditis Rheumatoid arthritis Type IV / cell - mediated ( T cells ) Foreign Allergic contact dermatitis Mantoux test Autoimmune Diabetes mellitus type 1 Hashimoto 's thyroiditis Multiple sclerosis Coeliac disease Giant - cell arteritis Postorgasmic illness syndrome Reactive arthritis GVHD Transfusion - associated graft versus host disease Unknown / multiple Foreign Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Transplant rejection Latex allergy ( I + IV ) Autoimmune Sjögren 's syndrome Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome APS1 APS2 Autoimmune adrenalitis Systemic autoimmune disease Biology portal Medicine portal NDL : 00574748 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autoimmune_disease&oldid=801806367 '' Categories : Autoimmune diseases Autoinflammatory syndromes Medical lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with DMOZ links RTT RTTNEURO Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 00 : 05 . 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6125353241600331882	Women's pole vault world record progression	Women 's pole vault world record progression - wikipedia Women 's pole vault world record progression Jump to : navigation , search The first world record in the women 's pole vault was recognised by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1994 . The inaugural record , 4.05 metres by Sun Caiyun of China set in 1992 , was the world 's best mark as of December 31 , 1994 . As of June 21 , 2009 , the IAAF has ratified 54 world records in the event . Contents ( hide ) 1 IAAF Record Progression 2 Pre-IAAF Record Progression 3 See also 4 Notes IAAF Record Progression ( edit ) Record Athlete Nation Venue Date # 4.05 m ( 13 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Sun Caiyun China Nanjing , China 21 May 1992 4.08 m ( 13 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Sun Caiyun China Taiyuan , China 18 May 1995 4.08 m ( 13 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Zhong Guiqing China Taiyuan , China 18 May 1995 4.10 m ( 13 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Daniela Bártová Czech Republic Ljubljana , Slovenia 21 May 1995 4.12 m ( 13 ft 6 in ) Daniela Bártová Czech Republic Duisburg , Germany 18 June 1995 4.13 m ( 13 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Daniela Bártová Czech Republic Wesel , Germany 24 June 1995 4.14 m ( 13 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Daniela Bártová Czech Republic Gateshead , England 2 July 1995 4.15 m ( 13 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Daniela Bártová Czech Republic Ostrava , Czech Republic 6 July 1995 5 4.16 m ( 13 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Daniela Bártová Czech Republic Feldkirch , Austria 14 July 1995 6 4.17 m ( 13 ft 8 in ) Daniela Bártová Czech Republic Feldkirch , Austria 15 July 1995 7 4.18 m ( 13 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Andrea Müller Germany Zittau , Germany 5 August 1995 4.20 m ( 13 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Daniela Bártová Czech Republic Köln , Germany 18 August 1995 8 4.21 m ( 13 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Daniela Bártová Czech Republic Linz , Austria 22 August 1995 9 4.22 m ( 13 ft 10 in ) Daniela Bártová Czech Republic Salgótarján , Hungary 11 September 1995 10 4.25 m ( 13 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Emma George Australia Melbourne , Australia 30 November 1995 4.28 m ( 14 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Emma George Australia Perth , Australia 17 December 1995 4.41 m ( 14 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Emma George Australia Perth , Australia 28 January 1996 4.42 m ( 14 ft 6 in ) Emma George Australia Reims , France 29 June 1996 4.45 m ( 14 ft 7 in ) Emma George Australia Sapporo , Japan 14 July 1996 5 4.50 m ( 14 ft 9 in ) Emma George Australia Melbourne , Australia 8 February 1997 6 4.55 m ( 14 ft 11 in ) Emma George Australia Melbourne , Australia 20 February 1997 7 4.57 m ( 14 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Emma George Australia Auckland , New Zealand 21 February 1998 8 4.58 m ( 15 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Emma George Australia Melbourne , Australia 14 March 1998 9 4.59 m ( 15 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Emma George Australia Brisbane , Australia 21 March 1998 10 4.60 m ( 15 ft 1 in ) Emma George Australia Sydney , Australia 20 February 1999 11 4.60 m ( 15 ft 1 in ) Stacy Dragila United States Sevilla , Spain 21 August 1999 i 4.60 m ( 15 ft 1 in ) Stacy Dragila United States Pocatello , U.S. 19 Feb 2000 i 4.62 m ( 15 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Stacy Dragila United States Atlanta , U.S. 3 Mar 2000 4.63 m ( 15 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Stacy Dragila United States Sacramento , U.S. 23 July 2000 i 4.63 m ( 15 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Stacy Dragila United States New York City , U.S. 2 Feb 2001 5 i 4.64 m ( 15 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Svetlana Feofanova Russia Dortmund , Germany 11 February 2001 i 4.66 m ( 15 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Stacy Dragila United States Pocatello , U.S. 17 Feb 2001 6 i 4.70 m ( 15 ft 5 in ) Stacy Dragila United States Pocatello , U.S. 17 Feb 2001 7 4.70 m ( 15 ft 5 in ) Stacy Dragila United States Pocatello , U.S. 27 April 2001 8 4.71 m ( 15 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Stacy Dragila United States Palo Alto , U.S. 9 June 2001 9 4.81 m ( 15 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Stacy Dragila United States Palo Alto , U.S. 9 June 2001 10 4.82 m ( 15 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Gateshead , England 13 July 2003 i 4.83 m ( 15 ft 10 in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Donets'k , Ukraine 15 February 2004 i 4.85 m ( 15 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Svetlana Feofanova Russia Athens , Greece 22 February 2004 i 4.86 m ( 15 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Budapest , Hungary 6 March 2004 4.87 m ( 15 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Gateshead , England 27 June 2004 4.88 m ( 16 ft 0 in ) Svetlana Feofanova Russia Heraklion , Greece 4 July 2004 4.89 m ( 16 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Birmingham , England 25 July 2004 5 4.90 m ( 16 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia London , England 30 July 2004 6 4.91 m ( 16 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Athens , Greece 24 August 2004 7 4.92 m ( 16 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Brussels , Belgium 3 September 2004 8 4.93 m ( 16 ft 2 in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Lausanne , Switzerland 5 July 2005 9 4.95 m ( 16 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Madrid , Spain 16 July 2005 10 4.96 m ( 16 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia London , England 22 July 2005 11 5.00 m ( 16 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia London , England 22 July 2005 12 5.01 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Helsinki , Finland 9 August 2005 13 5.03 m ( 16 ft 6 in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Rome , Italy 11 July 2008 14 5.04 m ( 16 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Fontvieille , Monaco 29 July 2008 15 5.05 m ( 16 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Beijing , China 18 August 2008 16 5.06 m ( 16 ft 7 in ) Yelena Isinbayeva Russia Zürich , Switzerland 28 August 2009 17 Pre-iaaf record progression ( edit ) The first mark shows the measurement system in use at the time of the jump , the second mark shows the conversion . Marks set in the USA during this era were always measured in imperial measurements . Most of the world and IAAF recognize marks in metric measurements . Record Athlete Nation Venue Date # 4 ft 9 in ( 1.44 m ) Ruth Spencer United States Painesville 14 May 1910 4 ft 10 in ( 1.47 m ) Ruth Spencer United States Painesville 15 May 1911 4 ft 11 in ( 1.49 m ) Ruth Spencer United States Painesville 15 May 1911 5 ft 1 in ( 1.54 m ) Ruth Spencer United States Painesville 15 May 1911 5 ft 2 in ( 1.57 m ) Ruth Spencer United States Painesville 15 May 1911 5 ft 3 in ( 1.6 m ) Ruth Spencer United States Painesville 15 May 1911 5 ft 4 in ( 1.62 m ) Ruth Spencer United States Painesville 15 May 1911 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Ruth Spencer United States Painesville 15 May 1911 5 ft 6 in ( 1.67 m ) Ruth Spencer United States Painesville 15 May 1911 5 ft 7 in ( 1.7 m ) Ruth Spencer United States Painesville 15 May 1911 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ( 1.72 m ) Ruth Spencer United States Painesville 15 May 1911 5 ft 8 in ( 1.72 m ) Hazel Hutaff United States Rock Hill 3 April 1915 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Hazel Hutaff United States Rock Hill 3 April 1915 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ( 1.77 m ) Hazel Hutaff United States Rock Hill 3 April 1915 5 ft 10 in ( 1.77 m ) Lois Tatum United States Tallahassee 13 April 1915 = 5 ft 10 in ( 1.77 m ) Emma Lee King United States Tallahassee 13 April 1915 6 ft 0 ⁄ in ( 1.84 m ) Lois Tatum United States Tallahassee 13 April 1915 = 6 ft 0 ⁄ in ( 1.84 m ) Eva Fisk United States Lincoln 13 May 1915 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Eva Fisk United States Lincoln 13 May 1915 6 ft 3 in ( 1.9 m ) Eva Fisk United States Lincoln 13 May 1915 = 6 ft 3 in ( 1.9 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 6 ft 5 in ( 1.95 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 6 ft 7 in ( 2 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 6 ft 9 in ( 2.05 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 6 ft 11 in ( 2.1 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 7 ft 1 in ( 2.15 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 6 June 1915 7 ft 3 in ( 2.2 m ) Mildred Carl United States New Haven 3 June 1919 2.25 m ( 7 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Elva Hintze Germany Nürnberg 17 July 1921 2.30 m ( 7 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Helene Henneke Germany Nürnberg 17 July 1921 2.35 m ( 7 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Helene Henneke Germany Nürnberg 17 July 1921 = 2.35 m ( 7 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Yelena Goldobina Soviet Union Moskva 7 September 1924 2.53 m ( 8 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Zoya Romanova Soviet Union Moskva 26 August 1935 8 ft 6 in ( 2.59 m ) Diane Bragg United States Philadelphia 6 July 1952 = 8 ft 6 in ( 2.59 m ) Brenda Walker New Zealand Wairoa 8 Jan 1969 8 ft 6 ⁄ in ( 2.6 m ) i Irene Spieker United States Louisville 10 February 1978 8 ft 7 in ( 2.61 m ) i > Irene Spieker United States Louisville 9 February 1979 9 ft 0 in ( 2.74 m ) i > Irene Spieker United States Louisville 9 February 1979 9 ft 7 in ( 2.92 m ) i > Irene Spieker United States Louisville 9 February 1979 10 ft 0 ⁄ in ( 3.05 m ) i > Irene Spieker United States Louisville 9 February 1979 10 ft 0 ⁄ in ( 3.05 m ) Jana Edwards United States * June 1983 10 ft 6 in ( 3.2 m ) Jana Edwards United States Chicago 11 June 1983 10 ft 7 in ( 3.22 m ) Jana Edwards United States Cleveland 18 June 1983 11 ft 1 in ( 3.37 m ) Jana Edwards United States Cleveland 18 June 1983 11 ft 6 in ( 3.5 m ) Jana Edwards United States Fort Wayne 23 July 1983 11 ft 9 ⁄ in ( 3.59 m ) Jana Edwards United States Fort Wayne 23 July 1983 3.72 m ( 12 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Zhang Chunzhen China Guangzhou 20 April 1988 3.73 m ( 12 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Shao Jingmen China Guangzhou 4 May 1988 3.75 m ( 12 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Zhang Chunzhen China Nanjing 10 June 1988 3.76 m ( 12 ft 4 in ) Zhou Minxin China Fuzhou 22 April 1989 3.8 m ( 12 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Zhang Chunzhen China Guangzhou 9 September 1989 3.81 m ( 12 ft 6 in ) Zhang Chunzhen China Guangzhou 24 March 1990 3.83 m ( 12 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Sun Caiyun China Guangzhou 24 March 1991 = 3.83 m ( 12 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Zhang Chunzhen China Guangzhou 24 March 1991 4.00 m ( 13 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Zhang Chunzhen China Guangzhou 24 March 1991 4.02 m ( 13 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Zhang Chunzhen China Beijing 5 June 1991 4.05 m ( 13 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Zhang Chunzhen China Guangzhou 10 August 1991 See also ( edit ) Men 's pole vault world record progression Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://iaaf-ebooks.s3.amazonaws.com/2015/Progression-of-IAAF-World-Records-2015/projet/IAAF-WRPB-2015.pdf P314 ^ Jump up to : `` 12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics : IAAF Statistics Handbook . Berlin 2009 . '' ( PDF ) . Monte Carlo : IAAF Media & Public Relations Department . 2009 . pp. Pages 546 , 645 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The numbered occurrence of the athlete breaking the world record , in other words `` # 7 '' would indicate the 7th time the athlete broke the world record . ^ Jump up to : `` From 2000 , IAAF Rule 260.18 s ( formerly 260.6. a ) was amended to say world records ( as opposed to indoor world records ) can be set in a facility ' with or without a roof . ' So far , only one event - the women 's pole vault - has been affected by this change , which was not applied retrospectively . Therefore world records set in 2000 and 2001 by Stacy Dragila and Svetlana Feofanova can be regarded as ' absolute ' and appear on these ( record progression ) lists . '' ( 1 ) ( p. 546 ) This rule also applies to Isinbayev 's and Feofanova 's 2004 marks . Jump up ^ The IAAF lists Yelena Isinbayeva as having set this mark on 20 February 2004 on their 2009 - published progression lists . However , multiple sources elsewhere , including the IAAF 's own list of highest women 's indoor vaults of the year 2004 , ( 2 ) state that Svetlana Feofanova in fact set this record . Jump up ^ `` World Records Ratified '' . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.polevaultpower.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1960 Athletics record progressions World 60 metres men women 100 metres men women 200 metres men women 400 metres men women 4 × 100 metres men women 4 × 200 metres men 4 × 400 metres men women 800 metres 1000 metres 1500 metres 2000 metres Mile run 3000 metres men women 5000 metres 10,000 metres 10K Half marathon Marathon 10 km walk men women 20 km walk men women 50 km walk men women Women 's 80 metres hurdles 110 / 100 metres hurdles men women 400 metres hurdles men women 3000 metres steeplechase High jump men outdoor men indoor women Long jump Triple jump Pole vault men men indoor women women indoor Discus men women Hammer men women Javelin men women Shot put men women Decathlon Heptathlon men women Pentathlon European 100 metres men 200 metres men 400 metres men 800 metres men 1500 metres men 5000 metres men List of world records in athletics Records in athletics World records in athletics World U23 World junior records World youth bests Masters world records IPC world records Area records Senior Africa Asia Europe North , Central American and Caribbean Oceania South America Under - 23 African U23 Asian U23 CAC U23 European U23 North , Central American and Caribbean U23 Oceanian U23 South American U23 Junior African Junior Asian Junior CAC Junior European Junior North , Central American and Caribbean Junior Oceanian Junior South American Junior Youth African Youth Asian Youth CAC Youth European Youth North , Central American and Caribbean Youth Oceanian Youth South American Youth Others Baltic Central American and Caribbean Commonwealth North America OECS Panamerica World events Olympics World Championships World Indoor Championships Universiade Military World Games World U20 Championships World U18 Championships World Race Walking Cup IAAF World Relays IAAF Diamond League Africa African Championships African Junior Championships African Youth Championships African Games Americas Pan American Games Pan American Junior Championships Pan American Youth Championships Pan American Race Walking Cup North , Central America and Caribbean NACAC Championships NACAC Under - 23 Championships Central America and Caribbean CAC Championships CAC Games CAC Junior & Youth Championships CAC Age Group Championships Central America Central American Championships Central American Games Central American Junior and Youth Championships South America South American Championships South American Games South American Under - 23 Championships South American Junior Championships South American Youth Championships Asia Asian Championships Asian Indoor Championships Asian Junior Championships Asian Youth Championships Asian Games Asian Indoor Games Central Asian Games East Asian Games West Asian Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games Europe European Championships European Indoor Championships European Team Championships European Games European U23 Championships European Junior Championships European Youth Championships European Youth Olympic Festival European Race Walking Cup Oceania Oceania Championships Oceania Junior Championships Oceania Youth Championships Pacific Games Melanesian Championships Micronesian Games Micronesian Championships Polynesian Championships Community ALBA Games Arab Championships Arab Junior Championships Balkan Indoor Championships Bolivarian Games CARIFTA Games Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Youth Games Games of the Small States of Europe Ibero - American Championships Islamic Solidarity Games Jeux de la Francophonie Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games OECS Championships SELL Student Games 10 - second barrier Athletics record progressions National records in athletics List of meet records in athletics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_pole_vault_world_record_progression&oldid=773160502 '' Categories : Athletics ( track and field ) record progressions World records in athletics Pole vault Women 's athletics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Español 한국어 Italiano Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2017 , at 18 : 06 . About Wikipedia	who holds the women's pole vault world record	[]	[]
-8895898170458570826	Winter of 2010–11 in Great Britain and Ireland	Winter of 2010 -- 11 in great Britain and Ireland - wikipedia Winter of 2010 -- 11 in great Britain and Ireland Jump to : navigation , search Autumn / Winter of 2010 -- 11 Snow falling in Sheffield ; 1 December 2010 Formed 24 November 2010 Lowest temperature − 21.3 ° C ( − 6.3 ° F ) ( 2 December 2010 , Altnaharra , Scotland ) Maximum snowfall or ice accretion Total : 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) ( settled on ground ) in Sheffield , Peak District , and Scottish Highlands Areas affected Britain and Ireland The winter of 2010 -- 2011 was a weather event that brought heavy snowfalls , record low temperatures , travel chaos and school disruption to the islands of Britain and Ireland . It included the UK 's coldest December since Met Office records began in 1910 , with a mean temperature of - 1 ° C , breaking the previous record of 0.1 ° C in December 1981 . Also it was the second - coldest December in the narrower Central England Temperature ( CET ) record series which began in 1659 , falling 0.1 ° C short of the all - time record set in 1890 . The winter of 2010 in England saw the earliest widespread winter snowfall since 1993 with snow falling as early as 24 November across Northumberland and North Yorkshire . A maximum snow depth of 30 inches ( 76 cm ) was recorded on 1 December in the Peak District , Sheffield , the Cotswold Hills and the Forest of Dean . In this event Scotland and Northern England were most severely affected . On 9 December temperatures recovered across much of the UK , causing a partial thaw . Later , on Thursday 16 December a cold front reintroduced a cold , arctic airstream . This cold spell brought further snow and ice chaos back to the British Isles with Southern England , Wales , the Republic of Ireland ( excluding the westerly coastal regions ) and Northern Ireland bearing the brunt of the wintry conditions . This led to severe disruption to the road and rail network with several airports being closed including London Heathrow Airport for a time . Several local temperature records were broken including a new record low for Northern Ireland of - 18.7 ° C recorded at Castlederg on 23 December 2010 . By the new year a thaw had begun , and there was no recurrence of the extreme conditions for the remainder of the winter . There was some snowfall in early January , and there was an anticyclonic spell at the end of the month that brought some cold , frosty days . February was above average in temperature and ended on a mild note , although the snow returned in much of Scotland during March . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reported effects 2.1 Deaths 2.2 Economy 2.3 Transport 2.3. 1 Road 2.3. 2 Rail 2.3. 3 Air 2.4 Other effects 3 Timeline 3.1 November 2010 3.1. 1 22 -- 24 November 3.1. 2 25 November 3.1. 3 26 November 3.1. 4 27 November 3.1. 5 28 November 3.1. 6 29 November 3.1. 7 30 November 3.2 December 2010 3.2. 1 1 December 3.2. 2 2 December 3.2. 3 3 December 3.2. 4 6 December 3.2. 5 9 December 3.2. 6 15 December 3.2. 7 16 December 3.2. 8 17 December 3.2. 9 18 December 3.2. 10 19 December 3.2. 11 20 December 3.2. 12 21 December 3.2. 13 23 December 3.2. 14 24 December 3.2. 15 25 December 3.2. 16 28 December 3.3 January 2011 3.4 February 2011 3.5 March 2011 4 Weather statistics and records 5 See also 6 References Background ( edit ) During the latter part of November , northern blocking established over Greenland which resulted in the Jet Stream moving south , allowing cold air to flow in from the east . Forecasters warned of the potential for severe winter weather from weeks in advance and the Government stated that they were prepared for winter weather after the previous British winter of 2009 -- 2010 caused havoc and widespread disruption . The cold weather arrived in Britain and Ireland on 22 November and by 24 November , snow showers brought by a stiff northerly wind fell over the North East of England and Northern and Eastern Scotland which resulted in 10 -- 20 cm locally and gridlock in many of the major roads within Aberdeen during the evening rush hour of 24 November . In the following days , the snowfall became far more widespread leading to widespread travel disruption , school closures and cancellation of sporting fixtures . The Met Office confirmed that it was the most widespread snowfall in the United Kingdom for 17 years . By 2 December , most of the United Kingdom and much of Ireland was covered with snow , accumulations in the north and east of Scotland and England were over 50 cm in places , with over one metre of snow lying on much of the Scottish mountains . Snow depths elsewhere were between 5 cm -- 30 cm widely . Temperatures fell widely below − 10 ° C with some areas staying sub-zero by day . On 2 December there was particularly low temperatures in major towns and cities , particularly in Scotland where it dropped to − 18 ° C in Aberdeen and on 3 December temperatures in England broke records . However , the lowest temperature of the winter of − 21.2 ° C was recorded at Altnaharra , Sutherland at 10 am on 2 December and Braemar and Kinbrace both dropped to − 20 ° C on the night of 2 December . As of 4 December 7 people have been confirmed to have died due to the cold weather . Reported effects ( edit ) Deaths ( edit ) Map of fatalities in Ireland and the UK caused by Windstorm Carmen , Windstorm Becky and other blizzard or storm events between 8 November and 31 December . Click for legend . On 30 November in Newport , South Wales a man was found dead in the street -- it was assumed that he froze to death after collapsing with a heart attack . Two old - age pensioners were found in the snow in their gardens dead from hypothermia at the beginning of December . On 2 December two teenage girls died in a car crash caused by ice on the A595 in Cumbria . On 6 December a 70 - year - old man was found dead in the snow in a caravan park in Cleethorpes , and a man died trying to clear snow outside his home in Darlington , County Durham . There were several deaths on 18 December : a 17 - year - old boy from Bilsington , Kent , was killed when his car left the road ; two pedestrians died after being hit by a Range Rover in Glasgow ; a woman in her 60s from the Inverness area , was killed in a three - vehicle pile - up in Huntly , Aberdeenshire ; and a man in his early 30s suffered life - threatening injuries when his Mini was in a crash with a highways vehicle near Eastbourne , East Sussex , and died after an ambulance being driven by a police officer left a country road in poor weather conditions and careered into a bush on Standard Hill , in Ninfield . On 19 December there were several more deaths . A 33 - year - old man died after falling through the ice on Doggetts Lake in Rochford , Essex ; a road crash killed 16 - year - old James Doran and Jordan Kenny when the car they were travelling in lost control on an icy road in Liverpool and ploughed into a garden wall ; a 15 - year - old girl died in a sledding accident in Douglas , County Cork , Ireland ; and a 35 - year - old woman and her 9 - year - old son were killed in a car crash caused by ice and snow near Castlebellingham in County Louth , Ireland . On 22 December , a 48 - year - old man died from hypothermia , after sleeping overnight in the Bible Gardens , behind the cathedral in Bangor , North Wales . Economy ( edit ) The severe cold spell came in the run up to Christmas and was estimated to cost the British economy up to £ 1.2 billion a day with a total cost of £ 13 billion . Retailers were particularly badly hit by lost sales with footfall down nearly 20 % compared to the same period the previous year and as much as 30 % in the West Midlands and South East . Some experts suggested that it may have a knock on effect in delaying or reversing economic growth . Christmas is usually the most profitable period for the pub and restaurant industry , however , due to disruptions to delivery routes , numerous stock outs and disappointing trading updates were reported . Transport ( edit ) Significant reduction in availability of transport Road ( edit ) On 1 December the M1 motorway was temporarily closed , and the Forth Road Bridge was closed for over ten hours due to heavy snowfall . This was the first time the bridge had been closed because of snow . The same day , the A57 was closed in the evening between Anston and Worksop and over 100 motorists were stranded overnight . Thousands of motorists across Sheffield became stranded on 1 -- 7 December as up to as much as 2 feet of snow fell on the city with severe disruption across the county of South Yorkshire including the suspension of all bus services for 24 hours . On 6 December , vehicles were trapped on the M8 for over 10 hours , and more than 1,000 vehicles became stuck on the M876 . Rail ( edit ) Eurostar rail services to the continent were cancelled on 20 December causing severe delays with queues at St Pancras station stretching more than half a mile as far back as the British Library . At the same time . services were cancelled on the East Coast main line between London and Peterborough due to damage to overhead power cables caused by accretion of ice . Air ( edit ) At Newcastle Airport , a plane overshot its target stop position on the runway , but remaining on the hard surface . This caused the airport to be temporarily closed . No passengers were injured . Gatwick Airport and Edinburgh Airport were closed all day on 1 December due to heavy snow . Other effects ( edit ) 7,000 schools were closed on 2 December . Timeline ( edit ) November 2010 ( edit ) 22 -- 24 November ( edit ) As the cold weather arrived in the United Kingdom and Ireland , forecasters warned of cold and snowy conditions arriving later in the week and persisting into much of the next . Each day , the temperature dropped and wintry showers began to arrive in some parts of the Highlands . A snow storm had moved on from southern Sweden on the 22nd to dust both Northumberland and the Scottish Borders Region during the 23rd before being absorbed on the 24th into the main weather system that started advancing from Scandinavia on the 23rd . Light snow fell in Aberdeenshire , Northumberland , parts of Northamptonshire , Oxfordshire and Birmingham on those days as the first storms began to clear up on the 23rd . Snow began to fall in the early evening on 24 November . Within an hour of the snow beginning to fall around 2 inches was recorded in Newcastle upon Tyne. Snow fell across northern and eastern parts of Scotland and England which caused disruption during the evening , particularly in Aberdeen . The Met Office issued many weather warnings and confirmed that the snowfall was the earliest widespread snowfall since 1993 . A minimum temperature of - 5.6 ° C was recorded in Benson , Oxfordshire . The Met Office issued warnings for Northern Scotland , the Borders , North East England and Yorkshire and the Humber . Snow in Northumberland on 25 November 25 November ( edit ) During the day , snow showers affected the North and North - East of Scotland and England . A minimum temperature of - 7.0 ° C was recorded in Woodford. Snow caused problems to the Grampian district and Borders forcing over 120 schools in Aberdeenshire to close . The Met Office issued further warning of snow to much of the eastern districts of Scotland . Roads closed due to the snow were the B974 , the A939 at the Lecht , the A93 at the Cairnwell and the B976 Crathie to Gairnside . 26 November ( edit ) On the 26th night time temperatures plummeted well below 0 ° C , with the Welsh towns of Sennybridge and Trawscoed being among the coldest places at -- 10.2 ° C. The village of Dalwhinnie in the Scottish Highlands saw the temperatures fall to -- 8.2 ° C and Chesham in Buckinghamshire fell to - 7 ° C , and Preston in Lancashire recorded - 5.8 ° C. The cold snap heralded the earliest winter snow fall for 17 years . A minimum temperature of - 9.1 ° C was recorded at Redesdale Camp , Northumberland . Ireland was hit by snowfall . Overnight , a front brought by a north easterly wind brought 5 -- 10 cm of fresh snow to many parts of Scotland , with 10 -- 15 cm in North East England . The AA dealt with an estimated 15,500 calls regarding breakdowns on the 26th . The night of the 26th / 27th saw a thunder storm damage electrical systems and flood roads , causing disruption transport services on the 27th with trains in Dublin worst hit . 27 November ( edit ) The morning of Saturday 27 November saw Ireland freezing in what could be a rather costly cold snap as it emerged that the extreme weather earlier this year cost a colossal € 297 million in insurance payouts due to the snow causing damage was also caused to homes and other buildings all over the country . The Irish Insurance Federation revealed there were 22,450 claims from the public , the vast majority of which involved snow or ice damage to people 's homes . The DART and the northern commuter and Maynooth commuter lines were not running and Belfast and Rosslare train services out of Dublin were also affected . The main runway at Dublin Airport due to snow and ice for most of the day . The extreme weather was reminiscent of the winter storms of 2009 -- 2010 , which were the worst in recent Irish history . The Met Office severe weather warnings remained in place across much of the UK , with Scotland and North East England predicted to have the heaviest snowfalls , with new warnings are also in place for icy roads in Northern Ireland and Wales as forecasters reckon it could remain cold and snowy for up to 2 weeks . Some FA Cup second round football matches , could be affected with Saturday horse racing at Newcastle upon Tyne the first to be called off . Snow was causing problems on the M6 through Staffordshire so gritters were out in force as temperatures dipped to - 3 ° C ( 27 ° F ) . By the middle of the 27th up to 1.5 inches of snow fell in parts of Staffordshire overnight while residents in the Black Country also woke up to a covering today with warnings of way with blizzards expected in the region with a predicted snow fall of 8 inches over the next few days . Snow was causing problems on the M6 through Staffordshire so gritters were out in force as temperatures dipped to - 3 ° C ( 27 ° F ) . The Met Office warned that most of the snowfall during last night was in Staffordshire , but with showers in the West Midlands and Shropshire at around dawn . By the afternoon the AA had faced a 40 % rise on a normal Saturday in November , a spokesman said . The worst affected areas were around Newcastle upon Tyne , Mid Wales , North Wales , Norwich , Leeds and Bradford . Motorists in Wales and Northern Ireland struggled with icy roads while Scotland was facing more heavy snow and drifts thanks to a biting wind . The Met Office warned of icy roads in Greater London and the South East , the South West , the East Midlands , Yorkshire and Humber and North East England . North East England , Yorkshire and the Humber , the East Midlands and the South West were also braced for heavy snow . About 10 inches of snow was expected over the higher parts of the country , with a light dusting in Greater London and lower lying parts of the English Midlands . They reckoned that the cold snap would continue , with snow blanketing swathes of the country by the middle of this week . A minimum of - 10.2 ° C at Trawsgoed , Wales was recorded . Further snow showers gave additional accumulations in the North and East . Ocado online supermarket had seen a surge in demand for de-icer with sales while the cold weather had also brought a 42 % increase in sales of cough medicine . Tesco had also seen a rise in the sales of de-icer and table salt . 28 November ( edit ) The CET ( Central England Temperature ) mean of - 4.0 ° C was of note on this day , due to it being the lowest November CET mean since - 4.6 ° C was recorded on 24 November 1904 . The lowest temperature of the month was also recorded today , of - 17.5 ° C at Llysdinam , Wales . Heavy wet snow affected Southern and Eastern Scotland widely giving 10 -- 20 cm , but 20 -- 30 cm in places . Thundersnow was reported around Dundee . 29 November ( edit ) Minimum of - 16.1 ° C at Altnaharra , Scottish Highlands . The Met Office at RAF Linton - on - Ouse in North Yorkshire recorded a record low for November of - 11.2 ° C ; earlier that month on the 4th it had recorded a record maximum for November of 17.6 ° C. The heavy wet snow which had been affecting Scotland the day before gave thundersnow to North East England , and further accumulations of 10 -- 15 cm . Accumulations widely exceeded a foot across Southern and Eastern Scotland and North East England by this point . 30 November ( edit ) Minimum of - 15.0 ° C at Altnaharra , Scottish Highlands . After a dry night snow showers returned to the North and East . North West England , most notably Greater Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire had their first snowfall of the winter overnight which caused many disruptions . December 2010 ( edit ) According to the Manley Central England Temperature record ( beginning in 1659 ) , the second - coldest December ever recorded in central England . Also the coldest December in the UK since UK records began in 1890 , and the coldest December in Ireland since official records began . 1 December ( edit ) Photograph of snow in Ireland taken by the NASA Aqua satellite on 2 December 2010 A minimum of - 21.1 ° C was recorded at Altnaharra , Scottish Highlands . A band of snow moving north affected Lincolnshire , Nottinghamshire , South and West Yorkshire , giving significant accumulations here , with further frequent heavy snow showers to North East England and Eastern Scotland . Up to 40 cm of snow was recorded in Rotherham and Sheffield , 20 cm of fresh snow in Mansfield ( bringing total depths to over 30 cm ) , 20 to 30 cm in Leeds , 30 cm in Pontefract and up to 40 cm in parts of Lincolnshire . 2 December ( edit ) Very heavy snow that had fallen in Sheffield on 1 December 2010 During the night of 1 -- 2 December an extremely heavy belt of snow affected Southern England . Heavy and persistent snow started falling on the South Coast at around 8pm and on the morning of 2 December there were large snow depths reported widely all across East and West Sussex and parts of Kent , Surrey , Gloucestershire and Hampshire . Snow Depths : Kent Meopham : 45 cm ( 18 in ) Sussex Brighton : 32 cm ( 13 in ) South Downs : 60 cm ( 24 in ) Burgess Hill : 35 cm ( 14 in ) Crawley : 30 cm ( 12 in ) Horsham : 35 cm ( 14 in ) Gloucestershire Drybrook : 56 cm ( 22 in ) Surrey Redhill : 25 cm ( 10 in ) * Epsom : 33 cm ( 13 in ) * Kenley : 37 cm ( 15 in ) * Selsdon : 36 cm ( 14 in ) * Hampshire Southampton : 20 cm ( 8 in ) Petersfield : 25 cm ( 10 in ) * - Total from 30 November to 2 December Snow also affected Lincolnshire and Yorkshire , with accumulations locally reaching 30 -- 40 cm ( 12 -- 16 in ) . Level snow depths of up to 70 cm ( 28 in ) were reported in places in Scotland , with 71 cm ( 28 in ) at Bathgate , West Lothian . 3 December ( edit ) An all - time record low of - 17.9 ° C recorded at RAF Leeming ( since records began at Leeming in 1945 ) and - 19.0 ° C at RAF Topcliffe in North Yorkshire . 6 December ( edit ) Heavy snowfall in the Central Belt in Scotland led to the closure of the M8 motorway for two days with hundreds of motorists stranded overnight . The resulting political furore led to the resignation of Scottish Minister for Transport , Stewart Stevenson . 9 December ( edit ) Milder north westerly winds initiated a rapid thaw ; this was to be a sudden end to a dramatic cold spell for most until cold conditions returned later in the month . 15 December ( edit ) From late evening , a cold front reached the Shetland Isles and moved southwards across Scotland overnight . Mild air preceded the front , with cold air straight from the Arctic following it , resulting in some rapid temperature drops throughout Scotland and its Isles overnight . An unofficial temperature of 11.6 ° C , the highest of the month so far , was recorded near Lairg , Scottish Highlands at around 7pm in the milder air . 16 December ( edit ) The cold front continued to move southwards across the UK passing Northern Ireland and Northern England during the morning and into midday , and reaching central and then southern parts of the UK during the afternoon and into the evening . However , relatively little snow actually settled across most of the UK , due to the short - lived nature of the snow showers associated with the front . Areas of Northern Scotland in particular did receive upwards of 30 cm of snow during the day , resulting in many school closures and disruption to transport . 17 December ( edit ) The Met Office issued an extreme weather warning for Northern Ireland and North Wales as very heavy snow showers brought by a northerly wind made conditions dangerous and dumped over 30 cm of snow in many places . Heavy snow began to fall in Devon and approximately 8 cm of heavy snow also fell in Manchester . 18 December ( edit ) A blizzard on 18 December 2010 , at Leamington Spa , Warwickshire . The ungritted roads in the town centre in Banbury , Oxfordshire , on 18 December 2010 . Following overnight snow showers , a band of snow organised itself stretching from Anglesey to the West Midlands during the day , resulting in 10 -- 15 cm ( 4 -- 6 inches ) lying in a wide area from Shropshire to around Coventry , and south into Warwickshire and parts of Worcestershire and Gloucestershire. 20 cm ( 8 inches ) was reported from higher ground south of Birmingham . The M5 was gridlocked , and shops in the Birmingham area closed early on the last Saturday before Christmas . A number of passengers travelling by coach had to spend the night at Birmingham Coach Station due too not only coaches for onwards destinations being unable to depart and arrive Birmingham , but also widespread disruption to train services making onwards alternatives impossible . Snow also fell to the southeast , including London and Oxfordshire , with Heathrow Airport closing its runways for a time leading to long delays . On one of the busiest Christmas shopping days of the season , Brent Cross Shopping Centre was closed . Overnight , temperatures plunged to as low as - 8 ° C in parts of South East England and Greater London . 19 December ( edit ) The Oxford Canal in Banbury , frozen solid on 19 December 2010 . A minimum temperature of - 19.6 ° C was recorded in Shawbury , Shropshire . Heathrow airport continued to be affected with only 20 flights from a scheduled 1300 taking off . Heavy snow affected North East England , with 10 -- 15 cm in south Northumberland . 20 December ( edit ) A minimum temperature of - 17.6 ° C was recorded at Castlederg , a new record for Northern Ireland and - 19.6 ° C was recorded at Chesham , Buckinghamshire . Heavy snow fall was also reported over large parts of Devon causing major travel disruption . 21 December ( edit ) Bretch Hill and Dover Avenue children 's play park in on 21 December 2010 . Dublin Airport and City of Derry Airport were forced to fully close , 15 cm ( 6 inches ) of snow was recorded at Dublin Airport . The band of snow dumped several more centimeters over an area stretching from North Wales , through parts of Cheshire , Shropshire , Staffordshire and into the West Midlands by the morning of the 22nd . 23 December ( edit ) Only three days after breaking the record minimum for Northern Ireland , Castlederg broke the record again with a low of - 18.7 ° C. Meanwhile , further snow showers affected North East England , but fresh accumulations only reached around 5 cm . 24 December ( edit ) On the 24th , it was decided to cancel the 27th IRFU 's Celtic League meeting with Leinster as Ulster 's Ravenhill pitch froze under heavy snow . Both northern and southern Ireland were under heavy snow . Bitterly cold with thick snow fall in many places , and scattered , mainly light snow showers in the North and East . Later in the day , a band of more persistent and heavy snow reached northern and western Scotland , resulting in further accumulations of several cm of snow . 63 cm of lying snow was reported at Braemar , Aberdeenshire . 25 December ( edit ) Snow covering Pontprennau , Cardiff , Wales , 25 December 2010 A very heavy frost deposit ( over 1 cm thick ) on privet ( and adult index finger for scale ) , deposited overnight 25 -- 26 December 2010 Snow fell in many parts of Scotland giving the country two consecutive White Christmases . Venus well elongated as a morning star provided a bright Christmas star . It was also the coldest Christmas Day , with a CET of - 5.9 ° C , since Christmas Day 1830 . The Republic of Ireland 's lowest - ever December temperature on record was recorded on this date . The mercury plummeted to - 17.5 ° C at Straide , County Mayo . 27 centimetres of lying snow are recorded at Casement Aerodrome weather station in Dublin . 28 December ( edit ) Thousands of homes and businesses in Northern Ireland and Wales were without water as melting snow and ice revealed many burst pipes . Northern Ireland Water said it was alternating supplies from reservoirs in order to help alleviate the crisis in which some properties had been without supplies since before Christmas . January 2011 ( edit ) January again was colder than average across the UK , though much milder than December , with a mean temperature across the UK of 3.1 ° C. In contrast to December , it was dry across most of the country ( except South East England which was wetter than average ) . It had more frost than average across most of the UK . However , freezing rain caused disruption in Shropshire , and Greater Manchester experienced heavy overnight snow which affected travel on the morning of the 4th. and snow fell in the West Midlands and parts of Wales , Cheshire and Lancashire on 7 January . Welsh flood warnings stay in place in four areas , with roads closed after heavy bursts of rain affecting Conwy and Gwynedd . By 15.55 GMT , there were four flood warnings and six flood alerts 16 January 2011 . February 2011 ( edit ) February was a mild month ( the 9th mildest in the last 100 years ) with very little frost and much of the country having its first snow - free February since 1998 . The only significant wintry weather came on the 18th - 21st when some overnight dustings of snow fell as far south as the Midlands . March 2011 ( edit ) Heavy snow once again started to cover parts of Scotland , affecting travel from 9 March , with fresh snowfalls bringing more travel disruption on 12 March . Persistent snow affected much of the Highlands of Scotland during the 12th - 13th of the month , with reports of 40 cm of lying snow near Fort William and 60 cm of lying snow to the north of Aviemore , with severe drifting . Weather statistics and records ( edit ) In the UK it was the coldest December ever , since Met Office records began in 1910 , with a mean temperature of - 1 ° C. It broke the previous record of 0.1 ° C in December 1981 . December 2010 has the lowest CET , - 0.7 ° C , since a CET of - 1.1 ° C was recorded for February 1986 . December 2010 can also be confirmed to be the coldest December for 120 years , since a monthly CET of - 0.8 ° C was recorded for December 1890 and the second - coldest December since records began in 1659 . Probably the most notable record of the winter is the new all - time record low for Northern Ireland , of - 18.7 ° C recorded on 23 December at Castlederg , County Tyrone . In addition , all of these sites recorded their all - time record lows since recording began , this winter : Andrewsfield at - 13.8 ° C on 20 December Aultbea at - 8.5 ° C on 18 December Ballykelly at - 13.3 ° C on 23 December Belfast Aldergrove Airport at - 14.9 ° C on 21 December Capel Curig at - 17.5 ° C on 20 December Carlisle lowest maximum of - 7.9 ° C on 8 December Church Fenton at - 17.5 ° C on 3 December Cranfield at - 12 ° C on 20 December Crosby at - 17.6 ° C on 21 December Dishforth at - 15 ° C on 6 December Dunkeswell Aerodrome at - 9.2 ° C on 19 December Exeter Airport at - 16.5 ° C on 26 December Farnborough at - 14.2 ° C on 20 December Gravesend - Broadness at - 10.5 ° C on 20 December Hawarden at - 12.6 ° C on 20 December Hereford Credenhill at - 15.8 ° C on 26 December Holbeach at - 9.8 ° C on 7 December Humberside at - 14 ° C on 7 December RAF Leeming at - 17.9 ° C on 3 December Linton - on - Ouse at - 17.3 ° C on 3 December Redesdale Camp at - 19.2 ° C on 3 December RAF Scampton at - 13.6 ° C on 3 December Strathallan at - 19 ° C on 3 December RAF Topcliffe at - 19.0 ° C on 3 December Warcop at - 11.7 ° C on 21 December See also ( edit ) January 2013 Great Britain and Ireland snowfall Carmen ( storm ) Winter of 2010 -- 2011 in Europe 2010 Albania floods 2010 West African floods 2010 Central European floods 2010 Var floods 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic oscillation Cyclogenesis Flood control in the Netherlands Gulf Stream Muddy flood Winter storm Xynthia ( storm ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Climate summaries '' . Met Office . 2016 - 02 - 03 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcet/mly_cet_mean_sort.txt Jump up ^ A. Maidens , A. Arribas , A.A. Scaife , C. MacLachlan , D. Peterson , and J. Knight . `` The Influence of Surface Forcings on Prediction of the North Atlantic Oscillation Regime of Winter 2010 / 11 '' . American Meteorological Society . doi : 10.1175 / MWR - D - 13 - 00033.1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bingham , John ( 30 November 2010 ) . `` ' No let - up ' for blizzard Britain as snow heads south '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Helen Carter . `` Two Cumbria pensioners found dead in their frozen gardens UK news '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Families pay tribute to women killed in A595 crash '' . Cumbria.police.uk . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man 's body found in snow at Cleethorpes caravan park '' . BBC News . 2010 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` UK Drivers Continue To Face The Freeze - UK Broadcast Film and Television News '' . 4rftv.co.uk. 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Corbishley , Christopher ( 18 December 2010 ) . `` Coldest December on record puts brakes on start of the big getaway '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Dad dies in frozen lake plunge while walking dog '' . Mirror.co.uk. 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gardaí investigate Cork sledding accident '' . RTÉ.ie. 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Investigation into fatal Louth car crash '' . RTÉ.ie. 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man found at Bangor park died from hypothermia '' . BBC News . 23 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wallop , Harry ( 22 December 2010 ) . `` UK snow : bad weather costing economy £ 1bn a day '' . London : Telegraph.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Jonathan ( 20 December 2010 ) . `` Economy feels chill as UK grinds to a halt '' . London : Independent.co.uk . Jump up ^ Brumby , Mark ( 6 January 2011 ) . `` UK Leisure : 2011 Report '' ( PDF ) . London : langtoncapital.co.uk . Jump up ^ Brown , Angie ( 1 December 2010 ) . `` Forth Road Bridge reopens after ' unprecedented ' snow '' . BBC News Edinburgh , East & Fife . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Drivers stranded on A57 after heavy snowfall '' . BBC News South Yorkshire. 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` M8 motorway in Scotland reopens after big freeze '' . BBC News Scotland . 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands of passengers stranded as power failure closes East Coast Main Line ' indefinitely ' '' . London : Daily Mail . 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday plane overshoots landing at Newcastle Airport '' . BBC News . 2010 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Snow shuts nearly 7,000 schools across the UK '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The big chill : Your stories of UK snow '' . BBC News . 28 November 2010 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK On Snow Alert : Severe Weather Warnings In Place For Most Of UK With Heavy Snow Forecast UK News Sky News '' . News.sky.com . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snow hits West Midlands `` Express & Star '' . Expressandstar.com . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cormac Murphy ( 27 November 2010 ) . `` and it 's Novembrrr as snow blankets the city '' . Herald.ie . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Snow and ice predicted for Scotland and Northern England '' . BBC News . 27 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , David ( 27 November 2010 ) . `` Big freeze causes chaos on the roads '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` UK CLIMATE '' . Hadobs.metoffice.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Records tumble as winter tightens its grip '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` In pictures : Snow in December 2010 '' . BBC News . 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Winter temperature records tumble across Yorkshire '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transport minister resigns over Scotland 's snow chaos '' . London : Guardian.co.uk. 11 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PWS - Station Observations for IV274DH '' . Pwsweather.com . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gatwick Airport reopens but flights still cancelled '' . BBC News . 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Ingham , John . `` Now grit is running out UK News '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snow causes travel chaos , as temperatures fall to minus 20c '' . Channel4.com . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy snow causes major disruption across Devon , '' . bb.co.uk. 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin Airport closed until Wednesday morning '' . RTÉ News . 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Record low temperature of - 18.7 for NI '' . BBC.co.uk. 27 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys to miss Leinster contest '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ `` Water chaos affects thousands in Northern Ireland '' . BBC News . BBC . 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regional values - January 2011 '' . Met Office . 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK climate : January 2011 '' . Met Office . 19 November 2008 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK climate - Anomalies '' . Met Office . 2011 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Icy New Year begins with spate of car crashes `` Shropshire Star '' . Shropshirestar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Midlands - Cold Spell Discussion Part 20 - Page 16 - Weather Discussion and Chat - Netweather Community Forums '' . Forum.netweather.tv. 7 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Flooding closes roads in Conwy and Powys '' . Bbc.co.uk. 16 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UK climate : February 2011 '' . Met Office . 19 November 2008 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spring snow fall covers Highlands and Islands '' . BBC News . BBC Online . 9 March 2011 . Heavy snow has hit many parts of the Highlands and has led to disruption at Inverness Airport ... In the Borders , the A68 and A7 had been affected by snow along with higher routes in Berwickshire . Jump up ^ `` Scotland hit by fresh snowfalls '' . BBC News . BBC Online . 12 March 2011 . Heavy snow has covered much of Scotland as Arctic conditions returned to the country ... Freezing conditions caused disruption to roads , with routes in Stirling , Perth and the Highlands affected . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Met Office Hadley Centre observations datasets '' . Hadobs.metoffice.com . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Climate United Kingdom - Historical weather records '' . Tutiempo.net . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Day temperatures in Carlisle hit record low '' . BBC News . 9 December 2010 . Cold waves Cold waves in North America Winter of 1886 -- 87 1888 Northwest United States cold wave Great Freeze Great Blue Norther of November 11 , 1911 1912 United States cold wave 1936 North American cold wave Cold wave of January 1977 Cold wave of 1978 Cold Sunday Winter 1985 cold wave 1994 North American cold wave 2007 Western United States freeze Early 2014 North American cold wave November 2014 North American cold wave February 2015 North American cold wave Siberian Express 2017 -- 18 North American cold wave Cold waves in Europe Great Frost of 1683 -- 84 Great Frost of 1709 Winter of 1894 -- 95 in the United Kingdom Winter of 1946 -- 47 in the United Kingdom Winter of 1962 -- 63 in the United Kingdom Winter of 1990 -- 91 in Western Europe 2006 European cold wave Winter of 2009 -- 10 in Europe 2010 Swedish cold waves Winter of 2009 -- 10 in Great Britain and Ireland Winter of 2010 -- 11 in Great Britain and Ireland Early 2012 European cold wave January 2017 European cold wave Other cold waves White Earthquake Winter storms of 2009 -- 10 in East Asia North Indian Cold Wave ( 2011 ) Indian cold wave ( 2012 ) 2013 extreme weather events January 2016 East Asia cold wave 2016 Saudi Arabian snowstorm 2017 North India cold wave Weather events in Ireland Climate of Ireland Coldwaves Winter 1990 -- 1991 February 2009 Winter 2009 -- 2010 Winter 2010 -- 11 Floods 2000 ( Western Europe ) August 2008 November -- December 2009 2012 2015 -- 16 Heat waves 2003 2006 Windstorms January 1839 January 1976 December 1998 January 2007 December 2011 January 2012 Weather events in the United Kingdom Climate of the United Kingdom Drought in the United Kingdom Avalanches Lewes 1836 Buachaille Etive Mòr 2009 Coldwaves Great Frost of 1709 Winter 1894 -- 95 Winter 1946 -- 47 Winter 1952 Winter 1962 -- 63 January -- March 1983 January -- March 1987 Winter 1990 -- 91 Winter 1994 -- 95 February 2009 Winter 2009 -- 10 Winter 2010 -- 11 February 2012 March - April 2013 Flash floods Louth 1920 Lynmouth 1952 Chew Stoke 1968 Glasgow 2002 Boscastle 2004 Morpeth 2008 Floods Holmfirth 1738 , 1777 , 1944 Thames 1928 Thames 1947 South England 1968 United Kingdom 2000 United Kingdom 2007 Sheffield 2009 United Kingdom 2009 United Kingdom 2012 United Kingdom 2013 -- 14 Somerset Levels 2013 -- 14 United Kingdom 2015 -- 16 United Kingdom 2016 Heat waves Droughts `` Great Stink '' 1858 1906 1911 1955 1976 1995 2003 2006 Spring 2011 Autumn 2011 March 2012 Summer 2013 June 2017 Storm surges South England 1287 North Sea 1287 Bristol Channel 1607 1928 Thames flood North Sea 1953 North Sea 1976 North Sea 1978 North Sea 2007 Irish Sea & North Sea 2013 Thunderstorms Widecombe - in - the - Moor 1638 Tornadoes London 1091 Great Malvern 1761 Birmingham 1931 Birmingham 2005 London 2006 West Midlands and Wales 2011 Windstorms December 1703 November 1824 August 1848 October 1859 February 1871 December 1879 January 1881 blizzard October 1881 January 1968 January 1976 October 1987 January 1990 December 1998 January 2007 December 2011 January 2012 October 2013 December 2013 Christmas 2013 New Year 2014 February 2014 Windstorm seasons 2015 -- 16 Abigail Desmond Eva 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Ophelia Disputed tsunami Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_of_2010 -- 11_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&oldid = 814736595 '' Categories : 2010 meteorology 2011 meteorology 2010 in Ireland 2011 in Ireland 2010 disasters in the United Kingdom 2011 disasters in the United Kingdom Cold waves in Ireland Cold waves in the United Kingdom Winter weather events in Ireland Winter weather events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2013 Use dmy dates from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 16 : 39 . 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7477410065969741896	Casting (metalworking)	Casting ( metalworking ) - wikipedia Casting ( metalworking ) Jump to : navigation , search Molten metal before casting Casting iron in a sand mold In metalworking and jewellery making , casting is a process in which a liquid metal is somehow delivered into a mold that contains a hollow cavity ( i.e. , a 3 - dimensional negative image ) of the intended shape . The metal and mold are then cooled , and the metal part ( the casting ) is extracted . Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods . Casting processes have been known for thousands of years , and have been widely used for sculpture ( especially in bronze ) , jewellery in precious metals , and weapons and tools . Traditional techniques include lost - wax casting ( which may be further divided into centrifugal casting and vacuum assist direct pour casting ) , plaster mold casting and sand casting . The modern casting process is subdivided into two main categories : expendable and non-expendable casting . It is further broken down by the mold material , such as sand or metal , and pouring method , such as gravity , vacuum , or low pressure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Expendable mold casting 1.1 Sand casting 1.2 Plaster mold casting 1.3 Shell molding 1.4 Investment casting 1.5 Waste molding of plaster 1.6 Evaporative - pattern casting 1.6. 1 Lost - foam casting 1.6. 2 Full - mold casting 2 Non-expendable mold casting 2.1 Permanent mold casting 2.2 Die casting 2.3 Semi-solid metal casting 2.4 Centrifugal casting 2.5 Continuous casting 3 Terminology 4 Theory 4.1 Cooling curves 4.2 Chvorinov 's rule 4.3 The gating system 4.4 Shrinkage 4.4. 1 Solidification shrinkage 4.4. 2 Risers and riser aids 4.4. 3 Patternmaker 's shrink 4.5 Mold cavity 4.6 Filling 4.6. 1 Tilt filling 4.7 Macrostructure 4.8 Inspection 4.8. 1 Defects 5 Casting process simulation 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links Expendable mold casting ( edit ) Expendable mold casting is a generic classification that includes sand , plastic , shell , plaster , and investment ( lost - wax technique ) moldings . This method of mold casting involves the use of temporary , non-reusable molds . Sand casting ( edit ) Main article : Sand casting Sand casting is one of the most popular and simplest types of casting , and has been used for centuries . Sand casting allows for smaller batches than permanent mold casting and at a very reasonable cost . Not only does this method allow manufacturers to create products at a low cost , but there are other benefits to sand casting , such as very small - size operations . The process allows for castings small enough fit in the palm of one 's hand to those large enough only for train beds ( one casting can create the entire bed for one rail car ) . Sand casting also allows most metals to be cast depending on the type of sand used for the molds . Sand casting requires a lead time of days , or even weeks sometimes , for production at high output rates ( 1 -- 20 pieces / hr - mold ) and is unsurpassed for large - part production . Green ( moist ) sand has almost no part weight limit , whereas dry sand has a practical part mass limit of 2,300 -- 2,700 kg ( 5,100 -- 6,000 lb ) . Minimum part weight ranges from 0.075 -- 0.1 kg ( 0.17 -- 0.22 lb ) . The sand is bonded together using clays , chemical binders , or polymerized oils ( such as motor oil ) . Sand can be recycled many times in most operations and requires little maintenance . Plaster mold casting ( edit ) Main article : Plaster mold casting Plaster casting is similar to sand casting except that plaster of paris is substituted for sand as a mold material . Generally , the form takes less than a week to prepare , after which a production rate of 1 -- 10 units / hr mold is achieved , with items as massive as 45 kg ( 99 lb ) and as small as 30 g ( 1 oz ) with very good surface finish and close tolerances . Plaster casting is an inexpensive alternative to other molding processes for complex parts due to the low cost of the plaster and its ability to produce near net shape castings . The biggest disadvantage is that it can only be used with low melting point non-ferrous materials , such as aluminium , copper , magnesium , and zinc . Shell molding ( edit ) Main article : Shell molding Shell molding is similar to sand casting , but the molding cavity is formed by a hardened `` shell '' of sand instead of a flask filled with sand . The sand used is finer than sand casting sand and is mixed with a resin so that it can be heated by the pattern and hardened into a shell around the pattern . Because of the resin and finer sand , it gives a much finer surface finish . The process is easily automated and more precise than sand casting . Common metals that are cast include cast iron , aluminium , magnesium , and copper alloys . This process is ideal for complex items that are small to medium - sized . Investment casting ( edit ) An investment - cast valve cover Main article : Investment casting See also : Lost - wax casting Investment casting ( known as lost - wax casting in art ) is a process that has been practiced for thousands of years , with the lost - wax process being one of the oldest known metal forming techniques . From 5000 years ago , when beeswax formed the pattern , to today 's high technology waxes , refractory materials and specialist alloys , the castings ensure high - quality components are produced with the key benefits of accuracy , repeatability , versatility and integrity . Investment casting derives its name from the fact that the pattern is invested , or surrounded , with a refractory material . The wax patterns require extreme care for they are not strong enough to withstand forces encountered during the mold making . One advantage of investment casting is that the wax can be reused . The process is suitable for repeatable production of net shape components from a variety of different metals and high performance alloys . Although generally used for small castings , this process has been used to produce complete aircraft door frames , with steel castings of up to 300 kg and aluminium castings of up to 30 kg . Compared to other casting processes such as die casting or sand casting , it can be an expensive process . However , the components that can be produced using investment casting can incorporate intricate contours , and in most cases the components are cast near net shape , so require little or no rework once cast . Waste molding of plaster ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A durable plaster intermediate is often used as a stage toward the production of a bronze sculpture or as a pointing guide for the creation of a carved stone . With the completion of a plaster , the work is more durable ( if stored indoors ) than a clay original which must be kept moist to avoid cracking . With the low cost plaster at hand , the expensive work of bronze casting or stone carving may be deferred until a patron is found , and as such work is considered to be a technical , rather than artistic process , it may even be deferred beyond the lifetime of the artist . In waste molding a simple and thin plaster mold , reinforced by sisal or burlap , is cast over the original clay mixture . When cured , it is then removed from the damp clay , incidentally destroying the fine details in undercuts present in the clay , but which are now captured in the mold . The mold may then at any later time ( but only once ) be used to cast a plaster positive image , identical to the original clay . The surface of this plaster may be further refined and may be painted and waxed to resemble a finished bronze casting . Evaporative - pattern casting ( edit ) Main article : Evaporative - pattern casting This is a class of casting processes that use pattern materials that evaporate during the pour , which means there is no need to remove the pattern material from the mold before casting . The two main processes are lost - foam casting and full - mold casting . Lost - foam casting ( edit ) Main article : Lost - foam casting Lost - foam casting is a type of evaporative - pattern casting process that is similar to investment casting except foam is used for the pattern instead of wax . This process takes advantage of the low boiling point of foam to simplify the investment casting process by removing the need to melt the wax out of the mold . Full - mold casting ( edit ) Main article : Full - mold casting Full - mold casting is an evaporative - pattern casting process which is a combination of sand casting and lost - foam casting . It uses an expanded polystyrene foam pattern which is then surrounded by sand , much like sand casting . The metal is then poured directly into the mold , which vaporizes the foam upon contact . Non-expendable mold casting ( edit ) The permanent molding process Non-expendable mold casting differs from expendable processes in that the mold need not be reformed after each production cycle . This technique includes at least four different methods : permanent , die , centrifugal , and continuous casting . This form of casting also results in improved repeatability in parts produced and delivers Near Net Shape results . Permanent mold casting ( edit ) Main articles : Permanent mold casting , low - pressure permanent mold casting , and vacuum permanent mold casting Permanent mold casting is a metal casting process that employs reusable molds ( `` permanent molds '' ) , usually made from metal . The most common process uses gravity to fill the mold . However , gas pressure or a vacuum are also used . A variation on the typical gravity casting process , called slush casting , produces hollow castings . Common casting metals are aluminum , magnesium , and copper alloys . Other materials include tin , zinc , and lead alloys and iron and steel are also cast in graphite molds . Permanent molds , while lasting more than one casting still have a limited life before wearing out . Die casting ( edit ) Main article : Die casting The die casting process forces molten metal under high pressure into mold cavities ( which are machined into dies ) . Most die castings are made from nonferrous metals , specifically zinc , copper , and aluminium - based alloys , but ferrous metal die castings are possible . The die casting method is especially suited for applications where many small to medium - sized parts are needed with good detail , a fine surface quality and dimensional consistency . Semi-solid metal casting ( edit ) Main article : Semi-solid metal casting Semi-solid metal ( SSM ) casting is a modified die casting process that reduces or eliminates the residual porosity present in most die castings . Rather than using liquid metal as the feed material , SSM casting uses a higher viscosity feed material that is partially solid and partially liquid . A modified die casting machine is used to inject the semi-solid slurry into re-usable hardened steel dies . The high viscosity of the semi-solid metal , along with the use of controlled die filling conditions , ensures that the semi-solid metal fills the die in a non-turbulent manner so that harmful porosity can be essentially eliminated . Used commercially mainly for aluminium and magnesium alloys , SSM castings can be heat treated to the T4 , T5 or T6 tempers . The combination of heat treatment , fast cooling rates ( from using un-coated steel dies ) and minimal porosity provides excellent combinations of strength and ductility . Other advantages of SSM casting include the ability to produce complex shaped parts net shape , pressure tightness , tight dimensional tolerances and the ability to cast thin walls . Centrifugal casting ( edit ) Main article : Centrifugal casting ( silversmithing ) In this process molten metal is poured in the mold and allowed to solidify while the mold is rotating . Metal is poured into the center of the mold at its axis of rotation . Due to centrifugal force the liquid metal is thrown out towards the periphery . Centrifugal casting is both gravity - and pressure - independent since it creates its own force feed using a temporary sand mold held in a spinning chamber at up to 900 N. Lead time varies with the application . Semi - and true - centrifugal processing permit 30 -- 50 pieces / hr - mold to be produced , with a practical limit for batch processing of approximately 9000 kg total mass with a typical per - item limit of 2.3 -- 4.5 kg . Industrially , the centrifugal casting of railway wheels was an early application of the method developed by the German industrial company Krupp and this capability enabled the rapid growth of the enterprise . Small art pieces such as jewelry are often cast by this method using the lost wax process , as the forces enable the rather viscous liquid metals to flow through very small passages and into fine details such as leaves and petals . This effect is similar to the benefits from vacuum casting , also applied to jewelry casting . Continuous casting ( edit ) Main article : Continuous casting Continuous casting is a refinement of the casting process for the continuous , high - volume production of metal sections with a constant cross-section . Molten metal is poured into an open - ended , water - cooled mold , which allows a ' skin ' of solid metal to form over the still - liquid center , gradually solidifying the metal from the outside in . After solidification , the strand , as it is sometimes called , is continuously withdrawn from the mold . Predetermined lengths of the strand can be cut off by either mechanical shears or traveling oxyacetylene torches and transferred to further forming processes , or to a stockpile . Cast sizes can range from strip ( a few millimeters thick by about five meters wide ) to billets ( 90 to 160 mm square ) to slabs ( 1.25 m wide by 230 mm thick ) . Sometimes , the strand may undergo an initial hot rolling process before being cut . Continuous casting is used due to the lower costs associated with continuous production of a standard product , and also increased quality of the final product . Metals such as steel , copper , aluminum and lead are continuously cast , with steel being the metal with the greatest tonnages cast using this method . Terminology ( edit ) Metal casting processes uses the following terminology : Pattern : An approximate duplicate of the final casting used to form the mold cavity . Molding material : The material that is packed around the pattern and then the pattern is removed to leave the cavity where the casting material will be poured . Flask : The rigid wood or metal frame that holds the molding material . Cope : The top half of the pattern , flask , mold , or core . Drag : The bottom half of the pattern , flask , mold , or core . Core : An insert in the mold that produces internal features in the casting , such as holes . Core print : The region added to the pattern , core , or mold used to locate and support the core . Mold cavity : The combined open area of the molding material and core , where the metal is poured to produce the casting . Riser : An extra void in the mold that fills with molten material to compensate for shrinkage during solidification . Gating system : The network of connected channels that deliver the molten material to the mold cavities . Pouring cup or pouring basin : The part of the gating system that receives the molten material from the pouring vessel . Sprue : The pouring cup attaches to the sprue , which is the vertical part of the gating system . The other end of the sprue attaches to the runners . Runners : The horizontal portion of the gating system that connects the sprues to the gates . Gates : The controlled entrances from the runners into the mold cavities . Vents : Additional channels that provide an escape for gases generated during the pour . Parting line or parting surface : The interface between the cope and drag halves of the mold , flask , or pattern . Draft : The taper on the casting or pattern that allow it to be withdrawn from the mold Core box : The mold or die used to produce the cores . Chaplet : Long vertical holding rod for core that after casting it become the integral part of casting , provide the suppot to the core . Some specialized processes , such as die casting , use additional terminology . Theory ( edit ) Casting is a solidification process , which means the solidification phenomenon controls most of the properties of the casting . Moreover , most of the casting defects occur during solidification , such as gas porosity and solidification shrinkage . Solidification occurs in two steps : nucleation and crystal growth . In the nucleation stage solid particles form within the liquid . When these particles form their internal energy is lower than the surrounded liquid , which creates an energy interface between the two . The formation of the surface at this interface requires energy , so as nucleation occurs the material actually undercools , that is it cools below its freezing temperature , because of the extra energy required to form the interface surfaces . It then recalescences , or heats back up to its freezing temperature , for the crystal growth stage . Note that nucleation occurs on a pre-existing solid surface , because not as much energy is required for a partial interface surface , as is for a complete spherical interface surface . This can be advantageous because fine - grained castings possess better properties than coarse - grained castings . A fine grain structure can be induced by grain refinement or inoculation , which is the process of adding impurities to induce nucleation . All of the nucleations represent a crystal , which grows as the heat of fusion is extracted from the liquid until there is no liquid left . The direction , rate , and type of growth can be controlled to maximize the properties of the casting . Directional solidification is when the material solidifies at one end and proceeds to solidify to the other end ; this is the most ideal type of grain growth because it allows liquid material to compensate for shrinkage . Cooling curves ( edit ) Intermediate cooling rates from melt result in a dendritic microstructure . Primary and secondary dendrites can be seen in this image . See also : Cooling curves Cooling curves are important in controlling the quality of a casting . The most important part of the cooling curve is the cooling rate which affects the microstructure and properties . Generally speaking , an area of the casting which is cooled quickly will have a fine grain structure and an area which cools slowly will have a coarse grain structure . Below is an example cooling curve of a pure metal or eutectic alloy , with defining terminology . Note that before the thermal arrest the material is a liquid and after it the material is a solid ; during the thermal arrest the material is converting from a liquid to a solid . Also , note that the greater the superheat the more time there is for the liquid material to flow into intricate details . The above cooling curve depicts a basic situation with a pure alloy , however , most castings are of alloys , which have a cooling curve shaped as shown below . Note that there is no longer a thermal arrest , instead there is a freezing range . The freezing range corresponds directly to the liquidus and solidus found on the phase diagram for the specific alloy . Chvorinov 's rule ( edit ) Main article : Chvorinov 's rule The local solidification time can be calculated using Chvorinov 's rule , which is : t = B ( V A ) n ( \ displaystyle t = B \ left ( ( \ frac ( V ) ( A ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) ) Where t is the solidification time , V is the volume of the casting , A is the surface area of the casting that contacts the mold , n is a constant , and B is the mold constant . It is most useful in determining if a riser will solidify before the casting , because if the riser does solidify first then it is worthless . The gating system ( edit ) A simple gating system for a horizontal parting mold . See also : Sprue ( manufacturing ) The gating system serves many purposes , the most important being conveying the liquid material to the mold , but also controlling shrinkage , the speed of the liquid , turbulence , and trapping dross . The gates are usually attached to the thickest part of the casting to assist in controlling shrinkage . In especially large castings multiple gates or runners may be required to introduce metal to more than one point in the mold cavity . The speed of the material is important because if the material is traveling too slowly it can cool before completely filling , leading to misruns and cold shuts . If the material is moving too fast then the liquid material can erode the mold and contaminate the final casting . The shape and length of the gating system can also control how quickly the material cools ; short round or square channels minimize heat loss . The gating system may be designed to minimize turbulence , depending on the material being cast . For example , steel , cast iron , and most copper alloys are turbulent insensitive , but aluminium and magnesium alloys are turbulent sensitive . The turbulent insensitive materials usually have a short and open gating system to fill the mold as quickly as possible . However , for turbulent sensitive materials short sprues are used to minimize the distance the material must fall when entering the mold . Rectangular pouring cups and tapered sprues are used to prevent the formation of a vortex as the material flows into the mold ; these vortices tend to suck gas and oxides into the mold . A large sprue well is used to dissipate the kinetic energy of the liquid material as it falls down the sprue , decreasing turbulence . The choke , which is the smallest cross-sectional area in the gating system used to control flow , can be placed near the sprue well to slow down and smooth out the flow . Note that on some molds the choke is still placed on the gates to make separation of the part easier , but induces extreme turbulence . The gates are usually attached to the bottom of the casting to minimize turbulence and splashing . The gating system may also be designed to trap dross . One method is to take advantage of the fact that some dross has a lower density than the base material so it floats to the top of the gating system . Therefore , long flat runners with gates that exit from the bottom of the runners can trap dross in the runners ; note that long flat runners will cool the material more rapidly than round or square runners . For materials where the dross is a similar density to the base material , such as aluminium , runner extensions and runner wells can be advantageous . These take advantage of the fact that the dross is usually located at the beginning of the pour , therefore the runner is extended past the last gate ( s ) and the contaminates are contained in the wells . Screens or filters may also be used to trap contaminates . It is important to keep the size of the gating system small , because it all must be cut from the casting and remelted to be reused . The efficiency , or yield , of a casting system can be calculated by dividing the weight of the casting by the weight of the metal poured . Therefore , the higher the number the more efficient the gating system / risers . Shrinkage ( edit ) There are three types of shrinkage : shrinkage of the liquid , solidification shrinkage and patternmaker 's shrinkage . The shrinkage of the liquid is rarely a problem because more material is flowing into the mold behind it . Solidification shrinkage occurs because metals are less dense as a liquid than a solid , so during solidification the metal density dramatically increases . Patternmaker 's shrinkage refers to the shrinkage that occurs when the material is cooled from the solidification temperature to room temperature , which occurs due to thermal contraction . Solidification shrinkage ( edit ) Solidification shrinkage of various metals Metal Percentage Aluminium 6.6 Copper 4.9 Magnesium 4.0 or 4.2 Zinc 3.7 or 6.5 Low carbon steel 2.5 -- 3.0 High carbon steel 4.0 White cast iron 4.0 -- 5.5 Gray cast iron − 2.5 -- 1.6 Ductile cast iron − 4.5 -- 2.7 Most materials shrink as they solidify , but , as the adjacent table shows , a few materials do not , such as gray cast iron . For the materials that do shrink upon solidification the type of shrinkage depends on how wide the freezing range is for the material . For materials with a narrow freezing range , less than 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) , a cavity , known as a pipe , forms in the center of the casting , because the outer shell freezes first and progressively solidifies to the center . Pure and eutectic metals usually have narrow solidification ranges . These materials tend to form a skin in open air molds , therefore they are known as skin forming alloys . For materials with a wide freezing range , greater than 110 ° C ( 230 ° F ) , much more of the casting occupies the mushy or slushy zone ( the temperature range between the solidus and the liquidus ) , which leads to small pockets of liquid trapped throughout and ultimately porosity . These castings tend to have poor ductility , toughness , and fatigue resistance . Moreover , for these types of materials to be fluid - tight a secondary operation is required to impregnate the casting with a lower melting point metal or resin . For the materials that have narrow solidification ranges pipes can be overcome by designing the casting to promote directional solidification , which means the casting freezes first at the point farthest from the gate , then progressively solidifies towards the gate . This allows a continuous feed of liquid material to be present at the point of solidification to compensate for the shrinkage . Note that there is still a shrinkage void where the final material solidifies , but if designed properly this will be in the gating system or riser . Risers and riser aids ( edit ) Different types of risers Main articles : Riser ( casting ) and chill ( casting ) Risers , also known as feeders , are the most common way of providing directional solidification . It supplies liquid metal to the solidifying casting to compensate for solidification shrinkage . For a riser to work properly the riser must solidify after the casting , otherwise it can not supply liquid metal to shrinkage within the casting . Risers add cost to the casting because it lowers the yield of each casting ; i.e. more metal is lost as scrap for each casting . Another way to promote directional solidification is by adding chills to the mold . A chill is any material which will conduct heat away from the casting more rapidly than the material used for molding . Risers are classified by three criteria . The first is if the riser is open to the atmosphere , if it is then it is called an open riser , otherwise it is known as a blind type . The second criterion is where the riser is located ; if it is located on the casting then it is known as a top riser and if it is located next to the casting it is known as a side riser . Finally , if the riser is located on the gating system so that it fills after the molding cavity , it is known as a live riser or hot riser , but if the riser fills with materials that have already flowed through the molding cavity it is known as a dead riser or cold riser . Riser aids are items used to assist risers in creating directional solidification or reducing the number of risers required . One of these items are chills which accelerate cooling in a certain part of the mold . There are two types : external and internal chills . External chills are masses of high - heat - capacity and high - thermal - conductivity material that are placed on an edge of the molding cavity . Internal chills are pieces of the same metal that is being poured , which are placed inside the mold cavity and become part of the casting . Insulating sleeves and toppings may also be installed around the riser cavity to slow the solidification of the riser . Heater coils may also be installed around or above the riser cavity to slow solidification . Patternmaker 's shrink ( edit ) Typical patternmaker 's shrinkage of various metals Metal Percentage in / ft Aluminium 1.0 -- 1.3 ⁄ -- ⁄ Brass 1.5 ⁄ Magnesium 1.0 -- 1.3 ⁄ -- ⁄ Cast iron 0.8 -- 1.0 ⁄ -- ⁄ Steel 1.5 -- 2.0 ⁄ -- ⁄ Shrinkage after solidification can be dealt with by using an oversized pattern designed specifically for the alloy used . Contraction rule s , or shrink rule s , are used to make the patterns oversized to compensate for this type of shrinkage . These rulers are up to 2.5 % oversize , depending on the material being cast . These rulers are mainly referred to by their percentage change . A pattern made to match an existing part would be made as follows : First , the existing part would be measured using a standard ruler , then when constructing the pattern , the pattern maker would use a contraction rule , ensuring that the casting would contract to the correct size . Note that patternmaker 's shrinkage does not take phase change transformations into account . For example , eutectic reactions , martensitic reactions , and graphitization can cause expansions or contractions . Mold cavity ( edit ) The mold cavity of a casting does not reflect the exact dimensions of the finished part due to a number of reasons . These modifications to the mold cavity are known as allowances and account for patternmaker 's shrinkage , draft , machining , and distortion . In non-expendable processes , these allowances are imparted directly into the permanent mold , but in expendable mold processes they are imparted into the patterns , which later form the mold cavity . Note that for non-expendable molds an allowance is required for the dimensional change of the mold due to heating to operating temperatures . For surfaces of the casting that are perpendicular to the parting line of the mold a draft must be included . This is so that the casting can be released in non-expendable processes or the pattern can be released from the mold without destroying the mold in expendable processes . The required draft angle depends on the size and shape of the feature , the depth of the mold cavity , how the part or pattern is being removed from the mold , the pattern or part material , the mold material , and the process type . Usually the draft is not less than 1 % . The machining allowance varies drastically from one process to another . Sand castings generally have a rough surface finish , therefore need a greater machining allowance , whereas die casting has a very fine surface finish , which may not need any machining tolerance . Also , the draft may provide enough of a machining allowance to begin with . The distortion allowance is only necessary for certain geometries . For instance , U-shaped castings will tend to distort with the legs splaying outward , because the base of the shape can contract while the legs are constrained by the mold . This can be overcome by designing the mold cavity to slope the leg inward to begin with . Also , long horizontal sections tend to sag in the middle if ribs are not incorporated , so a distortion allowance may be required . Cores may be used in expendable mold processes to produce internal features . The core can be of metal but it is usually done in sand . Filling ( edit ) Schematic of the low - pressure permanent mold casting process This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2010 ) There are a few common methods for filling the mold cavity : gravity , low - pressure , high - pressure , and vacuum . Vacuum filling , also known as counter-gravity filling , is more metal efficient than gravity pouring because less material solidifies in the gating system . Gravity pouring only has a 15 to 50 % metal yield as compared to 60 to 95 % for vacuum pouring . There is also less turbulence , so the gating system can be simplified since it does not have to control turbulence . Plus , because the metal is drawn from below the top of the pool the metal is free from dross and slag , as these are lower density ( lighter ) and float to the top of the pool . The pressure differential helps the metal flow into every intricacy of the mold . Finally , lower temperatures can be used , which improves the grain structure . The first patented vacuum casting machine and process dates to 1879 . Low - pressure filling uses 5 to 15 psig ( 35 to 100 kPag ) of air pressure to force liquid metal up a feed tube into the mold cavity . This eliminates turbulence found in gravity casting and increases density , repeatability , tolerances , and grain uniformity . After the casting has solidified the pressure is released and any remaining liquid returns to the crucible , which increases yield . Tilt filling ( edit ) Tilt filling , also known as tilt casting , is an uncommon filling technique where the crucible is attached to the gating system and both are slowly rotated so that the metal enters the mold cavity with little turbulence . The goal is to reduce porosity and inclusions by limiting turbulence . For most uses tilt filling is not feasible because the following inherent problem : if the system is rotated slow enough to not induce turbulence , the front of the metal stream begins to solidify , which results in mis - runs . If the system is rotated faster it induces turbulence , which defeats the purpose . Durville of France was the first to try tilt casting , in the 1800s . He tried to use it to reduce surface defects when casting coinage from aluminium bronze . Macrostructure ( edit ) The grain macrostructure in ingots and most castings have three distinct regions or zones : the chill zone , columnar zone , and equiaxed zone . The image below depicts these zones . The chill zone is named so because it occurs at the walls of the mold where the wall chills the material . Here is where the nucleation phase of the solidification process takes place . As more heat is removed the grains grow towards the center of the casting . These are thin , long columns that are perpendicular to the casting surface , which are undesirable because they have anisotropic properties . Finally , in the center the equiaxed zone contains spherical , randomly oriented crystals . These are desirable because they have isotropic properties . The creation of this zone can be promoted by using a low pouring temperature , alloy inclusions , or inoculants . Inspection ( edit ) Common inspection methods for steel castings are magnetic particle testing and liquid penetrant testing . Common inspection methods for aluminum castings are radiography , ultrasonic testing , and liquid penetrant testing . Defects ( edit ) Main article : Casting defects There are a number of problems that can be encountered during the casting process . The main types are : gas porosity , shrinkage defects , mold material defects , pouring metal defects , and metallurgical defects . Casting process simulation ( edit ) A high - performance software for the simulation of casting processes provides opportunities for an interactive or automated evaluation of results ( here , for example , of mold filling and solidification , porosity and flow characteristics ) . Picture : Componenta B.V. , The Netherlands ) Casting process simulation uses numerical methods to calculate cast component quality considering mold filling , solidification and cooling , and provides a quantitative prediction of casting mechanical properties , thermal stresses and distortion . Simulation accurately describes a cast component 's quality up - front before production starts . The casting rigging can be designed with respect to the required component properties . This has benefits beyond a reduction in pre-production sampling , as the precise layout of the complete casting system also leads to energy , material , and tooling savings . The software supports the user in component design , the determination of melting practice and casting methoding through to pattern and mold making , heat treatment , and finishing . This saves costs along the entire casting manufacturing route . Casting process simulation was initially developed at universities starting from the early ' 70s , mainly in Europe and in the U.S. , and is regarded as the most important innovation in casting technology over the last 50 years . Since the late ' 80s , commercial programs are available which make it possible for foundries to gain new insight into what is happening inside the mold or die during the casting process . See also ( edit ) Engineering portal Bronze sculpture Bronze and brass ornamental work Forging Porosity sealing Spin casting Spray forming References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 278 Jump up ^ Schleg et al. 2003 , chapters 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kalpakjian & Schmid 2006 . Jump up ^ Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 315 Jump up ^ 10th International Conference Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites , Eds . G. Hirt , A. Rassili & A. Buhrig - Polaczek , Aachen Germany & Liege , Belgium , 2008 Jump up ^ Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , pp. 278 -- 279 Jump up ^ Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , pp. 279 -- 280 ^ Jump up to : Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 280 Jump up ^ Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , pp. 280 -- 281 Jump up ^ Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 281 ^ Jump up to : Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 282 ^ Jump up to : Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 284 ^ Jump up to : Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 285 ^ Jump up to : Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 287 Jump up ^ Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , pp. 285 -- 286 ^ Jump up to : Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 286 Jump up ^ Stefanescu 2008 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Stefanescu 2008 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Porter , David A. ; Easterling , K.E. ( 2000 ) , Phase transformations in metals and alloys ( 2nd ed . ) , CRC Press , p. 236 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7487 - 5741 - 1 . Jump up ^ Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , pp. 286 -- 288 . ^ Jump up to : Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 288 ^ Jump up to : Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 289 ^ Jump up to : Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , p. 290 ^ Jump up to : Degarmo , Black & Kohser 2003 , pp. 319 -- 320 . Jump up ^ Iron and Steel Institute ( 1912 ) , Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute , 86 , Iron and Steel Institute , p. 547 . Jump up ^ Lesko , Jim ( 2007 ) , Industrial design ( 2nd ed . ) , John Wiley and Sons , p. 39 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 05538 - 0 . Jump up ^ Campbell , John ( 2004 ) , Castings practice : the 10 rules of castings , Butterworth - Heinemann , pp. 69 -- 71 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 4791 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blair & Stevens 1995 , p. 4 ‐ 6 . Jump up ^ Kissell & Ferry 2002 , p. 73 . Bibliography ( edit ) Blair , Malcolm ; Stevens , Thomas L. ( 1995 ) , Steel castings handbook ( 6th ed . ) , ASM International , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 556 - 3 . Degarmo , E. Paul ; Black , J T. ; Kohser , Ronald A. ( 2003 ) , Materials and Processes in Manufacturing ( 9th ed . ) , Wiley , ISBN 0 - 471 - 65653 - 4 . Kalpakjian , Serope ; Schmid , Steven ( 2006 ) , Manufacturing Engineering and Technology ( 5th ed . ) , Pearson , ISBN 0 - 13 - 148965 - 8 . Kissell , J. Randolph ; Ferry , Robert L. ( 2002 ) , Aluminum structures : a guide to their specifications and design ( 2nd ed . ) , John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 01965 - 7 . Schleg , Frederick P. ; Kohloff , Frederick H. ; Sylvia , J. Gerin ; American Foundry Society ( 2003 ) , Technology of Metalcasting , American Foundry Society , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87433 - 257 - 5 . Stefanescu , Doru Michael ( 2008 ) , Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification ( 2nd ed . ) , Springer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 74609 - 8 . Ravi , B ( 2010 ) , Metal Casting : Computer - aided Design and Analysis ( 1st ed . ) , PHI , ISBN 81 - 203 - 2726 - 8 . 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2268427161108900724	Len Hutton	Len Hutton - wikipedia Len Hutton Jump to : navigation , search For the Canadian athlete , see Len Hutton ( athlete ) . For the American record producer , see L.T. Hutton . Len Hutton Full name Sir Leonard Hutton ( 1916 - 06 - 23 ) 23 June 1916 Fulneck , Pudsey , Leeds , Yorkshire , England 6 September 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 06 ) ( aged 74 ) Kingston - upon - Thames , London , England Batting style Right - hand Bowling style Right - arm leg break Role Opener International information National side England Test debut ( cap 294 ) 26 June 1937 v New Zealand Last Test 25 March 1955 v New Zealand Domestic team information Years Team 1938 -- 1960 MCC 1934 -- 1955 Yorkshire Career statistics Competition Test FC Matches 79 513 Runs scored 6971 40140 Batting average 56.67 55.51 100s / 50s 19 / 33 129 / 179 Top score 364 364 Balls bowled 260 9740 Wickets 173 Bowling average 77.33 29.51 5 wickets in innings -- 10 wickets in match -- Best bowling 1 / 2 6 / 76 Catches / stumpings 57 / -- 401 / -- Source : cricketarchive.com , 14 August 2007 Sir Leonard Hutton ( 23 June 1916 -- 6 September 1990 ) was an English cricketer who played as an opening batsman for Yorkshire from 1934 to 1955 and for England in 79 Test matches between 1937 and 1955 . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack described him as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of cricket . He set a record in 1938 for the highest individual innings in a Test match in only his sixth Test appearance , scoring 364 runs against Australia , a milestone that stood for nearly 20 years ( and remains an England Test record ) . In 1952 , he became the first professional cricketer of the 20th Century to captain England in Tests ; under his captaincy England won the Ashes the following year for the first time in 19 years . Following the Second World War , he was the mainstay of England 's batting , and the team depended greatly on his success . Marked out as a potential star from his teenage years , Hutton made his debut for Yorkshire in 1934 and quickly established himself at county level . By 1937 , he was playing for England and when the war interrupted his career in 1939 , critics regarded him as one of the leading batsmen in the country , and even the world . During the war , he received a serious injury to his arm while taking part in a commando training course . His arm never fully recovered , forcing him to alter his batting style . When cricket restarted , Hutton resumed his role as one of England 's leading batsmen ; by the time of England 's tour to Australia in 1950 -- 51 , the team relied heavily on his batting and did so for the remainder of his career . As a batsman , Hutton was cautious and built his style on a sound defence . Although capable of attacking strokeplay , both Yorkshire and England depended on him , and awareness of this affected his style . Hutton remains statistically among the best batsmen to have played Test cricket . Hutton captained the England Test team between 1952 and 1955 , although his leadership was at times controversial . He pursued a cautious approach and faced criticism for negativity . Never comfortable in the role , Hutton felt that the former amateur players who administered and governed English cricket did not trust him . In 23 Tests as captain , he won eight Tests and lost four with the others drawn . Worn out by the mental and physical demands of his role , Hutton retired from regular first - class cricket during the 1955 season . Knighted for his contributions to cricket in 1956 , he went on to be a Test selector , a journalist and broadcaster . He also worked as a representative for an engineering firm until retiring from the job in 1984 . Hutton remained involved in cricket , and became president of Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1990 . He died a few months afterwards in September 1990 , aged 74 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career before the Second World War 2.1 First years with Yorkshire 2.2 Test match debut 2.3 Test record score 2.4 Leading batsman 3 Wartime injury and recovery 4 Career after the war 4.1 First tour to Australia 4.2 Series against South Africa and West Indies 4.3 Struggles against pace 4.4 Leading batsman again 4.5 Australia 1950 -- 51 4.6 100th century 5 Captain of England 5.1 Appointment 5.2 Ashes victory 5.3 Captain in the West Indies 5.4 Appointment of Sheppard 5.5 Captain in Australia 5.6 Retirement 6 Style and technique 6.1 Batting 6.2 Captaincy 7 Later life 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Fulneck , where Hutton grew up Hutton was born on 23 June 1916 in the Moravian community of Fulneck , Pudsey , the youngest of five children to Henry Hutton and his wife Lily ( née Swithenbank ) . Many of his family were local cricketers and Hutton soon became immersed in the sport , which he both played and read about with enthusiasm . He practised in the playground of Littlemoor Council School , which he attended from 1921 until 1930 , and at Pudsey St Lawrence Cricket Club , which he joined as a junior . At the age of 12 , he made his first appearance for Pudsey St Lawrence 's second eleven and by 1929 had reached the first team . Locals encouraged him to meet the Yorkshire and England cricketer Herbert Sutcliffe , a neighbour , from whom Hutton received coaching in Sutcliffe 's garden . Sutcliffe was impressed by the young batsman , and commended him to Yorkshire as a good prospect . Following this endorsement , Hutton went to the county 's indoor practice shed at Headingley in February 1930 . George Hirst , a former Yorkshire cricketer responsible for assessing and coaching young players , believed that Hutton 's batting technique was essentially already complete . Bill Bowes , the Yorkshire pace bowler , was equally impressed , and helped Hutton to correct a minor flaw in his technique . Hutton was sufficiently encouraged to decide to attempt a career in professional cricket , but at the prompting of his parents decided to learn a trade as well . During 1930 , he watched the Australian Don Bradman hit 334 not out at Headingley in a Test match , then a record individual score in Tests -- which he himself would surpass eight years later . Later that year , Hutton enrolled at Pudsey Grammar School where he spent a year studying technical drawing and quantitative work before joining his father at a local building firm , Joseph Verity . After becoming a professional cricketer , Hutton continued to work for the company during winter months until 1939 . Career before the second World war ( edit ) First years with Yorkshire ( edit ) Herbert Sutcliffe in 1924 : Sutcliffe recognised Hutton 's potential in Pudsey during 1929 . He later established an opening partnership with Hutton and wrote that his partner was `` a marvel -- the discovery of a generation '' . By 1933 , Hutton was regularly opening the batting for the Pudsey St Lawrence first team in the Bradford Cricket League . By close observation of his opening partner , the former Yorkshire county batsman Edgar Oldroyd , Hutton further developed his batting technique , especially in defence . The local press soon identified Hutton as a player of promise , particularly after he scored a match - winning 108 not out in the Priestley Cup . Senior figures within Yorkshire cricket identified him as a potential successor to Percy Holmes as an opening partner to Sutcliffe ; at this stage in his career , Hutton was also considered a promising leg spin bowler . In the 1933 season Hutton was selected for the Yorkshire Second Eleven . Although he failed to score a run in either of his first two innings , over the season he scored 699 runs at an average of 69.90 . Yorkshire appointed Cyril Turner as Hutton 's mentor ; Hedley Verity and Bowes also offered Hutton guidance in his early career . Hutton made his first - class debut for Yorkshire in 1934 , at the age of 17 the youngest Yorkshire player since Hirst , 45 years earlier . In his first match , against Cambridge University , he was run out for a duck but scored an unbeaten 50 runs in his second match ; he followed this with another half - century against Warwickshire on his County Championship debut . He played regularly for the rest of the season but to prevent his overexposure to Championship cricket , Yorkshire limited his appearances and returned him periodically to the second eleven . In matches for the first team , Hutton shared large first - wicket partnerships with Wilf Barber and with Arthur Mitchell , before scoring his maiden first - class century in an innings of 196 against Worcestershire . At the time , he was the youngest Yorkshire batsman to score a first - class century . He finished the season with a total of 863 runs at an average of 33.19 ; An operation on his nose before the 1935 season delayed Hutton 's appearance on the cricket field that year . Attempting to return too quickly , he endured poor health which limited his subsequent appearances and effectiveness ; by the middle of August he had scored a total of just 73 runs . A century against Middlesex led to run of bigger scores , and his contribution to Yorkshire 's County Championship victory that season was 577 runs at an average in first - class matches of 28.85 . In the winter of 1935 -- 36 Hutton went on his first overseas tour , as Yorkshire visited Jamaica . In the 1936 season he reached 1,000 runs in a season for the first time -- 1,282 runs at an average of 29.81 -- and was awarded his county cap in July . He took part in several large partnerships through the season , including one of 230 with Sutcliffe , although he experienced a sequence of low scores in May and June . Throughout his first seasons , Hutton faced press criticism for his caution and reluctance to play attacking shots . Although regarding him a certain England selection in the future , critics thought Hutton slightly dull and pedestrian . Yorkshire remained unconcerned ; cricket writer Alan Hill believes Hutton 's subsequent success was built on this initial establishment of a defensive technique . His achievements brought limited recognition , owing to the high level of expectation surrounding him . This sense of frustration was heightened by comments from Sutcliffe in 1935 , when he wrote that Hutton was `` a certainty for a place as England 's opening batsman . He is a marvel -- the discovery of a generation ... His technique is that of a maestro . '' Such praise was rare from Sutcliffe , but Hutton found the comments a burden , while others found them embarrassing . Test match debut ( edit ) After Hutton began 1937 with a series of high scores -- including an innings of 271 against Derbyshire , the reigning County Champions , and 153 against Leicestershire two days later when he and Sutcliffe shared a 315 - run opening partnership -- he was chosen to play for England against New Zealand in the first Test match of the season . On 26 June , he made his Test debut at Lord 's Cricket Ground , scoring 0 and 1 . Retaining his place in the England team after scoring centuries for Yorkshire in the following games , he scored his maiden Test hundred on 24 July in the second Test at Old Trafford , Manchester . He batted for three - and - a-half hours to score exactly 100 runs and shared a century opening partnership with Charlie Barnett . Hutton 's remaining two innings in the Test series yielded 14 and 12 , giving him 127 runs at an average of 25.40 . Also in 1937 , Hutton made his first appearance for the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord 's . In total that year he scored 2,888 runs , more than double his previous seasonal best , at an average of 56.62 and including ten centuries . He also recorded the best bowling performance of his career , six wickets for 76 against Leicestershire , altogether taking ten wickets in the match -- the only time he achieved this . His performances that year earned him selection as one of Wisden 's Cricketers of the Year . The citation praised his attitude , technique , fielding and bowling , noting however that some commentators continued to criticise his overcaution . In early matches of the 1938 season , with an Ashes series against Australia pending , Hutton made three centuries and scored 93 not out . Selected for a Test trial , he shared a century opening partnership with Bill Edrich , and was selected for the first Test at Trent Bridge in Nottingham beginning on 28 June . In just over three hours , Hutton scored 100 from 221 deliveries on his Ashes debut , adding 219 with Charlie Barnett for the first wicket . England , in Wally Hammond 's first match as Test captain , posted a total of 658 for eight wickets , but the match was drawn . Hutton failed in the second Test , with two single figure scores in another drawn game . He was generally unsuccessful with the bat in the following weeks , during which the third Test was entirely rained off . Following a sequence of low scores for Yorkshire , Hutton 's finger was broken in a match against Middlesex played on a dangerous pitch at Lord 's . Consequently , he could not play in the fourth Test , played at his home ground , Headingley , in which England were soundly beaten . After missing a month of cricket , Hutton played just two games before his selection for the final Test of the series . Test record score ( edit ) Donald Bradman , whose Ashes record score of 334 Hutton broke in 1938 The last Test was played at The Oval and began on 20 August 1938 . Hammond won the toss on a very good pitch for batting , and after an early wicket fell , Hutton and Maurice Leyland , his Yorkshire teammate , took the score to 347 for one wicket after the first day . Hutton was unbeaten on 160 although Australia missed a chance to dismiss him , stumped , when he had scored 40 . After a rest day , the Yorkshire batsmen took their partnership to 382 before Leyland was out . Hutton then shared substantial partnerships with Hammond and Joe Hardstaff junior , taking his personal score to 300 at the end of the second day , out of a total of 634 for five . In the process he surpassed the previous highest Test score by an England batsman in a home match . Hutton maintained caution throughout ; Wisden commented that his dominance of the bowling had become slightly monotonous after two days , although it recognised his skill . On the third day ( 23 August ) , the Australians made a concerted effort to dismiss Hutton before he broke Bradman 's 1930 record Ashes score of 334 -- the record score in a Test match was Hammond 's 336 not out against New Zealand , but it was compiled against what was perceived as inferior bowling , and Bradman 's total was more prestigious . Although showing nerves as he approached the record , Hutton passed Bradman 's score with a cut off Chuck Fleetwood - Smith , and extended his score to 364 before he was out , caught . Lasting for more than 13 hours , with 847 balls faced , Hutton 's innings was the longest in first - class cricket at the time . It was only the sixth Test of his career . The innings was the highest individual score in a Test until Garfield Sobers scored 365 in 1958 ; in 2016 it remains the 6th highest in Tests and is the most runs scored in an innings by an English player . England eventually scored 903 , the highest team total in a Test at that time , before Hammond declared the innings closed . Australia were bowled out twice and England won by an innings and 579 runs to draw the series with one victory apiece . Commentators mainly praised Hutton 's concentration and stamina ; his slow scoring , particularly when compared to Bradman 's innings of 334 , was excused on the grounds that the Oval match was played without a time limit , and run accumulation was more important than fast scoring . Furthermore , Hammond had instructed Hutton to bat as long as possible . Among views expressed by Test cricketers , Les Ames believed that while Hutton had shown great skill , a combination of a very easy wicket for batting and an unusually weak bowling attack presented an ideal opportunity . Former England captain Bob Wyatt described the innings as one of the greatest feats of concentration and endurance in the history of the game . Some critics expressed distaste at England 's approach , but this opinion was not widely shared . In the aftermath of the innings , Hutton became famous , in constant demand from the public and press who compared him to Bradman. Hutton later described the acclamation he received as one of the worst things that happened to him , not least because expectations were unreasonably high every time he subsequently batted . When the season ended , Hutton had scored 1,874 runs in all matches at an average of 60.45 . Leading batsman ( edit ) From October 1938 , Hutton toured South Africa with the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) -- the name by which England teams toured at the time -- under the captaincy of Hammond ; England won the series 1 -- 0 , with the other four games drawn . He scored centuries in two early matches but in a match against Transvaal , a delivery from Eric Davies knocked him unconscious and forced him to miss the first Test . Unsuccessful on his return in the second Test , Hutton scored a double century in the following tour match , but had another low score in the third Test , which England won . He was more successful in the final Tests . In the fourth , on a difficult pitch for batting , he scored 92 . The final Test was drawn after ten days of play in a supposedly `` timeless '' Test . In a match which set a record aggregate of runs , Hutton scored 38 and 55 but his contributions were overshadowed by the heavy scoring of others . Although Hutton scored 265 runs in the Test series , at an average of 44.16 , critics were disappointed , expecting more after his record innings of 1938 . In all first - class matches , he scored 1,168 runs at an average of 64.88 , the highest aggregate among the tourists , and accumulated five centuries . Spectators found his batting attractive and the Wisden correspondent regarded him the most accomplished batsman on the tour . In its summary of the 1939 season , Wisden noted the development of Hutton into a more exciting batsman to watch , observing that he `` gave further evidence of being one of the world 's greatest batsmen '' . He began to dominate opening partnerships with Sutcliffe , in contrast to prior seasons when he was the junior partner . In total , he scored 2,883 runs , over 400 more than any other batsman and his average of 62.27 placed him second in the national averages behind Hammond . Among his twelve centuries , Hutton scored his highest total for Yorkshire , 280 not out in six hours against Hampshire , sharing an opening partnership of 315 with Sutcliffe . His contributions helped Yorkshire to their third successive Championship . He was also successful in representative matches , scoring 86 for the Players against the Gentlemen , and compiling 480 runs ( averaging 96.00 ) in the Test matches against West Indies . England won the series , after recording victory in the first match and drawing the others . Hutton scored 196 in the first Test , hitting his last 96 runs in 95 minutes ; he and Denis Compton scored 248 runs together in 133 minutes . After low scores in the second Test , Hutton scored 73 and 165 not out in the final game at the Oval . Facing a West Indian lead of 146 , he batted five hours in the second innings , sharing a partnership of 264 with Hammond . He ended his season with a century against Sussex in Yorkshire 's final match before the war ; two days after its conclusion , the Second World War began . Wartime injury and recovery ( edit ) At the beginning of the war , Hutton volunteered for the army and was recruited to the Army Physical Training Corps as a sergeant - instructor . Although no first - class cricket was played during the war , league and charity cricket matches continued and Hutton played several high - profile matches in 1940 . But in March 1941 , his future in cricket was threatened by a serious injury . On the last day of a commando training course in York , Hutton fell in the gymnasium when a mat slipped from under him . He suffered a fractured left forearm and dislocated his ulna at the wrist . By the summer , surgery and rest initially looked to have repaired the injury ; Hutton returned to his unit and resumed cricket , scoring a century in one game . However , he began to suffer increasing pain and underwent more surgery to graft bone from his legs onto the injured arm . A first operation failed , but the second attempt at the end of 1941 eventually proved successful . The surgery left him with a left arm almost two inches shorter than the right . He was discharged from the army in the summer of 1942 and , after a period of recovery , began work as a civilian for the Royal Engineers , inspecting the condition of government - owned properties . Hutton 's recovery and return to cricket was closely followed by the wartime press , which kept track of many pre-war cricketers . Hutton resumed professional cricket with Pudsey St Lawrence in 1943 , briefly captaining the team before poor results and a disagreement with the committee led him to resign the captaincy . He played for Pudsey until 1945 , batting successfully and helping the team to the Priestley Cup , but his relationship with the club remained strained and he did not play for them again after 1945 . When the war ended in 1945 , a programme of first - class matches was organised , involving counties and other teams . A series of matches was played between England and an Australian Services cricket team , called Victory Tests although they were not official Test matches . Hutton played in all three games with mixed success . He scored 46 in the second match , but was struck painfully on his weak arm by a short ball from Keith Miller , whom he encountered for the first time . After scoring 81 for Yorkshire against the Australian team , Hutton scored 104 and 69 in the final `` Test '' . Another century followed for Yorkshire against the Australians , taking his first - class run aggregate to 782 runs at an average of 48.87 in nine games . Commentators were satisfied that his batting technique remained effective and that he could still succeed at the highest level . The showpiece match of the season was England against the Dominions at Lord 's , but Hutton was prevented from appearing by his commitments to Pudsey . Career after the war ( edit ) First tour to Australia ( edit ) County cricket fully resumed in 1946 . Hutton was troubled by his injury ; his wrists no longer rotated fully and he abandoned the hook shot . Nevertheless , he scored 1,552 runs at an average of 48.50 , and was recognised by Wisden as Yorkshire 's most effective batsman as the county won their fourth consecutive championship title . His four centuries included 183 not out against the touring Indian team , but he was less successful in the three Tests , scoring 123 runs at an average of 30.75 . England won the series 1 -- 0 but Hutton 's only fifty was a defensive innings in the second Test , when he was troubled by a bad back . He was omitted from the Gentlemen and Players match , but was part of the MCC team touring party for the 1946 -- 47 tour of Australia . The MCC were reluctant to tour so soon after the war , but the Australian authorities were insistent . The tourists , led once more by Wally Hammond , were beaten 3 -- 0 in the Test series , finding their opponents much stronger than expected . Hutton began the tour well , scoring two early centuries , the latter of which was described by Wisden as the best English innings of the tour . A string of other good performances drew praise from press and former players ; one such report named him the best batsman in the world . However , Hutton failed to reach a score of 50 runs in the first three Tests ; in the first , he was out for a first ball duck , and in the second , a short ball from Keith Miller struck him on his injured arm . In the second innings of the latter game , he quickly scored 37 , frequently driving the bowling of Miller and Fred Freer before the bat slipped from his hand and hit the wicket , ending the innings . Even so , the display was praised by critics . In the final two Tests , Hutton shared three consecutive century opening partnerships with Cyril Washbrook . A four - hour 94 in the first innings was followed by 76 in the second . Press opinion was divided over Hutton 's performance ; some critics , including the Australian bowlers , detected insecurity against fast bowling , particularly the bouncers with which Ray Lindwall and Miller targeted him . Hutton 's preferred tactic of ducking under the ball reinforced the impression that he was afraid . In the final Test , Hutton scored a century , batting through the first day to score 122 not out , his first Test century in Australia , despite another barrage from Lindwall and Miller . The Sydney Morning Herald criticised the high number of short balls bowled by the Australian pacemen , bowled at Hutton as often as three times per over . After the second day was rained off , Hutton was taken ill overnight with tonsillitis , missed the remainder of the match and flew home soon after . In all first - class matches on tour , Hutton scored 1,267 runs at an average of 70.38 , while in the Tests , he managed 417 runs at an average of 52.12 ; he topped both sets of averages . Wisden noted that it took him time to find form in the Tests , but that he often batted well despite ill health . Bill Bowes , covering the tour as a journalist , believed that Hutton was unable to master bowling faster than he had encountered for eight years , but acquitted himself reasonably well . Series against South Africa and West Indies ( edit ) Hutton 's tonsils were removed before the start of the 1947 season but his poor health continued , forcing him to miss some games at the start of the season . Nevertheless , his form remained good and he scored four centuries in early matches . Yorkshire dropped to equal seventh in the County Championship , affected by the retirement of key players and the frequent loss of Hutton to representative cricket . In the Test matches Hutton did not initially score heavily . His highest innings after three Tests was only 24 runs , and critics called his place into question . He returned to form during the fourth Test , his first at Headingley , with a four - and - a-half - hour century on a difficult pitch for batting . Hutton scored 83 and 36 in the drawn final Test , and England won the series 3 -- 0 with the other two games drawn . Hutton hit 344 runs in the Test series at an average of 44.00 ; in all first - class matches , he scored eleven centuries and totalled 2,585 runs at an average 64.62 , although his achievements that season were overshadowed by those of Denis Compton and Bill Edrich , who both broke the previous record for most runs scored in a season . After 16 months of continuous cricket , Hutton chose to miss the 1947 -- 48 winter MCC tour of the West Indies . However , injuries severely affected that team , and its captain Gubby Allen requested reinforcements . Subsequently , Hutton flew out to join the tour ; Immediately after he arrived , having travelled for four days , Hutton played against British Guiana , scoring 138 and 62 not out , before appearing in the third Test . After a century against Jamaica , Hutton played innings of 56 and 60 in the fourth and final Test , giving him 171 runs at an average of 42.75 in the series . He came top of the first - class averages for the tourists , with 578 runs at an average of 64.22 , and was judged by Wisden as one of the few batting successes in a team which lost the four - Test series 2 -- 0 and failed to win a single match on tour . Struggles against pace ( edit ) During 1948 , Hutton scored heavily for Yorkshire . Despite missing more than half the County Championship matches , he scored more runs at a better average than anyone else in the side . In county matches , Hutton averaged 92.05 and scored eight centuries . Some Yorkshire critics expressed concern at the team 's dependence on Hutton and the poor performance of other batsmen. Hutton 's main challenge that season came from the Australian side which toured England undefeated and won the Test series 4 -- 0 . In the early part of the tour , the Australians , and particularly the pace bowlers Lindwall and Miller , tried to shake Hutton 's confidence by targeting him . Although Hutton failed on a difficult pitch in Yorkshire 's match against the tourists , he was the only successful batsman against them when he appeared for MCC shortly after . Hutton was selected for the first Test , but England were overwhelmed by the Australian fast bowlers and lost the match . After a failure in the first innings , Hutton scored 74 in the second , and briefly established dominance over Miller , who responded with a series of bouncers , one of which struck Hutton on the shoulder and provoked an angry reaction from the crowd . Miller bowled him in very poor light at the start of the fourth day 's play . At Lord 's in the second Test , also lost by England , Hutton scored 20 and 13 , but of more concern to critics was the manner in which he batted . In the second innings , England had to bat for a long time to save the game , Wisden noted that Hutton , in contrast to his opening partner Washbrook , looked `` plainly uncomfortable '' . He was nearly dismissed several times before he was out for 13 , and returned to the pavilion to an uncomfortable silence from the crowd . The former Australian batsman Jack Fingleton , covering the tour as a journalist , described it as Hutton 's worst effort in a Test . Bill O'Reilly , another former Australian player working as a journalist , said Hutton seemed to be struggling with concentration and was a shadow of his former self . Following his struggles at Lord 's , Hutton was omitted from the team for the third Test . Observers had noticed Hutton backing away from the fast bowlers , which the English selectors saw as a poor example from a leading batsman . The decision generated considerable acrimony , but surprised and pleased the Australians , who felt Hutton was their most formidable opponent with the bat . Press and critics generally judged the omission a mistake , although the Wisden correspondent believed the decision to be correct as Hutton benefited from a break . In later years , Norman Yardley , the England captain , agreed that the choice was a poor one . Hutton , who escaped most of the debate by playing in Scotland for Yorkshire , found the situation unsettling and Patrick Murphy , a sports journalist , writes that it `` served to drive a reserved man further in on himself . '' Meanwhile , Hutton was chosen to captain the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord 's ; he scored 59 and 132 not out . Recalled to the England team for the fourth Test at Headingley , Hutton scored 81 and 57 . Given an excellent reception by his home crowd , he shared a century opening partnership with Washbrook in both innings , the second time they had accomplished this feat . Critics considered Hutton to be a better batsmen when he returned and that these innings repaired his damaged reputation . Australia needed 404 to win on a pitch favouring spin , but the poor performances of the main bowlers allowed Australia to record a seven wicket win described by Wisden as `` astonishing '' . Hutton 's contribution to the second Australian innings was to bowl four overs and concede 30 runs . Australia 's dominance in the series was sealed by a crushing win in the fifth Test . England were bowled out for 52 runs in the first innings , of which Hutton scored 30 before being last out to an exceptional catch down the leg side from wicketkeeper Don Tallon . Wisden described Hutton as `` the one exception to complete failure '' , while other critics noted he always looked comfortable . Facing a huge deficit in their second innings , England were bowled out for 188 . Hutton scored 64 , playing a similar defensive role to his first innings . In the Test series , Hutton scored 342 runs at an average of 42.75 . In all first - class matches , he reached 2,654 runs at an average of 64.73 . Leading batsman again ( edit ) Hutton toured South Africa in the winter of 1948 -- 49 with the MCC under the captaincy of George Mann . Wisden described Hutton 's tour as a succession of triumphs until he tired at the end : `` Hutton 's driving aroused the greatest admiration , but all his strokes were stamped with the hallmark of class . '' Before the Test matches began , Hutton scored three centuries and then contributed 83 as England won the first Test . The next three Tests were drawn . In the second match , Hutton and Washbrook set a new Test match record opening partnership . In easy batting conditions , they shared 359 runs on the first day before Hutton was out for 158 after almost five hours batting . In more favourable bowling conditions in the third Test , Hutton scored 41 and 87 , followed by 123 in the fourth game which settled England 's second innings at a dangerous time . England won the final game to take the series 2 -- 0 , and Hutton finished the Test series with 577 runs at an average of 64.11 , while in all first - class matches he recorded 1,477 runs at an average of 73.85 . The most successful season of Hutton 's career in terms of runs scored was 1949 ; he scored 3,429 runs at an average of 68.58 , the fourth highest aggregate of runs in an English season . In both June and August he scored over 1,000 runs ; his 1,294 runs in June was a record for a single month and only Herbert Sutcliffe had previously passed 1,000 runs for a calendar month twice in a season . He scored a double century against Lancashire , only the second for a Yorkshire batsman in the fixture . With Hutton available for more matches than in the previous few seasons , Yorkshire shared the County Championship with Middlesex , their last success until 1959 . In the four Test matches against the touring New Zealanders , all of which were drawn , Hutton scored 469 runs at an average of 78.16 . He scored 101 in the first Test , and fifties in the second and third matches , before ending the series with an innings of 206 in the fourth Test , in which the second hundred runs took only 85 minutes . Hutton scored 2,049 runs at an average of 56.91 in the 1950 season . Batting effectively on a succession of early season rain - affected wickets , Hutton frequently top - scored for Yorkshire . Hutton 's benefit match against Middlesex was affected by rain , but other events , collections and insurance for loss of play gave Hutton £ 9,713 , a record at that point for a Yorkshire cricketer . Two - thirds of the amount was invested on Hutton 's behalf by the Yorkshire committee , following their usual practice ; Hutton resented this paternalism from the committee , particularly as he did not receive the full amount until 1972 . Hutton played in three of the four Tests against West Indies . In the first Test , hampered by a finger injury , he scored 39 and 45 as England recorded their only victory of the series . The West Indies won the second Test , their first Test victory in England , and won the final two Tests to take the series 3 -- 1 ; Hutton missed the third Test with lumbago but in the fourth Test scored 202 not out , carrying his bat through England 's first innings . The West Indian spinners Sonny Ramadhin and Alf Valentine caused difficulties for all the batsmen except Hutton , who always appeared comfortable . Wisden praised his effort as unforgettable . Australia 1950 -- 51 ( edit ) Freddie Brown , who led the MCC team in Australia in 1950 -- 51 , was Hutton 's predecessor as England captain . Hutton was chosen to go on the MCC tour of Australia in 1950 -- 51 , under the captaincy of the amateur Freddie Brown . The latter was an unexpected choice as captain , after a struggle to find a suitable amateur for the role . As a compromise aimed at critics who favoured the appointment of a professional captain , the professional Denis Compton was made vice-captain , but Brown came to rely more on Hutton than on Compton for advice . The tour selectors , in an attempt to strengthen the batting line - up , asked Hutton to bat in the middle order rather than his usual position as opener . He batted well in the early games but the team struggled . In the first Test , England dismissed Australia for 228 before rain made the pitch difficult for batting . In reply , England collapsed to 68 for seven before Brown declared to make Australia bat again while the pitch was still treacherous . Australia in turn struggled to 32 for seven , before declaring to leave England needing 193 to win . By the end of the third day 's play , victory seemed unlikely as England were 30 for six . Next morning on a slightly easier pitch , Hutton scored 62 not out , an innings which was widely acclaimed in the press . Wisden observed that he had `` given yet another exhibition of his wonderful batsmanship on tricky turf ... Hutton thrashed the fast bowlers majestically and played the turning or lifting ball with the ease of a master craftsman . '' However , the team were bowled out for 122 and Australia won by 70 runs . Hutton remained in the middle order for the second Test , which England lost by 28 runs , but resumed his role as opener for the rest of the tour and scored a century in the following state game . Hutton scored 62 in the third Test , but the Australian spinner Jack Iverson , who caused the touring batsmen huge problems all series , bowled Australia to victory . Hutton 's form continued in the fourth Test as he carried his bat for the second time in six months . Wisden observed : `` Against Hutton the bowling looked almost mediocre , but most of the other batsmen made it appear lethal . '' He scored 156 not out and added 45 more runs in the second innings , but Australian won by 274 runs . With the series lost , England won the final game , their first victory over Australia since the war and Australia 's first defeat in 26 matches ; Hutton contributed scores of 79 and 60 not out and struck the winning run . Hutton scored 553 Test runs at an average of 88.83 , and in all first - class matches accumulated 1,199 runs with five centuries and an average of 70.52 . In contrast to his previous Australian tour , Hutton played the short ball comfortably . Reviewing the tour , Wisden stated , `` With Hutton , figures did not lie . He stood head and shoulders above every other batsman and , taking all factors into consideration , worthily earned the description of the finest present - day batsman in the world . '' 100th century ( edit ) Hutton scored 2,145 runs in 1951 with nine centuries , including his 100th in first - class cricket . The South Africans toured England , losing the Test series 3 -- 1 . After Hutton scored fifty in the first Test , which was won by South Africa , his 100th century almost came during the third Test , when he scored an unbeaten 98 in the second innings to take England to victory . But the innings provoked controversy when Hutton 's team - mates seemed to decline easy runs to allow Hutton the opportunity to reach his hundred before the end of the match , thereby jeopardising England 's chances of victory in unsettled weather . The 100th century came a week later , against Surrey , when Hutton became the thirteenth player to achieve the landmark . He followed this immediately with 194 not out against Nottinghamshire and 100 , in the drawn fourth Test at Headlingley . In the final Test , which England won to take the series , Hutton became the first man in Tests , and only the fourth in all first - class cricket , to be given out obstructing the field : he edged a ball in the air and legitimately knocked it away from his wickets with his bat ; in doing so , he prevented a catch being taken and was given out . This remains the only such instance in Tests. Hutton ended the Test series with 378 runs at an average of 54.00 . Late in the season , he scored a century against Gloucestershire to become the second Yorkshire player after Sutcliffe to complete centuries against the other 16 first - class counties . Captain of England ( edit ) Main article : Len Hutton as England captain Appointment ( edit ) Brown 's resignation from the captaincy of England at the end of 1951 left no obvious replacement candidate . Traditionally , captains in county or Test cricket were amateurs , who usually came from privileged backgrounds , in contrast to professionals , who often came from the working classes . Consequently , class distinction pervaded cricket which was organised and administered by former and current amateurs , many of whom reasoned that professionals would not make good captains owing to their worries over safeguarding their contracts or concerns about affecting the livelihoods of other professionals . In 1952 , the selectors judged that none of the serving amateur county captains possessed the required ability or experience to fill the role of England captain . Consequently , the selectors decided to radically depart from tradition and appoint a professional captain . All previous England captains in home Test matches had been amateurs , and no professional had captained England in any match in the 20th century . But , as widely anticipated by the press , Hutton was appointed to captain England in the first Test of a four - match series against the 1952 Indian tourists . He harboured private doubts whether the cricket establishment would accept a professional captain , but declined to turn amateur , as Wally Hammond had done in 1938 . The decision met with broad approval from the press , and the editor of Wisden wrote : `` In breaking with tradition and choosing a professional as captain the Selection Committee made a vital decision in the interests of England , because it should mean that in future no man will be picked as leader unless he is worth a place in the side . '' Hutton had not expected to be asked and had thought an amateur would have been appointed as usual . He presumed his appointment was an interim measure until a more suitable candidate could be found . Before his home crowd at Headingley , Hutton 's first match as captain was a success , although his tactics were cautious . The Wisden correspondent wrote : `` For Hutton the match was a personal triumph . Tradition had been broken ... and he must have known that the eyes of the world were upon him . He did not falter and his astute leadership earned him many admirers '' . England won comfortably , although Hutton failed with the bat . In the second Test , Hutton scored 150 out of a total of 537 , and although cautious once more , the Wisden editor believed his captaincy helped to secure a win . Following this match , the selectors appointed Hutton captain for the rest of the series . In the final two Tests , Hutton scored 104 and 86 and his bowlers dominated the Indian batsmen . The drawn final Test was ruined by weather , but England won the four match series 3 -- 0 , and Hutton scored 399 runs at an average of 79.80 ; in the whole summer he scored 2,567 first - class runs at an average of 61.11 with eleven centuries . Ashes victory ( edit ) During the 1953 season , Australia toured England having held the Ashes since 1934 but critics considered England to have a good chance of winning the series . Hutton was retained as England captain initially on a match - by - match basis . His health was uncertain and he was troubled by fibrositis which restricted his movement and adversely affected his fielding . He top - scored in both England innings with 43 and 60 not out in the drawn first Test , and batted effectively for Yorkshire against the Australians . After dropping three catches in Australia 's first innings in the second Test , Hutton scored 145 runs in his first innings . However , he was dismissed early in the second innings ; England managed to draw the match , but Hutton faced press criticism for his cautious tactics . Rain prevented a result in the third Test , but Hutton scored 66 and his tactics were praised . After the match , he was confirmed as captain for the remainder of the series , and the forthcoming MCC winter tour of West Indies . The fourth Test , in front of Hutton 's home crowd , was his least successful of the series . He was bowled second ball by a yorker from Lindwall and England struggled to remain competitive throughout the match . In the fourth innings of the game , Australia needed 177 runs to win , with 115 minutes of play remaining . Hutton used Trevor Bailey to bowl negatively and slow Australia down ; his tactics , including time - wasting and the use of leg theory , meant Australia could not score the runs in the available time and the match was drawn . It is possible that the idea came from Bailey himself , but the Australian press criticised Hutton for his negativity . In contrast , English critics believed the tactics were justified . Amid great public interest for the deciding fifth Test , Hutton lost his fifth successive toss but replying to Australia 's first innings of 275 , England established a narrow first - innings lead . Surviving an early scare when a bouncer from Lindwall nearly knocked his cap onto his wickets , Hutton scored 82 . In reply , Australia collapsed before the England spinners and England scored the necessary 132 runs to win their first series against Australia since 1932 -- 33 and their first such home series win since 1926 . Wisden praised Hutton 's strategy and tactical sense , and he was widely acclaimed in the press , particularly for the good spirit which he and Hassett , the Australian captain , maintained . Hutton scored 443 runs at an average of 55.37 in the Tests , but found it mentally tiring to lead England . Meanwhile , some Yorkshire observers felt he should do more to improve discipline at the county . In the whole summer , he scored 2,458 runs at an average of 63.02 . Captain in the West Indies ( edit ) In the winter of 1953 -- 54 , Hutton led the MCC on a tour of West Indies . Before the team left England , critics queried his appointment , arguing that a professional captain was unsuitable to lead a tour . Hutton 's authority was also compromised by the MCC , who did not give him the tour manager he requested ; instead , they appointed the inexperienced Charles Palmer , the Leicestershire captain , who had already been selected as a player on the tour . Palmer 's dual role as player and manager blurred the lines of command . Hutton also found some of the professionals in the team to be difficult to lead , particularly Godfrey Evans , and Fred Trueman . Off - field events often overshadowed the cricket . Amid growing independence movements in the region , Hutton believed his team was used as a political instrument to support colonial rule . The situation was further inflamed as journalists and English residents in the Caribbean placed great emphasis on an English victory , and the perception was that the series would establish the unofficial world champions . The standards of local umpiring were a further source of controversy . The crowds often made noisy protests about on - field events , often related to umpiring . The climax came in the third Test when missiles were thrown onto the outfield when the umpire judged Cliff McWatt was out ; Hutton kept his team and the umpires on the field , possibly defusing a dangerous situation . The attitude of some English players inflamed feelings , either through a perceived lack of courtesy , or their negative reactions to events on the field . Some critics held Hutton responsible for this , but the editor of Wisden later wrote : `` ( Hutton ) was involved in the most thankless task any cricket captain has undertaken when he went to West Indies . Instead of finding a friendly cricket atmosphere he and his players were subjected to the impact of deep political and racial feeling -- an experience all of them wish to forget . A few members of the team did not hide their innermost feelings , with the result that Hutton came under severe criticism , although his behaviour was blameless . '' Hutton wanted to exploit what he saw as a West Indian weakness against pace , picking four fast bowlers for the first Test . In doing so , he misjudged the pitch ; West Indies made a large score and won by 140 runs . Both captains employed time - wasting tactics in the match , and used negative leg theory bowling , outside leg stump . In the second Test , Hutton scored 72 and 77 but could not prevent another defeat after losing his seventh consecutive toss in Tests . England batted slowly throughout ; Hutton was himself barracked for his slow , defensive batting during the match . England won the third Test by nine wickets , their first victory in the Caribbean since 1935 . Hutton , who finally won the toss , scored 169 in seven hours and West Indies were bowled out twice . After a drawn fourth Test , England had to win the final Test to draw the series . Hutton lost the toss but his bowlers dismissed West Indies cheaply in good batting conditions . Hutton then batted for almost nine hours to score 205 , his nineteenth and final Test century . Wisden observed that `` For concentration and control , Hutton 's innings ... scarcely could have been excelled . '' The innings ended amid another controversy when local officials and journalists accused Hutton of snubbing the congratulations of the Chief Minister Alexander Bustamante during a tea interval . Hutton apologised , not having noticed Bustamante speaking to him , but was dismissed immediately when play resumed ; the incident was prominently reported the following day . England 's bowlers bowled out West Indies a second time and England scored the required runs to record a series - levelling victory , West Indies ' first defeat in Jamaica in a Test . In its summary of the tour , Wisden said that Hutton showed mastery over every bowler . The correspondent wrote , `` From first to last no batsman compared with Hutton ... Considering the weight of his many responsibilities and worries , Hutton played magnificent cricket '' . The press were generally supportive despite reservations over his caution . Swanton and Alan Gibson later credited England 's recovery in the series to Hutton 's batting and leadership . In five Tests , he scored 677 runs -- his largest aggregate in a series -- at an average of 96.71 , the highest on either side . In all first - class matches , he made 780 runs at an average of 78.00 . Appointment of Sheppard ( edit ) Hutton missed large parts of the 1954 season on medical advice , suffering from mental and physical exhaustion brought about by the West Indian tour . He played in the first Test against Pakistan , on their first tour of England , scored a duck and missed the next two matches . In Hutton 's absence , the selectors appointed the amateur David Sheppard , a theology student at the time ; Sheppard achieved little batting success , but England won the two Tests in which he was captain . According to Wisden editor Norman Preston , influential figures within the cricket hierarchy blamed Hutton for the previous winter 's events and attempted to replace him as captain . Two former England cricketers , Errol Holmes and Walter Robins , the latter also a selector that year , favoured Sheppard over Hutton and persuaded him to offer his candidacy to captain the MCC in Australia that winter . Sheppard indicated he would accept the post and take a leave of absence from his studies if required . The press speculated that Hutton would step aside , but most newspapers favoured his continued leadership and ran stories alleging MCC prejudice against professional cricketers . Neither Hutton nor Sheppard publicly expressed an opinion , although Hutton informed the MCC he would tour Australia as captain or player as required , and both men remained on good personal terms throughout . Robins , seeing the strength of opinion , backed down . When Hutton returned to cricket in July , scoring two centuries , he was appointed captain of the MCC for the winter tour . Returning to captain a slightly weakened team for the fourth and final Test , Hutton failed with the bat , and Pakistan recorded their first Test victory . In his three Test innings of the season , Hutton scored just 19 runs . Owing to his reduced appearances , Hutton failed to reach 1,000 first - class runs for the first time since 1936 , reaching 912 runs at an average of 35.07 . Captain in Australia ( edit ) Main article : English cricket team in Australia in 1954 -- 55 Expectations before the Australian tour were low after the confusion of the 1954 summer and some controversial selections . Trueman , Jim Laker and Tony Lock , part of the winning 1953 team , were omitted ; Colin Cowdrey and Vic Wilson were included . Hutton further downplayed his team 's chances through exaggerating its inexperience to the Australian press ; newspapers were already sympathetic to Hutton as a professional captain of a class - driven country . The team began the tour well . Hutton made a series of good scores in the opening games . But for the first Test , Hutton did not include a spinner in the team and chose to bowl on winning the toss , an unusual strategy in Australia . The home side scored 601 , England dropped 12 catches and , with the key players Evans and Compton injured , lost by an innings ; the press blamed Hutton for choosing to bowl . Despite the result , Hutton saw potential in Frank Tyson 's bowling and arranged for Alf Gover , a respected coach who was in Australia as a journalist , to improve and shorten Tyson 's run to the wicket . For the second Test , Hutton left out the unfit Alec Bedser , England 's most reliable bowler since the war , to include two spinners , but in a low - scoring game , Tyson made the difference and England won by 38 runs . Hutton was unwell before the third Test , suffering from fibrositis and a heavy cold , and had to be persuaded out of bed by members of his team . He decided to play at the last minute and unexpectedly left out Bedser again , although he was fit to play . Hutton neglected to inform Bedser , who only learned of his omission when he saw the team list displayed in the dressing room before the match . Hutton contributed few runs , but Cowdrey and Peter May made large scores and Tyson took seven wickets as Australia were bowled out for 111 in their second innings , giving England a 128 - run victory . The fourth Test was crucial , and Hutton 's innings of 80 runs in four - and - a-half hours was the highest of the game . Wisden believed Hutton 's tactics were instrumental in giving his team the upper hand , and in the final innings , England needed 94 to win and retain the Ashes . Early wickets , including Hutton 's , fell to Miller , and when the captain returned to the dressing room , he said that Miller had `` done us again . '' Compton , the next man in , replied `` I have n't been in yet '' , and stayed at the wicket until the match was won by five wickets . Many commentators viewed this as a sign that Hutton 's reserve had slipped in the critical situation , but Alan Gibson believes it was a deliberate ploy to inspire Compton . England went on to draw the final Test in a match ruined by rain . Hutton was out to the fourth ball of the match , but Australia were forced to follow on for the first time by England since 1938 , and Hutton took a wicket with the last ball of the match before time ran out . This ended the series , which England won 3 -- 1 . Hutton 's tactical approach in the series was praised by Australian and English commentators ; they noted how Hutton observed his opponents carefully to spot weaknesses . His caution was criticised , but the main complaint was that he deliberately slowed the speed of play , reducing the number of overs bowled , allowing the fast bowlers to rest and restricting the rate at which Australia scored . With the bat , Hutton scored 220 runs in Tests at an average of 24.44 . In all first - class matches in Australia , he scored 959 runs at 50.47 . The tour ended with two Tests in New Zealand ; England won the first by eight wickets , and the second by an innings and 20 runs . New Zealand were bowled out for 26 in their second innings , which , in 2016 , remains the lowest Test score . In the latter match , Hutton scored 53 batting at number five in his final Test innings . He had played in 79 Test matches , scoring 6,971 runs at an average of 56.67 with 19 hundreds . As England captain in 23 matches , he won eight Tests and lost four , and along with Percy Chapman was the only England captain to win consecutive series against Australia . Retirement ( edit ) On Hutton 's return to England , he was made an honorary member of the MCC , which changed its rules to allow a current professional to join the club . The selectors appointed him England captain for the entire forthcoming series against South Africa , a rare indication of confidence . After a poor start to the season , Hutton captained MCC against the tourists , but withdrew from the final day of the match with lumbago . His uncertain health led him to resign the England captaincy . The selectors made Peter May captain in his place and appointed Hutton as a selector. Hutton played for Yorkshire until the end of June . Against Nottinghamshire , he scored 194 in five hours , his final first - class century . His last 100 runs came in an hour . After the following match , his back was too painful to continue and he did not play again that season . In eleven first - class matches , he scored 537 runs at an average of 29.83 . In June , he was knighted for services to cricket . Following the advice of a specialist , Hutton announced his retirement from first - class cricket in January 1956 . He was 39 , an early retirement age for the period . He played one further match in 1957 for MCC against Lancashire , and two matches in 1960 for MCC and L.C. Stevens ' XI . In all first - class cricket , he scored 40,140 runs at an average of 55.51 with 129 hundreds . Style and technique ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Wisden viewed Hutton , with Jack Hobbs , as `` one of the two most accomplished professional batsmen to have played for his country '' , and following the Second World War , critics regarded him as the best batsman in the world . In October 2010 , he was chosen as part of the ESPNCricinfo All - time World XI , a team selected by a panel of respected commentators and cricket writers to represent the greatest cricketers of all time . As part of the same process , he was also chosen in England 's greatest team . The official Yorkshire history describes him as `` technically and aesthetically the best batsman to play for Yorkshire '' . E.W. Swanton believed that if Hobbs was the greatest professional batsman , Hutton , along with Hammond and Compton , came next . Hutton was more cautious than these others . Following the lead of Herbert Sutcliffe , he saw the role of an opening batsman as defensive . The basis of his game was a good defensive technique , although he was able to accelerate and play attacking shots when the situation demanded . Cricket historian David Frith believes that `` there was an apparent touch of genius about his batsmanship '' , and Alan Gibson described Hutton 's off drive as `` the glory of the game . '' He was particularly effective on difficult batting pitches . Of the next generation of England batsmen , Peter May tried to adopt Hutton 's mental approach to both batting and captaincy , while Colin Cowdrey later said `` I had tried to model myself on Len Hutton ever since I started playing serious cricket . '' Statistically , Hutton stands near the highest achievers . When he retired , only two men had scored more than his 6,971 Test runs ; his average of 56.67 is seventh highest of those who played at least fifty Test matches , as of 2016 , while only Sutcliffe has a higher average among openers who scored over 4,000 runs . He also displayed consistency ; his annual average only fell below 50 three times , he averaged over 50 each year from 1947 to 1954 and scored 20 or more in 90 of his 138 innings . Hutton 's batting technique was orthodox and conventional . John Woodcock writes that he seemed to possess great intuition , for example playing mystery spinners Ramadhin and Iverson with ease . His batting stance was relaxed and still , his first movement being to slide his right foot back and across towards middle stump . He often played the ball off the back foot , getting right back onto his stumps , but never played as far forward , preferring to let the ball come to him and play it late . Occasionally , he left a slight gap between his bat and pads , meaning he was sometimes bowled through it when out of form . This arose mainly through the wartime injury to his arm and by 1950 he had adjusted his technique to compensate and had fewer problems . Immediately before the war , Hutton batted in a more attacking style and several of his contemporaries remembered his attractive strokeplay . By his own admission , Hutton was not the same player after the war . A combination of the effects of his injury and the responsibility of opening the batting in generally weak Yorkshire and England teams , whose success often depended on Hutton , meant that he batted cautiously . Hutton only played attacking shots when they presented no risk , and he rarely lifted the ball in the air ; he hit just seven sixes in Test matches . However , Patrick Murphy writes : `` Just now and again he would play an innings of genius , when bowlers could not contain him . '' One such innings was his score of 37 in the second Test of 1946 -- 47 in which the attacking shots he played reminded older spectators of Victor Trumper , regarded as the ultimate Australian strokeplayer . In all his innings , he was expert at hitting the ball just out of the reach of fieldsmen to allow runs to be taken . Several of his contemporaries believed he did not get enough credit for surviving the short - pitched attacks of the Australian bowlers following the war . Captaincy ( edit ) Achievement and fulfilment were all - in - all to Hutton ... His cricket was never meant to be a joyride , yet he was not a joyless man without humour . His own brand was never far away and might be seen in the twinkle in his blue eyes , a warm smile , in his delphic utterances and enigmatic remarks . `` '' Gerald Howat in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography As captain , Hutton believed that the key to success was a strong pace attack , stemming from his experiences against Lindwall and Miller , which influenced his selection of several promising fast bowlers . His natural inclination and the background to his appointment made him a cautious captain , for example slowing down the game to allow the fast bowlers to rest , which set a precedent for other captains . Tactically , Norman Yardley found him `` sound rather than venturesome '' . Run saving was his main priority , but during matches , he quickly adjusted his approach to attack the weakness of particular batsmen . Jim Kilburn believed that Hutton pursued a serious approach to all matches , to the point where he missed some enjoyment of the game . Kilburn wrote that the `` outstanding characteristic of his captaincy was shrewdness . He made no romantic gestures ; he lit no fires of inspiration . He invited admiration rather than affection and would have exchanged either or both for effective obedience . '' Some of his selections as captain were widely debated . Following incidents in the Caribbean , Trueman did not play for England again under Hutton 's captaincy , although he was still regarded as an England prospect . Jim Laker was also omitted from the team , possibly because Hutton doubted Laker 's commitment . Both Jim McConnon , Laker 's replacement , and Vic Wilson were controversial choices for the 1954 -- 55 Australian tour , whose selections Trevor Bailey attributed to Hutton ; neither played a substantial role on the tour . A poor communicator , Hutton distanced himself from his team when a stronger lead was required . Trueman and Bailey thought Hutton found it hard to talk to his players : amateur critics considered this an inevitable consequence of a professional leading other professionals . On the other hand , Hutton played a key role in the development of fast bowlers Trueman , Tyson and Brian Statham . Tyson and Statham later acknowledged his advice and encouragement as factor in their subsequent success . Cowdrey also acknowledged Hutton 's advice and assistance when the former began his career . Furthermore , on the 1954 -- 55 tour of Australia , Hutton took a close interest in him and was a particular comfort when Cowdrey 's father died during the tour . Cricket followers from the south of England remained slightly distrustful of Hutton owing to the perception that he occasionally carried professionalism to excess . When he was appointed England captain , many in the cricketing establishment held his professionalism against him with the result that Hutton never felt comfortable dealing with the amateurs who ran English cricket at the time . While captain , he was criticised for caution and negativity but also was expected to lead a successful team at a time when results began to assume a far greater importance than in previous years . Consequently , Hutton never felt secure in the position and was often uncomfortable around the amateur establishment . Like Herbert Sutcliffe , he attempted to alter his accent to match that of leading southern amateurs to help him to fit in . But he did not enjoy the attention that went with the captaincy , and he often worried about the impression he was making . Hutton rarely captained Yorkshire , except in the absence of the official captain , through a combination of poor health , frequent absences with England and the presence of the amateur Norman Yardley in the side . Yardley claimed several times that he would have stood down in Hutton 's favour , but the committee remained distrustful of professional captaincy and thought Hutton a hypochondriac who used his health as an excuse not to play . Hutton was a reserved man for whom the Yorkshire dressing room clashes of the 1950s held little appeal . As the side 's senior professional , he did not always provide the guidance which younger players in the side were seeking . The team was divided and the players frequently clashed with each other ; some critics believe this was a factor in the county 's failure to win the County Championship in the 1950s . Ray Illingworth , a player at the time , believes that Hutton was the only man who could have changed the negative attitude around the team , but `` he did n't do anything about it '' . Illingworth recalled that he was a `` distant hero '' , saying : `` He was a funny man was Len -- slightly sarcastic all the time . He 'd hear an argument in the dressing room and he 'd throw a bit of wood on the fire to keep it going . He looked after himself , he was very much of a loner . '' Later life ( edit ) Hutton married Dorothy Mary Dennis , the sister of former Yorkshire cricketer Frank Dennis , on 16 September 1939 at Wykeham near Scarborough ; they met at an end - of - season dance which Dorothy had attended with her brother . They had two sons : Richard , who later played cricket for Yorkshire and England , in 1942 , and John in 1947 . During and after the war , Hutton worked for a paper manufacturer , but writing and journalism provided a more permanent career . Hutton worked with Thomas Moult , a journalist and writer , to produce a book of memoirs , Cricket is My Life in 1949 , and he wrote for the News of the World while still playing . Following his cricketing retirement , Hutton worked in broadcasting until 1961 , and after 1955 , he wrote for the London Evening News until 1963 . A second book , Just my story , followed in 1956 in collaboration with journalist , R.J. Hayter . In 1958 -- 59 , Hutton travelled to Australia to cover the MCC tour as correspondent for the Evening News , again assisted by a professional journalist , while between 1963 and 1986 , he wrote for The Observer . He wrote a third book , Thirty Years in Cricket , in 1984 . Hutton 's increasing commitments in the south of England meant he moved to North London in 1959 . In 1960 , Hutton was invited to join the engineering firm of J.H. Fenner , mainly working in a public relations capacity . Later , he moved into marketing and overseas promotion of products , became a director of the firm in 1973 , and retired in 1984 . Although he disliked committees , Hutton served as an England Test selector in 1975 and 1976 , but business commitments limited his availability so he resigned in 1977 . Hutton became involved with Surrey cricket in later years but maintained links with Yorkshire , and became president of Yorkshire county cricket in January 1990 . In his final years , Hutton suffered from ill health and became increasingly frail . In September 1990 , he suffered a ruptured aorta shortly after watching a cricket match at the Oval . After an unsuccessful operation , he died on 6 September . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Throughout Hutton 's career , the MCC organised and administered English cricket . Official English touring teams always played under the name of MCC and were only styled `` England '' during Test matches . Jump up ^ At the time , England captains were always amateur cricketers . Jump up ^ Following Hutton 's death in 1990 , Sheppard , then the Bishop of Liverpool , gave the address at a memorial service at York Minster . Jump up ^ Usually , captains were appointed for one or two matches ; the only previous captain to be appointed for a whole summer was C.B. Fry in 1912 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 4 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Len Hutton ( Cricketer of the Year 1938 ) '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1938 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Howat , Gerald M.D. ( September 2004 ) . `` Hutton , Sir Leonard ( 1916 -- 1990 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 6 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Howat , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Howat , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Howat , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 13 -- 15 . 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London : John Wisden & Co. 1954 . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` England v Australia 1953 ( Third Test ) '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1954 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 115 . Jump up ^ `` England v Australia 1953 ( Fourth Test ) '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1954 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 23 November 2013 ) . `` A barnacle on Australia 's backside '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : `` England v Australia 1953 ( Fifth Test ) '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1954 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 120 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , pp. 185 -- 86 . ^ Jump up to : Swanton , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 140 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Gibson , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 140 . 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Retrieved 4 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` West Indies v England 1953 -- 54 ( Fifth Test ) '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1955 . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 137 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 142 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Gibson , pp. 184 -- 85 . ^ Jump up to : Howat , pp. 146 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Preston , Norman ( 1956 ) . `` Notes by the Editor '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , pp. 186 -- 87 . Jump up ^ `` England v Pakistan 1954 '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1956 . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibson , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : `` M.C.C. in Australia and New Zealand , 1954 -- 55 '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1956 . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chalke and Hodgson , pp. 111 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Chalke and Hodgson , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 152 . Jump up ^ `` Hutton 's gamble backfires '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1956 . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` England v Australia 1954 -- 55 ( second Test ) '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1956 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v England in 1954 / 55 ( third Test ) '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` England v Australia 1954 -- 55 ( third Test ) '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1956 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia v England in 1954 / 55 ( fourth Test ) '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` England v Australia 1954 -- 55 ( fourth Test ) '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1956 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibson , p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` England v Australia 1954 -- 55 ( fifth Test ) '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. 1956 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 162 -- 64 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand v England in 1954 / 55 ( first Test ) '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches records : Lowest innings totals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand v England in 1954 / 55 ( second Test ) '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Leonard Hutton ( player profile ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : Howat , pp. 166 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : Howat , pp. 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ `` First - Class Matches played by Len Hutton '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frith , David . `` David Frith on Len Hutton '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All - time XI : World '' . ESPNcricinfo. 25 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All - time XI : England '' . ESPNcricinfo. 28 August 2009 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Swanton , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Gibson , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgson , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Rajesh , S ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Consistently prolific '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Woodcock , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Woodcock , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Woodhouse , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Howat , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Kilburn , JM . `` Len Hutton retires '' . The Cricketer ( ESPNCricinfo ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Woodcock , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Swanton , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Chalke and Hodgson , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Chalke and Hodgson , pp. 166 -- 67 . Jump up ^ John , Emma ( June 2016 ) . `` A sandwich with the supremo '' . The Cricket Monthly . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 84 -- 85 ^ Jump up to : Howat , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 169 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Howat , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 183 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Howat , pp. 177 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Howat , p. 182 . Bibliography ( edit ) Birley , Derek ( 1999 ) . A Social History of English Cricket . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 941 - 3 . Bowes , Bill ( 1949 ) . Express Deliveries . London : Stanley Paul . OCLC 643924774 . Chalke , Stephen ; Hodgson , Derek ( 2003 ) . No Coward Soul . The remarkable story of Bob Appleyard . Bath : Fairfield Books . ISBN 0 - 9531196 - 9 - 6 . Fingleton , Jack ( 1985 ) . Brightly Fades the Don . London : The Pavilion Library . ISBN 0 - 907516 - 82 - 3 . Gibson , Alan ( 1979 ) . The Cricket Captains of England . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 29779 - 8 . Hill , Alan ( 2007 ) . Herbert Sutcliffe . Cricket Maestro . Stroud : Stadia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4350 - 8 . Hodgson , Derek ( 1989 ) . The Official History of Yorkshire County Cricket Club . Ramsbury : The Crowood Press . ISBN 1 - 85223 - 274 - 9 . Howat , Gerald ( 1988 ) . Len Hutton . The Biography . London : Heinemann Kingswood . ISBN 0 - 434 - 98150 - 8 . Marshall , Michael ( 1987 ) . Gentlemen and Players : Conversations with Cricketers . London : Grafton Books . ISBN 0 - 246 - 11874 - 1 . Murphy , Patrick ( 2009 ) . The Centurions : From Grace to Ramprakash . Bath : Fairfield Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9560702 - 4 - 1 . Swanton , EW ( 1999 ) . Cricketers of My Time . London : Andre Deutsch . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99746 - 6 . Woodcock , John ( 1991 ) . `` Sir Leonard Hutton '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . London : John Wisden & Co. pp. 53 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 947766 - 16 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Len Hutton . CricketArchive Player Profile : Sir Leonard Hutton Records Preceded by Wally Hammond World Record -- Highest individual score in Test cricket 364 v. Australia at The Oval 1938 Succeeded by Garfield Sobers England Test cricket captains 1876 / 77 : Lillywhite 1878 / 79 -- 1884 : Harris 1881 / 82 : Shaw 1882 ; 1884 : Hornby 1882 / 83 : Bligh 1884 / 85 -- 1886 / 87 : Shrewsbury 1886 ; 1888 : Steel 1887 / 88 -- 1891 / 92 : Read 1888 -- 1896 ; 1899 : Grace 1888 / 89 : C.A. Smith 1888 / 89 : Bowden 1893 ; 1894 / 95 -- 1897 / 98 : Stoddart 1895 / 96 : O'Brien 1895 / 96 -- 1898 / 99 : Hawke 1897 / 98 ; 1899 -- 1909 : MacLaren 1903 / 04 -- 1905 / 06 : Warner 1905 : Jackson 1907 : Foster 1907 / 08 ; 1909 / 10 : Fane 1907 / 08 : Jones 1909 / 10 : Leveson Gower 1911 / 12 -- 1920 / 21 ; 1921 ; 1924 : Douglas 1912 : Fry 1921 : Tennyson 1922 / 23 : F. Mann 1924 -- 1924 / 25 : A. Gilligan 1926 ; 1929 : A. Carr 1926 ; 1928 -- 1930 / 31 : Chapman 1927 / 28 : Stanyforth 1927 / 28 : Stevens 1928 / 29 ; 1929 : White 1929 / 30 : H. Gilligan 1929 / 30 : Calthorpe 1930 ; 1932 / 33 ; 1933 ; 1934 -- 1935 : Wyatt 1931 -- 1933 / 34 : Jardine 1934 : Walters 1936 -- 1947 / 48 : Allen 1937 : Robins 1938 -- 1946 / 47 : Hammond 1946 / 47 ; 1947 -- 1950 : Yardley 1947 / 48 : Cranston 1948 / 49 -- 1949 : G. Mann 1949 ; 1950 ; 1950 / 51 -- 1951 : Brown 1951 / 52 : Howard 1951 / 52 : D. Carr 1952 -- 1954 / 55 : Hutton 1954 : Sheppard 1955 -- 1961 : May 1959 ; 1959 / 60 ; 1960 ; 1961 ; 1962 ; 1966 -- 1968 / 69 : M. Cowdrey 1961 / 62 -- 1964 : Dexter 1963 / 64 -- 1965 / 66 ; 1966 : M. Smith 1966 ; 1967 : Close 1968 : Graveney 1969 -- 1973 : Illingworth 1972 / 73 : Lewis 1973 / 74 -- 1974 / 75 ; 1975 : Denness 1974 / 75 : Edrich 1975 -- 1976 / 77 : Greig 1977 -- 1981 : Brearley 1977 / 78 ; 1977 / 78 : Boycott 1980 -- 1980 / 81 ; 1981 : Botham 1981 / 82 : Fletcher 1982 -- 1983 / 84 ; 1983 / 84 : Willis 1982 ; 1983 / 84 -- 1985 / 86 ; 1986 ; 1989 : Gower 1986 -- 1987 / 88 ; 1988 : Gatting 1988 : Emburey 1988 : C. Cowdrey 1988 ; 1988 -- 1993 : Gooch 1989 / 90 ; 1990 / 91 : Lamb 1992 / 93 ; 1992 / 93 -- 1998 / 99 ; 2000 ; 2001 : Stewart 1993 ; 1993 / 94 -- 1997 / 98 ; 2001 : Atherton 1999 -- 2003 : Hussain 1999 : Butcher 2003 -- 2008 : Vaughan 2004 ; 2005 / 06 : Trescothick 2006 -- 2006 / 07 : Flintoff 2006 ; 2007 ; 2008 / 09 -- 2012 : Strauss 2008 -- 2008 / 09 : Pietersen 2010 ; 2012 -- 2016 / 17 : Cook 2017 -- Root Italics denote deputised captaincy Batsmen with a Test batting average above 50 Australia Don Bradman ( 99.94 ) Adam Voges ( 61.87 ) Steve Smith ( 59.66 ) Greg Chappell ( 53.86 ) Ricky Ponting ( 51.85 ) Jack Ryder ( 51.62 ) Michael Hussey ( 51.52 ) Steve Waugh ( 51.06 ) Matthew Hayden ( 50.73 ) Allan Border ( 50.56 ) England Herbert Sutcliffe ( 60.73 ) Eddie Paynter ( 59.23 ) Ken Barrington ( 58.67 ) Wally Hammond ( 58.45 ) Jack Hobbs ( 56.94 ) Len Hutton ( 56.67 ) Ernest Tyldesley ( 55.00 ) Joe Root ( 53.76 ) Denis Compton ( 50.06 ) India Vinod Kambli ( 54.20 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 53.78 ) Cheteshwar Pujara ( 52.65 ) Rahul Dravid ( 52.31 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 51.12 ) New Zealand Kane Williamson ( 51.16 ) Pakistan Javed Miandad ( 52.57 ) Mohammad Yousuf ( 52.29 ) Younis Khan ( 52.05 ) South Africa Graeme Pollock ( 60.97 ) Jacques Kallis ( 55.37 ) Dudley Nourse ( 53.81 ) AB de Villiers ( 50.46 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 57.40 ) West Indies George Headley ( 60.83 ) Everton Weekes ( 58.61 ) Garfield Sobers ( 57.78 ) Clyde Walcott ( 56.68 ) Charlie Davis ( 54.20 ) Brian Lara ( 52.88 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 51.37 ) Viv Richards ( 50.23 ) Zimbabwe Andy Flower ( 51.54 ) Minimum 20 innings . Currently active players are listed in italics . Batsmen who have scored 100 first - class centuries Hobbs ( 199 ) Hendren ( 170 ) Hammond ( 167 ) Mead ( 153 ) Boycott ( 151 ) Sutcliffe ( 149 ) Woolley ( 145 ) Hick ( 136 ) Hutton ( 129 ) Gooch ( 128 ) Grace ( 126 ) Compton ( 123 ) Graveney ( 122 ) Bradman ( 117 ) Richards ( 114 ) Ramprakash ( 114 ) Abbas ( 108 ) Sandham ( 107 ) Cowdrey ( 107 ) Hayward ( 104 ) Turner ( 103 ) Edrich ( 103 ) Ames ( 102 ) Tyldesley ( 102 ) Amiss ( 102 ) VIAF : 62977558 LCCN : n85110391 ISNI : 0000 0000 7860 6732 IATH : w6gm9znw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Len_Hutton&oldid=799784393 '' Categories : 1916 births 1990 deaths People from Pudsey English cricketers English cricketers of 1919 to 1945 English cricketers of 1946 to 1968 Yorkshire cricketers North v South cricketers Players cricketers Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers England Test cricketers England Test cricket captains England cricket team selectors Cricket players and officials awarded knighthoods International Cricket Council Hall of Fame inductees Presidents of Yorkshire County Cricket Club Wisden Cricketers of the Year Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World Royal Army Physical Training Corps soldiers British Army personnel of World War II Knights Bachelor Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery Sportspeople from Yorkshire Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Featured articles Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी मराठी Norsk Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 20 : 41 . 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905236378553547320	The Originals (season 1)	The Originals ( season 1 ) - Wikipedia The Originals ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Originals ( season 1 ) Promotional poster Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Claire Holt Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Daniella Pineda Leah Pipes Danielle Campbell Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) -- May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of The Originals episodes The Originals is an American supernatural drama television series created by Julie Plec for The CW . A spin - off of The Vampire Diaries , the series makes use of certain characters and story elements from the series of books of the same name . The first season premiered with a special preview on October 3 , 2013 , following the season premiere of its parent series , before premiering in its regular time slot on October 8 , 2013 . The show is set in New Orleans which the Mikaelson family and original vampires helped to build . In the first season , the focus was primarily on Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) , Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) , and Rebekah ( Claire Holt ) who found out in the backdoor pilot , aired on April 25 , 2013 , how Hayley Marshall ( Phoebe Tonkin ) was pregnant with Klaus ' child . Having fled the city many years ago , they return to find Marcel ( Charles Michael Davis ) ( Klaus ' protégé ) leading the city . The family decide to take back the city . The show also revolves around the relationship between them and other supernatural beings , including witches . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 1.5 Notes 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals characters Main ( edit ) Joseph Morgan as Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall - Kenner Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus `` Marcel '' Gerard Daniella Pineda as Sophie Deveraux Leah Pipes as Camille `` Cami '' O'Connell Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire Recurring ( edit ) Shannon Kane as Sabine Laurent ( possessed by Celeste DuBois ) Eka Darville as Diego Callard Harris as Thierry Vanchure Sebastian Roché as Mikael Malaya Rivera Drew as Jane - Anne Deveraux Karen Kaia Livers as Agnes Steven Krueger as Joshua Rosza Alexandra Metz as Katie Raney Branch as Celeste DuBois Shane Coffey as Timothy Todd Stashwick as Kieran O'Connell Matt Kabus as Sean O'Connell Shannon Eubanks as Bastianna Natale Yasmine Al - Bustami as Monique Deveraux Diana Chiritescu and Natalie Dreyfuss as Cassie ( herself ; possessed by Esther ) Tasha Ames as Eve Jesse C. Boyd as Cary Owiso Odera as Papa Tunde Elyse Levesque as Genevieve Aubrey DeVaney and Alexa Yeames as Abigail Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner Chase Coleman as Oliver Teri Wyble as Clara Summerlin ( possessed by Celeste DuBois ) Peta Sergeant as Francesca Correa Special guest ( edit ) Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood Guest ( edit ) Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson Devon Allowitz as Henrik Mikaelson McCarrie McCausland as Marcel Gerard ( young ) Johnny Walter as Dwayne Morgan Alexandria as Lana Aiden Flowers as Klaus Mikaelson ( young ) Perry Cox as Elijah Mikaelson ( young ) Callie McClincy as Rebekah Mikaelson ( young ) Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith ( possessed by Finn Mikaelson ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Claire Holt is credited as a series regular up until episode 16 . From episode 17 to 21 , she is not credited . She is credited as `` also starring '' in episode 22 . Jump up ^ Daniella Pineda is credited as a series regular up until episode 13 . From episode 14 onwards , she is no longer credited . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Always and Forever '' Chris Grismer Michael Narducci & Julie Plec October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 2J7802 2.21 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The pilot is told from the perspective of Elijah. 300 years ago Elijah , Rebekah and Klaus arrive in the French quarter near the Mississippi River in a voyage along with Finn and Kol daggered in their coffins . Back In Present : Klaus comes back to New Orleans as he got a letter threatening him . Elijah leaves to find his brother coming to New Orleans . As he arrives their first to find the witch killed who called Klaus back Jane Anne Deveraux . Sabine also a witch tells him that she tried to do magic which is been banned in New Orleans Marcel Gerard , whom he was shocked to see alive as he thought Marcel was dead . He meets Jane Anne 's sister , Sophie Deveraux and other witches of the coven in the cemetery where the witches are buried and they tells him that her sister called Klaus to get rid of Marcel as he was killing the witches who were practising magic and that there is a werewolf , Hayley , who is pregnant with Klaus 's child and he tells him the story of his family and how Klaus is a hybrid and first of his kind . Klaus goes to his old home , the quarter , where he and Marcel argue and then he bites one of his vampire , Thierry , who is Marcel 's right hand and Thierry gets sick as a werewolf bite is fatal to a vampire . Elijah calls Rebekah to fill her in about what is going on in New Orleans . Klaus arrives at the Cemetery and is not willing to accept that Hayley is pregnant with his child meanwhile Sophie tells that her sister linked her to Hayley and that what happens to her would happen to Hayley and that 's why would not get hurt as Elijah thinks that this child could bring their family together . They arrive at a house which used to belong to the Mayor . He makes a deal with Marcel to give Jane Anne 's body to the witches and to allow them to cremate her instead that Klaus would give his blood to cure Thierry and Marcel agrees . Klaus goes to the quarter and heals Thierry . At the Mayor 's house where Hayley is going to stay Elijah makes Hayley a promise that he will protect her and no one is going to hurt her . The episode ends with Klaus Daggering Elijah which takes us to a flashback when Klaus heals Thierry Marcel asks Klaus to give him Elijah as he can not let all the Originals just walking around in the city and Klaus agrees in order to gain Marcel 's trust so he can take back his city which he and his siblings built . Rebekah is concerned about Elijah as he is not answering her calls and she gets ready to go back to New Orleans . `` House of the Rising Son '' Brad Turner Diane Ademu - John & Declan de Barra October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 2J7801 1.92 Rebekah returns to New Orleans in search of Elijah , and meets Hayley , who gives her some unexpected news . Concerned that her brother Klaus is up to no good , Rebekah seeks help from a reluctant Sophie . Hayley decides to get rid of the baby , but is attacked by Marcel 's vampires . Determined to uncover Marcel 's secret weapon , Klaus stays one step ahead and executes his plan using Camille . After a run - in with Marcel , Rebekah is reminded of all the anger and disappointment Klaus has caused her throughout the years . Finally , Marcel enlists the powerful Davina ' s help in his own dangerous plan . `` Tangled Up in Blue '' Chris Grismer Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 2J7803 2.22 After discovering interesting news about someone in Marcel 's inner circle , Klaus and Rebekah come together to attempt to unravel Marcel 's empire and save Elijah in the process , but Klaus soon develops his own plan . They enlist help from Sophie , who is reluctant to get involved for fear of the wrath of Marcel 's secret weapon , Davina . Rebekah sneakily invites an oblivious Camille to a huge vampire party thrown by Marcel , managing to anger Marcel in the process . Elsewhere , Hayley learns from the witch Sabine that the supernatural creatures of New Orleans are reacting to the potential existence of a hybrid baby . `` Girl in New Orleans '' Jesse Warn Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 2J7804 2.23 With the annual Dauphine Street music festival around the corner , Davina , itching for a night out , convinces Marcel to let her attend . Marcel cautiously obliges but asks Camille to keep a watchful eye on Davina . Agnes convinces Hayley to visit a mysterious doctor in the bayou where she makes a shocking discovery . Meanwhile , Klaus takes a special interest in Cami , who reveals some alarming information about her past , and a determined Rebekah is on a mission to get to the bottom of a recent strange encounter involving Elijah . 5 5 `` Sinners and Saints '' Chris Grismer Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec October 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 2J7805 2.05 Angered by recent events involving the safety of his unborn baby , Klaus demands answers from Sophie , believing she was involved . Sophie reveals to Klaus and Rebekah a troubling secret from her past that her coven would conduct a ritual known as the Harvest where four young witches ( one of which was Sophia 's cousin as well as Davina ) would be ritually killed with their throats cut and their power to be transformed to the earth and their bodies resurrected . Meanwhile , Marcel asks Klaus to accompany him to the bayou after gruesome remains of witches who attacked Hayley are discovered , while Rebekah , Sophie and Hayley set off on a mission of their own to find the witches origins . Elsewhere , Davina confides in an unexpected ally and reveals shocking information about the witches , ultimately leading to a disturbing revelation . 6 6 `` Fruit of the Poisoned Tree '' Michael Allowitz Charlie Charbonneau & Diane Ademu - John November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 2J7806 2.03 When Klaus discovers Hayley 's life is being threatened , he goes to extreme lengths to protect her and their unborn baby . Having a difficult time dealing with the tragic events of her past , Camille turns to Father Kieran for guidance . Feeling as though he can trust no one , Marcel visits an old friend to seek out some advice , while Davina takes steps to learn how to control her magic . Finally , Klaus delivers some surprising news to Father Kieran . 7 7 `` Bloodletting '' Jeffrey Hunt Michael Russo & Michael Narducci November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 2J7807 2.40 Tyler Lockwood makes his way to New Orleans set on killing Klaus and when Hayley makes a startling revelation , she grows concerned for herself and the baby . Amidst growing tensions between them , Klaus and Elijah turn to Sabine for help in locating Hayley , who has gone missing . After making a trip down to the bayou , Klaus has a surprising and dangerous encounter with an unexpected visitor . Meanwhile , Davina makes a surprising connection , and Marcel makes Rebekah an enticing offer that leaves her torn . 8 8 `` The River in Reverse '' Jesse Warn Declan de Barra & Julie Plec November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 2J7808 2.38 Tyler Lockwood survives and tells Marcel and his gang about Hayley and how Klaus is planning to use the baby ' s blood to turn werewolves into hybrids . Rebekah , facing a difficult decision , turns to Father Kieran for guidance . She intervenes Tyler 's speech and Marcel to put Tyler in the garden . Rebekah tells that she does n't want the baby to be a hybrid producing machine . Elijah struggles with the consequences of a recent fallout with Klaus . Hayley remains by his side but is soon drawn away by a mysterious figure who sheds some light on her past . Meanwhile , a frustrated Camille struggles to make sense of a cryptic message she 's come across . Finally , when an unsuspecting Marcel uncovers some upsetting information involving Klaus , a confrontation ends in a surprising twist . 9 9 `` Reigning Pain in New Orleans '' Joshua Butler Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 2J7809 2.33 Marcel , deeply conflicted by recent events , is surprised when Klaus opens up to him about some of his past indiscretions . Camille tries to make sense of cryptic messages she 's come across and is disturbed when she gains some insight into Klaus ' past . Meanwhile , in a surprising turn of events , the human faction takes matters into their own hands , resulting in a violent confrontation . Elsewhere , when Hayley learns of a plan to harm the werewolves in the bayou , she turns to Elijah and Rebekah for help . After heading to the bayou , they run into a werewolf named Eve , who has information that leads them to a shocking discovery . 10 10 `` The Casket Girls '' Jesse Warn Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 2J7810 2.07 While Davina tries to help Camille by undoing all of Klaus 's compulsion and returning her memories , Klaus alongside Elijah and Marcel use Davina 's love interest , Timothy , to get her attention . Sophie learns that Davina is free and seeks Hayley 's help to find the grave of an old flame of Elijah . When Davina confronts Klaus , Rebekah helps Davina and tries to prove her trust . Rebekah plans ahead and starts to create new friendships so she could take over the city . Meanwhile , Sophie finds Celeste 's grave and Elijah realizes the danger Davina was talking about . 11 11 `` Après Moi , Le Déluge '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Diane Ademu - John January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 2J7811 2.51 Elijah and Klaus try to learn more about the premonition of Celeste by Davina . Hayley tells Elijah that she told Sophie about Celeste 's remains . When Elijah confronts Sophie she finds out that Davina 's powers might threaten everyone and the only way to stop her is to finish the `` Harvest '' ritual . Also , Rebekah who is trying to make more alliances talks to Sophie and asks if she would want to form an alliance against Klaus and Marcel . On the other hand , Celeste 's bones ca n't make Sophie an elder , so Elijah suggests to use their mother 's . Sophie is then able to finish the ritual and she kills Davina , but none of the four girls resurrect . In the end , Sabine , who really is Celeste ( Celeste has possessed Sabine 's body ) brings back three powerful witches for unknown reason . 12 12 `` Dance Back from the Grave '' Rob Hardy Michael Russo & Michael Narducci January 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) 2J7812 2.32 Alfons Delgado also known as `` Papa Tunde '' -- a powerful warlock who had issues with The Originals in the past , returns to New Orleans and confronts them . He attacks Rebekah and desiccates her to channel her energy . Upon his return , Marcel reveals to Cami how Klaus tortured Tunde before killing him . Elijah , who is worried about Rebekah goes after her traces and Hayley accompanies him . He finds her lying on the floor inside Tunde 's spell circle but he ca n't get into it to save her . He learns from Sophie that the only way to save Rebekah is by breaking the spell with Hayley 's blood ( from the baby who is one - quarter a witch ) . Meanwhile , it is revealed that Marcel was the one who brought Tunde in the city a few years ago in order to defeat Klaus . Tunde kills the imprisoned vampires under Klaus ' mansion and later sacrifices himself to Celeste ( Sabine ) in order to give her the power to defeat Klaus . 13 13 `` Crescent City '' Chris Grismer Michael Narducci & Julie Plec February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 2J7813 2.10 Still angered , Marcel refuses to help Niklaus when a gruesome discovery is made . Rebekah is taken back when she discovers the remnants of a sacrifice down by the docks , coming to the conclusion that it 's the work of a fearsome warlock from their distant past . When Elijah receives information that Rebekah is in danger , he and Hayley set off to find her . Camille , while confronting Marcel , learns details of his dark and tragic past , but they are cut short and put on - edge when an unexpected visitor intrudes on them . In the climax , Niklaus faces his most powerful foe yet , one that has an unprecedented advantage over him . Whilst , Sophie is stunted for her departure . 14 14 `` Long Way Back from Hell '' Matt Hastings Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 2J7814 1.83 Back in 1919 , Marcel and Rebekah begin a plan in order to keep their unconditional love forever . Rebekah works as a nurse and befriends the witch Genevieve as well as Clara Summerlin ( who happened to be Celeste ) , and later uses Genevieve to bring back Rebekah 's father -- Mikael who can kill Klaus . However when Rebekah attacks Genevieve , Clara oversees and Rebekah both infected them with the contagious bloody cloth , leaving them to die desperately . In the present , Genevieve reveals to Klaus about the betrayal of Marcel and Rebekah . Hayley on the other hand is on a mission of her own as she attacks Celeste and is looking for answers . Finally , when Klaus is freed and is on his way to punish Rebekah for her betrayal , Elijah comes in time to save both her and Marcel . 15 15 `` Le Grand Guignol '' Chris Grismer Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 2J7815 1.80 When Klaus ' health is restored , he reveals Rebekah 's betrayal to Cami about summoning their father long ago . Rebekah and Marcel are on the run and makes a very shocking plan to keep their relationship still . While Elijah makes a settlement about handing one page of her mother 's grimoire . Celeste is still confined on Hayley 's request to undo the curse on her bloodline until she agreed . In the cemetery , Celeste warns Elijah some ungrateful hearsay until he was infuriated and finally attacks her but it is to no avail . 16 16 `` Farewell to Storyville '' Jesse Warn Michael Narducci March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 2J7816 1.73 Since Davina has returned , Marcel hopes to save Rebekah , who is stuck in the Cemetery with Klaus and Elijah because of Celeste 's spell . Cami meets Davina , who immediately finds that she visited her with a purpose , which is to reverse the spell over her uncle . Marcel turns to Genevieve in order to save Rebekah 's life , which she agrees with the deal to have Davina returned to the witches . Klaus viciously stabs Elijah with Papa Tunde 's blade , and later Rebekah with the White Oak Stake , however he does n't kill her . Instead , Klaus frees Rebekah and leaves her to finally live the life she always wanted . After a farewell with Elijah , Marcel and Hayley , Rebekah finally leaves New Orleans . 17 17 `` Moon Over Bourbon Street '' Michael Robison Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 2J7817 1.53 After accusing Klaus of doing nothing while their control over the Quarter crumbles , Elijah makes a move to take matters into his own hands . He receives an intriguing offer of support from Francesca , a beautiful woman from a powerful New Orleans family . In an attempt to bring the warring factions of the city together , the Mikaelsons throw an extravagant party , where Klaus offers Jackson a tempting deal , Elijah and Hayley share a dance , and a violent fight comes to a surprising end . Finally , even as Marcel works on a new path to power , he continues to help Camille deal with her Uncle Kieran 's tragedy . 18 18 `` The Big Uneasy '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Michael Russo April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 2J7818 1.52 Genevieve asks Elijah to allow her coven to publicly celebrate a traditional feast day , where members of the community offer the witches gifts in return for blessings . Monique and Genevieve disagree over what the ancestors want from them , and Genevieve reveals her plan to build the witches ' power . When Elijah focuses his attention on restoring their home to its former glory , Klaus accuses him of doing it only to impress Hayley . Next , Klaus sets a new plan in motion by finding Cary , a werewolf from his own line , and sending him off to find a missing piece of family history . Marcel lets Thierry in on his new plan to rebuild his power , but Diego has his own ideas about the future . At the Feast of the Blessings , Monique and Genevieve try to use the ceremony to teach Davina a lesson , but Klaus intervenes and gives Davina a surprisingly important gift . While Hayley struggles to decide where her loyalties should lie , the ceremony explodes into violence . 19 19 `` An Unblinking Death '' Kellie Cyrus Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 2J7819 1.50 Desperate to help Kieran , Camille insists on an unconventional treatment , but her good intentions lead Kieran to a violent episode . After Klaus and Elijah disagree over the best way to handle the Crescent Wolves , Elijah makes a trip to the bayou , where he is witness to a horrific explosion that only adds to the hatred and mistrust among the communities . While Jackson and Elijah work to save the wounded , Hayley learns a surprising piece of her family history from Marcel . 20 20 `` A Closer Walk with Thee '' Sylvain White Carina Adly MacKenzie & Julie Plec April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 2J7820 1.77 Hayley confronts a surprising enemy as she and her unborn baby fall into peril during a celebratory wake to honor a fallen member of the community . In order to save Hayley , Klaus and Elijah enlist the help of Genevieve who struggles to maintain control over Davina and the other young witches . Camille tells Marcel that Francesca is determined to find a mysterious key that may unlock a family secret . Meanwhile , as Klaus suffers from nightmares of his father Mikael , he is forced to examine his troubled relationship with his own adoptive son , Marcel . 21 21 `` The Battle of New Orleans '' Jeffrey Hunt Charlie Charbonneau & Michael Narducci May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 2J7821 1.44 The war between Marcel and Klaus has begun with Marcel making the first move . Davina is followed by Mikael , who is on a mission of his own -- to get brought back and kill Klaus . Cammie discovers important information about Francesca 's bloodline that can change the landscape of the started war . Genevieve weakens Klaus , and while Elijah recovers he discovers that Hayley is missing . Taken by the witches and now in labour , she learns what they intend to do with her baby . 22 22 `` From a Cradle to a Grave '' Matt Hastings Diane Ademu - John May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 2J7822 1.76 Hayley gives birth , the witches then kill her and leave with the baby . Davina has brought back and is controlling Mikael to use as a secret weapon against Klaus . Elijah and Klaus go after Hope , joined by Hayley -- dying while her daughters blood was still in her system means she is now transitioning into a hybrid -- and eventually Marcel . Klaus later comes up with a plan to keep his daughter safe , which includes sending Hope away with Rebekah . The fourth harvest girl Cassie is then seen putting a rose on Esther 's grave with a boy who calls her mother . Production ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2015 ) Reception ( edit ) The first season received mixed reviews with 7.8 from IMDB References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Moves Up ' The Originals ' Premiere to Follow ' The Vampire Diaries ' + ' Supernatural ' Gets Earlier Start '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , The biggest Loser , Dads & Person of Interest Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Originals ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Supernatural ' , ' Dads ' or ' The Originals ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' The Goldbergs ' . ' Supernatural ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Mind Games ' , ' About a Boy ' , ' Growing Up Fisher ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel Studios : Assembling A Universe ' , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Originals_(season_1)&oldid=795407725 '' Categories : The Originals 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from May 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from May 2015 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 01 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who dies in season 1 of the originals	[]	[]
7915875389943684187	iPhone 7	IPhone 7 - Wikipedia IPhone 7 Jump to : navigation , search iPhone 7 iPhone 7 Plus iPhone 7 Plus in Jet Black Brand Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn ( on contract ) Pegatron ( on contract ) Slogan This is 7 Generation 10th Model 7 : A1660 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1778 ( with Intel modem ) A1779 ( sold in Japan ) 7 Plus : A1661 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1784 ( with Intel modem ) A1785 ( sold in Japan ) Compatible networks GSM , CDMA2000 , EV - DO , HSPA+ , LTE , LTE Advanced First released September 16 , 2016 ; 18 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) Availability by country September 16 , 2016 ( show ) Australia Austria Belgium Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Hong Kong Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Singapore Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States September 23 , 2016 ( show ) Andorra Bahrain Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Greece Greenland Guernsey Hungary Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Maldives Malta Monaco Poland Pakistan Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Slovakia Slovenia October 7 , 2016 ( show ) India October 14 , 2016 ( show ) Macau Republic of Macedonia Macedonia Malaysia Montenegro South Africa Turkey October 15 , 2016 ( show ) Jordan Oman October 20 , 2016 ( show ) Israel Egypt October 21 , 2016 ( show ) South Korea Costa Rica Morocco Thailand Mauritius Madagascar Uganda Colombia October 28 , 2016 ( show ) Cameroon Botswana Kenya Mozambique Senegal Moldova November 4 , 2016 ( show ) Armenia Mali Guinea - Bissau Central African Republic November 11 , 2016 ( show ) Philippines Brazil March 31 , 2017 ( show ) Indonesia Predecessor iPhone 6S ( Plus ) Successor iPhone 8 ( Plus ) iPhone X Type 7 : Smartphone 7 Plus : Phablet Form factor Slate 7 : H : 138.3 mm ( 5.44 in ) W : 67.1 mm ( 2.64 in ) D: 7.1 mm ( 0.28 in ) 7 Plus : H : 158.2 mm ( 6.23 in ) W : 77.9 mm ( 3.07 in ) D: 7.3 mm ( 0.29 in ) Weight 7 : 138 g ( 4.9 oz ) 7 Plus : 188 g ( 6.6 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 10.0 Current : iOS 11.3 , released March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) System on chip Apple A10 Fusion CPU 2.34 GHz quad - core ( two used ) 64 - bit GPU Custom PowerVR Series 7XT GT7600 Plus ( hexa - core ) Memory 7 : 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM 7 Plus : 3 GB LPDDR4 RAM Storage 32 , 128 , or 256 GB Removable storage None Battery 7 : 3.80 V 7.45 W h ( 1960 mA h ) Li - ion 7 Plus : 3.82 V 11.10 W h ( 2900 mA h ) Li - ion Display 7 : 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1334 × 750 px resolution ( 326 ppi ) ( 1 megapixel ) 7 Plus : 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1920 × 1080 px resolution ( 401 ppi ) ( 2.1 megapixels ) All models : 625 cd / m2 max . brightness ( typical ) , with dual - ion exchange - strengthened glass , and 3D Touch Rear camera 7 : 12 MP 2nd - generation Sony Exmor RS with six - element lens , quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash , autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , f / 1.8 aperture , 4K video recording at 30 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) , timelapse with stabilization , panorama , facial recognition , digital image stabilization , optical image stabilization 7 Plus : In addition to above : A telephoto lens with 2 × optical zoom / 10 × digital zoom , f / 2.8 aperture Front camera 7 MP , f / 2.2 aperture , burst mode , exposure control , face detection , auto - HDR , auto image stabilization , Retina flash , 1080p HD video recording Sound Stereo speakers Connectivity All models : ( show ) LTE ( bands 1 to 5 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 17 to 20 , 25 to 30 ) , TD - LTE ( bands 38 to 41 ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) , Bluetooth 4.2 , NFC , GPS , GLONASS , Galileo & QZSS Models A1660 , A1661 , A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) TD - SCDMA 1900 ( F ) , 2000 ( A ) & CDMA2000 EV - DO Rev. A ( 800 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) Models A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) LTE ( bands 11 , 21 ) , FeliCa Other IP67 IEC standard 60529 ( splash , water , and dust resistant ) SAR 7 ( show ) Model A1660 , A1780 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.20 W / kg Model A1779 Head : 1.20 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1778 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg 7 Plus ( show ) Model A1661 , A1786 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.17 W / kg Model A1785 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1784 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Hearing aid compatibility M3 , T4 Website www.apple.com/iphone-7/ This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S SE 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X List of iPhone models iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc . They were announced on September 7 , 2016 , at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook , and were released on September 16 , 2016 , succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series . Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016 . They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus on September 22 , 2017 , and the iPhone X on November 3 , 2017 . The iPhone 7 's overall design is similar to the iPhone 6S , but introduces new color options , water and dust resistance , a new capacitive , static home button , and removes the 3.5 mm headphone jack . The device 's internal hardware also received upgrades , including a heterogeneous quad - core system - on - chip with improved system and graphics performance , and upgraded 12 megapixel rear - facing cameras with optical image stabilization on all models and an additional telephoto lens on the iPhone 7 Plus model to provide enhanced zoom capabilities . Reception of the iPhone 7 was mixed . Although reviewers noted the improvements to the camera , especially the dual rear camera on the Plus model , they also stated that the iPhone 7 did not make significant changes to the display or build quality , where competing flagship smartphones surpassed the quality of the iPhone 7 . Many reviews highlighted the controversial removal of the 3.5 mm headphone jack ; some critics argued that the change was meant to bolster licensing of the proprietary Lightning connector and the sales of Apple 's own wireless headphone products , and questioned the effects of the change on audio quality . Apple was also mocked by critics for Phil Schiller 's statement that such a drastic change required `` courage '' . The iPhone 7 has been the subject of several reported issues , most notably a hissing noise during heavy usage of the phones and significant differences in performance between device variants . Apple has not released sales numbers for iPhone 7 , but multiple U.S. carriers reported that it was in high demand on launch . Subsequent reports at the end of 2016 stated that Apple had reduced production of the models due to `` sluggish '' sales and decreasing demand , though sales research after the first quarter of 2017 placed the devices as the best - selling smartphones in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 2.3 Accessories 3 Reception 3.1 Removal of the headphone jack 4 Issues 4.1 Hissing noise 4.2 Performance differences 4.3 Explosions and smoke emissions 4.4 Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions 4.5 Replacing the home button 4.6 Failure to connect to cellular service 5 Sales 5.1 US carrier trade - in deals 5.2 Reports about trimmed production 6 Timeline of iPhone models 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , multiple aspects of the iPhone 7 were heavily rumored . Apple 's plans to remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack received significant media attention . Other rumors included a flush camera , stereo speakers , a 256 gigabyte storage option , and a larger 3,100 mAh battery . On August 29 , 2016 , invitations to a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco , California on September 7 , 2016 were sent out to members of the media , prompting immediate speculation of the iPhone 7 's upcoming announcement . The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event , with pre-orders beginning September 9 , and general availability on September 16 . iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September , with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016 . Indonesia was the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , with availability starting on March 31 , 2017 , following Apple 's research and development investment in the country . On March 21 , 2017 , Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish ( and white front ) , as part of its partnership with Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign . It launched on March 24 , 2017 . But later it was discontinued . In September 2017 , Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , alongside the iPhone X . As of February 4 , 2018 , the NYPD has been rolling out about 600 phones per day to its officers , who get to choose between an iPhone 7 and an iPhone 7 Plus , switching from the failed Windows Phone . Currently , officers in Manhattan are taking part in the transition , but once that is complete , the rollout moves to Brooklyn and then Queens . Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The iPhone 7 's exterior is similar in shape and volume to iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S . Alongside the existing silver , gold , and rose gold colors , the device is offered in new matte black , `` jet black '' , and red colors . The `` jet black '' color is a dark shade , high - gloss black finish . It is created through a multi-step process , beginning with an anodization phase to make the surface of the casing a porous aluminum oxide , and then using a machine to sweep the casing through a powdered compound , absorbed by aluminum oxide . The process is concluded with an `` ultrafine particle bath '' for additional finishing ; the entire process takes less than an hour . iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant , although tests have resulted in malfunctions , specifically distorted speakers , after water exposure . The warranty does not cover any water damage to the phone . iPhone 7 's home button uses a capacitive mechanism for input rather than a physical push - button , as on previous models , meaning direct skin contact ( or a capacitive glove ) is required to operate the device . Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator , and the button is also pressure - sensitive . iPhone 7 retains the `` 3D Touch '' display system introduced on the iPhone 6S , providing pressure - sensitive touchscreen input . Comparison of ports on iPhone 6 / 6S ( top ) and iPhone 7 ( bottom ) The iPhone 7 does not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack ; it was replaced by a second speaker grille that serves as a vent for the internal barometer . A Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm - connector adapter , as well as in - ear headphones that use the Lightning connector , are bundled with the device , and the adapter is also sold separately as an accessory . The adapter is also compatible with other iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch devices running iOS 10 . iPhone 7 uses the Apple A10 Fusion 64 - bit system - on - chip , which consists of two low - power cores and two high - power cores ( only two cores are used at any point in time ) . The A10 chip also features a hexa - core graphics chip capable of `` console - level gaming '' . As with prior models , iPhone 7 is available in two sizes : one with a 4.7 - inch screen , and a `` Plus '' variant with a 5.5 - inch screen . The displays have identical sizes and resolutions to iPhone 6S , but with a wider color gamut and increased brightness . The screen - to - body ratio is about ~ 66 % and ~ 68 % for the 7 and 7 Plus , respectively . Both device variants also contain a new iteration of Apple 's motion coprocessor , the M10 . Unlike previous iPhone models , internal storage options for iPhone 7 begin at 32 GB instead of 16 GB , and max out at 256 GB . iPhone 7 Plus offers 3 GB of RAM , more than any other previous iPhone ; the 4.7 - inch iPhone 7 has 2 GB . iPhone 7 Plus with dual - lens camera The iPhone 7 includes a 12 - megapixel rear - facing camera with a quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash ; its aperture was widened to f / 1.8 , and the standard - size phone model adds optical image stabilization -- a feature that was previously exclusive to Plus models . The iPhone 7 Plus includes a second 12 - megapixel telephoto lens , which can be used to achieve 2 × optical zoom , and up to 10 × digital zoom . The front - facing camera was upgraded to a 7 - megapixel sensor with automatic image stabilization . Software ( edit ) See also : iOS version history , iOS 10 , and iOS 11 iPhone 7 ships with iOS 10 pre-installed . The iPhone 7 Plus received an exclusive portrait camera mode in the iOS 10.1 software update . This camera mode is capable of producing a bokeh effect using depth of field analysis of the second camera of dual - lens in the back of iPhone 7 Plus . Accessories ( edit ) Headphone jack adapter with an iPhone 7 Plus beside it iPhone 7 unboxed set in Silver Each iPhone 7 comes with a Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm adapter . Apple sells the adapter independently as well . Apple also unveiled several Bluetooth wireless headphones ostensibly intended for use with iPhone 7 , including AirPods , wireless in - ear headphones , and three new Beats headphone products . All four products utilize an in - house wireless chip known as Apple W1 , which is designed to provide low - power Bluetooth operation and integration with iOS and macOS products ( though they are still compatible with other Bluetooth - supported devices ) . Reception ( edit ) Back and side detail from a standard iPhone 7 in `` rose gold '' finish Dual cameras on the back of the iPhone 7 Plus Reception to the iPhone 7 was mixed . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that rival smartphones , such as the Samsung Galaxy S7 , had increased battery life and added water resistance over its predecessor while retaining the headphone jack , and that the iPhone 7 's camera photo quality was improved but still lagging behind some phones already on the market , including the Galaxy S7 and Nexus 6P . Kelly praised how Apple was able to extract improved brightness and accurate color reproduction from its LCD display panel , while noting that it was old technology which was also well behind rivals who had already moved to sharper 1080p or even 2K screens . The iPhone 7 's exterior , which reuses the aging design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S , was criticized , especially the size of the device and thick top / bottom bezels , with Kelly writing that `` the iPhone 7 Plus is simply far too big for a smartphone with a 5.5 - inch display '' . Nilay Patel of The Verge described the devices as being `` full of aggressive breaks from convention '' despite their design continuity with previous models ( going as far as dubbing them `` a prototype of next year 's rumored drastic iPhone redesign disguised as an iPhone 6 '' ) , citing the headphone jack removal ( which he felt was an attempt to encourage the use of wireless headphones ) , heterogeneous CPU , and home button redesign . The display quality was considered an improvement over previous models , albeit `` not as insane '' as the quad HD displays on competing phones . The Taptic Engine was considered the `` first really valuable new UI concept I 've seen on phones in years '' ( as opposed to the `` gimmick '' of 3D Touch ) , Patel felt that the cameras of the devices were a `` step '' above the 6S in terms of performance , and praised the dual - lens camera on the 7 Plus for enhancing the phone 's camera functionality . However , he panned the lack of editing features that made use of them . In regards to the enhanced Bluetooth audio support provided by devices containing the W1 chip , he argued that Apple `` took away an established open standard in favor of new technologies , but instead of making the experience of using those new technologies better across the board , it made every third - party wireless audio product a second - class citizen of the Apple ecosystem . '' Giving the iPhone 7 a 9 out of 10 , he concluded that the devices were `` legitimately among the most interesting , opinionated , powerful phones Apple has ever shipped , and the most confident expressions of the company 's vision in a long time . iOS 10 is excellent , the cameras are better , and the performance is phenomenal . And the batteries last longer . '' John McCann of TechRadar wrote that for the first time , the phablet - sized iPhone 7 Plus was `` markedly better '' than the smaller model . He highlighted improved battery life and praised the camera , calling the Plus ' dual cameras `` excellent '' for point - and - shoot , and `` much improved '' for low - light performance . McCann wrote that the lack of a headphone jack was `` initially frustrating '' , but noted that it was a `` positive step forward for the mobile industry '' , despite the `` short - term effects ... making the most noise for now '' . Removal of the headphone jack ( edit ) Criticism of the iPhone 7 centered around the removal of the headphone jack , including the inability to use wired headphones with the included adapter and charge the device simultaneously . In a particularly scathing article , Nilay Patel of The Verge wrote that removing the headphone jack - `` ditching a deeply established standard '' - would be `` user - hostile and stupid '' . He goes on to list reasons why removing the port is negative , concluding with `` No one is asking for this '' and `` Vote with your dollars '' . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that wireless audio technology was immature at the moment , with Bluetooth audio quality being inferior while Lightning audio reliability was still in question . The removal of the headphone jack meant `` you 're being pushed into an era where you will have to pay more for decent headphones due to their need for an integrated DAC and / or Lightning licensing '' , and pointed out that `` the only company to profit from this situation is Apple , who will now be charging licensing fees to millions of headphone companies '' . In particular , Apple 's vice president Phillip Schiller , who announced the change , was mocked extensively online for stating that removing the headphone jack took ' courage ' . An online petition created by the consumer group SumOfUs , that accuses Apple of planned obsolescence and causing substantial electronic waste by removing the headphone jack , reached over 300,000 signatures . Issues ( edit ) Hissing noise ( edit ) Some users have reported a strange hissing noise during heavy usage of the phone . CNET reports it as `` faint buzzes and hums coming from the backside '' . The Daily Telegraph speculates that the iPhone 7 's new A10 Fusion processor is the source of the noise , linking to tweets that compare the phone 's hissing sound to `` hearing the fans spin up loudly whenever your Mac 's CPU gets used to its actual potential . '' The issue has been referred to as Hissgate . Performance differences ( edit ) The Guardian reported in October 2016 that storage tests from Unbox Therapy and GSMArena showed that the 32 GB iPhone 7 is `` significantly '' slower than the 128 and 256 GB versions , measuring data write speeds of 341 MB / s on a 128 GB iPhone 7 model versus 42 MB / s on a 32 GB model . October 2016 network tests by Cellular Insights showed that models A1660 and A1661 with Qualcomm modems had `` a significant performance edge '' over models A1778 and A1784 with Intel modems . Inspection of the modems also found that the Qualcomm version 's ability to use Ultra HD Voice had been turned off , likely to `` level the playing field between the Qualcomm , and Intel variants '' . The report concluded with the statement that `` We are not sure what was the main reason behind Apple 's decision to source two different modem suppliers for the newest iPhone '' . Bloomberg reported in November 2016 that tests by researchers from Twin Prime and Cellular Insights had shown the two modems to perform similarly on some U.S. cellular networks despite one of the modems being technically capable of faster connectivity . Apple spokeswoman Trudy Muller told the publication that `` Every iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus meets or exceeds all of Apple 's wireless performance standards , quality metrics , and reliability testing ... In all of our rigorous lab tests based on wireless industry standards , in thousands of hours of real - world field testing , and in extensive carrier partner testing , the data shows there is no discernible difference in the wireless performance of any of the models '' . Bloomberg quoted analysts and technology advisers who stated that `` ( Apple ) do n't want one version to get the reputation that it is better '' and that `` This may not impact the fanboys , but it may make other consumers think twice about buying an Apple phone , especially if they think they might be purchasing a sub-standard product '' . Explosions and smoke emissions ( edit ) In a similar manner with the now - discontinued Samsung Galaxy Note 7 , there have been reports of the iPhone 7 exploding or emitting smoke . In September 2016 , one device reportedly exploded while in transit , while another one had a `` malfunction that caused the battery to blow up internally '' . Another report about an iPhone 7 emitting smoke and `` melting '' was published in October 2016 . Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions ( edit ) The iPhone 7 's `` This is 7 '' slogan has been misunderstood when translated to certain other languages . The slogan in China translates to `` 7 , is here . '' , while it becomes `` Exactly is 7 . '' in Taiwan , and `` This , is exactly iPhone 7 . '' in Hong Kong . In the Cantonese language , the slogan becomes `` This is penis '' , due to `` seven '' pronounced tsat , a slang for `` penis '' . Replacing the home button ( edit ) In the iPhone 7 , Apple added a software lock that prevents individuals from attempting to replace the home button on their own . Users are now required to go to an Apple Store to have repairs done , with `` recalibration '' of the button being necessary . This is a step further than Apple went with iPhone 5S , 6 and 6S , where only Touch ID functionality would get disabled but the `` return - to - home '' functionality still worked . Failure to connect to cellular service ( edit ) Some iPhone 7 devices with the model numbers A1660 , A1780 and A1779 suffer from a problem where they show a `` No service '' message even when cellular reception is available . Apple will repair those devices for free within two years of the first retail sale of the unit . Sales ( edit ) Apple has deliberately withheld pre-order sales numbers , citing that these are `` no longer a representative metric for our investors and customers '' . Without releasing specific numbers , T - Mobile US stated that the iPhone 7 had broken the carrier 's all - time record for first - day pre-order sales . The following weekend , T - Mobile US stated that iPhone 7 was its biggest iPhone launch ever , being `` up nearly 4x compared to the next most popular iPhone '' . On September 14 , 2016 , two days before the iPhone 7 went on sale , Apple announced that due to high demand , they had sold out of all `` jet black '' iPhone 7 's , and all colors of the iPhone 7 Plus . This caused issues for customers in the iPhone Upgrade Program , who were unable to reserve new phones . After customer complaints and a class action lawsuit , Apple made changes to ensure members of the program could get new phones as soon as possible . In May 2017 , analytics research company Strategy Analytics announced that iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus were the best - selling smartphones worldwide during the first quarter of 2017 , selling 21.5 million and 17.4 million units , respectively . US carrier trade - in deals ( edit ) For the initial U.S. sales of the iPhone 7 , all four major wireless carriers announced trade - in deals . Under the deals , the monthly installment plan cost of the iPhone 7 is negated by a monthly credit on consumers ' bill , but consumers who cancel their service with the carrier or pay off the phone prior to the installment contract completion will not receive credits for the remaining months . Jacob Kastrenakes of The Verge noted that the deals effectively constituted a return to two - year phone contracts , in which the deals `` essentially lock you into that carrier for two years '' . In the wake of these deals , Verizon announced they had seen an increase in sales over the release of the previous year 's iPhone 6S , AT&T said that sales had exceeded its expectations , and T - Mobile and Sprint announced `` huge increases in sales '' , with T - Mobile seeing a demand roughly four times higher for the 7 than the 6 . Reports about trimmed production ( edit ) In December 2016 , DigiTimes reported that Apple had reduced production of the iPhone 7 because of decreasing demand for the product after the initial surge of interest waned . A reason cited was consumers and suppliers turning their attention to next year 's iPhone model . A new report from Nikkei at the end of December included details on sales and production of the iPhone 7 . The report , `` based on data from suppliers '' , stated that Apple would trim production of the iPhone 7 by 10 % in the first quarter of 2017 , following `` sluggish '' sales . Nikkei reported that Apple previously trimmed production of the iPhone 7 by 20 % due to accumulated inventory of the previous model , but that the new models had `` sold more sluggishly than expected '' . Additionally , the report notes that the `` iPhone 7 Plus , which features two cameras on its back face , remains popular '' , but `` a shortage of camera sensors has curbed Apple 's ability to meet demand for the phones '' . Timeline of iPhone models ( edit ) Sources : Apple press release library Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Following the launch of the iPhone 7 , Belkin announced an Apple - certified hub accessory that contains two Lightning ports , one intended as a Lightning pass - through for charging and the other for connecting Lightning headphones or the included Lightning - to - headphone jack adapter . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wuerthele , Mike ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Pegatron CEO slams analysts , ' cautiously optimistic ' about Apple iPhone 7 sales '' . 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Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 JP specs '' . Apple . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Apple May Replace 3.5 mm Headphone Jack on iPhone 7 With All - in - One Lightning Connector '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mikey ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Apple rumored to ditch headphone jack on ' iPhone 7 ' for Lightning connector audio '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Supply Chain Rumors Reaffirm iPhone 7 Will Not Have Headphone Jack '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGarry , Caitlin ; Raymundo , Oscar ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 rumors : Lightning EarPods and adapter will help transition away from the headphone jack '' . Macworld . International Data Group . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sumra , Husain ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 May Feature Flush Camera , Stereo Speakers and Thinner Lightning Port '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Plus Said to Have 256GB Option and Larger 3,100 mAh Battery '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Zac ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Apple announces ' iPhone 7 ' September 7 event , Apple Watch 2 and MacBook Pros may be unveiled '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple sends invitations for ' iPhone 7 ' event on Sept. 7 : ' See you on the 7th ' '' . AppleInsider . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seifert , Dan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 and 7 Plus announced with water resistance , dual cameras , and no headphone jack '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crook , Jordan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple * officially * unveils the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple announces iPhone 7 pricing & availability , pre-orders start Sept. 9 , available Sept. 16 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 launches in 30 more countries today , Apple Watch Series 2 arrives in 20 + , Hermès models now available '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Roger ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's local iPhone 7 pages point to more international launches on Oct. 14 '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple confirms more international iPhone 7 & Apple Watch 2 release dates as it launches in India '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Apple confirms iPhone 7 launching in 7 more countries later this month '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 7 rollout continues with 4 more countries November 4 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` iPhone 7 Pre-Orders in Indonesia Begin March 24 Following Apple R&D Investment '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Apple launches red iPhone 7 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hardwick , Tim ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Announces iPhone 7 ( PRODUCT ) RED Special Edition '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` iPhone 8 and 8 Plus announced with wireless charging , True Tone display , A11 Bionic processor '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` iPhone X announced with edge - to - edge screen , Face ID , and no home button '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYPD cops switch to iPhones , the new tool in fighting crime '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Margaret ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Apple Made Its Jet Black iPhone None More Black '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stein , Scott ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Apple iPhone 7 review '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orellana , Vanessa ; Hollister , Sean ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` How water - resistant is the iPhone 7 ? '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 : Apple warranty does n't cover water damage to ' waterproof ' new phone '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mikey ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 solid - state home button works on capacitive touch , gloved users beware '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( September 17 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 home button does n't work with most gloves '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 's new home button is n't a real button '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Paul ; Bohn , Dieter ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Apple put a barometric vent in the space where the iPhone 7 headphone jack would have been '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Chris ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple will sell replacement iPhone 7 headphone adapters for $9 each '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning to 3.5 mm Headphone Jack Adapter '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Jeff ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` GeekBench benchmarks confirm iPhone 7 Plus ships with 3GB of RAM , faster than 12.9 '' iPad Pro `` . 9to5Mac . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's new A10 Fusion processor is 120 times faster than the original iPhone '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 vs Apple iPhone 7 Plus '' . SpecTell . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 display analysis shows record performance for color accuracy , brightness , screen reflectance & more '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 '' . GSMArena . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 Plus '' . GSMArena . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 -- Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 : More Camera , More Colors , Less Headphone Jack '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slivka , Eric ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Teardown Reveals ' Incredibly Thin ' A10 Chip With 2 GB RAM , Intel Modem '' . MacRumors . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 Plus has two cameras that work as one '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Tim ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` With the iPhone 7 , Apple Makes Dual Cameras the New Normal '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayo , Benjamin ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` iOS 10 now installed on two thirds of devices , faster adoption than any previous iOS update '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Releases iOS 10.1 With New Portrait Mode for iPhone 7 Plus '' . MacRumors . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , James . `` The iPhone 7 Plus ' ' portrait ' mode does background blur better '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what ' bokeh ' is , and how the iPhone 7 Plus fakes it '' . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carnoy , David ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple intros totally wireless AirPods and 3 new Beats wireless headphones that use new W1 chip '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's first wireless chip is the new W1 for wireless AirPods '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Gordon ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Vs iPhone 7 Plus Review : Should You Upgrade ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay . `` iPhone 7 Review '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCann , John . `` iPhone 7 Plus review '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` This $40 adapter can charge the iPhone 7 with your headphones plugged in '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Henry ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Why Apple will ditch the iPhone headphone jack , and why that sucks '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Taking the headphone jack off phones is user - hostile and stupid '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCann , Mac ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 's Dead Headphone Jack and AirPods Are Being Dragged All Over Twitter '' . Complex . Verizon Hearst Media Partners . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple says it took ' courage ' to remove the headphone jack on the iPhone 7 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 : Petition against dropping headphone jack because it will ' screw the planet ' gets hundreds of thousands of signatures '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple is ditching the standard headphone jack to screw consumers and the planet '' . SumOfUs . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carey , Bridget ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 ' Hissgate : ' CNET Update viewers share their experiences '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Criddle , Cristina ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 and 7 Plus handsets are making a mysterious hissing sound '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ T. , Nick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` This could be why some iPhone 7 units make a hissing noise '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Oliver ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hissgate ? Some iPhone 7 Units Allegedly Make Hissing Sound When Put Under Heavy Load '' . RedmondPie . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` 32GB iPhone 7 significantly slower than more expensive versions , tests show '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus : A Tale of Two Personalities '' . Cellular Insights . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Report : iPhone 7 models w / Qualcomm modem feature better cellular performance versus Intel '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Ian ; Moritz , Scott ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's Chip Choices May Leave Some iPhone Users in Slow Lane '' . Bloomberg Technology . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 catches fire while in transit '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleyo , Fritz ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Did This iPhone 7 Explode Too ? '' . Tech Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Another iPhone 7 battery blew up , but this time the phone did n't go up in flames '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Man claims iPhone 7 burst into flames and destroyed his car '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huang , Zheping ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` The slogan for Apple 's new iPhone 7 translates into `` This is penis '' in Hong Kong `` . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trenholm , Richard ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 slogan means something else in Hong Kong '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koebler , Jason ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The iPhone 7 Has Arbitrary Software Locks That Prevent Repair '' . Motherboard . Vice . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brett ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` Do n't try to fix your iPhone 7 home button yourself '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple offers free repairs for iPhone 7 devices hit with ' No Service ' bug '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Wo n't Release First - Weekend iPhone 7 Sales Numbers '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Shatter Records at T - Mobile '' . T - Mobile US . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musil , Steven ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple says it has sold out of initial quantities of iPhone 7 Plus '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone Upgrade Program Causes Headaches on Launch Day Due to Limited Stock '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Hit With Class Action Lawsuit Over iPhone Upgrade Program Woes '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Makes More iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Stock Available to Upgrade Program Members '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Zac ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple tops Q1 2017 highest - selling smartphone list with iPhone 7 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wuerthele , Mike ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 7 was world 's best - selling smartphone in first quarter of 2017 '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` T - Mobile 's free iPhone 7 offer requires upfront costs and lots of patience '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Free ' iPhone 7 offers from AT&T , Verizon , and others are basically two - year contracts '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pressmann , Aaron ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's Why Verizon Thinks iPhone 7 Sales Are Better Than Last Year '' . Fortune . Time . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chen , Monica ; Shen , Steve ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Apple reportedly begins to reduce orders for iPhone 7 , say sources '' . DigiTimes . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Jacob ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 orders reportedly drop as Apple goes big on the iPhone 8 '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple to slice iPhone production 10 % '' . Nikkei . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2004 - 2016 ) . Press Release Library . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . 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-7506581172340465209	The Comic Artist and His Assistants	The Comic artist and his Assistants - wikipedia The Comic artist and his Assistants Jump to : navigation , search The Comic Artist and His Assistants Cover of the first manga volume マンガ家さんとアシスタントさんと ( Mangaka - san to Ashisutanto - san to ) Genre Comedy , Slice of life Manga Written by Hiroyuki Published by Square Enix Demographic Seinen Magazine Young Gangan , Shōnen Gangan , Gangan Online Original run 2008 -- 2012 Volumes 10 Audio drama Released January 26 , 2011 Episodes Manga The Comic Artist and His Assistants 2 Written by Hiroyuki Published by Square Enix Demographic Seinen Magazine Young Gangan Original run August 2013 -- September 2014 Volumes Anime television series The Comic Artist and His Assistants : The Animation Directed by Takeshi Furuta Written by Aki Itami Music by Tomoki Kikuya Studio Zexcs Licensed by Sentai Filmworks Animatsu Entertainment Original network Tokyo MX , AT - X Original run April 7 , 2014 -- June 23 , 2014 Episodes 12 ( List of episodes ) Original video animation The Comic Artist and His Assistants : The Animation Directed by Takeshi Furuta Written by Aki Itami Music by Tomoki Kikuya Studio Zexcs Licensed by Sentai Filmworks Animatsu Entertainment Released June 25 , 2014 -- November 26 , 2014 Runtime 6 - 10 minutes ( per episode ) Episodes 6 ( List of episodes ) Anime and Manga portal The Comic Artist and His Assistants ( Japanese : マンガ家さんとアシスタントさんと , Hepburn : Mangaka - san to Ashisutanto - san to ) is a Japanese 4 - panel manga series by Hiroyuki . It was serialized in Square Enix 's seinen manga magazine Young Gangan from 2008 to 2012 . It was collected in ten tankōbon volumes , with the last being published on December 25 , 2012 . A sequel titled The Comic Artist and His Assistants 2 began serialization in August 2013 . An anime television series adaptation by Zexcs began on April 7 , 2014 and ended on June 23 , 2014 with streaming service Crunchyroll offering an English subtitled version . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Monthly Shōnen Gongon manga artist team 2.3 Monthly Shōnen Gongon editing department 2.4 Others 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.2 Drama CD 3.3 Anime 3.3. 1 Episode list 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Manga author Yūki Aito is an incredibly perverted man whose main loves and desires is to love everyone close to him and draw panties . His assistant , Ashisu , is constantly put into awkward situations and is forced to cope with Aito 's shenanigans . Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Yūki Aito ( 愛徒勇気 , Aito Yūki ) Voiced by : Yoshitsugu Matsuoka ( anime ) , Jun Fukuyama ( drama CD ) Yūki is the manga artist of the currently serialized `` Hajiratte Cafe Latte '' ( HajiCafe ) . He is mostly viewed as perverted by many and does not hesitate to tell his interest or asking his assistants to be his model for reference . Yūki has an uncontrollable fetish for women 's undergarments , specifically panties , even so that his main philosophy and theme of his manga revolves around panties , much to the chagrin of others . Yūki has the habit of doing his manga work at the last minute before fixed deadlines due to engaging in his interests , much to his editor 's distress . Yūki 's goal in life is to be confessed to by a girl before he dies . Yūki is said to be a very skilled manga artist , who could rank much better if he truly wanted , but his interest in drawing panties as his priority gives him only a decent ranking at best . He is 22 years old and happens to be a major masochist . Sahoto Ashisu ( 足須沙穂都 , Ashisu Sahoto ) Voiced by : Saori Hayami ( anime ) , Mamiko Noto ( drama CD ) Sahoto is Yūki 's 19 - year - old assistant . Sahoto is described as serious on her work ethic yet very down - to - earth . She is often the target of Yūki 's mischief , much to her chagrin , and does n't hesitate to lash out at him . Albeit as a manga artist assistant , Sahoto also aims to serialize a manga series of her own ; however , her attempts in doing so were constantly rejected by editors . Although she is more often than not annoyed by Yūki 's antics , she deeply respects him as a manga artist . Mihari Otosuna ( 音砂みはり , Otosuna Mihari ) Voiced by : Arisa Noto ( anime ) , Haruka Tomatsu ( drama CD ) Mihari is Yūki 's editor . Mihari is usually violent around Yūki , often scolding and beating him for his shortcomings . She is conscious of her small breast size and thus has a breast complex . She and Yūki were once classmates and is noted to have a liking for the latter at the time . Despite constantly berating Yūki for his irresponsible or otherwise perverted behavior , she 's been shown to be quite tolerant on his deadlines , and she constantly encourages him to do better , knowing he is more than capable of doing so . She denies it , but it is hinted that she has not completely gotten over the enormous crush on Yūki she has had forever from high school . Rinna Fuwa ( 風羽りんな , Fuwa Rinna ) Voiced by : Yuka Iguchi ( anime ) , Aki Toyosaki ( drama CD ) Rinna is one of Yūki 's assistants . Despite being an assistant , Rinna knows nothing about drawing manga , as she was hired by Mihari due to Yūki wanting someone who is cute . Rinna greatly admires Yūki and his work , being one of his fans . She is easy going and is generally cheerful , playing along with Yūki 's weird perverted ideas . Rinna is 18 years old . Sena Kuroi ( 黒井せな , Kuroi Sena ) Voiced by : Rie Kugimiya ( anime , drama CD ) Sena is a recurring assistant of Yūki . Sena is known by the manga industry as a hardworking and reliable assistant . Due to her small , childish stature , Sena is usually mistaken as a child and , at times , acts like one , especially when she is drunk . At first , she is shown to have weak strength , being unable to even open an ink pot , causing her to leave many manga artists out of pure embarrassment , which was rumored to be because the manga artists had offended her . She later develops feelings for Yūki . Sena is 19 years old and happens to be a major sadist . Branya ( ブラニャー , Buranyā ) Branya is Yūki 's pet cat and mascot character . It can draw very well , and has been the subject of jealousy from Ashisu , who notes that it can draw better than her despite being a cat . Monthly Shōnen Gongon manga artist team ( edit ) Kazuma Tsuranuki ( 貫一真 , Tsuranuki Kazuma ) Voiced by : Eiji Miyashita ( drama CD ) Kazuma is the manga artist of the currently serialized `` Hot Blooded ( Fire ) Fighter '' . His manga 's popularity is 14th out of 20 works in Gongon Comics . Meisei Tomito ( 兎美都冥聖 , Tomito Meisei ) Voiced by : Hikaru Midorikawa ( drama CD ) Meisei is the manga artist of Gongon Comics ' second most popular manga `` J.O.D ( Judgement of Darkness ) '' . He has a habit of looking down on others . Ichika Konno ( 今野一華 , Konno Ichika ) Ichika is the manga artist of Gongon Comics ' most popular manga `` Adventure World '' . She is almost 30 years old but has never been in love before because she has spent most of her time on manga . Tamako Motoki ( 元木たまこ , Motoki Tamako ) Tamako is the manga artist of Gongon Comics ' new manga `` Tension 1000 % '' . She speaks like a cat and is a very energetic girl . Monthly Shōnen Gongon editing department ( edit ) Matome Minano ( 皆野まとめ , Minano Matome ) Voiced by : Manami Tanaka ( anime ) Matome is the chief editor of Monthly Shōnen Gongon . Despite her position , people sometimes get confused about her identity due to her young age and small stature . Kouken Tomito ( 富都剛健 , Tomito Kōken ) Voiced by : Hiroki Yasumoto ( anime ) Kouken is the assistant chief editor of Monthly Shōnen Gongon . He is Meisei 's older brother and his editor . Aoi Tanemochi ( 種持葵 , Tanemochi Aoi ) Aoi is a new editor of Monthly Shōnen Gongon . Others ( edit ) Sahono Ashisu ( 足須沙穂乃 , Ashisu Sahono ) Voiced by : Miku Ito ( anime ) Sahono is Sahoto 's 13 - year - old little sister . Manabi Namida ( 波田まなび , Namida Manabi ) Manabi is Yūki 's 14 - year - old student . She is a middle school student who wants to become a manga artist . Sasae Enoshita ( 榎下紗々絵 , Enokishita Sasae ) Sasae is Ichika Konno 's chief assistant and manager . Mamori Sumino ( 住野まもり , Sumino Mamori ) Mamori is Yūki 's apartment manager . Mirei Sumino ( 住野美麗 , Sumino Mirei ) Mirei is Mamori 's older sister . Rinna 's father ( りんなの父 , Rinna no Chichi ) Rinna 's father visits Yūki and tries to make Rinna to quit as Yūki 's assistant . Jun Kiyosaki ( 清崎純 , Kiyosaki Jun ) Jun is Ashisu 's first assistant after Ashisu successfully becomes a manga artist . She is introduced in the manga The Comic Artist and His Assistants 2 . Panchū ( パンチュー ) A mascot character created by Yūki . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) The manga was serialized in Square Enix 's seinen manga magazine Young Gangan from 2008 to 2012 . It was compiled in 10 volumes released between October 27 , 2008 and December 25 , 2012 . A sequel titled The Comic Artist and His Assistants 2 began serialization in August 2013 . Drama CD ( edit ) A drama CD of The Comic Artist and His Assistants has been released on January 26 , 2011 . Anime ( edit ) The anime adaptation began broadcast on Tokyo MX from April 7 . Anime streaming service Crunchyroll hosted a simultaneously released English subtitled version . Shortly after , Sentai Filmworks licensed the series for digital and physical release in North America . The series was released in Japan on 6 Blu - ray and DVD discs at a rate of one per month from June to November 2014 . Mini OVAs were included with each volume of the Blu - ray / DVD packages . Sentai released the series on subtitled - only Blu - ray and DVD on September 15 , 2015 . The opening song titled `` Pure Impurities '' ( 純粋なフジュンブツ , `` Junsuina fujunbutsu '' ) and ending song titled `` Spica . '' are both sung by idol group StylipS . Episode list ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate 01 `` Master the Boobs ! '' `` Oppai o kiwamero ! '' ( おっぱいを究めろ ! ) April 7 , 2014 `` The Dream job '' `` Yumemiru oshigoto '' ( 夢見るお仕事 ) `` Panty wars '' `` Pantsu wōzu '' ( パンツウォーズ ) `` Mihari Otosuna 's Day Off '' `` Otosuna mihari no kyūjitsu '' ( 音砂みはりの休日 ) 02 `` The New Assistant '' `` Shin ashisutanto tōjō '' ( 新アシスタント登場 ) April 14 , 2014 `` That 's Most Important '' `` Sore ga daiji '' ( それが大事 ) `` Together for the First Time '' `` Hajimete no futari '' ( はじめての二人 ) 03 `` Smutty Magazine Panic '' `` Etchi - bon panikku '' ( エッチ本パニック ) April 21 , 2014 `` Can I Nurse Her to Health ? '' `` Kanbyō dekiru ka na '' ( 看病できるかな ) `` The Black Comet '' `` Kuroi suisei arawaru '' ( 黒い彗星現る ) 04 `` S & M '' `` S to M '' ( S と M ) April 28 , 2014 `` The Mascot Character '' `` Mascot Kyara '' ( マスコットキャラ ) `` Introducing Bra - Mew '' `` Buranyā Tōjō '' ( ブラニャー登場 ) `` Seventeen Mihari '' `` Sebuntīn Mihari '' ( セブンティーンみはり ) 05 `` Shock in the Park '' `` Kōen Shokku '' ( 公園ショック ) May 5 , 2014 `` Someday '' `` Itsuka wa '' ( いつかは ) `` Using Those Around You for Inspiration '' `` Midjikana Hito o Sankō ni '' ( 身近な人を参考に ) 06 `` Let 's Go to a Hot Spring '' `` Onsen ni Ikou '' ( 温泉に行こう ) May 12 , 2014 07 `` The Attack of the Little Sister '' `` Imouto Shuurai '' ( 妹襲来 ) May 19 , 2014 `` Their Night Together '' `` Futari no Yoru '' ( 二人の夜 ) `` A Piggyback for the Super-Assistant '' `` Super Assistant o Onbu '' ( スーパーアシスタントをおんぶ ) 08 `` Looked Over by the Editor - in - Chief '' `` Henshū - chō chekku '' ( 編集長チェック ) May 26 , 2014 `` To Feel Like a Girl '' `` On'nanoko no kimochi ni '' ( 女の子の気持ちに ) `` Overdoing It '' `` Yari - sugi '' ( やりすぎ ) 09 `` Past Mistakes '' `` Kako no Ayamachi '' ( 過去の過ち ) June 2 , 2014 10 `` Sena 's Close Call '' `` Sena - chan Kikiippatsu '' ( せなちゃん危機一髪 ) June 9 , 2014 `` I 'll Cheer You on ! '' `` Ōen shimasu ! '' ( 応援します ! ) `` Rain Talk '' `` Ame Tōku '' ( 雨トーク ) 11 `` The Feared Transformation '' `` Osoreteita Henka '' ( 恐れていた変化 ) June 16 , 2014 `` You Can Do It , Sena '' `` Ganbare Sena - chan '' ( がんばれせなちゃん ) `` Know Thyself '' `` Jibun o Shirou '' ( 自分を知ろう ) 12 `` Progress '' `` Zenshin '' ( 前進 ) June 23 , 2014 `` The End of Summer '' `` Natsunoowari '' ( 夏の終わり ) `` Psychological Profiling Using Underwear '' `` Pantsu de Wakaru Seikaku Shindan '' ( パンツで分かる性格診断 ) OVA 1 `` Ashisu 's Holiday '' `` Ashisu - san no Kyūjitsu '' ( 足須さんの休日 ) June 25 , 2014 `` You Never Know Until You Try '' `` Yatte Minakucha Wakaranai '' ( やってみなくちゃわからない ) OVA 2 `` The Dreaming Comic Artist '' `` Mangakka - san no yume '' ( 漫画家さんの夢 ) July 23 , 2014 OVA 3 `` Study Date '' `` Date de Obenkyou '' ( デートでお勉強 ) August 27 , 2014 OVA 4 `` Protect the cute '' `` Kawaii o Mamorou '' ( かわいいを守ろう ) September 24 , 2014 OVA 5 `` Little Sister VS Editor - in - Chief '' `` Imōto VS Henshū - chō '' ( 妹 VS 編集長 ) October 29 , 2014 OVA 6 `` The Perfect Day for a Nap '' `` O Hirune Biyori '' ( お昼寝日和 ) November 26 , 2014 `` When Assistants Snap '' `` Kireta Ashisutanto '' ( キレたアシスタント ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foronda , Anthony ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` Anime Spotlight Spring 2014 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` マンガ家さんとアシスタントさんと 1 ( ヤングガンガンコミックス ) '' . Amazon Japan . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` マンガ家さんとアシスタントさんと ( 10 ) ( 完 ) ( ヤングガンガンコミックス ) '' . Amazon Japan . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ コミック情報 ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` マンガ家さんとアシスタントさんと Drama CD '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Adds The Comic Artist and His Assistants Anime Shorts '' . Anime News Network . April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sentai Filmworks Licenses The Comic Artist and His Assistants '' . Anime News Network . April 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Products '' . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hamatora Anime Gets English Dub '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Manga official website ( in Japanese ) The Comic Artist and His Assistants 2 manga official website ( in Japanese ) Official website ( in Japanese ) The Comic Artist and His Assistants ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Gangan Comics Monthly Shōnen Gangan B. Ichi Blast of Tempest A Certain Magical Index Corpse Princess Doubt Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō Fullmetal Alchemist Guilty Crown Haré + Guu He Is My Master Hero Tales Heroman High School ! Kimengumi Higurashi When They Cry Magical Circle Guru Guru Mamotte Shugogetten Material Puzzle Moribito : Guardian of the Spirit The Mythical Detective Loki Ragnarok Nagasarete Airantō Ninpen Manmaru O - Parts Hunter Pani Poni Papuwa Peacemaker Kurogane The Record of a Fallen Vampire Soul Eater Soul Eater Not ! Spiral : The Bonds of Reasoning Star Ocean : The Second Story Today 's Cerberus Tokyo Underground Twin Signal UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie Violinist of Hameln Watashi no Messiah - sama The World Ends with You Monthly GFantasy Aoharu x Machinegun Black Butler Cuticle Detective Inaba Dance with Devils Dazzle Devil Survivor 2 : The Animation Durarara ! ! E 's Gestalt Hori - san to Miyamura - kun I , Otaku : Struggle in Akihabara The Irregular at Magic High School Kimi to Boku Nabari no Ou Pandora Hearts The Royal Tutor Saiyuki Superior Switch Toward the Terra Yumekui Kenbun : Nightmare Inspector Zombie - Loan Young Gangan + Tic Elder Sister Arakawa Under the Bridge Aria the Scarlet Ammo AA Astro Fighter Sunred Baccano ! Bamboo Blade Bitter Virgin Black God The Comic Artist and His Assistants Darker than Black Dimension W Ghost Slayers Ayashi Hanamaru Kindergarten Hōzuki Island I Could n't Become a Hero , So I Reluctantly Decided to Get a Job . Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon ? Knight 's & Magic Lagrange : The Flower of Rin - ne Mononoke Mōryō no Yurikago No - Rin Restaurant to Another World The Ryuo 's Work is Never Done ! Saki Sekirei Space Dandy Sumomomo Momomo Übel Blatt Until Death Do Us Part Working ! ! Gangan Online Barakamon Chivalry of a Failed Knight Chronicles of the Going Home Club Daily Lives of High School Boys Day Break Illusion The Legend of the Legendary Heroes Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun The Morose Mononokean Tanaka - kun is Always Listless Undefeated Bahamut Chronicle Monthly Gangan Joker Akame ga Kill ! Book Girl Corpse Party Dusk Maiden of Amnesia Grimgar of Fantasy and Ash Gugure ! Kokkuri - san Hanasaku Iroha Imōto Sae Ireba Ii . Gaiden : Imōto ni Saenareba Ii ! Inu x Boku SS Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon ? : Sword Oratoria Kakegurui - Compulsive Gambler My Bride is a Mermaid Natsu no Arashi ! One Week Friends Oreshura Sengoku Strays Shitsurakuen The Case Study of Vanitas The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls Umineko When They Cry WataMote Monthly Big Gangan ACCA : 13 - Territory Inspection Dept . Goblin Slayer High Score Girl My Youth Romantic Comedy Is Wrong , As I Expected Re : Zero − Starting Life in Another World Rose Guns Days Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Scum 's Wish Servant × Service WIXOSS Discontinued Alice on Deadlines Dear Enchanter Juvenile Orion Kamui KimiKiss Mahoraba Tenka Musō Other List of Gangan Comics manga franchises Square Enix Enix Works of Zexcs Television series Sister Princess ( 2001 ) Sister Princess RePure ( 2002 ) Kikō Sen'nyo Rouran ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Da Capo ( 2003 ) Final Approach ( 2004 ) Sukisho ( 2005 ) Canvas 2 : Niji Iro no Sketch ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Venus to Mamoru ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Rental Magica ( 2007 -- 2008 ) H O : Footprints in the Sand ( 2008 ) Our Home 's Fox Deity. 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8027048260441732608	Count On Me (Bruno Mars song)	Count on Me ( Bruno Mars song ) - wikipedia Count on Me ( Bruno Mars song ) `` Count on Me '' Single by Bruno Mars from the album Doo - Wops & Hooligans Released November 7 , 2011 Format Digital download Recorded Larrabee Recording Studios Levcon Studios ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Folk tropical Length 3 : 14 Label Atlantic Warner Music Australia Songwriter ( s ) Bruno Mars Philip Lawrence Ari Levine Producer ( s ) The Smeezingtons Bruno Mars singles chronology `` Mirror '' ( 2011 ) `` Count on Me '' ( 2011 ) `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( 2012 ) `` Mirror '' ( 2011 ) `` Count on Me '' ( 2011 ) `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( 2012 ) `` Count on Me '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Bruno Mars from his debut studio album , Doo - Wops & Hooligans ( 2010 ) . The song was first unveiled on Mars ' debut extended play , It 's Better If You Do n't Understand ( 2010 ) . The song was released as a radio single in Australia and served as the overall sixth single from Doo - Wops & Hooligans , being serviced to contemporary hit radio and adult contemporary radio in Australia on November 7 , 2011 . It was composed by Mars , Philip Lawrence , and Ari Levine , under their alias , The Smeezingtons . Musically , `` Count on Me '' is a folk and tropical record that lyrically details the importance of friendship and convey a positive message . It received generally mixed to positive reviews . Some music critics noted the resemblance to `` Over the Rainbow '' by Israel Kamakawiwoʻole , praising its arrangement and `` uplifting '' vibe , others criticized its `` saccharine sound '' and cheesy lyrics . The single peaked at number two in the Czech Republic and it was able to reach the position of 19 in Australia and 13 in New Zealand . It was certified three and two times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , respectively . Mars performed `` Count on Me '' on television shows such as The Ellen DeGeneres Show and included it on both of his worldwide tours The Doo - Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) and once on the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) . The song has been covered a number of times and has been used in a couple of commercials . Contents 1 Production and release 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Live performance 6 Cover versions and usage in media 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Production and Release ( edit ) `` Count on Me '' was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine , while production was handled by the same three under their alias , The Smeezingtons . The song was recorded at Larrabee Recording Studios in Hollywood and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , with Levine being responsible for engineering it at the latter studio . The track was mixed by Manny Marroquin and assistants Christian Plata and Erik Madrid . Levine and Mars played and recorded all of the instruments on the track . `` Count on Me '' was issued to contemporary hit radio and adult contemporary radio on November 7 , 2011 , in Australia by Atlantic Records and Warner Music Australia as a single . Composition ( edit ) `` Count on Me '' An 18 - second sample of the chorus on `` Count on Me '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Count on Me '' has been labelled as a folk by reviewer Pete Rivas from The AU Review and as tropical song by several critics , including Bill Lamb from ThoughtCo ( former About.com ) . AllMusic 's Tim Sendra described the song as a `` bittersweet ballad '' , while Katie Hasty from HitFix classified it as a `` sandy - sweet tune '' . It draws musical elements from the works of Jason Mraz and David Cook , featuring a laid back groove , tropical vibes resembling Mars ' `` Hawaiian background . '' An acoustic guitar , piano and `` beach - bound bongos '' are part of its instrumentation . Some critics have found `` Count On Me '' very similar to `` Over The Rainbow '' by Israel Kamakawiwoʻole . The vocals were described as `` ache '' and complemented as some of the best in the album . It conveys the message of comfort found in a friend and being present for those who are important in your life . According to the sheet music , the song is composed in the key of C major with a time signature in common time , and a moderate groove of 88 beats per minute . Mars 's vocals range spans from G to the high note C . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Count on Me '' received positive reviews from most music critics . Pete Rivas of The AU Review gave `` Count on Me '' a 7 out of 10 saying that it is an `` uplifting and chilled sounds '' and that it `` hits all the right spots '' . Rivas found the lyrics to convey a `` nice '' and `` positive '' message , adding that the single `` shows some similarities with his other singles but not to much detriment '' . The Boston Globe critic Ken Capobianco exalted Mars 's vocals on the recording as `` one of his best '' on the album . MTV UK Joanne Dorken and Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine said that the recording 's sound was `` reminiscent '' of `` Over the Rainbow '' by Israel Kamakawiwoʻole . While reviewing Mars ' debut EP , It 's Better If You Do n't Understand , Bill Lamb of About.com stated that `` there is a dreamy wistfulness here that is irresistible , regarding `` Count on Me '' . He added , that the song is `` perfect for summer days '' . However , while reviewing the parent album , Tim Sendra from AllMusic found that the song lacked deepness and that `` it 's not poetry '' . However , Sendra did say that the track is `` sweetly played and sung '' and is able to `` project a cuddly image and will melt hearts '' . On the other hand , Now 's Kevin Ritchie criticized the song for its `` cutesy lyrics '' and `` insipid rhymes like `` You can count on me like one , two , three '' . He added that the song does n't contribute for the album cohesion , but add for a `` no - brainer radio references to Coldplay , U2 , Michael Jackson , Sade , Feist and so on '' . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian concurred with the latter on the `` saccharine sound '' and explained that during the recording `` you start to boggle that Britain 's teens are being fed something so sugary without Jamie Oliver getting a campaign up about it '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) In New Zealand , `` Count on Me '' spent two weeks at its peak position of 13 , after debuting at number 21 on August 29 , 2011 . It was awarded a Platinum plaque by Recorded Music NZ ( RIANZ ) . The single first appeared on the UK Singles Chart on September 24 , 2011 , peaking at number 78 on the following week . It was able to spend four weeks on the chart . On September 2 , 2016 it was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . In 2012 , the song debuted at the Ö3 Austria Top 40 at number 15 , peaking at number five on the following week . It was able to spend 14 weeks on the chart and it ended up being certified gold , denoting digital sales of 15,000 copies in Austria . `` Count On Me '' debuted on Switzerland on the issue date of June 24 , 2012 , spending six weeks on the chart and peaking at number 55 . It was , eventually , certified gold in the country . It debuted in Australia on December 11 , 2012 at number 41 . It peaked at number 19 four weeks after its debut . The single was certified three times Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . The song was the eleventh most played in the Australian radio in 2012 . In 2013 , it peaked at number seven on the Spanish Singles Chart and left the charts after two weeks . Despite never charting at German Top 100 , the track reached the top position of the German airplay chart and was certified gold by the BVMI . The track was certified two times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , despite never being promoted as a single in the US . Live performance ( edit ) In September , 2010 , `` Count on Me '' was performed in front of a small crowd of fans at the Waterloo Records in Austin , Texas . Mars sung live the song on September 27 , 2010 , during a MTV Push Live session held in the United Kingdom . Mars , who was the opening act in an episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show in December , 2012 , performed the track as a tribute to the victims of the shooting in Newtown , Connecticut . It was the ninth song of his debut worldwide tour , The Doo - Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2010 ) , and was performed only once during the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 - 2014 ) in Jakarta . Cover versions and usage in Media ( edit ) `` Count on Me '' has been covered by British child singer Connie Talbot and included on her album Beautiful World ( 2012 ) . South Korean artists Lee Ki - chan and G.NA released a cover of the song as a CD single on May 12 , 2011 . The CD single , also includes an acoustic version , instrumental version and acoustic instrumental version of the track . It was sung live by 5,000 children from the Voice in a Million Choir at the Wembley Arena . In 2015 , Olivia Holt performed a cover of the song on the series finale of I Did n't Do It . It was also covered by the Willis Family for the first episode of the second season of their show by the same name , aired by TLC . The recording is part of the Belgian / American animated film A Turtle 's Tale : Sammy 's Adventures and the TV show Suburgatory . It has been featured on two different commercials for the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association , both took place one in Illinois . and was used for a Hyundai ' s commercial , during the Super Bowl XLVIII 's fourth quarter , entitled `` Dad 's Sixth Sense '' , that featured the 2016 Hyundai Genesis and Mars ' song . It was chosen `` for reasons separate and coincidental from Mars ' previously announced Half Time gig '' . The track was included on the Songs for the Philippines relief album , which was compiled to help the victims of Typhoon Haiyan since `` all proceeds '' were donated to the Philippine Red Cross . It is featured in the film , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Engineering and mixing Engineered at Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California ; mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California Personnel Bruno Mars -- lead vocals , songwriting , instrumentation Philip Lawrence -- songwriting Ari Levine -- songwriting , instrumentation , engineering The Smeezingtons -- production Manny Marroquin -- mixing Erik Madrid -- mixing assistant Christian Plata -- mixing assistant Credits adapted from the liner notes of Doo - Wops & Hooligans , Elektra Records : Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 - 2013 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Portugal ( Billboard ) 6 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 41 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 55 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 78 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 42 Chart ( 2013 ) Position Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 49 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Australia November 7 , 2011 Contemporary hit radio Atlantic Records Warner Music Australia Adult contemporary radio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Doo - Wops & Hooligans ( CD booklet ) . Bruno Mars . United States : Elektra Entertainment Group . 2010 . 2 - 525393 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars - Count On Me '' . The Music Network . Australia : Peer Group Media ( 861 ) . November 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rivas , Pete ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Single Review : Bruno Mars -- Count on Me ( 2011 ) '' . The AU Review . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lamb , Bill ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Graduation Songs for 2014 '' . ThoughtCo . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sendra , Tim . `` AllMusic ( Doo - Wops & Hooligans > Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hasty , Katie ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Album Review : Bruno Mars ' solo debut ' Doo - Wops and Hooligans ' '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . `` It 's Better If You Do n't Understand > Review '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lamb , Bill ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Bruno Mars -- It 's Better If You Do n't Understand '' . About.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars - Count on Me Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . Musicnotes . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dorken , Joanne ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Live Review : Bruno Mars '' . MTV UK . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Henderson , Eric ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bruno Mars : Doo - Wops & Hooligans '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Capobianco , Ken ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Bruno Mars , ' Doo - Wops & Hooligans ' '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Kevin ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Bruno Mars : Now Toronto Magazine '' . Now . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Bruno Mars : Doo - Wops & Hooligans -- review '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.nz -- Bruno Mars -- Count on Me '' . Top 40 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- Count on Me '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- Count On Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Type Count On Me in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Bruno Mars -- Count on Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austrian single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- Count On Me '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Enter Bruno Mars in the field Interpret . Enter Count On Me in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- Count on Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bruno Mars ; ' Count On Me ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Bruno Mars -- Count on Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The biggest songs on radio this year '' . Radio Today . December 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- Count on Me '' Canciones Top 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 18 / 2012 '' . German Charts . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bruno Mars ; ' Count on Me ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- Count On Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Watson , Stephanie . Bruno Mars : : Pop Superstar . United States of America : ABDO Publishing Company . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62403 - 225 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Count On Me ( MTV Push Live Session ) '' . MTV ( UK and Ireland ) . September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Performs ' Count on Me ' in Tribute to Newtown Victims '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Escudero , Nicki ( November 21 , 2010 ) . `` Bruno Mars at Martini Ranch Last Night ( Video ) '' . Phoenix New Times . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Asih , Ratnaning ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Bruno Mars Thrills Jakarta '' . Tempo . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beautiful World by Connie Talbot '' . iTunes Store . November 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Count On Me - G.NA & Lee GiChan '' ( in Korean ) . Daum . May 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 5000 children sing -- Bruno Mars ' Count on Me '' . VIAMTV . March 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Did n't Do It Count On Me by Olivia Holt '' . YouTube . October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longs , Herb ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Willis Clan Cover Bruno Mars `` Count On Me '' `` . TheChristianBeat.org . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sammy 's avonturen : De geheime doorgang Soundtrack '' . theost.com ( in German ) . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nowalk , Brandon ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Suburgatory : `` Catch And Release '' `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blue Cross and Blue Shield commercials Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Illinois Twentysomething Commercial on YouTube Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Illinois Moments Commercial on YouTube Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Hyundai Taps Bruno Mars ' ' Count On Me ' For Super Bowl Spot '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff , Billboard ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Beatles , U2 , Eminem , One Direction Contribute To ' Songs For The Philippines ' Relief Album '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) - Song Credits '' . Soundtrack.Net . Autotelics , LLC . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201216 into search . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20128 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2011 - New Zealand '' . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles year end chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bruno Mars songs Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs written Doo - Wops & Hooligans `` Grenade '' `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Runaway Baby '' `` The Lazy Song '' `` Marry You '' `` Talking to the Moon '' `` Liquor Store Blues '' `` Count On Me '' Unorthodox Jukebox `` Young Girls '' `` Locked Out of Heaven '' `` Gorilla '' `` Treasure '' `` Moonshine '' `` When I Was Your Man '' 24K Magic `` 24K Magic '' `` Chunky '' `` That 's What I Like '' `` Versace on the Floor '' `` Finesse '' Featured songs `` Nothin ' on You '' `` Billionaire '' `` Lighters '' `` Young , Wild & Free '' `` Mirror '' `` Bubble Butt '' `` Uptown Funk '' `` Wake Up in the Sky '' Other songs `` Rocketeer '' `` It Will Rain '' Book Template G.NA Studio albums Black & White EPs Draw G 's First Breath Top Girl Collaboration singles `` Count on Me '' ( with Lee Ki - chan ) Related topics Cube Entertainment Cube Entertainment Playcube Inc . → Cube Entertainment Artists Solo Jang Hyun - seung Jo Kwon Yoo Seon - ho Group BtoB CLC Pentagon ( G ) I - dle Subgroup Trouble Maker BtoB Blue Triple H Actors and comedians Heo Kyung - hwan Na Jong Chan Lee Hwi - jae Partnerships LOEN Entertainment ( for Cube DC and Music Cube ) IHQ CJ E&M Music Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_On_Me_(Bruno_Mars_song)&oldid=861459896 '' Categories : 2010 songs Bruno Mars songs Pop ballads Song recordings produced by The Smeezingtons Songs written by Bruno Mars Songs written by Philip Lawrence ( songwriter ) Songs written by Ari Levine 2011 singles Atlantic Records singles Elektra Records singles Songs about friendship Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Tagalog Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 15 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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-5115491077987140974	Aditya Narayan	Aditya Narayan - Wikipedia Aditya Narayan Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Aditya Jha . Aditya Narayan Jha Native name आदित्य नारायण झा Aditya Narayan Jha ( 1987 - 08 - 06 ) 6 August 1987 ( age 30 ) Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Occupation Television Anchor , playback singer , actor . Years active 1995 -- present Parent ( s ) Udit Narayan ( Father ) Aditya Narayan Jha ( born 6 August 1987 ) is an Indian Bollywood actor , television host , composer and singer . He is the son of playback singer Udit Narayan and Deepa Narayan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Biography 3 Career 4 Filmography 4.1 Television anchor 4.2 As an actor 4.3 As a Playback Singer 4.4 As a Music Director 5 Awards 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Aditya Narayan was born in Mumbai , Maharashtra , India . He comes from a musical family where his father , playback singer Udit Narayan , his mother Deepa Narayan , his grandfather Hari Krishna Jha and his grandmother Bhuvaneshwari Jha are all musically inclined . Aditya was born at Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai and he is still a resident of Mumbai . Narayan completed his schooling at Utpal Shanghvi school in 2003 . He passed his junior college at Mitthibai College of Commerce . Biography ( edit ) Aditya Narayan began his career as a singer at a very young age : he was discovered by Kalyanji Virji Shah when he sang at his 4th birthday celebration . He started training under Kalyanji and did concerts called Little Wonders , a show where children displayed their talent in various forms of art . He went on to perform at more than 300 Little Wonders concerts . Career ( edit ) Aditya 's first playback song was for the film Rangeela with Asha Bhosle . Later in 1995 he performed a song for Akele Hum Akele Tum along with his father , Udit Narayan . His acting career as a child began when Aditya was spotted by producer and director Subhash Ghai at the 1995 Filmfare award function , as the final performer for the `` Little Wonders '' troupe . Ghai then signed him for his forthcoming film Pardes , starring Shah Rukh Khan and Mahima Chaudhary . His second film was Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai starring Salman Khan and Twinkle Khanna . Narayan 's role as Kabir Dhanrajgir earned him a Best Supporting Actor nomination at the 1999 Zee Cine Awards . As a child artist , Aditya performed more than 100 songs and also released the album `` Aditya '' at Polygram Music ( now Universal Music ) . His most successful song was Chhota Baccha Jaan Ke from the film Masoom in 1996 . It also earned him his first major film award , the Screen Awards critics ' Best Child Singer in 1997 . He also received a special jury award at the Screen Awards as best child singer for the same song . In 2006 he completed a diploma in English contemporary music at Tech Music Schools , in London . On his return to India , he was called to audition for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 , and he became the anchor for that show . In April / May 2008 he toured North America and the West Indies , giving concerts together with his father , Udit Narayan . In 2009 Aditya signed his first film as lead actor , Shaapit , directed by Vikram Bhatt , which was released worldwide on 19 March 2010 . He sang four songs and also wrote and composed the title track for the film , `` Shaapit Hua '' . Meanwhile , he continued working as a TV host , hosting Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2008 and Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 . In 2011 , he hosted the reality show X Factor on Sony Entertainment Television . In early 2012 , Aditya joined Sanjay Leela Bhansali as an assistant director for the producer / director 's next directorial venture , Ram Leela . He also performed two songs for the film , `` Tattad Tattad '' , which was originally supposed to be rendered by his father Udit Narayan , and `` Ishqaun Dhishqyaun '' . Both the music and the movie received a positive response from critics and audiences alike . In 2014 he released his first independent single `` Tu hi Pyar hai '' with Gabriella Demetriades . He created a band called `` The A team '' in June 2014 . In 2015 , Aditya hosted yet another successful season of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs . Aditya released his second hindi single on his birthday , 6 August titled ' Tera Ishq Jee Paaun ' starring Yoshika Verma , composed by Arijit Chakraborty & written by Manoj Yadav under the music label T - Series which garnered more than a million views . Aditya 's first commercially successful single released in December , titled ' Zindagi ' starring Evgeniia Belousova , composed by Harshit Chauhan & written by Prashant Ingole under the music label T - Series . The song got a great response digitally & currently has over 4 million views on YouTube . In 2016 , Narayan was back as host for SaReGaMaPa . yet another successful season for the show . The grand finale garnered record breaking TRP 's & Narayan beat his own record of the most watched Grand Finale back when he was hosting SaReGaMaPa Challenge 2009 . In March , Aditya released his fourth single titled ' Mohabbat ' composed & written by himself under the music label T - Series . It was the first music video to not to feature Aditya in it & also the single to be composed & written by Aditya . Both , the song & music video underperformed . In August , Aditya released his fifth single titled ' Behka Behka ' composed & written by himself under the music label T - Series . It was the first music video in India to be shot entirely in reverse & the flipped backwards & also the first music video to feature Aditya 's band , Aditya Narayan & The A Team . The song & music video garnered a decent response with over a million hits on YouTube . In December , Aditya released his sixth single titled ' Yaara ' starring Evgeniia Belousova , composed by Aditya Narayan & written by Prashant Ingole under the music label T - Series & is his most commercially successful single till date , garnering over 5 million views so far . Aditya has sung in more than 16 Indian languages . Aditya is currently hosting his sixth season of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs on Zee TV which is currently the number one Non-Fiction / Reality show on Indian Television . Filmography ( edit ) Television anchor ( edit ) Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 X Factor India 2011 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 - 2017 As an actor ( edit ) Year Film Role Note ( s ) Shaapit Aman Bharadwaj Debut Film 1998 Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai Kabir Dhanrajgir Child Actor 1997 Pardes Potla Child Actor 1995 Rangeela Himself Child Actor As a Playback Singer ( edit ) Year Film Song ( s ) Music Director 2015 Carry On Maratha `` Carry On Maratha - Title Track '' Shail - Pritesh 2013 Ram Leela `` Ishqyaun Dhishqyaun '' `` Tattad Tattad '' Sanjay Leela Bhansali Shaapit `` Kabhi Na Kabhi To Miloge - Rock '' `` Chaahata Dil Tumko '' `` Kabhi Na Kabhi To Miloge '' `` Shaapit Hua Kya Kya Hota Hain '' Chirantan Bhatt 2009 Chal Chalein `` Chal Chal Chal Ke '' `` Batladein Koi '' Ilaiyaraaja Aashirbad Pani Ghatta Nepali FIlm 2000 Papa the Great Papa the Great Nikhil Vinay Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya `` Sun Lo Re Bandhu '' Jatin Lalit 1999 Hum Saath - Saath Hain : We Stand United Raam Laxman Taal `` Kahin Aag Lage '' A.R. Rahman Biwi No. 1 `` Mujhe Maaf Karna '' Anu Malik 1998 Pardesi Babu `` Hai Nazuk Nazuk Halki '' Anand Raj Anand Chachi 420 `` Chupdi Chachi '' Vishal Bhardwaj Aakrosh : Cyclone of Anger Anand Raj Anand 2001 : Do Hazaar Ek `` Rappa Rappa Rum Pum '' Anand Raj Anand 1997 Bhai `` Katti Batti '' `` Khul Gaya Naseeb '' Anand Milind Ghoonghat `` Chim Chimni `` Hotel Mobile '' Anand Raj Anand Pardes `` I Love My India '' Nadeem - Shravan Diljale `` Mera Mulk , Mera Desh '' Anu Malik Shastra Ladki Deewani Ladka Deewana Aadesh Shrivastava Masoom ( 1996 film ) `` Chota Bachcha Jaan Ke '' Anand Raj Anand 1995 Rangeela `` Rangeela Re '' A.R. Rahman Akele Hum Akele Tum Akele Hum Akele Tum Anu Malik As a Music Director ( edit ) Year Film Song ( s ) Shaapit `` Shaapit Hua Kya Kya Hota Hain '' Awards ( edit ) Film Awards : 1997 - Screen Awards - Special Jury Award for his song ' Chhota baccha jaan ke ' from the film Masoom ( 1996 film ) . Television Awards : - 2008 - Glamour Star of the Year 2007 - The Global Indian Film and Television Honours The Global Indian TV Honours 2008 : Fresh Face of The Year ( Male ) 2007 - Indian Television Academy Awards : Star of the Year 2007 - Sansui Television Awards : Face Of The Year 2007 - New Talent Awards - Best New Anchor 2007 - Lions Clubs International Lions Gold Awards ) ) : Best Anchor of a Television Program 2007 - Cinegoer 's Award : Best Anchor of a Television Program 2007 - Kalakar Awards Best Anchor of a Television Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Singer Aditya Narayan loves Antakshari '' . myantakshari.com . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Success Stories '' . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Music signs Aditya Narayan ; to launch debut album '' . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Aditya Narayan , Gagan Grewal - BBC Asian Network '' . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` OZEE Watch Movies , Shows , Music and Gossip videos Online '' . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` saregamapashow.com - saregamapashow Resources and Information '' . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor India -- X Factor India on Sony TV -- Musical Reality Show X Factor India Launched on May 29 - TV Series and New TV Shows of All TV Channels '' . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan SaReGaMaPa Li'l Champs 5 : OZEE Show - Watch Nissan SaReGaMaPa Li'l Champs 5 TV Serial latest Episodes and Videos Online at OZEE.COM ( ) Zee TV - English '' . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aditya Narayan Biography '' . Planetradiocity.com. 1987 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Suruchi Sharma ( 2010 - 03 - 10 ) . `` I am still single says Aditya Narayan - Times Of India '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Aditya Narayan on Facebook Aditya Narayan on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aditya_Narayan&oldid=812612995 '' Categories : Living people People from Saptari District Bollywood playback singers Indian male child actors Indian male film actors Indian male singers Indian people of Nepalese descent 1987 births Hidden categories : Use Indian English from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2013 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी मैथिली मराठी नेपाली डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 21 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won final of sa re ga ma pa 2017	[]	[]
1667272790000106915	Zone of proximal development	Zone of proximal development - wikipedia Zone of proximal development Jump to : navigation , search In the middle circle , representing the zone of proximal development , students can not complete tasks unaided , but can complete them with guidance . The zone of proximal development , often abbreviated as ZPD , is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can not do . It is a concept introduced , yet not fully developed , by Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky ( 1896 -- 1934 ) during the last ten years of his life . Vygotsky stated that a child follows an adult 's example and gradually develops the ability to do certain tasks without help . Vygotsky and some other educators believe that the role of education is to give children experiences that are within their zones of proximal development , thereby encouraging and advancing their individual learning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Definition 3 Scaffolding 4 Implications for educators 5 See also 6 References Origins ( edit ) Lev Vygotsky 1896 - 1934 The concept of the zone of proximal development was originally developed by Vygotsky to argue against the use of academic , knowledge - based tests as a means to gauge students ' intelligence . He also created ZPD to further develop Jean Piaget 's theory of children being lone learners . Vygotsky spent a lot of time studying the impact of school instruction on children and noted that children grasp language concepts quite naturally , but that maths and writing do n't come naturally , that these are concepts taught in schools and tend to come along with some difficulty , while Piaget believed that there was a clear distinction between development and teaching . He said that development is a spontaneous process that is initiated and completed by the children , stemming from their own efforts . Piaget was a proponent of independent thinking and critical of the standard teacher - led instruction that was common practice in schools . Alternatively , Vygotsky saw natural , spontaneous development as important , but not all - important . He believed that children would not advance very far if they were left to discover everything on their own . He noted cultural experiences where children are greatly helped by knowledge and tools handed down from previous generations . Vygotsky noted that good teachers should n't present material that is too difficult and `` pull the students along . '' Vygotsky argued that , rather than examining what a student knows to determine intelligence , it is better to examine his or her ability to solve problems independently and his or her ability to solve problems with an adult 's help . He proposed a question : `` if two children perform the same on a test , are their levels of development the same ? '' He concluded that they were not . However , Vygotsky 's untimely death interrupted his work on the zone of proximal development , and it remained mostly incomplete . Definition ( edit ) Since Vygotsky 's original conception , the definition for the zone of proximal development has been expanded and modified . The zone of proximal development is an area of learning that occurs when a person is assisted by a teacher or peer with a skill set higher than that of the subject . The person learning the skill set can not complete it without the assistance of the teacher or peer . The teacher then helps the student attain the skill the student is trying to master , in hopes that the teacher will no longer be needed for that task . Any function within the zone of proximal development matures within a particular internal context that includes not only the function 's actual level but also how susceptible the child is to types of help , the sequence in which these types of help are offered , the flexibility or rigidity of previously formed stereotypes , how willing the child is to collaborate , along with other factors . This context can impact the diagnosis of a function 's potential level of development . Vygotsky stated that we ca n't just look at what students are capable of doing on their own ; we have to look at what they are capable of doing in a social setting . In many cases students are able to complete a task within a group before they are able to complete it on their own . He notes that the teacher 's job is to move the child 's mind forward step - by - step ( after all , teachers ca n't teach complex chemical equations to first - graders ) . At the same time , teachers ca n't teach all children equally ; they must determine which students are ready for which lessons . An example is the often - used accelerated reading program in schools . Students are assessed and given a reading level and a range . Books rated below their level are easy to read , while books above their level will challenge the student . Sometimes students are not even allowed to check out books from the school library that are outside of their range . Vygotsky argued that a major shortcoming of standardized tests is that they only measure what students are capable of on their own , not in a group setting where their minds are being pushed by other students . Scaffolding ( edit ) The concept of the ZPD is widely used to study children 's mental development as it relates to education . The ZPD concept is seen as a scaffolding , a structure of `` support points '' for performing an action . This refers to the help or guidance received from an adult or more competent peer to permit the child to work within the ZPD . Although Vygotsky himself never mentioned the term , scaffolding was first developed by Jerome Bruner , David Wood , and Gail Ross , while applying Vygotsky 's concept of ZPD to various educational contexts . According to Wass and Golding , giving students the hardest tasks they can do with scaffolding will lead to the greatest learning gains . Scaffolding is a process through which a teacher or a more competent peer helps the student in his or her ZPD as necessary and tapers off this aid as it becomes unnecessary , much as a scaffold is removed from a building after construction is completed . `` Scaffolding ( is ) the way the adult guides the child 's learning via focused questions and positive interactions . '' This concept has been further developed by Mercedes Chaves Jaime , Ann Brown , among others . Several instructional programs were developed based on this interpretation of the ZPD , including reciprocal teaching and dynamic assessment . In order for scaffolding to work and have an effect , one must start at the child 's level of knowledge and build from there . One example of children using ZPD is when they are learning to speak . As their speech develops , it influences the way the child thinks , which in turn also influences the child 's manner of speaking . Wells gives the example of dancing : when a person is learning how to dance , they look to others around them on the dance floor and imitate their moves . A person does not copy the dance moves exactly , but takes what they can and adds their own personality to it . In mathematics , proximal development uses mathematical exercises for which students have seen one or more worked examples . In secondary school some scaffolding is provided , and generally much less at the tertiary level . Ultimately students must find library resources or a tutor when presented with challenges beyond the zone . Another example of scaffolding is learning to drive . Parents and driving instructors guide driving students along the way by showing them the mechanics of how the car operates , the correct hand positions on the steering wheel , the technique of scanning the roadway , etc . As the student progresses , less and less instruction is needed , until they are ready to drive on their own . Implications for educators ( edit ) Various investigations , using different approaches and research frameworks have proved collaborative learning to be effective in many kinds of settings and contexts . Teachers should assign tasks that students can not do on their own , but which they can do with assistance ; they should provide just enough assistance so that students learn to complete the tasks independently and then provide an environment that enables students to do harder tasks than would otherwise be possible . In the context of adults , peers should challenge each other in order to support collaboration and success . See also ( edit ) Constructivism ( learning theory ) Cultural - Historical Activity Theory ( CHAT ) Educational psychology Social constructivism ( learning theory ) Sociocultural theory References ( edit ) Library resources about Zone of proximal development Resources in your library Resources in other libraries ^ Jump up to : Zone of proximal development . ( 2009 ) . In Penguin dictionary of psychology . Retrieved from Credo Reference database Jump up ^ Stanlaw , J. ( 2005 ) . Vygotsky , lev semenovich ( 1896 -- 1934 ) . In Encyclopedia of anthropology . Retrieved from Credo Reference Database Jump up ^ L.S. Vygotsky : Mind in Society : Development of Higher Psychological Processes , p. 86 Jump up ^ Berk , L & Winsler , A. ( 1995 ) . `` Vygotsky : His life and works '' and `` Vygotsky 's approach to development '' . In Scaffolding children 's learning : Vygotsky and early childhood learning . Natl . Assoc for Educ . Of Young Children . p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Zone of Proximal Development and Cultural Tools Scaffolding , Guided Participation , 2006 . In Key concepts in developmental psychology . Retrieved from Credo Reference Database ^ Jump up to : Crain , W. ( 2010 ) . Theories of development : Concepts and applications , 6th ed . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ Berk , L & Winsler , A. ( 1995 ) . `` Vygotsky : His life and works '' and `` Vygotsky 's approach to development '' . In Scaffolding children 's learning : Vygotsky and early childhood learning . Natl . Assoc for Educ. of Young Children . pp. 25 -- 34 ^ Jump up to : Stages of development . ( 2010 ) . In Curriculum connections psychology : Cognitive development . Retrieved from Credo Reference Database ^ Jump up to : Zaretskii , V.K. ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` The Zone of Proximal Development What Vygotsky Did Not Have Time to Write '' . Journal of Russian and East European Psychology . 47 ( 1061 -- 0405 / 2010 $9.50 + 0.00 . ) : 70 -- 93 . doi : 10.2753 / RPO1061 - 0405470604 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Burkitt , E. ( 2006 ) . Zone of proximal development . In Encyclopaedic dictionary of psychology . Retrieved from Credo Reference database Jump up ^ Bozhovich , E.D. ( 2009 ) . Zone of Proximal Development : The Diagnostic Capabilities and Limitations of Indirect Collaboration . Journal Of Russian & East European Psychology , 47 ( 6 ) , 48 - 69 . Retrieved from EBSCOHost Database Jump up ^ Obukhova , L.F. , & Korepanova , I.A. ( 2009 ) . The Zone of Proximal Development : A Spatiotemporal Model . Journal of Russian & East European Psychology , 47 ( 6 ) , 25 - 47 . doi : 10.2753 / RPO1061 - 0405470602 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , A. ( 2009 , July 28 ) . What is `` Scaffolding '' and the `` ZPD '' ? Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wass , R. , & Golding , C. ( 2014 ) . Sharpening a tool for teaching : the zone of proximal development . Teaching in Higher Education , 19 ( 6 ) , 671 - 684 . Jump up ^ Balaban , Nancy . ( 1995 ) . `` Seeing the Child , Knowing the Person . '' In Ayers , W. To Become a Teacher . Teachers College Press . p. 52 Jump up ^ Wells , G. ( 1999 ) . Dialogic Inquiries in education : Building on the legacy of Vygotsky . Cambridge University Press . p. 57 Jump up ^ Grossman , P. , Wineburg , S. , & Woolworth , S. ( 2001 ) . Toward a theory of teacher community . Teachers College Record , 103 ( 6 ) , 942 - 1012 . Jump up ^ Kuusisaari , H. ( 2014 ) . Teachers at the zone of proximal development : Collaboration promoting or hindering the development process . Teaching and Teacher Education , 43 , 46 - 57 . Chaiklin , S. ( 2003 ) . `` The Zone of Proximal Development in Vygotsky 's analysis of learning and instruction . '' In Kozulin , A. , Gindis , B. , Ageyev , V. & Miller , S. ( Eds . ) Vygotsky 's educational theory and practice in cultural context . 39 - 64 . Cambridge : Cambridge University . Mayer , R.E. ( 2008 ) . Learning and instruction . ( 2nd ed. , pp. 462 -- 463 ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Education . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zone_of_proximal_development&oldid=793623816 '' Categories : Human development Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands Occitan Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2017 , at 23 : 09 . 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-2909326125174539402	Transport in North Korea	Transport in North Korea - wikipedia Transport in North Korea Jump to : navigation , search Transport in North Korea is constrained by economic problems and government restrictions . Public transport predominates , and most of it is electrified . Contents ( hide ) 1 Restrictions on freedom of movement 2 Roads 3 Public transport 4 Railways 5 Water transport 5.1 Merchant marine 6 Ferry Service 7 Air transport 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Restrictions on Freedom of movement ( edit ) Travel to North Korea is tightly controlled . The standard route to and from North Korea is by plane or train via Beijing . Transport directly to and from South Korea was possible on a limited scale from 2003 until 2008 , when a road was opened ( bus tours , no private cars ) . Freedom of movement in North Korea is also limited , as citizens are not allowed to move around freely inside their country . Roads ( edit ) Main roads of North Korea Map of Motorways in North Korea Future Motorway Plans Right hand drive ( RHD ) Toyota Landcruiser in front of a Pyongyang hotel Fuel constraints and the near absence of private automobiles have relegated road transportation to a secondary role . The road network was estimated to be around 31,200 km in 1999 up from between 23,000 and 30,000 km in 1990 , of which only 1,717 km , 7.5 % , are paved . However , The World Factbook ( published by the US Central Intelligence Agency ) lists 25,554 km of roads with only 724 km paved as of 2006 . As for the road quality , drivers will often swerve and change lanes to evade potholes , and this includes going into opposite - direction lanes at times . Likewise , sections under repair may not be properly signalled , so oncoming traffic should always be expected even on a divided motorway . There are three major multilane highways : a 200 - kilometre expressway connecting Pyongyang and Wonsan on the east coast , a 43 - kilometre expressway connecting Pyongyang and its port , Namp'o , and a four - lane 100 - kilometre motorway linking Pyongyang and Kaesong . The overwhelming majority of the estimated 264,000 vehicles in use in 1990 were for the military . Rural bus service connects all villages , and cities have bus and tram services . Since 1945 / 1946 , there is right - hand traffic on roads . In cities , driving speeds are set by which lane a driver is in . The speed limits are 40 km / h ( 24 mph ) , 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) and 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) for the first , second , and subsequent ( if existing ) lanes from the right , respectively . A white - on - blue sign informs about this . The leftmost lane , if it is number 3 from the right or higher and is not a turning lane , is often left vacant , even by tourist buses , while the second - from - right lane is generally used to overtake vehicles from lane one , such as public transport buses and trams . Besides the blue in - city sign , all other occasions , such as motorways and roads outside cities , use the more widely known red - circle - with - number - inside sign to post speed limits . On motorways , the typical limit is 80 and 100 km / h for lanes from the right , respectively , as posted on the Pyongyang -- Kaesong highway , for example . The rightmost lane of a motorway is sometimes , as seen on the Pyongyang -- Myohyang highway , limited to 60 near onramp joining points . Automobile transportation is further restricted by a series of regulations . According to North Korean exile Kim Ji - ho , unless a driver receives a special permit it is forbidden to drive alone ( the driver must carry passengers ) . Other permits are a military mobilization permit ( to transport soldiers in times of war ) , a certificate of driver training ( to be renewed every year ) , a fuel validity document ( a certificate confirming that the fuel was purchased from an authorized source ) and a mechanical certificate ( to prove that the car is in working order ) . Although it drives on the right , North Korea has imported various used RHD vehicles from Japan ( through Russia ) , from tourist buses to Toyota Land Cruisers and HiAces . As of 2017 , electric bicycles are becoming popular in Pyongyang ; about 5 % of bicycles are electric . Both locally and Chinese electric bicycles were available . A highway outside of Pyongyang Roadworks in North Korea . The blue truck in the foreground is a Chinese - made Dongfeng . A main road in Pyongyang A side road in Kaesong Public transport ( edit ) See also : Trams and Trolleybuses in North Korea There is a mix of locally built and imported trolleybuses and trams in the major urban centres of North Korea . Earlier fleets were obtained from Europe and China . Pyongyang tram in 2009 Trolleybus near Pyongyang Railway Station in 2007 Former Zurich type Be 4 / 4 tram on the Kumsusan Memorial Palace line A Pyongyang Trolleybus Works Chongnyonjunwi A Proton Wira yellow taxi in Pyongyang . Railways ( edit ) Main article : Rail transport in North Korea See also : Sino - Korea Friendship Bridge and Pyongyang Metro The Korean State Railway is the only rail operator in North Korea . It has a network of over 6000 km of standard gauge and 400 km of narrow gauge ( 762 mm ) lines ; as of 2007 , over 5400 km of the standard gauge ( well over 80 % ) , along with 295.5 km of the narrow gauge lines are electrified . The narrow gauge segment runs in the Haeju peninsula . Because of lack of maintenance on the rail infrastructure and vehicles , the travel time by rail is increasing . It has been reported that the 190 km ( 120 mi ) trip from Pyongyang to Kaesong can take up to 6 hours . Water transport ( edit ) Taedong River in Pyongyang Yalu River near Sinuiju Nampho Nampho Water transport on the major rivers and along the coasts plays a growing role in freight and passenger traffic . Except for the Yalu and Taedong rivers , most of the inland waterways , totaling 2,250 kilometers , are navigable only by small boats . Coastal traffic is heaviest on the eastern seaboard , whose deeper waters can accommodate larger vessels . The major ports are Nampho on the west coast and Rajin , Chongjin , Wonsan , and Hamhung on the east coast . The country 's harbor loading capacity in the 1990s was estimated at almost 35 million tons a year . There is a continuing investment in upgrading and expanding port facilities , developing transportation -- particularly on the Taedong River -- and increasing the share of international cargo by domestic vessels . Ports in North Korea Chongjin , Haeju , Hamhung , Kimchaek , Kaesong , Rasŏn , Nampo , Sinuiju , Songnim , Sonbong ( formerly Unggi ) , Ungsang , Wonsan Merchant Marine ( edit ) See also : North Korea Maritime Administration and List of North Korean merchant ships In the early 1990s , North Korea possessed an oceangoing merchant fleet , largely domestically produced , of 68 ships ( of at least 1,000 gross - registered tons ) , totalling 465,801 gross - registered tons ( 709,442 tonnes deadweight ( DWT ) ) , which included fifty - eight cargo ships and two tankers . As of 2008 , this has increased to a total of 167 vessels consisting mainly of cargo and tanker ships . Fleet by type Total 167 Bulk carrier 11 Cargo 121 Carrier Chemical tanker Container Cargo liner Petroleum tanker 19 Reefer ship Roll on / Roll off Ferry service ( edit ) North Korea maintains the Man Gyong Bong 92 , a ferry connecting Rajin and Vladivostok , Russia . Air transport ( edit ) See also : Air Koryo , Pyongyang Sunan International Airport , and List of airports in North Korea Pyongyang Sunan International Airport Air Koryo Tupolev Tu - 204 Pyongyang Sunan International Airport ramp North Korea 's international air connections are limited in frequency and numbers . As of 2011 , scheduled flights operate only from Pyongyang 's Pyongyang Sunan International Airport to Beijing , Dalian , Shenyang , Shanghai , Bangkok , Kuala Lumpur , Singapore , Moscow , Khabarovsk , Vladivostok and Kuwait International Airport . Charters to other destinations operate as per demand . Prior to 1995 many routes to Eastern Europe were operated including services to Sofia , Belgrade , Prague , Budapest along with others . Air Koryo is the country 's national airline . Air China also operates flights between Beijing and Pyongyang . In 2013 , MIAT Mongolian Airlines began operating direct charter services from Ulaanbattar to Pyongyang with Boeing 737 - 800 aircraft . Internal flights are available between Pyongyang , Hamhung , Haeju ( HAE ) , Hungnam ( HGM ) , Kaesong ( KSN ) , Kanggye , Kilju , Najin ( NJN ) , Nampo ( NAM ) , Sinuiju ( SII ) , Samjiyon , Wonsan ( WON ) , Songjin ( SON ) and Chongjin ( CHO ) . All civil aircraft are operated by Air Koryo , which has a fleet of 19 passenger and cargo aircraft , all of which are Soviet or more modern Russian types . As of 2013 , the CIA estimates that North Korea has 82 usable airports , 39 of which have permanent - surface runways . Airports -- with paved runways Total 39 > 3,047 m 2,438 to 3,047 m 22 1,524 to 2,437 m 8 914 to 1,523 m < 914 m Airports -- with unpaved runways Total 43 2,438 to 3,047 m 1,524 to 2,437 m 17 914 to 1,523 m 15 < 914 m 8 See also ( edit ) Tourism in North Korea References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` UNHCR Freedom in the World 2008 - North Korea '' . Unhcr.org . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ North Korea : Freedom of movement , opinion and expression - Information sheet Archived 2015 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , Amnesty International , PDF Archived 2013 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , published 2 August 2009 , accessed 2011 - 04 - 08 Jump up ^ `` North Korea : Transportation '' . CIA World Factbook . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Driving in North Korea and Speed Limit Regulations '' . New Focus International . Feb 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Korean traffic police moonlight as service stations '' . New Focus International . July 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frank , Ruediger ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Consumerism in North Korea : The Kwangbok Area Shopping Center '' . 38 North . U.S. - Korea Institute , Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies . Archived from the original on 11 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kokubu , Hayato , 将軍様の鉄道 ( Shōgun - sama no Tetsudō ) , ISBN 978 - 4 - 10 - 303731 - 6 Jump up ^ Rob Dickinson . `` A Glimpse of North Korea 's Railways '' . The International Steam Pages . Archived from the original on 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul French ( 2007 ) . North Korea : The Paranoid Peninsula -- A Modern History . 2nd ed . New York : Zed Books , p. 18 , ISBN 1842779052 . Jump up ^ Shim , Elizabeth ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea ferry service launched between Rajin , Vladivostok '' . UPI . The Man Gyong Bong 92 left the North Korean port of Rajin on Wednesday evening with about 40 passengers on a trial run . It arrived in Vladivostok on Thursday at 8 a.m. , Russia 's state - run Tass news agency reported . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Download a map of the entire North Korean Railway system to Google Earth here . Ducruet , Cesar et Jo , Jin - Cheol ( 2008 ) Coastal Cities , Port Activities and Logistic Constraints in a Socialist Developing Country : The Case of North Korea , Transport Reviews , Vol. 28 , No. 1 , pp. 1 -- 25 : http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/462288788-26821155/content~content=a782923580~db=all~tab=content~order=page Jo , Jin - Cheol et Ducruet , Cesar ( 2007 ) Rajin - Seonbong , new gateway of Northeast Asia , Annals of Regional Science , Vol. 41 , No. 4 , pp. 927 -- 950 : http://www.springerlink.com/content/625g177v07722201 Jo , Jin - Cheol et Ducruet , Cesar ( 2006 ) Maritime trade and port evolution in a socialist developing country : Nampo , gateway of North Korea , The Korea Spatial Planning Review , Vol. 51 , pp. 3 -- 24 : http://library.krihs.re.kr/file/publication/att_file/publication2/PR51_01.pdf DUCRUET , Cesar , JO , Jin - Cheol , LEE , Sung - Woo , ROUSSIN , Stanislas , 2008 , Geopolitics of shipping networks : the case of North Korea 's maritime connections , Sustainability in International Shipping , Port and Logistics Industries and the China Factor , International Association of Maritime Economists ( IAME ) , Dalian , China , April 2 -- 4 . DUCRUET , Cesar , ROUSSIN , Stanislas , 2007 , The changing relations between hinterland and foreland at North Korean ports ( 1985 -- 2006 ) , 6th Inha & Le Havre International Conference , Inha University , Incheon , Republic of Korea , October 10 -- 11 . DUCRUET , Cesar , ROUSSIN , Stanislas , 2007 , Inter-Korean maritime linkages : economic integration vs. hub dependence , 15th European Conference on Theoretical and Quantitative Geography , Montreux , Switzerland , September 7 -- 11 , pp. 133 -- 139 ISBN 978 - 2 - 940368 - 05 - 1 . ROUSSIN , Stanislas , DUCRUET , Cesar , 2007 , The Nampo - Pyongyang corridor : a strategic area for European investment in DPRK , Recent Changes in North Korea and the Role of the European Union , Institute of Unification Studies & Hans Seidel Foundation , Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea , June 1 . ROUSSIN , Stanislas , DUCRUET , Cesar , 2007 , Doing business in DPRK for the European companies : the logistic issue , Seogang University , Seoul , Republic of Korea , May 26 . ROUSSIN , Stanislas , DUCRUET , Cesar , 2006 , Logistic perspectives in DPRK , Annual Fall Meeting of the Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers , Seoul , Republic of Korea , September 15 -- 16 . Ducruet , Cesar et Roussin , Stanislas ( 2007 ) Coree du Nord : vers l'ouverture des ports maritimes , Journal de la Marine Marchande , No. 4566 , Juin 22 , pp. 6 -- 9 . Ducruet , Cesar et Roussin , Stanislas ( 2007 ) L'archipel nord - coreen : transition economique et blocages territoriaux , Mappemonde , Vol. 87 , http://mappemonde.mgm.fr/num15/articles/art07302.html External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transport in North Korea . Air Koryo official website Pyongyang metro unofficial website Drive through central Pyongyang at rush hour on National Day Holiday on YouTube Transport in North Korea at DMOZ Transport in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Rail transport in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Economy of North Korea Agriculture Automotive industry Sungri Motor Plant Pyeonghwa Motors Central Bank Energy Jangmadang Juche Kaesong Industrial Region Mining North Korean won ( currency ) Rason Special Economic Zone Ryonbong Sili Bank Songun Telecommunications Tourism Transport North Korean companies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_North_Korea&oldid=808553050 '' Categories : Transport in North Korea Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Français עברית 日本語 Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 15 : 33 . 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8368902845761638628	Leaving on a Jet Plane	Leaving on a Jet Plane - wikipedia Leaving on a Jet Plane Jump to : navigation , search `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' Single by Peter , Paul and Mary from the album Album 1700 B - side `` The House Song '' Released October 1969 Format 7 '' Genre Folk Length 3 : 27 Label Warner Bros. - Seven Arts 7340 Songwriter ( s ) John Denver Producer ( s ) Milt Okun Peter , Paul and Mary singles chronology `` Day Is Done '' ( 1969 ) `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' ( 1969 ) `` The Marvelous Toy '' ( 1969 ) `` Day Is Done '' ( 1969 ) `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' ( 1969 ) `` The Marvelous Toy '' ( 1969 ) `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' is a song written by John Denver in 1966 and most famously recorded by Peter , Paul and Mary . The original title of the song was `` Babe , I Hate to Go '' , as featured on his 1966 studio album John Denver Sings , but Denver 's then producer Milt Okun convinced him to change the title . Peter , Paul and Mary recorded the song for their 1967 Album 1700 but only released it as a single in 1969 . It turned out to be Peter , Paul and Mary 's biggest ( and final ) hit , becoming their only No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . The song also spent three weeks atop the easy listening chart and was used in commercials for United Airlines in the late 1970s . The song also topped the charts in Canada , and reached No. 2 in both the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart in February 1970 . In 1969 , John Denver recorded a version of the song for his debut solo album , Rhymes & Reasons , and re-recorded it in 1973 for John Denver 's Greatest Hits . His version was featured in the end credits of The Guard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lawsuit 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 References 4 External links Lawsuit ( edit ) In the 1980s the song prompted litigation involving the British group New Order . The band 's single `` Run 2 '' ( 1989 ) was the subject of a lawsuit brought by John Denver , who argued that its wordless guitar break was based on his `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' . An out - of - court settlement ensured that the song would never be re-released in its original form . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 - 70 ) Peak position Australia KMR 30 Canada RPM UK US Billboard Hot 100 US Easy Listening ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 13 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 50 Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Canada 71 UK 27 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amy Willis ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Peter , Paul and Mary : Career timeline '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 192 . Jump up ^ `` New Order : Singles : Run 2 '' . Niagara.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 05 at Archive.is Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19691220.html Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ Top Records on 1969 ( Based on Billboard Charts ) `` , Billboard , December 27 , 1969 . pp. 16 - 17 . Accessed December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ http://www.uk-charts.top-source.info/top-100-1970.shtml External links ( edit ) Review of `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' at AllMusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Try a Little Kindness '' by Glen Campbell Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single ( Peter , Paul & Mary version ) November 22 , 1969 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' by B.J. Thomas Preceded by `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' by Steam Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Peter Paul and Mary version ) December 20 , 1969 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' by Diana Ross & the Supremes John Denver Studio albums John Denver Sings Rhymes & Reasons Take Me to Tomorrow Whose Garden Was This Poems , Prayers & Promises Aerie Rocky Mountain High Farewell Andromeda Back Home Again Windsong Spirit I Want to Live John Denver Autograph Some Days Are Diamonds Seasons of the Heart It 's About Time Dreamland Express One World Higher Ground Earth Songs The Flower That Shattered the Stone Different Directions All Aboard ! Love Again Live albums An Evening with John Denver Christmas in Concert Specialty albums Rocky Mountain Christmas A Christmas Together Rocky Mountain Holiday Christmas , Like a Lullaby Forever , John Compilation albums John Denver 's Greatest Hits John Denver 's Greatest Hits , Volume 2 John Denver 's Greatest Hits , Volume 3 The Very Best of John Denver John Denver : A Portrait The John Denver Collection Something to Sing About 16 Biggest Hits Tribute albums The Music Is You : A Tribute to John Denver Singles `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' `` Rocky Mountain High '' `` Sunshine on My Shoulders '' `` Annie 's Song '' `` Back Home Again '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` Calypso '' `` Fly Away '' `` Looking for Space '' `` Like a Sad Song '' `` Some Days Are Diamonds ( Some Days Are Stone ) '' `` The Cowboy and the Lady '' `` Perhaps Love '' `` Shanghai Breezes '' `` Dreamland Express '' `` And So It Goes '' Related articles Discography Filmography Perhaps Love `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' Peter , Paul and Mary Peter Yarrow Paul Stookey Mary Travers Studio albums Peter , Paul and Mary Moving In the Wind A Song Will Rise See What Tomorrow Brings The Peter , Paul and Mary Album Album 1700 Late Again Peter , Paul and Mommy No Easy Walk To Freedom In These Times Compilation albums The Best of Peter , Paul and Mary : Ten Years Together Songs of Conscience and Concern Live albums In Concert Peter , Paul & Mommy , Too Singles `` Lemon Tree '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` Puff , the Magic Dragon '' `` 500 Miles '' `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' `` Stewball '' `` Tell It on the Mountain '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' `` When the Ship Comes In '' `` San Francisco Bay Blues '' `` Early Morning Rain '' `` I Dig Rock and Roll Music '' `` Too Much of Nothing '' `` Day Is Done '' `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' Other songs `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' `` And When I Die '' `` El Salvador '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Oliver Studio albums Good Morning Starshine Again The Best of Oliver Prisms Singles `` Good Morning Starshine '' `` Jean '' `` Sunday Mornin ' '' Cover Songs `` Both Sides Now '' `` If You Go Away '' `` In My Life '' `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' `` Ruby Tuesday '' `` The Twelfth of Never '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Where Is Love ? '' Chantal Kreviazuk Studio albums Under These Rocks and Stones ( 1997 ) Colour Moving And Still ( 1999 ) What If It All Means Something ( 2002 ) Ghost Stories ( 2006 ) Plain Jane ( 2009 ) Hard Sail ( 2016 ) Compilation albums Since We Met : The Best of 1996 - 2006 ( 2008 ) Singles `` Surrounded '' `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' `` Feels Like Home '' `` Before You '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Invincible '' `` Into Me '' Related artists Chantal Kreviazuk production discography Raine Maida Our Lady Peace Avril Lavigne Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaving_on_a_Jet_Plane&oldid=794579034 '' Categories : 1966 songs 1969 singles Warner Bros. Records singles Songs written by John Denver John Denver songs Peter , Paul and Mary songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs about aviation Song recordings produced by Milt Okun Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Sicilianu Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who had a hit with leaving on a jet plane	[]	[]
2442403134574401154	Party leaders of the United States Senate	Party leaders of the United States Senate - wikipedia Party leaders of the United States Senate This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Current leaders Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Majority Whip John Cornyn ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Minority Whip Dick Durbin ( D ) Party leaders of the U.S. Senate This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate . These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate , and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate . They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses , the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference . By rule , the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate . The Majority Leader customarily serves as the chief representative of their party in the Senate , and sometimes even in all of Congress if the House of Representatives and thus the office of Speaker of the House is controlled by the opposition party . The Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate ( commonly called Senate Majority and Minority Whips ) are the second - ranking members of each party 's leadership . The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues . Because they are the second ranking members of the Senate , if there is no floor leader present , the whip may become acting floor leader . Before 1969 , the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip . Contents 1 Current floor leaders 2 History 3 List of party leaders 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Current floor leaders ( edit ) The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans , 47 Democrats , and 2 independents , both of whom caucus with the Democrats . The current leaders are long - time Senators Mitch McConnell ( R ) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer ( D ) from New York . The current Assistant Leaders / Whips are long - time Senators John Cornyn ( R ) from Texas and Dick Durbin ( D ) from Illinois . History ( edit ) The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority . John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana . While the title was not official , he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917 ( and in turn , the first Senate Democratic Leader ) , while serving concurrently as Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus . In 1925 the majority ( at the time ) Republicans also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first ( official ) Majority Leader , although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first ( unofficial ) Senate Majority Leader . The Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate . The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate ( the Vice President ) is absent . In practice , neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore -- customarily the most senior ( longest - serving ) Senator in the majority party -- actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis ; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party . Since the Vice President may be of a different party than the majority and is not a member subject to discipline , the rules of procedure of the Senate give the presiding officer very little power and none beyond the presiding role . For these reasons , it is the Majority Leader who , in practice , manages the Senate . This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on bills . List of party leaders ( edit ) The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920 . The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925 . Cong - ress Dates Democratic Whip Democratic Leader Majority Republican Leader Republican Whip 63rd May 28 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1915 J. Hamilton Lewis None Democratic ← majority None None 64th March 4 , 1915 -- December 6 , 1915 December 6 , 1915 -- December 13 , 1915 James Wadsworth December 13 , 1915 -- March 4 , 1917 Charles Curtis 65th March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1919 66th March 4 , 1919 -- April 27 , 1920 Peter Gerry Republican majority → Henry Cabot Lodge Unofficial April 27 , 1920 -- March 4 , 1921 Oscar Underwood 67th March 4 , 1921 -- March 4 , 1923 68th March 4 , 1923 -- December 3 , 1923 December 3 , 1923 -- November 9 , 1924 Joseph Taylor Robinson November 9 , 1924 -- March 4 , 1925 Charles Curtis Acting Wesley Jones Acting 69th March 4 , 1925 -- March 4 , 1927 Charles Curtis Wesley Jones 70th March 4 , 1927 -- March 4 , 1929 71st March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1931 Morris Sheppard James E. Watson Simeon Fess 72nd March 4 , 1931 -- March 4 , 1933 73rd March 4 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1935 J. Hamilton Lewis Democratic ← majority Charles L. McNary Felix Hebert 74th January 3 , 1935 -- January 3 , 1937 None 75th January 3 , 1937 -- July 14 , 1937 July 22 , 1937 -- January 3 , 1939 Alben W. Barkley 76th January 3 , 1939 -- April 9 , 1939 April 9 , 1939 -- January 3 , 1940 Sherman Minton January 3 , 1940 -- January 3 , 1941 Warren Austin Acting 77th January 3 , 1941 -- January 3 , 1943 J. Lister Hill Charles L. McNary 78th January 3 , 1943 -- February 25 , 1944 Kenneth Wherry February 25 , 1944 -- January 3 , 1945 Wallace H. White Jr . Acting 79th January 3 , 1945 -- January 3 , 1947 Wallace H. White Jr . 80th January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1949 Scott W. Lucas Republican majority → 81st January 3 , 1949 -- January 3 , 1951 Francis Myers Scott W. Lucas Democratic ← majority Kenneth S. Wherry Leverett Saltonstall 82nd January 3 , 1951 -- January 3 , 1952 Lyndon B. Johnson Ernest McFarland January 3 , 1952 -- January 3 , 1953 Styles Bridges 83rd January 3 , 1953 -- July 31 , 1953 Earle Clements Lyndon B. Johnson Republican majority → Robert A. Taft August 3 , 1953 -- January 3 , 1955 William F. Knowland 84th January 3 , 1955 -- January 3 , 1957 Democratic ← majority 85th January 3 , 1957 -- January 3 , 1959 Mike Mansfield Everett Dirksen 86th January 3 , 1959 -- January 3 , 1961 Everett Dirksen Thomas Kuchel 87th January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1963 Hubert Humphrey Mike Mansfield 88th January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1965 89th January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1967 Russell B. Long 90th January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1969 91st January 3 , 1969 -- September 7 , 1969 Ted Kennedy Hugh Scott September 24 , 1969 -- January 3 , 1971 Hugh Scott Robert Griffin 92nd January 3 , 1971 -- January 3 , 1973 Robert Byrd 93rd January 3 , 1973 -- January 3 , 1975 94th January 3 , 1975 -- January 3 , 1977 95th January 3 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1979 Alan Cranston Robert Byrd Howard Baker Ted Stevens 96th January 3 , 1979 -- November 1 , 1979 November 1 , 1979 -- March 5 , 1980 Ted Stevens Acting March 5 , 1980 -- January 3 , 1981 Howard Baker 97th January 3 , 1981 -- January 3 , 1983 Republican majority → 98th January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1985 99th January 3 , 1985 -- January 3 , 1987 Bob Dole Alan Simpson 100th January 3 , 1987 -- January 3 , 1989 Democratic ← majority 101st January 3 , 1989 -- January 3 , 1991 George Mitchell 102nd January 3 , 1991 -- January 3 , 1993 Wendell H. Ford 103rd January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 1995 104th January 3 , 1995 -- June 12 , 1996 Tom Daschle Republican majority → Trent Lott June 12 , 1996 -- January 3 , 1997 Trent Lott Don Nickles 105th January 3 , 1997 -- January 3 , 1999 106th January 3 , 1999 -- January 3 , 2001 Harry Reid 107th January 3 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2001 Democratic ← majority January 20 , 2001 -- June 6 , 2001 Republican majority → June 6 , 2001 -- November 12 , 2002 Democratic ← majority November 12 , 2002 -- January 2 , 2003 Republican majority → 108th January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2005 Republican majority → Bill Frist Mitch McConnell 109th January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2007 Dick Durbin Harry Reid 110th January 3 , 2007 -- December 18 , 2007 Democratic ← majority Mitch McConnell Trent Lott December 19 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2009 Jon Kyl 111th January 3 , 2009 -- January 3 , 2011 112th January 3 , 2011 -- January 3 , 2013 113th January 3 , 2013 -- January 3 , 2015 John Cornyn 114th January 3 , 2015 -- January 3 , 2017 Republican majority → 115th January 3 , 2017 -- January 3 , 2019 Chuck Schumer Cong - ress Dates Democratic Whip Democratic Leader Majority Republican Leader Republican Whip See also ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives President pro tempore of the United States Senate Vice President of the United States ( President of the United States Senate ) Party divisions of United States Congresses List of political parties in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ No Republican whips were appointed from 1935 to 1944 since only 17 Republicans were in the Senate following the landslide reelection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936 . Accordingly , the minutes of the Republican Conference for the period state : `` On motion of Senator Hastings , duly seconded and carried , it was agreed that no Assistant Leader or Whip be elected but that the chairman be authorized to appoint Senators from time to time to assist him in taking charge of the interests of the minority . '' A note attached to the conference minutes added : `` The chairman of the conference , Senator McNary , apparently appointed Senator Austin of Vermont as assistant leader in 1943 and 1944 , until the conference adopted Rules of Organization . '' Source : Party Whips Archived 2010 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , via Senate.gov Jump up ^ Democrats remained in control after November 25 , 2002 , despite a Republican majority resulting from Jim Talent 's special election victory in Missouri . There was no reorganization as the Senate was no longer in session . Party Division in the Senate , 1789 -- present , via Senate.gov External links ( edit ) Majority and Minority Leaders and Party Whips , via Senate.gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority Current leadership of the United States Senate President : Mike Pence ( R ) President pro tempore : Orrin Hatch ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) Minority ( Democratic ) Mitch McConnell ( Leader ) John Cornyn ( Whip ) John Thune ( Conference Chair ) John Barrasso ( Policy Committee Chair ) Roy Blunt ( Conference Vice Chair ) Cory Gardner ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Mike Lee ( Steering Committee Chair ) Mike Crapo ( Chief Deputy Whip ) Chuck Schumer ( Leader and Caucus Chair ) Dick Durbin ( Whip ) Patty Murray ( Assistant Leader ) Debbie Stabenow ( Policy Committee Chair ) Mark Warner and Elizabeth Warren ( Caucus Vice Chair ) Amy Klobuchar ( Steering Committee Chair ) Bernie Sanders ( Outreach Committee Chair ) Joe Manchin ( Policy Committee Vice Chair ) Tammy Baldwin ( Caucus Secretary ) Chris Van Hollen ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Jeff Merkley ( Chief Deputy Whip ) Patrick Leahy ( Senate President pro tempore emeritus ) United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Congressional apportionment Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness , and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=857041894 '' Categories : Leaders of the United States Senate Lists of United States Senators Political whips Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking sources from February 2016 All articles lacking sources Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 05 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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7162721675453066773	List of Prime Ministers of Canada	List of Prime Ministers of Canada - Wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of Canada Jump to : navigation , search Canada 's Prime Ministers during its first century . The Prime Minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary minister of the Crown , chair of the Cabinet , and thus head of government of Canada . Officially , the prime minister is appointed by the Governor General of Canada , but by constitutional convention , the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons . Normally , this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house . But , if that leader lacks support of the majority , the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election . By constitutional convention , a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and , since the early 20th century , this has more specifically meant the House of Commons . The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada ; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on his or her behalf by the governor general . The prime ministership is part of Canada 's constitutional convention tradition . The office was modelled after that which existed in Britain at the time . Sir John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on May 24 , 1867 to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation . On July 1 , 1867 , the first ministry assumed office . The date for which a prime minister begins his or her term has been determined by the date that he or she is sworn into his or her portfolio , as an oath of office as prime minister is not required . However , since 1957 , the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister . Before 1920 , prime ministers ' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation . Since 1920 , the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed . The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that `` where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day , that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day '' . Thus , although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths , both during the day , the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before . Some sources , including the Parliament of Canada , apply this convention as far back as 1917 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prime ministers 2 Timeline 3 Living former prime ministers 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Prime Ministers ( edit ) Further information : Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada and List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office Abbreviation key : No. : Incumbent No. , Min. : Ministry Colour key : Liberal Party of Canada Historical Conservative Party ( including Liberal - Conservative , Conservative , Unionist , National Liberal and Conservative , Progressive Conservative ) Conservative Party of Canada Provinces key : AB : Alberta , BC : British Columbia , MB : Manitoba , NS : Nova Scotia , ON : Ontario , QC : Quebec , SK : Saskatchewan No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) District Term of office Electoral mandates ( Parliaments ) Political party Min . Refs Sir John A. Macdonald ( 1815 -- 1891 ) MP for Kingston , ON July 1 , 1867 -- November 5 , 1873 Title created ( no parl 't ) 1867 election ( 1st Parl 't ) 1872 election ( 2nd Parl 't ) Liberal - Conservative Party 1st Minister of Justice ; Integration of Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory into Canada ; Manitoba Act ; Red River Rebellion ; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation ; Creation of the North - West Mounted Police ; Resigned over Pacific Scandal Alexander Mackenzie ( 1822 -- 1892 ) MP for Lambton , ON November 7 , 1873 -- October 8 , 1878 Appointment ( 2nd Parl 't ) 1874 election ( 3rd Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1873 2nd Pacific Scandal ; Creation of the Supreme Court ; Establishment of the Royal Military College ; Created the office of the Auditor General ( 1 ) Sir John A. Macdonald ( 1815 -- 1891 ) MP for Victoria , BC until 1882 MP for Carleton , ON until 1887 MP for Kingston , ON October 17 , 1878 -- June 6 , 1891 1878 election ( 4th Parl 't ) 1882 election ( 5th Parl 't ) 1887 election ( 6th Parl 't ) 1891 election ( 7th Parl 't ) Liberal - Conservative Party 3rd National Policy ; Railway to the Pacific ; North - West Rebellion ; Hanging of Louis Riel . Died in office ( stroke ) . Sir John Abbott ( 1821 -- 1893 ) Senator for Quebec June 16 , 1891 -- November 24 , 1892 Appointment ( 7th Parl 't ) Liberal - Conservative Party 4th Minister without Portfolio ; Succeeded on Macdonald 's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson . In ill health ; retired . First prime minister born in what would become Canada , and first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate . Sir John Thompson ( 1845 -- 1894 ) MP for Antigonish , NS December 5 , 1892 -- December 12 , 1894 Appointment ( 7th Parl 't ) Liberal - Conservative Party 5th Minister of Justice ; First Catholic Prime Minister . Manitoba Schools Question . Died in office ( heart attack ) . 5 Sir Mackenzie Bowell ( 1823 -- 1917 ) Senator for Ontario December 21 , 1894 -- April 27 , 1896 Appointment ( 7th Parl 't ) Conservative Party ( historical ) 6th Minister of Customs ; Minister of Militia and Defence ; Manitoba Schools Question . Last prime minister to serve while in the Senate . 6 Sir Charles Tupper ( 1821 -- 1915 ) Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister May 1 , 1896 -- July 8 , 1896 Appointment ( no parl 't ) Conservative Party ( historical ) 7th Minister of Customs , Minister of Railways and Canals ; Oldest Canadian PM . Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry , but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question . Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister . 7 Sir Wilfrid Laurier ( 1841 -- 1919 ) MP for Quebec East , QC July 11 , 1896 -- October 6 , 1911 1896 election ( 8th Parl 't ) 1900 election ( 9th Parl 't ) 1904 election ( 10th Parl 't ) 1908 election ( 11th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1887 8th Manitoba Schools Question ; Boer War ; Alberta and Saskatchewan created ; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy ; Reciprocity with the US ; Department of External Affairs established ; First French Canadian Prime Minister , removed the right of status Indians to vote . 8 Sir Robert Borden ( 1854 -- 1937 ) MP for Halifax , NS until 1917 MP for Kings , NS October 10 , 1911 -- October 11 , 1917 1911 election ( 12th Parl 't ) Conservative Party ( historical ) Named leader in 1901 9th October 12 , 1917 -- July 10 , 1920 1917 election ( 13th Parl 't ) Unionist Party 10th First World War ; Military Service Act ; Conscription Crisis of 1917 ; Union government ; National Research Council ; Introduction of income tax ; Nickle Resolution ; Women 's suffrage ; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike ; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference , signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations . 9 Arthur Meighen ( 1874 -- 1960 ) MP for Portage la Prairie , MB July 10 , 1920 -- December 29 , 1921 Appointment ( 13th Parl 't ) National Liberal and Conservative Party Named leader in 1920 11th Solicitor General of Canada , Minister of Mines , Secretary of State for Canada , Minister of the Interior , Superintendant Indian Affairs ; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways . 10 William Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1874 -- 1950 ) MP for York North , ON until 1925 MP for Prince Albert , SK December 29 , 1921 -- June 28 , 1926 1921 election ( 14th Parl 't ) 1925 election ( 15th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1919 12th Minister of Labour ; Chanak Crisis ; lower tariffs ; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement ; 1923 Imperial Conference ; Halibut Treaty ; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng . ( 9 ) Arthur Meighen ( 1874 -- 1960 ) MP for Portage la Prairie , MB June 29 , 1926 -- September 25 , 1926 Appointment ( 15th Parl 't ) Conservative Party ( historical ) 13th Appointed as a result of the King -- Byng Affair . ( 10 ) William Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1874 -- 1950 ) MP for Prince Albert , SK September 25 , 1926 -- August 7 , 1930 1926 election ( 16th Parl 't ) Liberal Party 14th Balfour Declaration ; Introduction of old age pensions ; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries ( USA , France , Japan ) ; Great Depression . 11 R.B. Bennett ( 1870 -- 1947 ) MP for Calgary West , AB August 7 , 1930 -- October 23 , 1935 1930 election ( 17th Parl 't ) Conservative Party ( historical ) Named leader in 1927 15th Minister of Justice , Minister of Finance ; Great Depression ; Imperial Preference ; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ; Canadian Wheat Board ; Creation of the Bank of Canada . ( 10 ) William Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1874 -- 1950 ) MP for Prince Albert , SK until 1945 MP for Glengarry , ON October 23 , 1935 -- November 15 , 1948 1935 election ( 18th Parl 't ) 1940 election ( 19th Parl 't ) 1945 election ( 20th Parl 't ) Liberal Party 16th Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ; National Film Board of Canada ; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940 ; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada ; Second World War ; Japanese Canadian internment ; Conscription Crisis of 1944 ; Canada 's entry into the United Nations ; Trans - Canada Airlines ; Gouzenko Affair . 12 Louis St. Laurent ( 1882 -- 1973 ) MP for Quebec East , QC November 15 , 1948 -- June 21 , 1957 Appointment ( 20th Parl 't ) 1949 election ( 21st Parl 't ) 1953 election ( 22nd Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1948 17th Minister of Justice , Secretary of State for External Affairs ; Dominion of Newfoundland joins confederation ; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended ; Canada 's entrance into NATO ; Suez Crisis ; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force ; London Declaration ; Newfoundland Act ; Equalization ; Trans - Canada Highway ; St. Lawrence Seaway ; Trans - Canada Pipeline ; Pipeline Debate . 13 John Diefenbaker ( 1895 -- 1979 ) MP for Prince Albert , SK June 21 , 1957 -- April 22 , 1963 1957 election ( 23rd Parl 't ) 1958 election ( 24th Parl 't ) 1962 election ( 25th Parl 't ) Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1956 18th Avro Arrow cancellation ; Coyne Affair ; Cuban Missile Crisis ; NORAD ; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors ; Canadian Bill of Rights ; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960 ; Alouette 1 satellite programme . 14 Lester B. Pearson ( 1897 -- 1972 ) MP for Algoma East , ON April 22 , 1963 -- April 20 , 1968 1963 election ( 26th Parl 't ) 1965 election ( 27th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1958 19th Secretary of State for External Affairs ; Bomarc missile program ; Federal involvement in universal healthcare ; Canada Pension Plan ; Canada Student Loans ; Creation of a new Canadian flag ; Auto Pact ; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam ; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism ; Unification of the Armed Forces ; Canadian Centennial Celebrations . 15 Pierre Trudeau ( 1919 -- 2000 ) MP for Mount Royal , QC April 20 , 1968 -- June 3 / 4 , 1979 Appointment ( 27th Parl 't ) 1968 election ( 28th Parl 't ) 1972 election ( 29th Parl 't ) 1974 election ( 30th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1968 20th Minister of Justice ; `` Trudeaumania '' ; `` Just Society '' ; October Crisis and Use of the War Measures Act ; Official Languages Act ; Establishment of relations with Communist China ; Victoria Charter ; Creation of Petro - Canada ; Membership in the G7 ; Metric Commission , Metrication of Canada , Creation of Via Rail . 16 Joe Clark ( b . 1939 ) MP for Yellowhead , AB June 4 , 1979 -- March 2 / 3 , 1980 1979 election ( 31st Parl 't ) Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1976 21st Youngest Canadian PM . Defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget . ( 15 ) Pierre Trudeau ( 1919 -- 2000 ) MP for Mount Royal , QC March 3 , 1980 -- June 29 / 30 , 1984 1980 election ( 32nd Parl 't ) Liberal Party 22nd Quebec referendum , 1980 ; Access to Information Act ; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution ; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ; National Energy Program ; Canada Health Act ; Western alienation . 17 John Turner ( b . 1929 ) Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister June 30 , 1984 -- September 16 / 17 , 1984 Appointment ( 32nd Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1984 23rd Minister of Justice , Minister of Finance ; Trudeau Patronage Appointments . Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister . 18 Brian Mulroney ( b . 1939 ) MP for Manicouagan , QC until 1988 MP for Charlevoix , QC September 17 , 1984 -- June 24 / 25 , 1993 1984 election ( 33rd Parl 't ) 1988 election ( 34th Parl 't ) Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1983 24th Cancellation of the National Energy Program ; Meech Lake Accord ; Petro - Canada privatization ; Canada - US Free Trade Agreement ; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax ; Charlottetown Accord ; Gulf War ; Oka Crisis ; Environmental Protection Act ; Privatization of Air Canada , North American Free Trade Agreement ; Airbus affair . 19 Kim Campbell ( b . 1947 ) MP for Vancouver Centre , BC June 25 , 1993 -- November 3 / 4 , 1993 Appointment ( 34th Parl 't ) Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1993 25th Minister of Justice , Minister of Veterans Affairs , Minister of National Defence , Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs ; Only female Prime Minister of Canada . Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election . 20 Jean Chrétien ( b . 1934 ) MP for Saint - Maurice , QC November 4 , 1993 -- December 11 / 12 , 2003 1993 election ( 35th Parl 't ) 1997 election ( 36th Parl 't ) 2000 election ( 37th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1990 26th Minister of Finance , Minister of Indian Affairs , Minister of Energy , Mines and Resources , Minister of Justice and Energy Minister , President of the Treasury Board , Minister of National Revenue , Deputy Prime Minister of Canada ; Privatization of Canadian National Railway , Red Book ; Harmonized Sales Tax ; Quebec referendum , 1995 ; Clarity Act ; Assassination attempt ; Kosovo War ; 1997 Red River Flood ; Social Union Framework Agreement ; Creation of Nunavut Territory ; Youth Criminal Justice Act ; Operation Yellow Ribbon ; Invasion of Afghanistan ; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq ; Sponsorship scandal ; Kyoto Protocol ; Gomery Inquiry . 21 Paul Martin ( b . 1938 ) MP for LaSalle -- Émard , QC December 12 , 2003 -- February 5 / 6 , 2006 Appointment ( 37th Parl 't ) 2004 election ( 38th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 2003 27th Minister of Finance ; Minority government . Civil Marriage Act ; Kelowna Accord ; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty ; Sponsorship scandal ; Gomery inquiry ; G20 ; Atlantic Accord ; Martin and his father Paul Martin Sr have the honorific title of Right Honourable . 22 Stephen Harper ( b . 1959 ) MP for Calgary Southwest , AB February 6 , 2006 -- November 3 / 4 , 2015 2006 election ( 39th Parl 't ) 2008 election ( 40th Parl 't ) 2011 election ( 41st Parl 't ) Conservative Party Named leader in 2004 28th Accountability Act ; Softwood Lumber Agreement ; Afghanistan Mission ; 2006 Ontario terrorism plot ; Québécois nation motion ; Apologies for Residential Schools and Head Tax ; 2008 Financial crisis ; Coalition crisis ; Economic Action Plan ; Afghan detainee issue ; Parliamentary contempt ; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol ; Repeal of the Long - Gun Registry ; Senate expenses scandal ; Anti-terrorism Act , 2015 . 23 Justin Trudeau ( b . 1971 ) MP for Papineau , QC November 4 , 2015 -- Incumbent 2015 election ( 42nd Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 2013 29th Son of 15th Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau ; simultaneously Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth ; second father - and - son pair with honorific title of Right Honourable ; did not allow senators to sit in the government caucus ; Paris Agreement ; 150th anniversary celebrations . Minority government Party won the election , but prime minister lost own seat The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that `` where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day , that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day . '' Under the Act , Prime Ministers ' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office ( the earlier date given ) , although their resignation was received by the Governor General on the following day . This provision applies to Trudeau in 1979 and 1984 , Clark , Turner , Mulroney , Campbell , Chrétien , Martin , and Harper . Timeline ( edit ) Living former Prime Ministers ( edit ) As of April 2018 , there are seven living former Prime Ministers of Canada , the oldest being John Turner ( born 1929 ) . The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Pierre Trudeau ( 1968 -- 1979 , 1980 -- 1984 ) , on 28 September 2000 . John A. Macdonald ( 1867 -- 1873 , 1878 -- 1891 ) and John Thompson ( 1892 -- 1894 ) are the only serving Prime Ministers to have died in office . Living former Prime Ministers in order of service : Joe Clark Served : 1979 -- 1980 Age : 78 John Turner Served : 1984 Age : 88 Brian Mulroney Served : 1984 -- 1993 Age : 79 Kim Campbell Served : 1993 Age : 71 Jean Chrétien Served : 1993 -- 2003 Age : 84 Paul Martin Served : 2003 -- 2006 Age : 79 Stephen Harper Served : 2006 -- 2015 Age : 58 See also ( edit ) Canadian politics portal Book : Prime Ministers of Canada Fathers of Confederation List of Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada List of Canadian Leaders of the Opposition List of Canadian federal parliaments List of Canadian monarchs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Forsey , Eugene ( 2005 ) , How Canadians Govern Themselves ( PDF ) ( 6 ed . ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p. 38 , ISBN 0 - 662 - 39689 - 8 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 January 2011 , retrieved 24 March 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation : Life of a Ministry '' . Government of Canada Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Ministers of Canada : Gallery '' . Parliament of Canada . January 15 , 2007 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- MACKENZIE , The Hon . Alexander , P.C. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- MACDONALD , The Right Hon . Sir John Alexander , P.C. , G.C.B. , Q.C. , D.C.L. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- ABBOTT , The Hon . Sir John Joseph Caldwell , P.C. , Q.C. , K.C.M.G. , B.C.L. , D.C.L. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- THOMPSON , The Right Hon . Sir John Sparrow David , P.C. , K.C.M.G. , Q.C. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- BOWELL , The Hon . Sir Mackenzie , P.C. , K.C.M.G. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- TUPPER , The Right Hon . Sir Charles , P.C. , G.C.M.G. , K.C.M.G. , C.B. , D.C.L. , LL. D. , M.D. '' Parliament of Canada . October 30 , 1915 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- LAURIER , The Right Hon . Sir Wilfrid , P.C. , G.C.M.G. , K.C. , B.C.L. , D.C.L. , LL. D. , Litt. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- BORDEN , The Right Hon . Sir Robert Laird , P.C. , G.C.M.G. , K.C. , D.C.L. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- MEIGHEN , The Right Hon . Arthur , P.C. , Q.C. , B.A. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- KING , The Right Hon . William Lyon Mackenzie , P.C. , O.M. , C.M.G. , B.A. , M.A. , A.M. , LL. B. , Ph. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- BENNETT , The Right Hon . Richard Bedford , P.C. , K.C. , K.G. St. J. , LL. B . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- ST - LAURENT , The Right Hon . Louis Stephen , P.C. , C.C. , Q.C. , B.A. , LL. L. , LL. D. , D.C.L. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- DIEFENBAKER , The Right Hon . John George , C.H. , P.C. , Q.C. , B.A. , M.A. , LL. B. , LL. D. , D.C.L. , F.R.S.C. , F.R.S.A. , D. Litt. , D.S.L. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- PEARSON , The Right Hon . Lester Bowles , P.C. , C.C. , O.M. , O.B.E. , B.A. , M.A. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- TRUDEAU , The Right Hon . Pierre Elliott , P.C. , C.C. , C.H. , Q.C. , M.A. , LL. L. , LL. D. , F.R.S.C. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- CLARK , The Right Hon . Charles Joseph , P.C. , C.C. , A.O.E. , B.A. , M.A. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- TURNER , The Right Hon . John Napier , P.C. , C.C. , Q.C. , M.A. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- MULRONEY , The Right Hon . Martin Brian , P.C. , C.C. , G.O.Q. , B.A. , LL. L . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- CAMPBELL , The Right Hon . A. Kim , P.C. , C.C. , Q.C. , B.A. , LL. B. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- CHRÉTIEN , The Right Hon . Joseph Jacques Jean , P.C. , C.C. , O.M. , Q.C. , B.A. , LL. L. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Contact Information -- HARPER , The Right Hon . Stephen , P.C. , B.A. , M.A. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Contact Information -- TRUDEAU , The Right Hon . Justin , P.C. , B.A. , B. Ed . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada Coucill , Irma ( 2005 ) . Canada 's Prime Ministers , Governors General and Fathers of Confederation . Pembroke Publishers . ISBN 1 - 55138 - 185 - 0 . Lotz , Jim ( 1986 ) , Prime Ministers of Canada , Bison Books , ISBN 0 - 86124 - 377 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Canada . Prime Minister 's Official Site - Government of Canada The Prime Ministers of Canada -- The Historica Dominion Institute Prime Ministers of Canada -- Library of Parliament Prime Ministers -- Canada History Links related to List of Prime Ministers of Canada ( hide ) Lists of Prime Ministers of Canada Main List of Prime Ministers Premiership timeline Lifespan timeline Ranked Time in office Constituency Religion Surveys birth date and place Longevity Date of death Personal Residence Military service Education Spouses Children Parents Burial places Popular culture Lists of related positions Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada by time in office Governors General of Canada Canadian monarchs Leaders of the Opposition Related lists Bibliography Federal parliaments Political parties by time in office Minority governments Political families List of Spouses Book Category Portal Prime Ministers of Canada Macdonald Mackenzie Macdonald Abbott Thompson Bowell Tupper Laurier Borden Meighen King Meighen King Bennett King St. Laurent Diefenbaker Pearson P.E. 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Trudeau Book Category Portal Lists of Canadian first ministers Cross-Canada Current Women Asian - Canadians Federal Canada Province of Canada ( historical ) Provincial British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia Newfoundland and Labrador Territorial Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut Portal : Canadian politics Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada&oldid=825886115 '' Categories : Prime Ministers of Canada Lists of prime ministers Lists of Canadian first ministers Canadian ministries Lists of Prime Ministers of Canada Canada politics - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from December 2016 Use Canadian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Featured lists Use dmy dates from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 00 : 23 . 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-8012380864893863547	List of World Series champions	List of World Series champions - wikipedia List of World Series champions Jump to : navigation , search This article is about winners of the World Series of Major League Baseball that began in 1903 . For earlier league and inter-league championships , see List of pre-World Series baseball champions . At the first World Series , held in 1903 , the Boston Americans ( front row ) defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates ( back row ) in eight games . Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and concludes the MLB postseason . First played in 1903 , the World Series championship is determined through a best - of - seven playoff and is a contest between the champions of baseball 's National League ( NL ) and American League ( AL ) . Often referred to as the `` Fall Classic '' , the modern World Series has been played every year since 1903 with two exceptions : in 1904 , when the NL champion New York Giants declined to play the AL champion Boston Americans ; and in 1994 , when the series was canceled due to the players ' strike . The best - of - seven style has been the format of all World Series except in 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 , when the winner was determined through a best - of - nine playoff . Although the large majority of contests have been played entirely during the month of October , a small number of Series have also had games played during September and November . The Series - winning team is awarded the Commissioner 's Trophy . Players , coaches , and others associated with the team are generally given World Series rings to commemorate their victory ; however , they have received other items such as pocket watches and medallions in the past . The winning team is traditionally invited to the White House to meet the President of the United States . A total of 113 Series have been contested , with the NL champion winning 48 and the AL champion winning 65 . The New York Yankees of the AL have played in 40 World Series through 2017 -- winning 27 -- the most Series appearances , victories , and losses ( 13 , shared with the Los Angeles Dodgers ) of any Major League Baseball franchise . The St. Louis Cardinals , who represented the NL for a 19th time in 2013 , have won 11 championships , which is the second-most among all 30 Major League Baseball teams as well as most among NL teams . Both the Giants and the Dodgers have been NL champions more times , with the Giants winning 23 NL pennants and the Dodgers winning 22 . The Seattle Mariners and the Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos ) are the only current Major League Baseball franchises to have never appeared in a World Series ; the San Diego Padres , Colorado Rockies , Texas Rangers ( formerly the 1961 -- 1971 version of the Washington Senators ) , Tampa Bay Rays , and Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots ) have all played in the Series but have never won . The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in a World Series , winning in 1992 and 1993 . The current World Series champions are the Houston Astros . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Series appearances by club 2.1 Appearances by club 2.2 Years of appearance 2.3 Frequent matchups 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Winners ( edit ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series , and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a World Series as well as each respective teams ' World Series record to date . National League team American League team Year Winning team Manager Games Losing team Manager Ref . 1903 Boston Americans ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Collins , Jimmy Jimmy Collins 5 -- 3 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Clarke , Fred Fred Clarke 1904 No World Series 1905 New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Athletics ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 1906 Chicago White Sox ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jones , Fielder Fielder Jones 4 -- 2 Chicago Cubs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 1907 Chicago Cubs ( 1 , 1 -- 1 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 4 -- 0 -- ( 1 ) Detroit Tigers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jennings , Hugh Hugh Jennings 1908 Chicago Cubs ( 2 , 2 -- 1 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 4 -- 1 Detroit Tigers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jennings , Hugh Hugh Jennings 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Clarke , Fred Fred Clarke 4 -- 3 Detroit Tigers ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Jennings , Hugh Hugh Jennings 1910 Philadelphia Athletics ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 1 Chicago Cubs ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 1911 Philadelphia Athletics ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1912 Boston Red Sox ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Stahl , Jake Jake Stahl 4 -- 3 -- ( 1 ) New York Giants ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1913 Philadelphia Athletics ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 1 New York Giants ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1914 Boston Braves ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Stallings , George George Stallings 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Athletics ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 1915 Boston Red Sox ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Phillies ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Moran , Pat Pat Moran 1916 Boston Red Sox ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan 4 -- 1 Brooklyn Robins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Robinson , Wilbert Wilbert Robinson 1917 Chicago White Sox ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Rowland , Pants Pants Rowland 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1918 Boston Red Sox ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Barrow , Ed Ed Barrow 4 -- 2 Chicago Cubs ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Mitchell , Fred Fred Mitchell 1919 Cincinnati Reds ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Moran , Pat Pat Moran 5 -- 3 Chicago White Sox ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Gleason , Kid Kid Gleason 1920 Cleveland Indians ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Speaker , Tris Tris Speaker 5 -- 2 Brooklyn Robins ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Robinson , Wilbert Wilbert Robinson 1921 New York Giants ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 5 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 1922 New York Giants ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 4 -- 0 -- ( 1 ) New York Yankees ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 1923 New York Yankees ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1924 Washington Senators ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Harris , Bucky Bucky Harris 4 -- 3 New York Giants ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 4 -- 3 Washington Senators ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Harris , Bucky Bucky Harris 1926 St. Louis Cardinals ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Hornsby , Rogers Rogers Hornsby 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 1927 New York Yankees ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 4 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Donie Bush 1928 New York Yankees ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 4 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 1929 Philadelphia Athletics ( 6 , 4 -- 2 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 1 Chicago Cubs ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 1930 Philadelphia Athletics ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 2 St. Louis Cardinals ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Street , Gabby Gabby Street 1931 St. Louis Cardinals ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Street , Gabby Gabby Street 4 -- 3 Philadelphia Athletics ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 1932 New York Yankees ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 0 Chicago Cubs ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Grimm , Charlie Charlie Grimm 1933 New York Giants ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Terry , Bill Bill Terry 4 -- 1 Washington Senators ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Cronin , Joe Joe Cronin 1934 St. Louis Cardinals ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Frisch , Frank Frank Frisch 4 -- 3 Detroit Tigers ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Cochrane , Mickey Mickey Cochrane 1935 Detroit Tigers ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Cochrane , Mickey Mickey Cochrane 4 -- 2 Chicago Cubs ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Grimm , Charlie Charlie Grimm 1936 New York Yankees ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Terry , Bill Bill Terry 1937 New York Yankees ( 9 , 6 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 1 New York Giants ( 12 , 4 -- 8 ) Terry , Bill Bill Terry 1938 New York Yankees ( 10 , 7 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 0 Chicago Cubs ( 9 , 2 -- 7 ) Hartnett , Gabby Gabby Hartnett 1939 New York Yankees ( 11 , 8 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 0 Cincinnati Reds ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 1940 Cincinnati Reds ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 4 -- 3 Detroit Tigers ( 6 , 1 -- 5 ) Baker , Del Del Baker 1941 New York Yankees ( 12 , 9 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 1 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Durocher , Leo Leo Durocher 1942 St. Louis Cardinals ( 6 , 4 -- 2 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 4 -- 1 New York Yankees ( 13 , 9 -- 4 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 1943 New York Yankees ( 14 , 10 -- 4 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 1 St. Louis Cardinals ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 1944 St. Louis Cardinals ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 4 -- 2 St. Louis Browns ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Sewell , Luke Luke Sewell 1945 Detroit Tigers ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) O'Neill , Steve Steve O'Neill 4 -- 3 Chicago Cubs ( 10 , 2 -- 8 ) Grimm , Charlie Charlie Grimm 1946 St. Louis Cardinals ( 9 , 6 -- 3 ) Dyer , Eddie Eddie Dyer 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Cronin , Joe Joe Cronin 1947 New York Yankees ( 15 , 11 -- 4 ) Harris , Bucky Bucky Harris 4 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Shotton , Burt Burt Shotton 1948 Cleveland Indians ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Boudreau , Lou Lou Boudreau 4 -- 2 Boston Braves ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 1949 New York Yankees ( 16 , 12 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 1 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 5 , 0 -- 5 ) Shotton , Burt Burt Shotton 1950 New York Yankees ( 17 , 13 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Phillies ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Sawyer , Eddie Eddie Sawyer 1951 New York Yankees ( 18 , 14 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 13 , 4 -- 9 ) Durocher , Leo Leo Durocher 1952 New York Yankees ( 19 , 15 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 6 , 0 -- 6 ) Dressen , Charlie Charlie Dressen 1953 New York Yankees ( 20 , 16 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 2 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 7 , 0 -- 7 ) Dressen , Charlie Charlie Dressen 1954 New York Giants ( 14 , 5 -- 9 ) Durocher , Leo Leo Durocher 4 -- 0 Cleveland Indians ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Lopez , Al Al Lopez 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 8 , 1 -- 7 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 21 , 16 -- 5 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 1956 New York Yankees ( 22 , 17 -- 5 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 9 , 1 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 1957 Milwaukee Braves ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Haney , Fred Fred Haney 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 23 , 17 -- 6 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 1958 New York Yankees ( 24 , 18 -- 6 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 3 Milwaukee Braves ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Haney , Fred Fred Haney 1959 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 10 , 2 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 2 Chicago White Sox ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Lopez , Al Al Lopez 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Murtaugh , Danny Danny Murtaugh 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 25 , 18 -- 7 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 1961 New York Yankees ( 26 , 19 -- 7 ) Houk , Ralph Ralph Houk 4 -- 1 Cincinnati Reds ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hutchinson , Fred Fred Hutchinson 1962 New York Yankees ( 27 , 20 -- 7 ) Houk , Ralph Ralph Houk 4 -- 3 San Francisco Giants ( 15 , 5 -- 10 ) Dark , Alvin Alvin Dark 1963 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 11 , 3 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 0 New York Yankees ( 28 , 20 -- 8 ) Houk , Ralph Ralph Houk 1964 St. Louis Cardinals ( 10 , 7 -- 3 ) Keane , Johnny Johnny Keane 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 29 , 20 -- 9 ) Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra 1965 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 12 , 4 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 3 Minnesota Twins ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Mele , Sam Sam Mele 1966 Baltimore Orioles ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Bauer , Hank Hank Bauer 4 -- 0 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 13 , 4 -- 9 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 1967 St. Louis Cardinals ( 11 , 8 -- 3 ) Schoendienst , Red Red Schoendienst 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 1968 Detroit Tigers ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Smith , Mayo Mayo Smith 4 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals ( 12 , 8 -- 4 ) Schoendienst , Red Red Schoendienst 1969 New York Mets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Hodges , Gil Gil Hodges 4 -- 1 Baltimore Orioles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 1970 Baltimore Orioles ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 4 -- 1 Cincinnati Reds ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 1971 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 6 , 4 -- 2 ) Murtaugh , Danny Danny Murtaugh 4 -- 3 Baltimore Orioles ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 1972 Oakland Athletics ( 9 , 6 -- 3 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 4 -- 3 Cincinnati Reds ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 1973 Oakland Athletics ( 10 , 7 -- 3 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 4 -- 3 New York Mets ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra Oakland Athletics ( 11 , 8 -- 3 ) Dark , Alvin Alvin Dark 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 14 , 4 -- 10 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston Cincinnati Reds ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Johnson , Darrell Darrell Johnson 1976 Cincinnati Reds ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 4 -- 0 New York Yankees ( 30 , 20 -- 10 ) Martin , Billy Billy Martin 1977 New York Yankees ( 31 , 21 -- 10 ) Martin , Billy Billy Martin 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 15 , 4 -- 11 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 1978 New York Yankees ( 32 , 22 -- 10 ) Lemon , Bob Bob Lemon 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 16 , 4 -- 12 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Tanner , Chuck Chuck Tanner 4 -- 3 Baltimore Orioles ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 1980 Philadelphia Phillies ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Green , Dallas Dallas Green 4 -- 2 Kansas City Royals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Frey , Jim Jim Frey 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 4 -- 2 New York Yankees ( 33 , 22 -- 11 ) Lemon , Bob Bob Lemon 1982 St. Louis Cardinals ( 13 , 9 -- 4 ) Herzog , Whitey Whitey Herzog 4 -- 3 Milwaukee Brewers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Kuenn , Harvey Harvey Kuenn Baltimore Orioles ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Altobelli , Joe Joe Altobelli 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Phillies ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Owens , Paul Paul Owens 1984 Detroit Tigers ( 9 , 4 -- 5 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 4 -- 1 San Diego Padres ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 1985 Kansas City Royals ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Howser , Dick Dick Howser 4 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals ( 14 , 9 -- 5 ) Herzog , Whitey Whitey Herzog 1986 New York Mets ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Johnson , Davey Davey Johnson 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) McNamara , John John McNamara Minnesota Twins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Kelly , Tom Tom Kelly 4 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals ( 15 , 9 -- 6 ) Herzog , Whitey Whitey Herzog 1988 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 18 , 6 -- 12 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 4 -- 1 Oakland Athletics ( 12 , 8 -- 4 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 1989 Oakland Athletics ( 13 , 9 -- 4 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 4 -- 0 San Francisco Giants ( 16 , 5 -- 11 ) Craig , Roger Roger Craig 1990 Cincinnati Reds ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Piniella , Lou Lou Piniella 4 -- 0 Oakland Athletics ( 14 , 9 -- 5 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 1991 Minnesota Twins ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Kelly , Tom Tom Kelly 4 -- 3 Atlanta Braves ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 1992 Toronto Blue Jays ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gaston , Cito Cito Gaston 4 -- 2 Atlanta Braves ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 1993 Toronto Blue Jays ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gaston , Cito Cito Gaston 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Fregosi , Jim Jim Fregosi 1994 No World Series due to a players ' strike 1995 Atlanta Braves ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 4 -- 2 Cleveland Indians ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hargrove , Mike Mike Hargrove New York Yankees ( 34 , 23 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 2 Atlanta Braves ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 1997 Florida Marlins ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Leyland , Jim Jim Leyland 4 -- 3 Cleveland Indians ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Hargrove , Mike Mike Hargrove 1998 New York Yankees ( 35 , 24 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 0 San Diego Padres ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bruce Bochy 1999 New York Yankees ( 36 , 25 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 0 Atlanta Braves ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 2000 New York Yankees ( 37 , 26 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 1 New York Mets ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Valentine , Bobby Bobby Valentine 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Brenly , Bob Bob Brenly 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 38 , 26 -- 12 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 2002 Anaheim Angels ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Scioscia , Mike Mike Scioscia 4 -- 3 San Francisco Giants ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Baker , Dusty Dusty Baker 2003 Florida Marlins ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) McKeon , Jack Jack McKeon 4 -- 2 New York Yankees ( 39 , 26 -- 13 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre Boston Red Sox ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Francona , Terry Terry Francona 4 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals ( 16 , 9 -- 7 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 2005 Chicago White Sox ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Guillén , Ozzie Ozzie Guillén 4 -- 0 Houston Astros ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Garner , Phil Phil Garner 2006 St. Louis Cardinals ( 17 , 10 -- 7 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 4 -- 1 Detroit Tigers ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Leyland , Jim Jim Leyland 2007 Boston Red Sox ( 11 , 7 -- 4 ) Francona , Terry Terry Francona 4 -- 0 Colorado Rockies ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hurdle , Clint Clint Hurdle 2008 Philadelphia Phillies ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Manuel , Charlie Charlie Manuel 4 -- 1 Tampa Bay Rays ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Maddon , Joe Joe Maddon 2009 New York Yankees ( 40 , 27 -- 13 ) Girardi , Joe Joe Girardi 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Manuel , Charlie Charlie Manuel San Francisco Giants ( 18 , 6 -- 12 ) Bochy , Bruce Bruce Bochy 4 -- 1 Texas Rangers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Washington , Ron Ron Washington 2011 St. Louis Cardinals ( 18 , 11 -- 7 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 4 -- 3 Texas Rangers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Washington , Ron Ron Washington 2012 San Francisco Giants ( 19 , 7 -- 12 ) Bochy , Bruce Bruce Bochy 4 -- 0 Detroit Tigers ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Leyland , Jim Jim Leyland 2013 Boston Red Sox ( 12 , 8 -- 4 ) Farrell , John John Farrell 4 -- 2 St. Louis Cardinals ( 19 , 11 -- 8 ) Matheny , Mike Mike Matheny 2014 San Francisco Giants ( 20 , 8 -- 12 ) Bochy , Bruce Bruce Bochy 4 -- 3 Kansas City Royals ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Yost , Ned Ned Yost 2015 Kansas City Royals ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Yost , Ned Ned Yost 4 -- 1 New York Mets ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Collins , Terry Terry Collins 2016 Chicago Cubs ( 11 , 3 -- 8 ) Maddon , Joe Joe Maddon 4 -- 3 Cleveland Indians ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Francona , Terry Terry Francona 2017 Houston Astros ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hinch , A.J. A.J. Hinch 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 19 , 6 -- 13 ) Roberts , Dave Dave Roberts Series appearances by Club ( edit ) Appearances by club ( edit ) Series appearances Team League Winners Runners - up Win % Most recent Games won Games lost Games tied Game win % Most Recent game win Founded win appearance 40 New York Yankees AL 27 13 . 675 2009 2009 134 90 . 598 2009 1903 20 San Francisco Giants ( New York ) NL 8 12 . 400 2014 2014 57 57 . 500 2014 1883 19 St. Louis Cardinals NL 11 8 . 579 2011 2013 58 60 0 . 492 2011 1882 19 Los Angeles Dodgers ( Brooklyn ) NL 6 13 . 316 1988 2017 48 64 0 . 429 2017 1884 14 Oakland Athletics ( Kansas City / Philadelphia ) AL 9 5 . 643 1989 1990 41 34 0 . 547 1989 1901 12 Boston Red Sox ( Boston ) AL 8 . 667 2013 2013 45 28 . 615 2013 1901 11 Detroit Tigers AL 7 . 364 1984 2012 27 37 . 423 2006 1901 11 Chicago Cubs NL 8 . 273 2016 2016 23 36 . 392 2016 1870 9 Cincinnati Reds NL 5 . 556 1990 1990 26 25 0 . 510 1990 1881 9 Atlanta Braves ( Milwaukee / Boston ) NL 6 . 333 1995 1999 24 29 0 . 453 1871 7 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 5 . 714 1979 1979 23 24 0 . 489 1979 1887 7 Baltimore Orioles ( St. Louis Browns ) AL . 429 21 18 0 . 538 1900 7 Philadelphia Phillies NL 5 . 286 2008 2009 14 23 0 . 378 2009 1883 6 Minnesota Twins ( Washington Senators ) AL . 500 1991 1991 19 21 0 . 475 1991 1901 6 Cleveland Indians AL . 333 1948 2016 17 20 0 . 459 2016 1901 5 Chicago White Sox AL . 600 2005 2005 17 13 0 . 567 2005 1900 5 New York Mets NL . 400 1986 2015 13 16 0 . 448 2015 1962 Kansas City Royals AL . 500 2015 2015 13 12 0 . 520 2015 1969 Miami Marlins ( Florida ) NL 0 1.000 2003 2003 8 5 0 . 615 2003 1993 Toronto Blue Jays AL 0 1.000 1993 1993 8 0 . 667 1993 1977 Houston Astros NL / AL . 500 2017 2017 7 0 . 364 2017 1962 Texas Rangers ( Washington Senators ) AL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 2011 8 0 . 333 2011 1961 San Diego Padres NL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 1998 8 0 . 111 1984 1969 Los Angeles Angels ( Anaheim / California / Los Angeles ) AL 0 1.000 2002 2002 0 . 571 2002 1961 Arizona Diamondbacks NL 0 1.000 2001 2001 0 . 571 2001 1998 Tampa Bay Rays AL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 2008 0 . 200 2008 1998 Colorado Rockies NL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 2007 0 0 . 000 0 ! -- 1993 Milwaukee Brewers ( Seattle Pilots ) AL / NL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 1982 0 . 429 1982 1969 0 Washington Nationals ( Montreal Expos ) NL 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 0 0 -- 0 ! -- 1969 0 Seattle Mariners AL 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 0 0 -- 0 ! -- 1977 Years of appearance ( edit ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by year of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning World Series appearances . Series appearances Team Wins Losses Win % Season ( s ) 40 New York Yankees 27 13 . 675 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1926 , 1927 , 1928 , 1932 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2009 20 San Francisco Giants ( New York ) 8 12 . 400 1905 , 1911 , 1912 , 1913 , 1917 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1924 , 1933 , 1936 , 1937 , 1951 , 1954 , 1962 , 1989 , 2002 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 19 St. Louis Cardinals 11 8 . 579 1926 , 1928 , 1930 , 1931 , 1934 , 1942 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 , 1964 , 1967 , 1968 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 2004 , 2006 , 2011 , 2013 19 Los Angeles Dodgers ( Brooklyn ) 6 13 . 316 1916 , 1920 , 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1988 , 2017 14 Oakland Athletics ( Kansas City / Philadelphia ) 9 5 . 643 1905 , 1910 , 1911 , 1913 , 1914 , 1929 , 1930 , 1931 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 12 Boston Red Sox ( Americans ) 8 . 667 1903 , 1912 , 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1946 , 1967 , 1975 , 1986 , 2004 , 2007 , 2013 11 Detroit Tigers 7 . 364 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 11 Chicago Cubs 8 . 273 1906 , 1907 , 1908 , 1910 , 1918 , 1929 , 1932 , 1935 , 1938 , 1945 , 2016 9 Cincinnati Reds 5 . 556 1919 , 1939 , 1940 , 1961 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , 1990 9 Atlanta Braves ( Milwaukee / Boston ) 6 . 333 1914 , 1948 , 1957 , 1958 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 7 Pittsburgh Pirates 5 . 714 1903 , 1909 , 1925 , 1927 , 1960 , 1971 , 1979 7 Baltimore Orioles ( St. Louis Browns ) . 429 1944 , 1966 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1979 , 1983 7 Philadelphia Phillies 5 . 286 1915 , 1950 , 1980 , 1983 , 1993 , 2008 , 2009 6 Minnesota Twins ( Washington Senators ) . 500 1924 , 1925 , 1933 , 1965 , 1987 , 1991 6 Cleveland Indians . 333 1920 , 1948 , 1954 , 1995 , 1997 , 2016 5 Chicago White Sox . 600 1906 , 1917 , 1919 , 1959 , 2005 5 New York Mets . 400 1969 , 1973 , 1986 , 2000 , 2015 Kansas City Royals . 500 1980 , 1985 , 2014 , 2015 Toronto Blue Jays 0 1.000 1992 , 1993 Miami Marlins ( Florida ) 0 1.000 1997 , 2003 Houston Astros . 500 2005 , 2017 San Diego Padres 0 . 000 1984 , 1998 Texas Rangers ( Washington Senators ) 0 . 000 2010 , 2011 Arizona Diamondbacks 0 1.000 2001 Los Angeles Angels ( Anaheim / California / Los Angeles ) 0 1.000 2002 Milwaukee Brewers ( Seattle Pilots ) 0 . 000 1982 Colorado Rockies 0 . 000 2007 Tampa Bay Rays 0 . 000 2008 0 Washington Nationals ( Montreal Expos ) 0 0 0 ! -- 0 Seattle Mariners 0 0 0 ! -- Frequent matchups ( edit ) The following are the 19 matchups of teams that have occurred two or more times in the World Series . All teams which have participated in these were `` Classic Eight '' members of either the American or National League ; no expansion team ( created in 1961 or later ) has faced an opponent more than once in a World Series . Count Matchup Record Years 11 Brooklyn & Los Angeles Dodgers vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 8 -- 3 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1963 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 7 New York Yankees vs. New York & San Francisco Giants Yankees , 5 -- 2 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1936 , 1937 , 1951 , 1962 5 New York Yankees vs. St. Louis Cardinals Cardinals , 3 -- 2 1926 , 1928 , 1942 , 1943 , 1964 Milwaukee & Atlanta Braves vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 3 -- 1 1957 , 1958 , 1996 , 1999 Boston Red Sox vs. St. Louis Cardinals Tied , 2 -- 2 1946 , 1967 , 2004 , 2013 Chicago Cubs vs. Detroit Tigers Tied , 2 -- 2 1907 , 1908 , 1935 , 1945 Philadelphia & Oakland Athletics vs. New York & San Francisco Giants Athletics , 3 -- 1 1905 , 1911 , 1913 , 1989 Cincinnati Reds vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 2 -- 1 1939 , 1961 , 1976 Detroit Tigers vs. St. Louis Cardinals Cardinals , 2 -- 1 1934 , 1968 , 2006 Boston & Atlanta Braves vs. Cleveland Indians Tied , 1 -- 1 1948 , 1995 Baltimore Orioles vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Pirates , 2 -- 0 1971 , 1979 Chicago Cubs vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 2 -- 0 1932 , 1938 Chicago Cubs vs. Philadelphia Athletics ( now Oakland ) Athletics , 2 -- 0 1910 , 1929 Cincinnati Reds vs. Oakland Athletics Tied , 1 -- 1 1972 , 1990 Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Oakland Athletics Tied , 1 -- 1 1974 , 1988 Washington Senators ( now Minnesota Twins ) vs. New York Giants ( now San Francisco ) Tied , 1 -- 1 1924 , 1933 New York Yankees vs. Philadelphia Phillies Yankees , 2 -- 0 1950 , 2009 New York Yankees vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Tied , 1 -- 1 1927 , 1960 Philadelphia Athletics ( now Oakland ) vs. St. Louis Cardinals Tied , 1 -- 1 1930 , 1931 Notes ( edit ) The 1907 , 1912 , and 1922 World Series each included one tied game . The 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 World Series were in a best - of - nine format ( carried by the first team to win five games ) . Indicates a team which made the playoffs as a wild card team ( rather than by winning a division ) . The Brewers were in the American League from 1969 -- 1997 , after which they switched to the National League . The Astros were in the National League from 1962 -- 2012 , after which they switched to the American League . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of National League pennant winners List of American League pennant winners List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of pre-World Series baseball champions References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball - Reference Playoff and World Series Index '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Series Overview '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Series History : Championships by Club '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Series -- 1904 '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season interrupted '' . Sports Illustrated . August 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies Announce World Series Trophy Tour Presented by Teva Pharmaceuticals and Comcast SportsNet '' . PR Newswire Association . January 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` World Series rings , the real scoop '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox Visit White House , Meet Obama '' . The Huffington Post . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1905 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1906 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1907 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1909 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1910 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1911 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1912 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1913 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1915 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1916 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1917 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1918 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1919 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1921 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1922 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1931 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1932 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1933 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . 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-575464091468012996	List of Food Wars! Shokugeki no Soma episodes	List of Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma episodes - wikipedia List of Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma episodes Cover art of the first Blu - ray compilation , featuring main character Soma Yukihira Food Wars ! , known in Japan as Shokugeki no Soma ( Japanese : 食戟のソーマ ) , is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Yūto Tsukuda and Shun Saeki . Produced by J.C. Staff and directed by Yoshitomo Yonetani , the series was first announced in October 2014 by Shueisha . The series was broadcast in Japan on MBS ' Animeism programming block from April 3 to September 25 , 2015 and was simulcast by Crunchyroll . Sentai Filmworks licensed the series for digital and home video distribution in North America . A second season named Food Wars ! The Second Plate aired from July 2 to September 24 , 2016 . The first cour of the third season was broadcast from October 4 to December 20 , 2017 . The second half premiered on April 9 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma 2.2 Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma : The Second Plate ( Ni no Sara ) 2.3 Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma : The Third Plate ( San no Sara ) 2.4 OVAs 3 Songs 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 April 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) September 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 26 ) 13 July 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 02 ) September 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) ( ) Episode list ( edit ) Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma ( edit ) No . English title / Japanese translated title Original Japanese title Original air date `` The Vast Wasteland '' / `` An Endless Wasteland '' `` Hatenaki Kōya '' ( 果てなき荒野 ) April 4 , 2015 Soma Yukihira has been working at his father Joichiro 's diner since a young age , establishing an interest in cooking and vowing to beat his father some day , for Joichiro has beaten him every time they have had a cooking battle . One day while his father is away , Yaeko Minegasaki , an urban life planner , arrives and threatens to demolish the restaurant to build a luxury hotel in its place , spoiling all the meat in the pantry to try and get the diner to close down . Remembering Soma 's promise to always satisfy every customer that comes to dine , Yaeko orders him to make her a tasty meat dish to her satisfaction , and if he does she will never disturb him again . In response to the setback , Soma gathers his wits and uses potatoes and the bacon he bought while shopping to create an imitation roast pork dish , which Yaeko greatly enjoys and fulfills her portion of the deal . Despite the restaurant being saved , Joichiro decides to close it down for three years , opting to travel ( and cook ) abroad , sending Soma to the prestigious Totsuki Culinary Academy to take the entrance exam and study cooking there as part of the high school division . `` God Tongue '' `` Kami no Shita '' ( 神の舌 ) April 11 , 2015 Upon arriving there , Soma is shocked by the grandness of the school building , the greatness of the school campus , and how famous Totsuki actually is , being one of the top culinary schools in the world . Soma also meets many other chefs , all of whom are descendants of gourmet chefs or heirs to high - class food businesses , who have likewise come to take the entrance exam and transfer in . Due to his background as a low - class diner chef , Soma is looked down on . Most of the participants flee upon hearing that Erina Nakiri , a legendary food genius with the most selective palate known to mankind ( nicknamed ' The God Tongue ' ) will be their examiner . For fun , Erina changes the course of the exam and orders Soma to cook an egg dish to satisfy her instead . He creates an ordinary - looking rice with seasoning , only to reveal that the seasoning contains chicken aspic , which enhances the flavor greatly . Despite being overwhelmingly impressed with his dish , Erina fails him , having taken an immediate disliking to his nonchalant and perceived cocky attitude , and feeling that her pride would be threatened if she allowed a person of his social standing to be admitted . Later in the day , her grandfather Senzaemon , the director of the school , tastes Soma 's dish and is impressed , laughing and crumpling up his rejected application , implicitly overruling Erina 's decision . `` That Chef Never Smiles '' / `` That Chef Does n't Smile '' `` Kono Ryōrinin wa Warawanai '' ( この料理人は笑わない ) April 18 , 2015 At the entrance ceremony , Soma is introduced as the only student who managed to transfer into Totsuki 's high school division , and he declares that he will become the top student at Totsuki , instantly earning the ire of the entire student body with his nonchalant attitude towards the school and its reputation . He is then paired up with meek girl Megumi Tadokoro , who has the worst grades among the first - years and is one E grade away from expulsion . Soma 's first class consists of making Beef Bourguignon to satisfy the French teacher Roland Chapelle , known as `` The Chef that Never Smiles '' due to his notoriously strict grading . Megumi is determined to follow the recipe to earn a passing grade , but encounters a setback when two other students sabotage their dish by throwing in lots of salt . Luckily , Soma is able to make the dish again , using honey to quickly tenderize the meat . The class is astonished when Chapelle smiles for the first time upon trying Soma and Megumi 's dish , and proclaims that his only regret is he can not give them a grade higher than an A . The two saboteurs , having been distracted by Chapelle smiling , accidentally burn their own dish and receive a failing grade . Meanwhile , Erina is told about Soma 's success in Chapelle 's class and furiously vows to get him expelled . `` Sacred Mother of Kyokusei '' / `` The Madonna of the Polar Star '' `` Kyokusei no Maria '' ( 極星の聖母 ( マリア ) ) April 25 , 2015 Soma is sent to Polar Star Dormitory , a dormitory for students whose home is further away from the school . He is greeted by Fumio Daimidō , the caretaker , and is required to cook a dish that satisfies her in order to become a resident . Not knowing that he was supposed to bring his own ingredients , Soma nevertheless creates a mackerel burger meal using leftover ingredients in the kitchen , which impresses Fumio greatly . Now a Polar Star Dormitory resident , Soma meets the other residents : first - year Yūki Yoshino who specialises in wild game , her best friend and fellow first - year Ryōko Sakaki who specializes in fermentation and alcoholic beverages , quiet first - year Shun Ibusaki who specialises in smoked food , first - year nerd Zenji Marui who specialises in in - depth food research , bickering freshmen Daigo Aoki and Shōji Satō neither of whom specialise in any one area of cooking but nonetheless are skilled enough to remain at the academy , enthusiastic second - year Satoshi Isshiki who specialises in traditional Japanese cuisine , as well as Megumi , who specialises in vegetable and seafood dishes . During a welcoming party , Soma is further introduced to the academy 's inner workings , such as the Elite Ten , the highest decision - making body in the school other than the school director himself , which consists of ten exceptionally talented students , the 10th seat being Erina while the 7th seat being Satoshi . Satoshi decides to challenge Soma to a cookoff . Satoshi presents his peppered mackerel dish and Soma is shocked by the high quality of Satoshi 's cooking . 5 `` The Ice Queen and the Spring Storm '' `` Kōri no Joō to Haru no Arashi '' ( 氷の女王と春の嵐 ) May 2 , 2015 Soma presents his dish , mackerel onigiri chazuke using seaweed tea . Everybody is impressed , and the cookoff is declared a draw . Having his sights set on becoming a member on the Elite Ten , Soma challenges Satoshi for his spot only to find that it can only be obtained through a high - stakes cooking duel called a Shokugeki , and Soma has nothing of value to wager that is of equivalent value to a seat in the Elite Ten . Meanwhile , Erina challenges the Chanko Research Society president Kiyoshi Godabayashi to a Shokugeki for the rights to his clubroom , which she wins with ease . She then has his clubroom demolished in order to make room for a new wing for her personal cooking facilities . 6 `` The Meat Aggressor '' / `` The Meat Invader '' `` Niku no Shinryakusha '' ( 肉の侵略者 ) May 9 , 2015 After working in the Polar Star Dormitory 's farm in the morning , Megumi helps Soma to look for a research society , the equivalent of a high school club , to join . They stumble upon the Don Research Society , which is being targeted for disbandment by Erina for her expansion project . Ikumi Mito , one of Erina 's lackeys known as `` The Meat Master '' , challenges the club president Kanichi Konishi , telling him that no matter what he cooks his dish will never beat her A5 grade meat . Soma volunteers to partake in the Shokugeki in Kanichi 's place , with the challenge being to cook a donburi dish with meat as the main ingredient . The terms for the contest are that if Soma wins , the club stays with increased funding and Ikumi must join , but if Ikumi wins , the club disbands and Soma will be expelled . In preparing for the Shokugeki , Soma makes numerous donburi dishes through research and modifies them with the realization that the club 's budget is limited . Soma settles on the Chaliapin steak , while Ikumi , heir to a massive meat packaging business , contacts her family to deliver the best cut of A5 grade beef available . 7 `` The Silent Bowl , the Eloquent Bowl '' / `` A Quiet Don , An Eloquent Don '' `` Shizukanaru Don , Yūben'na Don '' ( 静かなる丼、雄弁な丼 ) May 16 , 2015 At the Shokugeki , Ikumi wows the audience with her A5 grade beef , while Soma is mocked for using discount supermarket beef . Ikumi completes her A5 Japanese Beef Roti Don first , and the judges are extremely impressed with the taste and quality of her beef . Soon after , Soma presents his Chaliapin Steak Don to the judges , who , after initially refusing to taste it , try his dish and are unable to stop eating , resulting in a unanimous win for Soma . Soma addresses Ikumi 's dish , pointing out that she misunderstood the concept of donburi by placing too much emphasis on the beef and not the donburi as a whole , as the judges were too full from eating the beef to finish her rich garlic rice . With Soma 's victory , Ikumi has her personal kitchen taken away from her by Erina , but develops a crush on Soma after he calls her by her nickname `` Nikumi '' ( English Dub : Sweet Meat ) . Ikumi joins Don RS and is immediately outraged and embarrassed to learn Soma did not join the club with her , as he had only visited Don RS in the first place to research donburi recipes to add to his restaurant 's menu . 8 `` A Concerto of Concept and Creation '' / `` The Concerto of Inspiration and Imagination '' `` Hassō to Sōzō no Kyōsōkyoku '' ( 発想と創造の協奏曲 ) May 23 , 2015 The first year students at Totsuki Academy go to a training camp as their first major challenge during which about half of the first year students usually receive a failing grade and are expelled . The students are given various challenges by alumni from the school , who are brought in to serve as judges . The first challenge for Soma 's group , which includes Megumi and the Aldini twins Takumi and Isami , is to make a dish that can be served at a Japanese restaurant using ingredients gathered from nature in the area surrounding the kitchen . They are judged by former Second Seat Hinako Inui . Takumi , heir to his family restaurant in Tuscany , `` Trattoria Aldini '' , challenges Soma to a duel to see who can cook the better dish as they both specialize in diner - style dishes . Most of the students gather fish while the Aldini twins find a duck for their dish . They are the first to complete their dish and Inui passes them . 9 `` The Breading that Showcases the Mountains '' / `` The Breading to Adorn the Mountains '' `` Yama o Irodoru Koromo '' ( 山を彩る衣 ) May 30 , 2015 Having come up with an idea for their dish , Soma takes Inui 's kaki peanuts on the understanding that any ingredient found in the area can be used . Soma and Megumi gather ingredients and make the Char Okakiage dish with their remaining 15 minutes , using the peanuts as a crust for the fish . Inui expresses her satisfaction and passes Soma and Megumi , but she does not declare a winner between Takumi and Soma as she is ordered to have her group depart immediately . Takumi vowes to challenge Soma to a Shokugeki should they meet again . The students return to the hotel where they are ordered to each cook 50 servings of a steak dinner to serve to the Bodybuilding , Football and Wrestling Clubs with no chance to rest after having spent all day cooking , and with the risk of immediate expulsion unless all 50 servings are cooked within 1 hour . Soma finishes quickly and heads to the public bath where he runs into Erina , having just finished her own bath . 10 `` The Supreme Recette '' / `` The Heavenly Recette '' `` Shijō no Rusetto '' ( 至上のルセット ) June 6 , 2015 Soma apologizes for knocking Erina over , but Erina refuses his help thinking that she is letting her guard down . Soma meets alumnus and Totsuki Resort head chef Gin Dojima in the bath , who is surprised to see that Soma finished so quickly . Dojima wishes Soma good luck as Takumi Aldini enters the bath , with Aldini shocked to see Soma having casual conversation with a legend like Dojima . The next day , Soma and Megumi are assigned the task of making the Nine Vegetable Terrine , but this time individually instead of as partners . Alumnus Kojiro Shinomiya , who will be judging the dishes , tells the students to think of each other as enemies . In the mad rush to claim the best ingredients , the unassertive Megumi is pushed aside and finds only bruised heads of cauliflower remaining by the time she reaches the table . Thinking about what Soma would do in such a situation , Megumi uses wine vinegar to preserve the color and enhance the sweetness of the cauliflower . Shinomiya passes Soma , but fails Megumi for making unauthorized changes to the recipe . Soma defends Megumi fearlessly in the face of the intimidating Shinomiya , angering the latter , who reveals that he intentionally provided a limited number of good cauliflower heads to limit the number of students who could pass . A furious Soma challenges Shinomiya to a Shokugeki to get Megumi 's expulsion rescinded . 11 `` The Magician from the East '' `` Higashi kara Kita Majutsushi '' ( 東から来た魔術師 ) June 13 , 2015 Shinomiya initially refuses Soma 's challenge , however Dojima and Inui overhear and pressure him into accepting the challenge . Thus , Soma and Megumi battle Shinomiya in an unofficial Shokugeki under the condition that Megumi is the lead chef as this Shokugeki is designed to prove Megumi 's worthiness as a chef . While Shinomiya makes his dish , Megumi starts to panic . Soma tells her to relax and to focus on making something that 's representative of herself and not on what Shinomiya is doing . Megumi begins to cook her dish , with Soma serving as her sous - chef . Shinomiya presents his dish first , the Chou farci , and the judges give overwhelming praise to the dish . However Dojima is not satisfied by the dish as it was not one of Shinomiya 's specialties . Megumi then presents her dish , the Rainbow Terrine . 12 `` The Memory of a Dish '' `` Hito - sara no Kioku '' ( ひと皿の記憶 ) June 20 , 2015 Megumi manages to impress the judges with her Rainbow Terrine , which emphasises the maturity of vegetables . However , when it comes down to voting , all three judges vote for Shinomiya 's dish based on the difference between their skill . Just then , Dojima gives his own vote towards Megumi 's dish , stating that Shinomiya has allowed his cooking to become stale , and that his status as a world famous chef has prevented him from developing his skills any further . This is revealed in flashbacks related to how Shinomiya 's climb to fame involved making sure his dishes were made exactly to his recipe , with no tolerance for any kind of change . When Shinomiya tries Megumi 's dish for himself , he comes to understand how her dish was geared towards the needs of those eating it and puts in his own vote for Megumi . With Inui also casting her vote for Megumi , the Shokugeki ends in a tie , with Shinomiya revoking Megumi 's expulsion . As Megumi returns to her concerned friends , Soma laments what is , in his eyes , a defeat . 13 `` The Eggs Before Dawn '' `` Yoake Mae no Tamago - tachi '' ( 夜明け前の卵たち ) June 27 , 2015 Before the students have a chance to sleep for the night , Dojima announces the next task , in which the students must prepare a buffet - style egg dish to be served at breakfast early next morning . As everyone spends the night trying to come up with a recipe , Soma decides on a soufflé omelette , which is met with silent criticism from some of the other students . As breakfast comes the next day , it is revealed the judges will consist of the hotel 's guests and staff , with students needing to hand out 200 servings of their dish in order to pass . While many of the students including Erina , Megumi , and Takumi all manage to impress with their dishes , Soma struggles to serve his dish to anyone . 14 `` Metamorphose '' / `` Metamorphosis '' `` Metamorufōze '' ( メタモルフォーゼ ) July 4 , 2015 Due to the specific timing required for his soufflé omelette , Soma struggles to get any customers to try his dish before they end up deflating . With half an hour left in the challenge , Soma calmly analyzes the situtation and changes his approach , cooking in front of his customers in order to attract a crowd while also delivering the dish in its peak condition . Optimizing his preparation time to cook his omelettes as quickly as possible , Soma manages to complete his 200 servings with mere seconds to spare . Afterwards , Soma is introduced to Erina 's cousin , Alice Nakiri , who considers both Soma and Erina her rivals . Following another task a few hours later , Dojima treats all the surviving students with a banquet to celebrate the end of the training camp . 15 `` The Man Called `` Carnage '' / `` The Man Called Demon '' `` Syura to Yobareda Otoko '' ( 『修羅』と呼ばれた男 ) July 18 , 2015 As the students make their way home , Shinomiya decides to return to France to make his restaurant the best in Paris , while the other alumni explain how the training camp also serves as a recruitment ground to determine potential for future employment . Soma ends up missing his bus and has to hitch a ride back to school with Erina , who explains the next event , the Autumn Festival . Returning to the Polar Star Dormitory , Soma is surprised to see Joichiro , who is revealed to be an alumnus and former member of the Elite Ten who went by the name Jouchirou Saiba . As Joichiro treats the returning residents to a meal , Fumio explains that Joichiro and Dojima were once fellow Polar Star residents who were responsible for many of the luxuries the dorm has . It is also revealed that Erina has fond memories of Joichiro as well . Later that night , Joichiro tells Soma about his campus memories , filling him with more determination . The next morning , Joichiro decides to have a cooking contest against Soma . 16 `` The Cook Who Traveled Thousands of Miles '' / `` The Chef Who 's Crossed A Thousand Leagues '' `` Banri o Kakeru Ryōrinin '' ( 万里を駆ける料理人 ) July 25 , 2015 With Fumio , Megumi , and Satoshi winding up as judges , Soma and Joichiro are challenged to use ingredients from the kitchen to make a light yet energizing breakfast dish that will wake them up . Soma presents an apple risotto , which provides a crisp taste which changes with the addition of black pepper . Joichiro , on the other hand , presents the unusual choice of ramen which , despite its heavy appearance , turns out to be a mellow and warming vegetarian dish , providing powerful flavor without meat or fish . The judges unanimously vote Joichiro 's dish the winner , though Soma 's dish also receives some praise . As Jouichirou takes his leave , he leaves a message recommending Soma visit the Yukihira Diner during the holiday . 17 `` Sensual Fried Chicken '' / `` The Seductive Karaage '' `` Kannō no Karaage '' ( 官能の唐揚げ ) August 1 , 2015 Arriving back home , Soma temporarily re-opens Yukihira Diner to serve his loyal customers , including his childhood friend , Mayu Kurase , who has a crush on him . He learns that the Sumire Shopping District has been doing poor business lately due to the arrival of a popular karaage chain shop , Mozuya . Wanting to help revive the shopping district , Soma decides to come up with a competing karaage recipe , calling in Ikumi as his meat expert while Mayu winds up as his taste tester ( due to the efforts of mutual friend Aki Koganei to set Mayu up with Soma ) . The three do some recon at Mozuya , where they find its CEO Kinu Nakamozu to be a spiteful woman , before beginning work on a karaage recipe of their own . As Soma takes Mayu 's suggestion to use their shopping district location to their advantage , it is revealed that the figure behind Mozuya 's success is one of the Elite Ten . 18 `` The Fried Chicken of Youth '' / `` The Karaage of Youth '' `` Seishun no Karaage '' ( 青春の唐揚げ ) August 8 , 2015 Noting that the shopping district focuses more on walk - and - eat food , as opposed to Mozuya 's packaged approach , Soma shifts his focus towards creating a karaage that can be enjoyed straight out of the fryer . Opting to go with chicken thigh meat with a chilli - based marinade , Soma gets inspiration from a bento shop owner and decides to serve his karaage in rice flour wraps with salad , providing enhanced flavor , portability , and appeal all at once . This brings a large amount of business , which in turns helps the rest of the shopping district come back to life , and Nakamozu has no choice but to admit defeat . Afterwards , Soma puts Mayu in charge of helping with the karaage 's sales , having noticed her good qualities . Returning to the academy , Soma is brought before Mozuya 's puppetmaster , Etsuya Eizan , the ninth seat of the Elite Ten , who informs him that he has been chosen for the Autumn Elections . 19 `` The Chosen One '' `` Erabareshi Mono '' ( 選ばれし者 ) August 15 , 2015 The contestants and rules for the Autumn Elections are announced , in which the sixty selected contestants are split into two groups which they must top in order to advance to the tournament phase . MMegumi is approached by a girl named Miyoko Hojo , who was interested in her shokugeki with Shinomiya but becomes disappointed when she hears she was helped by Soma . After learning the first dish of the elections is a curry dish , Soma and Megumi pay a visit to Jun Shiomi , an instructor and former Polar Star alumna who specializes in curry and spices , along with her assistant Akira Hayama , who is also in the elections . Using Jun 's theories on spices , Akira demonstrates how preparing the same ingredients of a curry dish in different ways can yield drastically different results . Wowed by the powerful flavors of Akira 's curry , Soma becomes determined to beat him in the preliminaries . 20 `` The Dragon Lies Down and Ascends the Skies '' `` Ryū wa Fushi , Sora e Noboru '' ( 龍は臥し、空へ昇る ) August 22 , 2015 With the challenge of creating a curry dish set , many of the contestants set off to visit their families and study up on spices during the remainder of the summer while Soma stays at the dorms to try out various combinations . The Autumn Election preliminaries soon arrive , and it is revealed that only the top four from each group will make it through to the tournament phase . As the contestants begin cooking , Soma appears to have fallen asleep . 21 `` That Which is Known Yet Unknown '' / `` The Unknown Known '' `` Michinaru Kichi '' ( 未知なる既知 ) August 29 , 2015 Soma awakens from his nap when he senses that his spice and vegetable infused rice is cooked to perfection . Meanwhile , Megumi brings out a monkfish for her dish , having learnt how to butcher it in order to help her family . With the cooking period over , the judging soon begins with a harsh panel of judges giving most of the students low scores . In Group B , Nao Sadatsuka , a somewhat creepy girl with an obsession with Erina , presents an extremely pungent laksa dish made using kusaya that secretly carries a delicious flavor under its strong odor , scoring 84 points as a result . Meanwhile , Erina 's secretary and childhood friend Hisako Arato , who Nao has a rivalry with , presents a mutton curry made using medicinal cuisine which undoes the curse - like effects of Nao 's curry , scoring 92 points . 22 `` That Which Transcends the Norm '' / `` The One Who Surpasses the Ordinary '' `` Nichijō o Koerumono '' ( 日常を超えるもの ) September 5 , 2015 Miyoko scores 87 points with her pineapple cha - han , while Yuki gets 86 points for her wild game curry . Afterwards , the Aldini brothers face off against each other , with Isami presenting a curry calzone that scores 87 points while Takumi presents a curry pasta dish using tamari soy sauce and cheese filled pasta that scores 90 points . Alice then presents her deconstructed curry dish that leaves the judges bewildered and amazed , earning 95 points and taking the lead . Finally , Megumi presents her dish , monkfish dobu - jiru , which emphasises the taste of her hometown , earning her 88 points and landing her a spot in the main tournament alongside Alice , Hisako , and Takumi . 23 `` The Unfolding Individual Competition '' / `` The Competition of the Blossoming Individuals '' `` Hana Hiraku Ko no Kyōen '' ( 花開く個の競演 ) September 12 , 2015 Back in Group A , contestants are struggling to score as one of the main judges , Natsume Sendawara , keeps giving out zero scores . This streak of zeros soon breaks when Ryo Kurokiba , Alice 's aide , presents a lobster curry made using a cognac base , earning 93 points . Next , Ikumi presents a Dongpo pork curry , using what she had learned from her Shokugeki with Soma to impress the judges with a complete dish and earning a score of 86 . Afterwards , Ryoko presents a Dal curry made with charcoal - grilled natto and soy sauce rice malt , also scoring 86 , while both Marui and Ibusaki earn 88 points with their white potage curry udon and smoked curry , respectively . Then , Akira presents his dish , which turns out to be a fragrance bomb . 24 `` The Warriors ' Banquet '' / `` The Banquet of Warriors '' `` Senshi - tachi no Utage '' ( 戦士たちの宴 ) September 26 , 2015 Akira 's dish , which has a powerful fragrance and also uses the power of holy basil and yogurt , earns a score of 94 from the judges , receiving a perfect 20 from two of them . Finally , Soma presents his own fragrance bomb , combining his past two failures into a curry risotto omurice containing a mango chutney . The dish earns Soma 93 points , landing him second place behind Akira . However , it is noted by the crowd that although Akira received a higher score overall , three of the five judges ranked Soma 's dish higher than Akira 's , with the implication being that in a Shokugeki , this would have given Soma the victory . Afterwards , when the contestants hold an afterparty celebrating and lamenting their victories and losses in the preliminaries , Soma becomes determined to improve his cooking finesse . Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma : the second Plate ( ni no sara ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season English title / Japanese translated title Original Japanese title Original air date 25 `` That Which is Placed Within the Box '' / `` What Fills the Box '' `` Sono Hako ni Tsumeru mono '' ( その箱に詰めるもの ) July 2 , 2016 The main tournament of the Autumn Elections gets underway with the theme of bentos , with the first match putting Soma against Alice . Using her array of scientific techniques and top - of - the - range equipment , Alice presents a temari sushi bento that uses acids from each piece to compliment the flavor of the next . Meanwhile , Soma presents his own take on a nori bento , using a molecular gastronomy technique he learned from a cheap candy product to make umami - packed nori spheres . Feeling the warmth of his dish better suited the bento theme , the judges declare Soma to be the winner . 26 `` Interplay of Light & Shadow '' / `` The Interplay of Light and Shadow '' `` Kōsakusuru Hikari to Kage '' ( 交錯する光と影 ) July 9 , 2016 Megumi goes up against Ryo in the second match , in which they must make a ramen dish using pre-prepared noodles . As both Megumi and Ryo decide to make ramen using seafood based broths , Alice recalls when she first met Ryo ten years ago . With the judges getting up close during the final stages , Ryo presents his Soupe de Poisson Ramen first , impressing the judges with a rich flavor made using crushed lobster shells . Despite the shift in the crowd 's tone , Megumi concentrates on finishing her Kozuyu Chicken Soy Sauce Ramen , which draws out umami from scallops and simmered dried vegetables while also using a flavor - changing sauce . 27 `` The Age of Kings '' / `` The Generation of Prodigies '' `` `` Gyoku '' no Sedai '' ( 『玉』の世代 ) July 16 , 2016 Despite a close battle , Ryo is declared the winner , though Megumi is still praised for her efforts by the crowd . The next day , as Akira and Hisako face off in a hamburger duel , Soma meets the eighth contestant , Subaru Mimasaka , who joins him , Megumi , and Takumi in watching the battle . Hisako presents her dish , a soft - shelled turtle burger , but is defeated by Akira 's kebab burger , which takes advantage of the burger 's pickle aspect to enhance the flavor . Prior to the fourth match , Subaru provokes Takumi by insulting his brother , turning their match against each other into a Shokugeki . 28 `` The Pursuer '' `` Tsuiseki - sha '' ( 追跡者 ) July 23 , 2016 The Shokugeki between Takumi and Subaru commences with Takumi 's mezzaluna on the line . With both sides making a semifreddo , Subaru uses his investigative approach to Shokugekis to make his own twists to improve on Takumi 's recipe . Pressured over whether he can make his own twists within the limited cooking time , Takumi thinks back to his training and calms down . After Subaru impresses the judges with his twists , Takumi presents his semifreddo with an added layer of lemon curd made with olive oil . However , Subaru reveals he had predicted Takumi 's actions and added his own secret ingredient ; preserved lemons , claiming both his victory and Takumi 's mezzaluna . Afterwards , Subaru shows up at Soma 's dorm to challenge him to a Shokugeki in the semi-finals , putting up Takumi 's mezzaluna for Soma 's knife . However , Soma , having no respect for Subaru as a chef , raises the stakes , putting his career as a chef on the line for all the tools Subaru had won in his past 100 Shokugekis . 29 5 `` The Secret of the First Bite '' / `` The Secret in the First Bite '' `` Hitokuchime no Himitsu '' ( 一口目の秘密 ) July 30 , 2016 Soma is approached by journalist Mitsuru Sotsuda , who asks to cover him as he works on a beef stew recipe for his Shokugeki against Subaru . Agreeing to taste test after letting her borrow some manga , Erina berates Soma 's dish , stating that it is n't suited for the match 's main topic . Thinking Erina 's criticism over , Soma gets a burst of inspiration after receiving some meat from Ikumi . The day of the Shokugeki soon arrives , with Soma realising the importance of making his dish stand out on the first bite and deciding to make his stew using oxtail . However , as a result of his profiling , Subaru predicts Soma 's actions and also uses oxtail , bringing out his own twist on top of it . 30 6 `` Morning Shall Come Again '' / `` Dawn Will Come Again '' `` Asa wa Mata Kuru '' ( 朝はまた来る ) August 6 , 2016 Subaru uses smoked bacon as a garniture for his stew , revealing that he got his information from hacking into Mitsuru 's notes . Even when Soma reveals his intent to use various cuts of beef to improvise his dish on the fly , Subaru still appears to have predicted Soma 's move , remaining confident in his bacon addition . Although the judges are impressed by Subaru 's bacon garniture , Soma astounds them with his dish by using various meats for his garniture , revealing he had created the dish from everything he had learned so far , unanimously winning the match . As a result , Soma manages to return all the tools Subaru had taken back to their original owners , with Takumi deciding to leave his mezzaluna with Soma until he can win it back himself . 31 7 `` Beasts That Devour Each Other '' / `` Beasts Devouring Each Other '' `` Kuraiau Kemono '' ( 喰らい合う獣 ) August 13 , 2016 Ryo and Akira face off against each other in the second semi-final match , in which they must make Western - style dishes . Akira presents his dish , Canard Apicius , using his combination of spices with duck to wow the judges . Meanwhile , Ryo serves up Eel Matelote , adding plums to provide an electrifying taste . With the judges evenly split on which dish to vote for , they declare that the final round will now be a three - way match between Soma , Akira , and Ryo , with the theme revealed to be pacific saury . 32 8 `` The Battle That Follows the Seasons '' / `` Battle of Seasonality '' `` Shun o Meguru Tatakai '' ( 旬を巡る戦い ) August 20 , 2016 In preparation for the final , Soma goes with Megumi to the fish market , where they come across Ryo and Alice . There , they learn about the varying factors about picking the best pacific saury , which Ryo appears to be an expert on . Hearing that Akira also has a talent for picking out the best fish , Soma is left concerned about how to compete with both him and Ryo . After thinking over the time aspect of the fish , Soma ultimately decides on ageing his saury , asking for help from Ryoko , Ibusaki , and Ikumi due to their experience with ageing methods . Trying out each of the three methods ; using malt rice , smoking , and high humidity , Soma manages to think of a way to surpass the others after a run - in with Fumio . The day of the final arrives , with Soma bringing out what appears to be a completely unrecognizable piece of saury . 33 9 `` The Sword That Announces Fall '' / `` A Sword that Signals Autumn '' `` Aki o Tsugeru Katana '' ( 秋を告げる刀 ) August 27 , 2016 Under a moonlit sky , the finals get underway , with Alice recalling the many cooking battles she 's had with Ryo . With only half the cooking time passed , Ryo presents his dish ; a cartoccio cooked in herb butter inside film bags . Next , Akira presents a seared carpaccio , which uses fire to unleash its powerful aroma which , contrary to everyone 's expectations , only uses a single spice . Finally , Soma presents his dish ; Salted Rice Bran Pacific Saury Rice , which he learned from seeing Fumio 's pickles . Just as it seems his dish has failed to impress the judges , Soma brings out his dish 's true edge . 34 10 `` A New Jewel '' / `` A New Genius '' `` Aratanaru `` Gyoku '' '' ( 新たなる玉 ) September 3 , 2016 Soma presents his dish 's missing element , a white soup made from soy milk that turns the rice dish into a creamy porridge , enhancing the already existing flavors . Meanwhile , Satoshi , who deduces that Eizan was the one who drove Subaru to provoke Soma , tells him that it was Soma 's drive to never give up that got him so far . As the judges make their decision , Akira recalls how Jun brought him out of the slums and helped him become the chef he is today . With originality being the deciding factor between the three dishes , Akira is declared the winner of the Autumn Elections for his specialty dish . Afterwards , Soma speaks with Joichiro , stating his determination to continue finding his own way of cooking . A few days later , as Soma spends more time with Akira and Ryo to improve himself , Jun informs them about the Stagiaire training program for first year students . 35 11 `` The Stagiaire '' `` Sutajiēru '' ( スタジエール ) September 10 , 2016 With the Stagiaire program requiring students to take up residence at various restaurants outside of the school while also leaving their own impression , Soma ends up getting paired with Hisako , who has been feeling inferior since losing the Autumn Elections , as they are sent to Mitamura Western Restaurant . Immediately , they discover that the restaurant is struggling to keep up with the barrages of orders from commuting customers , but Soma manages to use his experience to take control and keep everyone organised . Meanwhile , Erina and Megumi are sent to a French restaurant , where Erina instantly takes command of the kitchen , while Megumi finds her own way to make improvements . As Hisako becomes more settled with her role , Soma believes that the restaurant needs to change , so that they do n't struggle again once the Stagiaire is over . With the staff unwilling to cut down their large menu , Soma suggests that they try switching to a reservations - only basis , allowing them to better cater to their customers . After passing the first stage of the Stagiare , Soma encourages Hisako to stop feeling ashamed of her defeat and return to Erina 's side , aiming to stand alongside her rather than only follow behind . 36 12 `` The Magician Returns '' / `` The Magician Once More '' `` Majutsu - shi Futatabi '' ( 魔術師再び ) September 17 , 2016 The next step of the Stagiaire reunites Soma with Shinomiya , who is opening a Tokyo branch of his French restaurant , Shino 's . At the restaurant begins its first pre-open day , Soma witnesses firsthand the intensity of working in Shinomiya 's kitchen and struggles to keep up with the rest of the staff . Thinking over his failures , Soma spends the rest of the week getting prep done early so he can ask the other staff members for advice on how to become more efficient in the kitchen and learn new techniques . On the final day , Soma decides to enter a competition to create a dish for Shino 's menu that he can call his specialty . 37 13 `` Pomp & Circumstance '' / `` Pomp and Circumstance '' `` Ifudōdō '' ( 威風堂々 ) September 24 , 2016 At the end of the pre-open's final day , Shinomiya calls in his fellow alumni , along with his mother , for one final service , recalling what inspired him to pursue French cuisine . As the competition finally arrives , Soma uses about everything he 's learned to put together a French take on a chicken and egg rice bowl using a quail stuffed with risotto . Despite ultimately deciding that dish is n't good enough as it is , Shinomiya helps Soma refine his recipé so that it can become an item on his menu , leading Soma to pass the Stagiaire . With the Stagiaire over , Soma returns to Totsuki , ready to take on anyone who challenges him to a Shokugeki . Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma : the third Plate ( san no sara ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 38 `` Challenging the Elite Ten '' `` Jukketsu ni Idomu '' ( 十傑に挑む ) October 4 , 2017 In response to Kuga 's condescending provocation at the Autumn Leaves Viewing , Soma decides to show off his cooking prowess in the upcoming Moon Festival which involves the setting up booths by groups or individuals on school grounds . Deciding to go up against Kuga directly , Soma approaches Miyoko Hojo , who also specialises in Chinese cuisine like Kuga . Miyoko explains that while she specialises in all forms of Chinese cuisine , Kuga 's focus is on Sichuan spicy cuisine , and takes him to his mainstay , the Chinese Cuisine Research Society . Soma is shocked to see many chefs working in perfect unison and precision , trained all by Kuga himself . After tasting ten identical speciality dishes of mapo tofu , Soma gets more determined than ever to beat Kuga , going up front against him by claiming the booth area directly in front of his , and serving Chinese cuisine as well . Just as Soma submits his application form , Erina reveals to him that he will get expelled if his booth loses money , much to Soma 's disbelief . 39 `` Má and Là '' `` Mā to Rā '' ( 『麻』と『辣』 ) October 11 , 2017 The preparation for the Moon Festival is abuzz with Soma 's indirect declaration of war on Kuga . This prompts the initially apathetic Alice to join in the festival , by capitalising on Jun 's maternal instinct to include her and Ryo in the booth run by Shiomi Seminar , much to the annoyance of Hayama . After involuntarily tasting Soma 's version of mapo tofu , Erina superciliously explains to him the concept of ` Má ' ( 麻 , lit . hot ) and ` là ( 辣 , lit . spiciness ) in Sichuan cuisine , unintentionally giving Soma useful information , while Alice and Hisako explain that spiciness works on vanilloids receptors different from the sense of taste , rather on the sense of pain , which has addictive and medicinal effects . Back at the dorm , Soma starts experimenting with Megumi to catch up with Kuga 's level ; but ended up just making overly spicy dishes . The next day , Hojo lends them the Chinese department 's open clay pot oven and they plan to make Hujiao bing to attract customers with its unique method of cooking . 40 `` Moon Festival '' `` Gekkyōsai '' ( 月饗祭 ) October 18 , 2017 The first day of the Moon Festival commences and Kuga 's restaurant immediately gets a long line of customers , while Soma manages to impress the few he is getting . The booths run by Isshiki and the Polar Star Dormitory , the Don RS by Ikumi and the pop - up Trattoria Aldini by the Aldini brothers all seem to be going well . By the end of the day , Kuga 's restaurant has clinched first place in terms of sales in the Central area , and the only two booths that lost money were Soma 's and Shiomi Seminar 's , leaving Erina appalled as they were all competitors who made it to the main tournament of the Autumn Elections . Day 2 passes and Kuga 's restaurant takes the first place again , while Soma manages to climb up five rungs from last place with the introduction of a new noodle dish created by slicing up the dough for the Hujiao bing into noodles and pairing them with garlic , shrimp stock , and the ground pork filling , improvising from ta - a noodles . Meanwhile , Alice decides to start over and cooperate with Hayama to make a dish that will satisfy customers . 41 `` A Pride of Young Lions '' `` Wakaki Shishi - tachi no Mure '' ( 若き獅子たちの群れ ) October 25 , 2017 Day 3 passes without much improvement and Soma notices that even though Kuga is getting steady business , the long waiting time and the requirement for quick eating at peak times frustrates the diners . With Tomita 's help on Day 4 , Soma adds tables and chairs to his booth . Soma adds a remade version of his Yukihira - version of mapo tofu by adding noodles and a giant mystery meatball with curry in it . Its aroma and intriguing appearance appeals to Kuga 's frustrated customers and slowly but surely , they begin to defect to his booth . Just as customer numbers begin to get out - of - hand , Mimasaka comes to help after image - training at Soma 's restaurant . As Megumi handles customer service and evening falls , their friends from other booths and members of Megumi 's Regional Cuisine RS arrive to help cook and draw in more customers respectively . Together , they pass Day 4 and defeat Kuga 's restaurant in terms of sales in that area , clinching first place . Shiomi Seminar 's booth also finally manages to attract customers and make up for their losses . 42 5 `` The Darkening Dinner Table '' `` Kageriyuku Shokutaku '' ( 翳りゆく食卓 ) November 1 , 2017 Kuga beats Soma again on the 5th and last day of the Moon Festival , but he is not satisfied . A flashback reveals how Kuga had also challenged the Elite Ten as a first - year at the previous Autumn Leaves Viewing , with Tsukasa Eishi surprisingly accepting . While Kuga lost , he made a deal with Tsukasa : if Kuga clinched first place in sales in the Central area every day of the Moon Festival , just like Tsukasa did the previous year , they should have a rematch . Both sides lost , as Soma also did n't achieve his goal of beating Kuga in total sales . For consolation , 2nd Seat Rindou Kobayashi reserves a table for Soma and Megumi at Tsukasa 's booth , consisting of a nine - course meal , all prepared by Tsukasa himself . Intrigued by the different level of dining the uptown area offers , Soma facetiously visits Erina 's booth ; only to find the Erina trembling in fear and her diners shocked by the unexpected appearance of her elitist father , Azami Nakiri . Soma and Megumi witness Azami mocking the gourmands that have come to taste Erina 's food , and declaring himself the new headmaster of Totsuki , ousting Senzaemon after revealing that he has the support of 6 members of the Elite Ten . 43 6 `` The Imprisoned Queen '' `` Toraware no Joō '' ( 囚われの女王 ) November 8 , 2017 Gin and Joichiro meet coincidentally after many years , and in the midst of their reunion , Gin is informed of the replacement of Senzaemon by Azami , who was revealed to be the 3rd Seat behind the two of them . The news of Azami 's new posting spreads like wildfire around the school , much to the shock of the students and the public . Azami dismisses Hisako from her post as Erina 's secretary , with Erina unable to object . Sanzaemon meets with Soma , and the former director reflects on Erina 's childhood as a happy little girl and how she was brainwashed , abused , and isolated by Azami to polish her `` God 's Tongue '' to what it is today , leaving her traumatized by his presence . Azami also ripped up all the letters Alice sent from Scandinavia . Azami was exiled , but continues to build his strong base in other parts of the world . Although Soma seemed asympathetic about Erina 's situation , he reiterates to Senzaemon his vow from when he first met Erina : to make her say his food is delicious . As Erina begins to despair alone in her room , Alice , Ryo and Hisako arrive to break her out of the Nakiri estate , and ultimately find refuge for her at Polar Star Dormitory . Upon learning about her past , the other residents ' accepted Erina as part of the dorm . 44 7 `` It Begins '' `` Hibuta wa Kirareta '' ( 火蓋は切られた ) November 15 , 2017 Azami announces the disbandment of all research societies and independent bodies in Totsuki , much to the horror of the student body and staff , and the formation of the Central Gourmet Society , or Central for short , a new authoritarian body that will decide what students should cook and create . Ninth seat , Eizan Etsuya , arrives at the Polar Star dorm with his goons to announce its closure . However , Soma explicitly asks if a Shokugeki can overturn the decision . In response , Eizan accepts and broadcasts live a Shokugeki with Kabutoyama Tetsuji , head of the Skewer Research Society , only to reveal that he has bribed the judges , and nefariously declares that the Shokugeki is dead . While the dorm residents lament their fate , Soma obstinately issues a Shokugeki challenge to Eizan for the survival of the dorm . As their Shokugeki begins , Eizan secretly directs his men to forcibly vacate the dorm , aggravating Soma . 45 8 `` The Alchemist '' `` Arukimisuta '' ( 錬金術師 ( アルキミスタ ) ) November 22 , 2017 Soma refuses to be intimidated by Eizan 's tactics and continues cooking , infuriating Eizan . Meanwhile , the Polar Star dorm residents band together and repel Eizan 's thugs . After further taunts from Soma , Eizan finally decides to cook seriously . With Satsuma Jidori Chicken as the theme , Eizan serves a Hainanese chicken rice dish that impresses both the judges and Soma . Soma responds with a special chicken wingtip gyoza dish that uses pork fat , parmesan cheese , and ketchup as special ingredients . He dares Eizan to try his dish , and as Eizan takes a bite , he reluctantly acknowledges that Soma 's dish tastes good . Seeing Eizan 's reaction and tempted by the smell of the food , the judges cautiously and curiously tastes Soma 's dish . Amazed by its unique delicious flavor , despite unorthodox cooking methods , the judges vote unanimously for Soma . Eizan is forced to admit defeat , and Soma declares to the school that he will battle anybody who threatens his friends and Polar Star , including the Elite Ten . 46 9 `` Hunting the Survivors '' `` Zantōgari '' ( 残党狩り ) November 29 , 2017 With Soma 's victory , Eizan 's thugs are called off and Polar Star is saved . The residents celebrates the victory , along with Erina , Hisako , Takumi , and Isami . Isshiki then arrives and explains that thanks to Soma 's victory , Central is now allowing school organizations to issue shokugeki requests which will be overseen by neutral judges . Several days later , Isshiki is dismissed from the Elite Ten , along with Kuga and 3rd seat Megishima , as they voted against Azami 's installation . Meanwhile , the rest of the Elite Ten and other Central members begin to `` hunt the survivors '' by defeating the other school societies in their Shokugeki matches . Soma and his friends decide to observe the matches in order to gain intelligence on their potential opponents . As all clubs lost their matches to Central , Alice and Ryo arrive for the final Shokugeki of the day . Alice explains that she had inadvertently become the head of the Cutting Edge Cuisine RS , making her target in the hunt . Ryo accepted the challenge on her behalf , and prepares to face off against Central member Kusunoki Rentaro , with the main ingredient being salmon . 47 10 `` The Salmon Will Dance '' `` Sake wa Odoru '' ( 鮭は踊る ) December 6 , 2017 As Ryo prepares his dish , it is revealed that Rentaro is an expert in low temperature cooking and makes use of a combi steamer and cryomill to create a salmon confit flamme with a side of salmon ice cream . Ryo responds by baking a coulibiac . As the judges deliberate on which dish is better , Rentaro impetuously boasts that he had submerged his salmon in olive oil while cooking it , which would prevent any of the moisture from escaping the meat and therefore preserving all of its flavor . However , the judges declares that Ryo 's dish is superior . Ryo reveals that he had inserted a spinach crêpe , and a special spice mix he learnt from his stagiaire experience in a curry restaurant , into his coulibiac . In addition , Ryo 's blend of various uneven flavors together accentuated the taste of his salmon , giving a dynamic sensation far better than Rentaro 's salmon . Ryo was declared the winner , as Azami enters the arena . 48 11 `` Der Weiße Ritter der Tafel '' `` Shokutaku no Shirokishi '' ( 食卓の白騎士 ) December 13 , 2017 Erina shows up at the arena just as Alice berates Azami publicly , and tells Erina to stand up for herself . The next day , Soma volunteers to be Tsukasa Eishi 's sous chef during class , impressing Tsukasa with his advanced skills . At the end of the class , Tsukasa arrogantly offers Soma to join Central as his assistant , and Soma blatantly refuses . Tsukasa then challenges Soma to an informal Shokugeki and wagers his position as first seat , in return for Soma joining Central if he loses , while Erina , Hisako , and Megumi hide and watch from a distance . Soma then asks Tsukasa what Azami and Central 's true plans are , and he reveals that Azami 's ultimate long - term goal is to eliminate all restaurants in Japan and replace them with the fine dining gourmet eateries that only he approves of . Realizing that this means the end of many local restaurants , such as Yukihira Diner , Soma resolves to beat Tsukasa so he wo n't be forced to join Central . 49 12 `` The One Who Aims for the Summit '' `` Itadaki wo Mezasu Mono '' ( 頂を目指す者 ) December 20 , 2017 Soma and Tsukasa finish their dishes , with Soma making a charcoal grilled venison thigh with sweet chestnut sauce , while Tsukasa makes roast venison back strap with peppercorn and berry sauce . Erina , Hisako , and Megumi act as judges and they reluctantly declare Tsukasa 's dish as superior . However , Tsukasa changes his mind and decides not to force Soma into Central , citing how Soma 's unorthodox and non-wavering cooking style will actually hinder him . The second Survivor Hunt begins a few days later , with Megumi , Ikumi , and Marui managing to save their respective clubs . That night , Azami pays a visit to Polar Star , where he is coldly received . As he leaves , Soma confronts Azami , who reveals that he was part of the Polar Star 's Golden Generation , and he revered Joichiro and his cooking . Soma then tells Azami that Joichiro is his father , right as Erina walks in on the conversation , shocking both of them . Intrigued and curious , Azami then arrogantly declares the revolution he is planning is meant to bring down the food culture that `` ruined '' Joichiro , leaving both Soma and Erina wondering what happened between Joichiro and Azami . 50 13 `` Advancement Exam '' `` Shinkyū Shiken '' ( 進級試験 ) April 9 , 2018 Tsukasa announces that with the end of the second semester , the Advancement Exam will take place for first year students . However , unlike past exams , all students are guaranteed to pass if they stick to the curriculum and follow Central 's orders . Soma and his friends realize that Central will be using the Advancement Exam to eliminate all of the rebels who oppose Azami . As the Polar Star residents begin to lose hope at the situation , Erina visits Soma and confides to him that it was Joichiro 's cooking that inspired her to be a chef , but with Azami 's return , she 's become conflicted over whether she truly wants to cook or not . Soma decides to inspire Erina again by cooking a special Yukihira dish : a tempura bowl that utilizes a fried frozen egg . Upon tasting it , Erina is reminded of how happy she felt tasting Joichiro 's cooking and resolves to oppose Azami . Coming up with a plan , she leaves without telling Soma how his dish tasted . The next morning , Erina gathers all of the Polar Star residents and tells them that she will help them all pass the Advancement Exam . 51 14 `` Onward on the Totsuki Train '' `` Tōtsuki - ressha wa Iku '' ( 遠月列車は行 ) April 16 , 2018 Erina tells the Polar Star residents that the Advancement Exam will take place in Hokkaido , with the students traveling from the south end of the island to the north as they clear the stages of the exam . She then spends the next week teaching Polar Star everything she knows about Hokkaido ingredients and cuisine . On the day of the first stage of the Exam , all of the students are separated into teams , with Soma being teamed with Megumi , Alice , Ryo , and Yoshino . The first stage requires that teams prepare a single salmon dish , but Soma 's team is deliberately given the lowest quality salmon . Since salmon is out of season in the winter , there is no way to get a fresh one through regular means . However , thanks to Erina 's lessons , Soma 's team remember that salmon can be frozen in brine when they are caught in the summer , preserving their flavor in the winter . They manage to procure one such salmon from a local vendor and prepare a Yuan - style Grilled Tokishirazu Salmon dish , which is so delicious that the judge has no choice but to allow them to pass . In addition , the other rebel teams manage to overcome Central 's interference . The students then proceed to the second stage of the Exam on a special train . Soma visits Erina during the night and they catch a view of the starry night sky . Erina realizes that she no longer feels annoyed while she 's in Soma 's presence . 52 15 `` Jeanne d'Arc Rises '' `` Tachiagaru Onna Kishi '' ( 立ち上がる女騎士 ) April 23 , 2018 Soma and his friends arrive in Sapporo for the second stage of the exam , where they are tasked with making a noodle dish . However , the test is designed so that the rebels must go last , meaning that most of the ingredients have been used up by the other students and the arrival of a heavy blizzard prevents them from getting more from the outside . Regardless , Soma and his friends remember Erina 's lessons and use leftover potatoes to make gosetsu udon . The examiner reluctantly lets them pass , noting how Erina has rallied the rebels under her leadership . The students then are allowed to explore Sapporo , and Erina takes the time to fully appreciate the new friends she 's made . When they return to the train , they find out that the rebels have been split up on separate trains . Soma , Erina , Megumi , and Takumi , find themselves on a train with Rindou , who informs them that their next challenge is to defeat the newest Elite 10 member , Akira . 53 16 `` Revenge Match '' `` Ribenji Matchi '' ( リベンジ・マッチ ) April 30 , 2018 Soma is tasked with facing against Akira for the next stage in the exam , and Dojima arrives to judge , announcing that the theme ingredient will be bear meat . Soma quickly learns that bear meat is more difficult to cook than other meats due to the strong smell and gamey taste it produces , which gives Akira the advantage . Kuga then arrives and assists Soma by providing him a number of spices to work with , and Soma heads out into the mountains to observe the habitat of a bear when he figures out that he can use schisandra berries to counter the smell of the bear meat . However , Akira arrives and shows how he has already come up with the optimal spice mix to counter the smell , incorporating Cajun spices . He then further boasts that he will defeat Soma for a third time , just like in the Autumn Elections . 54 17 `` The Umami Tightrope '' `` Umami no Tsunawatari '' ( 旨味の綱渡り ) May 7 , 2018 Soma talks with Dojima , who reveals that Akira was coerced into joining Central due to Azami holding all of Shiomi 's research hostage , and the only way Akira could save Shiomi 's career is to defeat to Soma . Angered , Soma chastises Akira for giving up to Azami so easily and challenges him to not to hold back . Meanwhile , the rest of the rebels with the exception of Erina are forced to face off against other members of the Elite 10 as well , and Kuga points out that it is unrealistic to expect all of them to pass . The third stage of the exam begins and both Soma and Akira decide to create fried bear dishes . Akira prepares a special sauce incorporating cajun spice and juniper berries , which alone is enough to impress the judges . Soma finishes his dish first , a fried bear meat cutlet , which impresses the judges due to the perfect taste and how Soma was willing to take a risk by using the smelliest , yet tastiest parts of the bear . However , Akira then presents his own dish , which everyone stares at in awe . 55 18 `` For Whom '' `` Dare ga Tame ni '' ( 誰が為に ) May 14 , 2018 The judges taste Akira 's chicken fried bear , and conclude that it is superior to Soma 's cutlet , but they must also test the accompanying sauces . Akira 's juniper berry gravy is powerful , but Soma creates a superior sauce using caramelized honey and balsamic vinegar . The final vote is close , but is ultimately decided in Soma 's favor due to his particular use of honey from an amur cork tree , which Soma had figured out through trial and error and scouring the nearby mountains for potential ingredients . After being chastised by Dojima , Shiomi , and Soma , Akira comes to realize that he had lost sight of why he wanted to cook in the first place when he joined Central , as he had genuinely enjoyed cooking with his classmates and friends . Afterwards , one of Azami 's aides arrives and informs Akira that he has been expelled from the school due to his loss . In addition , a number of the rebels have also lost their matches and been expelled . 56 19 `` Declaration of War '' `` Sensen Fukoku '' ( 宣戦布告 ) May 21 , 2018 With the exception of Soma , Erina , Megumi , and Takumi , all of the rebels lose their matches against the Elite 10 and are expelled . They decide that the only way to overturn the expulsions is to challenge the Elite 10 to a shokgeki and win their seats , but they do not have anything to offer to Azami to convince him to agree to the challenge . Joichiro and Senzaemon then arrive and propose a team Shokugeki called a Regiment de Cuisine . Joichiro offers to join Central if his team loses . Tempted by Joichiro 's offer , Azami agrees . Joichiro , Sanzaemon , and Dojima then proceed to personally train Soma and his friends , starting with a 3v3 cooking match with Joichiro , Soma , and Erina competing against Dojima , Megumi , and Takumi to cook Hachis Parmentier with an additional rule that nobody may speak to one another . In addition , both Joichiro and Dojima take steps that diverge from the standard hachis parmentier recipe to further test Soma and his friends . 57 20 `` Erina 's Diligent Studies '' `` Erina no Kensan '' ( えりなの研鑽 ) May 28 , 2018 Soma , Erina , Megumi , and Takumi quickly catch on to what Joichiro and Dojima intend to do with their dishes and both teams manage to complete their own unique take on hachis parmentier . However , instead of judging the dishes traditionally , Senzaemon has both teams taste each other 's dishes and decide on winner among themselves . Upon tasting each other 's dishes , both teams insist that the other is the winner , and Senzaemon declares it a draw , pointing out how the exercise was successful in fostering teamwork among them and convincing Erina to leave her comfort zone and improvise in the kitchen . The group then goes to meet Azami to finalize the rules of the Team Shokugeki , with both sides agreeing that the rebels will take the Elite 10 seats if they win , or be expelled and have Joichiro join Central if they lose . However , Azami attempts to pressure Erina into siding with the Elite 10 , since she is still a member . After some hesitation , Erina resigns from her seat and decides to join the rebel team . Azami adds one final condition that if the rebels lose , then Erina must join Central as well . With the rules decided , both sides leave to prepare for the upcoming showdown . 58 21 `` The Pioneer of the Wastelands '' `` Kōya o Hiraku Mono '' ( 荒野を拓く者 ) June 4 , 2018 As Erina sleeps , Joichiro and Dojima tell Soma , Megumi , and Takumi about their time at Polar Star and with Azami . As a student , Joichiro proved to be a cooking prodigy , quickly earning a seat in the Elite Ten in his first year as well as winning countless cooking competitions and Shokugekis , culminating in him singlehandedly defeating over 100 opponents in a Team Shokugeki , earning him a reputation as the `` Demon '' . However , all of the continued success began to take its toll on Joichiro , as every win put additional pressure on him to perform even better the next time . He then suffered a nervous breakdown after realizing he lost his passion for cooking . Sensing the peril Joichiro was in , Senzaemon advised that Joichiro take a leave of absence to rediscover his passion . After the story , Joichiro challenges Soma to another cooking match . As Dojima watches on , he silently thanks Soma for helping reignite Joichiro 's passion for cooking . 59 22 `` To the Final Battleground '' `` Kessen no Chi e '' ( 決戦の地へ ) June 11 , 2018 Right before the Team Shokugeki , Soma manages to recruit Satoshi , Kuga , Megashima , and Subaru to their team to make the match an 8 vs 8 . As the Team Shokugeki begins , Soma , Satoshi , and Megashima are matched against Nene and two replacement Elite 10 members , with Soma having to face Nene . Unfortunately , Soma draws soba as the cooking theme , which happens to be Nene 's specialty . Soma decides to counter this disadvantage by making an instant yakisoba dish , which he feels will do a better job conveying his cooking than a regular soba dish . Meanwhile , Satoshi battles against Jurio over an eel dish . Jurio soon begins throwing insults at Satoshi , wondering why a cook from the prominent Isshki family would associate with the `` lowlifes '' of Polar Star . This angers Satoshi and he decides to begin cooking seriously to completely crush Shiratsu . 60 23 `` Bearing Polar Star Dormitory '' `` Kyokuseiryō o Seotte '' ( 極星寮を背負って ) June 18 , 2018 As the match goes on , it is revealed that Satoshi and Nene are actually childhood friends , though Nene denies it . Officials from the World Gourmet Organization arrive to be the judges for the match . Jurio finishes first and presents his eel stew dish , which impresses the judges . Satoshi then presents his Hitsumabushi dish , which incorporates ingredients created by the Polar Star students . The resulting dish easily defeats Jurio 's with ease , and Jurio is forced to apologize to Polar Star for insulting them . Nene then promises that she will challenge Satoshi in the next round , revealing that she had always felt resentment against him due to his natural ability to excel at anything with little effort . However , Satoshi warns her that she will lose against Soma . Meanwhile , Soma brings out a wok and begins stir frying his soba , shocking everybody . 61 24 `` The Basis for Strength '' `` Kyōsha taru yuen '' ( 強者たる所以 ( ゆえん ) ) June 25 , 2018 Ovas ( edit ) No . Title Release date `` Takumi 's Downtown Battle '' `` Takumi no Shitamachi Gassen '' ( タクミの下町合戦 ) May 2 , 2016 This episode takes place sometime between the first and second season . The Aldini brothers head out for a trip to Tokyo Tower , where other students such as Alice , Ryo , and the boys from Polar Star Dormitory , with the exception of Sōma , are visiting too . Afterwards , they encountered a pretentious and disenchanted Urara working in a cosplay restaurant , before bumping into the girls from Polar Star Dormitory and have lunch together at a traditional Japanese restaurant . When Isami requests cheese with his rice , an old man scoffs at the Aldini brothers for not respecting Japanese culture , and Takumi requests a food battle with him . The former 's food , although nostalgic , is lacking in skill compared to the Aldini brothers ' , and he confesses that Takumi reminded him of his daughter 's fiancé , a blonde - haired foreigner , whom he objected strictly against her marrying . After a long day , the brothers return home . `` Erina 's Summer Vacation '' `` Natsuyasumi no Erina '' ( 夏休みのエリナ ) July 4 , 2016 This episode takes place sometime before the second season , before the Autumn Elections Preliminaries . Erina is at a loss for what to do during summer vacation after finishing her schedule early for the day , so Alice takes her to a public pool . There , Alice enjoys watching Erina embarrass herself with wearing an old coat , a bathing suit in public , and admitting that she admires someone . Alice also attempts to educate Erina on the concept of love despite not knowing about it herself . In the end , Erina decides to focus on perfecting her cooking instead of understanding love . Meanwhile , the girls at Polar Star Dormitory are practically dying from the summer heat and stress for the Autumn Elections Preliminaries , and make a few failed attempts to cool down until the boys , including the Aldini brothers and Ikumi , arrive and take them to a cool stream where they eat shaved ice , and then barbeque . Likewise , Jun is prepared to pass out from heat stroke until Hayama generously makes her some cold porridge with soup . `` Autumn Moon 's Chance Encounter '' `` Shūgetsu no Meguriai '' ( 秋月のめぐり逢い ) May 2 , 2017 This episode takes place sometime after the second season , after the first years completed their Stagiaire assignments . The Polar Star dorm residents , along with the Aldini brothers , Ikumi , Kurokiba , and Hayama , take a trip to the hot springs inn where Megumi did her Stagiaire . Arriving at the Inn , Megumi and Isshiki showcased their table tennis finesse . With all of the Inn 's cooks suffering accidents , the Polar Star gang and the others took over the kitchen for the arriving guests : Erina , Alice and Hisako ; who are impressed by the finely crafted meal supposedly made by amateurs , not knowing it is made by Tōtsuki students . Yukihira , intrigued by the legendary fish dubbed the ' River Master ' in the nearby river , invite Kurokiba and Hayama to a fishing match , much to the chagrin of Takumi who tries hopelessly to catch up to them ; only to be dragged along in the water and coming back empty - handed . Later at night , Megumi inadvertently met Erina in the hot springs bath , realising that the meal that she and the others cooked is for Erina . `` Tōtsuki Elite Ten '' `` Tōtsuki Jukketsu '' ( 遠月十傑 ) July 4 , 2017 This episode takes place after the Stagiaire event and just before the start of the third season . The Autumn Election quarter - finalists meet the Elite Ten Council at the annual Autumn Leaves Viewing event , excluding Erina , who sits with her fellow freshmen . With the exception of Megumi , the antagomism between the first years are apparent , until the Elite Ten shows up ; displaying a much more tense resentment towards each other . Immediately , Soma extends a Shokugeki challenge to all of them , but they simply laugh it off , all except the Eight Seat , Kuga Terunori , who jokingly asks Soma to try and show some skill that outshines him cooking-wise for him to accept a challenge . The Fourth Seat , Akanegakubo Momo , made them all a sweet treat for the meeting , which gave the freshmen a glimpse of how far ahead the Elite Ten chefs are . Nonetheless , taking this experience to heart , they became much more persevered , and Soma looks for and awaits the opportunity for Kuga to live up to his word . 5 `` Erina at Polar Star Dormitory '' `` Erina no Shin Seikatsu '' ( 極星寮のえりな ) May 2 , 2018 Bundled with the 29th volume of the Shokugeki no Souma manga . It tells the story of what happened to Erina after she ran away from her father to the Polar Star Dormitory . Songs ( edit ) Opening theme Title Lyrics Composition Arranger Artist Episodes `` Kibō no Uta '' ( 希望の唄 , The Song of Hope ) Wataru Terauchi Kengo Ōhama N / A Ultra Tower 1 - 14 , 24 , OVA 1 `` Rising Rainbow '' ( ライジングレインボウ , Raijingu Reinbō ) Misokkasu Misokkasu N / A Misokkasu 15 - 24 , OVA 2 Rough Diamonds Matsui Youhei Oota Masatomo Oota Masatomo SCREEN mode 25 - 37 , OVA 3 - OVA 4 Braver Zaq Zaq N / A Zaq 38 - 49 Symbol ( シンボル ) PON N / A Luck Life Luck Life 50 - Ending themes Title Lyrics Composition Arranger Artist Episodes `` Spice '' ( スパイス , Supaisu ) Ichirō Tokyo Karan Koron Tokyo Karan Koron Tokyo Karankoron 1 - 14 , 24 , OVA 1 `` Satchan 's Sexy Curry '' ( さっちゃんのセクシーカレー , Satchan no Sekushī Karē ) Seiko Ōmori Seiko Ōmori N / A Seiko Ōmori 15 - 23 , OVA 2 `` Snowdrop '' ( スノードロップ ) Kimiko Jun Sasaki Nano Ripe and Masayuki Fukutomi Nano Ripe 26 - 37 , OVA 3 - OVA 4 `` Kyokyo Jitsujitsu '' ( 虚虚実実 ) Kimiko Jun Sasaki Nano Ripe Nano Ripe 38 - 49 Atoria ( アトりア ) Takao 鳴風 N / A Fo'xTails 50 - See also ( edit ) List of Food Wars : Shokugeki no Soma chapters List of Food Wars : Shokugeki no Soma characters Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : All English titles are taken from Sentai Filmworks . ^ Jump up to : All English titles are taken from Crunchyroll . Jump up ^ Tokyo MX listed the broadcast times as Sunday nights at 24 : 30 , meaning the first broadcast technically occurred on Monday at 12 : 30am JST . Dates in this article reflect the actual calendar date of the broadcast . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shueisha Confirms Food Wars : Shokugeki no Soma TV Anime for 2015 '' . Anime News Network . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Food Wars : Shokugeki no Soma Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sentai Filmworks Adds Pleiades , Re-Kan , SNAFU Too , Hello ! KinMoza , UtaPri Season 3 , Is it Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon ( DanMachi ) and Food Wars '' . Anime News Network . April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma Anime Gets 2nd Season '' . Anime News Network . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Food Wars Anime 's 2nd Season 's Title , Summer Premiere Revealed '' . Anime News Network . February 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma Anime Gets 3rd Season This Fall '' . Anime News Network . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma Anime 's 3rd Season Premieres on October 3 '' . Anime News Network . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Food Wars ! The Third Plate Anime 's 2nd Cour Premieres on April 8 '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 食戟のソーマ '' . Media Arts Database . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 食戟のソーマ弐ノ皿 - アニメ - TOKYO MX ( Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma : The Second Plate - Anime - Tokyo MX ) ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo MX . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 食戟のソーマ餐ノ皿の放送情報 '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Metropolitan Television . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 食戟のソーマ餐ノ皿遠月列車篇 '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo MX . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Shokugeki no Soma '' TV Anime OP Song PV by Ultra Tower `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ZAQ , nano. RIPE Perform Theme Songs for Food Wars ! Shokugeki no Soma Season 3 '' . Anime News Network . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luck Life , Fo'xTails Perform Theme Songs for Food Wars ! The Third Plate 's 2nd Cour '' . Anime News Network . February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ スパイス ( アニメ「食戟のソーマ」エンディングサイズ ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SCREEN mode , nano. RIPE Perform 2nd Food Wars ! Anime Season 's Themes '' . Anime News Network . May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Food Wars ! 2nd Season 's New Promo Previews 1st Autumn Election Match '' . Anime News Network . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website hide Food Wars ! : Shokugeki no Soma Characters Anime episodes Manga chapters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Food_Wars!_Shokugeki_no_Soma_episodes&oldid=846351626 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 05 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does season 3 of food wars come out	[]	[]
-5570522763944371931	Chicago Fire (season 2)	Chicago Fire ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Chicago Fire ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Chicago Fire ( season 2 ) Region 1 DVD cover art Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network NBC Original release September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) -- May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of Chicago Fire episodes The second season of Chicago Fire , an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf , and producers Derek Haas , Michael Brandt , and Matt Olmstead , premiered on September 24 , 2013 , but on a new timeslot on Tuesday at 10 : 00 pm from Wednesday at 10 : 00 pm , on NBC television network . The season concluded on May 13 , 2014 , and consisted of 22 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Chicago PD characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Crossovers 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The show follows the lives of the firefighters and paramedics working at the Chicago Fire Department at the firehouse of Engine 51 , Truck 81 , Squad 3 , Ambulance 61 and Battalion 25 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Jesse Spencer as Lieutenant Matthew Casey , Truck 81 Taylor Kinney as Lieutenant Kelly Severide , Squad 3 Monica Raymund as Paramedic in Charge Gabriela Dawson , Ambulance 61 Lauren German as Paramedic Leslie Shay , Ambulance 61 Charlie Barnett as Firefighter Peter Mills , Truck 81 / Squad 3 Eamonn Walker as Battalion Chief Wallace Boden , Battalion 25 David Eigenberg as Firefighter Christopher Hermann , Truck 81 Yuri Sardarov as Firefighter Brian `` Otis '' Zvonecek , Truck 81 Joe Minoso as Firefighter / Chauffeur Joe Cruz , Truck 81 Christian Stolte as Firefighter Randy `` Mouch '' McHolland , Truck 81 Recurring cast ( edit ) Jeff Hephner as Firefighter Jeff Clarke , Squad 3 Randy Flagler as Firefighter Harold Capp , Squad 3 Anthony Ferraris as Firefighter Tony Ferraris , Squad 3 Treat Williams as Benny Severide Chaon Cross as Heather Darden Michelle Forbes as Gail McLeod John Hoogenakker as Lieutenant Spellman , Engine 51 Vedette Lim as Devon William Smillie as Kevin Hadley David Pasquesi as Paramedic Erik McAuley , Ambulance 61 Victoria Blade as Lisa Clarke Alex Weisman as Paramedic Alan Chout , Ambulance 61 Melissa Ponzio as Donna Robbins Dylan Baker as Doctor David Arata Brittany Curran as Katie Nolan Daisy Betts as Firefighter Candidate Rebecca Jones , Truck 81 Christine Evangelista as Paramedic Allison Rafferty , Ambulance 61 Chicago PD characters ( edit ) Jon Seda as Detective Antonio Dawson LaRoyce Hawkins as Officer Kevin Atwater Jesse Lee Soffer as Detective Jay Halstead Jason Beghe as Sergeant Henry `` Hank '' Voight Sophia Bush as Detective Erin Lindsay Elias Koteas as Detective Alvin Olinsky Marina Squerciati as Officer Kim Burgess Amy Morton as Desk Sergeant Trudy Platt Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Fire episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` A Problem House '' Joe Chappelle Michael Brandt & Derek Haas September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 201 8.90 While Severide finds himself being targeted by a dangerous arsonist , Firehouse 51 takes on new blood and new rules to avoid shuttering its doors due to budget cuts . Casey finds himself with new responsibilities . 26 `` Prove It '' Tom DiCillo Andrea Newman October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 202 8.74 Casey struggles to manage Heather Darden 's boys . Meanwhile , Severide goes in pursuit of the arsonist after another close call 27 `` Defcon 1 '' Joe Chappelle Michael Gilvary October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 203 7.43 As Molly 's bar continues to struggle , Mouch gets a campaign assist from a friend of Dawson 's . Severide tries to find proof that Kevin Hadley , one of his former men on Squad 3 , was the arsonist . Dawson makes an unexpected move . 28 `` A Nuisance Call '' Steve Shill Matt Olmstead & Hilly Hicks , Jr . October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 204 8.08 The fallout from a deadly routine call causes a rift between Shay and Dawson . The men of 51 are on alert for a mole in the firehouse . Meanwhile , Severide goes stealth in his pursuit of Hadley . Dawson gets some shocking news about one of Arthur 's henchmen Jay . 29 5 `` A Power Move '' Jann Turner Andi Bushell October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 205 7.45 Pressure is on Boden to resign from the firehouse . The mole is revealed and the men form a plan to run him out of the house . Arthur the thug continues to cause trouble at Molly 's . 30 6 `` Joyriding '' Steve Shill Derek Haas & Tim Talbott November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 206 7.66 Severide gets an unexpected visitor and news about his father . His day goes from bad to worse after his morning jog turns into a rescue when he sees a boy trapped in an excavator . Mouch and fellow union president candidate Greg Sullivan participate in a debate . Arthur comes to harass Dawson at Molly 's again . 31 7 `` No Regrets '' Michael Slovis Michael Brandt & Ryan Rege Harris November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 207 7.49 The men are called to a train which derailed into a factory . McLeod 's budget cuts mean that they are stretched to their limits dealing with a flaming propane tank and multiple victims . Heather is released from prison and makes a life - changing decision . 32 8 `` Rhymes With Shout '' Joe Chappelle Andrea Newman November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 208 6.91 Shay makes an unexpected move , Severide tries to befriend a new - found family member and Cruz takes his relationship with Zoya one step further . Otis and Severide get a shock of their lives when they return their apartment after their shift . Casey rethinks his feelings for Dawson . 33 9 `` You Will Hurt Him '' Sanford Bookstaver Michael Gilvary December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 209 8.22 Dawson and Casey 's romance escalates . A broken Shay contemplates suicide and Severide asks Dawson to help her . Joe 's younger brother Leon helps Voight 's Intelligence Unit imprison the new leader of his former gang for killing a young girl . Mills learns that he has a place at the Police Academy . Boden gets a visit from McLeod , who has found a way to close 51 . 34 10 `` Not Like This '' Alex Chapple Michael Brandt & Derek Haas December 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 10 ) 210 9.32 With 51 on the verge of closing , the community rallies in protest ; Casey , Mouch and Severide each do their part in a last ditch attempt to stop the closure while Boden gets some help from an unlikely person . Dawson gets some career - changing news . The men of 51 come together when they nearly lose one of their own at a massive apartment fire and Clarke becomes a suspect in a murder investigation . 35 11 `` Shoved In My Face '' Jean de Segonzac Hilly Hicks , Jr . January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 211 6.87 Casey returns to the firehouse after his accident that almost killed him . Shay meets her new partner , while Dawson starts her training at the Fire Academy . Severide starts his temporary teaching job at the Academy and has misgivings about a Candidate . 36 12 `` Out With a Bang '' Alik Sakharov Andrea Newman January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 212 6.76 Casey tries to convince everyone , and himself , at the firehouse that he is alright . Meanwhile Shay is being targeted by lawyers asking about witnessing a suicide at a rescue . Boden helps out a citizen with a neglectful landlord . Dawson must overcome her claustrophobia . Mills makes the squad but quickly finds himself in hot water with a reporter . 37 13 `` Tonight 's the Night '' Jann Turner Derek Haas & Tim Talbott January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 213 7.13 During a frigid , cold night in Chicago , Firehouse 51 responds to a car accident when a blackout occurs and leaves an entire district without electricity or power . The men are swamped when locals flock to firehouse seeking a warm place during the blackout . Clarke gets caught up in a looting and held at gunpoint while getting supplies at a store and Boden has to deal with unwelcome guests at the firehouse . Casey struggles with memory loss and headaches . Severide 's sister Katie goes missing . Herrmann , Dawson and Otis continue to debate on future plans for Molly 's . 38 14 `` Virgin Skin '' Karen Gaviola Michael Brandt & Ryan Rege Harris February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 214 7.06 Severide continues his search for Katie and turns to Chicago Police for help . Casey begins bleeding in his ear and the doctor 's diagnosis could potentially end his career . Firehouse 51 gets a call about a person crushing his hand in a conveyor belt . Severide takes matters into his own hands to find his sister Katie . Rafferty is sued by a victim . The men find a way to repay a young victim who had supported them when 51 was nearly closed down . 39 15 `` Keep Your Mouth Shut '' Holly Dale Michael Gilvary March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 215 7.07 Firehouse 51 gets a call of a person stuck in a donation bin . Dawson returns to Ambulance 61 . Casey and his crew are frustrated with their new Candidate . Severide gets some unwelcome news about the man who orchestrated Katie 's kidnapping . Chief Boden hits a rut in his relationship with Donna . 40 16 `` A Rocket Blasting Off '' Sanford Bookstaver Matt Olmstead & Hilly Hicks , Jr . March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 216 7.21 Severide is questioned about his sister 's kidnappers ' disappearance and is considered a possible suspect . Dawson is considering reapplying to the academy . Meanwhile , Hermann wants to get a vasectomy as an anniversary gift for his wife , much to his colleagues ' horror , and Casey and Chief Boden are ordered by Candidate Jones ' father , the Deputy District Chief , to force her to transfer to a desk job . 41 17 `` When Things Got Rough '' Jann Turner Andrea Newman March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 217 6.96 Firehouse 51 get a call to a house engulfed in flames . Casey discovers that the father had thrown himself over his children to shield them from the fire and the team mourn his heroic sacrifice . Unfortunately , the crew are sued by the deceased man 's wife for failing to save him . Mouch gets dumped by his girlfriend . Dawson is being stalked by a dispatcher . Meanwhile , Severide saves a man whose arm got stuck in a wheel well and also finds out that he 's a former firefighter . 42 18 `` Until Your Feet Leave the Ground '' Michael Slovis Matt Olmstead & Mick Betancourt April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 218 6.96 Firehouse 51 attend a call to a man wedged between two buildings . Severide attempts to get the former firefighter he previously rescued to go to rehab to help with alcohol and pain killer addictions after he is arrested for DUI . Dawson and Casey run into relationship issues . Meanwhile , Dawson and Shay have a girls only weekend retreat together and Mouch is gearing up for his first date since his breakup with help from his colleagues . The team help a man who wants to commit suicide by jumping off a high ledge . Casey tries to help Jones with her situation . 43 19 `` A Heavy Weight '' Reza Tabrizi Michael Gilvary April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 219 6.90 After Jones ' suicide , everybody at Firehouse 51 is affected by it and tension is high within the ranks of the firehouse . Dawson receives Jones ' suicide note but will not say what it says . Meanwhile , Casey is looking for rings to propose to Dawson . During a call at a gas station fire , one of the bystanders tries to help a victim , almost with disastrous results . 44 20 `` A Dark Day '' Joe Chappelle Story by : Dick Wolf & Matt Olmstead Teleplay by : Michael Brandt & Derek Haas April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 220 7.06 A major explosion occurs at the start line of a CFD & CPD 10k charity run outside a Chicago Medical Center which Dawson and Casey are taking part in . It sends the people of Chicago into chaos with both local and federal law enforcement agencies rushing to find the perpetrators . Dawson is trapped under the rubble and Casey and Severide race against time to find her while their colleagues continue to assist victims above ground . This episode begins a crossover with Chicago P.D. that concludes on `` 8.30 PM '' . It is included on the Chicago P.D. Season 1 DVD set . 45 21 `` One More Shot '' Jean de Segonzac Andrea Newman May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 221 6.92 Firehouse 51 receive a call of a man stuck in a wood chipper . Dawson prepares to retake the firefighters exam and Squad 3 gets a new firefighter . Meanwhile , Casey asks Antonio for Dawson 's hand in marriage , for which Antonio gives his blessing . Elsewhere , Shay deals with the fallout with the reappearance of Devin , her runaway ex who had stolen from her , Severide and Otis . Boden makes a bold move with his relationship with Donna . 46 22 `` Real Never Waits '' Michael Brandt Michael Brandt & Derek Haas May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 222 7.12 A victim found at a boarding school fire has Severide questioning if he could have done more . Dawson retakes her firefighter 's exam , which she passes , and is scheduled to transfer to a different firehouse with Casey 's full support . Meanwhile , Mills still questions his father 's mysterious death . Elsewhere , Severide throws out Shay 's ex-girlfriend , and Boden has a surprise marriage at the firehouse . Casey proposes marriage to Dawson , but before she can say anything they get another call of a mysterious building fire . The building where the fire is taking place suddenly explodes while everyone is inside , leaving the lives of everyone inside of the building hanging in the balance and Boden in a frantic as he watches from his command post . Production ( edit ) On April 26 , 2013 , NBC renewed Chicago Fire for a second season and moved its time slot to Tuesdays at 10 : 00 pm EST . The season debuted on September 24 , 2013 . Crossovers ( edit ) A crossover between the two Chicago shows aired on April 29 and 30 , 2014 , depicting an explosion that brings the fire and police departments together . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Lucky 7 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Dads ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' David Blaine : Real or Magic ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Mind Games ' , ' About a Boy ' , ' Growing Up Fisher ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel Studios : Assembling A Universe ' , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Revolution ' , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Parenthood ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' and ' Grimm ' Renewed by NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates For New Season Including ' The Voice ' , ' Blacklist ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' , ' Grimm ' ' Revolution ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 7 Things to Expect From Chicago Fire and Chicago P.D. 's Explosive Crossover Event External links ( edit ) Official website List of Chicago Fire episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Chicago franchise Chicago Fire Characters Matthew Casey Kelly Severide Episodes Season 1 5 6 Chicago P.D. Characters Kim Burgess Antonio Dawson Erin Lindsay Hank Voight Episodes Season 1 5 Chicago Med Characters Episodes Season 1 Other Chicago Justice See also Law & Order franchise Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Crossovers `` Comic Perversion '' `` Chicago Crossover '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Fire_(season_2)&oldid=827275770 '' Categories : 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 19 : 53 . About Wikipedia	who dies in season 2 of chicago fire	[]	[]
-1113239971640958053	Over the Rainbow	Over the Rainbow - wikipedia Over the Rainbow Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1939 song . For other uses , see Over the Rainbow ( disambiguation ) . `` Over the Rainbow '' Song by Judy Garland Published 1939 Genre Ballad Composer ( s ) Harold Arlen Lyricist ( s ) E.Y. Harburg `` Over the Rainbow '' is a ballad , with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Yip Harburg . It was written for the movie The Wizard of Oz and was sung by actress Judy Garland , in her starring role as Dorothy Gale . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Garland 's signature song , as well as one of the most enduring standards of the 20th century . About five minutes into the film , Dorothy sings the song after failing to get Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , and the farmhands to listen to her relate an unpleasant incident involving her dog , Toto , and the town spinster , Miss Gulch ( Margaret Hamilton ) . Aunt Em tells her to `` find yourself a place where you wo n't get into any trouble '' . This prompts her to walk off by herself , musing to Toto , `` Some place where there is n't any trouble . Do you suppose there is such a place , Toto ? There must be . It 's not a place you can get to by a boat , or a train . It 's far , far away . Behind the moon , beyond the rain ... '' , at which point she begins singing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Influence and legacy 2 The Wizard of Oz 3 Original Garland recordings 4 Lyrics 5 International artists 6 Other versions 6.1 In singles and albums 6.2 In films and TV shows 7 Israel Kamakawiwoʻole version 8 Eva Cassidy version 8.1 Track listings 8.2 Chart performance 9 Danielle Hope version 9.1 Track listings 9.2 Chart performance 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Influence and legacy ( edit ) The song is number one on the `` Songs of the Century '' list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . The American Film Institute also ranked the song the greatest movie song of all time on the list of `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' . The very first artist to record the song was actually big band singer Bea Wain , but MGM prohibited the release until The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) had opened and audiences heard Judy Garland perform it . It was adopted ( along with Irving Berlin 's 1942 hit `` White Christmas '' ) by American troops in Europe in World War II , as a symbol of the United States . In April 2005 , the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp recognizing lyricist Yip Harburg 's accomplishments ; it features the opening lyric from the song . The song was used as an audio wakeup call in the STS - 88 space shuttle mission in Flight Day 4 , which was dedicated to astronaut Robert D. Cabana from his daughter , Sara . The song was honored with the 2014 Towering Song Award by the Songwriters Hall of Fame and was sung at its dinner on June 12 , 2014 by Jackie Evancho . In April 2016 , The Daily Telegraph listed the song as number 8 on its list of the 100 greatest songs of all time . In March 2017 , Garland 's original rendition of the song was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant '' . The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) The song 's sequence and the entirety of the Kansas scenes were directed by King Vidor , though he was not credited . The song was initially deleted from the film after a preview in San Luis Obispo , because MGM chief executive Louis B. Mayer and producer Mervyn LeRoy thought it `` slowed down the picture '' and that `` the song sounds like something for Jeanette MacDonald , not for a little girl singing in a barnyard '' . However , the persistence of associate producer Arthur Freed and Garland 's vocal coach / mentor Roger Edens to keep it in the film eventually paid off - it is for this sequence that the film is best known and remembered . At the start of the film , part of the song is played by the MGM orchestra over the opening credits . A reprise of it was deleted after being filmed . An additional chorus was to be sung by Dorothy while she was locked in the Witch 's castle , helplessly awaiting death as the hourglass ran out . However , although the visual portion of that reprise is presumably lost , the soundtrack of it survives and was included in the 2 - CD Deluxe Edition of the film 's soundtrack , released by Rhino Entertainment in 1995 . In that extremely intense and fear - filled rendition , Dorothy cries her way through it , unable to finish , concluding with a tear - filled , `` I 'm frightened , Auntie Em , I 'm frightened ! '' This phrase was retained in the film and is followed immediately by Aunt Em 's brief appearance in the crystal ball , where she is soon replaced by the visage of the witch ( Hamilton ) , mocking and taunting Dorothy before turning toward the camera to cackle . Another instrumental version is played in the underscore in the final scene , and over the closing credits . Original Garland recordings ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' from The Wizard of Oz A sample of the original version of `` Over the Rainbow '' from The Wizard of Oz , sung by Judy Garland . Problems playing this file ? See media help . On October 7 , 1938 , Judy Garland first recorded the song on the MGM soundstages , using an arrangement by Murray Cutter . In September 1939 , a studio recording of the song , not from the actual film soundtrack , was recorded and released as a single by Decca Records . In March 1940 , that same recording was included on a Decca 78 - RPM four - record studio cast album entitled The Wizard of Oz . Although this is not the version of the song featured in the film , Decca would continue to re-release the so - called `` Cast Album '' well into the 1960s after it was re-issued as a single - record 33 ⁄ RPM LP . It was not until 1956 , when MGM released the true soundtrack album from the film , that the film version of the song was made available to the public . The 1956 soundtrack release was timed to coincide with the television premiere of the film . The soundtrack version has been re-released several times over the years , including in a `` Deluxe Edition '' from Rhino Records in 1995 . ' Over the Rainbow ' has become part of my life . It 's so symbolic of everybody 's dreams and wishes that I 'm sure that 's why some people get tears in their eyes when they hear it . I 've sung it thousands of times and it 's still the song that 's closest to my heart . `` '' -- Judy Garland , in a letter to Harold Arlen Following the film 's release in 1939 , the song became Garland 's signature song and she would perform it for the next 30 years , until her death in 1969 . She performed it without altering it , singing exactly as she did for the film . She explained her fidelity by saying that she was staying true to the character of Dorothy and to the message of really being somewhere over the rainbow . In 2017 , Garland 's recorded rendition of the film was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant '' . Lyrics ( edit ) An introductory verse ( `` When all the world is a hopeless jumble ... '' ) that was not used in the film is often used in theatrical productions of The Wizard of Oz and is included in the piano sheet music book of songs from the film . It was also used in renditions by Frank Sinatra , by Al Bowlly , by Doris Day on her album Hooray For Hollywood ( 1958 ) ( Vol. 1 ) , by Tony Bennett on his albums Tony Bennett Sings a String of Harold Arlen ( 1961 ) and Here 's to the Ladies ( 1995 ) , by Ella Fitzgerald , by Sarah Vaughan , and by Norma Waterson , among others . Garland herself sang the introductory verse only once , on a 1948 radio broadcast of The Louella Parsons Show . Lyrics for a second verse ( `` Once by a word only lightly spoken ... '' ) appear in the British edition of the sheet music . International artists ( edit ) The first German version in English language was recorded by the Swing Orchestra Heinz Wehner ( 1908 -- 1945 ) in March 1940 in Berlin . Wehner , at this time a international well - known German Swing Artist , also took over the vocals . The first German version in German language was sung by Inge Brandenburg ( 1929 -- 1999 ) in 1960 . Other versions ( edit ) In singles and albums ( edit ) Doo - wop group the Demensions charted the song to number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960 . Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles recorded the song in 1966 and it was featured on the Bluebelles ' album of the same name , their first studio album with Atlantic Records . Australian band Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs ' version topped the Australian music charts in 1965 and a later revision of the song also charted in 1974 following Billy Thorpe 's blues - based revival of the song at the 1973 Sunbury Pop Festival . Matchbox reached number 15 on the UK singles chart in 1980 with the song -- You Belong to Me ( medley ) `` . Patti LaBelle recorded a solo version of the song in a contemporary R&B / gospel - influenced version that was featured as the final song on LaBelle 's 1981 album , The Spirit 's in It . Sam Harris 's winning version of the song on the first season of Star Search in 1983 , combined on a single with `` Hearts on Fire '' reached number 67 in the UK singles chart in 1985 . A music video was made for his version . Marusha reached number 3 on the German singles charts in 1994 with her dance version . Cosmic Gate sampled this track for their single `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' , which was released in 2000 . Cliff Richard reached number 11 on the UK singles chart in 2001 with `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' . Katharine McPhee , an American Idol runner - up , covered the song in 2006 . The single peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The Glee cast reached number 43 on the US singles chart and number 30 on the UK singles chart in 2010 with their version . Nicholas David , a contestant on the third season of the US version of The Voice , charted the song to number 96 in 2012 , with sales of 48,000 copies . The Christian Hard Rock group David and the Giants sampled the song on their song `` Noah '' on their 1978 album This One 's for You . Ariana Grande covered the song at the One Love Manchester benefit concert held on 4 June 2017 for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing and added it to her Dangerous Woman Tour setlist after the benefit show . Hibari Misora released a Japanese language version of the song titled Niji no Kanata Ni ( 虹の彼方に ) . Allan Sherman sang a parody of it , called `` Overweight People '' . In films and TV shows ( edit ) In the film Third Finger , Left Hand ( 1940 ) with Myrna Loy , Melvyn Douglas , and Raymond Walburn , the tune played throughout the film in short sequences . In the film The Philadelphia Story ( 1940 ) , James Stewart sings the song while carrying Katharine Hepburn through the gardens , at 77 minutes . Two years after the release of The Wizard of Oz , the tune appeared throughout the film I Wake Up Screaming ( 1941 ) , starring Betty Grable and Victor Mature . The song can also be heard in an ironic context in the Vincent Price horror film , Dr. Phibes Rises Again ( 1972 ) . The Sam Harris version was featured in an episode of Beavis and Butt - head , in which Beavis reacts in horror to the music video while Butt - head turns up the volume just to humorously torture the former . A version sung by Olivia Newton - John is used in the 1997 movie Face / Off , directed by John Woo . Director Nora Ephron used two different versions of the song in her movies Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) and You 've Got Mail ( 1998 ) . They 're by Ray Charles and Harry Nilsson , but only Nilsson 's is included on a soundtrack release of the films . Mariah Carey perfromed this song as a medley with `` If I Only Knew '' as a tribute to her godmother , Patti Labelle in the Essence Awards in 1998 . Jane Monheit 's version is used over the end credits of `` Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow '' ( 2004 ) . A version of the song was featured in an episode of The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy , in which Mandy sings the song in a deadpan tone while she performs as Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz . In the film 9 ( 2009 ) , the original song is played . The song was featured at the end of the Scrubs episode `` My Way Home '' . The song was sung by the `` Worthless Peons '' ( played by the Blanks ) in a cappella format . The song was the final of many references to The Wizard of Oz in the episode . Israel Kamakawiwoʻole version ( edit ) Main article : Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' Single by Israel Kamakawiwoʻole from the album Facing Future Released 1993 Format CD single Recorded 1988 Label Mountain Apple Company Songwriter ( s ) E.Y. Harburg , Bob Thiele , George David Weiss Audio sample `` Somewhere over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' file help Israel Kamakawiwoʻole 's album Facing Future , released in 1993 , included a ukulele medley of the song and Louis Armstrong 's `` What a Wonderful World '' . It reached number 12 on Billboard 's Hot Digital Tracks chart the week of January 31 , 2004 ( for the survey week ending January 18 , 2004 ) . In the UK , it was released as a single under the title `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' . It entered the UK Official Singles Chart in April 2007 at number 68 . In Germany , the single also returned to the German Singles Chart in September 2010 . After only 2 weeks on that chart , it had already received gold status for having sold 150,000 copies . In October 2010 , it reached No. 1 in the German charts and 2011 it has been certified 5x Gold for selling more than 750,000 copies . It stayed 12 non-consecutive weeks at the top spot and was the most successful single in Germany in 2010 . As of March 2012 , it 's the 2nd best - selling download ever in Germany with digital sales between 500,000 and 600,000 . In France , it debuted at number 4 in December 2010 and reached number one . In the USA , it was certified Platinum for 1,000,000 downloads sold . To date it has sold over 4.2 million digital copies as of October 2014 . In Switzerland , it received Platinum , too , for 30,000 copies sold . This version of the song has been used in several commercials , films and television programs including Finding Forrester , Meet Joe Black , 50 First Dates , Son of the Mask , Snakes on a Plane , Charmed , South Pacific , Cold Case , ER , Life on Mars , Horizon , and Scrubs . The Kamakawiwoʻole version of the song was covered by the cast of Glee on the season one finale , `` Journey , '' and included on the extended play Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals , charting at number 30 in the UK , 31 in Canada and Ireland , 42 in Australia , and 43 in the US . Cliff Richard recorded his own version of the medley based on this one with a medley of `` Over the Rainbow / What A Wonderful World '' released as a single from the album Wanted , which charted in the UK in 2001 and Aselin Debison recorded the medley for her 2002 album Sweet is the Melody . This version of the song was recorded in 1988 , in Honolulu in just one take . Israel called the recording studio at 3 am . He was given 15 minutes to arrive by Milan Bertosa . Bertosa is quoted to say '' And in walks the largest human being I had seen in my life . Israel was probably like 500 pounds . And the first thing at hand is to find something for him to sit on . '' The building security found Israel a big steel chair . `` Then I put up some microphones , do a quick sound check , roll tape , and the first thing he does is ' Somewhere Over the Rainbow . ' He played and sang , one take , and it was over . '' Eva Cassidy version ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Single by Eva Cassidy from the album ' The Other Side / Songbird ' Released 29 January 2001 ( UK ) Format CD single Recorded Label Blix Street Composer ( s ) Harold Arlen Lyricist ( s ) E.Y. Harburg Eva Cassidy recorded a version of the song for the 1992 Chuck Brown / Eva Cassidy album The Other Side . After her death in 1996 , it was included in her posthumously - released compilation album Songbird , released in 1998 and was released as a CD single in 2001 . It was popularized by the BBC on BBC Radio 2 and on the television show Top of the Pops 2 ; the latter featured a video recording of Cassidy performing it . This publicity helped push sales of the compilation album Songbird to number 1 in the UK charts . Her recording was selected by the BBC in the UK for their Songs of the Century album in the year 1999 . Her performance of it at Blues Alley was published for the first time in January 2011 on her Simply Eva album . One of the versions that Eva Cassidy recorded of Over The Rainbow is used in the opening credits of Nick Cassavetes ' film Alpha Dog . Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Dark End of the Street '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 42 Danielle Hope version ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Single by Danielle Hope Released 23 May 2010 ( UK ) Format Digital download , CD single Recorded Genre Pop Length 2 : 58 Label Polydor Records Composer ( s ) Harold Arlen Lyricist ( s ) E.Y. Harburg Danielle Hope , the winner of the Wizard of Oz - themed BBC talent show Over the Rainbow , released a cover version of the song . It was released by digital download on 23 May 2010 and a CD single was released on 31 May 2010 . As it was recorded before a winner was announced , runners - up Lauren Samuels and Sophie Evans also recorded versions of it . These were both later made available for download on 6 June 2010 . All three finalists appeared on the CD single 's B - side : a Wizard of Oz medley . The single was a charity record , raising money for both the BBC Performing Arts Fund and Prostate UK . Track listings ( edit ) UK digital download `` Over the Rainbow '' -- 2 : 58 CD single `` Over the Rainbow '' `` The Wizard of Oz medley '' -- Sophie Evans , Danielle Hope and Lauren Samuels Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 See also ( edit ) Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz List of 1930s jazz standards List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 134 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bea-wain-dead-big-band-singer-was-100-1031758 Jump up ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/06/07/somewhere-over-the-rainbow-a-classic-now-linked-to-a-tragedy/ Jump up ^ `` NASA Human Spaceflight Database - STS - 88 Wakeup Calls '' . Jump up ^ Shriver , Jerry ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Songwriters gala links old and new with a ' Rainbow ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` 100 greatest songs of all time '' . ^ Jump up to : `` National Recording Registry Picks Are `` Over the Rainbow '' `` . Library of Congress . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Movie - Post-Production and Premiere - OzWiki '' . Thewizardofoz.info . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Soundtracks ( MGM label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Rhino Movie Music label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Wonderful World of Oz Documentary - The Wizard of Oz ( 3 - Disc Collector 's Edition DVD , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Garland , Judy . `` The Wizard of Oz ( Decca label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Scott Brogan . `` Judy Garland MP3 's '' . Thejudyroom.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Over the Rainbow . London : Francis , Day , & Hunter , Ltd . Jump up ^ Dick McBougall , DownBeat 12 / 1937 Jump up ^ Over the Rainbow , Swing - Orchester Heinz Wehner , engl . Refraingesang Heinz Wehner , Telefunken A 10101 , Matrizennummer 24836 , recorded March 23 , 1940 Jump up ^ Wenn Du in meinen Träumen ( Over The Rainbow ) , Inge Brandenburg mit dem NDR - Tanzorchester , recorded November 2 , 1960 Jump up ^ Milosheff , Peter ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` The Demensions , White Doo Wop From The Bronx '' . The Bronx Times . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pop Archives accessed June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Week of 22 December 2012 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David and the Giants , This Ones For You - Noah Lyrics '' . lyrics.christiansunite.com . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` One Love Manchester : Ariana Grande Opens Benefit Concert With ' Be Alright , ' Joins Black Eyed Peas for ' Where Is the Love ? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Savorelli , Antonio ( 2010 ) . Beyond Sitcom : New Directions in American Television Comedy . McFarland . ISBN 9780786458431 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard , page 65 ( 7 February 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Over the Rainbow ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Musik - Jahrescharts : `` Sanfter Riese '' und der Graf setzen sich durch - media control `` . Media-control.de . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` '' Poker Face '' knackt 500.000 er - Download - Marke - media control `` . Media-control.de . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 600.000 Verkäufe : Michel Teló legt Download - Rekord hin - media control '' . Media-control.de. 2012 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ musicline.de Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - November 22 , 2012 '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Billboard : The Weird Connections Between Mary Lambert '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community '' . Hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Flandez , Raymund ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Season One Finale , ' Journey : ' TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Les Hinton . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glee is number 1 Again '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . May 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive : 26th June 2010 '' . The Official Charts Company . June 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of June 26 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . June 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Music Charts Archive : Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 17 June 2010 '' . Chart Track . GfK . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Week Commencing July 12 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) ( 1064 ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of June 26 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . June 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Kamakawiwo'ole : The Voice Of Hawaii '' . 50 Great Voices . NPR. 6 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Then I put up some microphones , do a quick sound check , roll tape , and the first thing he does is ' Somewhere Over the Rainbow . ' He played and sang , one take , and it was over . Jump up ^ `` Eva Cassidy : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Winning Dorothy to release ' Rainbow ' '' . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Hope ( ' Over the Rainbow ' ) '' . Retrieved 27 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Hope : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . External links ( edit ) The Judy Garland Online Discography Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Judy Garland Discography Performances Songs Awards and honors Studio albums Miss Show Business Judy Alone Judy in Love The Letter That 's Entertainment ! The Garland Touch Live albums Garland at the Grove Judy at Carnegie Hall Judy Garland Live ! `` Live '' at the London Palladium Judy Garland at Home at the Palace : Opening Night Soundtracks Summer Stock A Star Is Born Gay Purr - ee I Could Go On Singing Other Biographies As gay icon Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy ! Judy ! Judy ! : Live from the London Palladium Liza Minnelli The Judy Monologues ( 2010 play ) The Wizard of Oz Elements `` Surrender Dorothy '' Ruby slippers Music `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' `` If I Only Had a Brain '' `` Optimistic Voices '' `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' `` If I Were King of the Forest '' `` The Jitterbug '' ( cut from final film ) Versions , sequels , and adaptations Stage musicals : 1942 , 1987 , 2011 The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True On television Was Apocalypse Oz Off to See the Wizard Journey Back to Oz The Wiz The Wizard of Oz ( TV series ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Wicked Oz the Great and Powerful Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Lost In Oz Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Games Arcade game Pinball Video game Related The Making of The Wizard of Oz Friend of Dorothy Over the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz Lego Dimensions L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Kylie Minogue songs Singles discography Kylie `` I Should Be So Lucky '' `` The Loco - Motion '' `` Je ne sais pas pourquoi '' `` It 's No Secret '' `` Got to Be Certain '' `` Turn It into Love '' Enjoy Yourself `` Hand on Your Heart '' `` Would n't Change a Thing '' `` Never Too Late '' `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` Especially for You '' Rhythm of Love `` Better the Devil You Know '' `` Step Back in Time '' `` What Do I Have to Do '' `` Shocked '' Let 's Get to It `` Word Is Out '' `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' `` Finer Feelings '' `` If You Were with Me Now '' `` I Guess I Like It Like That '' Greatest Hits `` What Kind of Fool ( Heard All That Before ) '' `` Celebration '' Kylie Minogue `` Confide in Me '' `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` Where Is the Feeling ? '' Impossible Princess `` Too Far '' `` Cowboy Style '' `` Some Kind of Bliss '' `` Did It Again '' `` Breathe '' Light Years `` Spinning Around '' `` On a Night Like This '' `` Your Disco Needs You '' `` Please Stay '' `` Butterfly '' `` Kids '' Fever `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' `` In Your Eyes '' `` Love at First Sight '' `` Come into My World '' Body Language `` Slow '' `` Red Blooded Woman '' `` Chocolate '' Ultimate Kylie `` I Believe in You '' `` Giving You Up '' X `` 2 Hearts '' `` Wow '' `` In My Arms '' `` Speakerphone '' `` All I See '' `` The One '' Aphrodite `` All the Lovers '' `` Get Outta My Way '' `` Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) '' `` Aphrodite '' `` Better than Today '' A Kylie Christmas `` Let It Snow '' `` Santa Baby '' The Abbey Road Sessions `` Flower '' Kiss Me Once `` Into the Blue '' `` I Was Gonna Cancel '' `` Sexercize '' `` Beautiful '' Kylie + Garibay `` Black and White '' Kylie Christmas `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Winter Wonderland '' `` Christmas Wrapping '' `` Only You '' `` Every Day 's Like Christmas '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Warm This Winter '' `` 2000 Miles '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` 100 Degrees '' Snow Queen Edition `` Stay Another Day '' `` At Christmas '' `` Wonderful Christmastime '' `` I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' `` Night Fever '' Golden `` Dancing '' Other songs `` Keep on Pumpin ' It '' `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' `` GBI ( German Bold Italic ) '' `` Sometime Samurai '' `` Lhuna '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Higher '' `` Timebomb '' `` Skirt '' `` Whistle '' `` Limpido '' `` Golden Boy '' `` Crystallize '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` The Other Boys '' `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' Book Portal WikiProject Cliff Richard singles discography 1950s `` Move It '' ( 1958 ) `` High Class Baby '' ( 1958 ) `` Livin ' Lovin ' Doll '' ( 1959 ) `` Mean Streak '' ( 1959 ) `` Living Doll '' ( 1959 ) `` Travellin ' Light '' ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Please Do n't Tease '' ( 1960 ) `` I Love You '' ( 1960 ) `` A Girl Like You '' ( 1961 ) `` When the Girl in Your Arms ... '' ( 1961 ) `` The Young Ones '' / `` We Say Yeah '' ( 1962 ) `` I 'm Lookin ' Out the Window '' / `` Do You Want to Dance ? '' ( 1962 ) `` It 'll Be Me '' ( 1962 ) `` The Next Time '' / `` Bachelor Boy '' ( 1962 ) `` Summer Holiday '' ( 1963 ) `` Lucky Lips '' ( 1963 ) `` It 's All in the Game '' ( 1963 ) `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' ( 1964 ) `` Constantly ( L'Edera ) '' ( 1964 ) `` The Twelfth of Never '' ( 1964 ) `` The Minute You 're Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Blue Turns to Grey '' ( 1966 ) `` Visions '' ( 1966 ) `` All My Love '' ( 1967 ) `` Congratulations '' ( 1968 ) `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' ( 1968 ) `` Marianne '' ( 1968 ) `` Early in the Morning '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Sunny Honey Girl '' ( 1971 ) `` Power to All Our Friends '' ( 1973 ) `` Honky Tonk Angel '' ( 1975 ) `` Miss You Nights '' ( 1976 ) `` Devil Woman '' ( 1976 ) `` Green Light '' ( 1979 ) `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Carrie '' ( 1980 ) `` Dreamin ' '' ( 1980 ) `` Suddenly '' ( 1980 ) `` A Little in Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Daddy 's Home '' ( live ) ( 1981 ) `` True Love Ways '' ( live ) ( 1983 ) `` Baby You 're Dynamite '' / `` Ocean Deep '' ( 1984 ) `` Donna '' ( 1984 US ) `` Two to the Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Living Doll '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( 1988 ) `` The Best of Me '' ( 1989 ) `` I Just Do n't Have the Heart '' ( 1989 ) `` Lean On You '' ( 1989 ) `` Whenever God Shines His Light '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Stronger Than That '' ( 1990 ) `` Silhouettes '' ( live ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' ( live ) ( 1990 ) `` Saviour 's Day '' ( 1990 ) `` Scarlet Ribbons '' ( 1991 ) `` We Should Be Together '' ( 1991 ) `` Peace in Our Time '' ( 1993 ) `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' ( live ) / `` Miss You Nights '' ( 1994 ) `` Ca n't Keep this Feeling In '' ( 1998 ) `` The Millennium Prayer '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' / `` What a Wonderful World '' ( medley ) ( 2001 ) `` Yesterday Once More '' ( 2006 ) `` Move It '' ( 2006 ) `` When I Need You '' ( 2007 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( re-entry ) ( 2008 ) `` Thank You for a Lifetime '' ( 2008 ) `` Singing the Blues '' ( 2009 ) 2010s `` Rip It Up '' ( 2013 ) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' ( 2014 ) `` Roll Over Beethoven '' ( 2016 ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( 2017 ) Book : Cliff Richard Jerry Lee Lewis Studio albums Jerry Lee Lewis Jerry Lee 's Greatest Soul My Way The Golden Cream of the Country Who 's Gonna Play This Old Piano ? Southern Roots : Back Home to Memphis Last Man Standing Mean Old Man Rock & Roll Time Collaborations Class of ' 55 ( with Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison ) Million Dollar Quartet ( with Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley ) Live albums Live at the Star Club , Hamburg The Survivors Live Last Man Standing Live Soundtrack albums Jamboree ( 1957 ) American Hot Wax ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ! ( 1989 ) Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) Compilation albums All Killer , No Filler : The Anthology Songs `` Baby Baby Bye Bye '' `` Baby , Hold Me Close '' `` Breathless '' `` Chantilly Lace '' `` Cold , Cold Heart '' `` Come as You Were '' `` Crazy Arms '' `` Do n't Let Me Cross Over '' ( with Linda Gail Lewis ) `` Down the Line '' `` End of the Road '' `` Great Balls of Fire '' `` Hi - Heel Sneakers '' `` High School Confidential '' `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` In the Mood '' `` Invitation to Your Party '' `` It 'll Be Me '' `` Jackson '' ( with Linda Gail Lewis ) `` Lewis Boogie '' `` Me and Bobby McGee '' `` One Has My Name ( The Other Has My Heart ) '' `` One Minute Past Eternity '' `` She Even Woke Me Up to Say Goodbye '' `` She Still Comes Around ( To Love What 's Left of Me ) '' `` Sixteen Candles '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` Sweet Little Sixteen '' `` There Must Be More to Love Than This '' `` To Make Love Sweeter for You '' `` Turn On Your Love Light '' `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' `` What 'd I Say '' `` When He Walks on You ( Like You Have Walked On Me ) '' `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' `` Would You Take Another Chance on Me '' `` You Win Again '' Filmography Jamboree ( 1957 ) High School Confidential ( 1958 ) American Hot Wax ( 1978 ) Family Mickey Gilley Linda Gail Lewis Carl McVoy Jimmy Swaggart Related articles Discography Great Balls of Fire ! Walk the Line Kenny Lovelace Mack Vickery Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' 1988 `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' 1993 `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Israel Kamakawiwoʻole Studio albums Ka ' Ano'i ( 1990 ) Facing Future ( 1993 ) E Ala E ( 1995 ) N Dis Life ( 1996 ) Compilation albums Alone in IZ World ( 2001 ) Wonderful World ( 2009 ) Songs `` Over the Rainbow '' `` What a Wonderful World '' `` Kaleohano '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' Related Mākaha Sons VIAF : 180865957 LCCN : no99041403 GND : 7863238 - 9 BNF : cb13856523g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Over_the_Rainbow&oldid=827514264 '' Categories : 1939 songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs American songs Pop ballads Songs with music by Harold Arlen Songs with lyrics by Yip Harburg Songs from The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) Judy Garland songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients United States National Recording Registry recordings 1930s jazz standards Pop standards Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Jazz compositions in A-flat major Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 04 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did somewhere over the rainbow come from	[ "\"Over the Rainbow\" is a ballad, with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Yip Harburg.[1] It was written for the movie The Wizard of Oz and was sung by actress Judy Garland, in her starring role as Dorothy Gale.[1] It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Garland's signature song, as well as one of the most enduring standards of the 20th century." ]	[ "written for the movie The Wizard of Oz" ]
678907396541007554	Bunty Bailey	Bunty Bailey - Wikipedia Bunty Bailey Jump to : navigation , search Bunty Bailey Therese Bailey ( 1964 - 05 - 23 ) 23 May 1964 ( age 54 ) England Occupation Actress , model Years active 1980 -- 2008 Website http://www.myspace.com/buntybailey Therese `` Bunty '' Bailey ( born 23 May 1964 ) is an English model , dancer and actress . Bunty started her career as a dancer in the dance group Hot Gossip in the early 1980s . She became known as the girl in the music videos of A-ha 's singles `` Take On Me '' and `` The Sun Always Shines on T.V. '' made in 1985 ; she met Morten Harket ( the lead - singer and voice of a-ha ) on the set and became his girlfriend . She has since appeared in several films , with her most recent role in 2008 as a Gypsy Momma in Defunct . She is currently living in Wraysbury , Berkshire . She did work as a children 's dance teacher at Wraysbury and Datchet Village Hall , She was listed by Fox News as being one of The Hottest ' 80s Video Vixens . Bunty has two sons , Jake and Felix Bailey , who were born in 1996 and 1997 respectively . In June 2009 , she was one of the first people to take advantage of the UK government car scrappage scheme and was invited to breakfast with the Prime Minister at the time , Gordon Brown . In September 2012 , Bailey appeared as the mystery guest on Channel 4 's Big Fat Quiz of the ' 80s , with her appearance in the A-ha videos being the correct answer . Filmography ( edit ) The Kenny Everett Show ( early 1980s ) with Hot Gossip `` Talking Loud and Clear '' , OMD ( 1984 ) `` Take On Me '' , a-ha ( 1985 ) as the Girl `` The Sun Always Shines on TV '' , a-ha ( 1985 ) as the Girl `` To Be a Lover '' , Billy Idol ( 1986 ) Spellcaster ( 1987 ) as Cassandra Castle Dolls ( 1987 ) as Isabel Prange Rock and the Money - Hungry Party Girls ( 1988 ) Glitch ! ( 1988 ) as Bimbo a-ha : Headlines and Deadlines - The Hits of a-ha ( 1991 ) Essential Music Videos : Hits of the 80s ( 2003 ) Video on Trial : `` Episode No. 2.6 '' ( 2006 ) Defunct ( 2008 ) as Gypsy Momma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Take On Me by a-ha '' at Song Facts.com ^ Jump up to : `` Eighties dancer 's breakfast with Prime Minister '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Noblemania : The Girl in the Video : `` Take On Me '' ( 1985 ) `` . Blogger . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Amos , Shawn ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Hottest ' 80s Video Vixens '' . FoxNews.com . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5095U8whV4 External links ( edit ) Bunty Bailey at Crawfords Commercials Agency Bunty Bailey on IMDb This article about an English film actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunty_Bailey&oldid=813411712 '' Categories : Living people 1964 births English film actresses English female dancers English female models 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses English film actor stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 15 : 37 . About Wikipedia	who was the girl in the aha video	[ "Therese \"Bunty\" Bailey (born 23 May 1964)[1] is an English model, dancer and actress. Bunty started her career as a dancer in the dance group Hot Gossip in the early 1980s.[2] She became known as the girl in the music videos of A-ha's singles \"Take On Me\" and \"The Sun Always Shines on T.V.\" made in 1985; she met Morten Harket (the lead-singer and voice of a-ha) on the set and became his girlfriend." ]	[ "Therese \"Bunty\" Bailey" ]
-1039108004124246917	Charles Stevenson	Charles Stevenson - wikipedia Charles Stevenson Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Charles Stevenson , see Charles Stevenson ( disambiguation ) . Charles Leslie Stevenson ( 1908 - 06 - 27 ) 27 June 1908 Cincinnati , Ohio 14 March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 14 ) ( aged 70 ) Bennington , Vermont Alma mater Yale University Cambridge University Era 20th - century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Analytic philosophy Emotivism Institutions University of Michigan Main interests Ethics , aesthetics Notable ideas The emotive meaning of ethical terms Terms Influences ( show ) I.A. Richards , G.E. Moore , Ludwig Wittgenstein , David Hume Charles Leslie Stevenson ( June 27 , 1908 -- March 14 , 1979 ) was an American analytic philosopher best known for his work in ethics and aesthetics . Stevenson was educated at Yale , receiving in 1930 a B.A. in English literature , at Cambridge where in 1933 he was awarded a B.A. in philosophy , and at Harvard , getting his Ph. D. there in 1935 . He was a professor at Yale University from 1939 to 1946 , but was denied tenure because of his defense of emotivism . He then taught at the University of Michigan from 1946 to 1977 . He studied in England with Wittgenstein and G.E. Moore . Among his students was Joel Feinberg . He gave the most sophisticated defense of emotivism in the post-war period . In his papers `` The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms '' ( 1937 ) and `` Persuasive Definitions '' ( 1938 ) , and his book Ethics and Language ( 1944 ) , he developed a theory of emotive meaning ; which he then used to provide a foundation for his theory of a persuasive definition . He furthermore advanced emotivism as a meta - ethical theory that sharply delineated between cognitive , scientific uses of language ( used to state facts and to give reasons , and subject to the laws of science ) and non-cognitive uses ( used to state feelings and exercise influence ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contributions to philosophy 1.1 First pattern analysis 1.2 Second pattern analysis 1.3 Methods of argumentation 2 Bibliography 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Contributions to Philosophy ( edit ) Stevenson 's work has been seen both as an elaboration upon A.J. Ayer 's views and as a representation of one of `` two broad types of ethical emotivism . '' An analytic philosopher , Stevenson suggested in his 1937 essay `` The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms '' that any ethical theory should explain three things : that intelligent disagreement can occur over moral questions , that moral terms like good are `` magnetic '' in encouraging action , and that the scientific method is insufficient for verifying moral claims . Stevenson 's own theory was fully developed in his 1944 book Ethics and Language . In it , he agrees with Ayer that ethical sentences express the speaker 's feelings , but he adds that they also have an imperative component intended to change the listener 's feelings and that this component is of greater importance . Where Ayer spoke of values , or fundamental psychological inclinations , Stevenson speaks of attitudes , and where Ayer spoke of disagreement of fact , or rational disputes over the application of certain values to a particular case , Stevenson speaks of differences in belief ; the concepts are the same . Terminology aside , Stevenson interprets ethical statements according to two patterns of analysis . First pattern analysis ( edit ) Under his first pattern of analysis , an ethical statement has two parts : a declaration of the speaker 's attitude and an imperative to mirror it , so `` ' This is good ' means I approve of this ; do so as well . '' The first half of the sentence is a proposition , but the imperative half is not , so Stevenson 's translation of an ethical sentence remains a noncognitive one . Imperatives can not be proved , but they can still be supported so that the listener understands that they are not wholly arbitrary : If told to close the door , one may ask `` Why ? '' and receive some such reason as `` It is too drafty , '' or `` The noise is distracting . '' ... These reasons can not be called `` proofs '' in any but a dangerously extended sense , nor are they demonstratively or inductively related to an imperative ; but they manifestly do support an imperative . They `` back it up , '' or `` establish it , '' or `` base it on concrete references to fact . '' The purpose of these supports is to make the listener understand the consequences of the action they are being commanded to do . Once they understand the command 's consequences , they can determine whether or not obedience to the command will have desirable results . The imperative is used to alter the hearer 's attitudes or actions. ... The supporting reason then describes the situation which the imperative seeks to alter , or the new situation which the imperative seeks to bring about ; and if these facts disclose that the new situation will satisfy a preponderance of the hearer 's desires , he will hesitate to obey no longer . More generally , reasons support imperatives by altering such beliefs as may in turn alter an unwillingness to obey . Second pattern analysis ( edit ) Stevenson 's second pattern of analysis is used for statements about types of actions , not specific actions . Under this pattern , ' This is good ' has the meaning of ' This has qualities or relations X , Y , Z ... , ' except that ' good ' has as well a laudatory meaning which permits it to express the speaker 's approval , and tends to evoke the approval of the hearer . In second - pattern analysis , rather than judge an action directly , the speaker is evaluating it according to a general principle . For instance , someone who says `` Murder is wrong '' might mean `` Murder decreases happiness overall '' ; this is a second - pattern statement which leads to a first - pattern one : `` I disapprove of anything which decreases happiness overall . Do so as well . '' Methods of argumentation ( edit ) For Stevenson , moral disagreements may arise from different fundamental attitudes , different moral beliefs about specific cases , or both . The methods of moral argumentation he proposed have been divided into three groups , known as logical , rational psychological and nonrational psychological forms of argumentation . Logical methods involve efforts to show inconsistencies between a person 's fundamental attitudes and their particular moral beliefs . For example , someone who says `` Edward is a good person '' who has previously said `` Edward is a thief '' and `` No thieves are good people '' is guilty of inconsistency until she retracts one of her statements . Similarly , a person who says `` Lying is always wrong '' might consider lies in some situations to be morally permissible , and if examples of these situations can be given , his view can be shown to be logically inconsistent . Rational psychological methods examine the facts which relate fundamental attitudes to particular moral beliefs ; the goal is not to show that someone has been inconsistent , as with logical methods , but only that they are wrong about the facts which connect their attitudes to their beliefs . To modify the former example , consider the person who holds that all thieves are bad people . If she sees Edward pocket a wallet found in a public place , she may conclude that he is a thief , and there would be no inconsistency between her attitude ( that thieves are bad people ) and her belief ( that Edward is a bad person because he is a thief ) . However , it may be that Edward recognized the wallet as belonging to a friend , to whom he promptly returned it . Such a revelation would likely change the observer 's belief about Edward , and even if it did not , the attempt to reveal such facts would count as a rational psychological form of moral argumentation . Non-rational psychological methods revolve around language with psychological influence but no necessarily logical connection to the listener 's attitudes . Stevenson called the primary such method `` ' persuasive , ' in a somewhat broadened sense '' , and wrote : ( Persuasion ) depends on the sheer , direct emotional impact of words -- on emotive meaning , rhetorical cadence , apt metaphor , stentorian , stimulating , or pleading tones of voice , dramatic gestures , care in establishing rapport with the hearer or audience , and so on. ... A redirection of the hearer 's attitudes is sought not by the mediating step of altering his beliefs , but by exhortation , whether obvious or subtle , crude or refined . Persuasion may involve the use of particular emotion - laden words , like `` democracy '' or `` dictator '' , or hypothetical questions like `` What if everyone thought the way you do ? '' or `` How would you feel if you were in their shoes ? '' Bibliography ( edit ) Ethics and Language ( 1944 ) Facts and Values ( 1963 ) ISBN 0 - 8371 - 8212 - 3 See also ( edit ) American philosophy Emotivism List of American philosophers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charles Leslie Stevenson ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Jump up ^ Soames , Scott ( 2006 ) , `` Analytic Philosophy in America '' ( PDF ) , in Misak , Cheryl , The Oxford Handbook of American Philosophy , Oxford University Press ( published 2007 ) , retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22 . `` For many years , one of America 's most well - known analytic writers in ethics was Charles Stevenson , whose 1937 ' The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms , ' and 1944 Ethics and Language , had become classics . '' Jump up ^ Goldman , Alvin I. , and Jaegwon Kim ( 1978 ) , eds. , Values and Morals , xi Jump up ^ Wilks , Emotion , 1 : `` Stevenson 's version , which was intended to qualify the earlier views of Ayer ( and others ) ... will then be treated as an elaboration of Ayer 's . '' Jump up ^ Satris , Ethical Emotivism , 25 : `` It might be suggested that there are two broad types of ethical emotivism . The first , represented by Stevenson , is well grounded in philosophical and psychological theory relating to ethics ... The second , represented by Ayer , is an unorthodox spin - off of logical positivism . '' Jump up ^ Stevenson , Facts , 15 ; Hudson , Modern Moral Philosophy , 114 -- 15 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Facts , 21 : `` Both imperative and ethical sentences are used more for encouraging , altering , or redirecting people 's aims and conduct than for simply describing them . '' Jump up ^ Wilks , Emotion , 20 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Ethics , 21 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Ethics , 27 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Ethics , 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Ethics , 207 Jump up ^ Wilks , Emotion , 15 , gives a similar example Jump up ^ Hudson , Modern Moral Philosophy , 130 -- 31 ; Wilks , Emotion , 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Ethics , 115 -- 18 Jump up ^ Wilks , Emotion , 25 : `` These are methods in which we scrutinise the factual beliefs which mediate between our fundamental and our derivative moral attitudes ; where we argue about the truth of the morally - relevant facts which are called upon in support of our or other people 's derivative moral attitudes , eg . as when we argue about whether or not there is a causal connection between pornography and sexual violence . '' The moral `` beliefs '' which Stevenson spoke of are referred to as `` derivative moral attitudes '' by Wilks in an attempt to avoid confusion between moral beliefs and `` factual beliefs '' . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Ethics , 118 -- 29 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Ethics , 139 -- 40 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Ethics , 141 Jump up ^ Wilks , Emotion , 26 Sources ( edit ) Boisvert , Daniel R. `` Charles Leslie Stevenson '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy , ed . Thomas Mautner . Penguin Putnam Inc . ISBN 0 - 14 - 051250 - 0 External links ( edit ) Philosophy Pages : C.L. Stevenson Philosophy Pages : Emotivism Notes by Dr. Doug Portmore on Stevenson 's Emotivism BIBSYS : 90208478 BNF : cb12054194w ( data ) GND : 119481871 ISNI : 0000 0001 1032 2570 LCCN : n83020606 NDL : 00457690 SNAC : w65758bg SUDOC : 067048153 VIAF : 108740473 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stevenson&oldid=811933712 '' Categories : 1908 births 1979 deaths Academics of the University of Cambridge American philosophers Guggenheim Fellows University of Michigan faculty Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Română Suomi Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 21 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	cl stevenson the emotive meaning of ethical terms	[]	[]
2747574267049941672	2023 Rugby World Cup	2023 Rugby World Cup - wikipedia 2023 Rugby World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2023 Rugby World Cup Tournament details Host nation France Dates September -- October No. of nations 20 ← 2019 2027 → The 2023 Rugby World Cup , to be hosted by France , is scheduled to be the tenth Rugby World Cup , taking place in the year of the 200th anniversary of the legendary ' invention ' of the sport by William Webb Ellis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosting 1.1 Confirmed bidders 1.1. 1 South Africa 1.1. 2 Ireland 1.1. 3 France 1.2 Hosting recommendation and decision 1.3 Declined or withdrew bid 2 Teams 3 Broadcasting 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Hosting ( edit ) See also : Rugby World Cup hosts Several countries have declared their interest in hosting the 2023 Rugby World Cup , including France and Ireland . Both countries that have already hosted RWC matches , and countries looking to host a tournament for the first time . World Rugby may select the hosts for the 2023 and 2027 at the same time ( as they did with the 2015 and 2019 tournaments ) . The bidding schedule is as follows : Date Event 14 May -- 15 June 2015 Unions submit an expression of interest to World Rugby 3 July 2015 World Rugby confirms bidders May 2016 World Rugby releases tender documentation 1 September 2016 Deadline for unions to confirm their intent to tender a bid 1 November 2016 Start of candidate phase for unions that meet the criteria outlined 1 June 2017 Deadline to submit detailed bid documents to World Rugby 25 September 2017 Bid presentations at World Rugby council meeting 31 October 2017 Recommendation of World Rugby council based on the Evaluation report 15 November 2017 World Rugby announces host for the 2023 Rugby World Cup The bidding process formally kicked off on 14 May 2015 . World Rugby held a meeting with five potential Rugby World Cup 2023 hosts on 6 May 2015 in London that was attended by representatives from Ireland , Italy , South Africa , France and the United States . Apart from the U.S. , the countries attending had all previously publicly announced their interest to host the 2023 Rugby World Cup . On 3 July 2015 World Rugby confirmed interest from the following four nations by the deadline of 15 June 2015 : France Ireland Italy ( withdrew bid on 28 September 2016 ) South Africa Confirmed bidders ( edit ) After hosting the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan , World Rugby may look to host the tournament in the sports ' ' heartlands ' , leaving South Africa and Ireland as favourites . South Africa ( edit ) Soweto Johannesburg Cape Town Durban Pretoria Port Elizabeth Bloemfontein Nelspruit Locations of the 8 stadia provisionally included in South Africa 's bid . South Africa was considered one of the frontrunners to host the 2023 competition , having hosted the 1995 tournament and bid unsuccessfully for the right to host the 2011 , 2015 , and 2019 tournaments . In April 2016 the South African government banned its own rugby union from bidding to stage the 2023 World Cup over its failure to provide enough opportunities for black players . SA Rugby sought urgent talks with sports minister Fikile Mbalula in an effort to get its ban lifted in time for it to bid for the Rugby World Cup 2023 . Jurie Roux , the chief executive of SA Rugby stated `` There is no question that we have more work to do and we could be moving faster , but our sport has undergone a major overhaul in the past two or three years and we have definitely made great progress . '' South Africa confirmed the bid on 9 May 2017 after the ban was lifted . There are optimistic projections of a R27 billion injection to the local economy by hosting the event , with a focus on eight stadiums across seven cities . Stadium Location Capacity Matches FNB Stadium Soweto , Johannesburg 94,736 Pool Matches , Quarter Finals , Final Ellis Park Stadium Johannesburg 62,567 Pool Matches , Quarter Final , Semi Final , Bronze Medal Match Cape Town Stadium Cape Town 55,000 Pool Matches , Quarter Finals , Semi Final Moses Mabhida Stadium Durban 54,000 Pool Matches , Quarter Finals Loftus Versfeld Stadium Pretoria 51,762 Pool Matches Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium Port Elizabeth 48,000 Pool Matches Free State Stadium Bloemfontein 46,000 Pool Matches Mbombela Stadium Nelspruit 40,929 Pool Matches Ireland ( edit ) The Irish Government and the Northern Ireland Executive , together with the Irish Rugby Football Union , formally announced on 5 December 2014 their intentions to launch a bid to host the event . Dick Spring , former Tánaiste and Ireland rugby player , and Chair of Ireland 's Rugby World Cup 2023 bid , stated in May 2015 that Ireland already had received pledges of support from 40 % of World Rugby 's board 's 27 votes . Ireland 's bid included both rugby and Gaelic games grounds . The 82,000 capacity GAA stadium Croke Park would host the final , while other newly redeveloped GAA stadia such as Casement Park , Fitzgerald Stadium , MacHale Park and Páirc Uí Chaoimh would be part of the bid . In July 2017 , emergency legislation was passed by the Oireachtas to grant the sports minister the explicit statutory authority to make the financial guarantees which Rugby World Cup Limited required . Croke Park Aviva Stadium RDS Arena Casement Park Kingspan Stadium Thomond Park Páirc Uí Chaoimh Fitzgerald Stadium Pearse Stadium MacHale Park Nowlan Park Celtic Park Locations of the 12 stadia provisionally included in Ireland 's bid . On 15 November 2016 , 12 stadia were announced as being part of the bid . The provisional list included Ireland 's home stadium , Aviva Stadium , the home grounds of Leinster , Munster and Ulster , and eight GAA grounds , with two of these from each province . Some sites , such as Páirc Uí Chaoimh and Casement Park , are currently undergoing renovations or expansions . Their planned capacities , as listed on the IRFU 's website , are provided . Stadium Owner Location Capacity Match Category Croke Park GAA Dublin ( Drumcondra ) 82,300 Opening match , pool games , quarter - final & final Aviva Stadium IRFU FAI Dublin ( Ballsbridge ) 51,700 Pool games , quarter - final , semi-final Páirc Uí Chaoimh Cork GAA Cork 45,770 Pool games , quarter - final , semi-final Fitzgerald Stadium Kerry GAA Killarney 43,180 Pool games , quarter - final Casement Park Antrim GAA Belfast 34,186 Pool games Pearse Stadium Galway GAA Galway 26,197 Pool games MacHale Park Mayo GAA Castlebar 38,000 Pool games Thomond Park IRFU Limerick 26,987 Pool games Nowlan Park Kilkenny GAA Kilkenny 27,800 Pool games RDS Arena Royal Dublin Society Dublin ( Ballsbridge ) 18,677 Pool games Kingspan Stadium IRFU Belfast 18,168 Pool games Celtic Park Derry GAA Derry 22,000 Pool games France ( edit ) Saint - Denis Marseille Lyon Lille Bordeaux Saint - Étienne Nantes Nice Toulouse Locations of the 9 stadia provisionally included in France 's bid . France , which hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup , expressed interest in hosting the 2023 tournament . France launched its bid on 9 February 2017 revealing 19 potential host cities and an environmentally friendly transport plan . On 17 March , 12 host cities were selected . This list was later reduced to 9 cities ( excluding Paris , Montpellier and Lens ) : Stadium Location Capacity Stade de France Saint - Denis 81,338 Stade Vélodrome Marseille 67,394 Parc Olympique Lyonnais Lyon 59,186 Stade Pierre - Mauroy Lille 50,000 Matmut Atlantique Bordeaux 42,115 Stade Geoffroy Guichard Saint - Étienne 41,965 Stade de la Beaujoire Nantes 38,128 * Allianz Riviera Nice 35,624 Stadium de Toulouse Toulouse 33,150 * Expanded / renovated for 2024 Summer Olympics Hosting recommendation and decision ( edit ) On 31 October 2017 , the Rugby World Cup Limited Board submitted a comprehensive evaluation report of the bidders . The report stated that all three countries were capable of hosting the 2023 Rugby World Cup , and recommended South Africa as the preferred host in light of the report 's scoring . The evaluation report included a summary of the scoring : RWCL executive summary scoring Criteria Weight South Africa France Ireland Finance , commercial and commitments 35 % 26.69 28.44 26.69 Venues and host cities 30 % 26.63 22.88 21.75 Tournament infrastructure 20 % 15.50 13.75 13.63 Vision and hosting concept 10 % 6.25 7.06 6.75 Tournament , organisation and schedule 5 % 3.91 3.75 3.44 TOTAL 100 % 78.97 75.88 72.25 The biggest differentiating factor among scoring was for venues . South Africa has an ample number of large and modern stadiums by virtue of its hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup . By contrast , Ireland has not hosted a tournament of similar magnitude , and its stadiums would require significant technology and telecom upgrades to meet RWC requirements . The evaluation report was met with criticism from French and Irish sources . The President of the French Rugby Federation , Bernard Laporte questioned why France , which had recently hosted the successful UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament , scored lower than South Africa for both stadiums and hotels . Irish media questioned why all three countries received the same score on security ; South Africa has the eighth highest murder rate in the world , over 50 times higher than Ireland 's rate . Additionally , the report included limited reference to the fact that Durban , South Africa had initially won the right to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games , before the Commonwealth Games Federation was forced to strip Durban of hosting rights for failure to deliver on key obligations and commitments . The evaluation report by the Rugby World Cup Limited Board states that French law considers a criminal offence to use , hold or sell drugs . The French bid states that this `` would have no impact on RWC 2023 as a tournament , including the participating teams '' , but it `` has not provided any official government documentation to support this statement and therefore this could pose a risk to the tournament and participating teams '' . According to the report , RWCL `` did not specifically request government commitment at this stage '' . The World Rugby Council voted on 15 November 2017 to award the 2023 World Cup hosting rights to France . In the first round of voting , no country achieved a majority . Ireland were then eliminated as they gained the fewest votes in the first round . France defeated South Africa in the second round of voting . Council members reportedly preferred the financial superiority of the French bid . According to ESPN , `` France 's proposal guaranteed a net revenue return of £ 350 million for World Rugby to invest back into the game ; Ireland and South Africa 's in turn came in at around £ 270m . '' After the vote , IRFU chief executive Philip Browne conceded that last - placed Ireland could n't match the other two countries financial offer and stadiums , and questioned whether World Rugby would allow a small country to host the World Cup . The council voting was as follows : RWC Council voting Candidate Round 1 Round 2 France 18 24 South Africa 13 15 Ireland 8 -- TOTAL 39 39 Declined or withdrew bid ( edit ) The Italian Rugby Federation ( FIR ) confirmed in March 2015 its intention to bid for the 2023 Rugby World Cup . On 12 August 2016 , the Italian Rugby Federation announced the 12 stadiums they expressed interest in using for the 2023 event . However , on September 28 , 2016 , Italy officially withdrew from the competition to host the 2023 Rugby World Cup . Two countries -- the United States and Argentina -- initially expressed interest in hosting the 2023 tournament , but ultimately declined to bid . The United States was anticipated to bid and was considered a possible contender to host the 2023 or 2027 Rugby World Cup . World Rugby CEO Mike Miller stated in 2010 that the United States would host a Rugby World Cup , stating that `` it 's a question of when , not if . '' Argentina 's World Rugby Council representative Agustín Pichot stated that Argentina wanted to host the 2023 tournament . In May 2016 , following a meeting with Pichot , Argentine President Mauricio Macri announced government support for a 2027 Rugby World Cup bid . Teams ( edit ) The Rugby World Cup may expand from its current 20 teams for the 2023 tournament . Broadcasting ( edit ) United Kingdom -- ITV United States -- NBC Sports Ireland -- TV3 , RTE , eir Sport South Africa -- Supersport See also ( edit ) History of the Rugby World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Webb Ellis , William '' , Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby Chief Says World Cup in U.S. Is Inevitable '' , New York Times , 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa keen to host Rugby World Cup 2023 '' , ESPNscrum.com , 4 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate unions submit RWC 2023 bid files as hosting race ramps - up '' . World Rugby. 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RWC 2023 host selection process gathers pace with candidate visits '' . World Rugby. 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RWC 2023 host selection process gathers pace with candidate visits '' . World Rugby. 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Rugby World Cup 2023 attracts strong interest as host selection process gets underway , aroundtherings.com , 5 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ World Rugby confirms Rugby World Cup 2023 hosting interest from four unions , worldrugby.org , 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland face battle with South Africa and the USA to host 2023 Rugby World Cup '' , Mail Online , 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Irish bid to host 2023 Rugby World Cup gathers momentum , The Irish Times , 22 January 2014 . Retrieve 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italy ponder fresh World Cup bid '' , ESPNscrum.com , 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2023 : South African government lifts ban on hosting sporting events . '' BBC , 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2023 Rugby World Cup will bring billions for South Africa '' IOL , 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA focus RWC 2023 bid on 8 stadiums '' Sport24 , 17 July 2017 Jump up ^ `` `` It 's South Africa 's Turn to Host RWC 2023 . Do You Agree ? '' -- Springboks '' SAPeople , 19 July 2017 Jump up ^ Ireland confirms bid for 2023 Rugby World Cup , RTÉ Sport , 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's 2023 RWC bid already has 40 % of the vote , says Spring '' , The 42 , 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland face battle with South Africa and the USA to host 2023 Rugby World Cup '' , Mail Online , 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` These are the 12 stadia that will make up Ireland 's 2023 Rugby World Cup bid '' . The 42 . 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2023 Act 2017 '' . Irish Statute Book . 13 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ; Ross , Shane ( 5 July 2017 ) . `` Rugby World Cup 2023 Bill 2017 : Second Stage ( Continued ) '' . Dáil Éireann Debates . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ; O'Connor , Niall ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Sports Minster Shane Ross under fire as bid to host 2023 Rugby World Cup thrown into doubt '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRFU 2023 '' . Irish Rugby. 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/rugby/international/ireland-begins-charm-offensive-as-credible-2023-world-cup-hosts-1.2869395 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.casementpark.ie/2017/02/casement-park-planning-application-submitted/#more-567 Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 1 - Rugby - Ireland plans ambitious bid for 2023 World Cup '' , Reuters , 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby : France launch 2023 World Cup bid '' , Reuters , 9 February 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 Jump up ^ `` # France2023 : Douze villes hôtes retenues '' ( in French ) . sport24.com. 17 March 2017 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA takes giant leap towards hosting 2023 RWC '' , News24 , 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup Board recommends South Africa as RWC 2023 host '' . World Rugby. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laporte calls 2023 World Cup report ' nonsense ' '' , 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's Rugby World Cup bid was on a par with South Africa '' , Irish Times , 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Durban stripped of Commonwealth Games '' , Radio New Zealand News , 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ World Rugby will expect exemption on French law on doping - Gavin Cummiskey , The Irish times , 31 October 2017 Jump up ^ `` SA takes giant leap towards hosting 2023 RWC '' , News24 , 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup Board recommends South Africa as RWC 2023 host '' . World Rugby. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2023 Rugby World Cup : France 's winning bid built on financial clout '' , ESPN , 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland slam World Rugby , Celtic neighbours after unsuccessful bid '' , ESPN , 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italy to run against Ireland in World Cup bid '' , RTÉ Sport , 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ RUGBY WORLD CUP 2023 , IDENTIFICATI GLI STADI PER LA CANDIDATURA ITALIANA Jump up ^ `` FIR withdraws from RWC 2023 hosting process '' Jump up ^ `` United States eye World Cup bid '' , ESPN Scrum , 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland face battle with South Africa and the USA to host 2023 Rugby World Cup '' , Mail Online , 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby Chief Says World Cup in U.S. Is Inevitable '' , New York Times , 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Agustín Pichot reaffirms Argentina _́ s Quest to host Rugby World Cup 2023 , Rugby World Cup Argentina 2023 , 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Home Page , Rugby World Cup Argentina 2023 , 18 December 2013 , Jump up ^ Rugby World Cup Argentina 2023 , The Book Depository , Paul Tait , 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Con el apoyo del gobierno , el rugby argentino se prepara para el Mundial 2027 '' , Canchallena , 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , B. , `` Rugby World Cup may expand in 2023 , says governing body '' , bbc.com , 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ rugbybworldcup.com . `` ITV appointed UK rights holder for men 's and women 's Rugby World Cup events '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com/2017/05/22/nbc-sports-group-acquires-exclusive-u-s-media-rights-to-rugby-world-cup/ External links ( edit ) France 2023 -- official website ( hide ) Rugby World Cup Tournaments Australia / New Zealand 1987 England / France / Ireland / Scotland / Wales 1991 South Africa 1995 Wales 1999 Australia 2003 France 2007 New Zealand 2011 England 2015 Japan 2019 France 2023 2027 2031 Qualifying 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Finals 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Squads 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Overview History Hosts Qualification Final Trophy Theme song Statistics Records and statistics Hat - tricks Try scorers Red cards Team appearances Overall record Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023_Rugby_World_Cup&oldid=813273803 '' Categories : 2023 Rugby World Cup Rugby World Cup tournaments 2023 in rugby union 2023 -- 24 in French rugby union International rugby union competitions hosted by France Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Español Français 日本語 Norsk Polski Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 20 : 54 . 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-7957627270592910239	Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant	Churches Militant , Penitent , and Triumphant - wikipedia Churches Militant , Penitent , and Triumphant Jump to : navigation , search This article is about traditional divisions of the Christian Church . For the Catholic apostolate named Church Militant , see Michael Voris . `` Ecclesia militans '' redirects here . For the Russian icon , see Blessed Be the Host of the King of Heaven . The Church Militant and the Church Triumphant , fresco by Andrea da Firenze in Santa Maria Novella , c. 1365 In Christian theology , the Christian Church is traditionally divided into : the Church Militant ( Latin : Ecclesia militans ) , which consists of Christians on earth who struggle as soldiers of Christ against sin , the devil , and `` the rulers of the world of this darkness , against the spirits of wickedness in the high places '' ; the Church Penitent ( Latin : Ecclesia poenitens ) , also called the Church Suffering ( Latin : Ecclesia dolens ) or the Church Expectant ( Latin : Ecclesia expectans ) , which in the theology of certain churches , especially that of the Catholic Church , consists of those Christians currently in Purgatory ; and the Church Triumphant ( Latin : Ecclesia triumphans ) , which consists of those who have the beatific vision and are in Heaven . These divisions are known as the three states of the Church , especially within Catholic ecclesiology . In systems of theology which reject the doctrine of Purgatory , such as Low - Church Lutheranism , the Churches Militant and Triumphant are together known as the two states of the Church . These divisions are often discussed in the context of the doctrine of the communion of saints ; although Christians may be physically separated from each other by the barrier of death , they nonetheless remain united to each other in one Church , and support each other in prayer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Militant 1.2 Penitent 1.3 Triumphant 2 Usage in different Christian Churches 2.1 Anglican Communion 2.2 Catholic Church 2.3 Lutheran Church 2.4 Methodist Churches 2.5 Seventh - day Adventist Church 3 Secular uses 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Militant ( edit ) The term militant ( Latin : militans ) has a primary meaning of `` being a soldier , performing military service '' , but it acquired a secondary meaning of `` serving , performing service , laboring '' , with its root milito coming to mean `` soldier of Christ or God '' in Medieval Latin usage . The members of the Church Militant , i.e. those Christians on earth , are engaged in spiritual warfare against sin in order that , when they die , they might enter heaven and join the Church Triumphant . Failing that directly , those who believe in the existence of Purgatory hope to die in a state of grace and join the Church Penitent , to purify themselves of their imperfections and , ultimately , join the Church Triumphant . Penitent ( edit ) The term penitent ( Latin : poenitens or paenitens means `` repenting , being sorry '' . Those who constitute the Church Penitent are in Purgatory to satisfy whatever portion of the temporal punishment due for their sins was not satisfied before death . They are in a process of purging their imperfections before entering heaven . It is held that all members of the Church Penitent will eventually join the Church Triumphant . The alternate term suffering ( Latin : dolens , lit . ' grieving ' ) emphasizes the nature of souls ' experience in Purgatory ; they are suffering the temporal consequences of their sins to redemptive effect . The other alternative , expectant ( Latin : expectans or exspectans ) , emphasizes that the souls of Purgatory are awaiting expectantly the beatific vision of heaven . Triumphant ( edit ) The term triumphant ( Latin : triumphans ) , means `` exulting , rejoicing exceedingly '' , taken from a figurative usage of triumphus , originally designating the Roman triumph . Those who constitute the Church Triumphant rejoice eternally in the glory of God , to whom they are united in the beatific vision . Usage in different Christian churches ( edit ) Anglican communion ( edit ) Anglicans believe that `` ... the Church on earth is united with the Church in heaven , ( ' sanctorum communio ' ) . They speak of the ' Church Militant here on earth ' and the Church triumphant in heaven . They worship God together with ' angels and archangels , and with all the company of heaven . ' '' Catholic Church ( edit ) Main article : Catholic ecclesiology The Catholic Church commemorates the Church Triumphant and the Church Penitent in its liturgy on two consecutive days : All Saints ' Day on November 1 ( the Church Triumphant ) and All Souls ' Day on November 2 ( the Church Penitent ) . These terms are not used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church , an authoritative summary of the teaching of the Catholic Church published in 1994 . However , the teaching these terms represent is precisely restated , quoting Lumen gentium : The three states of the Church . `` When the Lord comes in glory , and all his angels with him , death will be no more and all things will be subject to him . But at the present time some of his disciples are pilgrims on earth . Others have died and are being purified , while still others are in glory , contemplating ' in full light , God himself triune and one , exactly as he is ' . '' Ecclesia militans , one of the largest icons in existence Lutheran Church ( edit ) Eric Lund , a Lutheran professor , described an analogy relating the Old Testament to the New Testament : `` God ordered two altars to be placed in the tabernacle . Fire was transferred from the outer one to the inner one . God also assembled a twofold church : the church militant and the church triumphant . The fire of love will someday be transferred from the church militant to the church triumphant . '' As such , within Lutheranism , `` That is called the Church militant , which in this life is still fighting , under the banner of Christ , against Satan , the world , and the flesh . '' Likewise , `` That is called the Church triumphant , which , being transferred to heavenly rest , and relieved from the labor of fighting , and the danger of being overcome in heaven against all contending powers . '' Heinrich Schmid , a Lutheran theologian explains that the Church Militant derives her name from spiritual warfare , citing Ephesians 6 : 10 , 1 Peter 5 : 8 -- 9 , 1 John 5 : 4 , Romans 7 : 14 , and Galatians 5 : 17 ; he further states that the Church Triumphant derives her name from spiritual victory , citing Revelation 2 : 10 , Revelation 4 : 4 , and Revelation 7 : 9 . Methodist churches ( edit ) The African Methodist Episcopal Church , a part of the World Methodist Council , defines the Church Militant as `` engaged in constant warfare against the world , the flesh and the devil , and in that respect is distinguished from the Church Triumphant . '' It defines the Church Militant as inclusive of all Christian denominations , among them Methodism , Presbyterianism , Baptist churches , Congregational churches , Anglicanism , among many others . In the same fashion , it defines the Church Triumphant as existing `` in heaven , and consist ( ing ) of those who have washed their robes and made them immaculate and pure in the blood of the Lamb . '' In Methodist theology , `` the communion expressed at the Eucharist is not only within the Church Militant , but is between the Church Militant and the Church Triumphant . '' Seventh - day Adventist Church ( edit ) The Seventh - day Adventist Church defines the terms in the following ways , `` While in this world the church is a militant church , daily engaged in the battles of its Lord , and in warfare against satanic agencies . Its members are in constant conflict with the world , the flesh , and the powers of evil ( Rom. 7 : 15 -- 23 ; Gal. 5 : 17 ; 1 Peter 5 : 8 , 9 ; 1 John 5 : 4 ; cf. 1 John 4 : 4 ) . If this side of the Lord 's return the church is the militant church , the church of the New Jerusalem is the triumphant church . It is made up of faithful disciples and conquerors in this worldly battle . They have exchanged the sword for a palm of victory ( Rev 7 : 9 ) and the cross for a crown ( 2 Tim . 4 : 8 ; 1 Peter 5 : 4 ) . The battle is over , the mission accomplished ( Matt . 25 : 21 , 23 ) and the redeemed , invited to the wedding feast of the Lamb ( Rev. 19 : 9 ) , eat and drink at Christ 's table in His kingdom ( Luke 22 : 28 -- 30 ) and reign with Him for ever and ever ( Rev 22 : 5 ) . '' Thus , the Seventh - day Adventist view is unique in that the church is the Church Militant until the general resurrection at the end of the present age . The church becomes the Church Triumphant only after the second coming of Christ . Secular uses ( edit ) The two states account of the church was adapted by Anatoly Lunacharsky to distinguish between a socialistic culture of the future ( Ecclesia triumphans ) and proletarian culture of the proletariat struggling in the present against capitalism ( Ecclesia militans ) . This theoretical approach was used in the development of Proletkult . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Book of Common Prayer Catholic spirituality Ecclesiology Ecclesiology ( Catholic Church ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ephesians 6 : 12 ^ Jump up to : `` CCC , 954 '' . Vatican.va . Jump up ^ Hendrix , Scott H. ( 1974 ) . Ecclesia in Via . Brill Archive . p. 225 . ISBN 9789004038653 . Since the link between the two states of the church is not sometehing inherent or interior in the faithful themselves , but comes to them from outside and beyond them , Luther describes the militant church as a testimonium , and not as an image , of the triumphant church . This description of the relationship between the two churches does justice both to the discontinuity between life in fide et spe and life in re and to the function of the eternal res ( and to the Word of Christ ) as the `` external '' link between the two states of the church . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton T. ; Short , Charles , eds. ( 1879 ) . `` mīlĭto '' . A Latin Dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton T. , ed. ( 1890 ) . `` mīlitō '' . An Elementary Latin Dictionary . New York , Cincinnati , and Chicago : American Book Company . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Latham , R.E. ; Howlett , D.R. ; Ashdowne , R.K. , eds. ( 1975 -- 2013 ) . `` ilito '' . The Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources . London : British Academy . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton T. ; Short , Charles , eds. ( 1879 ) . `` paenĭtĕo '' . A Latin Dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton T. ; Short , Charles , eds. ( 1879 ) . `` dŏlĕo '' . A Latin Dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton T. ; Short , Charles , eds. ( 1879 ) . `` trĭumpho '' . A Latin Dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Alvis , Gary ( 2000 ) . The Anglican Understanding of the Church : An Introduction ( Kindle ed . ) . London : SPCK Publishing . p . Chapter 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 281 - 06815 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lund , Eric ( 2011 ) . Seventeenth - Century Lutheran Meditations and Hymns . Paulist Press . p. 137 . ISBN 9780809147298 . ^ Jump up to : Schmid , Heinrich ( 1876 ) . The Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Lutheran Publication Society . p. 603 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bishop H.M. Turner , D.D. , LL. D. ( 1885 ) . The Genius and Theory of Methodist Polity , or the Machinery of Methodism . African Methodist Episcopal Church . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . 13 Q. What do the visible and invisible church constitute ? A . The church militant , or military church , which is engaged in ' onstant warfare against the world , the flesh and the devil , and in that respect is distinguished from the ' church triumphant . ' 14 Q. What do you mean by ' Church Triumphant ? '' A . The church triumphant is in heaven , and consists of those who have washed their robes and made them immaculate and pure ' in the blood of the Lamb . ' 15 Q. The church militant then is upon earth ? A. Yes ; and comprehends all Christian denominations ; viz. , Methodists , Presbyterians , Baptists , Congregationalists , Episcopalians and many others . 16 Q. Do you mean to say that it takes all the church denominations of the world to constitute the ' church militant ? ' A. I do . For all these so - called churches are only so many religious societies forming the ' Church militant , ' which are recognized by Christ in the aggregate . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Billington , Raymond ( 23 September 2014 ) . The Liturgical Movement and Methodism . Wipf & Stock Publishers . p. 74 . ISBN 9781498205016 . Jump up ^ Handbook of Seventh - day Adventist Theology ( Hagerstown , MD : Review and Herald , 2000 ) , pp. 565 -- 566 . Jump up ^ Pasvolsky , Leo ( 1921 ) . `` Proletkult : Its Prentions and Fallacies '' . North American Review . CCXIII ( April 1921 ) : 539 -- 550 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . The Spirit of Catholicism , ch. 7 - 8 ( `` The Communion of Saints '' ) by Karl Adam Communion of Saints - article from the Catholic Encyclopedia Lumen gentium ( Dogmatic Constitution on the Church ) , n . 49 External links ( edit ) The Catholic Church is the Mystical Body of Christ by Fr . William G. Most Images `` The Church Militant and Triumphant '' . 1365 - 68 . Fresco by Andrea da Firenze . Cappella Spagnuolo , Santa Maria Novella , Florence . `` Disputation of the Holy Sacrament ( La Disputa ) '' . 1510 - 11 . Fresco by Raffaello Sanzio . Stanza della Segnatura , Palazzi Pontifici , Vatican . 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5289863566648907165	Rachel Dawes	Rachel Dawes - wikipedia Rachel Dawes Jump to : navigation , search Rachel Dawes The Dark Knight Trilogy character Maggie Gyllenhaal as Rachel Dawes in The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) First appearance Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Last appearance The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Created by Christopher Nolan David S. Goyer Portrayed by Emma Lockhart ( y ) Katie Holmes Maggie Gyllenhaal Information Occupation Assistant district attorney Rachel Dawes is a fictional character who first appeared in Christopher Nolan 's 2005 feature film Batman Begins . She was portrayed in that film by Katie Holmes , with Emma Lockhart as a younger version of the character in early scenes . Holmes also voiced the character in the video game adaptation . Maggie Gyllenhaal replaced Holmes in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight after Holmes chose not to reprise the role . Gyllenhaal also appeared as Dawes on the viral marketing website I Believe in Harvey Dent , giving Harvey Dent her endorsement in the District Attorney election . In the Dark Knight Trilogy , Rachel is Bruce Wayne 's childhood sweetheart and one of the few people who truly knows him . The conflict between Bruce 's love for her and his secret life as Batman is one of the main themes of the first two films in the trilogy , while her death in The Dark Knight in part motivates his actions in the third and final film , The Dark Knight Rises . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional biography 1.1 Batman Begins 1.2 The Dark Knight 1.3 The Dark Knight Rises 2 Development 3 References 4 External links Fictional biography ( edit ) Batman Begins ( edit ) Main article : Batman Begins Katie Holmes as Rachel Dawes in Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Rachel is Bruce Wayne 's closest childhood friend . Rachel 's mother worked as a domestic servant at Wayne Manor , and the two would often play together on the grounds . After Bruce 's parents are murdered by Joe Chill ( Richard Brake ) , Rachel 's mother seeks other employment and leaves Wayne Manor with Rachel . Rachel enrolls in law school and gets an internship at the Gotham City District Attorney 's office during her first year . After Chill is murdered for testifying against Mafia boss Carmine Falcone ( Tom Wilkinson ) , Bruce reveals to Rachel that he intended to murder Chill himself , and is angry that he was deprived of revenge . Rachel is horrified and tells Bruce that his late parents would be ashamed of him . She also takes Bruce down to the slums and shows him that Falcone 's criminal empire has worsened the poverty created by Gotham City 's economic depression , and states that every day more people just like Chill turn to crime out of desperation . Soon afterward , Bruce leaves the United States and Rachel continues her studies in law school . Years later , she becomes an Assistant District Attorney . Rachel dedicates her life and career to eliminating crime in Gotham , in the process making enemies of Falcone and later Dr. Jonathan Crane ( Cillian Murphy ) , Arkham Asylum 's corrupt chief psychiatrist . When Bruce returns to Gotham , Rachel is surprised that he did not contact her , and later feels disappointed in him , taking his playboy façade at face value . She reminds Bruce , `` Bruce , deep down you may still be that great kid you used to be , but it 's not who you are underneath , it 's what you do that defines you . '' Around the same time , a costumed vigilante calling himself Batman appears in Gotham , and saves Rachel from Falcone 's assassins . Rachel is intrigued by the masked crime - fighter , unaware that he is her old friend Bruce . After her boss is murdered by thugs working for Crane , Rachel takes over his job until a replacement can be found . Shortly afterward , Falcone has a psychotic break in police custody , and Rachel believes he is faking it to avoid trial , unaware that Crane drugged him with his fear toxin . When she goes to Arkham to evaluate the situation , Crane drugs her with fear toxin as well . Batman rescues her again , administers an antidote and tells her that Crane is working with the League of Shadows , a terrorist organization led by Ra 's al Ghul ( Liam Neeson ) . He gives her instructions for a plan to save the city from the League 's attack . He then sedates her and has his butler , Alfred Pennyworth ( Michael Caine ) , take her home . She wakes up in her bed and delivers samples of an anti-toxin to Gotham City Police Department sergeant James Gordon ( Gary Oldman ) . The League starts a riot in the Narrows , one of Gotham City 's slums , and Rachel is trapped . Crane , who has now assumed the criminal alter ego of `` The Scarecrow '' , attacks her again . She defends herself and a boy caught in the riot by firing a taser at Crane 's face , driving him away . Soon , the city is overrun by Arkham 's inmates , whom the League has released , and Rachel and the boy are surrounded by lunatics led by Falcone 's henchman , Victor Zsasz ( Tim Booth ) . Batman saves them at the last minute and gives Rachel a hint as to his secret identity . Towards the end of the film , Rachel visits the remains of Wayne Manor , finding Bruce and Alfred sorting through the wreckage . She and Bruce share a kiss , but she tells him that they can not be together until Gotham no longer needs Batman . At the end of the movie 's novelization , she is named interim District Attorney . The Dark Knight ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Knight ( film ) By the start of the second film , Rachel is in a relationship with newly selected District Attorney Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) , creating a conflict between him , herself , and Bruce Wayne . Dent soon asks Rachel to marry him , but she does not have a clear answer , being torn between her love for both men . At one point , the Joker ( Heath Ledger ) attacks Rachel at Dent 's fundraiser , holding her at knifepoint . Batman arrives and fights off the men , but the Joker grabs Rachel and throws her from the skyscraper window . Batman jumps out the window after her , breaking their fall on a car below . Rachel is next seen at the funeral of police commissioner Gillian Loeb ( Colin MacFarlane ) , who was murdered by the Joker . At the funeral , the Joker attempts to assassinate Mayor Anthony Garcia ( Nestor Carbonell ) , and leaves behind evidence indicating that Rachel will be next . Rachel takes shelter in Bruce 's penthouse at Dent 's insistence . There she and Bruce briefly rekindle their romance . He admits that he desires to turn himself in as Batman and hopes they could eventually be together , which Rachel says can not happen if he goes to prison . Dent holds a press conference and claims to be Batman . Rachel is disgusted that Bruce would let Dent take the fall for him , and gives Alfred a letter to be delivered to Bruce `` when the time is right . '' She promptly leaves the penthouse . After Batman and Gordon capture the Joker , Rachel and Dent are kidnapped by police officers on mob boss Sal Maroni 's ( Eric Roberts ) payroll , who are working under the Joker 's orders . Batman interrogates the Joker and learns that the lives of both Dent and Rachel are at stake . The Joker tells Batman that he must choose which one of them to save and gives him both locations . However , the Joker has switched the addresses , with the intention of orchestrating Dent 's downfall . Batman speeds off , believing that he is traveling to Rachel 's destination . Both Rachel and Dent are tied up in rooms surrounded with gasoline drums and remote - controlled explosives , with phones attached so they can talk to each other . Rachel tells Dent that she wants to marry him . Batman arrives at Dent 's location in time to save him , but Gordon arrives at the other too late , and Rachel is killed in the explosion . The loss of Rachel , in addition to his own disfigurement , drives Dent insane and he becomes the murderous vigilante Two - Face , seeking revenge on those he holds responsible for Rachel 's death . Upon her death , Alfred reads Rachel 's note ( which she deliberately left unsealed ) in which she reveals that she intends to marry Dent . She explains that while Gotham may come to no longer need Batman , she now feels that the day when Bruce no longer does will never come . She urges Bruce not to give up faith in other people , even if she has disappointed him . When Bruce relates to Alfred that his only solace is the knowledge that she would have waited for him , Alfred decides to burn the note , sparing Bruce the pain of the truth . The Dark Knight Rises ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Knight Rises Rachel does not appear in The Dark Knight Rises , but is mentioned several times . Additionally , a picture of her appears in Wayne Manor , in Gyllenhaal 's likeness . Bruce , having given up the mantle of Batman , is portrayed as still mourning Rachel eight years after her death , rarely leaving Wayne Manor and failing to move on and find a normal life that Rachel once promised him . When Bane ( Tom Hardy ) attacks Gotham City , Bruce decides to become Batman once more to oppose him . In an attempt to stop him , Alfred finally confesses to Bruce that Rachel chose Dent and that he burned the letter in order to spare Bruce the pain . This revelation puts a severe strain on Bruce 's relationship with Alfred , who then leaves Wayne Manor when Bruce decides to continue as Batman . Throughout the film , Bruce keeps a picture of Rachel . By the end of the film , however , he is in a relationship with Selina Kyle ( Anne Hathaway ) , and has passed on his legacy to Detective John Blake ( Joseph Gordon Levitt ) so he can finally get on with his life ; proving Rachel 's belief that Bruce will never give up being Batman wrong . Development ( edit ) Katie Holmes was to reprise as Rachel in The Dark Knight ; she turned it down and starred in Mad Money instead . Before Maggie Gyllenhaal was cast , Emily Blunt , Isla Fisher , Sarah Michelle Gellar , and Rachel McAdams were considered to replace Holmes as Rachel . Gyllenhaal has acknowledged that Rachel is a damsel in distress to an extent , but says Nolan sought ways to empower the character , so `` Rachel 's really clear about what 's important to her and unwilling to compromise her morals , which made a nice change '' from the many conflicted characters whom she has previously portrayed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( 2007 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Maggie Gyllenhaal Cast in The Dark Knight '' . Slash Film . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ I Believe In Harvey Dent Jump up ^ Williams , Andrew ( January 6 , 2008 ) . `` Gyllenhaal Talks Sexy Underwear '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) McClintock , Pamela . `` Gyllenhaal joining Batman sequel '' ( Archive ) . Variety . March 8 , 2007 . Ayala , Nancy . `` ' Dark Knight ' Gets New Leading Lady '' ( Archive ) . ABC News . July 18 , 2008 . Davis , Erik . `` It 's Official : Maggie Gyllenhaal Replaces Katie Holmes in ' The Dark Knight ' '' ( Archive ) . Moviefone . March 8 , 2007 . ( hide ) Batman in film 1989 -- 1997 series Batman Score Soundtrack Batman Returns Soundtrack Batman Forever Score Soundtrack Batman & Robin Soundtrack The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins Soundtrack Video game Rachel Dawes The Dark Knight Soundtrack Cancelled video game The Joker The Dark Knight Rises Soundtrack Video games Batman home computer game Batman : The Video Game for the NES and Game Boy Batman : The Video Game for the Sega Genesis Batman arcade game Batman Returns Batman Forever video game Batman Forever pinball Batman Forever : The Arcade Game Batman and Robin Unofficial and fan films Features English Batman Dracula The Wild World of Batwoman Filipino Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight ! Alyas Batman en Robin Shorts Live action Batman : Dead End Grayson World 's Finest Robin 's Big Date City of Scars Seeds of Arkham Batman : Death Wish See also Batman franchise media Batman : Gotham Knight Batman OnStar commercials Catwoman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Dawes&oldid=799150071 '' Categories : Batman characters Batman in other media Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional lawyers Fictional victims of kidnapping Superhero film characters The Dark Knight Trilogy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 23 : 23 . About Wikipedia	who played the part of rachel dawes in the dark knight	[ "Rachel Dawes is a fictional character who first appeared in Christopher Nolan's 2005 feature film Batman Begins. She was portrayed in that film by Katie Holmes, with Emma Lockhart as a younger version of the character in early scenes. Holmes also voiced the character in the video game adaptation. Maggie Gyllenhaal replaced Holmes in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight after Holmes chose not to reprise the role.[1] Gyllenhaal also appeared as Dawes on the viral marketing website I Believe in Harvey Dent,[2] giving Harvey Dent her endorsement in the District Attorney election." ]	[ "Maggie Gyllenhaal" ]
4082070061534522191	Lee Hyeon-seo	Lee Hyeon - seo - wikipedia Lee Hyeon - seo This is a Korean name ; the family name is Lee . Lee Hyeon - seo Hyeonseo Lee at the TED2013 conference Park Min - Young January 1980 ( 1980 - 01 ) ( age 38 ) Hyesan , North Korea Nationality North Korean Citizenship South Korea Alma mater Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Occupation Author Human Rights Activist Known for Defection from North Korea Spouse ( s ) Brian Gleason Lee Hyeon - seo ( Korean : 이현 서 , born January 1980 ) , best known for her book , The Girl with Seven Names , is a North Korean defector and activist who lives in South Korea , where she is a student . She escaped from North Korea and later guided her family out of North Korea through China and Laos . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life in North Korea 2 Escape 2.1 China 2.2 South Korea 3 Family escape 4 Current life 4.1 Activist work 5 References 6 External links Early life in North Korea ( edit ) Lee grew up in Hyesan , North Korea . `` When I was young , I thought my country was the best on the planet , '' Lee explained in her TED talk in February 2013 . `` I grew up singing a song called ' Nothing to Envy ' . I felt very proud . I thought my life in North Korea was normal , even though when I was seven years old , I saw my first public execution . '' Her family was not poor , but after the North Korean famine struck in the 1990s , she witnessed much suffering and death . She later recalled a letter her mother received from the sister of a colleague , stating `` When you read this , all five family members will not exist in this world , because we have n't eaten for the past two weeks ... We are lying on the floor together , and our bodies are so weak we are ready to die . '' Not long afterwards , Lee `` saw another shocking sight outside a train station -- a woman was lying on the ground apparently dead , with a starving child in her arms staring at her face . '' Lee later said , `` Nobody helped them , because they were so focused on taking care of themselves and their families . '' Escape ( edit ) China ( edit ) In 1997 , Lee crossed the frozen Yalu River alone in collusion with a friendly border guard to fulfill a dream she had before going off to college , only planning to stay a short while before returning . However , due to complications with the North Korean security police , she had to live with relatives in China as an illegal immigrant . She managed to buy the identity of a mentally - challenged girl from Heilongjiang , and with it , obtained a passport and driver 's license . At one point , after being accused of being North Korean , she was interrogated by police and tested on her Chinese and her knowledge of China . She passed the test . South Korea ( edit ) After 10 years of hiding her identity and living in fear in China , Lee managed to escape to South Korea . Arriving at Incheon International Airport in January 2008 , she entered the immigration office and declared her identity as a North Korean asylum - seeker . She `` was quickly ushered into another room , '' where officials inspected her papers , asked her if she was actually Chinese , and `` informed me that I would be incarcerated for an unspecified period of time and then deported back to China if I was in violation of Korean law . Moreover , if the Chinese government learned that I was not actually a Chinese citizen , I would be jailed , heavily fined and then deported again : back to North Korea . '' She asked them to call the National Intelligence Service , which three hours later drove her into downtown Seoul . She studied for the university entrance exam . She was put through an orientation course for life in South Korea , then given a house to live in . She `` started out with mixed feelings of fear and excitement , but settling down turned out to be far more challenging than I had expected . I realized there was a wide gap between North and South , ranging from educational background to cultural and linguistic differences . We are a racially homogeneous people on the outside , but inside we have become very different as a result of the 63 years of division . '' She endured anti-North Korean prejudice and sometimes thought `` it would be so much easier to return to China . '' After `` a year of confusion and disorder , '' however , she `` finally managed to find meaning in ( her ) new life . '' Family escape ( edit ) Lee received word that North Korean police had intercepted money she had sent to her family through a broker and that her mother and brother were `` going to be forcibly removed to a desolate location in the countryside . '' Lee agonized for a while and decided to go back for them , knowing that neither could speak or understand Chinese . She returned to China , met her family in Changbai , as her brother helped her mother over the border into China . She then guided them on a 2000 - mile trip through China , during which they `` were almost caught several times . '' At one point , when they were stopped and interrogated by a police officer , Lee told him that her family , who could not understand Chinese , were deaf and dumb people that she was chaperoning . He accepted the story and let them pass . At the Lao border , Lee met a broker and paid him to take her mother and brother across and to the South Korean Embassy in Vientiane . On her way to an airport in China to fly back to South Korea , however , she was informed that her mother and brother `` had been caught as they crossed the border . '' She then traveled to Luang Namtha , Laos , where she paid a bribe and fine . After a month of ordeals her family members were released . She traveled with them to Vientiane , where her family members were arrested and jailed again , `` just a short distance from the South Korean embassy . '' Lee went back and forth between the immigration office and the National Police Agency for almost 50 days , `` desperately trying to get my family out ... but I did n't have enough money to pay the bribes . I lost all hope . '' To her luck , an English - speaking stranger -- identified in her autobiography as an affable Australian named Dick Stolp -- asked her : `` What 's wrong ? '' She explained , in her broken English , with the use of a dictionary , and `` the man went to the ATM and paid the rest of the money for my family and two other North Koreans to get out of jail . '' When she asked , `` Why are you helping me ? '' he replied , `` I 'm not helping you ... I 'm helping the North Korean people . '' Lee described this as `` a symbolic moment in my life , '' with the man serving as a symbol of `` new hope for me and other North Koreans ... He showed me that the kindness of strangers and the support of the international community are truly the rays of hope that the North Korean people need . '' She later said that this encounter marked the moment `` when my view of the world changed and I realized there were many good people on this planet . I also realized how precious life is . '' Soon she and her family were living in South Korea . Current life ( edit ) In 2011 , Lee wrote that she was learning English `` to boost my prospects , '' noting that North Koreans ' `` lack of English is a handicap '' on the job market . In China , she had devoted a great deal of time to learn Chinese , but `` never thought I would be under this much stress about language in South Korea . '' She worked part - time and `` took accounting classes at different institutes and obtained the certifications needed for work . '' In 2011 , she was `` admitted to the Chinese language department of the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies ( by special admission ) . ( She ) chose the language as ( her ) major hoping that ( she ) would be able to take part in ever increasing trade with China . '' She noted that she was `` working at South Korea 's Ministry of Unification as a student journalist alongside South Korean college students . ( She wrote ) articles about the relationship between North and South Korea as well as the possibility for reunification . '' In addition , she was one of `` 50 college students who had escaped from North Korea for the ' English for the Future ' program sponsored by the British Embassy in Seoul , which helps ( her ) keep up ( her ) English studies . '' She was doing volunteer work `` out of gratitude for all the aid I have received since I came here and of hope to return the favor to other people in need . '' As of May 2014 , Lee was still studying at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies and working as a student journalist with the Ministry of Unification . Activist work ( edit ) Lee spoke about her experiences at a TED conference in Long Beach , California , in February 2013 . The YouTube video of her talk has received over 5 million views . In May 2013 , Lee appeared on an Australian TV program on which she was reunited with the stranger who had helped her in Vientiane in 2009 , Australian Dick Stolp . `` I was really happy , '' said Lee . `` He says , ' I 'm not a hero , ' but I say he is a modern hero . '' Stolp said : `` You help a small hand and it reaches to other hands and you think , ' That 's great , that 's good stuff . ' ... I 'm meeting someone who is now doing good things , and inside I ca n't help but feel ' Hey ! I helped this lady to go out and change her life . ' '' She has been interviewed by the BBC , CNN , CBS News , and many other TV and radio outlets around the world . She spoke at the Oslo Freedom Forum in May 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Hyeonseo ( 2014 ) . The Girl with Seven Names . UK : William Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 755484 - 3 . Jump up ^ Defector tells of odyssey in search of freedom , Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , August 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Freedom , Sanctions and North Korean Ice Cream '' . Time . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Hyeonseo ( April 14 , 2013 ) . `` Why I fled North Korea '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gye , Hugo ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' I saw my first execution at SEVEN ' : North Korean defector reveals ordeal of growing up in dictatorship where famine was so bad the streets were lined with dead bodies '' . Daily Mail . ^ Jump up to : Gale , Alastair ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` A Defector 's Tale : Lee Hyeon - seo '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` Oslo Freedom Forum : Speakers '' ( PDF ) . OsloFreedomForum.com . May 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Ha , Thu - Huong ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` North Korean defector Hyeonseo Lee reunited with the man who saved her family '' . TED Blog . ^ Jump up to : `` Hyeonseo Lee '' . Premium-Speakers.hk . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Official website Hyeonseo Lee at TED Jasa Seo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Hyeon-seo&oldid=842682487 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people North Korean defectors North Korean human rights activists Hidden categories : Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using ethnicity Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 00 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the girl with seven names a north korean defector's story	[]	[]
-5136849080530036824	List of FIFA World Cup records	List of FIFA World Cup records - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup records hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article cites other Wikipedia articles as sources and as such may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of records of the FIFA World Cup and its qualification matches . See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup Contents 1 General statistics by tournament 2 Teams : Tournament position 2.1 Consecutive 2.2 Gaps 2.3 Host team 2.4 Defending champion 2.5 Debuting teams 2.6 Other 3 Teams : Tournament progress 3.1 All time 3.2 Consecutive 3.3 Host team 3.4 Defending champion 4 All - time table 5 Players 6 Goalscoring 6.1 Individual 6.2 Own goals 7 Assisting 8 Penalties 8.1 By team 8.2 By tournament 9 Penalty shoot - outs 9.1 By team 9.2 By tournament 10 Extra time 10.1 By team 10.2 By tournament 11 Tiebreakers 12 Goalkeeping 13 Coaching 14 Refereeing 15 Discipline 15.1 Suspension 15.2 Fine 15.3 Other sanction 16 Teams : Matches played / goals scored 16.1 All time 16.2 In one tournament 17 Teams : Overall performance ( winning percentage ) 17.1 In one tournament 17.1. 1 All time 17.1. 2 Host team 17.1. 3 Defending champion 17.1. 4 Champion 17.1. 5 Non-champion 18 Upsets 19 Hat - tricks 20 Streaks 20.1 Team 20.2 Tournament 20.3 Top scoring teams by tournament 20.4 Goal scoring by tournament 21 Host records 22 Attendance 23 Others 24 Footnotes 25 References 26 External links General statistics by tournament ( edit ) Year Host Champion Winning coach Top scorer ( s ) Best player award 1930 Uruguay Uruguay Alberto Suppici Guillermo Stábile ( 8 ) N / A 1934 Italy Italy Vittorio Pozzo Oldřich Nejedlý ( 5 ) 1938 France Italy Vittorio Pozzo Leônidas ( 7 ) 1950 Brazil Uruguay Juan López Ademir ( 8 ) 1954 Switzerland West Germany Sepp Herberger Sándor Kocsis ( 11 ) 1958 Sweden Brazil Vicente Feola Just Fontaine ( 13 ) 1962 Chile Brazil Aymoré Moreira Garrincha ( 4 ) Vavá ( 4 ) Leonel Sánchez ( 4 ) Flórián Albert ( 4 ) Valentin Ivanov ( 4 ) Dražan Jerković ( 4 ) 1966 England England Alf Ramsey Eusébio ( 9 ) 1970 Mexico Brazil Mário Zagallo Gerd Müller ( 10 ) West Germany West Germany Helmut Schön Grzegorz Lato ( 7 ) 1978 Argentina Argentina César Luis Menotti Mario Kempes ( 6 ) 1982 Spain Italy Enzo Bearzot Paolo Rossi ( 6 ) Paolo Rossi 1986 Mexico Argentina Carlos Bilardo Gary Lineker ( 6 ) Diego Maradona 1990 Italy West Germany Franz Beckenbauer Salvatore Schillaci ( 6 ) Salvatore Schillaci 1994 United States Brazil Carlos Alberto Parreira Hristo Stoichkov ( 6 ) Oleg Salenko ( 6 ) Romário 1998 France France Aimé Jacquet Davor Šuker ( 6 ) Ronaldo 2002 South Korea Japan Brazil Luiz Felipe Scolari Ronaldo ( 8 ) Oliver Kahn 2006 Germany Italy Marcello Lippi Miroslav Klose ( 5 ) Zinedine Zidane South Africa Spain Vicente del Bosque Thomas Müller ( 5 ) Wesley Sneijder ( 5 ) David Villa ( 5 ) Diego Forlán ( 5 ) Diego Forlán 2014 Brazil Germany Joachim Löw James Rodríguez ( 6 ) Lionel Messi 2018 Russia France Didier Deschamps Harry Kane ( 6 ) Luka Modrić Teams : tournament position ( edit ) Main article : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup Teams having equal quantities in the tables below are ordered by the tournament the quantity was attained in ( the teams that attained the quantity first are listed first ) . If the quantity was attained by more than one team in the same tournament , these teams are ordered alphabetically . Most titles won 5 , Brazil ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most finishes in the top two 8 , Germany ( 1954 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top three 12 , Germany ( 1934 , 1954 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top four 13 , Germany ( 1934 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) For a detailed list of top four appearances , see FIFA World Cup results Most finishes in the top eight 18 , Brazil ( every tournament except 1934 , 1966 and 1990 ) Most finishes in the top sixteen 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Most World Cup appearances 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) For a detailed list , see National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup . Most second - place finishes 4 , Germany ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) Most third - place finishes 4 , Germany ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most fourth - place finishes 3 , Uruguay ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) Most 3rd - 4th - place finishes 5 , Germany ( 1934 , 1958 , 1970 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most 5th - 8th - place finishes 8 , England ( 1950 , 1954 , 1962 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 , 2006 ) Most 9th - 16th - place finishes 14 , Mexico ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1978 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Most 17th - 32nd - place finishes 7 , South Korea ( 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 ) Most titles won by a confederation 12 , UEFA ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Confederation with most number of teams who qualified for the finals at least once 90 % ( 9 out of 10 ) , CONMEBOL ( all but Venezuela ) Confederation with fewest teams who qualified for the finals at least once 15.38 % ( 2 out of 11 current and 2 former ) , OFC ( only Australia and New Zealand ) Consecutive ( edit ) Most consecutive championships 2 , Italy ( 1934 -- 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 -- 1962 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top two 3 , Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top three 4 , Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top four 4 , Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top eight 16 , Germany ( 1954 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top sixteen 21 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive finals tournaments 21 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive second - place finishes 2 , Netherlands ( 1974 -- 1978 ) and West Germany ( 1982 -- 1986 ) Most consecutive third - place finishes 2 , Germany ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive fourth - place finishes No country has finished 4th in two consecutive tournaments Most consecutive 3rd - 4th - place finishes 2 , Sweden ( 1938 -- 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1974 -- 1978 ) , France ( 1982 -- 1986 ) , Germany ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive 5th - 8th - place finishes 4 , Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1954 ) Most consecutive 9th - 16th - place finishes 7 , Mexico ( 1994 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive 17th - 32nd - place finishes 4 , South Korea ( 1986 -- 1998 ) Biggest improvement in position in consecutive tournaments Did not participate / qualify , then champion , Italy ( 1930 -- 1934 ) , Uruguay ( 1938 -- 1950 ) , West Germany ( 1950 -- 1954 ) , France ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Most consecutive championships by a confederation 4 , UEFA ( 2006 -- 2018 ) Gaps ( edit ) Longest gap between successive titles 44 years , Italy ( 1938 -- 1982 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top two 48 years , Argentina ( 1930 -- 1978 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top three 48 years , Argentina ( 1930 -- 1978 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top four 60 years , Spain ( 1950 -- 2010 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the finals 56 years : Egypt ( 1934 -- 1990 ) , Norway ( 1938 -- 1994 ) Host team ( edit ) Best finish by host team Champion : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , England ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1974 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) , France ( 1998 ) Worst finish by host team 17th -- 32nd position ( FIFA final ranking of 20th ) : South Africa ( 2010 ) Defending champion ( edit ) Best finish by defending champion Champion : Italy ( 1938 ) , Brazil ( 1962 ) Worst finish by defending champion Did not participate : Uruguay ( 1934 ) Worst finish by defending champion who participates in the next tournament Group stage : Italy ( 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1966 ) , France ( 2002 ) , Italy ( 2010 ) , Spain ( 2014 ) , Germany ( 2018 ) Debuting teams ( edit ) See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Debut of teams Best finish by a debuting team Champion : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) Best finish by a debuting team after 1934 Third place : Portugal ( 1966 ) , Croatia ( 1998 ) Other ( edit ) Most finishes in the top two without ever being champion 3 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) Most finishes in the top three without ever being champion 4 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top four without ever being champion 5 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 1998 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most appearances , never progressing from the first round 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Most finals played , never lost 2 , Uruguay ( 1930 , 1950 ) Most semifinals played , never lost 5 , Argentina ( 1930 , 1978 , 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Most quarterfinals ( or best eight round ) played , never lost 2 , Croatia ( 1998 , 2018 ) and Portugal ( 1966 , 2006 ) Most round of sixteen ( from 1986 to date ) played , never lost 8 , Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most appearances , never winning a match 3 , Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 , 1994 ) , Honduras ( 1982 , 2010 , 2014 ) , Egypt ( 1934 , 1990 , 2018 ) Most played final 3 , Argentina vs Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Teams : Tournament progress ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Most appearances in the first round 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Progressed from the first round the most times 18 , Brazil ( every tournament except 1930 , 1934 and 1966 ) Progressed from the first round as group winners the most times 15 , Brazil ( 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 ) Eliminated in the first round the most times 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Most appearances , always progressing from the first round 3 , Republic of Ireland ( 1990 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most appearances , never progressing from the first round 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Less appearances , winning title 13 Uruguay ( 1930 , 1950 ) Most appearances , never winning title 16 Mexico Less appearances , acceding final 5 Croatia ( 2018 ) Most appearances , never acceding final 16 Mexico Less appearances , acceding semifinals 2 Turkey ( 2002 ) Most appearances , never acceding semifinals 16 Mexico Less appearances , acceding quarter finals 1 Cuba ( 1938 ) , Wales ( 1958 ) , East Germany ( 1974 ) , Ukraine ( 2006 ) Most appearances , never acceding quarter finals 8 Scotland Consecutive ( edit ) Most consecutive appearances in the first round 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Most consecutive progressions from the first round 16 , Germany ( 1954 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive progressions from the first round as group winners 10 , Brazil ( 1982 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive eliminations from the first round 5 , Mexico ( 1950 -- 1966 ) , Scotland ( 1974 -- 1990 ) Host team ( edit ) Host team eliminated in the first round South Africa ( 2010 ) Defending champion ( edit ) Defending champion eliminated in the first round Italy ( 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1966 ) , France ( 2002 ) , Italy ( 2010 ) , Spain ( 2014 ) , Germany ( 2018 ) All - time table ( edit ) Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Players ( edit ) Main article : List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA World Cups Most championships 3 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 , 1962 ( only played in first two matches ; medal awarded retroactively by FIFA in 2007 ) and 1970 ) See here for a list of players who have won multiple FIFA World Cups . Most tournaments played 5 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments on national team 5 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) , Gianluigi Buffon ( Italy , 1998 ( did not play ) , 2002 -- 2014 ) , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most finishes in the top two 3 , Nílton Santos ( Brazil 1950 , 1958 , 1962 ) , Pelé ( Brazil 1958 , 1962 , 1970 ) , Pierre Littbarski ( West Germany 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( West Germany 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) , Cafu ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) Most finishes in the top three 4 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most appearances in All - Star Team 3 , Djalma Santos ( Brazil , 1954 -- 1962 ) , Franz Beckenbauer ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1974 ) , Philipp Lahm ( Germany , 2006 -- 2014 ) Most matches played , finals 25 , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) Most knockout games played , finals 14 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most minutes played , finals 2,217 minutes , Paolo Maldini ( Italy , 1990 -- 2002 ) Most matches played , qualifying 68 , Iván Hurtado ( Ecuador , 1994 -- 2010 ) Most matches won 17 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most appearances in a World Cup final 3 , Cafu ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) Most finals played with different teams 2 , Luis Monti ( Argentina , 1930 and Italy , 1934 ) Most appearances as captain 17 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments as captain 5 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most appearances as substitute 11 , Denílson ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2002 ) Youngest player 17 years , 41 days , Norman Whiteside ( Northern Ireland ) , vs Yugoslavia , 17 June 1982 Youngest player , final 17 years , 249 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Sweden , 29 June 1958 Youngest player , qualifying match 13 years , 310 days , Souleymane Mamam ( Togo ) , vs Zambia , 6 May 2001 , 2002 CAF Group 1 Youngest captain 21 years , 109 days , Tony Meola ( United States ) , vs Czechoslovakia , 10 June 1990 Youngest player to ever be named to a FIFA World Cup squad 16 years , 339 days , Edu ( Brazil ) , 1966 Oldest player 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player , final 40 years , 133 days , Dino Zoff ( Italy ) , vs West Germany , 11 July 1982 Oldest player , qualifying match 46 years , 175 days , MacDonald Taylor Sr. ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) , vs Saint Kitts and Nevis , 18 February 2004 , 2006 CONCACAF First Round . Oldest captain 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player to debut in a World Cup finals tournament 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player to ever be named to a FIFA World Cup squad 45 years , 150 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , 2018 Largest age difference on the same team 24 years and 42 days , 1994 , Cameroon ( Rigobert Song : 17 years and 358 days ; Roger Milla : 42 years and 35 days ) Largest age difference on a champion team 21 years and 297 days , 1982 , Italy ( Dino Zoff : 40 years and 133 days ; Giuseppe Bergomi : 18 years and 201 days ) Oldest average age of all the players summoned to a World Cup Almost 28 years old , 2018 Longest period between World Cup finals appearances as a player 15 years and 363 days , Faryd Mondragón ( Colombia , 1998 -- 2014 ) Longest span of World Cup finals appearances as a player 16 years , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) ; Elías Figueroa ( Chile , 1966 -- 1982 ) ; Hugo Sánchez ( Mexico , 1978 -- 1994 ) ; Giuseppe Bergomi ( Italy , 1982 -- 1998 ) ; Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) ; Rigobert Song ( Cameroon , 1994 -- 2010 ) ; Faryd Mondragón ( Colombia , 1998 -- 2014 ) ; Samuel Eto'o ( Cameroon , 1998 -- 2014 ) ; Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Longest period between World Cup finals appearances , overall 44 years , Tim ( Brazil , 1938 , as a player ; and Peru , 1982 , as coach ) Goalscoring ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers See also : List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks Most goals scored , overall finals 16 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most goals scored , overall qualifying 39 , Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala , 2002 -- 2016 ) Most goals scored in a tournament 13 , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) Highest goals average in a tournament 2.2 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 11 goals in 5 matches , 1954 ) For a detailed list of top goalscorers in each tournament ( Golden Boot winner ) , see Golden Boot . Most goals scored in a match 5 , Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) , vs Cameroon , 1994 Most goals scored in a lost match 4 , Ernest Wilimowski ( Poland ) , vs Brazil , 1938 Most goals scored in a qualifying match 13 , Archie Thompson ( Australia ) , vs American Samoa , 2002 OFC Group 1 Most goals scored in a final match 3 , Geoff Hurst ( England ) , vs West Germany , 1966 Most goals scored in all final matches 3 , Vavá ( Brazil ) , 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Czechoslovakia in 1962 ; Pelé ( Brazil ) , 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Italy in 1970 ; Geoff Hurst ( England ) , 3 vs West Germany in 1966 and Zinedine Zidane ( France ) , 2 vs Brazil in 1998 & 1 vs Italy in 2006 Scored goal ( s ) in multiple final matches Vavá ( Brazil , 1958 & 1962 ) , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 & 1970 ) , Paul Breitner ( West Germany , 1974 & 1982 ) and Zinedine Zidane ( France , 1998 & 2006 ) . Most matches with at least one goal 11 , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive matches with at least one goal 6 , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) and Jairzinho ( Brazil , 1970 ) Most matches with at least two goals 4 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive matches with at least two goals 4 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) Most hat - tricks 2 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) , Gerd Müller ( West Germany , 1970 ) and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina , 1994 & 1998 ) Most consecutive hat - tricks 2 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) and Gerd Müller ( West Germany , 1970 ) Fastest hat - trick 8 minutes , László Kiss ( Hungary ) , scored at 69 ' , 72 ' and 76 ' , vs El Salvador , 1982 Most goals scored by a substitute in a match 3 , László Kiss ( Hungary ) , vs El Salvador , 1982 Olympic goals ( goals from a corner ) scored in a World Cup 1 , Marcos Coll ( Colombia ) , vs Soviet Union , 1962 Hat - tricks from the penalty spot Never occurred in the final tournament , four times in qualification : Kubilay Türkyilmaz ( Switzerland ) , vs Faroe Islands , 7 October 2000 , 2002 UEFA Group 1 ; Henrik Larsson ( Sweden ) , vs Moldova , 6 June 2001 , 2002 UEFA Group 4 ; Ronaldo ( Brazil ) , vs Argentina , 2 June 2004 , 2006 CONMEBOL ; Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang ( Gabon ) , vs Niger , 15 June 2013 , 2014 CAF Second Round Group E Scoring in every match of a team in a World Cup ( at least three matches ) György Sárosi ( Hungary ) , 5 goals in 4 matches ( 1938 ) , Arne Nyberg ( Sweden ) , 3 goals in 3 matches ( 1938 ) , Alcides Ghiggia ( Uruguay ) , 4 goals in 4 matches ( 1950 ) , Just Fontaine ( France ) , 13 goals in 6 matches ( 1958 ) , Omar Oreste Corbatta ( Argentina ) , 3 goals in 3 matches ( 1958 ) , Ferenc Bene ( Hungary ) , 4 goals in 4 matches ( 1966 ) , Jairzinho ( Brazil ) , 7 goals in 6 matches ( 1970 ) , Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru ) , 5 goals in 4 matches ( 1970 ) , James Rodríguez ( Colombia ) , 6 goals in 5 matches ( 2014 ) Most tournaments with at least one goal 4 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 -- 1970 ) , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 1958 -- 1970 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) and Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments with at least two goals 4 , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 1958 -- 1970 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most tournaments with at least three goals 3 , Jürgen Klinsmann ( Germany , 1990 -- 1998 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most tournaments with at least four goals 3 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most tournaments with at least five goals 2 , Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru , 1970 , 1978 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , ( 2002 -- 2006 ) and Thomas Müller ( Germany , 2010 -- 2014 ) Most qualification tournaments with at least one goal 5 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) and Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala , 2002 -- 2018 ) Longest period between a player 's first and last goals 12 years , 1 month and 7 days ; Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 1 June 2002 -- 8 July 2014 ) Longest period between a player 's first and last goals overall 12 years , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 8 June 1958 -- 14 June 1970 ) , Pelé ( Brazil , 19 June 1958 -- 21 June 1970 ) , Diego Maradona ( Argentina , 18 June 1982 -- 21 June 1994 ) , Michael Laudrup ( Denmark , 8 June 1986 -- 24 June 1998 ) , Henrik Larsson ( Sweden , 16 July 1994 -- 20 June 2006 ) , Sami Al - Jaber ( Saudi Arabia , 25 June 1994 -- 14 June 2006 ) , Cuauhtémoc Blanco ( Mexico , 20 June 1998 -- 17 June 2010 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 1 June 2002 -- 8 July 2014 ) , Ivica Olić ( Croatia , 8 June 2002 -- 18 June 2014 ) , Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal , 17 June 2006 -- 20 June 2018 ) and Lionel Messi ( Argentina 16 June 2006 -- 26 June 2018 ) Longest period between one goal and another 12 years , Michael Laudrup ( Denmark , 1986 -- 1998 ) and Ivica Olić ( Croatia , 2002 -- 2014 ) First goalscorer Lucien Laurent ( France ) , vs Mexico , 13 July 1930 Youngest goalscorer 17 years , 239 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Wales , 19 June 1958 Youngest hat - trick scorer 17 years , 244 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs France , 24 June 1958 Youngest goalscorer , final 17 years , 249 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Sweden , 29 June 1958 Oldest goalscorer 42 years , 39 days , Roger Milla ( Cameroon ) , vs Russia , 28 June 1994 Oldest hat - trick scorer 33 years , 130 days , Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal ) , vs Spain , 15 June 2018 Oldest goalscorer , final 35 years , 264 days , Nils Liedholm ( Sweden ) , vs Brazil , 29 June 1958 Only player to score in his teens , his twenties and his thirties Lionel Messi Argentina ( 2006 , 2014 , and 2018 ) Most penalties scored ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 4 , Eusébio ( Portugal , 4 in 1966 ) , Rob Rensenbrink ( Netherlands , 4 in 1978 ) -- both records for one tournament -- and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina , 2 each in 1994 and 1998 ) Most penalties missed ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Asamoah Gyan ( Ghana ) , vs Czech Republic , 2006 and vs Uruguay , 2010 First substitute winning goalscorer , final Came on 86th minute , Mario Götze ( Germany ) , vs Argentina , 2014 Fastest goal from kickoff 11 seconds , Hakan Şükür ( Turkey ) , vs South Korea , 2002 Fastest goal by a substitute 16 seconds , Ebbe Sand ( Denmark ) , vs Nigeria , 1998 Fastest goal in a final 90 seconds , Johan Neeskens ( Netherlands ) , vs West Germany , 1974 final Fastest goal in a qualifying match 8.1 seconds , Christian Benteke ( Belgium ) , vs Gibraltar , 2018 UEFA Group H Fastest brace scored 69 seconds , Toni Kroos ( Germany ) , vs Brazil , 2014 Latest goal in regular time 97th minute , Neymar ( Brazil ) , vs Costa Rica , 2018 Latest goal from kickoff 121st minute , Alessandro Del Piero ( Italy ) , vs Germany , 2006 and Abdelmoumene Djabou ( Algeria ) , vs Germany , 2014 Latest goal from kickoff in a final 120th minute , Geoff Hurst ( England ) , vs Germany , 1966 ( see `` They think it 's all over '' ) Latest goal from kickoff , with no goals scored between 119th minute , David Platt ( England ) , vs Belgium , 1990 and Fabio Grosso ( Italy ) , vs Germany , 2006 Latest goal from kickoff in a final , with no goals scored between 116th minute , Andrés Iniesta ( Spain ) , vs Netherlands , 2010 Most participations in different World Cup penalty shoot - outs 3 times , Roberto Baggio Italy ( 1990 , converted , 1994 , missed , and 1998 , converted ) Own goals ( edit ) Main article : List of FIFA World Cup own goals Assisting ( edit ) Most assists provided , overall finals 10 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 - 1970 ) Most assists provided in a tournament 7 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1970 ) Most assists provided in finals 3 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 and 1970 ) Most tournaments with at least one assist 4 , Lionel Messi ( Argentina , 2006 - 2018 ) Most consecutive tournaments with at least one assist 4 , Lionel Messi ( Argentina , 2006 - 2018 ) Penalties ( edit ) By team ( edit ) Most awarded 18 , Spain Most converted 15 , Spain Most missed or saved 4 , Brazil By tournament ( edit ) Most awarded 29 , 2018 Most converted 22 , 2018 Most missed or saved 7 , 2018 Penalty shoot - outs ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA World Cup penalty shoot - outs By team ( edit ) Most played 5 , Argentina ( 1990 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Most played in one tournament 2 , Argentina ( 1990 ) , Spain ( 2002 ) , Costa Rica and Netherlands ( 2014 ) , Croatia and Russia ( 2018 ) Most won 4 , Germany ( 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 ) and Argentina ( 1990 , 1990 , 1998 , 2014 ) Most won in one tournament 2 , Argentina ( 1990 ) and Croatia ( 2018 ) Most lost 3 , England ( 1990 , 1998 , 2006 ) , Italy ( 1990 , 1994 , 1998 ) and Spain ( 1986 , 2002 , 2018 ) Most played shoot - out 2 , France vs Italy ( 1998 , 2006 ) By tournament ( edit ) Most played 4 , 1990 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 Fewest played ( since the introduction in 1978 ) 0 , 1978 Extra time ( edit ) See also : Extra time By team ( edit ) Most played 11 , Germany ( 1938 , 1966 , 1970 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2006 , 2014 , 2014 ) and Italy ( 1934 , 1934 , 1938 , 1970 , 1990 , 1994 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2006 ) Most tournaments playing extra time 8 , Germany ( 1938 , 1966 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2014 ) and Italy ( 1934 , 1938 , 1970 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 ) Most consecutive tournaments playing extra time 5 , Italy ( 1990 -- 2006 ) Most played in one tournament 3 , Belgium ( 1986 ) , England ( 1990 ) , Argentina ( 2014 ) and Croatia ( 2018 ) Most consecutive played in one tournament 3 , England ( 1990 ) and Croatia ( 2018 ) Most won ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 5 , Italy ( 1934 , 1938 , 1970 , 1994 , 2006 ) Most lost ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 3 , Germany ( 1966 , 1970 , 2006 ) Most won in one tournament ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 2 , England ( 1990 ) and Germany ( 2014 ) Most consecutive won in one tournament ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 2 , England ( 1990 ) Most played match 3 , England vs Germany ( 1966 , 1970 , 1990 ) Most consecutive played match 2 , England vs Germany ( 1966 -- 1970 ) By tournament ( edit ) Most played 8 , 1990 , 2014 Most played , not ending in replays or shoot - outs 4 , 1990 , 2014 Most played ending in replays 3 , 1938 Most played ending in shoot - outs 4 , 1990 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 Most played ending in a golden goal ( sudden death ) 3 , 2002 Fewest played 0 , 1930 , 1950 , 1962 , 1974 Tiebreakers ( edit ) See also : Tiebreaker Cases when replays were used 1934 Quarter - finals -- To determine who advances to the semi-finals ( Italy vs Spain ) 1938 Round of 16 -- To determine who advances to the quarter - finals ( Switzerland vs Germany ) and ( Cuba vs Romania ) 1938 Quarter - finals -- To determine who advances to the semi-finals ( Brazil vs Czechoslovakia ) Cases when play - offs were used 1954 Group stage -- To determine second place in Group 2 ( West Germany vs Turkey ) and Group 4 ( Switzerland vs Italy ) 1958 Group stage -- To determine second place in Group 1 ( Northern Ireland vs Czechoslovakia ) , Group 3 ( Wales vs Hungary ) and Group 4 ( Soviet Union vs England ) Cases when drawing of lots was used 1954 Group stage -- To determine first place in Group 1 ( Brazil ahead of Yugoslavia ) and Group 3 ( Uruguay ahead of Austria ) 1990 Group stage -- To determine second place ( Republic of Ireland ) and third place ( Netherlands ) in Group F Cases when fair play was used 2018 Group stage -- To determine second place in Group H ( Japan qualified over Senegal due to having received fewer yellow cards ) Goalkeeping ( edit ) Most clean sheets ( matches without conceding ) 10 , Peter Shilton ( England , 1982 -- 1990 ) and Fabien Barthez ( France , 1998 -- 2006 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal ( finals ) 517 mins ( 5 consecutive clean sheets ) , Walter Zenga ( Italy , 1990 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal ( qualifying ) 921 mins ( 9 consecutive clean sheets ) , Richard Wilson ( New Zealand , 1982 ) Most goals conceded 25 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico ) and Mohamed Al - Deayea ( Saudi Arabia ) Most goals conceded , one tournament 16 , Hong Duk - Yung ( South Korea ) , 1954 Most goals conceded , one match 10 , Luis Guevara Mora ( El Salvador ) , 1982 ( vs Hungary ) Fewest goals conceded , one tournament , champions 2 , Fabien Barthez ( France ) , 1998 , Gianluigi Buffon ( Italy , 2006 ) and Iker Casillas ( Spain , 2010 ) Fewest goals conceded , one tournament 0 , Pascal Zuberbühler ( Switzerland ) , 2006 Fewest goals conceded , penalty shoot - outs , one match 0 , Oleksandr Shovkovskiy ( Ukraine ) , vs Switzerland , 2006 Most penalties saved , one tournament ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Jan Tomaszewski ( Poland ) , 1974 and Brad Friedel ( United States ) , 2002 Most penalties saved overall ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Jan Tomaszewski ( Poland , both in 1974 ) , Brad Friedel ( United States , both in 2002 ) , and Iker Casillas ( Spain , 1 in 2002 and 1 in 2010 ) Most penalties saved in one penalty shoot - out 3 , Ricardo ( Portugal ) , vs England , 2006 and Danijel Subašić ( Croatia ) , vs Denmark , 2018 Most penalties saved overall in penalty shoot - outs 4 , Harald Schumacher ( Germany , 2 vs France in 1982 and 2 vs Mexico in 1986 ) , Sergio Goycochea ( Argentina , 2 vs Yugoslavia in 1990 and 2 vs Italy in 1990 ) , and Danijel Subašić ( Croatia , 3 vs Denmark , 2018 and 1 vs Russia , 2018 ) Youngest goalkeeper 19 years , 191 days , Lee Chang - myung ( North Korea ) , vs Soviet Union , 12 July 1966 Youngest goalkeeper to save a penalty ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 21 years , 27 days , Iker Casillas ( Spain ) , vs Republic of Ireland , 16 June 2002 Youngest goalkeeper to save a penalty in a shoot - out 21 years , 27 days , Iker Casillas ( Spain ) , vs Republic of Ireland , 16 June 2002 Oldest goalkeeper 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest goalkeeper to save a penalty ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest goalkeeper to save a penalty in a shoot - out 36 years , 232 days , Jens Lehmann ( Germany ) , vs Argentina , 30 June 2006 Coaching ( edit ) Most matches coached 25 , Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) Most matches won 16 , Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) Most tournaments won 2 , Vittorio Pozzo ( Italy , 1934 -- 1938 ) Most tournaments 6 , Carlos Alberto Parreira ( 1982 , 1990 -- 1998 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most nations coached 5 , Bora Milutinović ( Mexico , 1986 ; Costa Rica , 1990 ; United States , 1994 ; Nigeria , 1998 ; China PR , 2002 ) , and Carlos Alberto Parreira ( Kuwait , 1982 ; United Arab Emirates , 1990 ; Brazil , 1994 and 2006 ; Saudi Arabia , 1998 , South Africa , 2010 ) Most consecutive tournaments with same team 4 , Walter Winterbottom ( England , 1950 -- 1962 ) ; Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) ( note that Sepp Herberger took Germany / West Germany to four tournaments , ( 1938 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 ) omitting the 1950 competition from which Germany was banned ) Most consecutive wins 11 , Luiz Felipe Scolari ( Brazil , 2002 , 7 wins ; Portugal , 2006 , 4 wins -- Portugal `` won '' its next match , the quarter - final against England , by penalty shoot - out , which technically counts as a draw ) Most consecutive matches without a loss 12 , Luiz Felipe Scolari ( Brazil , 2002 , 7 matches ; Portugal , 2006 , 5 matches ) Youngest coach 27 years , 267 days , Juan José Tramutola ( Argentina , 1930 ) Youngest coach , champions 31 years , 252 days , Alberto Suppici ( Uruguay , 1930 ) Oldest coach 71 years , 317 days , Otto Rehhagel ( Greece , 2010 ) Oldest coach , champions 59 years , 200 days , Vicente del Bosque ( Spain , 2010 ) Quickest substitution made 4th minute , Cesare Maldini , Giuseppe Bergomi for Alessandro Nesta ( Italy , vs Austria , 1998 ) ; Sven - Göran Eriksson , Peter Crouch for Michael Owen ( England , vs Sweden , 2006 ) Most championship wins as player and head coach 3 , Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 as coach ) Most tournament appearances as player and head coach 5 , Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 , 1974 & 1998 as coach ) ; Franz Beckenbauer , West Germany ( 1966 -- 1974 as player , 1986 & 1990 as coach ) ; Berti Vogts , West Germany ( 1970 -- 1978 as player , 1994 & 1998 as coach ) ; Diego Maradona , Argentina ( 1982 -- 1994 as player , 2010 as coach ) Won tournaments as both player and head coach Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 as coach ) , Franz Beckenbauer , West Germany ( 1974 as player , 1990 as coach ) and Didier Deschamps , France ( 1998 as player , 2018 as coach ) First World Cup player to coach a team in a World Cup Milorad Arsenijević , Serbia ( 1930 as player , 1950 as coach , both times for Yugoslavia ) Won tournament as a foreign head coach No foreign coach has won a tournament ( all winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached ) Best finish for a foreign head coach Runners - up , George Raynor ( England , coached Sweden in 1958 ) and Ernst Happel ( Austria , coached Netherlands in 1978 ) Refereeing ( edit ) Most tournaments 3 -- John Langenus ( Belgium , 1930 -- 1938 ) , Ivan Eklind ( Sweden , 1934 -- 1950 ) , Benjamin Griffiths ( Wales , 1950 -- 1958 ) , Arthur Ellis ( England , 1950 -- 1958 ) , Juan Gardeazábal ( Spain , 1958 -- 1966 ) , Jamal Al Sharif ( Syria , 1986 -- 1994 ) , Joël Quiniou ( France , 1986 -- 1994 ) , Ali Mohamed Bujsaim ( United Arab Emirates , 1994 -- 2002 ) , Óscar Ruiz ( Colombia , 2002 -- 2010 ) , Carlos Eugênio Simon ( Brazil , 2002 -- 2010 ) , Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico , 2006 -- 2014 ) , Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador , 2010 -- 2018 ) , Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 -- 2018 ) Most matches refereed , overall 11 -- Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 -- 2018 ) Most matches refereed , one tournament 5 -- Benito Archundia ( Mexico , 2006 ) , Horacio Elizondo ( Argentina , 2006 ) , Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 ) and Néstor Pitana ( Argentina , 2018 ) Youngest referee 24 years and 193 days -- Juan Gardeazábal ( Spain , 1958 ) Oldest referee 53 years and 236 days -- George Reader ( England , 1950 ) Discipline ( edit ) Note : There are no official records for cautions issued in tournaments before the introduction of yellow cards in 1970 . Fastest caution 11 seconds , Jesús Gallardo ( Mexico ) , vs Sweden , 2018 Fastest sending off 56 seconds , José Batista ( Uruguay ) , vs Scotland , 1986 Fastest sending off , qualification 37 seconds , Rashed Al Hooti ( Bahrain ) , vs Iran , 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification Latest caution during penalty shoot - out : Edinho ( Brazil ) , vs France 1986 ; Carlos Roa ( Argentina ) , vs England , 1998 Latest sending off after penalty shoot - out : Leandro Cufré ( Argentina ) , vs Germany , 2006 ( Cufré was red carded for kicking Per Mertesacker in an altercation following the match ) Sent off from the bench Claudio Caniggia ( Argentina ) , vs Sweden , 2002 Most cards ( all - time , player ) 7 , Javier Mascherano ( Argentina , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most cautions ( all - time , player ) 7 , Javier Mascherano ( Argentina , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most sendings off ( all - time , player ) 2 , Rigobert Song ( Cameroon , 1994 and 1998 ) and Zinedine Zidane ( France , 1998 and 2006 ) Most sendings off ( tournament ) 28 ( in 64 games ) , 2006 Most sendings off ( all - time , team ) 11 ( in 97 games ) , Brazil Most sendings off ( match , both teams ) 4 ( 2 each ) in Portugal vs Netherlands , 2006 ( also known as Battle of Nuremberg ) Most sendings off ( final match ) 2 , Pedro Monzón & Gustavo Dezotti ( both Argentina ) , v West Germany , 1990 Most cautions ( tournament ) 345 ( in 64 matches ) , 2006 Most cautions ( all - time , team ) 88 ( in 64 games until 2006 ) , Argentina Most cautions ( match , one team ) 9 , Portugal , 2006 , vs Netherlands & Netherlands , 2010 , vs Spain Most cautions ( match , both teams ) 16 -- Portugal vs Netherlands , June 25 , 2006 ; and Cameroon v Germany , June 11 , 2002 Most cautions ( match , player ) 3 ( 61 ' , 90 ' , 93 ' ) Josip Šimunić ( Croatia ) , vs Australia , 2006 ( referee : Graham Poll ) Most cautions ( final match , both teams ) 14 , 5 ( Spain ) and 9 ( Netherlands ) 2010 Most suspensions ( tournament , player ) 2 , André Kana - Biyik ( Cameroon 1990 ) Suspension ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases 15 months , Diego Maradona ( Argentina vs Nigeria , 1994 ) misconduct 10 matches , Josip Šimunić ( Croatia vs Iceland , 2013 ) for shouting fascist Ustaše salute after the game . 9 matches , Luis Suárez ( Uruguay vs Italy , 2014 ) for biting Giorgio Chiellini 1 year , Ndaye Mulamba ( Zaire vs Yugoslavia , 1974 ) for kicking the referee 1 year , Samir Shaker ( Iraq vs Belgium , 1986 ) for spitting at the referee Fair Play Violation Life ( amnestied after 12 years ) : Roberto Rojas ( Chile vs Brazil , 1989 ) for feigning injury from a firecracker , leading to a match being abandoned . none Fine ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases misconduct ( Have other sanction ) CHF 30,000 , Josip Šimunić ( Croatia vs Iceland , 2013 ) for shouting fascist Ustaše salute after the game . ( Only fined ) CHF 50,000 , Croatia ( Kosovo vs Croatia , 2016 ) for anti-Serbia chants by fans . ( Have other sanction ) CHF 100,000 , Luis Suárez ( Uruguay vs Italy , 2014 ) for biting Giorgio Chiellini ( Only fined ) CHF 10,000 , Xherdan Shaqiri and Granit Xhaka ( Serbia vs Switzerland , 2018 ) both for celebrated their goals by making double - headed eagle gesture with their hands . Fair Play Violation none none Other none none Other sanction ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases none misconduct Empty stadium , many cases none Fair Play Violation Chile banned from the qualifiers for the 1994 FIFA World Cup none Other none none Teams : Matches played / goals scored ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Most matches played 109 , Germany , Brazil Fewest matches played 1 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Most wins 73 , Brazil Most losses 27 , Mexico Most draws 21 , Italy , England Most points 237 , Brazil Most average points / match 2.17 , Brazil Most matches played without a point ( win or a draw ) 6 , El Salvador Most matches played without a win 9 , Honduras Most matches played until first win 17 , Bulgaria Most goals scored 229 , Brazil Most goalscorers 80 , Brazil Most goals conceded 125 , Germany Fewest goals scored 0 , Canada , China PR , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) , Trinidad and Tobago and DR Congo ( as Zaire ) Fewest goals conceded 2 , Angola Best goal difference + 124 , Brazil Worst goal difference -- 38 , Mexico Most matches played without scoring a goal 3 , Canada , China PR , Trinidad and Tobago and DR Congo ( as Zaire ) Most matches played always conceding a goal 6 , El Salvador Highest average of goals scored per match 2.72 , Hungary ( 87 goals in 32 matches ) Lowest average of goals conceded per match 0.67 , Angola ( 2 goals in 3 matches ) Highest average of goals conceded per match 6 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Lowest average of goals both scored and conceded per match 1 , Angola Highest average of goals both scored and conceded per match 6 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Most meetings between two teams 7 times , Brazil vs Sweden ( 1938 , 1950 , 1958 , 1978 , 1990 and twice in 1994 ) , Germany vs Yugoslavia / Serbia ( 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1974 , 1990 , 1998 and 2010 ) and Argentina vs Germany ( 1958 , 1966 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 ) Most consecutive meetings between two teams 5 times , Italy vs Argentina ( 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) Most meetings between two teams , final match 3 times , Argentina vs Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Most consecutive meetings between two teams , final match 2 times , Argentina vs Germany ( 1986 -- 1990 ) Most knockout wins 35 , Germany Most knockout losses 14 , Germany Most tournaments unbeaten 7 , Brazil ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most tournaments eliminated without having lost a match 3 , England ( 1982 , 1990 , 2006 ) Most tournaments eliminated without having won a match 6 , Mexico ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1978 ) and Bulgaria ( 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1986 , 1998 ) In one tournament ( edit ) Most wins 7 , Brazil , 2002 Fewest wins , champions 3 , Uruguay , 1950 ( out of 4 ) Most matches not won , champions 3 , Italy , 1982 ( out of 7 ) Most wins by non-champion ( excluding third - place playoff ) 6 , Netherlands , 2010 Most matches not won 5 , Yugoslavia , 1974 ; Argentina , 1974 ; West Germany , 1978 ; Belgium , 1986 ; Republic of Ireland , 1990 ; Argentina , 1990 Most matches not won in regulation time 6 , Belgium in 1986 and England in 1990 Most losses 3 ( 28 teams , of which only Mexico has accomplished this feat at three different tournaments : 1930 , 1950 , and 1978 ) Most losses , champions 1 , Germany , 1954 and 1974 ; Argentina , 1978 ; Spain , 2010 Most victories over former World Cup winning teams 3 , Brazil , 1970 ; Italy , 1982 ; Argentina , 1986 ; Germany , 2010 and 2014 Most matches against former World Cup champions and staying unbeaten 4 , Argentina , 1986 Most matches between former World Cup champions 7 , 1970 All matches won without extra time , replays , penalty shoot - outs or playoffs Uruguay in 1930 ( 4 matches ) , Brazil in 1970 ( 6 matches ) , and Brazil in 2002 ( 7 matches ) Highest finish without winning a match Quarter - finals , Republic of Ireland ( 1990 ) Highest finish , winning at most one match Fourth , Sweden ( 1938 ) Most goals scored 27 , Hungary , 1954 Fewest goals conceded 0 , Switzerland , 2006 Most goals conceded 16 , South Korea , 1954 Most matches gone into extra time 3 , Belgium , 1986 ; England , 1990 ; Argentina , 2014 ; Croatia , 2018 Most minutes without conceding a goal 517 mins , Italy , 1990 Highest goal difference + 17 , Hungary , 1954 Highest goal difference , champions + 14 , Brazil , 2002 ; Germany , 2014 Lowest goal difference − 16 , South Korea , 1954 Lowest goal difference , champions + 6 , Italy , 1938 and 1982 ; Spain , 2010 Highest average of goals scored per match 5.40 , Hungary , 1954 ; Highest average goal difference per match + 3.2 , Hungary , 1954 Highest average goal difference per match , champions + 3.0 , Uruguay , 1930 Most goals scored , champions 25 , West Germany , 1954 Fewest goals scored , champions 8 , Spain , 2010 Fewest goals scored , finalists 5 , Argentina , 1990 Fewest goals conceded , champions 2 , France , 1998 ; Italy , 2006 ; Spain , 2010 Most goals conceded , champions 14 , West Germany , 1954 Lowest average of goals scored per match , champions 1.14 , Spain , 2010 Most unbeaten teams 5 , 2006 ( Switzerland , Argentina , England , France , Italy ) Fewest unbeaten teams 0 , 1954 Most matches to qualify for World Cup finals 22 , Australia ( 2018 ) Longest distance travelled in a single qualifying campaign 155,000 miles : Australia ( 2018 ) Most brothers in the same team in the finals 3 , Honduras ( Johnny Palacios , Jerry Palacios , Wilson Palacios , 2010 ) Teams : overall performance ( winning percentage ) ( edit ) In one tournament ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Uruguay ( 1930 ) 0 0 100 15 + 12 + 3.0 3.8 Brazil ( 1970 ) 6 6 0 0 100 19 7 + 12 + 2.0 3.2 Brazil ( 2002 ) 7 7 0 0 100 18 + 14 + 2.0 2.6 Italy ( 1938 ) 4 * 0 0 100 11 5 + 6 + 1.5 2.8 * one of the wins was after extra time Worst overall performance Because a large number of teams have had lost all their matches in a world cup , only teams with a goal difference / match < = − 4.0 are included . Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M South Korea ( 1954 ) 0 0 0 0 16 − 16 − 8.0 0.0 Bolivia ( 1950 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 8.0 0.0 Dutch East Indies ( 1938 ) 0 0 0 0 6 − 6 − 6.0 0.0 United States ( 1934 ) 0 0 0 7 − 6 − 6.0 1.0 Zaire ( 1974 ) 0 0 0 0 14 − 14 − 4.7 0.0 Saudi Arabia ( 2002 ) 0 0 0 0 12 − 12 − 4.0 0.0 Bolivia ( 1930 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 4.0 0.0 Scotland ( 1954 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 4.0 0.0 El Salvador ( 1982 ) 0 0 0 13 − 12 − 4.0 0.3 Haiti ( 1974 ) 0 0 0 14 − 12 − 4.0 0.7 Host team ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Uruguay ( 1930 ) 0 0 100 15 + 12 + 3.0 3.8 Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M South Africa ( 2010 ) 33 5 − 2 − 0.7 1.0 Defending champion ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1938 ) 4 * 0 0 100 11 5 + 6 + 1.5 2.8 * one of the wins was after extra time Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M France ( 2002 ) 0 0 0 − 3 − 1.0 0.0 Champion ( edit ) Best overall performance see all - time best overall performance above Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1982 ) 7 0 79 12 6 + 6 + 0.9 + 1.7 Argentina ( 1978 ) 7 5 * 79 15 + 11 + 1.6 + 2.1 * one of the wins was after extra time Non-champion ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1990 ) 7 6 0 86 10 + 8 + 1.1 + 1.4 Worst overall performance see all - time worst overall performance above Upsets ( edit ) Teams eliminated by penalty shoot - outs are not considered as defeated . Biggest upset in the group stage , per FIFA rankings + 74 -- South Africa ( 2010 ) ranked 83 -- won 2 -- 1 over France ( ranked 9 ) Biggest upset in the knockout stage , per FIFA rankings + 34 -- South Korea ( 2002 ) ranked 40 -- won 2 -- 1 over Italy ( ranked 6 ) Biggest upset of a former champion , per FIFA rankings + 74 -- South Africa ( 2010 ) ranked 83 -- won 2 -- 1 over France ( ranked 9 ) Biggest upset of a defending champion , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Biggest upset of a top ranked team , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Continental Records Biggest upset by an African team , per FIFA rankings + 74 -- South Africa ( 2010 ) ranked 83 -- won 2 -- 1 over France ( ranked 9 ) Biggest upset by an Asian team , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Biggest upset by a European team , per FIFA rankings + 29 -- Slovakia ( 2010 ) ranked 34 -- won 3 -- 2 over Italy ( ranked 5 ) Biggest upset by an Oceanian team , per FIFA rankings + 24 -- Australia ( 2006 ) ranked 42 -- won 3 -- 1 over Japan ( ranked 18 ) Biggest upset by a North American team , per FIFA rankings + 21 -- Costa Rica ( 2014 ) ranked 28 -- won 3 -- 1 over Uruguay ( ranked 7 ) Biggest upset by a South American team , per FIFA rankings + 15 -- Ecuador ( 2002 ) ranked 36 -- won 1 -- 0 over Croatia ( ranked 21 ) Hat - tricks ( edit ) Most hat - tricks in a single World Cup 8 , 1954 Fewest hat - tricks in a single World Cup 0 , 2006 Streaks ( edit ) Most consecutive successful qualification attempts 9 , Spain ( 1986 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive failed qualification attempts 20 , Luxembourg ( 1934 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive wins 11 , Brazil , from 2 -- 1 Turkey ( 2002 ) to 3 -- 0 Ghana ( 2006 ) Most consecutive matches without a loss 13 , Brazil , from 3 -- 0 Austria ( 1958 ) ( group stage ) to 2 -- 0 Bulgaria ( 1966 ) ( group stage ) Most consecutive losses 9 , Mexico , from 1 -- 4 France ( 1930 ) to 0 -- 3 Sweden ( 1958 ) Most consecutive matches without a win 17 , Bulgaria , from 0 -- 1 Argentina ( 1962 ) to 0 -- 3 Nigeria ( 1994 ) Most consecutive draws 5 , Belgium , from 0 -- 0 Netherlands ( 1998 ) to 1 -- 1 Tunisia ( 2002 ) Most consecutive matches without a draw 16 , Portugal , from 3 -- 1 Hungary ( 1966 ) to 1 -- 0 Netherlands ( 2006 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least one goal 18 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 1958 ) and Germany ( 1934 -- 1958 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least two goals 11 , Uruguay ( 1930 -- 1954 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least three / four goals 4 , Uruguay ( 1930 -- 1950 ) and Hungary ( 1954 ) ( four goals ) ; also Portugal ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1970 ) , Brazil ( 1970 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least six / eight goals 2 , Hungary ( 1954 ) ( eight goals ) ; also Brazil ( 1950 ) ( six goals ) Most consecutive matches without scoring a goal 5 , Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 and 1994 ) , Algeria ( 1986 and 2010 ) , and Honduras ( 1982 and 2010 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal ( clean sheets ) 5 , Italy ( 1990 ) and Switzerland ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal 559 , Switzerland ( 1994 , 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least one goal 22 , Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1994 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least two goals 9 , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1958 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least three goals 5 , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1950 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least four goals 3 , Bolivia ( 1930 -- 1950 ) , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1950 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least five / six / seven goals 2 , South Korea ( 1954 ) ( seven goals ) ; also United States ( 1930 -- 1934 ) ( six goals ) ; also Austria ( 1954 ) ( five goals ) Team ( edit ) Biggest margin of victory 9 , Hungary 9 -- 0 South Korea , 1954 ; Yugoslavia 9 -- 0 Zaire , 1974 and Hungary 10 -- 1 El Salvador , 1982 Biggest margin of victory , qualifying match 31 , Australia 31 -- 0 American Samoa , April 11 , 2001 , 2002 OFC Group 1 Most goals scored in a match , one team 10 , Hungary 10 -- 1 El Salvador , 1982 Most goals scored in a match , both teams 12 , Austria 7 -- 5 Switzerland , 1954 Highest scoring draw 4 -- 4 , England vs Belgium ( a.e.t. ) , 1954 , and Soviet Union vs Colombia , 1962 Largest deficit overcome in a win 3 goals , Austria , 1954 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to win 7 -- 5 vs Switzerland ) and Portugal , 1966 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to win 5 -- 3 vs North Korea ) Largest deficit overcome in a draw 3 goals , Colombia , 1962 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to draw 4 -- 4 vs Soviet Union ) and Uruguay , 2002 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to draw 3 -- 3 vs Senegal ) Most goals scored in extra time , both teams 5 , Italy 3 -- 2 West Germany , 1970 Most goals scored in a final , one team 5 , Brazil , 1958 Most goals scored in a final , both teams 7 , Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden , 1958 Fewest goals scored in a final , both teams 0 , Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy , 1994 Biggest margin of victory in a final 3 , Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden , 1958 ; Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy , 1970 , and France 3 -- 0 Brazil , 1998 Largest deficit overcome in a win in a final 2 , West Germany , 1954 ( coming from 0 -- 2 down to win 3 -- 2 vs Hungary ) Most goals in a tournament , one team 27 , Hungary , 1954 Most individual goalscorers for one team , one match 7 , Yugoslavia , vs Zaire , 1974 ( Dušan Bajević , Dragan Džajić , Ivica Šurjak , Josip Katalinski , Vladislav Bogićević , Branko Oblak , Ilija Petković ) Most individual goalscorers for one team , one tournament 11 , incl . an own goal by an opponent , Belgium , 2018 ( Michy Batshuayi , Nacer Chadli , Kevin De Bruyne , Marouane Fellaini , Eden Hazard , Adnan Januzaj , Romelu Lukaku , Dries Mertens , Thomas Meunier , Jan Vertonghen , and an own goal by Brazil 's Fernandinho ) Largest goal difference improvement in consecutive matches + 10 : Turkey ( 1954 ) -- lost 1 -- 4 to West Germany , then won 7 -- 0 over South Korea ; and West Germany ( 1954 ) -- lost 3 -- 8 to Hungary , then won 7 -- 2 over Turkey Largest goal difference worsening in consecutive matches − 12 : Sweden ( 1938 ) -- won 8 -- 0 over Cuba , then lost 1 -- 5 to Hungary ; Turkey ( 1954 ) -- won 7 -- 0 over South Korea , then lost 2 -- 7 to West Germany ; Hungary ( 1982 ) -- won 10 -- 1 over El Salvador , then lost 1 -- 4 to Argentina Tournament ( edit ) Most goals scored in a tournament 171 goals , 1998 and 2014 Fewest goals scored in a tournament 70 goals , 1930 and 1934 Most goals per match in a tournament 5.38 goals per match , 1954 Fewest goals per match in a tournament 2.21 goals per match , 1990 Most matches without a scoreless draw 63 matches , 2018 Most consecutive matches without a scoreless draw 36 matches , 2018 Most knockout matches without a scoreless draw 15 matches , 2018 Most scorers in a tournament 122 , 2018 Most players scoring at least two goals in a tournament 37 , 1998 Most players scoring at least three goals in a tournament 21 , 1954 Most players scoring at least four goals in a tournament 11 , 1954 Most players scoring at least five goals in a tournament 6 , 1994 - Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgaria ) , Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) , Romário ( Brazil ) , Jürgen Klinsmann ( Germany ) , Roberto Baggio ( Italy ) and Kennet Andersson ( Sweden ) Most players scoring at least six goals in a tournament 4 , 1954 - Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary ) , Erich Probst ( Austria ) , Max Morlock ( West Germany ) and Josef Hügi ( Switzerland ) Most players scoring at least seven goals in a tournament 2 , 1970 - Gerd Müller ( West Germany ) and Jairzinho ( Brazil ) Longest distance covered by a player in a tournament 84km , 2014 - Thomas Müller ( Germany ) Top scoring teams by tournament ( edit ) 1930 : Argentina , 18 goals 1934 : Italy , 12 goals 1938 : Hungary , 15 goals 1950 : Brazil , 22 goals 1954 : Hungary , 27 goals 1958 : France , 23 goals 1962 : Brazil , 14 goals 1966 : Portugal , 17 goals 1970 : Brazil , 19 goals 1974 : Poland , 16 goals 1978 : Argentina & Netherlands , 15 goals each 1982 : France , 16 goals 1986 : Argentina , 14 goals 1990 : West Germany , 15 goals 1994 : Sweden , 15 goals 1998 : France , 15 goals 2002 : Brazil , 18 goals 2006 : Germany , 14 goals 2010 : Germany , 16 goals 2014 : Germany , 18 goals 2018 : Belgium , 16 goals Teams listed in bold won the tournament . Fewer than half of all World Cup tournaments have been won by the highest scoring team . Goal scoring by tournament ( edit ) 1930 : 70 goals in 18 matches ( 15 group matches , 3 knockout matches ) . 3.89 goals per game ( gpg ) 1934 : 70 goals in 17 matches ( 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 1 replay ) . 4.67 gpg 1938 : 84 goals in 18 matches ( 14 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 3 replays ) . 3.56 gpg 1950 : 88 goals in 22 matches ( 22 group matches ) . 4 gpg 1954 : 140 goals in 26 matches ( 16 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 2 progress play - offs ) . 5.38 gpg 1958 : 126 goals in 35 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 3 progress play - offs ) . 3.6 gpg 1962 : 89 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.78 gpg 1966 : 89 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.78 gpg 1970 : 95 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) 3.96 gpg 1974 : 97 goals in 38 matches ( 36 group matches , 1 final , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.55 gpg 1978 : 102 goals in 38 matches ( 36 group matches , 1 final , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.68 gpg 1982 : 146 goals in 52 matches ( 48 group matches , 3 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.81 gpg 1986 : 132 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.54 gpg 1990 : 115 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.21 gpg 1994 : 141 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.71 gpg 1998 : 171 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.67 gpg 2002 : 161 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.52 gpg 2006 : 147 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.3 gpg 2010 : 145 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.27 gpg 2014 : 171 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.67 gpg 2018 : 169 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.64 gpg Host records ( edit ) Most times hosted 2 , Mexico , 1970 and 1986 ; Italy , 1934 and 1990 ; France , 1938 and 1998 ; Germany , 1974 and 2006 ; Brazil , 1950 and 2014 Most times hosted , continent 11 , Europe ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2018 ) Best performance by host Winners , 6 times : Uruguay , 1930 ; Italy , 1934 ; England , 1966 ; West Germany , 1974 ; Argentina , 1978 ; France , 1998 Worst performance by host South Africa in 2010 became the first host to be eliminated in the first round Two other hosts : United States in 1994 and Spain in 1982 both reached the second round but finished with a worse overall W -- D -- L record than South Africa 's , 1 -- 1 -- 1 . However , South Africa had a worse goal difference of − 2 and both United States and Spain finished the first round with a goal difference of 0 . Had its best performance as hosts Champions : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , England ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1974 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) , France ( 1998 ) Runners - up : Sweden ( 1958 ) Third place : Chile ( 1962 ) Fourth place : South Korea ( 2002 ) Quarter - finals : Switzerland ( 1954 ) , Mexico ( 1970 , 1986 ) , Russia ( 2018 ) Round of 16 : Japan ( 2002 ) Group stage of 32 : South Africa ( 2010 ) Stadium to host most World Cup matches Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico , 19 ( 10 in 1970 and 9 in 1986 ) Most times a stadium hosted a World Cup final 2 , Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico ( 1970 and 1986 ) and Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1950 and 2014 ) City to host most World Cup matches Mexico City , Mexico , 23 ( 19 at Estadio Azteca and 4 at Estadio Olimpico Universitario ) Most times a city hosted a World Cup final 2 , Mexico City , Mexico ( 1970 and 1986 ) ; Rome , Italy ( 1934 and 1990 ) ; Paris , France ( 1938 and 1998 ) ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1950 and 2014 ) Attendance ( edit ) Final 114,600 , Argentina v West Germany , 29 June 1986 , Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico , 1986 Decisive match 199,854 , Uruguay v Brazil , 16 July 1950 , Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , 1950 Lowest match attendance in a World Cup tournament 300 , Romania vs Peru , 14 July 1930 , Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo , Uruguay , 1930 Highest match attendance in a World Cup qualifying match 162,764 , Brazil vs Colombia , 9 March 1977 , Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , 1978 CONMEBOL Group 1 Lowest match attendance in a World Cup qualifying match 0 , Costa Rica vs Panama , 26 March 2005 , Estadio Ricardo Saprissa , San Juan de Tibás , San José , Costa Rica , 2006 CONCACAF Final Group Highest average of attendance per match 68,991 , 1994 Highest attendance ( tournament ) 3,570,000 , 1994 Lowest average of attendance per match 23,235 , 1934 Lowest attendance ( tournament ) 390,000 , 1934 Others ( edit ) Most players provided by a club overall 128 , Juventus Most players provided by a football association overall 1022 , Premier League Most players provided by a club for champions squads overall 24 , Juventus Most players provided by a club 16 , Seoul Army Club ( 1954 ) , Manchester City ( 2018 ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used to determine 5th - 8th places . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then Brazil 's 1930 and 1982 results drop out and the leader is Germany with 17 ( every tournament except 1930 , 1938 , 1950 and 2018 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then England still has the most 5th - 8th - place finishes ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then Mexico still has the most 9th - 16th - place finishes ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Until 1978 inclusive , all tournaments had sixteen teams or fewer . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then the record is 2 , shared by several countries : Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1938 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1954 -- 1958 ) , Soviet Union ( 1958 -- 1962 ) , Hungary ( 1962 -- 1966 ) , Germany ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , England ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , Argentina ( 2006 -- 2010 ) , and Brazil ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Turkey had a gap of 12 tournaments , equal to that of Egypt and Norway , from 1954 to 2002 . Jump up ^ In 1954 , the West Germany ( `` Germany FR '' ) team became world champions in what was the team 's debut appearance representing the name and territory of West Germany . However , Germany ( since 1949 officially Federal Republic of Germany ) is since 1904 represented by the same governing body ( Deutscher Fußball - Bund , DFB ) , and FIFA officially attributes all international results of the DFB team since 1908 to Germany , including the results of 1954 -- 1990 , when the team was often called West Germany . Thus , the 1954 participation is counted as the third appearance of the team , as Germany had previously appeared in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups . ^ Jump up to : Other teams never progressing from the first round in at least two appearances are as follows : 5 appearances Tunisia ( 1978 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2018 ) and Iran ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 ) ; 3 appearances Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 , 1994 ) , South Africa ( 1998 , 2002 , 2010 ) , Honduras ( 1982 , 2010 , 2014 ) , Ivory Coast ( 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) and Egypt ( 1934 , 1990 , 2018 ) ; 2 appearances El Salvador ( 1970 , 1982 ) , New Zealand ( 1982 , 2010 ) and Slovenia ( 2002 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Although France have not lost any of its 3 games , in 2006 they were runner - up after losing penalty shoots - out against Italy . The match ended in a 1 - 1 draw . Jump up ^ Although in 1978 there were n't semifinals , Argentina won second round group ahead of Brazil which disputed 3rd place match against Italy . Even more , game against Brazil ended in a 0 - 0 draw . Jump up ^ Other teams always progressing from the first round have only appeared in one tournament each . These are Cuba ( 1938 ) , Wales ( 1958 ) , East Germany ( 1974 ) , Ukraine ( 2006 ) and Slovakia ( excluding Czechoslovakia ; 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Pelé , Lothar Matthäus , Pierre Littbarski and Ronaldo each appeared three times in the squads of the teams that reached the finals , but none of them played in all three games . Jump up ^ FIFA official records claim he was born in 1987 , but other sources claim he was born in 1985 , which would mean he was 15 years and 320 days old when he played the match . Jump up ^ According to the Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation , Fuad Anwar Amin of Saudi Arabia would have been the youngest captain , at 21 years & 250 days in the 1994 , but the source does not specify the match in which he was captain . It is listed that the starting captain was substituted in both the match against the Netherlands and the one against Sweden , in which Amin may have been given the armband on the captains ' substitutions , but this information has not been verified . In any case , Meola still is the youngest starting captain , and players who received the captain 's armband during the course of the match are generally not regarded as official captains . Jump up ^ 9 consecutive clean sheets , 5 of them away from home over 2 qualifying rounds against 5 different oppositions from 2 Confederations . Jump up ^ Zuberbühler kept goal throughout every minute of Switzerland 's four matches . Other keepers have kept clean sheets only playing part of their team 's matches . These are : Velloso ( Brazil , 1930 , 1 match of 2 ) ; Pedro Benítez ( Paraguay , 1930 , 1 of 2 ) ; József Háda ( Hungary , 1938 , 1 of 4 ) ; Giuseppe Moro ( Italy , 1950 , 1 of 2 ) ; István Ilku ( Hungary , 1958 , 1 of 4 ) ; Lorenzo Buffon ( Italy , 1962 , 2 of 3 ) ; Rogelio Domínguez ( Argentina , 1962 , 1 of 3 ) ; Adán Godoy ( Chile , 1962 , 1 of 6 ) ; Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1966 , 1 of 3 ) ; Horst Wolter ( West Germany , 1970 , 1 of 6 ) ; József Szendrei ( Hungary , 1986 , 1 of 3 ) ; Viktor Chanov ( USSR , 1986 , 1 of 4 ) ; Manuel Bento ( Portugal , 1986 , 1 of 3 ) ; Plamen Nikolov ( Bulgaria , 1994 , 45 mins of 7 ) ; Vincent Enyeama ( Nigeria , 2002 , 1 of 3 ) ; Rami Shaaban ( Sweden , 2006 , 1 of 4 ) ; Santiago Cañizares ( Spain , 2006 , 1 of 4 ) . Jump up ^ Zagallo was also an assistant coach when Brazil won in 1994 . Jump up ^ Šimunić was given three yellow cards in the match as the referee failed to send him off the pitch after the second yellow , and was only red carded after the third yellow . The original FIFA match report listed all three cautions , however was revised shortly after , with the second caution ( 90 ' ) not being recorded ; it is unknown whether this was for consistency in the reports , or whether the caution was retrospectively overturned . Jump up ^ Biyik missed the team 's second game after receiving a red card in the first ; and then missed their fifth game after yellow cards in the third and fourth . Others , including Zinedine Zidane in 2006 , have earned a second suspension in their team 's final match of the tournament , not servable during the tournament . Jump up ^ Including penalty shoot - out progressions Jump up ^ Including penalty shoot - out eliminations ^ Jump up to : A match decided by a penalty shoot - out is considered a draw for both sides . Jump up ^ England did lose the third - place playoff in 1990 , but had already been eliminated from any chance of winning the World Cup . Jump up ^ In 1998 , France had 6 match wins ; however , the Italy match is regarded as drawn although France progressed via penalties . In addition , France 's win against Paraguay happened after extra time , while Brazil won all their matches in regular time . Jump up ^ Uruguay also qualified for the 1950 finals without playing a match as a result of withdrawals by other teams in South America . Jump up ^ Poland in 1974 , Italy in 1990 , and Belgium in 2018 also won 6 matches , but one of them was the third - place playoff . Playing fewer matches , Argentina in 1930 , Czechoslovakia in 1934 , and Hungary in 1938 and 1954 won all the games but lost the final . Jump up ^ Netherlands also won all eight of their qualification matches . Jump up ^ Details as follows : Brazil in 1970 beat England ( first round ) , Uruguay ( semi-final ) and Italy ( final ) . Italy in 1982 beat Argentina ( second group stage ) , Brazil ( second group stage ) and West Germany ( final ) . Argentina in 1986 beat Uruguay ( round of 16 ) , England ( quarter - final ) , and West Germany ( final ) . Germany in 2010 beat England ( round of 16 ) , Argentina ( quarter - final ) and Uruguay ( third - place match ) . In 2014 , Germany beat France ( quarter - final ) , Brazil ( semi-final ) and Argentina ( final ) . Jump up ^ Excluding Argentina themselves , there were 5 former World Cup champions in 1986 . They draw Italy at group stage , then beat Uruguay ( round of 16 ) , England ( quarter - final ) , and West Germany ( final ) . Jump up ^ Even though only 5 nations were crowned before 1970 , the 1970 tournament obtained the most matches between former champions of totally . All 5 former champions qualified to the tournament , they all advanced to the knockout stage , and 4 of them advanced into semi-finals . Those 7 matches were : Italy vs Uruguay and Brazil vs England ( group stage ) , England vs West Germany ( quarter - final ) , Brazil vs Uruguay and Italy vs West Germany ( semi-final ) , Uruguay vs West Germany ( third place ) , Brazil vs Italy ( final ) . Jump up ^ Sweden progressed to the last eight without playing a single match as a result of the withdrawal of Austria . ^ Jump up to : Successful kicks in a penalty shoot - out are not counted as goals ( but penalties scored in the normal course of play are counted ) . Jump up ^ If penalty shoot - outs are considered , then the biggest knockout stage upset is Russia ( ranked 70 ) winning over Spain ( ranked 10 ) on penalties in the 2018 Round of 16 . Jump up ^ Excluding automatic qualification as hosts , as reigning champion , or by invitation . Jump up ^ If own goals are excluded , then Belgium shares the record of 10 goalscorers with France in 1982 and Italy in 2006 . Jump up ^ Matches within one tournament . Otherwise , Hungary had a + 11 swing between 2 -- 4 v Italy in 1938 and 9 -- 0 v South Korea in 1954 ; and again between 1 -- 3 v France in 1978 and 10 -- 1 v El Salvador in 1982 ; and likewise Germany between 0 -- 3 v Croatia in 1998 and 8 -- 0 v Saudi Arabia in 2002 . Jump up ^ Also had its only title at home . Jump up ^ Switzerland 's best position , the sixth place in 1950 , relies on retrospective rankings , and had them eliminated in the group stage . While the Swiss also reached the quarter - finals in 1934 and 1938 , both tournaments only required one win , in contrast to 1954 's group stage format . 1954 also marked the last time Switzerland reached the top 8 . Jump up ^ Not counting the results as Soviet Union , who reached the semi-finals in 1966 . Jump up ^ Also reached this stage in 2010 and 2018 . Jump up ^ 2010 had hosts South Africa matching their 2002 record , falling in the group stage with one win , one tie and one draw , even if with a lower goal difference . Jump up ^ Although the decisive match of the 1950 tournament , it was simply the last game of a final four - team group format to decide the winner . This is also the highest attendance for any World Cup match , or indeed any soccer match anywhere . Jump up ^ It has not been verified whether this is a unique occurrence , or if other World Cup qualification matches throughout history have had an attendance of 0 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Final matches overview '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Awards '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pele and Greaves to get World Cup winners medals '' . The Guardian . 25 November 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yoesting , Travis ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Men 's World Cup Records Of All Time '' . The18 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1994 finals : Oldest and youngest '' . RSSSF.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 46 days to go '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The squads in stats '' . FIFA.com. 5 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruiz nets five goals in historic performance , but Guatemala ousted '' . CONCACAF. 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ; Das , Andrew ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Argentina Finds World Cup Salvation in Thriller Over Nigeria '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Winterburn , Chris ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Like Messi , Cristiano Ronaldo exits the World Cup still without a knockout goal '' . Marca . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A historic goal on a day of battles '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 11 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi , Ronaldo bow out in dramatic knockout openers - '' . FIFA.com. 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Skiver , Kevin ( 25 June 2018 ) . `` Thanks to VAR , the World Cup record for most penalty kicks has been shattered in Russia 2018 group stage '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sen , Debayan ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` By the numbers : Back - to - back shootout wins for Croatia , record penalty saves for Subasic '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Chris ; Young , Peter . `` Discipline at World Cup Final Tournaments 1950 - 2018 by Tournament '' . England Football Online . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ( ... ) records of player discipline prior to the advent of yellow and red cards may not be complete . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Chris . `` Mascherano makes unwanted World Cup history as Argentina bow out of Russia 2018 '' . Goal . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Arscott , David ( 2012 ) . The World Cup , A Very Peculiar History . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 9781908759481 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal - Netherlands '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon - Germany '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup final : Beauty was rewarded in the end -- Vicente del Bosque '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John H. ( 1997 ) . Motivation and Emotion in Sport : reversal theory . Psychology Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0863775004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Croatian player sanctioned for discriminatory behaviour '' . FIFA. 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Owen ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Luis Suárez banned for four months for biting in World Cup game '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ( 18 March 2018 ) . `` Mulamba is living like a pauper 44 years after Zaire red - card farce '' . TheGuardian.com . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Roddy , Thomas ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Sportsmail looks at the stars who have been kicked out of World Cup '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA lifts Rojas lifetime ban '' . CBC Sports . 30 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Palacios brothers making history '' . FIFA.com. 20 June 2010 . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Nick ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Chile fell 10 - man Swiss to close in on last 16 '' . Yahoo ! News . Agence France - Presse . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Small consolation but the Swiss set a new World Cup record of 559 minutes played without scoring a goal , to overtake Italy 's mark of 550 minutes . Jump up ^ `` Attacking excellence , defensive distinction '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 21 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . 9 hours and 19 minutes without conceding a goal enabled Switzerland to set a new and impressive FIFA World Cup record today . The Swiss , who started the day in third place behind Italy ( 550 minutes ) and England ( 501 ) , rose to the No1 position midway through the second half , but only had eight minutes to savour their new status . That was when Chile 's Mark Gonzalez became the first player to score against the Helvetians since Spain 's Txiki Beguiristain at USA 1994 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Ryan ( 22 June 2010 ) . `` South Africa beats France 2 - 1 , but eliminated '' . The Associated Press . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate home field advantage : Host nation luck '' . Philly.com. 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Pater ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup home advantage : How the hosts have fared and why there is hope for Russia '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica fans banned after violence '' . ESPN . 9 March 2005 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Marcarini , Edoardo ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Mondiali , convocati per club all time : 1a la Juve '' . Sky Sport ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Champions Squads 1930 - 2014 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Squads of the 1954 FIFA World Cup '' . AllWorldCups.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Superlatives at the Wayback Machine ( archived 14 June 2010 ) FIFA World Cup biggest margin victories at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2010 ) FIFA competitions biggest crowds at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2010 ) The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) ( in German ) Statistics and records at Worldcupportal.de hide FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_records&oldid=854472201 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Top sports lists Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles that may contain original research from December 2014 All articles that may contain original research Articles with self - published sources from July 2017 All articles with self - published sources Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from May 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Română Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who is the youngest player to have scored a goal in the fifa world cup	[ "Most goals scored, overall finals\n16, Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014)[4]\nMost goals scored, overall qualifying\n39, Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala, 2002–2016)[8]\nMost goals scored in a tournament\n13, Just Fontaine ( France, 1958)[4]\nHighest goals average in a tournament\n2.2, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 11 goals in 5 matches, 1954)\nFor a detailed list of top goalscorers in each tournament (Golden Boot winner), see Golden Boot.\nMost goals scored in a match\n5, Oleg Salenko ( Russia), vs Cameroon, 1994[4]\nMost goals scored in a lost match\n4, Ernest Wilimowski ( Poland), vs Brazil, 1938\nMost goals scored in a qualifying match\n13, Archie Thompson ( Australia), vs American Samoa, 2002 OFC Group 1\nMost goals scored in a final match\n3, Geoff Hurst ( England), vs West Germany, 1966\nMost goals scored in all final matches\n3, Vavá ( Brazil), 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Czechoslovakia in 1962; Pelé ( Brazil), 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Italy in 1970; Geoff Hurst ( England), 3 vs West Germany in 1966 and Zinedine Zidane ( France), 2 vs Brazil in 1998 & 1 vs Italy in 2006\nScored goal(s) in multiple final matches\nVavá ( Brazil, 1958 & 1962), Pelé ( Brazil, 1958 & 1970), Paul Breitner ( West Germany, 1974 & 1982) and Zinedine Zidane ( France, 1998 & 2006).\nMost matches with at least one goal\n11, Ronaldo ( Brazil, 1998–2006), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014)\nMost consecutive matches with at least one goal\n6, Just Fontaine ( France, 1958) and Jairzinho ( Brazil, 1970)\nMost matches with at least two goals\n4, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954), Just Fontaine ( France, 1958), Ronaldo ( Brazil, 1998–2006) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2010)\nMost consecutive matches with at least two goals\n4, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954)\nMost hat-tricks\n2, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954), Just Fontaine ( France, 1958), Gerd Müller ( West Germany, 1970) and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina, 1994 & 1998)\nMost consecutive hat-tricks\n2, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954) and Gerd Müller ( West Germany, 1970)\nFastest hat-trick\n8 minutes, László Kiss ( Hungary), scored at 69', 72' and 76', vs El Salvador, 1982\nMost goals scored by a substitute in a match\n3, László Kiss ( Hungary), vs El Salvador, 1982\nOlympic goals (goals from a corner) scored in a World Cup\n1, Marcos Coll ( Colombia), vs Soviet Union, 1962\nHat-tricks from the penalty spot\nNever occurred in the final tournament, four times in qualification: Kubilay Türkyilmaz ( Switzerland), vs Faroe Islands, 7 October 2000, 2002 UEFA Group 1; Henrik Larsson ( Sweden), vs Moldova, 6 June 2001, 2002 UEFA Group 4; Ronaldo ( Brazil), vs Argentina, 2 June 2004, 2006 CONMEBOL; Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang ( Gabon), vs Niger, 15 June 2013, 2014 CAF Second Round Group E\nScoring in every match of a team in a World Cup (at least three matches)\nGyörgy Sárosi ( Hungary), 5 goals in 4 matches (1938), Arne Nyberg ( Sweden), 3 goals in 3 matches (1938), Alcides Ghiggia ( Uruguay), 4 goals in 4 matches (1950), Just Fontaine ( France), 13 goals in 6 matches (1958), Omar Oreste Corbatta ( Argentina), 3 goals in 3 matches (1958), Ferenc Bene ( Hungary), 4 goals in 4 matches (1966), Jairzinho ( Brazil), 7 goals in 6 matches (1970), Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru), 5 goals in 4 matches (1970), James Rodríguez ( Colombia), 6 goals in 5 matches (2014)\nMost tournaments with at least one goal\n4, Pelé ( Brazil, 1958–1970), Uwe Seeler ( West Germany, 1958–1970), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014) and Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal, 2006–2018)\nMost tournaments with at least two goals\n4, Uwe Seeler ( West Germany, 1958–1970) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014)\nMost tournaments with at least three goals\n3, Jürgen Klinsmann ( Germany, 1990–1998), Ronaldo ( Brazil, 1998–2006) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2010)\nMost tournaments with at least four goals\n3, Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2010)\nMost tournaments with at least five goals\n2, Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru, 1970, 1978), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, (2002–2006) and Thomas Müller ( Germany, 2010–2014)\nMost qualification tournaments with at least one goal\n5, Rafael Márquez ( Mexico, 2002–2018) and Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala, 2002–2018)\nLongest period between a player's first and last goals\n12 years, 1 month and 7 days; Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 1 June 2002 – 8 July 2014)\nLongest period between a player's first and last goals overall\n12 years, Uwe Seeler ( West Germany, 8 June 1958 – 14 June 1970), Pelé ( Brazil, 19 June 1958 – 21 June 1970), Diego Maradona ( Argentina, 18 June 1982 – 21 June 1994), Michael Laudrup ( Denmark, 8 June 1986 – 24 June 1998), Henrik Larsson ( Sweden, 16 July 1994 – 20 June 2006), Sami Al-Jaber ( Saudi Arabia, 25 June 1994 – 14 June 2006), Cuauhtémoc Blanco ( Mexico, 20 June 1998 – 17 June 2010), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 1 June 2002 – 8 July 2014), Ivica Olić ( Croatia, 8 June 2002 – 18 June 2014), Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal, 17 June 2006 – 20 June 2018) and Lionel Messi ( Argentina 16 June 2006 – 26 June 2018)\nLongest period between one goal and another\n12 years, Michael Laudrup ( Denmark, 1986–1998) and Ivica Olić ( Croatia, 2002–2014)\nFirst goalscorer\nLucien Laurent ( France), vs Mexico, 13 July 1930\nYoungest goalscorer\n17 years, 239 days, Pelé ( Brazil), vs Wales, 19 June 1958\nYoungest hat-trick scorer\n17 years, 244 days, Pelé ( Brazil), vs France, 24 June 1958\nYoungest goalscorer, final\n17 years, 249 days, Pelé ( Brazil), vs Sweden, 29 June 1958\nOldest goalscorer\n42 years, 39 days, Roger Milla ( Cameroon), vs Russia, 28 June 1994\nOldest hat-trick scorer\n33 years, 130 days, Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal), vs Spain, 15 June 2018\nOldest goalscorer, final\n35 years, 264 days, Nils Liedholm ( Sweden), vs Brazil, 29 June 1958\nOnly player to score in his teens, his twenties and his thirties\nLionel Messi Argentina (2006, 2014, and 2018)[9][10]\nMost penalties scored (excluding during shoot-outs)\n4, Eusébio ( Portugal, 4 in 1966), Rob Rensenbrink ( Netherlands, 4 in 1978) – both records for one tournament – and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina, 2 each in 1994 and 1998)\nMost penalties missed (excluding during shoot-outs)\n2, Asamoah Gyan ( Ghana), vs Czech Republic, 2006 and vs Uruguay, 2010\nFirst substitute winning goalscorer, final\nCame on 86th minute, Mario Götze ( Germany), vs Argentina, 2014\nFastest goal from kickoff\n11 seconds, Hakan Şükür ( Turkey), vs South Korea, 2002\nFastest goal by a substitute\n16 seconds, Ebbe Sand ( Denmark), vs Nigeria, 1998\nFastest goal in a final\n90 seconds, Johan Neeskens ( Netherlands), vs West Germany, 1974 final\nFastest goal in a qualifying match\n8.1 seconds, Christian Benteke ( Belgium), vs Gibraltar, 2018 UEFA Group H[11]\nFastest brace scored\n69 seconds, Toni Kroos ( Germany), vs Brazil, 2014\nLatest goal in regular time\n97th minute, Neymar ( Brazil), vs Costa Rica, 2018\nLatest goal from kickoff\n121st minute, Alessandro Del Piero ( Italy), vs Germany, 2006 and Abdelmoumene Djabou ( Algeria), vs Germany, 2014\nLatest goal from kickoff in a final\n120th minute, Geoff Hurst ( England), vs Germany, 1966 (see \"They think it's all over\")\nLatest goal from kickoff, with no goals scored between\n119th minute, David Platt ( England), vs Belgium, 1990 and Fabio Grosso ( Italy), vs Germany, 2006\nLatest goal from kickoff in a final, with no goals scored between\n116th minute, Andrés Iniesta ( Spain), vs Netherlands, 2010\nMost participations in different World Cup penalty shoot-outs\n3 times, Roberto Baggio Italy (1990, converted, 1994, missed, and 1998, converted)" ]	[ "Pelé ( Brazil)," ]
6484404028501787325	Epic (Faith No More song)	Epic ( Faith No More song ) - wikipedia Epic ( Faith No More song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Epic '' `` Flying Mike '' reissue cover Single by Faith No More from the album The Real Thing Released January 29 , 1990 Format CD , cassette , vinyl Recorded December 1988 -- January 1989 , Studio D , Sausalito , California Genre Rap metal funk metal alternative metal Length 4 : 54 Label Slash Songwriter ( s ) Lyrics : Mike Patton Music : Billy Gould Jim Martin Roddy Bottum Mike Bordin Producer ( s ) Matt Wallace Faith No More singles chronology `` From out of Nowhere '' ( 1989 ) `` Epic '' ( 1990 ) `` Falling to Pieces '' ( 1990 ) `` From out of Nowhere '' ( 1989 ) `` Epic '' ( 1990 ) `` Falling to Pieces '' ( 1990 ) Audio sample file help `` Epic '' is a song by the American rock band Faith No More . It was released as the second single from their third album The Real Thing in 1989 in US and in 1990 in the UK and Europe . The song was a breakthrough hit . It peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 ( the band 's only Top Ten hit in the United States ) , and their first Number One single on the Australian charts . It is among the band 's most popular songs and a staple in their concerts . `` Epic '' was ranked number 30 on VH1 's 40 Greatest Metal Songs , number 67 on their 100 Greatest One - Hit Wonders list , in 2009 , it was named the 54th best hard rock song of all time also by VH1 , also in 2009 it charted number 46 on the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time , the largest music poll in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Reception 3 In popular culture 4 Track listing 4.1 UK and international release 4.2 American release 4.3 Australian release 4.4 UK and international reissue 5 Official versions 6 Chart performance 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Covers 8 References 9 Notes 10 External links Music video ( edit ) Directed by Ralph Ziman , the music video for `` Epic '' which featured surreal images combined with performance footage of the band soaked by an artificial rainstorm on a sound stage , was subject to controversy because of the treatment of a fish , who is out of water and appeared to be dying on camera . During an interview , the band joked that the fish seen flopping around in the music video belonged to Icelandic singer Björk , who at the time was the singer for the band The Sugarcubes , and they claimed to have stolen it from her at a party . There are also stories of Björk giving the fish to the keyboardist Roddy Bottum after a poetry reading in San Francisco . This was confirmed by the singer who defended the group , saying that `` I know those guys , I know they would n't do anything to harm ( him ) . But I know , if I had gone home with MY fish , which was given to ME , none of this would have ever happened . '' Guitarist Jim Martin was a schoolmate , close friend and fan of the late Metallica bassist Cliff Burton . In the video he can be seen wearing a T - shirt with a photo of Cliff with the words `` A Tribute to Cliff Burton '' . In addition , Mike Patton can be seen wearing a Mr. Bungle shirt that reads `` There 's A Tractor In My Balls Again '' . Reception ( edit ) `` Epic '' was the band 's most successful single in US and was generally well - received ; according to Rolling Stone , it set a standard that Faith No More did not match with its later albums . Both the Philadelphia Daily News and Los Angeles Times praised the song , citing the song as `` radio - ready '' and `` radical , '' respectively . However , the New York Times also cited Faith No More as `` style - crunching , '' using `` Epic '' as their example . The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual year - end critics ' poll ranked `` Epic '' at number five on their poll of the best singles of 1990 , tying with Lisa Stansfield 's `` All Around the World '' . Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers would later accuse Patton of stealing his style in the form of this video and numerous performances . In popular culture ( edit ) The song appears in the video games Burnout Paradise , Rock Band , Saints Row : The Third and Guitar Hero Live as well as DLC for Guitar Hero 5 . `` Epic '' appeared in a commercial for the console versions of Street Fighter IV with the announcer stating about the game 's `` epic return '' . Since the mid-1990s , the Penrith Panthers rugby league team in the NRL competition uses a truncated version of `` Epic '' as the run out song for the second half of the match . The song is used in the movie The Disaster Artist Track listing ( edit ) UK and international release ( edit ) The initial release of `` Epic '' , released in the UK , Germany , Japan and internationally . The 7 '' editions only had tracks one , two , and occasionally three . Track five was exclusive to Japanese issues . No . Title Length 1 . `` Epic '' 4 : 54 2 . `` War Pigs '' ( Live in Berlin on November 9 , 1989 ) 8 : 02 3 . `` Surprise ! You 're Dead ! '' ( Live at Octagon Center , Sheffield , UK , January 1 , 1990 ) 2 : 52 4 . `` Chinese Arithmetic '' '' ( ( Live at Sheffield ) 4 : 16 5 . `` Epic '' ( Live ) ( Japanese bonus track ) ) 4 : 28 American release ( edit ) This version was released in the US as a `` Slash sticker '' labelled 7 '' and as a cassette with a `` Burning Splash '' sleeve . No . Title Length 1 . `` Epic '' ( Radio remix ) 3 : 59 2 . `` Edge of the World '' 4 : 09 Australian release ( edit ) The 7 '' and cassette versions of this release only had tracks 1 and 2 , unlike the 12 '' which featured all 3 . No . Title Length 1 . `` Epic '' 4 : 51 2 . `` The Morning After '' 3 : 44 3 . `` We Care a Lot '' ( Live at Brixton ) 3 : 50 UK and international reissue ( edit ) Reissue version of the single `` Epic '' . The 7 '' vinyl and cassette versions only had the first two tracks . No . Title Length 1 . `` Epic '' 4 : 51 2 . `` Falling to Pieces '' ( Live at Brixton ) 4 : 45 3 . `` Epic '' ( Live at Brixton ) 4 : 55 4 . `` As the Worm Turns '' ( Live at Brixton ) 2 : 46 Official versions ( edit ) `` Epic '' ( Edit ) -- 4 : 18 -- `` Epic ( What Is It ) '' promotional CD , PRO-CD - 3913 ( 1989 ) `` Epic '' ( LP version ) -- 4 : 51 -- `` Epic ( What Is It ) '' promotional CD , PRO-CD - 3913 ( 1989 ) `` Epic '' -- 4 : 54 -- The Real Thing ( 1989 ) `` Epic '' ( Radio Remix Edit ) -- 3 : 59 -- `` Epic '' promotional CD , PRO-CD - 4071 ( 1990 ) `` Epic '' ( Live at the Brixton Academy ) -- 4 : 55 -- Live at the Brixton Academy 1990 ( 1991 ) `` Epic '' ( Live at the Forum 1995 ) -- 4 : 48 -- `` Ricochet '' CD single , LACDP 53 / 850 105 - 2 ( 1995 ) `` Epic '' ( Remaster ) -- 4 : 51 -- The Real Thing remastered edition ( 2009 ) Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) 27 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 51 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 75 Covers ( edit ) `` Epic '' has been covered both in concerts and on the Kerrang ! Higher Voltage CD , a compilation of artists covering other songs . Such artists include the Welsh rock band The Automatic ; the CD was released June 20 , 2007 . The metalcore band Atreyu also covered the song on their album Lead Sails Paper Anchor , and the Swedish indie band Love Is All covered the song on the B - side to their What 's Your Rupture ? 7 '' `` Wishing Well . '' An arrangement by Mateo Messina was featured in the 2011 film Young Adult . Additionally , Canadian band The Veer Union released a cover of Epic in late October 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chirazi , Steffan ( 1994 ) . The Real Story . London : Castle Publications . pp. 138 -- 142 . ISBN 9781898141150 . Jump up ^ Sounds Magazine . January 20 , 1990 . p. 48 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Faith No More 's eclectic sound '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haire , Chris . `` Psychostick returns funk metal to its silly roots '' . Charleston City Paper . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , AJ ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` The 10 Best Alternative Metal Singles of the 1990s '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 40 Greatest Metal Songs '' , May 1 -- 4 , 2006 , VH1 Channel , reported by VH1.com ; last accessed September 10 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` VH1 100 Greatest One - Hit Wonders '' , VH1 Channel , reported by VH1.com . Jump up ^ `` Spreadit.org '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Epic by Faith No More Songfacts '' . www.songfacts.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` about : Linear Soul Child '' . bjork.com . Note : user has to select ' about : Björk about other people ' from the drop down menu and select ' Linear Soul Child ' on the menu . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cee , Gary ( November 30 , 1990 ) . `` Faith No More : Inside the insatiable Mike Patton '' . Circus Magazine . No. # 369 . pp. 62 -- 64 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More music video '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Weisel , Al ( June 1 , 1995 ) . `` Faith No More : King For a Day / Fool for a Lifetime '' . Rolling Stone . RealNetworks , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Takiff , Jonathan ( September 14 , 1990 ) . `` Whaddya Get When Ya Rap on Metal ? Faith No More Crosses Over & Under '' . Philadelphia Daily News . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Hilburn , Robert ( December 31 , 1990 ) . `` Counting Out Most of the Year 's Top Records Pop music : no more than four of 1990 's No. 1 songs will be considered significant a decade from now . Here are some that might '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( December 30 , 1990 ) . `` The Best Show ? In the Court , not the Concert Hall '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Pazz & Jop critics ' poll -- 1990 '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Faith No More Discography Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Faith No More -- Epic '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 1286 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Faith No More '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Faith No More -- Epic '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Faith No More -- Epic '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1990 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1990 '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kerrang ! issue 1164 June 20 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Smartpunk.com '' . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2009 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Is All Cover Faith No More , Add Dates '' . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Notes ( edit ) ^ ( A ) Includes ad - lib from `` It Takes Two '' by Rob Base and DJ EZ - Rock . ^ ( B ) Recorded in Norwich , 1990 . Broadcast by The BBC Radio 1 `` Rockshow '' , March 2 , 1990 . The profanity is obscured and the songs fade out . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` U Ca n't Touch This '' by MC Hammer Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single August 25 , 1990 -- September 15 , 1990 Succeeded by `` Blaze of Glory '' by Jon Bon Jovi ( hide ) Faith No More Mike Bordin Billy Gould Roddy Bottum Mike Patton Jon Hudson Mike Morris Wade Worthington Chuck Mosley Jim Martin Trey Spruance Dean Menta Studio albums We Care a Lot Introduce Yourself The Real Thing Angel Dust King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime Album of the Year Sol Invictus Live albums Live at the Brixton Academy Compilations Who Cares a Lot ? This Is It : The Best of Epic and Other Hits The Platinum Collection The Works The Very Best Definitive Ultimate Greatest Hits Collection Singles `` Quiet in Heaven '' / `` Song of Liberty '' ( as Faith No Man ) `` We Care a Lot '' `` Anne 's Song '' `` From Out of Nowhere '' `` Epic '' `` Falling to Pieces '' `` Midlife Crisis '' `` A Small Victory '' `` Everything 's Ruined '' `` ( I 'm ) Easy '' `` Another Body Murdered '' `` Digging the Grave '' `` Ricochet '' `` Evidence '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` Last Cup of Sorrow '' `` Stripsearch '' `` I Started a Joke '' `` Motherfucker '' Other songs `` New Improved Song '' `` The World Is Yours '' Videos You Fat Bastards : Live at the Brixton Academy Video Croissant Who Cares a Lot ? : The Greatest Videos You Fat Bastards / Who Cares a Lot ? ( DVD ) Related bands Brujeria Dead Cross Fantômas General Patton vs. The X-Ecutioners Imperial Teen Mr. Bungle Ozzy Osbourne Peeping Tom Primitive Race Tomahawk Related articles Discography Songs recorded Members Tribute of the Year : A Tribute to Faith No More The Second Coming Tour Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epic_(Faith_No_More_song)&oldid=819265466 '' Categories : Faith No More songs 1990 singles Number - one singles in Australia Songs written by Billy Gould Songs written by Roddy Bottum Songs written by Mike Patton Songs written by Jim Martin ( musician ) Songs written by Mike Bordin Rap metal songs 1989 songs Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 11 : 41 . 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-8806167999860299503	Patricia Heaton	Patricia Heaton - wikipedia Patricia Heaton Jump to : navigation , search Patricia Heaton Heaton at the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 22 , 2012 Patricia Helen Heaton ( 1958 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 1958 ( age 60 ) Bay Village , Ohio , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cambridge , England , U.K. Nationality American Occupation Actress Years active 1989 -- present Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) David Hunt ( m . 1990 ) Children Parent ( s ) Chuck Heaton Patricia Hurd Heaton Patricia Helen Heaton ( born March 4 , 1958 ) is an American actress . She is known for portraying Debra Barone on the CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond from 1996 to 2005 , and as Frances `` Frankie '' Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle ( 2009 -- present ) . Heaton is a three - time Emmy Award winner - twice winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2000 and 2001 for Everybody Loves Raymond , and a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Culinary Program as host / executive producer of Patricia Heaton Parties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Other credits 4 Personal life 4.1 Political and social advocacy 5 Filmography 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Patricia Heaton was born in Bay Village , Ohio , the daughter of Patricia ( née Hurd ) and Chuck Heaton , who was a sportswriter for The Plain Dealer . Heaton 's mother died of an aneurysm when the actress was 12 . The fourth of five children , Heaton was raised as a devout Catholic . Heaton has three sisters , Sharon , Alice , and Frances , and one brother , Michael , who is the `` Minister of Culture '' columnist for The Plain Dealer and a writer for the paper 's Friday Magazine . Career ( edit ) While attending The Ohio State University , she became a sister of Delta Gamma Sorority . She later graduated with a B.A. in drama . In 1980 , Heaton moved to New York City to study with drama teacher William Esper . Heaton made her first Broadway appearance in the chorus of Do n't Get God Started ( 1987 ) , after which she and fellow students created Stage Three , an Off - Broadway acting troupe . Heaton in 2008 When Stage Three brought one of their productions to Los Angeles , Heaton caught the eye of a casting director for the ABC drama Thirtysomething . She was cast as an oncologist , leading to six appearances on the series from 1989 to 1991 . Other TV guest appearances include : Alien Nation ( 1989 ) , Matlock ( 1990 ) , Party of Five ( 1996 ) , The King of Queens ( 1999 ) , and Danny Phantom ( 2004 ) . Heaton 's feature films include Memoirs of an Invisible Man ( 1992 ) , Beethoven ( 1992 ) , The New Age ( 1994 ) , and Space Jam ( 1996 ) . Heaton was featured in three short - lived sitcoms -- Room for Two , Someone Like Me and Women of the House -- before landing the role of Debra Barone on Everybody Loves Raymond . She was nominated in each of the series ' last seven seasons for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series , winning in 2000 and 2001 . With her win in 2000 , she became the first of the cast members on the show to win an Emmy . She has also collected two Viewers for Quality Television Awards and a Screen Actors Guild trophy for her work on the series . Starting September 2007 , Heaton co-starred with Kelsey Grammer in Back to You , a situation comedy on Fox . The show was canceled in May 2008 . Heaton appeared on the season seven of Extreme Makeover : Home Edition where she helped build a home for a firefighter and his family . Heaton 's television movies include Shattered Dreams ( 1990 ) , Miracle in the Woods ( 1997 ) , A Town Without Christmas ( 2001 ) , as well as the remake of Neil Simon 's The Goodbye Girl ( 2004 ) with Jeff Daniels , The Engagement Ring ( 2005 ) , Heaton also played former U.S. Ambassador to Yemen , Barbara Bodine , in the 2006 ABC docudrama The Path to 9 / 11 , and the Hallmark Hall of Fame movie Front of the Class , based on the real story of a mother , Ellen Cohen , dealing with a son , Brad Cohen , who has Tourette Syndrome , in 2008 . Heaton was the producer for the 2005 documentary The Bituminous Coal Queens of Pennsylvania , which was directed by her husband . She was also one of the producers of the William Wilberforce drama Amazing Grace ( 2006 ) . In January 2007 , Heaton returned to the stage to co-star with Tony Shalhoub in the Off - Broadway play The Scene at Second Stage Theatre in New York City . For this performance , Heaton was nominated in the Outstanding Lead Actress category for the 22nd Lucille Lortel Awards . Since September 2009 , she has starred in the ABC comedy The Middle . In 2011 , Heaton was ranked at No. 24 on the TV Guide Network special , Funniest Women on TV . In October 2015 , Heaton began hosting Patricia Heaton Parties , a cooking show on The Food Network . The program showcases party friendly foods and home entertaining tips . The show won a Daytime Emmy in 2016 for Outstanding Culinary Program She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 22 , 2012 . Other credits ( edit ) In 2003 , Heaton appeared in a series of television and radio commercials as spokesperson for the various incarnations of the grocery chain Albertsons , such as Acme , Jewel and Shaw 's . Heaton also was featured on the cover of the company 's 2003 and 2004 annual reports . In 2007 , Albertsons created the Crazy About Food slogan / campaign and Heaton 's association with the company ended . She has also appeared in advertisements for Pantene hair - care products . Personal Life ( edit ) Heaton has been married to British actor David Hunt since 1990 . They have four sons and they divide their time between Los Angeles and Cambridge , England . Her memoir , Motherhood and Hollywood : How to Get a Job Like Mine , was published by Villard Books in 2002 . Hunt is Heaton 's second husband . After her divorce from her first husband , she went through a self - described `` Protestant wilderness '' . Since June 2017 , Heaton 's first marriage has been annulled by the Catholic Church and has since returned as an observant of Catholicism . Heaton has been open about having plastic surgery ; citing having a tummy - tuck and a breast reduction after undergoing four Caesarean sections . Political and social advocacy ( edit ) Heaton is a consistent life ethicist and is vocally supportive of pro-life groups and causes , opposing abortion , euthanasia , and the death penalty . Heaton 's advocacy became particularly visible during the debate regarding the Terri Schiavo case . In addition , Heaton is honorary chair of Feminists for Life , an organization which opposes abortion and embryonic stem cell research and supports other pro-life causes on the basis of feminism . She is registered Republican . However , Heaton openly supports gay rights and has publicly stated that she is not against same - sex marriage . Patricia Heaton and family in the Indianapolis 500 Parade , May 2008 Although a Republican , Heaton voiced her disapproval of then presidential nominee Donald Trump in 2016 , stating `` If he 's the nominee then it wo n't be my party '' . Heaton 's name was in an advertisement in the Los Angeles Times ( 17 August 2006 ) that condemned Hamas and Hezbollah and supported Israel in the 2006 Israel - Lebanon conflict . In October 2006 , Heaton appeared in a commercial opposing a Missouri state constitutional amendment concerning embryonic stem cell research , which subsequently passed . The advertisement was a response to the election of Democratic Senate hopeful Claire McCaskill and aired at the same time as Michael J. Fox 's advertisement supporting the amendment . Appearing with Heaton were actor Jim Caviezel , St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Jeff Suppan , Seattle Mariner Mike Sweeney , and St. Louis Rams / Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kurt Warner . Following a public outcry , Heaton later said she regretted doing the ad and sent an apology to Fox , saying she was unaware of Fox 's ad . Fox accepted her apology and later stated , `` If we can have a healthy dialogue about issues that people see differently , that 's marvelous . '' On February 29 , 2012 , Heaton made several negative public remarks against Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke , joining the controversy surrounding the law requiring insurance companies to cover contraception . Following criticism for her remarks , Heaton apologized days later . Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Alien Nation Amanda Russell Episode : `` The Red Room '' 1989 -- 1991 Thirtysomething Dr. Silverman 6 episodes 1990 Shattered Dreams Older Dotti Movie 1990 Matlock Ellie Stanford Episode : `` The Brothers '' 1991 DEA Paula Werner Episode : `` The Fat Lady Sings Alone '' 1992 -- 1993 Room for Two Jill Kurland 26 episodes 1994 Someone Like Me Jean Stepjak 5 episodes 1995 Women of the House Natalie Hollingsworth 11 episodes Party of Five Robin Merrin 2 episodes 1996 -- 2005 Everybody Loves Raymond Debra Barone Main role ( 209 episodes ) Miracle in the Woods Wanda Briggs Movie 1999 The King of Queens Debra Barone Episode : `` Dire Strayts '' 2001 A Town Without Christmas M.J. Jensen Movie The Goodbye Girl Paula McFadden Movie Danny Phantom Lunch Lady ( voice ) Episode : `` Mystery Meat '' 2005 The Engagement Ring Sara Rosa Anselmi Movie 2006 Untitled Patricia Heaton Project Janet Daily Pilot 2006 The Path to 9 / 11 Ambassador Bodine Miniseries 2007 -- 2008 Back to You Kelly Carr Main role ( 17 episodes ) 2008 Front of the Class Ellen Cohen Movie 2009 -- present The Middle Frankie Heck Main role ( 215 episodes ) 2011 Easy to Assemble Mrs. Hullestaad 3 episodes 2015 -- present Patricia Heaton Parties Herself Host ( 16 episodes ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1992 Memoirs of an Invisible Man Ellen 1992 Beethoven Brie 1994 The New Age Anna Space Jam Wife watching the Basketball Game in New York Participation 2007 Amazing Grace N / A Producer 2014 Moms ' Night Out Sondra 2017 The Star Edith the cow Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Patricia Heaton '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Association Nominated work Result 1999 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 1999 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 1999 Viewers for Quality Television Best Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won 2000 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won 2000 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2000 Viewers for Quality Television Best Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won 2001 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won 2002 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2002 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2002 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2003 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2003 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2003 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2005 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2005 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2005 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie The Goodbye Girl Nominated 2005 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2006 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2006 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2007 Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Back to You Nominated 2011 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series The Middle Nominated 2016 43rd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Culinary Program Patricia Heaton Parties Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1197 ) . Mar 9 , 2012 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Patricia Heaton wins Daytime Emmy Award - Cleveland.com ( Cleveland Plain Dealer ) Jump up ^ `` Patricia Heaton Biography ( 1958 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Elizabeth ( November 28 , 2000 ) . `` Patricia Heaton 's Laid - Back Lifestyle '' . People . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Justin . `` A Profile of Conservative Hollywood Actress Patricia Heaton '' . About.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Mass with her parents every day . ^ Jump up to : Green , Jesse . Not Everybody Loves Patricia , The New York Times , December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ On The Scene , Tony Shalhoub and Patricia Heaton Open Off Broadway , broadway.com , 2007 - 01 - 11 Archived May 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Funniest Women on TV . July 3 , 2011 . TV Guide Network . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` ' The Middle 's ' Patricia Heaton to Host Food Network Show '' . Jump up ^ The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame Committee Announces New Walk of Fame Honorees for 2012 Archived June 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pantene Commercial with Patricia Heaton ( 2003 ) ) '' , one of several advertisements , YouTube , subsidiary of Alphabet , Inc. , Mountain View , California . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Erin ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Patricia Heaton 's Real - Life Middle Moment With Her Son '' . Parade . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Hallman , Deborah ( October 16 , 2002 ) . `` Keeping it real in Hollywood '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Graves , Jim ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vin Scully and Patricia Heaton reflect on centrality of Christ in their lives '' . Catholic World Report . Ignatius Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ PatriciaHeaton ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` Spent Mass internally grumbling about lame sermon ; received Eucharist , knelt down , burst into tears . # NoOneExpectstheHolySpirit '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Zapo , George . `` Four Celebrities Talk Openly About Having Plastic Surgery '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , Chase . Tampabay : Issues , not images , drive Schiavo TV coverage , March 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul . Hollywood insiders rip MSNBC , defend Palin , Reuters , October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Heaton - A Profile of Conservative Hollywood Actress Patricia Heaton '' . Usconservatives.about.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Heaton Says Her Politics Have Cost Her Potential Roles '' . Christianpost.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ @ PatriciaHeaton ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` If he 's the nominee then it wo n't be my party ... # Pinestraw2016 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Kidman and 84 Others Stand United Against Terrorism Archived September 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . '' Hollywood Grind. 18 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Serrano , Alfonso . Stem Cell Opponents To Air Celebrity Ad , CBS News , October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Heaton Apologizes for Attacking Sandra Fluke on Twitter '' . The Daily Beast . March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Heaton Parties Episodes '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patricia Heaton . Patricia Heaton on IMDb Patricia Heaton at the Internet Broadway Database Patricia Heaton at Internet Off - Broadway Database Patricia Heaton interview video at the Archive of American Television Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Gertrude Berg ( 1950 ) Imogene Coca ( 1951 ) Lucille Ball ( 1952 ) Eve Arden ( 1953 ) Lucille Ball ( 1955 ) Nanette Fabray ( 1956 ) Jane Wyatt ( 1957 ) Jane Wyatt ( 1959 ) Jane Wyatt ( 1960 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1961 ) Shirley Booth ( 1962 ) Shirley Booth ( 1963 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1964 ) No Award ( 1965 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1966 ) Lucille Ball ( 1967 ) Lucille Ball ( 1968 ) Hope Lange ( 1969 ) Hope Lange ( 1970 ) Jean Stapleton ( 1971 ) Jean Stapleton ( 1972 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1973 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1974 ) Valerie Harper ( 1975 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1976 ) Bea Arthur ( 1977 ) Jean Stapleton ( 1978 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1979 ) Cathryn Damon ( 1980 ) Isabel Sanford ( 1981 ) Carol Kane ( 1982 ) Shelley Long ( 1983 ) Jane Curtin ( 1984 ) Jane Curtin ( 1985 ) Betty White ( 1986 ) Rue McClanahan ( 1987 ) Bea Arthur ( 1988 ) Candice Bergen ( 1989 ) Candice Bergen ( 1990 ) Kirstie Alley ( 1991 ) Candice Bergen ( 1992 ) Roseanne Barr ( 1993 ) Candice Bergen ( 1994 ) Candice Bergen ( 1995 ) Helen Hunt ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Helen Hunt ( 1998 ) Helen Hunt ( 1999 ) Patricia Heaton ( 2000 ) Patricia Heaton ( 2001 ) Jennifer Aniston ( 2002 ) Debra Messing ( 2003 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2006 ) America Ferrera ( 2007 ) Tina Fey ( 2008 ) Toni Collette ( 2009 ) Edie Falco ( 2010 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2011 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2012 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2013 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2014 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2015 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2016 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 57663511 LCCN : nr2002000521 ISNI : 0000 0001 1445 1070 GND : 128387254 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Heaton&oldid=835508454 '' Categories : 1958 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Cleveland Activists from Ohio American feminists Ohio Republicans Anti-abortion activists American Presbyterians American Roman Catholics American television actresses Feminist artists Living people Ohio State University alumni Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Bay Village , Ohio People from Cuyahoga County , Ohio Roman Catholic feminists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 BLP articles lacking sources from January 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 03 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays patricia heaton's mom on the middle	[]	[]
6139839880539526144	Happy Death Day	Happy Death Day - wikipedia Happy Death Day Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the horror film . For the Saddolls album , see Happy Deathday . Happy Death Day Theatrical release poster Directed by Christopher B. Landon Produced by Jason Blum Written by Scott Lobdell Starring Jessica Rothe Israel Broussard Music by Bear McCreary Cinematography Toby Oliver Edited by Gregory Plotkin Production company Blumhouse Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.8 million Box office $122.6 million Happy Death Day is a 2017 American slasher film directed by Christopher B. Landon , written by Scott Lobdell and starring Jessica Rothe , Israel Broussard , and Ruby Modine . The film was produced by Jason Blum through his Blumhouse Productions banner . It follows a college student who is murdered on her birthday and begins reliving the day over and over again ; at that point , she sets out to find the killer and stop her death . Originally announced in 2007 under the title Half to Death , the film was released on October 13 , 2017 , by Universal Pictures . It has grossed $122 million worldwide on a $4.8 million budget and received generally positive reviews , with critics deeming the film entertaining while acknowledging the familiar premise , and describing it as `` Groundhog Day meets Scream '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Alternate ending 3.5 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 Sequel 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Theresa `` Tree '' Gelbman wakes up on her birthday on Monday , September 18 , 2017 in the dorm room of classmate Carter Davis after a drunken binge the previous evening . Tree goes through the day being self - centered , dismissive , and condescending to her classmates and previous hook - ups , ignoring her father 's invitation to a restaurant , throwing away a birthday cupcake given to her by her roommate Lori Spengler , and having an affair with Dr. Gregory Butler , her professor . That night , while going to a party , Tree is lured into a tunnel where she is brutally murdered by a hooded figure wearing a mask of the campus mascot . Tree wakes up the next morning back in Carter 's bed with the previous day 's events repeating . Unnerved , she relives the day and avoids the tunnel , instead heading to a fraternity house for a surprise party . However , after becoming intimate with her classmate Nick , the masked killer murders him before killing Tree once more . Tree realizes that she is in a time loop and tries to avoid her death by barricading herself in her room . However , she is murdered again when the killer hides in her bedroom . Upon waking up again , she relays her story to Carter , who suggests that she take advantage of the loop in order to figure out who her killer is . She spends the next several iterations trailing suspected classmates and dying each time . After Tree dies from being bludgeoned by a baseball bat , she passes out shortly after waking up . She awakens in the campus hospital where she learns that her body shows evidence of recovery from multiple , massive , traumatic injuries , meaning she has retained damage from her previous murders even after waking up fully healed every time . Tree escapes the hospital room only to be chased by the killer until she manages to flee in Butler 's car . While driving , she is pulled over by a police officer and volunteers to be arrested in order to be spared . While held in the officer 's squad car , the killer runs over the officer and blows up the squad car by igniting the fuel tank with a candle . Waking up in Carter 's bed again , Tree convinces Carter of her predicament by showing that she holds foreknowledge of the day 's events . In Corky 's , Tree admits to Carter that she does not like who she has become as she is distant from her father in the wake of her mother 's death three years ago . Tree catches a local news report on John Tombs , a serial killer who is being held in the hospital on her campus . Concluding that Tombs is her killer , Tree rushes to the hospital to warn of his escape . Tombs breaks free and nearly kills Tree , but Carter follows and rescues her . Tombs snaps Carter 's neck before chasing Tree to a nearby bell tower where she manages to subdue him with a crowbar . Realizing that Carter will remain dead if she does n't restart the loop , Tree hangs herself in the tower . During the next iteration , Tree sets out to be a kinder person by ending her affair with Dr. Butler and meeting with her father to resolve her inner grief . That night , she prepares to stop Tombs . He manages to get the upper hand on her until Tree utilizes a campus - wide blackout that occurs during the loop to disarm him and shoot him to death . Relieved to finally be free , she celebrates her birthday in Carter 's room and eats the cupcake given to her by Lori . However , the next morning Tree wakes up again on her birthday . Confused and distraught over the fact that killing Tombs did not stop the time loop , Tree returns to her room where Lori offers the cupcake again . Tree realizes that she had died in her sleep and also notes that this was the only time she had ever eaten the cupcake . Tree realizes that Lori is the true killer ; Lori had poisoned the cupcake , but when Tree did not eat it , she utilized her job as a nurse in the hospital to frame Tombs for Tree 's murder . Tree tries to coerce Lori to have a bite and when Lori refuses , Tree decides to take it to the police . Lori attacks Tree , locks the door and confesses that she was jealous of her affair with Dr. Butler . Tree manages to stuff the cupcake into Lori 's mouth before kicking her out of a window , sending her falling to her death . Tree and Carter muse over the day 's events back in the restaurant . He offers her his room for the night , also commenting her situation is a lot like the film Groundhog Day . Tree wakes up the next day believing herself to be in another loop , but it turns out to be a prank by Carter . The two share a kiss . Cast ( edit ) Jessica Rothe as Theresa `` Tree '' Gelbman Israel Broussard as Carter Davis Ruby Modine as Lori Spengler Rachel Matthews as Danielle Bouseman Charles Aitken as Gregory Butler Rob Mello as John Tombs Phi Vu as Ryan Phan Caleb Spillyards as Tim Bauer Jason Bayle as David Gelbman Laura Clifton as Stephanie Butler Cariella Smith as Becky Shepard Tran Tran as Emily Blaine Kern III as Nick Sims Dane Rhodes as Officer Santora Tenea Intriago as Student Protestor Missy Yager as Mrs. Gelbman Production ( edit ) Preproduction ( edit ) `` The movie was in pre-production or soft production at the time , and I came on and I loved the concept of the movie . I loved the idea of a girl , trapped in a time loop who has to solve her own murder . '' -- Director Christopher B. Landon about the concept of the film . The film was first announced in July 2007 , with Megan Fox attached to star . The film was originally titled Half to Death , produced by Michael Bay and Rogue Pictures , and directed by Antti Jokinen . Christopher B. Landon was hired to rewrite the Scott Lobdell script , and while he liked the reworked script the studio decided to not move on with it . The project was only revived years later , as original producer Angela Mancuso had lunch with Landon and remembered about Half to Death . Landon decided to send the script to Jason Blum of Blumhouse Productions , with whom he had worked in the Paranormal Activity sequels , and he approved it , leading to a green - light by Universal Pictures . Blumhouse announced the project on October 11 , 2016 , with Landon directing and Jessica Rothe cast in the lead role of the film . On November 8 , 2016 , it was announced that Ruby Modine , Charles Aitken and Rachel Matthews had joined the cast , alongside Rothe and Israel Broussard . The film got eventually retitled Happy Death Day in June 2017 . The mask was constructed by Tony Gardner , the same man who built the `` Ghostface '' mask from every Scream film , and its design was personal . Landon explains , `` During preproduction ... I was expecting my first son . I do n't know if I just had babies on the brain , or if I was subconsciously scared to become a father , but that baby image was floating around in my head . Tony made us a pig mask , too , but when I wore the baby mask in the office , I scared a co-worker , and we thought ... yeah , this is it . This is the one . '' Scream itself was listed among the influences Christopher Landon took for the film , along with Halloween ( 1978 ) , Groundhog Day and comedies of the 1980s such as Sixteen Candles and Back to the Future , given he aimed to make a `` fun , silly horror movie '' . He also aimed to emulate the protagonist 's personal growth in Groundhog Day to comment on `` this age of social media and all the crappy things that kids do to each other . '' Writing ( edit ) Writer Scott Lobdell said he wanted to play with the tropes of the slasher genre , as according to him `` every slasher film opens up with the mean girl getting killed and the good girl living till the end . And I thought , ' How can I make the mean girl and the good girl the same person ? ' '' In the original draft , Lori and Dr. Butler were the killers together . Landon says , `` They were a psycho couple murdering Tree together . That ultimately did n't work for me . I thought Gregory was a great opportunity to be a suspect . To make him a killer , it did n't help me . That was a change I really wanted to make . '' Also , in the original draft there was no birthday , and no romance , which Landon added to humanize Tree . Landon decided to shorten the protagonist 's name Teresa into Tree , which also conveyed her character arc as `` trees need to grow and you see this character go from one person to another '' . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place at and around Loyola University in New Orleans , Louisiana , and it lasted 5 weeks . The scenes where Tree awakens in Carter 's bed after her death were filmed back to back in a span of two days . The scene after Lori dies was supposed to be at the sorority house , but the filming permit was over before production was able to shoot there , forcing the location to be changed into a Los Angeles diner also featured in another Blumhouse production , Split . Alternate ending ( edit ) In the original ending of the film , Tree is taken to the hospital after her encounter with Lori . The doctor instructs her to stay away from pain medication for at least a day due to the extent of her injuries . After he leaves , a nurse comes in and tells Tree she is giving Tree something for the pain and Tree informs the nurse of the doctor 's orders . The nurse reveals herself to be Dr. Butler 's wife Stephanie , who says it is for her pain and then murders Tree in revenge for the affair between her and Dr. Butler . This version was shown in the test screenings for the film , and was received negatively by the audience , forcing the writers to come up with the theatrical ending . Director Christopher Landon also revealed Lori and Dr. Butler were the killers in the rough drafts , which later inspired the idea of the poisoned cupcake . Music ( edit ) Happy Death Day ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Bear McCreary Released October 13 , 2017 Genre Film score Length 39 : 57 ( Standard album ) 44 : 16 ( Bonus track version ) Label Back Lot Music Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Soundtrack Dreams Bear McCreary is the composer of all tracks . Standard album No . Title Length 1 . `` Day One '' 5 : 26 2 . `` Day Two '' 6 : 05 3 . `` Day Three '' 4 : 18 4 . `` Day Four '' 2 : 17 5 . `` Hospital Pursuit '' 5 : 55 6 . `` The Bell Tower '' 3 : 30 7 . `` Righting Wrongs '' 3 : 40 8 . `` Tree Takes Control '' 4 : 30 9 . `` The Cupcake '' 4 : 16 Total length : 39 : 57 Bonus track No . Title Length 10 . `` Happy Death Day End Title Credits '' 4 : 19 Total length : 44 : 16 Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Happy Death Day grossed $55.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $67 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $122.6 million , against a production budget of $4.8 million . In the United States and Canada , Happy Death Day was released alongside Marshall , The Foreigner and Professor Marston and the Wonder Women , and was expected to gross $15 -- 20 million from 3,130 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $1 million from Thursday night previews at 2,450 theaters , similar to fellow Blumhouse release The Visit ( $1.05 million in 2015 ) and $11.6 million on its first day , increasing weekend projections to $26 million . It went on to debut to $26 million , topping the box office , making it the third Blumhouse Productions film of 2017 ( after Split and Get Out ) to do so . It fell 64 % in its second weekend to $9.4 million , finishing in third behind newcomers Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween and Geostorm . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 119 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Happy Death Day puts a darkly humorous sci - fi spin on slasher conventions , with added edge courtesy of a starmaking performance from Jessica Rothe . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 52 % `` definite recommend '' . Critics noted that although the film makes laudatory attempts at merging genres -- including romantic comedy , horror and `` campus satire '' -- the end results were mixed . Jamie East from The Sun likened it to a `` slasher Mean Girls , '' while Chris Agar of Screen Rant said that the `` fun , if silly , blending of genre tropes ... ends up being a double - edged sword . '' Home media ( edit ) The film was released on digital HD on January 2 , 2018 and was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on January 16 , 2018 . The home release features the original ending . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Happy Death Day 2 Director Christopher B. Landon has talked about the possibility of a sequel , focusing on why Tree went into a time loop . Jessica Rothe stated that while most horror sequels retread the original , Landon 's pitch instead `` elevates the movie from being a horror movie into a Back to the Future type of genre film where the sequel joins us right from where we left off , it explains a lot of things in the first one that did n't get explained , and it elevates everything . '' Filming is scheduled to begin in May 2018 . On May 1 , 2018 , it was announced that Rothe and Israel Broussard will be returning for the sequel , reprising their roles as Tree Gelbman and Carter Davis , respectively . In addition , Suraj Sharma and Sarah Yarkin have been cast . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring time loops References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Happy Death Day ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Get Scared ' Half to Death ' This October '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giles , Jeff ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Happy Death Day Is Familiar but Fun '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How it took nearly 10 years to make the horror movie ' Happy Death Day ' '' . October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Megan Fox Joins Half to Death '' . Beyond Hollywood . July 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Rothe Starring in Horror Movie ' Half to Death ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ruby Modine Joins Horror Movie ' Half to Death ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Universal , Blumhouse Retitle Film ' Half To Death ' To ' Happy Death Day ' Jump up ^ `` THE STORY BEHIND ' HAPPY DEATH DAYS CREEPY BABY MASK AND TREE 'S BEST LINES '' . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Influences : 10 Movies That Inspired the Director '' . ^ Jump up to : Fitz - Gerald , Sean . THE GUYS BEHIND ' HAPPY DEATH DAY ' TALK TIME - BENDING ENDING & SEQUEL IDEAS ( October 13 , 2017 ) , Thrillist ^ Jump up to : `` ' Happy Death Day ' Ending : Director Shares Sequel Plans for Part 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The director of ' Happy Death Day ' answers all the questions you have after watching the movie , Insider Jump up ^ Production Notes for Happy Death Day Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day 's Jessica Rothe On What It Means To Be A Scream Queen in 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Tom Philip ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Happy Death Day Star Jessica Rothe Explains What It 's Like to Die a Dozen Times in the Same Movie '' . GQ . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Shot An Original Ending That Made Test Audiences Furious '' . Cinema Blend. 2017 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Bonus Track Version ) '' . iTunes Store . 2018 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Death Day ' expected to unseat ' Blade Runner 2049 ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blumhouse Makes a Wish for Another # 1 Opener with ' Happy Death Day ' '' . Box Office Mojo . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` ' Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween ' Reaps $21 M+ During October Dumping Ground At The B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Happy Death Day review : slasher Groundhog Day gives us a scream queen for the ages '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Like a slasher Mean Girls , Happy Death Day nails comedy and horror '' . The Sun . 2017 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Review '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : Happy Death Day Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Happy Death Day ' is n't out yet , but the director already has an idea for a sequel '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jessica Rothe on ' Forever My Girl ' & a ' Back to the Future ' - Esque ' Happy Death Day ' Sequel , Collider Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Death Day ' Sequel Reportedly Filming This Summer '' . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Death Day 2 ' : Jessica Rothe , Israel Broussard Return ; Suraj Sharma & Sarah Yarkin Joining Blumhouse Sequel '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Official website Happy Death Day on IMDb Happy Death Day at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Christopher B. Landon Burning Palms ( 2010 ) Paranormal Activity : The Marked Ones ( 2014 ) Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse ( 2015 ) Happy Death Day ( 2017 ) Happy Death Day 2 ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Death_Day&oldid=839228286 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy horror films 2010s horror thriller films 2010s mystery films 2010s serial killer films 2010s teen comedy films 2010s teen horror films 2017 horror films Adultery in films American comedy horror films American films American horror thriller films American mystery films American serial killer films American slasher films American teen comedy films American teen horror films Blumhouse Productions films Films about birthday Films about death Films directed by Christopher B. Landon Films produced by Jason Blum Films set in 2017 Films set in Louisiana Films set in universities and colleges Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Louisiana Mystery horror films Mystery thriller films Romantic horror films Time loop films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 03 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who keeps killing tree in happy death day	[ "However, the next morning Tree wakes up again on her birthday. Confused and distraught over the fact that killing Tombs did not stop the time loop, Tree returns to her room where Lori offers the cupcake again. Tree realizes that she had died in her sleep and also notes that this was the only time she had ever eaten the cupcake. Tree realizes that Lori is the true killer; Lori had poisoned the cupcake, but when Tree did not eat it, she utilized her job as a nurse in the hospital to frame Tombs for Tree's murder. Tree tries to coerce Lori to have a bite and when Lori refuses, Tree decides to take it to the police. Lori attacks Tree, locks the door and confesses that she was jealous of her affair with Dr. Butler. Tree manages to stuff the cupcake into Lori's mouth before kicking her out of a window, sending her falling to her death. Tree and Carter muse over the day's events back in the restaurant. He offers her his room for the night, also commenting her situation is a lot like the film Groundhog Day. Tree wakes up the next day believing herself to be in another loop, but it turns out to be a prank by Carter. The two share a kiss." ]	[ "Lori" ]
-8590969191212648596	Squared deviations from the mean	Squared deviations from the mean - wikipedia Squared deviations from the mean Jump to : navigation , search This article needs attention from an expert on the subject . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . Consider associating this request with a WikiProject . Squared deviations from the mean ( SDM ) are involved in various calculations . In probability theory and statistics , the definition of variance is either the SDM expected value ( when considering a theoretical distribution ) or its average value ( for actual experimental data ) . Computations for analysis of variance involve the partitioning of a sum of SDM . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Sample variance 3 Partition -- analysis of variance 3.1 Sums of squared deviations 3.2 Example 3.3 Two - way analysis of variance 4 See also 5 References Introduction ( edit ) An understanding of the computations involved is greatly enhanced by a study of the statistical value : E ⁡ ( X 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) . ) For a random variable X ( \ displaystyle X ) with mean μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) and variance σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) , σ 2 = E ⁡ ( X 2 ) − μ 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) = \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ mu ^ ( 2 ) . ) Therefore , E ⁡ ( X 2 ) = σ 2 + μ 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) = \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) + \ mu ^ ( 2 ) . ) From the above , the following can be derived : E ⁡ ( ∑ ( X 2 ) ) = n σ 2 + n μ 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( \ sum \ left ( X ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ right ) = n \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) + n \ mu ^ ( 2 ) , ) E ⁡ ( ( ∑ X ) 2 ) = n σ 2 + n 2 μ 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( \ left ( \ sum X \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) = n \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) + n ^ ( 2 ) \ mu ^ ( 2 ) . ) If Y ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( Y ) ) ) is a vector of n predictions , and Y ( \ displaystyle Y ) is the vector of the true values , then the SSE of the predictor is S S E = 1 2 ∑ i = 1 n ( Y i ^ − Y i ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle SSE = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( ( \ hat ( Y_ ( i ) ) ) - Y_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) Sample variance ( edit ) Main article : Sample variance The sum of squared deviations needed to calculate sample variance ( before deciding whether to divide by n or n − 1 ) is most easily calculated as S = ∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x ) 2 n ( \ displaystyle S = \ sum x ^ ( 2 ) - ( \ frac ( \ left ( \ sum x \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( n ) ) ) From the two derived expectations above the expected value of this sum is E ⁡ ( S ) = n σ 2 + n μ 2 − n σ 2 + n 2 μ 2 n ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( S ) = n \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) + n \ mu ^ ( 2 ) - ( \ frac ( n \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) + n ^ ( 2 ) \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ( n ) ) ) which implies E ⁡ ( S ) = ( n − 1 ) σ 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( S ) = ( n - 1 ) \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) . ) This effectively proves the use of the divisor n − 1 in the calculation of an unbiased sample estimate of σ . Partition -- analysis of variance ( edit ) Main article : Partition of sums of squares In the situation where data is available for k different treatment groups having size n where i varies from 1 to k , then it is assumed that the expected mean of each group is E ⁡ ( μ i ) = μ + T i ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mu _ ( i ) ) = \ mu + T_ ( i ) ) and the variance of each treatment group is unchanged from the population variance σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) . Under the Null Hypothesis that the treatments have no effect , then each of the T i ( \ displaystyle T_ ( i ) ) will be zero . It is now possible to calculate three sums of squares : Individual I = ∑ x 2 ( \ displaystyle I = \ sum x ^ ( 2 ) ) E ⁡ ( I ) = n σ 2 + n μ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( I ) = n \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) + n \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) Treatments T = ∑ i = 1 k ( ( ∑ x ) 2 / n i ) ( \ displaystyle T = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \ left ( \ left ( \ sum x \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) / n_ ( i ) \ right ) ) E ⁡ ( T ) = k σ 2 + ∑ i = 1 k n i ( μ + T i ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( T ) = k \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) n_ ( i ) ( \ mu + T_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) E ⁡ ( T ) = k σ 2 + n μ 2 + 2 μ ∑ i = 1 k ( n i T i ) + ∑ i = 1 k n i ( T i ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( T ) = k \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) + n \ mu ^ ( 2 ) + 2 \ mu \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( n_ ( i ) T_ ( i ) ) + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) n_ ( i ) ( T_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) Under the null hypothesis that the treatments cause no differences and all the T i ( \ displaystyle T_ ( i ) ) are zero , the expectation simplifies to E ⁡ ( T ) = k σ 2 + n μ 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( T ) = k \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) + n \ mu ^ ( 2 ) . ) Combination C = ( ∑ x ) 2 / n ( \ displaystyle C = \ left ( \ sum x \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) / n ) E ⁡ ( C ) = σ 2 + n μ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( C ) = \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) + n \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) Sums of squared deviations ( edit ) Under the null hypothesis , the difference of any pair of I , T , and C does not contain any dependency on μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) , only σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) . E ⁡ ( I − C ) = ( n − 1 ) σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( I-C ) = ( n - 1 ) \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) total squared deviations aka total sum of squares E ⁡ ( T − C ) = ( k − 1 ) σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( T-C ) = ( k - 1 ) \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) treatment squared deviations aka explained sum of squares E ⁡ ( I − T ) = ( n − k ) σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( I-T ) = ( n-k ) \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) residual squared deviations aka residual sum of squares The constants ( n − 1 ) , ( k − 1 ) , and ( n − k ) are normally referred to as the number of degrees of freedom . Example ( edit ) In a very simple example , 5 observations arise from two treatments . The first treatment gives three values 1 , 2 , and 3 , and the second treatment gives two values 4 , and 6 . I = 1 2 1 + 2 2 1 + 3 2 1 + 4 2 1 + 6 2 1 = 66 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 6 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 ) ) = 66 ) T = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) 2 3 + ( 4 + 6 ) 2 2 = 12 + 50 = 62 ( \ displaystyle T = ( \ frac ( ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( ( 4 + 6 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) = 12 + 50 = 62 ) C = ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 ) 2 5 = 256 / 5 = 51.2 ( \ displaystyle C = ( \ frac ( ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 ) ) = 256 / 5 = 51.2 ) Giving Total squared deviations = 66 − 51.2 = 14.8 with 4 degrees of freedom . Treatment squared deviations = 62 − 51.2 = 10.8 with 1 degree of freedom . Residual squared deviations = 66 − 62 = 4 with 3 degrees of freedom . Two - way analysis of variance ( edit ) Main article : Two - way analysis of variance The following hypothetical example gives the yields of 15 plants subject to two different environmental variations , and three different fertilisers . Extra CO Extra humidity No fertiliser 7 , 2 , 1 7 , 6 Nitrate 11 , 6 10 , 7 , 3 Phosphate 5 , 3 , 4 11 , 4 Five sums of squares are calculated : Factor Calculation Sum σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) Individual 7 2 + 2 2 + 1 2 + 7 2 + 6 2 + 11 2 + 6 2 + 10 2 + 7 2 + 3 2 + 5 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 11 2 + 4 2 ( \ displaystyle 7 ^ ( 2 ) + 2 ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ^ ( 2 ) + 7 ^ ( 2 ) + 6 ^ ( 2 ) + 11 ^ ( 2 ) + 6 ^ ( 2 ) + 10 ^ ( 2 ) + 7 ^ ( 2 ) + 3 ^ ( 2 ) + 5 ^ ( 2 ) + 3 ^ ( 2 ) + 4 ^ ( 2 ) + 11 ^ ( 2 ) + 4 ^ ( 2 ) ) 641 15 Fertilizer × Environment ( 7 + 2 + 1 ) 2 3 + ( 7 + 6 ) 2 2 + ( 11 + 6 ) 2 2 + ( 10 + 7 + 3 ) 2 3 + ( 5 + 3 + 4 ) 2 3 + ( 11 + 4 ) 2 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( 7 + 2 + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( ( 7 + 6 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( ( 11 + 6 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( ( 10 + 7 + 3 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( ( 5 + 3 + 4 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( ( 11 + 4 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) 556.1667 6 Fertilizer ( 7 + 2 + 1 + 7 + 6 ) 2 5 + ( 11 + 6 + 10 + 7 + 3 ) 2 5 + ( 5 + 3 + 4 + 11 + 4 ) 2 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( 7 + 2 + 1 + 7 + 6 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 ) ) + ( \ frac ( ( 11 + 6 + 10 + 7 + 3 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 ) ) + ( \ frac ( ( 5 + 3 + 4 + 11 + 4 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 ) ) ) 525.4 Environment ( 7 + 2 + 1 + 11 + 6 + 5 + 3 + 4 ) 2 8 + ( 7 + 6 + 10 + 7 + 3 + 11 + 4 ) 2 7 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( 7 + 2 + 1 + 11 + 6 + 5 + 3 + 4 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 8 ) ) + ( \ frac ( ( 7 + 6 + 10 + 7 + 3 + 11 + 4 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 7 ) ) ) 519.2679 Composite ( 7 + 2 + 1 + 11 + 6 + 5 + 3 + 4 + 7 + 6 + 10 + 7 + 3 + 11 + 4 ) 2 15 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( 7 + 2 + 1 + 11 + 6 + 5 + 3 + 4 + 7 + 6 + 10 + 7 + 3 + 11 + 4 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 15 ) ) ) 504.6 Finally , the sums of squared deviations required for the analysis of variance can be calculated . Factor Sum σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) Total Environment Fertiliser Fertiliser × Environment Residual Individual 641 15 Fertiliser × Environment 556.1667 6 − 1 Fertiliser 525.4 − 1 Environment 519.2679 − 1 Composite 504.6 − 1 − 1 − 1 Squared deviations 136.4 14.668 20.8 16.099 84.833 Degrees of freedom 14 9 See also ( edit ) Absolute deviation Algorithms for calculating variance Errors and residuals Least squares Mean squared error Residual sum of squares Variance decomposition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mood & Graybill : An introduction to the Theory of Statistics ( McGraw Hill ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squared_deviations_from_the_mean&oldid=801245372 '' Categories : Statistical deviation and dispersion Analysis of variance Hidden categories : Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention All articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 15 : 33 . 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-2991359734474575490	Leaning Tower of Pisa	Leaning tower of Pisa - wikipedia Leaning tower of Pisa famous tower in Italy Leaning Tower of Pisa Torre pendente di Pisa Leaning Tower of Pisa Basic information Location Pisa , Italy Geographic coordinates 43 ° 43 ′ 23 '' N 10 ° 23 ′ 47 '' E / 43.72306 ° N 10.39639 ° E / 43.72306 ; 10.39639 Coordinates : 43 ° 43 ′ 23 '' N 10 ° 23 ′ 47 '' E / 43.72306 ° N 10.39639 ° E / 43.72306 ; 10.39639 Affiliation Roman Catholic Website www.opapisa.it Architectural description Architect ( s ) Bonanno Pisano Architectural style Romanesque Groundbreaking 1173 Completed 1372 Specifications Height ( max ) 55.86 metres ( 183.3 ft ) Materials marble stone UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Piazza del Duomo , Pisa Criteria Cultural : i , ii , iv , vi Reference 395 Inscription 1987 ( 11th Session ) The Leaning Tower of Pisa ( Italian : Torre pendente di Pisa ) or simply the Tower of Pisa ( Torre di Pisa ( ˈtorre di ˈpiːza ) ) is the campanile , or freestanding bell tower , of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa , known worldwide for its unintended tilt . The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in the city 's Cathedral Square ( Piazza del Duomo ) , after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry . The tower 's tilt began during construction in the 12th century , caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure 's weight . The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century . It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized ( and the tilt partially corrected ) by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries . The height of the tower is 55.86 metres ( 183.27 feet ) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres ( 185.93 feet ) on the high side . The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m ( 8 ft 0.06 in ) . Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons ( 16,000 short tons ) . The tower has 296 or 294 steps ; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north - facing staircase . Prior to restoration work performed between 1990 and 2001 , the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees , but the tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees . This means the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 metres ( 12 ft 10 in ) from the centre . Contents 1 Architect 2 Construction 2.1 Timeline 2.2 Builders 3 History following construction 4 Guinness World Records 5 Technical information 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Architect There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa . For many years , the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano , a well - known 12th - century resident artist of Pisa , famous for his bronze casting , particularly in the Pisa Duomo . Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale , Sicily , only to come back and die in his home town . A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820 , but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595 . A 2001 study seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect , due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works , notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery , both in Pisa . Construction The Pisa Baptistery ( in the foreground ) , the Pisa Cathedral ( in the middleground ) , and the Leaning Tower of Pisa ( in the background ) Leaning Tower of Pisa in 2004 Leaning Tower of Pisa Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years . Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14 , 1173 during a period of military success and prosperity . This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals . The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178 . This was due to a mere three - metre foundation , set in weak , unstable subsoil , a design that was flawed from the beginning . Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century , because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa , Lucca , and Florence . This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle . Otherwise , the tower would almost certainly have toppled . In 1198 , clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction . In 1272 , construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone , architect of the Camposanto . In an effort to compensate for the tilt , the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other . Because of this , the tower is curved . Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria . The seventh floor was completed in 1319 . The bell - chamber was finally added in 1372 . It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano , who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell - chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower . There are seven bells , one for each note of the musical major scale . The largest one was installed in 1655 . After a phase ( 1990 -- 2001 ) of structural strengthening , the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration , in order to repair visible damage , mostly corrosion and blackening . These are particularly pronounced due to the tower 's age and its exposure to wind and rain . Timeline On January 5 , 1172 , Donna Berta di Bernardo , a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria , bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie . The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower . On August 9 , 1173 , the foundations of the tower were laid . Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote : `` Guglielmo , according to what is being said , in ( this ) year 1174 with Bonanno as sculptor , laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa . '' On December 27 , 1233 , the worker Benenato , son of Gerardo Bottici , oversaw the continuation of the construction of the bell tower . On February 23 , 1260 , Guido Speziale , son of Giovanni , a worker on the cathedral Santa Maria Maggiore , was elected to oversee the building of the tower . On April 12 , 1264 , the master builder Giovanni di Simone and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble . The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale , worker of St. Francesco . Giorgio Vasari indicated that Tommaso di Andrea Pisano was the designer of the belfry between 1360 and 1370 . Builders One possible known builder of Pisa Tower was Gerardo di Gerardo . His name appears as a witness to the above legacy of Berta di Bernardo as `` Master Gerardo '' , and as a worker whose name was Gerardo . A more probable builder was Diotisalvi , because of the construction period and the structure 's affinities with other buildings in Pisa , but he usually signed his works , and there is no signature by him in the bell tower . Giovanni di Simone was known to be heavily involved in the completion of the tower , under the direction of Giovanni Pisano , who at the time was master builder of the Opera di Santa Maria Maggiore . Di Simone could be the same Giovanni Pisano who completed the belfry tower . History following construction Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannonballs of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass . However , the only primary source for this is the biography Racconto istorico della vita di Galileo Galilei ( Historical Account of the Life of Galileo Galilei ) , written by Galileo 's secretary Vincenzo Viviani and published in 1717 , long after Viviani 's death . During World War II , the Allies suspected that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post . A U.S. Army sergeant sent to confirm the presence of German troops in the tower was impressed by the beauty of the cathedral and its campanile , and thus refrained from ordering an artillery strike , sparing it from destruction . Numerous efforts have been made to restore the tower to a vertical orientation or at least keep it from falling over . Most of these efforts failed ; some worsened the tilt . On February 27 , 1964 , the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling . It was , however , considered important to retain the current tilt , due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa . A multinational task force of engineers , mathematicians , and historians gathered on the Azores islands to discuss stabilisation methods . It was found that the tilt was increasing in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side . Many methods were proposed to stabilise the tower , including the addition of 800 tonnes of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base . The tower and the neighbouring cathedral , baptistery , and cemetery are included in the Piazza del Duomo UNESCO World Heritage Site , which was declared in 1987 . The tower was closed to the public on January 7 , 1990 , after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989 . The bells were removed to relieve some weight , and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away . Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety . The solution chosen to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten it to a safer angle by removing 38 cubic metres ( 1,342 cubic feet ) of soil from underneath the raised end . The tower was straightened by 45 centimetres ( 17.7 inches ) , returning to its 1838 position . After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts , the tower was reopened to the public on December 15 , 2001 and was declared stable for at least another 300 years . In total , 70 metric tons ( 77 short tons ) of earth were removed . In May 2008 , engineers announced that the tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history . They stated that it would be stable for at least 200 years . Plaque in memory of Galileo Galilei 's experiments Lead counterweights , 1998 Guinness World Records Two German churches have challenged the tower 's status as the world 's most lop - sided building : the 15th - century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th - century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen . Guinness World Records measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers , finding the former 's tilt to be 3.97 degrees . In June 2010 , Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi , UAE as the `` World 's Furthest Leaning Man - made Tower '' . The Capital Gate tower has an 18 - degree slope , almost five times more than the Pisa Tower ; however the Capital Gate tower has been deliberately engineered to slant . The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand , also deliberately built , leans at 53 degrees to the ground . Technical information An elevation image of the Leaning Tower of Pisa cut with laser scan data from a University of Ferrara / CyArk research partnership , with source image accurate down to 5 mm ( 0.2 in ) Elevation of Piazza del Duomo : about 2 metres ( 6 feet , DMS ) Height from the ground floor : 55.863 metres ( 183 ft 3 in ) , 8 stories Height from the foundation floor : 58.36 m ( 191 ft 5.64 in ) Outer diameter of base : 15.484 metres ( 50 ft 9.6 in ) Inner diameter of base : 7.368 metres ( 24 ft 2.1 in ) Angle of slant : 3.97 degrees or 3.9 metres ( 12 ft 10 in ) from the vertical Weight : 14,700 metric tons ( 16,200 short tons ) Thickness of walls at the base : 2.44 metres ( 8 ft 0 in ) Total number of bells : 7 , tuned to musical scale , clockwise 1st bell : L'Assunta , cast in 1654 by Giovanni Pietro Orlandi , weight 3,620 kg ( 7,981 lb ) 2nd bell : Il Crocifisso , cast in 1572 by Vincenzo Possenti , weight 2,462 kg ( 5,428 lb ) 3rd bell : San Ranieri , cast in 1719 -- 1721 by Giovanni Andrea Moreni , weight 1,448 kg ( 3,192 lb ) 4th bell : La Terza ( 1st small one ) , cast in 1473 , weight 300 kg ( 661 lb ) 5th bell : La Pasquereccia or La Giustizia , cast in 1262 by Lotteringo , weight 1,014 kg ( 2,235 lb ) 6th bell : Il Vespruccio ( 2nd small one ) , cast in the 14th century and again in 1501 by Nicola di Jacopo , weight 1,000 kg ( 2,205 lb ) 7th bell : Dal Pozzo , cast in 1606 and again in 2004 , weight 652 kg ( 1,437 lb ) Number of steps to the top : 296 About the 5th bell : The name Pasquareccia comes from Easter , because it used to ring on Easter day . However , this bell is older than the bell - chamber itself , and comes from the tower Vergata in Palazzo Pretorio in Pisa , where it was called La Giustizia ( The Justice ) . The bell was tolled to announce executions of criminals and traitors , including Count Ugolino in 1289 . A new bell was installed in the bell tower at the end of the 18th century to replace the broken Pasquareccia . The circular shape and great height ( currently 55.86 m ( 183 ft 3.21 in ) on the lowest side and 56.67 m ( 185 ft 11.10 in ) m on the highest ) of the campanile were unusual for their time , and the crowning belfry is stylistically distinct from the rest of the construction . This belfry incorporates a 14 cm ( 5.5 in ) correction for the inclined axis below . The siting of the campanile within the Piazza del Duomo diverges from the axial alignment of the cathedral and baptistery of the Piazza del Duomo . Gallery View looking up Entrance door to the bell tower External loggia Inner staircase from sixth to seventh floor Inner staircase from seventh to eighth ( the top ) floor View from the top Assunta bell Pasquareccia bell View , looking down from the top A popular photo opportunity with tourists is to pose as if one was either holding up or pushing over the tower See also Leaning Temple of Huma -- Only leaning temple in the world List of leaning towers Leaning Tower of Niles , a replica of the Tower of Pisa Leaning Tower of Zaragoza , was a famous European leaning tower Great Mosque of al - Nuri ( Mosul ) , an ancient leaning tower that stood until 2017 Machang , Kelantan -- home to another leaning tower Round tower ( disambiguation ) , for other types of round towers The Greyfriars Tower -- the remains of a Franciscan monastery in King 's Lynn , nicknamed `` The Leaning Tower of Lynn '' Torre delle Milizie , a tilting medieval tower in Rome Tour de Pise , a rock dome in Antarctica , was named after this tower References Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa Facts '' . Leaning Tower of Pisa . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Saving the Leaning Tower '' . BBC News . December 15 , 2001 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tower of Pisa '' . Archidose.org . June 17 , 2001 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa ( tower , Pisa , Italy ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` E la Torre di Pisa non oscilla più '' . Scienze.TV . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ tan ( 3.99 degrees ) * ( 55.86 m + 56.70 m ) / 2 = 3.9 m Jump up ^ Controversy about the identity of the architect Archived August 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pierotti , Piero. ( 2001 ) . Deotisalvi -- L'architetto pisano del secolo d'oro . Pisa : Pacini Editore Jump up ^ McLain , Bill ( 1999 ) . Do Fish Drink Water ? . New York : William Morrow and Company , Inc . pp. 291 -- 292 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 16512 - 5 . Jump up ^ G. Barsali ( 1999 ) , Pisa . History and masterpieces , Bonechi , p. 18 , ISBN 8872041880 Jump up ^ A profile of an engineer employed to straighten the tower Ingenia , March 2005 Jump up ^ Restoration work is mentioned at the official website of the square Jump up ^ Capitular Record Offices of Pisa , parchment n . 248 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Opera della Primaziale , December 27 , 1234 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Opera della Primaziale , February 23 , 1260 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Roncioni , April 12 , 1265 . Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari , Jean Paul Richter ( 1855 ) , Lives of the Most Eminent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects , H.G. Bohn , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` Sci Tech : Science history : setting the record straight '' . The Hindu . June 30 , 2005 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vincenzo Viviani on museo galileo Jump up ^ Shrady , Nicholas ( 2003 ) : Tilt : a skewed history of the Tower of Pisa Jump up ^ `` Why I spared the Leaning Tower of Pisa '' . The Guardian . January 12 , 2000 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Securing the Lean In Tower of Pisa '' . The New York Times . November 1 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tipping the Balance '' . TIME Magazine . June 25 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Piazza del Duomo , Pisa '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duff , Mark ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Europe Pisa 's leaning tower ' stabilised ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sunday Telegraph no . 2,406 , July 22 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` German steeple beats Leaning Tower of Pisa into Guinness book '' . The Raw Story . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Not so fast , Pisa ! UAE lays claim to world 's furthest leaning tower '' . CNN news . June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Leaning and tumbling towers ' on Puzzling World website , viewed 2011 - 07 - 30 Jump up ^ tan ( 3.97 degrees ) * ( 55.86 m + 56.70 m ) / 2 = 3.9 m Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa : 1920 's Photo of Dal Pozzo '' . www.endex.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davies , Andrew ( 2005 ) . The Children 's Visual World Atlas . Sydney , Australia : The Fog Press . ISBN 1 - 74089 - 317 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Torre pendente '' ( in Italian ) . Lucca turismo . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leaning Tower ( Pisa ) . Opera della Primaziale Pisana -- official site Piazza dei Miracoli digital media archive ( Creative Commons -- licensed photos , laser scans , panoramas ) , data from a University of Ferrara / CyArk research partnership , includes 3D scan data from Leaning Tower . Leaning Tower of Pisa at Structurae Tourism in Pisa Religious Churches Pisa Baptistery Pisa Cathedral S Andrea Forisportam S Antonio Abate S Apollonia S Caterina S Chiara S Cristina S Sepolcro S Domenico S Francesco S Frediano S Michele in Borgo S Giovanni dei Fieri S Paolo a Ripa d'Arno S Paolo all'Orto S Piero a Grado S Jacopo e Filippo S Stefano dei Cavalieri S Martino S Michele degli Scalzi S Sisto S Nicola S Maria della Spina S Zeno Palaces della Carovana del Collegio Puteano delle Vedove Landmarks Leaning Tower of Pisa Navicelli channel Torre dei Gualandi Piazzas Knights ' Square Piazza delle Gondole Piazza dei Miracoli Camposanto Monumentale Museums Domus Galilaeana National Museum of San Matteo Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa Certosa Gardens and parks Orto Botanico Landmarks of Tuscany Basilica of San Frediano Battistero di San Giovanni ( Siena ) Lucca Cathedral Camposanto Monumentale Piazza dei Miracoli Leaning Tower of Pisa Palazzo Pubblico Piazza del Campo Renaissance architecture of Pienza Pistoia Cathedral Prato Cathedral Historical center of San Gimignano Santa Maria della Pieve Siena Cathedral BNF : cb13322870c ( data ) GND : 1047787296 LCCN : sh89006632 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa&oldid=852954124 '' Categories : 1372 establishments in Europe Bell towers in Italy Buildings and structures completed in 1372 Inclined towers Romanesque architecture in Pisa Tourist attractions in Pisa Towers completed in the 14th century Towers in Pisa World Heritage Sites in Italy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles prone to spam from September 2012 Structurae ID different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 84 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 13 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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-449473373745708715	Bird sanctuaries of India	Bird sanctuaries of India - wikipedia Bird sanctuaries of India Jump to : navigation , search Bird sanctuaries are nature facilities that advocate the conservation of various species of birds and their natural habitats while promoting rehabilitation and survival . List of bird sanctuaries of India ( edit ) Click on the button in the header to sort each column . Vedanthangal bird sanctuary View from Watch Tower Malabar grey - hornbill ( Ocyceros griseus ) at Thattekad , Kerala spot - billed pelican ( Pelecanus philippensis ) at nest at Atapaka in Kolleru W IMG 3738 Birds at Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary , Unnao Sl No Name State Atapaka Bird Sanctuary Andhra Pradesh Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary Andhra Pradesh Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary Andhra Pradesh Sri Penusila Narasimha Wildlife Sanctuary Andhra Pradesh Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary Andhra Pradesh 6 Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary Delhi 7 Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary Goa 8 Gaga Wildlife Sanctuary Gujarat 9 Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary Gujarat 10 Kutch Bustard Sanctuary Gujarat 11 Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary Gujarat 12 Porbandar Bird Sanctuary Gujarat 13 Thol Lake Gujarat 14 Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary Haryana 15 Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary Haryana 16 Gamgul Himachal Pradesh 17 Attiveri Bird Sanctuary Karnataka 18 Bankapura Karnataka 19 Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary Karnataka 20 Bonal Bird Sanctuary Karnataka 21 Gudavi Bird Sanctuary Karnataka 22 Kaggaladu Karnataka 23 Kaggaladu Bird Sanctuary Karnataka 24 Magadi Bird Sanctuary Karnataka 25 Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary Karnataka 26 Puttenahalli Lake ( Yelahanka ) Karnataka 27 Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary Karnataka 28 Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary Kerala 29 Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary Kerala 30 Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary Kerala 31 Pathiramanal Kerala 32 Thattekad Bird Sanctuary Kerala 33 Mayani Bird Sanctuary Maharashtra 34 Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary Maharashtra 35 Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary Mizoram 36 Chilika Lake Odisha 37 Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan 38 Tal Chhapar Sanctuary Rajasthan 39 Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary Rajasthan 40 Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 41 Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 42 Koothankulam Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 43 Suchindram Theroor Birds Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 44 Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 45 Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 46 Vellode Birds Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 47 Vettangudi Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 48 Bakhira Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 49 Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 50 Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 51 Okhla Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 52 Patna Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 53 Saman Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 54 Samaspur Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 55 Sandi Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 56 Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary West Bengal 57 Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary West Bengal 58 Thasrana Bird Sanctuary ( Dhanauri Wetlands ) Uttar Pradesh 59 wadhwana , dabhoi Gujarat References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bird_sanctuaries_of_India&oldid=791608801 '' Categories : Bird sanctuaries of India Talk About Wikipedia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2017 , at 10 : 24 . About Wikipedia	bird sanctuaries in fertile northern plains of india	[]	[]
-1024330349461711085	Welcome to New York (song)	Welcome to New York ( song ) - wikipedia Welcome to New York ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Welcome to New York '' Promotional single by Taylor Swift from the album 1989 Released October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) Format Digital download Genre Synthpop Length 3 : 32 Label Big Machine Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Ryan Tedder Producer ( s ) Ryan Tedder Noel Zancanella Taylor Swift `` Welcome to New York '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift . It was released as the second promotional single on October 20 , 2014 from Swift 's fifth album , 1989 . Swift is donating all proceeds from the sale of the single to the New York City Department of Education . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Cover versions and media usage 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Background and release ( edit ) Swift performing `` Welcome to New York '' during 1989 World Tour . The song was released to digital download on iTunes and with the CD on October 20 , 2014 . The song is the opening track on the album , 1989 . Prior to the digital release Swift released a 30 - second sampler of the song on YouTube . When discussing the song with E ! Online , Swift states that `` The inspiration that I found in that city is kind of hard to describe and hard to compare to any other force of inspiration I 've ever experienced in my life . '' She continued on by stating `` I approached moving there with such wide - eyed optimism and sort of saw it as a place of endless potential and possibilities . You can kind of hear that reflected in this music and this first song especially . '' When discussing the song 's placement on the album Swift stated the reason she wanted the track to be the first song on the album was `` because New York has been an important landscape and location for the story of my life in the last couple of years . You know , I dreamed about living in New York , I obsessed moving to New York and then I did it . '' The lines `` And you can want who you want / Boys and boys and girls and girls '' has been viewed as Swift 's way of supporting LGBT equality . Composition ( edit ) `` Welcome to New York '' is a synthpop song written by Swift and Ryan Tedder and produced by Swift , Tedder and Noel Zancanella . It runs the length of three minutes and thirty - two seconds ( 3 : 32 ). It has a moderate beat of 117 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of G major with Swift 's vocals spanning between the octaves of D and D . Critical reception ( edit ) Jim Farber of New York Daily News criticized the song saying `` Unlike the classic odes to our city , Swift 's lacks the sophistication , or substance , of Gotham - themed hits by Frank Sinatra ( '' New York , New York `` ) , Billy Joel ( '' New York State of Mind `` ) or Alicia Keys / Jay Z ( '' Empire State of Mind `` ) . '' Jen Carlson of Gothamist called it `` the worst NYC anthem of all time . '' Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of Jezebel called the song a `` gentrification anthem so obtuse it makes one wonder if ( Swift ) is , in fact , trolling at this point . '' Esther Zuckerman of Entertainment Weekly pointed out that `` It honors the city ... but only skims the surface . '' Robert Christgau , who called it his favorite song on 1989 , felt critics had been too harsh so as to not appear to be fans of Swift , while writing : Having emigrated to Manhattan myself , albeit from Queens , I think it 's silly to demand sociology from someone who ca n't stroll Central Park without bodyguards . I note that even from a limo you can tell that the `` everyone '' here who `` was someone else before '' includes many immigrants of color . And I credit its gay - curious moment even if she ends up with a banker like her dad . All that said , however , there 's a big difference between Swift 's Manhattan and the one I can afford only due to real estate laws as vestigial as the family grocery that just closed up across the street , and you can hear that difference in the music . In more enthusiastic critique , Forrest Wickman from Slate considered it `` a soaring synth - pop anthem of the kind you could imagine being sung by Katy Perry . '' Daniel D'Addario of Time magazine stated that it was a `` new kind of equality anthem '' and that while , `` A full - throated cry for marriage equality or an end to bullying it is n't ... its simple declarativeness fits the tenor of the times . '' Nate Scott of USA Today praised the song and said it would be `` the next New York anthem '' and stated that the song `` works . It works because Taylor Swift is the kind of artist that does n't care -- at all -- that the `` I 'm a young person who just moved to New York ! '' narrative is a tired cliché . She just lived it : She moved to New York , and she felt her life was changed by moving to the big city . '' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard gave the song three stars out of five and praised the song stating that it `` naturally arrives with a warm grin slapped on the first carnival - themed synthesizer . Compared to two other Swift songs -- her last two album openers , ' Mine ' from Speak Now and ' State of Grace ' from Red -- ' Welcome To New York ' is sunny and conflict - free , an uncomplicated NYC greeting straight out of the opening montage to `` That Girl '' while criticizing the song by stating that `` Swift 's experience of moving to New York is probably a bit different than those of us out - of - staters who have had to make the post-college pilgrimage to the big city ; while Swift perkily admires how ' the Village is aglow , ' she does n't remark on the subway rats or waking up in closet - sized bedrooms . '' Chart performance ( edit ) The song has peaked at number 48 on the Billboard Hot 100 . On January 22 , 2015 , `` Welcome to New York '' was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for its shipments exceeding of 500,000 units in the United States . The song performed well in Oceania , peaking at number 6 and 23 in New Zealand and Australia , respectively . In Hungary , the song peaked at number 16 on the Association of Hungarian Record Companies Top 20 Singles chart , number 19 on the Canadian Hot 100 , number 21 in Spain , number 27 in Denmark , and 39 on the UK Single Charts . Cover versions and media usage ( edit ) Ryan Adams recorded a rock version of `` Welcome to New York '' for his album 1989 , a cover of Swift 's album 1989 . Yahoo ! writer Oscar Gracey said that Adams ' cover of `` Welcome to New York '' is `` more Coney Island than East Village . '' The song is also featured in the films How to Be Single and The Secret Life of Pets . It is also used as the main theme for the current TSG Pictures incarnation . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from liner notes of 1989 . Taylor Swift -- lead vocals , writer , producer Ryan Tedder -- producer , recording , writer , background vocals , piano , juno Noel Zancanella -- producer , drum programming , synthesizer Smith Carlson -- recording Eric Eylands -- assistant recording Matthew Tryba -- assistant recording Serban Ghenea -- mixing John Hanes -- engineered for mix Tom Coyne -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 19 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 27 France ( SNEP ) 85 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 16 Ireland ( IRMA ) 55 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 80 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 16 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 39 US Billboard Hot 100 48 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States October 20 , 2014 Digital download Big Machine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wickman , Forrest ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift `` Welcome to New York '' : New song from 1989 is a pro-gay , synth - pop anthem. `` . Slate . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Messer , Lesley ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift to Donate ' Welcome to New York ' Proceeds to NYC Public Schools '' . ABC News . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Zuckerman , Esther ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Here is Taylor Swift 's ' Welcome to New York ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker , Eric ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Welcome To New York ' Coming Tuesday : Listen to a Preview Now '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Welcome To New York ' Is A Love Letter To A City '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Alyssa ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Talks New Single ' Welcome to New York , ' Says It 's ' Very Sexist ' to Claim She Only Writes About Exes '' . E ! Online . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Taylor ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Announces NEW SONG from 1989 ! '' . taylorswift.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Finally ' Living In A Big Ol ' City ' In ' Welcome To New York ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- 1989 by Taylor Swift '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Digital sheet music -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome to New York '' . Musicnotes.com . Alfred Music Publishing . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Welcome to New York , ' music review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Jen ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Welcome to New York , ' music review '' . Gothamist . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Escobedo Shepherd , Julianne ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's New Song Is the Gentrification Anthem NYC Did n't Need '' . Jezebel . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Expert Witness '' . Cuepoint . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Welcome to New York ' Is a New Kind of Equality Anthem '' . Time . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , Nate ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Welcome to New York ' is the next New York anthem '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Packs Her Bags on ' Welcome To New York ' : Song Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Program searchable database '' . Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome To New York '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome To New York '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome To New York '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome To New York '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gracey , Oscar ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Adams ' ' 1989 ' : Track By Track '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ 1989 ( Compact disc liner notes ) . Taylor Swift . Big Machine Records . 2014 . BMRBD0500A . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome To New York '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 44 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome to New York '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Taylor Swift portal ( hide ) Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' 1989 `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Collaborations `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' Other songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Long Live '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Ronan '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welcome_to_New_York_(song)&oldid=804122089 '' Categories : 2014 songs Taylor Swift songs Ryan Adams songs Song recordings produced by Noel Zancanella Song recordings produced by Ryan Tedder Songs written by Ryan Tedder Songs written by Taylor Swift Songs about New York City Synthpop songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 22 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	welcome to new york song from the secret life of pets	[]	[]
-7288562121057681413	International System of Units	International system of units - wikipedia International system of units Jump to : navigation , search `` SI '' redirects here . For other uses , see SI ( disambiguation ) . For a topical guide to this subject , see Outline of the metric system . The SI base units The International System of Units ( abbreviated as SI , from the French Système international ( d'unités ) ) is the modern form of the metric system , and is the most widely used system of measurement . It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units and a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units . The system also specifies lowercase names for 22 derived units . The system was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948 . It is based on the metre -- kilogram -- second system of units ( MKS ) rather than any variant of the centimetre -- gram -- second system of units ( CGS ) . SI is intended to be an evolving system , so prefixes and units are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves . The 24th and 25th General Conferences on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) in 2011 and 2014 , for example , discussed a proposal to change the definition of the kilogram , linking it to an invariant of nature rather than to the mass of a material artefact , thereby ensuring long - term stability . The motivation for the development of the SI was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the CGS systems and the lack of coordination between the various disciplines that used them . The CGPM , which was established by the Metre Convention of 1875 , brought together many international organisations to not only agree on the definitions and standards of the new system but also agree on the rules for writing and presenting measurements in a standardised manner around the world . The International System of Units has been adopted by all developed countries except the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early development 1.2 Metre Convention 1.3 Towards the SI 1.4 International System of Quantities 2 SI Brochure and conversion factors 3 Units and prefixes 3.1 Base units 3.2 Derived units 3.3 Prefixes 3.4 Non-SI units accepted for use with SI 4 Writing unit symbols and the values of quantities 4.1 Unit names 4.2 Unit names as adjectives 4.3 Chinese and Japanese 4.4 Unit symbols and the values of quantities 4.4. 1 General rules 4.4. 2 Printing SI symbols 5 Realisation of units 6 Post-1960 changes 6.1 Changes to the SI 6.2 Retention of non-SI units 7 Global adoption 7.1 United Kingdom and the former British Empire 7.2 European Union 7.3 India 7.4 United States 8 Redefinition of units 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Stone marking the Austro - Hungarian / Italian border at Pontebba displaying myriametres , a unit of 10 km used in Central Europe in the 19th century ( but since deprecated ) . Main article : History of the metric system The metric system was first implemented during the French Revolution ( 1790s ) with just the metre and kilogram as standards of length and mass respectively . In the 1830s Carl Friedrich Gauss laid the foundations for a coherent system based on length , mass , and time . In the 1860s a group working under the auspices of the British Association for the Advancement of Science formulated the requirement for a coherent system of units with base units and derived units . The inclusion of electrical units into the system was hampered by the customary use of more than one set of units , until 1900 when Giovanni Giorgi identified the need to define one single electrical quantity as a fourth base quantity alongside the original three base quantities . Meanwhile , in 1875 , the Treaty of the Metre passed responsibility for verification of the kilogram and metre against agreed prototypes from French to international control . In 1921 , the Treaty was extended to include all physical quantities including electrical units originally defined in 1893 . In 1948 , an overhaul of the metric system was set in motion which resulted in the development of the `` Practical system of units '' which , on its publication in 1960 , was given the name `` The International System of Units '' . In 1954 , the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) identified electric current as the fourth base quantity in the practical system of units and added two more base quantities -- temperature and luminous intensity -- making six base quantities in all . The units associated with these quantities were the metre , kilogram , second , ampere , kelvin and candela . In 1971 , a seventh base quantity , amount of substance represented by the mole , was added to the definition of SI . Early development ( edit ) The metric system was developed from 1791 onwards by a committee of the French Academy of Sciences , commissioned by the National Assembly and Louis XVI to create a unified and rational system of measures . The group , which included Antoine Lavoisier ( the `` father of modern chemistry '' ) and the mathematicians Pierre - Simon Laplace and Adrien - Marie Legendre , used the same principles for relating length , volume , and mass that had been proposed by the English clergyman John Wilkins in 1668 and the concept of using the Earth 's meridian as the basis of the definition of length , originally proposed in 1670 by the French abbot Mouton . Carl Friedrich Gauss On 30 March 1791 , the Assembly adopted the committee 's proposed principles for the new decimal system of measure and authorised a survey between Dunkirk and Barcelona to establish the length of the meridian . On 11 July 1792 , the committee proposed the names metre , are , litre and grave for the units of length , area , capacity , and mass , respectively . The committee also proposed that multiples and submultiples of these units were to be denoted by decimal - based prefixes such as centi for a hundredth and kilo for a thousand . Thomson Maxwell William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) and James Clerk Maxwell played a prominent role in the development of the principle of coherence and in the naming of many units of measure . The law of 7 April 1795 ( loi du 18 germinal ) defined the terms gramme and kilogramme , which replaced the former terms gravet ( correctly milligrave ) and grave , and on 22 June 1799 ( after Pierre Méchain and Jean - Baptiste Delambre had completed the meridian survey ) the definitive standard mètre des Archives and kilogramme des Archives were deposited in the French National Archives . On 10 December 1799 ( a month after Napoleon 's coup d'état ) , the law by which the metric system was to be definitively adopted in France ( loi du 19 frimaire ) was passed . During the first half of the nineteenth century there was little consistency in the choice of preferred multiples of the base units -- typically the myriametre ( 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 metres ) was in widespread use in both France and parts of Germany , while the kilogram ( 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 grams ) rather than the myriagram was used for mass . In 1832 , the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss , assisted by Wilhelm Weber , implicitly defined the second as a base unit when he quoted the earth 's magnetic field in terms of millimetres , grams , and seconds . Prior to this , the strength of the earth 's magnetic field had only been described in relative terms . The technique used by Gauss was to equate the torque induced on a suspended magnet of known mass by the earth 's magnetic field with the torque induced on an equivalent system under gravity . The resultant calculations enabled him to assign dimensions based on mass , length and time to the magnetic field . In the 1860s , James Clerk Maxwell , William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) and others working under the auspices of the British Association for the Advancement of Science , built on Gauss ' work and formalised the concept of a coherent system of units with base units and derived units . The principle of coherence was successfully used to define a number of units of measure based on the centimetre -- gram -- second system of units ( CGS ) , including the erg for energy , the dyne for force , the barye for pressure , the poise for dynamic viscosity and the stokes for kinematic viscosity . Metre Convention ( edit ) CGPM vocabulary French English Pages étalons ( Technical ) standard 5 , 95 prototype prototype ( kilogram / metre ) 5 , 95 noms spéciaux ( Some derived units have ) special names 16,106 mise en pratique mise en pratique ( Practical realisation ) 82 , 171 Main article : Metre Convention A French - inspired initiative for international cooperation in metrology led to the signing in 1875 of the Metre Convention . Initially the convention only covered standards for the metre and the kilogram . A set of 30 prototypes of the metre and 40 prototypes of the kilogram , in each case made of a 90 % platinum - 10 % iridium alloy , were manufactured by the British firm Johnson , Matthey & Co and accepted by the CGPM in 1889 . One of each was selected at random to become the International prototype metre and International prototype kilogram that replaced the mètre des Archives and kilogramme des Archives respectively . Each member state was entitled to one of each of the remaining prototypes to serve as the national prototype for that country . Closeup of the National Prototype Metre , serial number 27 , allocated to the United States The treaty established three international organisations to oversee the keeping of international standards of measurement : General Conference on Weights and Measures ( Conférence générale des poids et mesures or CGPM ) -- a meeting every four to six years of delegates from all member states that receives and discusses a report from the CIPM and that endorses new developments in the SI on the advice of the CIPM . International Committee for Weights and Measures ( Comité international des poids et mesures or CIPM ) -- a committee that meets annually at the BIPM and is made up of eighteen individuals of high scientific standing , nominated by the CGPM to advise the CGPM on administrative and technical matters International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures or BIPM ) -- an international metrology centre at Sèvres in France that has custody of the International prototype kilogram , provides metrology services for the CGPM and CIPM , houses the secretariat for these organisations and hosts their formal meetings . Initially its prime metrological purpose was a periodic recalibration of national prototype metres and kilograms against the international prototype . In 1921 , the Metre Convention was extended to include all physical units , including the ampere and others defined by the Fourth International Conference of Electricians in Chicago in 1893 , thereby enabling the CGPM to address inconsistencies in the way that the metric system had been used . The official language of the Metre Convention is French and the definitive version of all official documents published by or on behalf of the CGPM is the French - language version . Towards the SI ( edit ) Main article : Metrication World map showing metrication , colour - coded by year of conversion : from ca . 1800 ( green ) to 1980 ( red ) . Black indicates the nations that have not adopted the SI - system : Burma , Liberia , and the United States . Canada and the United Kingdom both have fairly common use of previously used units , e.g. , speed limits in the UK and human height reporting in Canada . At the close of the 19th century three different systems of units of measure existed for electrical measurements : a CGS - based system for electrostatic units , also known as the Gaussian or ESU system , a CGS - based system for electromechanical units ( EMU ) and an MKS - based system ( `` international system '' ) for electrical distribution systems . Attempts to resolve the electrical units in terms of length , mass , and time using dimensional analysis was beset with difficulties -- the dimensions depended on whether one used the ESU or EMU systems . This anomaly was resolved in 1900 when Giovanni Giorgi published a paper in which he advocated using a fourth base unit alongside the existing three base units . The fourth unit could be chosen to be electric current , voltage , or electrical resistance . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , a number of non-coherent units of measure based on the gram / kilogram , the centimetre / metre , and the second , such as the Pferdestärke ( metric horsepower ) for power , the darcy for permeability and the use of `` millimetres of mercury '' for the measurement of both barometric and blood pressure were developed or propagated , some of which incorporated standard gravity in their definitions . At the end of the Second World War , a number of different systems of measurement were in use throughout the world . Some of these systems were metric system variations , whereas others were based on customary systems of measure . In 1948 , after representations by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics ( IUPAP ) and by the French Government , the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) asked the International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) to conduct an international study of the measurement needs of the scientific , technical , and educational communities and `` to make recommendations for a single practical system of units of measurement , suitable for adoption by all countries adhering to the Metre Convention '' . On the basis of the findings of this study , the 10th CGPM in 1954 decided that an international system should be derived from six base units to provide for the measurement of temperature and optical radiation in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic quantities . Six base units were recommended : the metre , kilogram , second , ampere , degree Kelvin ( later renamed kelvin ) , and candela . In 1960 , the 11th CGPM named the system the International System of Units , abbreviated SI from the French name , Le Système International d'Unités . The BIPM has also described SI as `` the modern metric system '' . The seventh base unit , the mole , was added in 1971 by the 14th CGPM . International system of quantities ( edit ) The International System of Quantities ( ISQ ) is a system based on seven base quantities : length , mass , time , electric current , thermodynamic temperature , amount of substance , and luminous intensity . Other quantities such as area , pressure , and electrical resistance are derived from these base quantities by clear non-contradictory equations . The ISQ defines the quantities that are measured with the SI units . The ISQ is defined in the international standard ISO / IEC 80000 , and was finalised in 2009 with the publication of ISO 80000 - 1 . SI Brochure and Conversion factors ( edit ) Cover of brochure The International System of Units The CGPM publishes a brochure which defines and presents SI . Its official version is in French , in line with the Metre Convention . It leaves some scope for local interpretation , particularly regarding names and terms in different languages , so for example the United States ' National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) has produced a version of the CGPM document ( NIST SP 330 ) which clarifies local interpretation for English - language publications that use American English and another document ( NIST SP 811 ) that gives general guidance for the use of SI in the United States and conversion factors between SI and customary units . The writing and maintenance of the CGPM brochure is carried out by one of the committees of the International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) , the Consultative Committee for Units ( CCU ) . The CIPM nominates the chairman of this committee , but the committee includes representatives of various other international bodies rather than CIPM or CGPM nominees . This committee thus provides a forum for the bodies concerned to provide input to the CIPM in respect of ongoing enhancements to SI . The definitions of the terms `` quantity '' , `` unit '' , `` dimension '' etc. that are used in the SI Brochure are those given in the International vocabulary of metrology , a publication produced by the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology ( JCGM ) , a working group consisting of eight international standards organisations under the chairmanship of the director of the BIPM . The quantities and equations that define the SI units are now referred to as the International System of Quantities ( ISQ ) , and are set out in the International Standard ISO / IEC 80000 Quantities and Units . Units and prefixes ( edit ) The International System of Units consists of a set of base units , a set of derived units with special names , and a set of decimal - based multipliers that are used as prefixes . The term SI Units covers all three categories , but the term coherent SI units includes only base units and coherent derived units . Base units ( edit ) Main article : SI base units The SI base units are the building blocks of the system and all other units are derived from them . When Maxwell first introduced the concept of a coherent system , he identified three quantities that could be used as base units : mass , length and time . Giorgi later identified the need for an electrical base unit . Theoretically any one of electric current , potential difference , electrical resistance , electrical charge or a number of other quantities could have provided the base unit , with the remaining units then being defined by the laws of physics . In the event , the unit of electric current was chosen for SI . Another three base units ( for temperature , substance and luminous intensity ) were added later . SI base units Unit name Unit symbol Quantity name Definition ( incomplete ) Dimension symbol metre m length Original ( 1793 ) : 1 / 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 of the meridian through Paris between the North Pole and the Equator . Interim ( 1960 ) : 7006165076373000000 ♠ 1650763. 73 wavelengths in a vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2p and 5d quantum levels of the krypton - 86 atom . Current ( 1983 ) : The distance travelled by light in a vacuum in 1 / 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 second . kilogram kg mass Original ( 1793 ) : The grave was defined as being the weight ( mass ) of one cubic decimetre of pure water at its freezing point . Current ( 1889 ) : The mass of the International Prototype Kilogram ( Le Grand K ) . second s time Original ( Medieval ) : 1 / 7004864000000000000 ♠ 86 400 of a day . Interim ( 1956 ) : 1 / 7007315569259747000 ♠ 31 556 925. 9747 of the tropical year for 1900 January 0 at 12 hours ephemeris time . Current ( 1967 ) : The duration of 7009919263177000000 ♠ 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium - 133 atom . ampere electric current Original ( 1881 ) : A tenth of the electromagnetic CGS unit of current . The ( CGS ) electromagnetic unit of current is that current , flowing in an arc 1 cm long of a circle 1 cm in radius , that creates a field of one oersted at the centre . Current ( 1946 ) : The constant current which , if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length , of negligible circular cross-section , and placed 1 m apart in vacuum , would produce between these conductors a force equal to 6993200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 newtons per metre of length . kelvin thermodynamic temperature Original ( 1743 ) : The centigrade scale is obtained by assigning 0 ° C to the freezing point of water and 100 ° C to the boiling point of water . Interim ( 1954 ) : The triple point of water ( 0.01 ° C ) defined to be exactly 273.16 K . Current ( 1967 ) : 1 / 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water Θ mole mol amount of substance Original ( 1900 ) : The molecular weight of a substance in mass grams . Current ( 1967 ) : The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon - 12 . candela cd luminous intensity Original ( 1946 ) : The value of the new candle is such that the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre . Current ( 1979 ) : The luminous intensity , in a given direction , of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 7014540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 × 10 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1 / 683 watt per steradian . J Note Jump up ^ Interim definitions are given here only when there has been a significant difference in the definition . Jump up ^ Despite the prefix `` kilo - '' , the kilogram is the base unit of mass . The kilogram , not the gram , is used in the definitions of derived units . Nonetheless , units of mass are named as if the gram were the base unit . Jump up ^ In 1954 the unit of thermodynamic temperature was known as the `` degree Kelvin '' ( symbol ° K ; `` Kelvin '' spelt with an upper - case `` K '' ) . It was renamed the `` kelvin '' ( symbol `` K '' ; `` kelvin '' spelt with a lower case `` k '' ) in 1967 . Jump up ^ When the mole is used , the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms , molecules , ions , electrons , other particles , or specified groups of such particles . The original definitions of the various base units in the above table were made by the following authorities : FG = French Government IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission ICAW = International Committee on Atomic Weights All other definitions result from resolutions by either CGPM or the CIPM and are catalogued in the SI Brochure . Derived units ( edit ) Main article : Derived units The derived units in the SI are formed by powers , products or quotients of the base units and are unlimited in number . Derived units are associated with derived quantities , for example velocity is a quantity that is derived from the base quantities of time and length , so in SI the derived unit is metres per second ( symbol m / s ) . The dimensions of derived units can be expressed in terms of the dimensions of the base units . Coherent units are derived units that contain no numerical factor other than 1 -- quantities such as standard gravity and density of water are absent from their definitions . In the example above , one newton is the force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram by one metre per second squared . Since the SI units of mass and acceleration are kg and m s respectively and F ∝ m × a , the units of force ( and hence of newtons ) is formed by multiplication to give kg m s . Since the newton is part of a coherent set of units , the constant of proportionality is 1 . For the sake of convenience , some derived units have special names and symbols . Such units may themselves be used in combination with the names and symbols for base units and for other derived units to express the units of other derived quantities . For example , the SI unit of force is the newton ( N ) , the SI unit of pressure is the pascal ( Pa ) -- and the pascal can be defined as one newton per square metre ( N / m ) . Named units derived from SI base units Name Symbol Quantity Expressed in terms of other SI units Expressed in terms of SI base units radian rad angle m m steradian sr solid angle m m hertz Hz frequency s newton force , weight kg m s pascal Pa pressure , stress N / m kg m s joule J energy , work , heat N m kg m s watt power , radiant flux J / s kg m s coulomb electric charge or quantity of electricity s A volt V voltage ( electrical potential difference ) , electromotive force W / A kg m s A farad capacitance C / V kg m s A ohm Ω electrical resistance , impedance , reactance V / A kg m s A siemens electrical conductance A / V kg m s A weber Wb magnetic flux V s kg m s A tesla magnetic flux density Wb / m kg s A henry inductance Wb / A kg m s A degree Celsius ° C temperature relative to 273.15 K lumen lm luminous flux cd sr cd lux lx illuminance lm / m m cd becquerel Bq radioactivity ( decays per unit time ) s gray Gy absorbed dose ( of ionizing radiation ) J / kg m s sievert Sv equivalent dose ( of ionizing radiation ) J / kg m s katal kat catalytic activity mol s Notes 1 . The radian and steradian , once given special status , are now considered dimensionless derived units . 2 . The ordering of this table is such that any derived unit is based only on base units or derived units that precede it in the table . Prefixes ( edit ) Main article : Metric prefix Prefixes are added to unit names to produce multiple and sub-multiples of the original unit . All multiples are integer powers of ten , and above a hundred or below a hundredth all are integer powers of a thousand . For example , kilo - denotes a multiple of a thousand and milli - denotes a multiple of a thousandth , so there are one thousand millimetres to the metre and one thousand metres to the kilometre . The prefixes are never combined , so for example a millionth of a metre is a micrometre , not a millimillimetre . Multiples of the kilogram are named as if the gram were the base unit , so a millionth of a kilogram is a milligram , not a microkilogram . Standard prefixes for the SI units of measure Multiples Prefix name deca hecto kilo mega giga tera peta exa zetta yotta Prefix symbol da h k Z Y Factor 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Fractions Prefix name deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto Prefix symbol d m μ n p f z y Factor 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Non-SI units accepted for use with SI ( edit ) Main article : non-SI units accepted for use with SI The SI is capable of measurement of any physical quantity , but many non-SI units still appear in the scientific , technical , and commercial literature , and will continue to be used for many years . Some units are so deeply embedded in history and many cultures that they will continue to be used for the foreseeable future . The CIPM recognized and acknowledged such traditions by compiling a list of non-SI units accepted for use with SI , which are grouped as follows : The litre is classed as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI . Being one thousandth of a cubic metre , the litre is not a coherent unit of measure with respect to SI . Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI ( Table 6 ) : Certain units of time , angle , and legacy non-SI metric units have a long history of consistent use . Most societies have used the solar day and its non-decimal subdivisions as a basis of time and , unlike the foot or the pound , these were the same regardless of where they were being measured . The radian , being 1 / 2π of a revolution , has mathematical advantages but it is cumbersome for navigation , and , as with time , the units used in navigation have a large degree of consistency around the world . The tonne , litre , and hectare were adopted by the CGPM in 1879 and have been retained as units that may be used alongside SI units , having been given unique symbols . The catalogued units are minute , hour , day , degree of arc , minute of arc , second of arc , hectare , litre , tonne , astronomical unit and ( deci ) bel Non-SI units whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally ( Table 7 ) . Physicists often use units of measure that are based on natural phenomena , particularly when the quantities associated with these phenomena are many orders of magnitude greater than or less than the equivalent SI unit . The most common ones have been catalogued in the SI Brochure together with consistent symbols and accepted values , but with the caveat that their values in SI units need to be measured . electronvolt ( symbol eV ) , and dalton / unified atomic mass unit ( Da or u ) Other non-SI units ( Table 8 ) : A number of non-SI units that had never been formally sanctioned by the CGPM have continued to be used across the globe in many spheres including health care and navigation . As with the units of measure in Tables 6 and 7 , these have been catalogued by the CIPM in the SI Brochure to ensure consistent usage , but with the recommendation that authors who use them should define them wherever they are used . bar , millimetre of mercury , ångström , nautical mile , barn , knot and neper Non-SI units associated with the CGS and the CGS - Gaussian system of units ( Table 9 ) The SI manual also catalogues a number of legacy units of measure that are used in specific fields such as geodesy and geophysics or are found in the literature , particularly in classical and relativistic electrodynamics where they have certain advantages : The units that are catalogued are : erg , dyne , poise , stokes , stilb , phot , gal , maxwell , gauss , and oersted . Writing unit symbols and the values of quantities ( edit ) Before 1948 , the use and representation of metric quantities was inconsistent and ambiguous . In 1879 , the CIPM published recommendations for writing the symbols for length , area , volume and mass , but it was outside its domain to publish recommendations for other quantities . Beginning in about 1900 , physicists who had been using the symbol `` μ '' for `` micrometre '' ( or `` micron '' ) , `` λ '' for `` microlitre '' , and `` γ '' for `` microgram '' started to use the symbols `` μm '' , `` μL '' and `` μg '' , but it was only in 1935 , a decade after the revision of the Metre Convention that the CIPM formally adopted this proposal and recommended that the symbol `` μ '' be used universally as a prefix for 6994100000000000000 ♠ 10 . In 1948 , the ninth CGPM approved the first formal recommendation for the writing of symbols in the metric system when the basis of the rules as they are now known was laid down . These rules were subsequently extended by International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) and the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) and now cover unit symbols and names , prefix symbols and names , how quantity symbols should be written and used and how the values of quantities should be expressed . Both ISO and the IEC have published rules for the presentation of SI units that are generally compatible with those published in the SI Brochure . As of August 2013 ISO and IEC were in the process of merging their standards for quantities and units into a single set of compatible documents identified as the ISO / IEC 80000 Standard . The rules covering printing of quantities and units are part of ISO 80000 - 1 : 2009 . Unit names ( edit ) Names of units follow the grammatical rules associated with common nouns : in English and in French they start with a lowercase letter ( e.g. , newton , hertz , pascal ) , even when the symbol for the unit begins with a capital letter . This also applies to `` degrees Celsius '' , since `` degree '' is the unit . In German , however , the names of units , as with all German nouns , start with capital letters . The spelling of unit names is a matter for the guardians of the language concerned -- the official British and American spellings for certain SI units differ -- British English , as well as Australian , Canadian and New Zealand English , uses the spelling deca - , metre , and litre whereas American English uses the spelling deka - , meter , and liter , respectively . Likewise , the plural forms of units follow the grammar of the language concerned : in English , the normal rules of English grammar are used , e.g. `` henries '' is the plural of `` henry '' . However , the units lux , hertz , and siemens have irregular plurals in that they remain the same in both their singular and plural form . Plural forms can be even more complicated in other languages . For example , in Polish the plural form depends on the actual quantity : 0 metrów , 1 metr , 2 metry , 3 metry , 4 metry , 5 metrów , 6 metrów , 7 metrów , 8 metrów , etc . For fractions it is metrów , e.g. , 0 , 67 metrów , 2 , 45 metrów . In English , when unit names are combined to denote multiplication of the units concerned , they are separated with a hyphen or a space ( e.g. newton - metre or newton metre ) . The plural is formed by converting the last unit name to the plural form ( e.g. ten newton - metres ) . Unit names as adjectives ( edit ) A space between the number and the unit symbol ( i.e. , no hyphen ) is specified when the combination is used as an adjective , e.g. `` a 25 kg sphere '' . However , in English a hyphen would be used as normal in this context if the unit name is spelt out , e.g. `` a 25 - kilogram sphere '' . Chinese and Japanese ( edit ) Chinese expressway distances road sign in eastern Beijing . Although the primary text is in Chinese , the distances use the internationally recognised numerals and symbols . Chinese uses traditional logograms for writing the unit names , while in Japanese unit names are written in the phonetic katakana script ; in both cases , symbols are also written using the internationally recognised Latin and Greek characters . Chinese The basic Chinese units are metre ( 米 mǐ ) , litre ( 升 shēng ) , gram ( 克 kè ) , and second ( 秒 miǎo ) , while others include watt ( 瓦 wǎ ) . Prefixes include deci - ( 分 fēn ) , centi - ( 厘 lí ) , milli - ( 毫 háo ) , micro - ( 微 wēi ) , kilo - ( 千 qiān ) , and mega - ( 兆 zhào ) . These are combined to form disyllabic characters , such as 厘米 límǐ `` centimetre '' or 千瓦 qiānwǎ `` kilowatt '' . In the 19th century , various compound characters were also used , similar to Japanese , either imported or formed on the same principles , such as 瓩 for 千瓦 qiānwǎ ( kilowatt ) or 糎 for 厘米 . These are generally not used today , but are occasionally found in older or technical writing . Some units have different names in Taiwan . Meter ( 公尺 ) , centimeter ( 公分 ) , liter ( 公升 ) , kilogram ( 公斤 ) , gram ( 公克 ) and hectare ( 公頃 ) have the prefix `` 公 '' , which means `` universal '' . The prefixes `` 兆 '' , `` 分 '' and `` 厘 '' are not commonly used , and the use of `` 千 '' is limited to kilowatt ( 千瓦 ) . Japanese A set of characters representing various metric units was created in Japan in the late 19th century . Characters , which are the same in Chinese , exist for three base units : the metre ( 米 ) , litre ( 升 ) and gram ( 瓦 ) . These were combined with a set of six prefix characters -- kilo - ( 千 ) , hecto - ( 百 ) , deca - ( 十 ) , deci - ( 分 ) , centi - ( 厘 ) and milli - ( 毛 ) -- to form an additional 18 single - character units . The seven length units ( kilometre to millimetre ) , for example , are 粁 , 粨 , 籵 , 米 , 粉 , 糎 and 粍 . These characters , however , are not in common use today ; instead , units are written in katakana , the Japanese syllabary used for foreign borrowings , such as キロメートル ( kiromētoru ) for kilometre , but are also written in standard prefixes such as `` km '' for kilometre . A few Sino - Japanese words for these units remain in use in Japanese , most significantly `` 平米 '' ( heibei ) for `` square metre '' , but otherwise borrowed pronunciations are used . These characters are examples of the rare phenomenon of single - character loan words -- a foreign word represented by a single Japanese character -- and form the plurality of such words . Similar characters were also coined for other units , such as British units , though these also have fallen out of use ; see Single character gairaigo : Metric units and Single character gairaigo : Other units for a full list . Unit symbols and the values of quantities ( edit ) Although the writing of unit names is language - specific , the writing of unit symbols and the values of quantities is consistent across all languages and therefore the SI Brochure has specific rules in respect of writing them . The guideline produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) clarifies language - specific areas in respect of American English that were left open by the SI Brochure , but is otherwise identical to the SI Brochure . General rules ( edit ) General rules for writing SI units and quantities apply to text that is either handwritten or produced using an automated process : The value of a quantity is written as a number followed by a space ( representing a multiplication sign ) and a unit symbol ; e.g. , 2.21 kg , 7002730000000000000 ♠ 7.3 × 10 m , 22 K . This rule explicitly includes the percent sign ( % ) and the symbol for degrees of temperature ( ° C ) . Exceptions are the symbols for plane angular degrees , minutes , and seconds ( ° , ′ , and '' ) , which are placed immediately after the number with no intervening space . Symbols are mathematical entities , not abbreviations , and as such do not have an appended period / full stop ( . ) , unless the rules of grammar demand one for another reason , such as denoting the end of a sentence . A prefix is part of the unit , and its symbol is prepended to the unit symbol without a separator ( e.g. , k in km , M in MPa , G in GHz ) . Compound prefixes are not allowed . Symbols for derived units formed by multiplication are joined with a centre dot ( ) or a non-breaking space ; e.g. , N m or N m . Symbols for derived units formed by division are joined with a solidus ( / ) , or given as a negative exponent . E.g. , the `` metre per second '' can be written m / s , m s , m s , or m / s . Only one solidus should be used ; e.g. , kg / ( m s ) and kg m s are acceptable , but kg / m / s is ambiguous and unacceptable . Acceleration due to gravity . The lowercase letters ( neither `` metres '' nor `` seconds '' were named after people ) , the space between the value and the units , and the superscript `` 2 '' to denote `` squared '' . The first letter of symbols for units derived from the name of a person is written in upper case ; otherwise , they are written in lower case . E.g. , the unit of pressure is named after Blaise Pascal , so its symbol is written `` Pa '' , but the symbol for mole is written `` mol '' . Thus , `` T '' is the symbol for tesla , a measure of magnetic field strength , and `` t '' the symbol for tonne , a measure of mass . Since 1979 , the litre may exceptionally be written using either an uppercase `` L '' or a lowercase `` l '' , a decision prompted by the similarity of the lowercase letter `` l '' to the numeral `` 1 '' , especially with certain typefaces or English - style handwriting . The American NIST recommends that within the United States `` L '' be used rather than `` l '' . Symbols of units do not have a plural form ; e.g. , 25 kg , not 25 kgs . Uppercase and lowercase prefixes are not interchangeable . E.g. , the quantities 1 mW and 1 MW represent two different quantities ; the former is the typical power requirement of a hearing aid ( 1 milliwatt or 0.001 watts ) , and the latter the typical power requirement of a suburban train ( 1 megawatt or 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 watts ) . The 10th resolution of CGPM in 2003 declared that `` the symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line . '' In practice , the decimal point is used in English - speaking countries and most of Asia , and the comma in most of Latin America and in continental European countries . Spaces should be used as a thousands separator ( 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 ) in contrast to commas or periods ( 1,000,000 or 1.000. 000 ) to reduce confusion resulting from the variation between these forms in different countries . Any line - break inside a number , inside a compound unit , or between number and unit should be avoided . Where this is not possible , line breaks should coincide with thousands separators . Since the value of `` billion '' and `` trillion '' can vary from language to language , the dimensionless terms `` ppb '' ( parts per billion ) and `` ppt '' ( parts per trillion ) should be avoided . No alternative is suggested in the SI Brochure . Printing SI symbols ( edit ) Further rules are specified in respect of production of text using printing presses , word processors , typewriters and the like . Symbols are written in upright ( Roman ) type ( m for metres , s for seconds ) , so as to differentiate from the italic type used for quantities ( m for mass , s for displacement ) . By consensus of international standards bodies , this rule is applied independent of the font used for surrounding text . In Chinese , Japanese , and Korean language computing ( CJK ) , some of the commonly used units , prefix -- unit combinations , or unit -- exponent combinations have been allocated predefined single characters taking up a full square . Unicode includes these in its CJK Compatibility and letter - like symbols sub-ranges for back compatibility , without necessarily recommending future usage . These are summarised in Unicode symbols . The cursive l , a letter - like symbol , has been used in a number of countries in addition to China and Japan as a symbol for the litre , but this is not currently recommended by any standards body . In print , the space used as a thousands separator ( commonly called a thin space ) is typically narrower than that used between words . Realisation of units ( edit ) Silicon sphere for the Avogadro project used for measuring the Avogadro constant to a relative standard uncertainty of 6992200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 or less , held by Achim Leistner . Metrologists carefully distinguish between the definition of a unit and its realisation . The definition of each base unit of the SI is drawn up so that it is unique and provides a sound theoretical basis on which the most accurate and reproducible measurements can be made . The realisation of the definition of a unit is the procedure by which the definition may be used to establish the value and associated uncertainty of a quantity of the same kind as the unit . A description of the mise en pratique of the base units is given in an electronic appendix to the SI Brochure . The published mise en pratique is not the only way in which a base unit can be determined : the SI Brochure states that `` any method consistent with the laws of physics could be used to realise any SI unit . '' In the current ( 2016 ) exercise to overhaul the definitions of the base units , various consultative committees of the CIPM have required that more than one mise en pratique shall be developed for determining the value of each unit . In particular : At least three separate experiments be carried out yielding values having a relative standard uncertainty in the determination of the kilogram of no more than 6992500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 and at least one of these values should be better than 6992200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 . Both the Watt balance and the Avogadro project should be included in the experiments and any differences between these be reconciled . When the kelvin is being determined , the relative uncertainty of the Boltzmann constant derived from two fundamentally different methods such as acoustic gas thermometry and dielectric constant gas thermometry be better than one part in 6994100000000000000 ♠ 10 and that these values be corroborated by other measurements . Post-1960 changes ( edit ) The preamble to the Metre Convention read `` Desiring the international uniformity and precision in standards of weight and measure , have resolved to conclude a convention ... '' . Changing technology has led to an evolution of the definitions and standards that has followed two principal strands -- changes to SI itself and clarification of how to use units of measure that are not part of SI , but are still nevertheless used on a worldwide basis . Changes to the SI ( edit ) Since 1960 the CGPM has made a number of changes to SI . These include : The 13th CGPM ( 1967 ) renamed the `` degree Kelvin '' ( symbol ° K ) to the `` kelvin '' ( symbol K ) The 14th CGPM ( 1971 ) added the mole ( symbol mol ) to the list of base units . The 14th GCPM ( 1971 ) added the pascal ( symbol Pa ) for pressure and the siemens ( symbol S ) for electrical conductance to the list of named derived units . The 15th CGPM ( 1975 ) added the becquerel ( symbol Bq ) for `` activity referred to a radionuclide '' and the gray ( symbol Gy ) for ionizing radiation to the list of named derived units In order to distinguish between `` absorbed dose '' and `` dose equivalent '' , the 16th CGPM ( 1979 ) added the sievert ( symbol Sv ) to the list of named derived units as the unit of dose equivalent . The 16th CGPM ( 1979 ) clarified that in a break with convention either the letter `` L '' or the letter `` l '' may be used as a symbol for the litre , in order to avoid the risk of confusion between the lower - case letter and the number 1 . Sphygmomanometer -- the traditional device that measures blood pressure using mercury in a manometer . Pressures are recorded in `` millimetres of mercury '' -- a non-SI unit The 21st CGPM ( 1999 ) added the katal ( symbol kat ) for catalytic activity to the list of named derived units . In its original form ( 1960 ) , the SI defined prefixes for values ranging from pico - ( symbol p ) having a value of 10 to tera - ( symbol T ) having a value of 10 . The list was extended at the 12th CGPM ( 1964 ) , at the 15th CGPM ( 1975 ) and at the 19th CGPM ( 1991 ) to give the current range of prefixes . In addition , advantage was taken of developments in technology to redefine many of the base units enabling the use of higher precision techniques . Retention of non-SI units ( edit ) Although , in theory , SI can be used for any physical measurement , it is recognised that some non-SI units still appear in the scientific , technical and commercial literature , and will continue to be used for many years to come . In addition , certain other units are so deeply embedded in the history and culture of the human race that they will continue to be used for the foreseeable future . The CIPM has catalogued such units and included them in the SI Brochure so that they can be used consistently . The first such group comprises the units of time and of angles and certain legacy non-SI metric units . Most of mankind has used the day and its subdivisions as a basis of time with the result that the second , minute , hour and day , unlike the foot or the pound , were the same regardless of where it was being measured . The second has been catalogued as an SI unit , its multiples as units of measure that may be used alongside the SI . The measurement of angles has likewise had a long history of consistent use -- the radian , being 1 / 2π of a revolution , has mathematical niceties , but it is cumbersome for navigation , hence the retention of the degree , minute and second of arc . The tonne , litre and hectare were adopted by the CGPM in 1879 and have been retained as units that may be used alongside SI units , having been given unique symbols . Physicists often use units of measure that are based on natural phenomena such as the speed of light , the mass of a proton ( approximately one dalton ) , the charge of an electron and the like . These too have been catalogued in the SI Brochure with consistent symbols , but with the caveat that their physical values need to be measured . In the interests of standardising health - related units of measure used in the nuclear industry , the 12th CGPM ( 1964 ) accepted the continued use of the curie ( symbol Ci ) as a non-SI unit of activity for radionuclides ; the becquerel , sievert and gray were adopted in later years . Similarly , the millimetre of mercury ( symbol mmHg ) was retained for measuring blood pressure . Global adoption ( edit ) Top view of the 2 kg weight ( with a credit card to show the weight 's size ) Bottom view of the 2 kg showing the lead plug and assayer 's stamp . A commercial - quality hexagonal 2 kg weight with a lead plug and assayer 's mark and year of manufacture ( `` 79 '' representing `` 1979 '' ) that is similar to , but which predates OIML recommendation R52 . SI has become the world 's most widely used system of measurement , used in both everyday commerce and science . The change to SI had little effect on everyday life in countries that used the metric system -- the metre , kilogram , litre and second remained unchanged as did the way in which they were used -- most of the changes only affected measurements in the workplace . The CGPM has a role of recommending changes , but no formal role in the enforcement of such changes -- another inter-governmental organisation , the International Organization of Legal Metrology ( OIML ) provides a forum for harmonisation of national standards and legislation in respect of metrology . Both the degree and rate of adoption of SI varied from country to country -- countries that had not adopted the metric system by 1960 and subsequently adopted SI did so directly as part of their metrication programs while others migrated from the CGS system of units to SI . In 1960 , the world 's largest economy was that of the United States , followed by the Soviet Union ( although an accurate estimate of 1960 GDP for this country is not available ) , West Germany , France , Japan , China and India . The United States and the United Kingdom were non-metric , Soviet Union was metric , France and Germany had been using the metric system for about a century , and China had been using the metric system for 35 years , while India and Japan had adopted the metric system within the preceding five years . Other non-metric countries were those where the United Kingdom or the United States had considerable influence . These differences are brought out in the examples below : United Kingdom and the former British Empire ( edit ) See also : Metrication in the United Kingdom , Metrication in Australia , Metrication in New Zealand , and Metrication in Canada Even though the use of metric units was legalised for trade in the UK in 1864 , the UK had signed the Metre Convention in 1884 and the UK Parliament had defined the yard and the pound in terms of the metre and the kilogram in 1897 , the UK continued to use the imperial system of measure and to export the imperial system of units to the Empire . In 1932 , the system of Imperial Preference was set up at the Ottawa Conference . Although Ireland left the Commonwealth in 1948 and South Africa in 1961 , both continued their close economic ties with the Commonwealth . Metrication logo of the Board of Trade When the SI standard was published in 1960 , the only major Commonwealth country to have adopted the metric system was India . In 1863 , the first reading of a bill that would have made the metric system compulsory passed its first reading in the House of Commons by 110 votes to 75 . The bill , however , failed to make the statute book because of lack of parliamentary time . In 1965 , after this and similar false starts the then Federation of British Industry informed the British Government that its members favoured the adoption of the metric system . The rationale behind the request was that 80 % of British exports were to countries that used the metric system or that were considering changing to the metric system . The Board of Trade , on behalf of the Government , agreed to support a ten - year metrication programme . The government agreed to a voluntary policy requiring minimal legislation and costs to be borne where they fell . SI would be used from the outset . The rest of the Commonwealth , South Africa and Ireland followed within a few years ; in some countries such as South Africa and Australia metrication was mandatory rather than voluntary . By 1980 all apart from the United Kingdom , Canada and Ireland had effectively completed their programs . In the United Kingdom the breakdown of voluntary metrication in the mid-1970s coincided with the United Kingdom 's obligations as part of the EEC to adopt the metric system , resulting in legislation to force metrication in certain areas and the Eurosceptic movement adopting an anti-metrication stance and the United Kingdom seeking a number of derogations from the relevant EEC directives . Once the metrication of most consumer goods was completed in 2000 , aspects of British life , especially in government , commerce and industry used SI . Although imperial units are widely encountered in unregulated areas such as the press and everyday speech , SI or units approved for use alongside SI are used in most areas where units of measure are regulated . High - profile exceptions include the sale of draught beer , the sale of milk in returnable containers , and United Kingdom road signs . Irish road signs ( road distances and speeds ) were converted to metric units during the first decade of the 21st century ; otherwise , the situation in Ireland is similar to that in the United Kingdom . Canada has adopted it for most purposes , but imperial units are still legally permitted and remain in common use throughout a few sectors of Canadian society , particularly in the buildings , trades and railways sectors . European Union ( edit ) Main article : European units of measurement directives In 1960 , all the largest industrialised nations that had an established history of using the metric system were members of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) . In 1972 , in order to harmonise units of measure as part of a programme to facilitate trade between member states , the EEC issued directive 71 / 354 / EEC . This directive catalogued units of measure that could be used for `` economic , public health , public safety and administrative purposes '' and also provided instructions for a transition from the existing units of measure that were in use . The directive replicated the CGPM SI recommendations and in addition pre-empted some of the additions whose use had been recommended by the CIPM in 1969 , but had not been ratified by the CGPM . The directive also catalogued units of measure whose status would be reviewed by the end of 1977 ( mainly coherent CGS units of measure ) and also catalogued units of measure that were to be phased out by the end of 1977 , including the use of obsolete names for the sale of timber such as the stere , the use of units of force and pressure that made use of the acceleration due to gravity , the use of non-coherent units of power such as the Pferdestärke ( PS ) , the use of the calorie as a measure of energy and the stilb as a measure of luminance . The directive was silent in respect of units that were specific to one or two countries including the pond , pfund , livre ( Dutch , German and French synonyms for 500 g ) , thereby effectively prohibiting their use as well . When the directive was revisited during 1977 , some of the older units that were being reviewed ( such as millimetre of mercury for blood pressure ) were retained but others were phased out , thereby broadly aligning the allowable units with SI . The directive was however overhauled to accommodate British and Irish interests in retaining the imperial system in certain circumstances . It was reissued as directive 80 / 181 / EEC . During subsequent revisions , the directive has reflected changes in the definition of SI . The directive also formalised the use of supplementary units , which in 1979 were permitted for a period of ten years . The cut - off date for the use of supplementary units was extended a number of times and in 2009 was extended indefinitely . India ( edit ) Main article : Metrication in India Banana market stall in Kerala , India -- the trader is using hexagonal weights -- a shape that is consistent with metric weights , both in India and internationally India was one of the last countries to start a metrication programme before the advent of SI . When it became independent in 1947 , both imperial and native units of measure were in use . Its metrication programme started in 1956 with the passing of the Standards of Weights and Measures Act . Part of the act fixed the value of the seer ( a legacy unit of mass ) to 0.9331 kg exactly ; elsewhere the Act declared that from 1960 all non-metric units of measure were to be illegal . Four years after the Indian Government announced its metrication programme , SI was published . The result was that the initial metrication programme was a conversion to the CGS system of units and the subsequent adoption of SI has been haphazard . Originally the Indian Government had planned to replace all units of measure with metric units by 1960 . In 1976 a new Weights and Measures Act replaced the 1956 Act which , amongst other things , required that all weighing devices be approved before being released onto the market place . However , in 2012 , it was reported that traditional units were still encountered in small manufacturing establishments and in the marketplace alongside CGS , SI and imperial measures , particularly in the poorer areas . The use of the Indian numbering system of crores ( 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 ) and lakhs ( 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 ) , which do not map onto the SI system of prefixes , is widespread and is often found alongside or in place of the western numbering system . United States ( edit ) Main article : Metrication in the United States Logo of the American National Metrication Council , an organisation set up by American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) to coordinate the country 's transition to the metric system . Even though Congress set up a framework for the use of the metric system in the nineteenth century , the United States continues to use US customary units , based on English measure passed by parliament under the reign of Queen Anne in 1706 , for most purposes apart from science and medicine . In Puerto Rico , metric units are widely used due to its Spanish colonial history . On 10 February 1964 , the National Bureau of Standards ( now the National Institute of Standards and Technology ) issued a statement that it was to use SI except where this would have an obvious detrimental effect . In 1968 Congress authorised the U.S. Metric Study , the emphasis of which was to examine the feasibility of adopting SI . The first volume was delivered in 1970 . The study recommended that the United States adopt the International System of units , and in 1975 Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 , which established a national policy of coordinating and planning for the increased use of the metric measurement system in the United States . Metrication was voluntary and to be coordinated by the United States Metric Board ( USMB ) . Efforts during the Ford and Carter administrations to force metrication were seized on by many newspaper editorialists as being dictatorial . Public response included resistance , apathy , and sometimes ridicule . The underlying reasons for this response include a relative uniformity of weights and measures ( though , notably , US liquid measure differed by about 20 % from British Imperial measure , which was adopted throughout the British Empire in 1824 ) inherited from the United Kingdom in 1776 , a homogeneous economy and the influence of business groups and populists in Congress caused the country to look at the short - term costs associated with the change - over , particularly those that would be borne by the consumer rather than long - term benefits of efficiency and international trade . The Metrication Board was disbanded under President Ronald Reagan 's direction in 1982 . The 1988 Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act removed international trade barriers and amended the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 , designating the metric system as `` the Preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce '' . The legislation stated that the federal government has a responsibility to assist industry , especially small business , as it voluntarily converts to the metric system of measurement . Exceptions were made for the highway and construction industries ; the Department of Transportation planned to require metric units by 2000 , but this plan was cancelled by the 1998 highway bill TEA21 . However , the US military uses the metric system widely , partly because of the need to work with armed services from other nations . Although overall responsibility for labelling requirements of consumer goods lies with Congress and is therefore covered by federal law , details of labelling requirements for certain commodities are controlled by state law or by other authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration , Environmental Protection Agency and Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau . The federal Fair Packaging and Labeling Act ( FPLA ) , originally passed in 1964 , was amended in 1992 to require consumer goods directly under its jurisdiction to be labelled in both customary and metric units . Some industries are engaged in efforts to amend this law to allow manufacturers to use only metric labelling . The National Conference on Weights and Measures has developed the Uniform Packaging and Labeling Regulations ( UPLR ) which provides a standard approach to those sections of packaging law that are under state control . Acceptance of the UPLR varies from state to state -- fourteen states accept it by merely citing it in their legislation . During the first decade of the 21st century , the EU directive 80 / 181 / EEC had required that dual unit labelling of goods sold within the EU cease by the end of 2009 . This was backed up by requests from other nations including Japan and New Zealand to permit metric - only labelling as an aid to trade with those countries . Opinion in the United States was split -- a bill to permit metric - only labelling at the federal level was to have been introduced in 2005 but significant opposition from the Food Marketing Institute , representing US grocers , has delayed the introduction of the bill . During a routine decennial review of the directive in 2008 , the EU postponed the sunset clause for dual units indefinitely . Meanwhile , in 1999 the UPLR was amended to permit metric - only labelling and automatically became law in those states that accept UPLR `` as is '' . By 1 January 2009 , 48 out of 50 states permit metric - only labelling , either through UPLR or through their own legislation . As of February 2013 the use of metric ( and therefore SI ) units in the United States does not follow any pattern . Dual - unit labelling on consumer goods is mandatory . Some consumer goods such as soft drinks are sold in metric quantities , but milk is sold in customary units . The engineering industry is equally split . The automotive industry is largely metric , but aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner were designed using customary units . Redefinition of units ( edit ) Dependencies of proposed SI unit definitions ( in colour ) and seven physical constants ( in grey ) with fixed numerical values . Unlike the current ( 2014 ) definition , the base units are derived from one or more constants of nature . Main article : Proposed redefinition of SI base units After the metre was redefined in 1960 , the kilogram remained the only SI base unit that relied on a specific physical artefact , the international prototype of the kilogram ( IPK ) , for its definition and thus the only unit that was still subject to periodic comparisons of national standard kilograms with the IPK . After the 1996 -- 1998 recalibration , a clear divergence between the various prototype kilograms was observed . At its 23rd meeting , held in 2007 , the CGPM recommended that the CIPM should continue to investigate methods to provide exact fixed values for physical constants of nature that could then be used in the definitions of units of measure in place of the IPK , thus enabling the transition from explicit unit definitions to explicit constant definitions . At a meeting of the CCU held in Reading , United Kingdom , in September 2010 , a resolution and draft changes to the SI Brochure that were to be presented to the next meeting of the CIPM in October 2010 were agreed to in principle . The proposals that the CCU put forward were : In addition to the speed of light , four constants of nature -- the Planck constant , an elementary charge , the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro number -- be defined to have exact values . The International prototype kilogram be retired The current definitions of the kilogram , ampere , kelvin and mole be revised . The wording of the definitions of all the base units be both tightened up and changed to reflect the change in emphasis from explicit unit to explicit constant definitions . The CIPM meeting of October 2010 reviewed progress towards establishing fixed values for the constants but found that `` the conditions set by the General Conference at its 23rd meeting have not yet been fully met . For this reason the CIPM does not propose a revision of the SI at the present time '' . At the 24th CGPM meeting , held in October 2011 , the CIPM sponsored a resolution in which the requisite definition changes were agreed to in principle and in which the conditions required to be met before the redefinitions could be implemented were restated . By November 2014 the conditions set out at the 23rd meeting of the CGPM for the unit redefinitions had still not been met , and the 25th meeting of the CGPM , held in November 2014 , adopted a similar resolution encouraging further work towards establishing fixed values for the fundamental constants . The redefinitions are expected to be adopted at the 26th CGPM in the fall of 2018 . The CODATA task group on fundamental constants has announced special submission deadlines for data to compute the values that will be announced at this event . See also ( edit ) History of measurement List of international common standards List of scientific units named after people Metre -- tonne -- second system of units Names of large numbers Names of small numbers Order of magnitude Organisations Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements Standards and conventions Conventional electrical unit Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) Unified Code for Units of Measure Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The differences between `` weight '' and `` mass '' were only formally qualified in 1901 . Jump up ^ The 8th edition of the SI Brochure ( 2008 ) notes that ( at that time of publication ) the term `` mise en pratique '' had not been fully defined . Jump up ^ The text `` Des comparaisons périodiques des étalons nationaux avec les prototypes internationaux '' ( English : the periodic comparisons of national standards with the international prototypes ) in article 6.3 of the Metre Convention distinguishes between the words `` standard '' ( OED : `` The legal magnitude of a unit of measure or weight '' ) and `` prototype '' ( OED : `` an original on which something is modelled '' ) . Jump up ^ Pferd is German for `` horse '' and Stärke is German for `` strength '' or `` power '' . The Pferdestärke is the power needed to raise 75 kg against gravity at the rate of one metre per second . ( 1 PS = 0.985 HP ) . Jump up ^ These bodies include : International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) ( United States ) National Physical Laboratory ( NPL ) ( British ) International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) International Union of Pure and Applied Physics ( IUPAP ) International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) ( French : Commission internationale de l'éclairage ) Committee on Data for Science and Technology ( CODATA ) -- an interdisciplinary committee of the International Council for Science . International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ( ICRU ) International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine ( IFCC ) International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) International Organization of Legal Metrology ( OIML ) ( French : Organisation Internationale de Métrologie Légale ) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology ( AIST ) ( Japan ) National Institute for Natural and Engineering Sciences ( PTB ) ( Germany ) ( German : Physikalisch - Technische Bundesanstalt ) Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology Jump up ^ This grouping and the reference to Tables 6 , 7 , 8 , and 9 reflects the 2014 revision of the 8th Edition of the SI Brochure ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ The CGPM have defined the metre in terms of the speed of light , so the speed of light has an exact value . Jump up ^ For example , the Académie française in the case of French or Council for German Orthography ( German : Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung ) in the case of German ^ Jump up to : Except where specifically noted , these rules are common to both the SI Brochure and the NIST brochure . Jump up ^ This term is a translation of the official ( French ) text of the SI Brochure . Jump up ^ The CGPM has defined the metre in terms of the speed of light , so the speed of light has an exact value . Jump up ^ These countries included the Commonwealth countries ( excluding India ) , Ireland , Burma , Liberia , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Nepal and Ethiopia . Jump up ^ Angular units : degree , minute and second , Units of time : day , minute . Jump up ^ The units that made use of the acceleration due to gravity in their definitions included the kilogram - force / kilopond , torr , technical atmosphere , manometric units of pressure such as metres of water and millimetres of mercury . Jump up ^ The millimetre of mercury for blood pressure is one catalogued in Table 8 of SI Brochure . Jump up ^ Use of the metric system was legalised in 1866 , the Metre Convention was signed in 1875 and in 1893 the Mendenhall Order defined the pound and the yard in terms of the kilogram and metre respectively . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Convocation of the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( 25th meeting ) '' ( PDF ) . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . p. 32 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook Appendix G '' . CIA . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . The US is the only industrialized nation that does not mainly use the metric system in its commercial and standards activities ^ Jump up to : `` Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842 '' ( Official units of measure in Europe 1842 ) ( in German ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 Text version of Malaisé 's book Jump up ^ Malaisé , Ferdinand ( 1842 ) . Theoretisch - practischer Unterricht im Rechnen ( Theoretical and practical instruction in arithmetic ) ( in German ) . München . pp. 307 -- 322 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The name `` kilogram '' `` . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Alder , Ken ( 2002 ) . The Measure of all Things -- The Seven - Year - Odyssey that Transformed the World . London : Abacus . ISBN 0 - 349 - 11507 - 9 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Terry ( 2012 ) . From artefacts to atoms : the BIPM and the search for ultimate measurement standards . Oxford University Press . p. xxvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530786 - 3. he ( Wilkins ) proposed essentially what became ... the French decimal metric system Jump up ^ Wilkins , John ( 1668 ) . `` VII '' . An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language . The Royal Society . pp. 190 -- 194 . `` Reproduction ( 33 MB ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . ; `` Transcription '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mouton , Gabriel '' . Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography . encyclopedia.com. 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. ( January 2004 ) , `` Gabriel Mouton '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . ^ Jump up to : Tavernor , Robert ( 2007 ) . Smoot 's Ear : The Measure of Humanity . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12492 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brief history of the SI '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Tunbridge , Paul ( 1992 ) . Lord Kelvin , His Influence on Electrical Measurements and Units . Peter Pereginus Ltd . pp. 42 -- 46 . ISBN 0 - 86341 - 237 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Everett , ed. ( 1874 ) . `` First Report of the Committee for the Selection and Nomenclature of Dynamical and Electrical Units '' . Report on the Forty - third Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Bradford in September 1873 . British Association for the Advancement of Science : 222 -- 225 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . Special names , if short and suitable , would ... be better than the provisional designation ' C.G.S. unit of ... ' . ^ Jump up to : Page , Chester H. ; Vigoureux , Paul , eds. ( 1975 - 05 - 20 ) . The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875 -- 1975 : NBS Special Publication 420 . Washington , D.C. : National Bureau of Standards . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell , J.C. ( 1873 ) . A treatise on electricity and magnetism. 2 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 242 -- 245 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bigourdan , Guillaume ( 2012 ) ( 1901 ) . Le Système Métrique Des Poids Et Mesures : Son Établissement Et Sa Propagation Graduelle , Avec L'histoire Des Opérations Qui Ont Servi À Déterminer Le Mètre Et Le Kilogramme ( facsimile edition ) ( The Metric System of Weights and Measures : Its Establishment and its Successive Introduction , with the History of the Operations Used to Determine the Metre and the Kilogram ) ( in French ) . Ulan Press . p. 176 . ASIN B009JT8UZU . Jump up ^ Smeaton , William A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Foundation of the Metric System in France in the 1790s : The importance of Etienne Lenoir 's platinum measuring instruments '' . Platinum Metals Rev. Ely. 44 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 134 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The intensity of the Earth 's magnetic force reduced to absolute measurement '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ Nelson , Robert A. ( 1981 ) . `` Foundations of the international system of units ( SI ) '' ( PDF ) . Physics Teacher : 597 . Jump up ^ `` The Metre Convention '' . Bureau International des Poids et Mesures . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Convention du mètre / The Metre Convention '' ( PDF ) ( in French and English ) . CGPM. 1921 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Fenna , Donald ( 2002 ) . Weights , Measures and Units . Oxford University Press . International unit . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860522 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` In the beginning ... Giovanni Giorgi '' . International Electrotechnical Commission . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Die gesetzlichen Einheiten in Deutschland '' ( List of units of measure in Germany ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Physikalisch - Technische Bundesanstalt ( PTB ) . p. 6 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Porous materials : Permeability '' ( PDF ) . Module Descriptor , Material Science , Materials 3 . Materials Science and Engineering , Division of Engineering , The University of Edinburgh. 2001 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BIPM - Resolution 6 of the 9th CGPM '' . Bipm.org . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BIPM - Resolution 12 of the 11th CGPM '' . Bipm.org . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BIPM - Resolution 3 of the 14th CGPM '' . Bipm.org . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1.16 '' . International vocabulary of metrology -- Basic and general concepts and associated terms ( VIM ) ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed . ) . International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) : Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ S.V. Gupta , Units of Measurement : Past , Present and Future . International System of Units , p. 16 , Springer , 2009 . ISBN 3642007384 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Barry N. ; Thompson , Ambler ( 2008 ) . The International System of Units ( SI ) ( Special publication 330 ) ( PDF ) . Gaithersburg , MD : National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Ambler ; Taylor , Barry N. ( 2008 ) . Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) ( Special publication 811 ) ( PDF ) . Gaithersburg , MD : National Institute of Standards and Technology . Jump up ^ `` Criteria for membership of the CCU '' . Bureau International des Poids et Mesures . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The International Vocabulary of Metrology ( VIM ) '' . Jump up ^ Quantities Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry , IUPAC Jump up ^ Page , Chester H. ; Vigoureux , Paul , eds. ( 1975 - 05 - 20 ) . The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875 -- 1975 : NBS Special Publication 420 . Washington , D.C. : National Bureau of Standards . pp. 238 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Secula , Erik M. ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Redefining the Kilogram , The Past '' . Nist.gov . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , A.E.E. ( 1961 ) . Magnetism and Electricity . Cambridge University Press . p. 322 . Jump up ^ `` Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineers '' . Institution of Engineering and Technology . 1996 . pp. 8 -- 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Thomas ( 1997 ) . Cunningham , Peter , ed . The Basis of Measurement : Volume 2 -- Metrication and Current Practice . Pitcon Publishing ( Chippenham ) Ltd . pp. 222 -- 224 . ISBN 0 - 948251 - 84 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 7 of the 9th meeting of the CGPM ( 1948 ) : Writing and printing of unit symbols and of numbers '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Thompson , A. ; Taylor , B.N. ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) . `` The NIST Guide for the use of the International System of Units '' . Appendix C. Comments on the References of Appendix D -- Bibliography . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ISO 80000 - 1 : 2009 ( en ) Quantities and Units -- Past 1 : General '' . International Organization for Standardization. 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rowlett , Russ ( 2004 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Using Abbreviations or Symbols '' . University of North Carolina . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SI Conventions '' . National Physical Laboratory . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wörterbuch Englisch Dictionary German . Limassol : Eurobuch / Eurobooks. 1988 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interpretation of the International System of Units ( the Metric System of Measurement ) for the United States '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . National Archives and Records Administration . 73 ( 96 ) : 28432 -- 28433 . 2008 - 05 - 09 . FR Doc number E8 - 11058 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Metric Association FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions about the metric system '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Frysinger , James R. ; Yin , Pin ; Jih , Justin ; Jih , Yeeming ( 2010 ) . `` SI Unit and Prefix Names in Chinese '' . Metric Methods . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Victor Mair , `` Polysyllabic characters in Chinese writing '' , Language Log , 2011 - 08 - 02 Jump up ^ Thompson , A. ; Taylor , B.N. ( July 2008 ) . `` NIST Guide to SI Units -- Rules and Style Conventions '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Amelia A. ( March -- April 2008 ) . `` Period or Comma ? Decimal Styles over Time and Place '' ( PDF ) . Science Editor . Council of Science Editors. 31 ( 2 ) : 42 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 3300 CJK Compatibility 33FF '' ( PDF ) . Unicode.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2100 Letterlike Symbols 214F '' ( PDF ) . Unicode.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . < Jump up ^ `` Avogadro Project '' . National Physical Laboratory . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` What is a mise en pratique ? '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations of the Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities to the International Committee for Weights and Measures '' ( PDF ) . 12th Meeting of the CCM . Sèvres : Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 2010 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance -- Metrology in Chemistry to the International Committee for Weights and Measures '' ( PDF ) . 16th Meeting of the CCQM . Sèvres : Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 15 -- 16 April 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations of the Consultative Committee for Thermometry to the International Committee for Weights and Measures '' ( PDF ) . 25th Meeting of the CCT . Sèvres : Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 6 -- 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ pg. 221 -- McGreevy Jump up ^ For instance , tyre sizes on motor vehicles and bicycles tend to have the wheel diameter in inches , and the remaining dimensions in metric . ^ Jump up to : `` International Recommendation R 52 -- Hexagonal weights -- Metrological and technical requirements '' ( PDF ) . International Organization of Legal Metrology. 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Official BIPM definitions '' . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Essentials of the SI : Introduction '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` White Paper on Metrication ( 1972 ) -- Summary and Conclusions '' ( PDF ) . London : Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate . para 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Dutta , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Optimum Currency Areas : U.S. Dollar , Euro and Asian Money '' ( PDF ) . Rutgers University . Table 3.1 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Page , Chester H. ; Vigoureux , Paul , eds. ( 1975 - 05 - 20 ) . The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875 -- 1975 : NBS Special Publication 420 . Washington , D.C. : National Bureau of Standards . p. 244 . Jump up ^ `` White Paper on Metrication ( 1972 ) -- Summary and Conclusions '' ( PDF ) . London : Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate . para 19 . Jump up ^ Cinchon , Deborah ( 1996 ) . `` APPENDIX B -- Guyana and Belize : The Commonwealth of Nations '' . Country studies . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fram , Nicholas ( 2006 - 05 - 17 ) . Decolonization , the Commonwealth , and British Trade , 1945 -- 2004 ( PDF ) ( BA ( Hons ) thesis ) . Stanford University . Jump up ^ `` White Paper on Metrication ( 1972 ) -- Summary and Conclusions '' ( PDF ) . London : Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate . para 42 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa Metrication '' . South African Government . 1977 - 09 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Final Annual Report ( 1980 -- 1981 ) of the ( Australian ) Metric Conversion Board ( MCB ) '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final Report of the Metrication Board ( 1980 ) '' ( PDF ) . London : Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate . Jump up ^ `` Roads go metric across country today '' . RTÉ News . 2005 - 01 - 20 . p. 9 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` National Plan to Improve Literacy and Numeracy in Schools : Submission to the Department of Education and Skills '' ( PDF ) . Irish Business and Employers Confederation . February 2011 . p. 9 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Other specific numeracy requirements include ... awareness of the different measures and the ability to convert them . Despite all the moves towards metrication , imperial and metric measures remain in use . Jump up ^ `` Weights and Measures Act '' . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Weights and Measures Act , Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 , Act current to 2012 - 09 - 18 . `` Canadian units ( 5 ) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II , and the symbols and abbreviations therefor are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6 ( 1 ) ( b ) ( ii ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Council Directive 71 / 354 / EEC : On the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement '' . The Council of the European Communities. 1971 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Council of the European Communities ( 1979 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Council Directive 80 / 181 / EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71 / 354 / EEC '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Council of the European Communities ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Council Directive 80 / 181 / EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71 / 354 / EEC '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gupta , S.V. ( 2004 ) . `` Verification of commercial weights '' ( PDF ) . Paris : International Organisation of Legal Metrology : 6 . Expert Report -- OIML E 3 ( 2004 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mandavilli , Sujay Rao . `` Metrication in India '' . Metric usage and metrication in other countries . US Metric Association . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Subramaniam , K. ; Bose , Arindam ( 2012 - 07 - 14 ) . Measurement Units and Modes : The Indian Context ( PDF ) . 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education ( PDF ) . pp. 1973 -- 1983 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Style Sheet '' . Mumbai : Economic and Political Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Barbrow , Louis E. ; Judson , Lewis V. ( March 1976 ) ( First published October 1963 ) . `` Weights and Measures Standards of the United States -- A brief history , Special Publication 447 '' . National Bureau of Standards . pp. 10 -- 20 . LCCN 76 - 600055 . Archived from the original on 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix G : Weights and Measures '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Loidi , Juan Navarro ; Saenz , Pilar Merino ( 6 -- 9 September 2006 ) . `` The units of length in the Spanish treatises of military engineering '' ( PDF ) . The Global and the Local : The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe . Proceedings of the 2nd ICESHS . Cracow , Poland : The Press of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The United States and the Metric System '' ( PDF ) . Office of Weights and Measures / Metric Program . October 1997 . NIST LC1136 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Simone , Daniel V. ( December 1970 ) . U.S. Metric Study Report -- International Standards . National Bureau of Standards . Special Publication 345 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rowlett , Russ ( 2000 - 08 - 08 ) . `` The Metric System in the United States '' . How Many ? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Henceforth it shall be the policy of the National Bureau of Standards to use the units of the International System ( SI ) , as adopted by the 11th General Conference of Weights and Measures ( October 1960 ) , except when the use of these units would obviously impair communication or reduce the usefulness of a report . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald R. ( 1975 - 12 - 23 ) . Wooley , John ; Peters , Gerhard , eds . `` Statement on Signing the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Metric System in the U.S. '' . Event - Based Science Project . 2003 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Brockenbrough , Martha . `` Whatever Happened to the Metric System ? '' . MSN Encarta column . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cass , Ronald A. ( Winter 1991 ) . `` Velvet Fist in an Iron Glove : The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 '' ( PDF ) . Regulation . Washington DC : Cato Institute : 50 -- 56 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` DYKT : Did You Know That '' . Lamar.colostate.edu. 2008 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Guide for Identification and Development of Metric Standards '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense Acquisition , Technology & Logistics . December 2003 : 3 . SD - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Gentry , Elizabeth J. `` Voluntary Metric Labeling '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . pp. 3 -- 6 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Forum on Permissible Metric - Only Labeling '' . NIST. 2006 - 10 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Frysinger , James R. ( 2010 ) . `` The Uniform Packaging and Labeling Regulation ( UPLR ) '' . Metric Methods . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Greenslade , Joe ( August 2012 ) . `` Why Specify ISO Standards For Metric Fasteners ? '' . American Fastener Journal . Scotsdale , Arizona : 48 -- 55 . ISSN 1064 - 3834 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . The decision by General Motors , FORD , and Chrysler to adopt the metric system of measurement in design impacted all industrialized countries in the world . The car manufacturers wanted to be able to source products anywhere in the world and have the components be compatible regardless of where the parts were made , purchased or assembled . Jump up ^ Reisman , Lisa ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Not So Fast , Comac : C919 is DOA , But Boeing and Airbus Duopoly Dead Anyway '' . MetalMiner . Azul Partners . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Redefining the kilogram '' . UK National Physical Laboratory . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Newell , David B. `` A more fundamental International System of Units '' ( PDF ) . Physics Today . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mills , Ian ( September -- October 2011 ) . `` Part II -- Explicit - Constant Definitions for the Kilogram and for the Mole '' . Chemistry International . 33 ( 5 ) : 12 -- 15 . ISSN 0193 - 6484 . Jump up ^ Mills , Ian ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . `` On the possible future revision of the International System of Units , the SI '' ( PDF ) . CCU . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mills , Ian ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Draft Chapter 2 for SI Brochure , following redefinitions of the base units '' ( PDF ) . CCU . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Towards the `` new SI '' `` . International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Resolution 1 -- On the possible future revision of the International System of Units , the SI ( PDF ) . 24th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures . Sèvres , France . 17 -- 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Resolution 1 of the 25th CGPM ( 2014 ) . 25th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures . Sèvres , France . 18 -- 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wood , B. ( 3 -- 4 November 2014 ) . `` Report on the Meeting of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants '' ( PDF ) . BIPM . p. 7 . ( BIPM director Martin ) Milton responded to a question about what would happen if ... the CIPM or the CGPM voted not to move forward with the redefinition of the SI . He responded that he felt that by that time the decision to move forward should be seen as a foregone conclusion . Jump up ^ Mohr , Peter J. ; Newell , David B. ; Taylor , Barry N. ( 2015 ) . `` CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants : 2014 -- Summary '' . Zenodo . doi : 10.5281 / zenodo. 22827 ( inactive 2017 - 06 - 08 ) . Because of the good progress made in both experiment and theory since the 31 December 2010 closing date of the 2010 CODATA adjustment , the uncertainties of the 2014 recommended values of h , e , k and N are already at the level required for the adoption of the revised SI by the 26th CGPM in the fall of 2018 . The formal road map to redefinition includes a special CODATA adjustment of the fundamental constants with a closing date for new data of 1 July 2017 in order to determine the exact numerical values of h , e , k and N that will be used to define the New SI . A second CODATA adjustment with a closing date of 1 July 2018 will be carried out so that a complete set of recommended values consistent with the New SI will be available when it is formally adopted by the 26th CGPM . Further reading ( edit ) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 1993 ) . Quantities , Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry , 2nd edition , Oxford : Blackwell Science . ISBN 0 - 632 - 03583 - 8 . Electronic version . Unit Systems in Electromagnetism MW Keller et al. Metrology Triangle Using a Watt Balance , a Calculable Capacitor , and a Single - Electron Tunneling Device `` The Current SI Seen From the Perspective of the Proposed New SI '' . Barry N. Taylor . Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology , Vol. 116 , No. 6 , Pgs. 797 -- 807 , Nov -- Dec 2011 . B.N. Taylor , Ambler Thompson , International System of Units ( SI ) , National Institute of Standards and Technology 2008 edition , ISBN 1437915582 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to International System of Units . Official BIPM Bureau International des Poids et Mesures ( SI maintenance agency ) ( home page ) BIPM brochure ( SI reference ) ISO 80000 - 1 : 2009 Quantities and units -- Part 1 : General NIST Official Publications NIST Special Publication 330 , 2008 Edition : The International System of Units ( SI ) NIST Special Publication 811 , 2008 Edition : Guide for the Use of the International System of Units NIST Special Pub 814 : Interpretation of the SI for the United States and Federal Government Metric Conversion Policy Rules for SAE Use of SI ( Metric ) Units International System of Units at DMOZ EngNet Metric Conversion Chart Online Categorised Metric Conversion Calculator U.S. Metric Association . 2008 . A Practical Guide to the International System of Units History LaTeX SIunits package manual gives a historical background to the SI system . Research The metrological triangle Recommendation of ICWM 1 ( CI - 2005 ) Pro-metric advocacy groups The UK Metric Association The US Metric Association Pro-customary measures pressure groups Pro-customary measures groups at DMOZ SI units Authority : International System of Units ( BIPM ) Base units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit bar dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute of arc neper second of arc tonne atomic units natural units See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Systems of measurement Current General International System of Units ( SI ) UK imperial system US customary units Myanmar Indian Specific Apothecaries ' Avoirdupois Troy Astronomical Electrical Temperature Natural atomic geometrised Gaussian Lorentz -- Heaviside Planck quantum chromodynamical Stoney Background Metric Overview Introduction Outline History Metrication UK / US Overview Comparison Foot -- pound -- second ( FPS ) Historic Metric metre -- kilogram -- second ( MKS ) metre -- tonne -- second ( MTS ) centimetre -- gram -- second ( CGS ) gravitational quadrant -- eleventh - gram -- second ( QES ) ( hebdometre -- undecimogramme -- second ( HUS ) ) Europe Byzantine Cornish Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French ( Trad . 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About Wikipedia	what is the standard unit of length in the si system	[ "\nSI base units[33]:23[37][38]\n\nUnit\nname\nUnit\nsymbol\nQuantity\nname\nDefinition (incomplete)[n 1]\nDimension\nsymbol\n\n\nmetre\nm\nlength\n\n\nOriginal (1793): 1/7007100000000000000♠10000000 of the meridian through Paris between the North Pole and the Equator.FG\nInterim (1960): 7006165076373000000♠1650763.73 wavelengths in a vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2p10 and 5d5 quantum levels of the krypton-86 atom.\nCurrent (1983): The distance travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/7008299792458000000♠299792458 second.\n\n\nL\n\n\nkilogram[n 2]\nkg\nmass\n\n\nOriginal (1793): The grave was defined as being the weight [mass] of one cubic decimetre of pure water at its freezing point.FG\nCurrent (1889): The mass of the International Prototype Kilogram (Le Grand K).[39]\n\n\nM\n\n\nsecond\ns\ntime\n\n\nOriginal (Medieval): 1/7004864000000000000♠86400 of a day.\nInterim (1956): 1/7007315569259747000♠31556925.9747 of the tropical year for 1900 January 0 at 12 hours ephemeris time.\nCurrent (1967): The duration of 7009919263177000000♠9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.\n\n\nT\n\n\nampere\nA\nelectric current\n\n\nOriginal (1881): A tenth of the electromagnetic CGS unit of current. The [CGS] electromagnetic unit of current is that current, flowing in an arc 1 cm long of a circle 1 cm in radius, that creates a field of one oersted at the centre.[40] IEC\nCurrent (1946): The constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 6993200000000000000♠2×10−7 newtons per metre of length.\n\n\nI\n\n\nkelvin\nK\nthermodynamic temperature\n\n\nOriginal (1743): The centigrade scale is obtained by assigning 0 °C to the freezing point of water and 100 °C to the boiling point of water.\nInterim (1954): The triple point of water (0.01 °C) defined to be exactly 273.16 K.[n 3]\nCurrent (1967): 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water\n\n\nΘ\n\n\nmole\nmol\namount of substance\n\n\nOriginal (1900): The molecular weight of a substance in mass grams.ICAW\nCurrent (1967): The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12.[n 4]\n\n\nN\n\n\ncandela\ncd\nluminous intensity\n\n\nOriginal (1946): The value of the new candle is such that the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre.\nCurrent (1979): The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 7014540000000000000♠5.4×1014 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.\n\n\nJ\n\n\n\n\nNote\n\n\n\n\nJump up ^ Interim definitions are given here only when there has been a significant difference in the definition.\nJump up ^ Despite the prefix \"kilo-\", the kilogram is the base unit of mass. The kilogram, not the gram, is used in the definitions of derived units. Nonetheless, units of mass are named as if the gram were the base unit.\nJump up ^ In 1954 the unit of thermodynamic temperature was known as the \"degree Kelvin\" (symbol °K; \"Kelvin\" spelt with an upper-case \"K\"). It was renamed the \"kelvin\" (symbol \"K\"; \"kelvin\" spelt with a lower case \"k\") in 1967.\nJump up ^ When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.\n\n\n\nThe original definitions of the various base units in the above table were made by the following authorities:\n\n\n\nFG = French Government\nIEC = International Electrotechnical Commission\nICAW = International Committee on Atomic Weights\n\n\n\nAll other definitions result from resolutions by either CGPM or the CIPM and are catalogued in the SI Brochure.\n\n\n" ]	[ "metre" ]
8781221764775853337	Southern Africa	Southern Africa - wikipedia Southern Africa Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with South Africa . For the region of the African Union , see Regions of the African Union § Southern . Southern Africa ( UN subregion ) Geographic , including above Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent , variably defined by geography or geopolitics , and including several countries . The term southern Africa or Southern Africa , generally includes Angola , Botswana , Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Namibia , South Africa , Swaziland , Zambia , and Zimbabwe . From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with South Africa as a first regional power . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and usage 1.1 UN scheme of geographic regions and SACU 1.2 SADC membership 1.3 General usages 2 Geography 3 Economy 4 Environment 5 Culture and people 6 Agriculture and food security 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Definitions and usage ( edit ) Another geographic delineation for the region is the portion of Africa south of the Cunene and Zambezi Rivers -- that is : South Africa , Lesotho , Swaziland , Namibia , Botswana , Zimbabwe and the part of Mozambique which lies south of the Zambezi River . This definition is most often used in South Africa for natural sciences and particularly in guide books such as Roberts ' Birds of Southern Africa , the Southern African Bird Atlas Project and Mammals of the Southern African Subregion . It is not used in political , economic or human geography contexts because this definition cuts Mozambique in two . UN scheme of geographic regions and SACU ( edit ) In the UN scheme of geographic regions , five countries constitute Southern Africa : Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland The Southern African Customs Union ( SACU ) , created in 1969 , also comprises the five countries in the UN subregion of Southern Africa . SADC membership ( edit ) The Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) was established in 1980 to facilitate co-operation in the region . It includes : Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe General usages ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The region is sometimes reckoned to include other territories : Angola -- part of Central Africa in the UN scheme . Comoros , Madagascar , Malawi , Mayotte , Mauritius , Mozambique , Réunion , Seychelles , Zambia , Zimbabwe -- part of Eastern Africa in the UN scheme . The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania , though more commonly reckoned in Central and Eastern Africa , respectively , are occasionally included in Southern Africa as they are SADC members . Geography ( edit ) A composite satellite image of Southern Africa The terrain of Southern Africa is varied , ranging from forest and grasslands to deserts . The region has both low - lying coastal areas , and mountains . In terms of natural resources , the region has the world 's largest resources of platinum and the platinum group elements , chromium , vanadium , and cobalt , as well as uranium , gold , titanium , iron and diamonds . Economy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The region is distinct from the rest of Africa , with some of its main exports including platinum , diamonds , gold , and uranium , but it is similar in that it shares some of the problems of the rest of the continent . While colonialism has left its mark on the development over the course of history , today poverty , corruption , and HIV / AIDS are some of the biggest factors impeding economic growth . The pursuit of economic and political stability is an important part of the region 's goals , as demonstrated by the SADC . In terms of economic strength , South Africa is by far the dominant power of the region . South Africa 's GDP alone is many times greater than the GDPs of all other countries in the region . Environment ( edit ) Southern Africa has a wide diversity of ecoregions including grassland , bushveld , karoo , savannah and riparian zones . Even though considerable disturbance has occurred in some regions from habitat loss due to human overpopulation or export - focused development , there remain significant numbers of various wildlife species , including white rhino , Southern African lion , African leopard , impala , kudu , blue wildebeest , vervet monkey and elephant . It has complex Plateaus that create massive mountain structures along the South African border . There are numerous environmental issues in Southern Africa , including air pollution and desertification . Culture and people ( edit ) Southern Africa is home to many cultures and people . It was initially populated by indigenous or native Africans San , Khoikhoi and Pygmies in widely dispersed concentrations . Due to the Bantu expansion which edged the previous native African peoples to the more remote areas of the region , the majority of African ethnic groups in this region , including the Zulu , Tsonga , Xhosa , Swazi , Northern Ndebele , Southern Ndebele , Tswana , Sotho , and Shona people , BaLunda , Mbundu , Ovimbundu , Shona , Chaga and Sukuma , speak Bantu languages . The process of colonization and settling resulted in a significant population of native European ( Afrikaner , British , Portuguese Africans , etc . ) and Asian descent ( Cape Malays , Indian South Africans , etc . ) in many southern African countries . Agriculture and food security ( edit ) Some key factors affecting the food security within the regions including political instability , poor governance , droughts , population growth , urbanisation , poverty , low economic growth , inadequate agricultural policies , trade terms and regimes , resource degradation and the recent increase in HIV / AIDS . These factors vary from country to country . For example , the Democratic Republic of Congo has favourable climatic and physical conditions , but performs far below its capacity in food provision due to political instability and poor governance . In contrast , semi-arid countries such as Botswana and Namibia , produce insufficient food , but successfully achieve food security through food imports due to economic growth , political stability and good governance . The Republic of South Africa is a major food producer and exporter in the region . Data on agricultural production trends and food insecurity especially in term of food availability for Southern Africa is readily available through the Famine Early Warning Systems Network ( FEWS NET ) and Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) - Food , Agriculture and Nature Resource Directorate ( FARN ) . However , this data might not fully capture the reality of a region with large urban populations and where food insecurity goes beyond per - capita availability to issues of access and dietary adequacy . Urban food security has been noted as an emerging area of concern in the region , with recent data showing high levels of food insecurity amongst low - income households . In a study of eleven cities in nine countries : Blantyre , Cape Town , Gaborone , Harare , Johannesburg , Lusaka , Maputo , Manzini , Maseru , Msunduzi ( Durban Metro ) and Windhoek , only 17 % of households were categorized as ' food - secure ' while more than half ( 57 % ) of all households surveyed were found to be ' severely food - insecure ' . Some factors affecting urban food insecurity include climate change with potential impact on agricultural productivity , the expansion of supermarkets in the region , which is changing the way people obtain food in the city , rural - to - urban migration , unemployment , and poverty . The issue of food insecurity in general and urban food insecurity in particular in the region is also characterized by an increased consumption of caloric junk food and processed foods leading to potential increase in the co-existence of undernutrition and dietary - related chronic diseases such as obesity and hypertension . In South Africa for example , while over 50 % experience hunger , 61 % are overweight or morbidly obese . There is only limited data on the other Southern African countries . See also ( edit ) History of Southern Africa Kalahari Sub-Saharan Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Schenoni , Luis ( 2017 ) Subsystemic Unipolarities , Power Distribution and State Behaviour in South America and Southern Africa , in Strategic Analysis 41 ( 1 ) 74 - 86 '' . Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . Jump up ^ Southern African Customs Union ( SACU ) official website Jump up ^ `` Southern African Development Community : : Home '' . Jump up ^ Cowling , R.M. ( editor ) ; ( et al . ) ( 2004 ) Vegetation of Southern Africa . Cambridge University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 0521548012 Jump up ^ SADC . `` Mining '' . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Wkley ( 2002 ) . Deep Histories : gender and colonialism in Southern Africa . Amsterdam ( u.a. ) : Rodopi . ISBN 90 - 420 - 1229 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bauer & Taylor ( 2005 ) . Politics in Southern Africa : state and society in transition . Boulder ( u.a. ) : Rienner . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 332 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bauer , H. ; Packer , C. ; Funston , P.F. ; Henschel , P. & Nowell , K. ( 2016 ) . `` Panthera leo '' . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2016 : e. T15951A115130419 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T15951A107265605. en . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Goeieman , Fred ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Bridging a hundred year - old separation '' . Namibian Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ de Waal , Alex ; Whiteside , Alan ( 1 October 2003 ) . `` New variant famine : AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa '' . The Lancet . 362 ( 9391 ) : 1234 -- 1237 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 03 ) 14548 - 5 . Jump up ^ Misselhorn , Alison ( 2005 ) . `` What drives food insecurity in southern Africa ? a meta - analysis of household economy studies '' . Global Environmental Change . 15 : 33 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gloenvcha. 2004.11. 003 . Jump up ^ Yu , Bingxin ; Liangzhi You ; Shenggen Fan ( January 2010 ) . `` Toward a Typology of Food Security in Developing Countries '' ( PDF ) . International Food Policy Research Institute . IFPRI Discussion Paper 00945 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ FEWS , NET . `` Southern Africa Country Centers '' . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ SADC , FANR . `` Food Security '' . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ al . ) , Bruce Frayne ... ( et ( 2010 ) . The state of urban food insecurity in Southern Africa ( PDF ) . ( Cape Town ) : AFSUN . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9869820 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Jane ( 1 June 2012 ) . `` BEYOND THE FOOD DESERT : FINDING WAYS TO SPEAK ABOUT URBAN FOOD SECURITY IN SOUTH AFRICA '' . Geografiska Annaler : Series B , Human Geography. 94 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 159 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0467.2012. 00401. x . Jump up ^ Crush , J. ; Hovorka , A. ; Tevera , D. ( 21 June 2011 ) . `` Food security in Southern African cities : The place of urban agriculture '' . Progress in Development Studies . 11 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 305 . doi : 10.1177 / 146499341001100402 . Jump up ^ Riley , Liam ; Legwegoh , Alexander ( 18 June 2013 ) . `` Comparative urban food geographies in Blantyre and Gaborone '' . African Geographical Review : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.1080 / 19376812.2013. 805148 . Jump up ^ Mkwambisi , David D. ; Fraser , Evan D.G. ; Dougill , Andy J. ( 1 March 2011 ) . `` Urban agriculture and poverty reduction : Evaluating how food production in cities contributes to food security , employment and income in Malawi '' . Journal of International Development . 23 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 203 . doi : 10.1002 / jid. 1657 . Jump up ^ Crush , Jonathan ; Frayne , Bruce ; McLachlan , Milla ( 2011 ) . Rapid urbanization and the nutrition transition in southern Africa . ( Cape Town ) : African Food Security Urban Network ( AFSUN ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 920409 - 69 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wrotniak , B.H. ; Malete , L. ; Maruapula , S.D. ; Jackson , J. ; Shaibu , S. ; Ratcliffe , S. ; Stettler , N. ; Compher , C. ( 1 April 2012 ) . `` Association between socioeconomic status indicators and obesity in adolescent students in Botswana , an African country in rapid nutrition transition '' . Pediatric Obesity. 7 ( 2 ) : e9 -- e13 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2047 - 6310.2011. 00023. x . PMID 22434762 . Jump up ^ Fat in Motion . `` Obesity in SA '' . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Reddy , SP ; Resnicow , K ; James , S ; Kambaran , N ; Omardien , R ; MBewu , AD ( 12 June 2008 ) . `` Underweight , overweight and obesity among South African adolescents : results of the 2002 National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey '' . Public Health Nutrition. 12 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 7 . doi : 10.1017 / S1368980008002656 . PMID 18547451 . Jump up ^ LABADARIOS , Demetre ; Yul Derek DAVIDS ; Zandile MCHIZA ; Gina WEIR - SMITH ( 31 March 2009 ) . `` THE ASSESSMENT OF FOOD INSECURITY IN SOUTH AFRICA '' ( PDF ) . Human Sciences Research Council . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Southern Africa '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . ( subscription required ) Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa 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Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia 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2741670479894729458	Image segmentation	Image segmentation - wikipedia Image segmentation Jump to : navigation , search Model of a segmented femur . It shows the outer surface ( red ) , the surface between compact bone and spongy bone ( green ) and the surface of the bone marrow ( blue ) . In computer vision , image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments ( sets of pixels , also known as super-pixels ) . The goal of segmentation is to simplify and / or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze . Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries ( lines , curves , etc . ) in images . More precisely , image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics . The result of image segmentation is a set of segments that collectively cover the entire image , or a set of contours extracted from the image ( see edge detection ) . Each of the pixels in a region are similar with respect to some characteristic or computed property , such as color , intensity , or texture . Adjacent regions are significantly different with respect to the same characteristic ( s ) . When applied to a stack of images , typical in medical imaging , the resulting contours after image segmentation can be used to create 3D reconstructions with the help of interpolation algorithms like Marching cubes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 Thresholding 3 Clustering methods 4 Compression - based methods 5 Histogram - based methods 6 Edge detection 7 Dual clustering method 8 Region - growing methods 9 Partial differential equation - based methods 9.1 Parametric methods 9.2 Level set methods 9.3 Fast marching methods 10 Variational methods 11 Graph partitioning methods 11.1 Markov random fields 11.1. 1 Supervised image segmentation using MRF and MAP 11.1. 2 Optimization algorithms 11.1. 2.1 Iterated conditional modes / gradient descent 11.1. 2.2 Simulated annealing ( SA ) 11.1. 2.3 Alternative algorithms 11.1. 3 Unsupervised image segmentation using MRF and expectation maximization 11.1. 4 Disadvantages of MAP and EM based image segmentation 11.1. 5 Implementations of MRF - based image segmentation 12 Watershed transformation 13 Model based segmentation 14 Multi-scale segmentation 14.1 One - dimensional hierarchical signal segmentation 14.2 Image segmentation and primal sketch 15 Semi-automatic segmentation 16 Trainable segmentation 17 Other methods 18 Segmentation benchmarking 19 See also 20 Notes 21 References 22 External links Applications ( edit ) Volume segmentation of a 3D - rendered CT scan of the thorax : The anterior thoracic wall , the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize thoracic contents : - blue : pulmonary arteries - red : pulmonary veins ( and also the abdominal wall ) - yellow : the mediastinum - violet : the diaphragm Some of the practical applications of image segmentation are : Content - based image retrieval Machine vision Medical imaging , including volume rendered images from computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging . Locate tumors and other pathologies Measure tissue volumes Diagnosis , study of anatomical structure Surgery planning Virtual surgery simulation Intra-surgery navigation Object detection Pedestrian detection Face detection Brake light detection Locate objects in satellite images ( roads , forests , crops , etc . ) Recognition Tasks Face recognition Fingerprint recognition Iris recognition Traffic control systems Video surveillance Several general - purpose algorithms and techniques have been developed for image segmentation . To be useful , these techniques must typically be combined with a domain 's specific knowledge in order to effectively solve the domain 's segmentation problems . Thresholding ( edit ) The simplest method of image segmentation is called the thresholding method . This method is based on a clip - level ( or a threshold value ) to turn a gray - scale image into a binary image . There is also a balanced histogram thresholding . The key of this method is to select the threshold value ( or values when multiple - levels are selected ) . Several popular methods are used in industry including the maximum entropy method , Otsu 's method ( maximum variance ) , and k - means clustering . Recently , methods have been developed for thresholding computed tomography ( CT ) images . The key idea is that , unlike Otsu 's method , the thresholds are derived from the radiographs instead of the ( reconstructed ) image . New methods suggested the usage of multi-dimensional fuzzy rule - based non-linear thresholds . In these works decision over each pixel 's membership to a segment is based on multi-dimensional rules derived from fuzzy logic and evolutionary algorithms based on image lighting environment and application . Clustering methods ( edit ) Main article : Data clustering Source image . Image after running k - means with k = 16 . Note that a common technique to improve performance for large images is to downsample the image , compute the clusters , and then reassign the values to the larger image if necessary . The K - means algorithm is an iterative technique that is used to partition an image into K clusters . The basic algorithm is Pick K cluster centers , either randomly or based on some heuristic method , for example K - means++ Assign each pixel in the image to the cluster that minimizes the distance between the pixel and the cluster center Re-compute the cluster centers by averaging all of the pixels in the cluster Repeat steps 2 and 3 until convergence is attained ( i.e. no pixels change clusters ) In this case , distance is the squared or absolute difference between a pixel and a cluster center . The difference is typically based on pixel color , intensity , texture , and location , or a weighted combination of these factors . K can be selected manually , randomly , or by a heuristic . This algorithm is guaranteed to converge , but it may not return the optimal solution . The quality of the solution depends on the initial set of clusters and the value of K . Compression - based methods ( edit ) Compression based methods postulate that the optimal segmentation is the one that minimizes , over all possible segmentations , the coding length of the data . The connection between these two concepts is that segmentation tries to find patterns in an image and any regularity in the image can be used to compress it . The method describes each segment by its texture and boundary shape . Each of these components is modeled by a probability distribution function and its coding length is computed as follows : The boundary encoding leverages the fact that regions in natural images tend to have a smooth contour . This prior is used by Huffman coding to encode the difference chain code of the contours in an image . Thus , the smoother a boundary is , the shorter coding length it attains . Texture is encoded by lossy compression in a way similar to minimum description length ( MDL ) principle , but here the length of the data given the model is approximated by the number of samples times the entropy of the model . The texture in each region is modeled by a multivariate normal distribution whose entropy has a closed form expression . An interesting property of this model is that the estimated entropy bounds the true entropy of the data from above . This is because among all distributions with a given mean and covariance , normal distribution has the largest entropy . Thus , the true coding length can not be more than what the algorithm tries to minimize . For any given segmentation of an image , this scheme yields the number of bits required to encode that image based on the given segmentation . Thus , among all possible segmentations of an image , the goal is to find the segmentation which produces the shortest coding length . This can be achieved by a simple agglomerative clustering method . The distortion in the lossy compression determines the coarseness of the segmentation and its optimal value may differ for each image . This parameter can be estimated heuristically from the contrast of textures in an image . For example , when the textures in an image are similar , such as in camouflage images , stronger sensitivity and thus lower quantization is required . Histogram - based methods ( edit ) Histogram - based methods are very efficient compared to other image segmentation methods because they typically require only one pass through the pixels . In this technique , a histogram is computed from all of the pixels in the image , and the peaks and valleys in the histogram are used to locate the clusters in the image . Color or intensity can be used as the measure . A refinement of this technique is to recursively apply the histogram - seeking method to clusters in the image in order to divide them into smaller clusters . This operation is repeated with smaller and smaller clusters until no more clusters are formed . One disadvantage of the histogram - seeking method is that it may be difficult to identify significant peaks and valleys in the image . Histogram - based approaches can also be quickly adapted to apply to multiple frames , while maintaining their single pass efficiency . The histogram can be done in multiple fashions when multiple frames are considered . The same approach that is taken with one frame can be applied to multiple , and after the results are merged , peaks and valleys that were previously difficult to identify are more likely to be distinguishable . The histogram can also be applied on a per - pixel basis where the resulting information is used to determine the most frequent color for the pixel location . This approach segments based on active objects and a static environment , resulting in a different type of segmentation useful in video tracking . Edge detection ( edit ) Edge detection is a well - developed field on its own within image processing . Region boundaries and edges are closely related , since there is often a sharp adjustment in intensity at the region boundaries . Edge detection techniques have therefore been used as the base of another segmentation technique . The edges identified by edge detection are often disconnected . To segment an object from an image however , one needs closed region boundaries . The desired edges are the boundaries between such objects or spatial - taxons . Spatial - taxons are information granules , consisting of a crisp pixel region , stationed at abstraction levels within a hierarchical nested scene architecture . They are similar to the Gestalt psychological designation of figure - ground , but are extended to include foreground , object groups , objects and salient object parts . Edge detection methods can be applied to the spatial - taxon region , in the same manner they would be applied to a silhouette . This method is particularly useful when the disconnected edge is part of an illusory contour Segmentation methods can also be applied to edges obtained from edge detectors . Lindeberg and Li developed an integrated method that segments edges into straight and curved edge segments for parts - based object recognition , based on a minimum description length ( M ) criterion that was optimized by a split - and - merge - like method with candidate breakpoints obtained from complementary junction cues to obtain more likely points at which to consider partitions into different segments . Dual clustering method ( edit ) This method is a combination of three characteristics of the image : partition of the image based on histogram analysis is checked by high compactness of the clusters ( objects ) , and high gradients of their borders . For that purpose two spaces has to be introduced : one space is the one - dimensional histogram of brightness H = H ( B ) , the second space -- the dual 3 - dimensional space of the original image itself B = B ( x , y ) . The first space allows to measure how compact is distributed the brightness of the image by calculating minimal clustering kmin . Threshold brightness T corresponding to kmin defines the binary ( black - and - white ) image -- bitmap b = φ ( x , y ) , where φ ( x , y ) = 0 , if B ( x , y ) < T , and φ ( x , y ) = 1 , if B ( x , y ) ≥ T . The bitmap b is an object in dual space . On that bitmap a measure has to be defined reflecting how compact distributed black ( or white ) pixels are . So , the goal is to find objects with good borders . For all T the measure M = G / ( k × L ) has to be calculated ( where k is difference in brightness between the object and the background , L is length of all borders , and G is mean gradient on the borders ) . Maximum of MDC defines the segmentation . Region - growing methods ( edit ) Region - growing methods rely mainly on the assumption that the neighboring pixels within one region have similar values . The common procedure is to compare one pixel with its neighbors . If a similarity criterion is satisfied , the pixel can be set to belong to the cluster as one or more of its neighbors . The selection of the similarity criterion is significant and the results are influenced by noise in all instances . The method of Statistical Region Merging ( SRM ) starts by building the graph of pixels using 4 - connectedness with edges weighted by the absolute value of the intensity difference . Initially each pixel forms a single pixel region . SRM then sorts those edges in a priority queue and decide whether or not to merge the current regions belonging to the edge pixels using a statistical predicate . One region - growing method is the seeded region growing method . This method takes a set of seeds as input along with the image . The seeds mark each of the objects to be segmented . The regions are iteratively grown by comparison of all unallocated neighboring pixels to the regions . The difference between a pixel 's intensity value and the region 's mean , δ ( \ displaystyle \ delta ) , is used as a measure of similarity . The pixel with the smallest difference measured in this way is assigned to the respective region . This process continues until all pixels are assigned to a region . Because seeded region growing requires seeds as additional input , the segmentation results are dependent on the choice of seeds , and noise in the image can cause the seeds to be poorly placed . Another region - growing method is the unseeded region growing method . It is a modified algorithm that does not require explicit seeds . It starts with a single region A 1 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) ) -- the pixel chosen here does not markedly influence the final segmentation . At each iteration it considers the neighboring pixels in the same way as seeded region growing . It differs from seeded region growing in that if the minimum δ ( \ displaystyle \ delta ) is less than a predefined threshold T ( \ displaystyle T ) then it is added to the respective region A j ( \ displaystyle A_ ( j ) ) . If not , then the pixel is considered different from all current regions A i ( \ displaystyle A_ ( i ) ) and a new region A n + 1 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( n + 1 ) ) is created with this pixel . One variant of this technique , proposed by Haralick and Shapiro ( 1985 ) , is based on pixel intensities . The mean and scatter of the region and the intensity of the candidate pixel are used to compute a test statistic . If the test statistic is sufficiently small , the pixel is added to the region , and the region 's mean and scatter are recomputed . Otherwise , the pixel is rejected , and is used to form a new region . A special region - growing method is called λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) - connected segmentation ( see also lambda - connectedness ) . It is based on pixel intensities and neighborhood - linking paths . A degree of connectivity ( connectedness ) is calculated based on a path that is formed by pixels . For a certain value of λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) , two pixels are called λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) - connected if there is a path linking those two pixels and the connectedness of this path is at least λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) . λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) - connectedness is an equivalence relation . Split - and - merge segmentation is based on a quadtree partition of an image . It is sometimes called quadtree segmentation . This method starts at the root of the tree that represents the whole image . If it is found non-uniform ( not homogeneous ) , then it is split into four child squares ( the splitting process ) , and so on . If , in contrast , four child squares are homogeneous , they are merged as several connected components ( the merging process ) . The node in the tree is a segmented node . This process continues recursively until no further splits or merges are possible . When a special data structure is involved in the implementation of the algorithm of the method , its time complexity can reach O ( n log ⁡ n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n \ log n ) ) , an optimal algorithm of the method . Partial differential equation - based methods ( edit ) Using a partial differential equation ( PDE ) - based method and solving the PDE equation by a numerical scheme , one can segment the image . Curve propagation is a popular technique in this category , with numerous applications to object extraction , object tracking , stereo reconstruction , etc . The central idea is to evolve an initial curve towards the lowest potential of a cost function , where its definition reflects the task to be addressed . As for most inverse problems , the minimization of the cost functional is non-trivial and imposes certain smoothness constraints on the solution , which in the present case can be expressed as geometrical constraints on the evolving curve . Parametric methods ( edit ) Lagrangian techniques are based on parameterizing the contour according to some sampling strategy and then evolve each element according to image and internal terms . Such techniques are fast and efficient , however the original `` purely parametric '' formulation ( due to Kass , Witkin and Terzopoulos in 1987 and known as `` snakes '' ) , is generally criticized for its limitations regarding the choice of sampling strategy , the internal geometric properties of the curve , topology changes ( curve splitting and merging ) , addressing problems in higher dimensions , etc ... Nowadays , efficient `` discretized '' formulations have been developed to address these limitations while maintaining high efficiency . In both cases , energy minimization is generally conducted using a steepest - gradient descent , whereby derivatives are computed using , e.g. , finite differences . Level set methods ( edit ) The level set method was initially proposed to track moving interfaces by Osher and Sethian in 1988 and has spread across various imaging domains in the late 90s . It can be used to efficiently address the problem of curve / surface / etc . propagation in an implicit manner . The central idea is to represent the evolving contour using a signed function whose zero corresponds to the actual contour . Then , according to the motion equation of the contour , one can easily derive a similar flow for the implicit surface that when applied to the zero level will reflect the propagation of the contour . The level set method affords numerous advantages : it is implicit , is parameter - free , provides a direct way to estimate the geometric properties of the evolving structure , allows for change of topology , and is intrinsic . It can be used to define an optimization framework , as proposed by Zhao , Merriman and Osher in 1996 . One can conclude that it is a very convenient framework for addressing numerous applications of computer vision and medical image analysis . Research into various level set data structures has led to very efficient implementations of this method . Fast marching methods ( edit ) The fast marching method has been used in image segmentation , and this model has been improved ( permitting a both positive and negative speed propagation speed ) in an approach called the generalized fast marching method . Variational methods ( edit ) The goal of variational methods is to find a segmentation which is optimal with respect to a specific energy functional . The functionals consist of a data fitting term and a regularizing terms . A classical representative is the Potts model defined for an image f ( \ displaystyle f ) by argmin u ⁡ γ ∥ ∇ u ∥ 0 + ∫ ( u − f ) 2 d x . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( argmin ) _ ( u ) \ gamma \ \ nabla u \ _ ( 0 ) + \ int ( u-f ) ^ ( 2 ) dx . ) A minimizer u ∗ ( \ displaystyle u ^ ( * ) ) is a piecewise constant image which has an optimal tradeoff between the squared L2 distance to the given image f ( \ displaystyle f ) and the total length of its jump set . The jump set of u ∗ ( \ displaystyle u ^ ( * ) ) defines a segmentation . The relative weight of the energies is tuned by the parameter γ > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma > 0 ) . The binary variant of the Potts model , i.e. , if the range of u ( \ displaystyle u ) is restricted to two values , is often called Chan - Vese model . An important generalization is the Mumford - Shah model given by argmin u , K ⁡ γ K + μ ∫ K C ∇ u 2 d x + ∫ ( u − f ) 2 d x . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( argmin ) _ ( u , K ) \ gamma K + \ mu \ int _ ( K ^ ( C ) ) \ nabla u ^ ( 2 ) dx+ \ int ( u-f ) ^ ( 2 ) dx . ) The functional value is the sum of the total length of the segmentation curve K ( \ displaystyle K ) , the smoothness of the approximation u ( \ displaystyle u ) , and its distance to the original image f ( \ displaystyle f ) . The weight of the smoothness penalty is adjusted by μ > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mu > 0 ) . The Potts model is often called piecewise constant Mumford - Shah model as it can be seen as the degenerate case μ → ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ mu \ to \ infty ) . The optimization problems are known to be NP - hard in general but near - minimizing strategies work well in practice . Classical algorithms are graduated non-convexity and Ambrosio - Tortorelli approximation . Graph partitioning methods ( edit ) Graph partitioning methods are an effective tools for image segmentation since they model the impact of pixel neighborhoods on a given cluster of pixels or pixel , under the assumption of homogeneity in images . In these methods , the image is modeled as a weighted , undirected graph . Usually a pixel or a group of pixels are associated with nodes and edge weights define the ( dis ) similarity between the neighborhood pixels . The graph ( image ) is then partitioned according to a criterion designed to model `` good '' clusters . Each partition of the nodes ( pixels ) output from these algorithms are considered an object segment in the image . Some popular algorithms of this category are normalized cuts , random walker , minimum cut , isoperimetric partitioning , minimum spanning tree - based segmentation , and segmentation - based object categorization . Markov random fields ( edit ) The application of Markov random fields ( MRF ) for images was suggested in early 1984 by Geman and Geman . Their strong mathematical foundation and ability to provide a global optima even when defined on local features proved to be the foundation for novel research in the domain of image analysis , de-noising and segmentation . MRFs are completely characterized by their prior probability distributions , marginal probability distributions , cliques , smoothing constraint as well as criterion for updating values . The criterion for image segmentation using MRFs is restated as finding the labelling scheme which has maximum probability for a given set of features . The broad categories of image segmentation using MRFs are supervised and unsupervised segmentation . Supervised image segmentation using MRF and MAP ( edit ) In terms of image segmentation , the function that MRFs seek to maximize is the probability of identifying a labelling scheme given a particular set of features are detected in the image . This is a restatement of the Maximum a posteriori estimation method . MRF neighborhood for a chosen pixel The generic algorithm for image segmentation using MAP is given below : Define the neighborhood of each feature ( random variable in MRF terms ) . Generally this includes 1st order or 2nd order neighbors . Set initial probabilities P ( f ) > for each feature as 0 or where f ∈ Σ is the set containing features extracted for pixel i and define an initial set of clusters . Using the training data compute the mean ( μ ) and variance ( σ ) for each label . This is termed as class statistics . Compute the marginal distribution for the given labeling scheme P ( f l ) using Bayes ' theorem and the class statistics calculated earlier . A Gaussian model is used for the marginal distribution . 1 σ ( l i ) 2 π e − ( f i − μ ( l i ) ) 2 2 σ ( l i ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sigma ( l_ ( i ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ) e ^ ( - ( \ frac ( ( f_ ( i ) - \ mu ( l_ ( i ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ sigma ( l_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) Calculate the probability of each class label given the neighborhood defined previously . Clique potentials are used to model the social impact in labeling . Iterate over new prior probabilities and redefine clusters such that these probabilities are maximized . This is done using a variety of optimization algorithms described below . Stop when probability is maximized and labeling scheme does not change . The calculations can be implemented in log likelihood terms as well . Optimization algorithms ( edit ) Each optimization algorithm is an adaptation of models from a variety of fields and they are set apart by their unique cost functions . The common trait of cost functions is to penalize change in pixel value as well as difference in pixel label when compared to labels of neighboring pixels . Iterated conditional modes / gradient descent ( edit ) The ICM algorithm tries to reconstruct the ideal labeling scheme by changing the values of each pixel over each iteration and evaluating the energy of the new labeling scheme using the cost function given below , α ( 1 − δ ( l i − l initial i ) + β Σ q ∈ N ( i ) ( 1 − δ ( l i , l q ( i ) ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ( 1 - \ delta ( l_ ( i ) - l_ ( ( \ text ( initial ) ) i ) ) + \ beta \ Sigma _ ( q \ in N ( i ) ) ( 1 - \ delta ( l_ ( i ) , l_ ( q ( i ) ) ) ) ) . where α is the penalty for change in pixel label and β is the penalty for difference in label between neighboring pixels and chosen pixel . Here N ( i ) ( \ displaystyle N ( i ) ) is neighborhood of pixel i and δ is the Kronecker delta function . A major issue with ICM is that , similar to gradient descent , it has a tendency to rest over local maxima and thus not obtain a globally optimal labeling scheme . Simulated annealing ( sa ) ( edit ) Derived as an analogue of annealing in metallurgy , SA uses change in pixel label over iterations and estimates the difference in energy of each newly formed graph to the initial data . If the newly formed graph is more profitable , in terms of low energy cost , given by : Δ U = U ( \ displaystyle \ Delta U = U ) − U ( \ displaystyle - U ) l i = ( l i n e w , if Δ U ≤ 0 , l i n e w , if Δ U > 0 and δ < e − Δ U / T , l i o l d ( \ displaystyle l_ ( i ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) l_ ( i ) ^ ( new ) , & ( \ text ( if ) ) \ \ \ Delta U \ leq 0 , \ \ l_ ( i ) ^ ( new ) , & ( \ text ( if ) ) \ \ \ Delta U > 0 \ \ ( \ text ( and ) ) \ \ \ delta < e ^ ( - \ Delta U / T ) , \ \ l_ ( i ) ^ ( old ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) the algorithm selects the newly formed graph . Simulated annealing requires the input of temperature schedules which directly affects the speed of convergence of the system , as well as energy threshold for minimization to occur . Alternative algorithms ( edit ) A range of other methods exist for solving simple as well as higher order MRFs . They include Maximization of Posterior Marginal , Multi-scale MAP estimation , Multiple Resolution segmentation and more . Apart from likelihood estimates , graph - cut using maximum flow and other highly constrained graph based methods exist for solving MRFs . Unsupervised image segmentation using MRF and Expectation maximization ( edit ) A subset of unsupervised machine learning , the Expectation -- maximization algorithm is utilized to iteratively estimate the a posterior probabilities and distributions of labeling when no training data is available and no estimate of segmentation model can be formed . A general approach is to use histograms to represent the features of an image and proceed as outlined briefly in the 3 - step algorithm mentioned below , 1 . A random estimate of the model parameters ( same as in supervised learning ) is utilized . 2 . E-Step : Estimate class statistics based on the random segmentation model defined . Using these , compute the conditional probability of belonging to a label given the feature set is calculated using naive Bayes ' theorem . P ( λ f i ) = P ( f i λ ) P ( λ ) Σ λ ε Λ P ( f i λ ) P ( λ ) ( \ displaystyle P ( \ lambda f_ ( i ) ) = ( \ frac ( P ( f_ ( i ) \ lambda ) P ( \ lambda ) ) ( \ Sigma _ ( \ lambda \ epsilon \ Lambda ) P ( f_ ( i ) \ lambda ) P ( \ lambda ) ) ) ) Here λ ε Λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda \ epsilon \ Lambda ) is the set of all possible labels . 3 . M - Step : The established relevance of a given feature set to a labeling scheme is now used to compute the a priori estimate of a given label in the second part of the algorithm . Since the actual number of total labels is unknown ( from a training data set ) , a hidden estimate of the number of labels given by the user is utilized in computations . P ( λ ) = Σ λ ε Λ P ( λ f i ) Ω ( \ displaystyle P ( \ lambda ) = ( \ frac ( \ Sigma _ ( \ lambda \ epsilon \ Lambda ) P ( \ lambda f_ ( i ) ) ) ( \ Omega ) ) ) where Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) is the set of all possible features . Segmentation of color image using HMRF - EM model Disadvantages of MAP and EM based image segmentation ( edit ) Exact MAP estimates can not be easily computed . Approximate MAP estimates are computationally expensive to calculate . Extension to multi-class labeling degrades performance and increases storage required . Reliable estimation of parameters for EM is required for global optima to be achieved . Based on method of optimization , segmentation may cluster to local minima . Implementations of MRF - based image segmentation ( edit ) HMRF - EM Implementation of EM algorithm based image segmentation . Zoltan Kato 's implementation of supervised image segmentation using MRFs . Purdue University 's implementation of Discrete MRF and their application to segmentation . Gaussian Mixture Model based HMRF segmentation in MATLAB . CMU 's implementation of multiple graph cut based segmentation algorithms . Watershed transformation ( edit ) The watershed transformation considers the gradient magnitude of an image as a topographic surface . Pixels having the highest gradient magnitude intensities ( GMIs ) correspond to watershed lines , which represent the region boundaries . Water placed on any pixel enclosed by a common watershed line flows downhill to a common local intensity minimum ( LIM ) . Pixels draining to a common minimum form a catch basin , which represents a segment . Model based segmentation ( edit ) The central assumption of such an approach is that structures of interest / organs have a repetitive form of geometry . Therefore , one can seek for a probabilistic model towards explaining the variation of the shape of the organ and then when segmenting an image impose constraints using this model as prior . Such a task involves ( i ) registration of the training examples to a common pose , ( ii ) probabilistic representation of the variation of the registered samples , and ( iii ) statistical inference between the model and the image . State of the art methods in the literature for knowledge - based segmentation involve active shape and appearance models , active contours and deformable templates and level - set based methods . Multi-scale segmentation ( edit ) Image segmentations are computed at multiple scales in scale space and sometimes propagated from coarse to fine scales ; see scale - space segmentation . Segmentation criteria can be arbitrarily complex and may take into account global as well as local criteria . A common requirement is that each region must be connected in some sense . One - dimensional hierarchical signal segmentation ( edit ) Witkin 's seminal work in scale space included the notion that a one - dimensional signal could be unambiguously segmented into regions , with one scale parameter controlling the scale of segmentation . A key observation is that the zero - crossings of the second derivatives ( minima and maxima of the first derivative or slope ) of multi-scale - smoothed versions of a signal form a nesting tree , which defines hierarchical relations between segments at different scales . Specifically , slope extrema at coarse scales can be traced back to corresponding features at fine scales . When a slope maximum and slope minimum annihilate each other at a larger scale , the three segments that they separated merge into one segment , thus defining the hierarchy of segments . Image segmentation and primal sketch ( edit ) There have been numerous research works in this area , out of which a few have now reached a state where they can be applied either with interactive manual intervention ( usually with application to medical imaging ) or fully automatically . The following is a brief overview of some of the main research ideas that current approaches are based upon . The nesting structure that Witkin described is , however , specific for one - dimensional signals and does not trivially transfer to higher - dimensional images . Nevertheless , this general idea has inspired several other authors to investigate coarse - to - fine schemes for image segmentation . Koenderink proposed to study how iso - intensity contours evolve over scales and this approach was investigated in more detail by Lifshitz and Pizer . Unfortunately , however , the intensity of image features changes over scales , which implies that it is hard to trace coarse - scale image features to finer scales using iso - intensity information . Lindeberg studied the problem of linking local extrema and saddle points over scales , and proposed an image representation called the scale - space primal sketch which makes explicit the relations between structures at different scales , and also makes explicit which image features are stable over large ranges of scale including locally appropriate scales for those . Bergholm proposed to detect edges at coarse scales in scale - space and then trace them back to finer scales with manual choice of both the coarse detection scale and the fine localization scale . Gauch and Pizer studied the complementary problem of ridges and valleys at multiple scales and developed a tool for interactive image segmentation based on multi-scale watersheds . The use of multi-scale watershed with application to the gradient map has also been investigated by Olsen and Nielsen and been carried over to clinical use by Dam . Vincken et al. proposed a hyperstack for defining probabilistic relations between image structures at different scales . The use of stable image structures over scales has been furthered by Ahuja and his co-workers into a fully automated system . A fully automatic brain segmentation algorithm based on closely related ideas of multi-scale watersheds has been presented by Undeman and Lindeberg and been extensively tested in brain databases . These ideas for multi-scale image segmentation by linking image structures over scales have also been picked up by Florack and Kuijper . Bijaoui and Rué associate structures detected in scale - space above a minimum noise threshold into an object tree which spans multiple scales and corresponds to a kind of feature in the original signal . Extracted features are accurately reconstructed using an iterative conjugate gradient matrix method . Semi-automatic segmentation ( edit ) In one kind of segmentation , the user outlines the region of interest with the mouse clicks and algorithms are applied so that the path that best fits the edge of the image is shown . Techniques like SIOX , Livewire , Intelligent Scissors or IT - SNAPS are used in this kind of segmentation . In an alternative kind of semi-automatic segmentation , the algorithms return a spatial - taxon ( i.e. foreground , object - group , object or object - part ) selected by the user or designated via prior probabilities . Trainable segmentation ( edit ) Most segmentation methods are based only on color information of pixels in the image . Humans use much more knowledge than this when doing image segmentation , but implementing this knowledge would cost considerable computation time and would require a huge domain - knowledge database , which is currently not available . In addition to traditional segmentation methods , there are trainable segmentation methods which can model some of this knowledge . Neural Network segmentation relies on processing small areas of an image using an artificial neural network or a set of neural networks . After such processing the decision - making mechanism marks the areas of an image accordingly to the category recognized by the neural network . A type of network designed especially for this is the Kohonen map . Pulse - coupled neural networks ( PCNNs ) are neural models proposed by modeling a cat 's visual cortex and developed for high - performance biomimetic image processing . In 1989 , Eckhorn introduced a neural model to emulate the mechanism of a cat 's visual cortex . The Eckhorn model provided a simple and effective tool for studying the visual cortex of small mammals , and was soon recognized as having significant application potential in image processing . In 1994 , the Eckhorn model was adapted to be an image processing algorithm by Johnson , who termed this algorithm Pulse - Coupled Neural Network . Over the past decade , PCNNs have been utilized for a variety of image processing applications , including : image segmentation , feature generation , face extraction , motion detection , region growing , noise reduction , and so on . A PCNN is a two - dimensional neural network . Each neuron in the network corresponds to one pixel in an input image , receiving its corresponding pixel 's color information ( e.g. intensity ) as an external stimulus . Each neuron also connects with its neighboring neurons , receiving local stimuli from them . The external and local stimuli are combined in an internal activation system , which accumulates the stimuli until it exceeds a dynamic threshold , resulting in a pulse output . Through iterative computation , PCNN neurons produce temporal series of pulse outputs . The temporal series of pulse outputs contain information of input images and can be utilized for various image processing applications , such as image segmentation and feature generation . Compared with conventional image processing means , PCNNs have several significant merits , including robustness against noise , independence of geometric variations in input patterns , capability of bridging minor intensity variations in input patterns , etc . Open - source implementations of trainable segmentation : Trainable Segmentation ( in Java ) IMMI Other methods ( edit ) There are many other methods of segmentation like multispectral segmentation or connectivity - based segmentation based on DTI images . Segmentation benchmarking ( edit ) Several segmentation benchmarks are available for comparing the performance of segmentation methods with the state - of - the - art segmentation methods on standardized sets : Prague On - line Texture Segmentation Benchmark The Berkeley Segmentation Dataset and Benchmark See also ( edit ) Computer vision Image - based meshing Range image segmentation Vector quantization Image quantization Color quantization Object - based image analysis Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Linda G. Shapiro and George C. Stockman ( 2001 ) : `` Computer Vision '' , pp 279 - 325 , New Jersey , Prentice - Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 030796 - 3 Jump up ^ Barghout , Lauren , and Lawrence W. Lee . `` Perceptual information processing system . '' Paravue Inc . U.S. Patent Application 10 / 618,543 , filed July 11 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Pham , Dzung L. ; Xu , Chenyang ; Prince , Jerry L. ( 2000 ) . `` Current Methods in Medical Image Segmentation '' . 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Jump up ^ Kamalakannan , Sridharan ; Gururajan , Arunkumar ; Sari - Sarraf , Hamed ; Rodney , Long ; Antani , Sameer ( 17 February 2010 ) . `` Double - Edge Detection of Radiographic Lumbar Vertebrae Images Using Pressurized Open DGVF Snakes '' . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering . 57 ( 6 ) : 1325 -- 1334 . doi : 10.1109 / tbme. 2010.2040082 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ J.A. Delmerico , P. David and J.J. Corso ( 2011 ) : `` Building façade detection , segmentation and parameter estimation for mobile robot localization and guidance '' , International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems , pp. 1632 - 1639 . Jump up ^ Batenburg , K J. ; Sijbers , J. ( 2009 ) . `` Adaptive thresholding of tomograms by projection distance minimization '' . Pattern Recognition . 42 ( 10 ) : 2297 -- 2305 . doi : 10.1016 / j. patcog. 2008.11. 027 . Jump up ^ Batenburg , K J. ; Sijbers , J. 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Malik ( July 2001 ) . `` A Database of Human Segmented Natural Images and its Application to Evaluating Segmentation Algorithms and Measuring Ecological Statistics '' . Proc. 8th Int'l Conf . Computer Vision . 2 . pp. 416 -- 423 . References ( edit ) 3D Entropy Based Image Segmentation Frucci , Maria ; Sanniti di Baja , Gabriella ( 2008 ) . `` From Segmentation to Binarization of Gray - level Images '' . Journal of Pattern Recognition Research . 3 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.13176 / 11.54 . External links ( edit ) Some sample code that performs basic segmentation , by Syed Zainudeen . University Technology of Malaysia . Generalized Fast Marching method by Forcadel et al. ( 2008 ) for applications in image segmentation . Image Processing Research Group An Online Open Image Processing Research Community . Segmentation methods in image processing and analysis More image segmentation methods with detailed algorithms by Yu - Hsiang Wang ( 王昱翔 ) , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image_segmentation&oldid=808157651 '' Categories : Image segmentation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 06 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is meant by segmentation in image processing	[ "In computer vision, image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments (sets of pixels, also known as super-pixels). The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze.[1][2] Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics." ]	[ "the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments" ]
-5382886642026540781	Post Malone	Post Malone - wikipedia Post Malone Post Malone Post Malone in February 2018 Background information Birth name Austin Richard Post ( 1995 - 07 - 04 ) July 4 , 1995 ( age 23 ) Syracuse , New York , U.S. Origin Grapevine , Texas , U.S. Genres Hip hop R&B trap cloud rap rap rock Occupation ( s ) Rapper singer songwriter record producer Instruments Vocals guitar Years active 2015 -- present Labels Republic Associated acts FKi 1st Justin Bieber Louis Bell Website postmalone.com Austin Richard Post ( born July 4 , 1995 ) , known professionally as Post Malone , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter and record producer . Born in Syracuse , New York and raised in Grapevine , Texas , Malone rose to fame in the mid-2010s following the release of his debut single `` White Iverson '' . The song , which peaked at fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and later certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , garnered Malone a recording contract with Republic Records . He released his debut studio album Stoney in 2016 , which debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 . The album , which featured the top - 10 hit `` Congratulations '' , would soon become certified double platinum . His second album , Beerbongs & Bentleys , was released in 2018 , and featured the single `` Rockstar '' , with 21 Savage . The song rose to number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 , marking Malone 's first number 1 as a solo artist . Upon release , the album would break several streaming records en route to debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 , while also gaining a platinum certification . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2015 -- 2017 : Career beginnings and Stoney 2.2 2017 -- present : Beerbongs & Bentleys 3 Musical style 4 Controversies 5 Personal life 5.1 Political views 6 Discography 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Billboard Music Award 7.2 Teen Choice Awards 8 References 9 External links Early life Post was born in Syracuse , New York . His maternal grandfather , John Carlo Pavetto , was born in Pennsylvania to Italian parents . Post has also said that he is of partial Native American descent . He was raised by his father , Rich Post , and his stepmother , Jodie Post . Post 's father had been a disc jockey in his youth and introduced Post to many different genres of music including hip - hop , country , and rock . When Post was 9 years old , he and his family moved to Grapevine , Texas after his father became the manager of concessions for the Dallas Cowboys . Post began to play the guitar and auditioned for the band Crown the Empire in 2010 , but was rejected after his guitar strings broke during the audition . He credited his initial interest in learning guitar to the popular video game Guitar Hero . Post has always had a love for emo music , and appeared for a DJ set at Emo Nite in Los Angeles in June 2017 , playing My Chemical Romance at the event . According to Post , his very first foray into professional music began when he was in a heavy metal band . Soon after , he says he transitioned to softer rock as well as hip - hop , before beginning to experiment on FL Studio . At 16 , using Audacity , Post created his first mixtape , Young and After Them Riches . He showed it to some of his classmates at Grapevine High School . He was voted `` Most Likely to Become Famous '' by his classmates as a senior in high school . He worked at a Chicken Express as a teenager . He enrolled in Tarrant County College but dropped out . After leaving college , Post moved to Los Angeles , California , with his longtime friend Jason Probst , a professional game streamer . According to Post , he chose Post Malone as his stage name when he was 14 or 15 . The name was rumored to be a reference to the professional basketball player Karl Malone , but Post later explained that while ' Post ' is his last name , he used a `` rap name generator '' to get `` Malone '' . Career 2015 -- 2017 : career beginnings and Stoney After moving to LA , Post , Probst , and several other producers and artists formed the music group BLCKVRD and recorded music together . Several members of the group , including Post , moved into a house in San Fernando Valley together . While living in San Fernando Valley , Austin met 1st Down of FKi . He met 1st and Rich from FKi and Rex Kudo who produced several of Post 's tracks , including `` White Iverson '' . Post recorded the song two days after writing it . `` White Iverson '' is , in part , a reference to the professional basketball player Allen Iverson . In February 2015 , upon completion , it was uploaded to Post 's SoundCloud account . On July 19 , 2015 , Post released a music video for `` White Iverson '' . The single received praise from Mac Miller and Wiz Khalifa . However , the song was notoriously mocked by Earl Sweatshirt . Post Malone at the Ritual Nightclub in 2015 . After hitting one million views within a month of releasing `` White Iverson '' , Post quickly garnered attention from record labels . In August 2015 , he signed a recording contract with Republic Records . Post subsequently worked with a number of prominent rappers such as 50 Cent , Young Thug , and Kanye West , among others . In August 2015 , he performed at Kylie Jenner 's 18th birthday party , where he met Kanye West , who enjoyed his music , leading to him collaborating with Post on his single `` Fade '' from his album The Life of Pablo . Post later began his friendship with Canadian singer and songwriter Justin Bieber , which led to Post being an opening act for Bieber 's Purpose World Tour . On April 20 , 2016 , Post premiered his new single , `` Go Flex '' on Zane Lowe 's Beats 1 show . On May 12 , 2016 , he released his first full - length project , a mixtape , titled August 26 , the title of which was a reference to the release date of his debut album . On June 9 , 2016 , Post made his national television debut on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , performing `` Go Flex '' . In June 2016 , XXL editor - in - chief Vanessa Satten revealed Post Malone was considered for XXL 's `` 2016 Freshmen Class '' magazine cover , but she was `` told by his camp that he was n't paying attention to hip hop so much . He was going in more of a rock / pop / country direction . '' However , Post denied these claims , explaining that his latest mixtape as well as his upcoming album were both hip - hop . In August 2016 , Post issued an apology for his album , Stoney , being late . It was available for pre-order on November 4 , and was finally released on December 9 . Post later went on to call the album `` mediocre '' , despite the success of the single `` Congratulations '' featuring Quavo , Post 's first top - ten song on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number eight . Stoney also featured the top 100 hits `` I Fall Apart '' , and `` Deja Vu '' , featuring Bieber , with the album later being certified double platinum by the RIAA in October 2017 . 2017 -- present : Beerbongs & Bentleys Post Malone at the VELD Music Festival in 2016 . In February 2017 , Post revealed the title of his next project , Beerbongs & Bentleys , and was set to be released in December , before eventually being pushed back to 2018 . In September , Malone released the first single from the album , `` Rockstar '' , featuring 21 Savage . The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and held the spot for eight consecutive weeks , later prompting Rolling Stone to call him `` one of the most popular musicians in the country '' in 2017 . In November , Malone released the official music video for `` Rockstar '' , directed by Emil Nava . On February 20 , 2018 , Malone previewed his new song with Ty Dolla Sign titled `` Psycho . '' `` Psycho '' was released on February 23 , 2018 and a tour with 21 Savage was announced . The song debuted at number 2 and later peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Post 's third entry in the top 10 . On April 5 , 2018 , Malone stated that Beerbongs & Bentleys will be released on April 27 , 2018 . The same day , he also premiered the song `` Stay '' during the Bud Lite Dive Bar show in Nashville . Upon release , Beerbongs & Bentleys broke the first day streaming records on Spotify , with 78.7 million streams worldwide . The album was also certified platinum by the RIAA after four days and spawned three top 10 songs and six top 20 songs . In an interview with Billboard in May 2018 , Malone 's manager announced that Malone was planning to start his own record label and film production company and Post later won Top Rap Song at the Billboard Music Awards for `` Rockstar '' featuring 21 Savage . Post confirmed in June 2018 that he was writing his third album . Musical style Post 's music has described as a `` melting pot of the country , grunge , hip - hop and R&B '' and Post himself has been described as versatile . His vocal style has been described as laconic . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described Post as `` an artist who toes the line between singing and rapping , and hip - hop and spooky electric folk '' . Malone himself has called his music `` genre-less '' . Post cites Bob Dylan , in whom he became interested around the age of 15 , as an influence on his music , calling him `` a genius '' and `` a god '' though his music has been called `` about as far away from Rock n ' Roll as you can get . '' He called `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' the `` first rap song '' . He has a tattoo of Dylan as well . Post has also listed rappers 50 Cent , whom he called a legend and Key ! as influences . Controversies Malone has been described as the `` Donald Trump of hip - hop '' by executives at Republic Records , who state that `` things that should 've killed his career have only made him bigger . '' He has also been described as `` a rich kid whose parents essentially paid his way into music . '' Malone has been called a `` culture vulture '' multiple times by different publications and on social media for appropriating African - American culture . California rapper Lil B wrote on Twitter in October 2017 : `` Post Malone is slowly turning into a white dude ! Lol he 's pushing , it give it a few years he gon be full country and hate blacks lol '' , with Post replying in an interview , claiming that his white skin has been `` used against him . '' In January 2018 , Post went on an intoxicated rant against people who describe him as a culture vulture . In an interview with GQ several days later , Post said `` there 's a struggle being a white rapper . '' In a November 2017 interview with Polish media outlet NewOnce , Malone said that modern hip - hop music lacks `` people talking about real shit '' and added that `` if you 're looking to think about life , do n't listen to hip - hop . '' He received social media backlash for his comments , including from fellow rappers such as Lil B and Vince Staples . Malone later appeared in a video on Twitter , saying that the reason for his comments was that it was a `` beer - tasting '' interview , and going on to say that he loves hip - hop . NewOnce , however , denied that claim , stating that Malone barely drank at all during the interview . Personal life Post currently lives in Los Angeles , California . He also has a $3 million 13,000 - square - foot home in northern Utah . Political views Post has a tattoo of U.S. president John F. Kennedy on his arm , and has said that Kennedy was `` the only President to speak out against the crazy corruption stuff that 's going on in our government nowadays . '' In December 2016 , Post stated that if asked to perform at the inauguration of Donald Trump he would not have been opposed , though he stated that neither Trump nor Hillary Clinton were fit for President of the United States and expressed his support of Bernie Sanders during the election cycle . Post later expressed a dislike for Trump in a November 2017 interview for Rolling Stone . In the same interview , he revealed that he owned a myriad of guns , and believed it was an `` American '' right to own and operate guns . He also expressed a heavy interest in conspiracy theories , saying `` There 's crazy shit that goes on that we ca n't explain . '' During a trip to Canada , Post was interviewed and when asked what the `` biggest lie is '' , he replied `` The biggest lie in the world is the U.S. government , It 's a fucking reality show and I think there 's gon na be a lot of weird shit that happens within our generation that really changes the way of the world . '' Discography Wikimedia Commons has media related to Post Malone . Main article : Post Malone discography Stoney ( 2016 ) Beerbongs & Bentleys ( 2018 ) Awards and nominations Billboard Music Award Year Nominee / work Award Result Ref . 2018 Post Malone Top Male Artist Nominated Top Hot 100 Artist Nominated Top Song Sales Artist Nominated Top Streaming Artist Nominated Top Rap Artist Nominated Top Rap Male Artist Nominated Stoney Top Billboard 200 Album Nominated Top Rap Album Nominated `` Rockstar '' ( featuring 21 Savage ) Top Hot 100 Song Nominated Top Collaboration Nominated Top Rap Song Won Top Streaming Song ( Audio ) Nominated `` Congratulations '' ( featuring Quavo ) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result Ref . 2018 Post Malone Choice R&B / Hip - Hop Artist Pending References Jump up ^ `` The Unlikely Resurgence of Rap Rock - Pitchfork '' . pitchfork.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone 's New Album Goes Platinum in Four Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Blackburn , H. Drew ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Post Malone 's Homecoming '' . Pigeons & Planes . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone on Twitter : `` I 've never been anyone except for Austin Richard Post . i ai n't never fold / break . '' `` . Twitter . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is Post Malone 's ethnicity ? - 18 Facts You Need To Know About ' rockstar ' Rapper Post Malone '' . Capital XTRA . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Chats About Touring With Justin Bieber & Exploring Different Genres of Music '' . YouTube . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rapper Post Malone 's father talks Syracuse roots , musical influences -- and haters '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ h3h3Productions ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` H3 Podcast # 7 - Post Malone & Joji '' ( Podcast ) . Event occurs at 11 : 48 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Valentine , Claire ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Post Malone on Memes , Bieber Fans , and the Importance of Beer '' . PAPER . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Figman , Adam ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` The New 3 '' . SLAMonline . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weiner , Jonah . `` Post Malone : Confessions of a Hip - Hop Rock Star '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzJa8Eql6A8M Jump up ^ westfesttv ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` GGN Post Malone Has The Sauce '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ westfesttv ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` GGN Post Malone Has The Sauce '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ westfesttv ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` GGN Post Malone Has The Sauce '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Golden , Zara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` How Post Malone Became The Most Random Success In Rap '' . The FADER . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ GQ ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Post Malone Goes Undercover on Twitter , Facebook , Quora , and Reddit '' . Actually Me . YouTube . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . I did n't go to Syracuse ... I went to Tarrant County College Jump up ^ `` Nardwuar vs. Post Malone '' . YouTube . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Post Malone ' exposed part of minecraft ( Before He Was Famous ) '' . YouTube . December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GGN Post Malone Has The Sauce '' . YouTube . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scare Wolf ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Post Malone - Stone Cold Podcast '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Markman , Rob ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` Video Premiere : Watch Post Malone 's ' White Iverson ' '' . MTV . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wurzburger , Andrea . `` Find Out How Post Malone Got His Name ( and All of His Tattoos ) in This Martha & Snoop Bonus Clip '' . VH1 News . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Post Malone Went From SoundCloud to Stadium Status '' . Complex . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone at The Breakfast Club : Talks White Iverson , Is He A Culture Vulture & More ( August 24 , 2015 ) '' . YouTube . TheBreakFastClub . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Post Malone -- Biography '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Iverson by Post Malone '' . SoundCloud . Post Malone . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ogden . `` Inside The Hidden Success Of Post Malone '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mac . `` Mac Miller tweet '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Peter . `` Earl Sweatshirt Is n't a Fan of Post Malone '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars . `` Earl Sweatshirt Criticizes Post Malone 's ' White Iverson , ' Malone Responds '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mench , Chris . `` Earl Sweatshirt Finally Heard Post Malone 's `` White Iverson '' and He Does n't Seem to Be a Fan `` . Complex . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Danny ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Post Malone Signs With Republic Records '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Suarez , Gary . `` Post Malone Scores With ' White Iverson ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Akubuilo , Nneoma ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Yeezy Season 3 '' . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapper Post Malone on Collaborating With Kanye West : ' It Was the Scariest Experience Ever ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yuscavage , Chris . `` Here 's James Harden Helping Post Malone Perform `` White Iverson '' at Kylie Jenner 's 18th Birthday Party `` . Complex.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleischer , Adam . `` Without Kylie Jenner , This Buzzing Rapper Never Would Have Collaborated With Kanye West '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber at the Palace '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mikael Wood ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Why Post Malone has been called ' the Donald Trump of hip - hop ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Ted ( April 21 , 2016 ) Post Malone 's New `` Go Flex '' Single Sounds Like Another Hit . xxlmag.com Jump up ^ Walker , Angus . `` Post Malone 's `` August 26 '' Reportedly Dropping Today At Noon ' `` . HotNewHipHop.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Performs ' Go Flex ' on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ' '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Going In `` Rock / Pop / Country Direction '' `` . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Posty Jun 16 , 2016 at 6 : 21am UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ Smith , Trevor . `` Post Malone Apologizes For Delay Of His Debut Album `` Stoney '' `` . Hot New Hip - Hop . Jump up ^ India , Lindsey . `` Post Malone Earns First Top 10 Hit on Billboard Hot 100 Chart - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Jessie . `` Post Malone Grabs Quavo for `` Congratulations '' `` . Complex.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Ted ( February 7 , 2017 ) Post Malone 's ' Stoney ' Album Goes Gold . xxlmag.com Jump up ^ Lamarre , Carl . `` Post Malone Shares Release Date for ' Beerbongs & Bentleys ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Post Malone 's ' Rockstar ' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for Eighth Week , G - Eazy 's ' No Limit ' Lifts to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars . `` Post Malone 's New ' Rockstar ' Music Video is Ultraviolent : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orcutt , KC . `` Post Malone and 21 Savage Drop Bloody Rockstar Video - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Renshaw , David . `` Post Malone and 21 Savage star in the blood - soaked `` rockstar '' video `` . The FADER . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minsker , Evan . `` Post Malone and 21 Savage Drop Ultra-Bloody New `` rockstar '' Video : Watch `` . Pitchfork.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's a Preview of Post Malone 's New Single With Ty Dolla Sign `` Psycho '' `` . PigeonsandPlanes . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Psycho ( feat . Ty Dolla $ ign ) - Single by Post Malone on Apple Music , 2018 - 02 - 23 , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Is Going on Tour With 21 Savage and SOB x RBE - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Sixth Week , Post Malone 's ' Psycho ' Debuts at No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone 's ' Psycho ' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 , Maroon 5 's ' Girls Like You ' Leaps to Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Grant , Jasmine ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Post Malone Reveals Release Date for ' Beerbongs & Bentleys ' and Previews New Song '' . Complex . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lyndsey ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Preview Post Malone 's new song , ' Stay ' '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Post Malone 's ' beerbongs & bentleys ' smokes Spotify records '' . The Industry Observer . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Post Malone 's New Album Has Been Certified Platinum Just 4 Days After Being Released '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone to establish his own record label '' . Dancing Astronaut. 2018 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone & 21 Savage 's `` Rockstar '' Wins Top Rap Song at BBMAs `` . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Confirms He 's Already Working on New Album , Shows Love For Eminem on Twitter '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Facing The Music With Post Malone '' . Clash Magazine . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stoney album showcases Post Malone 's unique musical style '' . The Daily Mississippian . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone 's `` Stoney '' ( Review ) `` . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` White Rappers , Clear of a Black Planet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Joins Band , Performs Elvis Presley Covers At A Nashville Bar '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Calls U.S. Government a ' Reality Show ' & Praises 50 Cent as ' Legendary ' in ' MONTREALITY ' Interview '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Desire ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Post Malone Does n't Think Current Hip Hop Has Any Meaning '' . Vibe.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Mikael . `` Why Post Malone has been called ' the Donald Trump of hip - hop ' '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Black Twitter Calls Post Malone a ' Culture Vulture ' , Dragging Begins '' . The Source . 2017 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Social Media Roasts Post Malone After Hip - Hop Diss '' ... : : That Grape Juice.net : : ... - Thirsty ? . 2017 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone : The Essence of a Culture Vulture '' . Blerds Online . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ I , Kathy ; oli ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Post Malone : post-racial or problematic ? '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Is Post Malone a Culture Vulture ? DatWAV.com '' . DatWAV.com. 2017 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Reacts To Lil B Calling Him A Culture Vulture , Says His White Skin Color Is Being Used Against Him Welcome To KollegeKidd.com '' . Welcome To KollegeKidd.com. 2017 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Fires Back at Critics Who Call Him a Culture Vulture - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Has a Message For All of His ' Culture Vulture ' Critics '' . Complex . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Fires Back At `` Culture Vulture '' Critics `` . HYPEBEAST . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dandridge - Lemco , Ben . `` Post Malone : `` If you 're looking to think about life , do n't listen to hip - hop '' `` . The FADER . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Geoff . `` Syracuse native Post Malone blames controversial hip - hop comments on alcohol '' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Blames Controversial Comments On The Alcohol : `` I Love Hip - Hop '' `` . Bet.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Says He Was Not Dissing Hip - Hop '' . Tmz.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Darville , Jordan . `` Post Malone addresses his controversial hip - hop comments and cultural appropriation in new video '' . The FADER . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ C. Vernon , Coleman . `` Post Malone Expresses Love for Hip - Hop Following Backlash - XXL '' . XXLmag.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trace William , Cohen . `` Post Malone Clears Up His Controversial Hip - Hop Comments : ' I Love Hip - Hop ' ( UPDATE ) '' . Complex.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From SoundCloud to Success with Post Malone '' . Noisey. 2017 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Is Buying a $3 Million Bunker in Utah to do `` Cowboy Sh * t '' `` . PigeonsandPlanes . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Talks JFK Assassination & Trump Inauguration on ' The Breakfast Club ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post Malone Is n't Exactly Opposed To Performing At Trump 's Inauguration '' . Uproxx . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone Says `` the U.S. Government Is the Biggest Lie '' `` . Highsnobiety. 2018 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations : See the Full List '' . Billboard. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . External links Post Malone on IMDb hide Post Malone Discography Studio albums Stoney Beerbongs & Bentleys Mixtapes August 26th Singles `` White Iverson '' `` Too Young '' `` Go Flex '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Congratulations '' `` Rockstar '' `` Candy Paint '' `` I Fall Apart '' `` Psycho '' `` Ball for Me '' `` Better Now '' Featured singles `` Fade '' `` Homemade Dynamite ( Remix ) '' `` Jackie Chan '' LCCN : no2017000306 MusicBrainz : b1e26560 - 60e5 - 4236 - bbdb - 9aa5a8d5ee19 VIAF : 81148449925215692823 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post_Malone&oldid=850179778 '' Categories : Post Malone American people of Native American descent Living people Native American rappers Rappers from Dallas Republic Records artists American hip hop singers Southern hip hop musicians People from Grapevine , Texas American people of Italian descent Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Latviešu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 05 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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7467855816830237543	Heart valve	Heart valve - wikipedia Heart valve Heart valves Valves of the heart in motion , the front wall of the heart is removed in this image . Details System Cardiovascular Identifiers MeSH D006351 FMA 7110 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A heart valve normally allows blood to flow in only one direction through the heart . The four valves commonly represented in a mammalian heart determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart . A heart valve opens or closes incumbent on differential blood pressure on each side . The four main valves in the heart are : The two atrioventricular ( AV ) valves , the mitral valve ( bicuspid valve ) , and the tricuspid valve , which are between the upper chambers ( atria ) and the lower chambers ( ventricles ) . The two semilunar ( SL ) valves , the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve , which are in the arteries leaving the heart . The mitral valve and the aortic valve are in the left heart ; the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary valve are in the right heart . There are also the coronary sinus and the inferior vena cava valves . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Atrioventricular valves 1.2 Semilunar valves 1.3 Development 2 Physiology 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Congenital heart disease 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Structure of the heart valves Blood flow through the valves The heart valves and the chambers are lined with endocardium . Heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles , or the ventricles from a blood vessel . Heart valves are situated around the fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton . The valves incorporate leaflets or cusps , which are pushed open to allow blood flow and which then close together to seal and prevent backflow . The mitral valve has two cusps , whereas the others have three . There are nodules at the tips of the cusps that make the seal tighter . The pulmonary valve has left , right , and anterior cusps . The aortic valve has left , right , and posterior cusps . The tricuspid valve has anterior , posterior , and septal cusps ; and the mitral valve has just anterior and posterior cusps . Atrioventricular valves ( edit ) Main articles : Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve 3D - loop of a heart viewed from the apex , with the apical part of the ventricles removed and the mitral valve clearly visible . Due to missing data , the leaflets of the tricuspid and aortic valves are not clearly visible , but the openings are ; the pulmonary valve is not visible . On the left are two standard 2D views ( taken from the 3D dataset ) showing tricuspid and mitral valves ( above ) and aortal valve ( below ) . These are the mitral and tricuspid valves , which are situated between the atria and the ventricles and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole . They are anchored to the walls of the ventricles by chordae tendineae , which prevent the valves from inverting . The chordae tendineae are attached to papillary muscles that cause tension to better hold the valve . Together , the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae are known as the subvalvular apparatus . The function of the subvalvular apparatus is to keep the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close . The subvalvular apparatus has no effect on the opening and closure of the valves , however , which is caused entirely by the pressure gradient across the valve . The peculiar insertion of chords on the leaflet free margin , however , provides systolic stress sharing between chords according to their different thickness . The closure of the AV valves is heard as lub , the first heart sound ( S1 ) . The closure of the SL valves is heard as dub , the second heart sound ( S2 ) . The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets or cusps . The mitral valve gets its name from the resemblance to a bishop 's mitre ( a type of hat ) . It is on the left side of the heart and allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle . During diastole , a normally - functioning mitral valve opens as a result of increased pressure from the left atrium as it fills with blood ( preloading ) . As atrial pressure increases above that of the left ventricle , the mitral valve opens . Opening facilitates the passive flow of blood into the left ventricle . Diastole ends with atrial contraction , which ejects the final 30 % of blood that is transferred from the left atrium to the left ventricle . This amount of blood is known as the end diastolic volume ( EDV ) , and the mitral valve closes at the end of atrial contraction to prevent a reversal of blood flow . The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps and is on the right side of the heart . It is between the right atrium and the right ventricle , and stops the backflow of blood between the two . Semilunar valves ( edit ) Main articles : Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve The aortic and pulmonary valves are located at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk respectively . These are also called the `` semilunar valves '' . These two arteries receive blood from the ventricles and their semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the arteries , and prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles . These valves do not have chordae tendineae , and are more similar to the valves in veins than they are to the atrioventricular valves . The closure of the semilunar valves causes the second heart sound . The aortic valve , which has three cusps , lies between the left ventricle and the aorta . During ventricular systole , pressure rises in the left ventricle and when it is greater than the pressure in the aorta , the aortic valve opens , allowing blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta . When ventricular systole ends , pressure in the left ventricle rapidly drops and the pressure in the aorta forces aortic valve to close . The closure of the aortic valve contributes the A2 component of the second heart sound . The pulmonary valve ( sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve ) lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery , and has three cusps . Similar to the aortic valve , the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole , when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery . At the end of ventricular systole , when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly , the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve . The closure of the pulmonary valve contributes the P2 component of the second heart sound . The right heart is a low - pressure system , so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound . However , it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation . Development ( edit ) See also : Heart development In the developing heart , the valves between the atria and ventricles , the bicuspid and the tricuspid valves , develop on either side of the atrioventricular canals . The upward extension of the bases of the ventricles causes the canal to become invaginated into the ventricle cavities . The invaginated margins form the rudiments of the lateral cusps of the AV valves . The middle and septal cusps develop from the downward extension of the septum intermedium . The semilunar valves ( the pulmonary and aortic valves ) are formed from four thickenings at the cardiac end of the truncus arteriosus . These thickenings are called endocardial cushions . The truncus arteriosus is originally a single outflow tract from the embryonic heart that will later split to become the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk . Before it has split , four thickenings occur . There are anterior , posterior , and two lateral thickenings . A septum begins to form between what will later become the ascending aorta and pulmonary tract . As the septum forms , the two lateral thickenings are split , so that the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk have three thickenings each ( an anterior or posterior , and half of each of the lateral thickenings ) . The thickenings are the origins of the three cusps of the semilunar valves . The valves are visible as unique structures by the ninth week . As they mature , they rotate slightly as the outward vessels spiral , and move slightly closer to the heart . Physiology ( edit ) In general , the motion of the heart valves is determined using the Navier -- Stokes equation , using boundary conditions of the blood pressures , pericardial fluid , and external loading as the constraints . The motion of the heart valves is used as a boundary condition in the Navier -- Stokes equation in determining the fluid dynamics of blood ejection from the left and right ventricles into the aorta and the lung . Wiggers diagram , showing various events during a cardiac cycle , with closures and openings of the aortic and mitral marked in the pressure curves . This is further explanation of the echocardiogram above . MV : Mitral valve , TV : Tricuspid valve , AV : Aortic valve , Septum : Interventricular septum . Continuous lines demarcate septum and free wall seen in echocardiogram , dotted line is a suggestion of where the free wall of the right ventricle should be . The red line represents where the upper left loop in the echocardiogram transects the 3D - loop , the blue line represents the lower loop . Relationship between pressure and flow in open valves The pressure drop , Δ p ( \ displaystyle ( \ Delta ) p ) , across an open heart valve relates to the flow rate , Q , through the valve : a ∂ Q ∂ t + b Q 2 = Δ p ( \ displaystyle a ( ( \ partial ) Q \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + bQ ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ Delta ) p ) If : Inflow energy conserved Stagnant region behind leaflets Outflow momentum conserved Flat velocity profile Valves with a single degree of freedom Usually , the aortic and mitral valves are incorporated in valve studies within a single degree of freedom . These relationships are based on the idea of the valve being a structure with a single degree of freedom . These relationships are based on the Euler equations . Equations for the aortic valve in this case : ρ ( ∂ u ∂ t + u ∂ u ∂ x ) + ∂ p ∂ x = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ rho ) \ left ( ( ( \ partial ) u \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + ( u ( \ partial ) u \ over ( \ partial ) x ) \ right ) + ( ( \ partial ) p \ over ( \ partial ) x ) = 0 ) ∂ A ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x ( A u ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ partial ) A \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + ( ( \ partial ) \ over ( \ partial ) x ) ( Au ) = 0 ) A ( x , t ) = A 0 ( 1 − ( 1 − Λ ( t ) ) x L ) 2 ( \ displaystyle A ( x , t ) = A_ ( 0 ) \ left ( 1 - ( 1 - ( \ Lambda ) ( t ) ) ( x \ over ( L ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ∫ 0 L p ( x , t ) ∂ A ∂ x d x = ( A 0 − A ( L , t ) ) p ( L , t ) ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( L ) p ( x , t ) ( ( \ partial ) A \ over ( \ partial ) x ) \ , dx = ( A_ ( 0 ) - A ( L , t ) ) \ , p ( L , t ) ) where : u = axial velocity p = pressure A = cross sectional area of valve L = axial length of valve Λ ( t ) = single degree of freedom ; when Λ 2 ( t ) = A ( L , t ) A 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda ^ ( 2 ) ( t ) = ( A ( L , t ) \ over A_ ( 0 ) ) ) Atrioventricular valve Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Valvular heart disease Valvular heart disease is a general term referring to dysfunction of the valves , and is primarily in two forms , either regurgitation , where a dysfunctional valve lets blood flow in the wrong direction , or stenosis , when a valve is narrow . Regurgitation occurs when a valve becomes insufficient and malfunctions , allowing some blood to flow in the wrong direction . This insufficiency can affect any of the valves as in aortic insufficiency , mitral insufficiency , pulmonary insufficiency and tricuspid insufficiency . The other form of valvular heart disease is stenosis , a narrowing of the valve . This is a result of the valve becoming thickened and any of the heart valves can be affected , as in mitral valve stenosis , tricuspid valve stenosis , pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis . Stenosis of the mitral valve is a common complication of rheumatic fever . Inflammation of the valves can be caused by infective endocarditis , usually a bacterial infection but can sometimes be caused by other organisms . Bacteria can more readily attach to damaged valves . Another type of endocarditis which does n't provoke an inflammatory response , is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis . This is commonly found on previously undamaged valves . A major valvular heart disease is mitral valve prolapse , which is a weakening of connective tissue called myxomatous degeneration of the valve . This sees the displacement of a thickened mitral valve cusp into the left atrium during systole . Disease of the heart valves can be congenital , such as aortic regurgitation or acquired , for example infective endocarditis . Different forms are associated with cardiovascular disease , connective tissue disorders and hypertension . The symptoms of the disease will depend on the affected valve , the type of disease , and the severity of the disease . For example , valvular disease of the aortic valve , such as aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation , may cause breathlessness , whereas valvular diseaes of the tricuspid valve may lead to dysfunction of the liver and jaundice . When valvular heart disease results from infectious causes , such as infective endocarditis , an affected person may have a fever and unique signs such as splinter haemorrhages of the nails , Janeway lesions , Osler nodes and Roth spots . A particularly feared complication of valvular disease is the creation of emboli because of turbulent blood flow , and the development of heart failure . Valvular heart disease is diagnosed by echocardiography , which is a form of ultrasound . Damaged and defective heart valves can be repaired , or replaced with artificial heart valves . Infectious causes may also require treatment with antibiotics . Congenital heart disease ( edit ) Main article : Congenital heart defect The most common form of valvular anomaly is a congenital heart defect ( CHD ) , called a bicuspid aortic valve . This results from the fusing of two of the cusps during embryonic development forming a bicuspid valve instead of a tricuspid valve . This condition is often undiagnosed until calcific aortic stenosis has developed , and this usually happens around ten years earlier than would otherwise develop . Less common CHD 's are tricuspid and pulmonary atresia , and Ebstein 's anomaly . Tricuspid atresia is the complete absence of the tricuspid valve which can lead to an underdeveloped or absent right ventricle . Pulmonary atresia is the complete closure of the pulmonary valve . Ebstein 's anomaly is the displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve causing a larger atrium and a smaller ventricle than normal . History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 ) Illustration of the valves of the heart when the ventricles are contracting . See also ( edit ) Pericardial heart valves Bjork -- Shiley valve References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ `` Heart Valves '' . American Heart Association , Inc -- 10000056 Heart and Stroke Encyclopedia . American Heart Association , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , RE ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Pressure Gradients '' . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Richard E. Klabunde . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , RE ( 2007 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Cardiac Valve Disease '' . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Richard E. Klabunde . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Anatomy photo : 20 : 21 - 0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Heart : The Pulmonic Valve '' Jump up ^ Anatomy photo : 20 : 29 - 0104 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Heart : The Aortic Valve and Aortic Sinuses '' Jump up ^ S Nazari et al. : Patterns Of Systolic Stress Distribution On Mitral Valve Anterior Leaflet Chordal Apparatus . A Structural Mechanical Theoretical Analysis . J Cardiovasc Surg ( Turin ) 2000 Apr ; 41 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 202 ( video ) ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of the Urogenital system '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 177 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06811 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 612 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell RS , Kumar V , Robbins SL , Abbas AK , Fausto N ( 2007 ) . Robbins Basic Pathology ( 8th ed . ) . Saunders / Elsevier . pp. 406 -- 08 . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2973 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bertazzo , S. et al. Nano - analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification . Nature Materials 12 , 576 -- 83 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Miller , J.D. Cardiovascular calcification : Orbicular origins . Nature Materials 12 , 476 -- 78 ( 2013 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heart valves . Mitral Valve Repair at The Mount Sinai Hospital -- `` Mitral Valve Anatomy '' 3D , animated , rotatable heart valves ( Rich media including Javascript and Flash player required ) Transcatheter mitral valve implantation : Tendyne Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae , coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage , fossa ovalis , limbus of fossa ovalis , crista terminalis , valve of inferior vena cava , valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum , moderator band / septomarginal trabecula , crista supraventricularis ) , → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann 's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_valve&oldid=852746775 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Cardiac anatomy Heart valves Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles to be expanded from October 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाली Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 02 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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-2215460549141916060	Grand Trunk Road	Grand Trunk Road - Wikipedia Grand Trunk Road Jump to : navigation , search Grand Trunk Road GT Road Route information Established by Sher Shah Suri Length 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) Status Currently functional Existed before 322 BCE -- present History Maurya Empire Time period c. 322 and 187 BCE Cultural significance South Asian history Known for Kos Minar , Dhaba , Sher Shah Suri Major junctions East end Chittagong , Bangladesh West end Kabul , Afghanistan Location Major cities Chittagong , Dhaka , Rajshahi , Purnea , Patna , Varanasi , Agra , Mathura , Delhi , Sonepat , Panipat , Kurukshetra , Ambala , Ludhiana , Amritsar , Lahore , Gujranwala , Rawalpindi , Peshawar , Jalalabad , Kabul In India , GT Road coincides with NH 19 and NH 44 of National Highways in India The Grand Trunk Road is one of Asia 's oldest and longest major roads . For more than two millennia , it has linked the Indian subcontinent with Central Asia . It runs from Chittagong , Bangladesh west to Howrah , West Bengal in India , then across Northern India through Delhi , passing from Amritsar . From there , the road continues towards Lahore and Peshawar in Pakistan , finally terminating in Kabul , Afghanistan . The route spanning the Grand Trunk ( GT ) road existed during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya , extending from the mouth of the Ganges to the north - western frontier of the Empire . The predecessor of the modern road was rebuilt by Sher Shah Suri , who renovated and extended the ancient Mauryan route in the 16th century . The road was considerably upgraded in the British period between 1833 and 1860 . It coincides with current N1 ( Chittagong to Dhaka ) , N4 & N405 ( Dhaka to Sirajganj ) , N507 ( Sirajganj to Natore ) and N6 ( Natore to Rajshai towards Purnea in India ) in Bangladesh ; NH 12 ( Rajshahi to Purnea ) , NH 27 ( Purnea to Patna ) , NH 19 ( Patna to Agra ) , NH 44 ( Agra to Jalandhar via New Delhi , Ambala and Ludhiana ) and NH 3 ( Jalandhar to Attari , Amritsar towards Lahore in Pakistan ) in India ; N - 5 ( Lahore , Gujranwala , Gujrat , Jhelum , Rawalpindi , Peshawar and Khyber Pass towards Jalalabad in Afghanistan ) in Pakistan and AH1 ( Torkhan - Jalalabad to Kabul ) in Afghanistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Gallery 3 See also 3.1 Ancient roads 3.2 Modern roads in Asia 4 Literature 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) A scene from the Ambala cantonment during the British Raj . Research indicates that the Grand Trunk road predated even Buddha 's birth and was called Uttara Path , meaning , road to the North . Salman Rashid attributes the Road 's construction to Chandragupta Maurya . During the time of the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BCE , overland trade between India and several parts of Western Asia and the Hellenistic world went through the cities of the north - west , primarily ( Takshashila in present - day Pakistan . Takshashila was well connected by roads with other parts of the Maurya empire . The Mauryas had maintained this very ancient highway from Takshashila to Pataliputra ( present - day Patna in India ) . Chandragupta Maurya had a whole army of officials overseeing the maintenance of this road as told by the Greek diplomat Megasthenes who spent fifteen years at the Mauryan court . Constructed in eight stages , this road is said to have connected the cities of Purushapura , Takshashila , Hastinapura , Kanyakubja , Prayag , Pataliputra and Tamralipta , a distance of around 2600 kilometers . Travelers on the Grand Trunk Road on ponies ca . 1910 Sher Shah however remains the true builder of what is now the complete stretch of GT Road , which was referred to as Shah Rah e Azam ( Urdu : شاہراہ اعظم ‬ ‎ or The Great Road ) . During his reign , Caravanserais were built and trees were planted along the entire stretch to provide shade to travelers . Wells were also dug , especially along the Taxila section . The Mughuls later extended the road further east to Chittagong and west to Kabul and referred to the road as Sarak e Azam ( Urdu : سڑک اعظم ‬ ‎ , also meaning The Great Road ) . The road was later improved by the British rulers of colonial India . It was renovated again to run from Calcutta to Peshawar ( present - day Pakistan ) . Over the centuries , the road acted as one of the major trade routes in the region and facilitated both travel and postal communication . Since the era of Sher Shah Suri , the road was dotted with caravansarais at regular intervals , and trees were planted on both sides of the road to give shade to the travelers and merchants . The Grand Trunk Road is still used for transportation in present - day India , where parts of the road have been widened and included in the national highway system , retaining the old name . GT Road is mentioned in a number of literary works including those of Foster and Rudyard Kipling . Kipling described the road as : `` Look ! Look again ! and chumars , bankers and tinkers , barbers and bunnias , pilgrims -- and potters -- all the world going and coming . It is to me as a river from which I am withdrawn like a log after a flood . And truly the Grand Trunk Road is a wonderful spectacle . It runs straight , bearing without crowding India 's traffic for fifteen hundred miles -- such a river of life as nowhere else exists in the world . '' Gallery ( edit ) Distribution of the Edicts and Pillars of Ashoka along the GT road Ashokan pillar currently at Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi was moved from Topra Kalan in Yamunanagar district Kushan - era Mahabodhi temple at Bodh Gaya along GT road Mughal era Kos Minar along GT road at Taraori in Karnal district Jalalabad -- Kabul Road , Afghanistan , is western-most , and most dangerous , stretch of the GT Road Mountain pass on the Kabul Jalalabad Highway GT Road above the River Jhelum in Pakistan . G.T. Road in Lahore Original GT Road passing through Margalla Hills to Kala Chitta Range Newly realigned GT Road passing by the westernmost point of Margalla Hills near Islamabad to Kala Chitta Range See also ( edit ) Ancient roads ( edit ) Silk route -- ancient Sino - India - Europe route Via Maris ( International Trunk Road ) -- modern name of main ancient international route between Egypt and Mesopotamia Modern roads in Asia ( edit ) AH1 , or Asian Highway 1 -- the longest route of the Asian Highway Network , running from Japan to Turkey Asian Highway Network ( AH ) aka the Great Asian Highway - project to improve the highway systems in Asia Afghanistan Highway 1 ( Afghanistan ) -- 2,200 km circular road network inside Afghanistan Pakistan National Highways of Pakistan , all government highways Motorways of Pakistan -- network of major expressways India National Highways Authority of India National Highway ( India ) -- network of government - managed highways Indian Expressways -- the highest class of roads in the Indian road network Golden Quadrilateral -- highway network connecting major centres of northern , western , southern and eastern India National Highways Development Project -- a project to upgrade and widen major highways in India Literature ( edit ) Farooque , Abdul Khair Muhammad ( 1977 ) , Roads and Communications in Mughal India . Delhi : Idarah - i Adabiyat - i Delli . Weller , Anthony ( 1997 ) , Days and Nights on the Grand Trunk Road : Calcutta to Khyber . Marlowe & Company . Kipling , Rudyard ( 1901 ) , Kim . Considered one of Kipling 's finest works , it is set mostly along the Grand Trunk Road . Free e-texts are available , for instance here . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bergsma , Harold ( 2011 ) . India : Essays and Insights by a Gora . Lulu . p. 137 . ISBN 8183320619 . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhandari , Shirin ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Dinner on the Grand Trunk Road '' . Roads & Kingdoms . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Steel , Tim ( 1 January 2015 ) . `` A road to empires '' . Dhaka Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey ( 15 September 2015 ) . `` Cuisine along GT Road '' . Calcutta : Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Khanna , Parag . `` How to Redraw the World Map '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : K.M. Sarkar ( 1927 ) . The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab : 1849 - 1886 . Atlantic Publishers & Distri . pp. 2 -- . GGKEY : GQWKH1K79D6 . Jump up ^ Chaudhry , Amrita ( 27 May 2012 ) . `` Cracks on a historical highway '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . quote : What Chandragupta had begun , his grandson Ashoka perfected . Trees were planted , ... Serais built . p. 2 Jump up ^ David Arnold ( historian ) ; Science , technology , and medicine in colonial India ( New Cambr hist India v. III. 5 ) Cambridge University Press , 2000 , 234 pages p. 106 Jump up ^ Salopek , Paul ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` On Foot in Pakistan , Dodging a World on the Move '' . National Geographic Society . Who built the Grand Trunk Road ? The Pakistani writer Salman Rashid awards this laurel to Chandragupta , the remarkable founder of the Mauryan Empire . ( 321 to 185 B.C. ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=tfE6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA184&lpg=PA184&dq=sarak+e+azam&source=bl&ots=wk7jafH-b-&sig=1LiGM5YIwDQ_FgmdvFjyweAD8Ek&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij9uyW7vPYAhVk9YMKHRbPAQkQ6AEISjAI#v=onepage&q=sarak%20e%20azam&f=false Jump up ^ Singh , Raghubir ( 1995 ) . The Grand Trunk Road : A Passage Through India ( First ed . ) . Aperture Books . Jump up ^ A description of the road by Kipling , found both in his letters and in the novel Kim . Usha Masson Luther ; Moonis Raza ( 1990 ) . Historical routes of north west Indian Subcontinent , Lahore to Delhi , 1550s -- 1850s A.D . Sagar Publications . Further reading ( edit ) Arden , Harvey ( May 1990 ) . `` Along the Grand Trunk Road '' . National Geographic . 177 ( 5 ) : 118 -- 38 . Mozammel , Md Muktadir Arif ( 2012 ) . `` Grand Trunk Road '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Tayler , Jeffrey ( November 1999 ) . `` India 's Grand Trunk Road '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 284 ( 5 ) : 42 -- 48 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Grand Trunk Road . National Highway Authority of India National Highway Authority of Pakistan NPR : Along the Grand Trunk Road Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Trunk Road . ( hide ) Part of a series on trade routes Amber Road Hærvejen Incense Route Dvaravati -- Kamboja route King 's Highway Rome - India routes Royal Road Salt road Siberian Route Silk Road Maritime Silk Road Spice Route Tea Horse Road Varangians to the Greeks Via Maris Triangular trade Volga trade route Trans - Saharan trade Old Salt Route Maritime republics Hanseatic League Grand Trunk Road Coordinates : 27 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 79 ° 03 ′ 50 '' E / 27.337 ° N 79.064 ° E / 27.337 ; 79.064 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Trunk_Road&oldid=837090922 '' Categories : Roads in Asia Roads in India Roads in Pakistan Roads in Afghanistan Roads in Bangladesh Ancient roads and tracks Trade routes Maurya Empire Sur Empire British India History of transport in India History of transport in Pakistan Roads in Delhi Roads in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Roads in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Roads in Punjab , India Roads in Punjab , Pakistan Roads in Uttar Pradesh Roads in West Bengal Transport in Howrah Transport in Kabul Transport in Lahore Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2018 Use Indian English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Infobox road temporary tracking category 1 Articles containing Urdu - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ پنجابی Русский Simple English தமிழ் Українська اردو 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 17 : 15 . 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-3364037372797693267	Large intestine	Large intestine - Wikipedia Large intestine Jump to : navigation , search Large intestine Front of abdomen , showing the large intestine , with the stomach and small intestine in gray outline . Front of abdomen , showing surface markings for liver ( red ) , and the stomach and large intestine ( blue ) . The large Intestine is like an upside down U . Details System Digestive system Artery Superior mesenteric , inferior mesenteric and iliac arteries Vein Superior and inferior mesenteric vein Lymph Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes Identifiers Latin Colon or intestinum crassum MeSH D007420 TA A05. 7.01. 001 FMA 7201 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The large intestine , also known as the large bowel or colon , is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates . Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by defecation . Most sources define the large intestine as the combination of the cecum , colon , rectum , and anal canal . Some other sources exclude the anal canal . In humans , the large intestine begins in the right iliac region of the pelvis , just at or below the waist , where it is joined to the end of the small intestine at the cecum , via the ileocecal valve . It then continues as the colon ascending the abdomen , across the width of the abdominal cavity as the transverse colon , and then descending to the rectum and its endpoint at the anal canal . Overall , in humans , the large intestine is about 1.5 metres ( 5 ft ) long , which is about one - fifth of the whole length of the gastrointestinal tract . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Sections 1.1. 1 Cecum and appendix 1.1. 2 Ascending colon 1.1. 3 Transverse colon 1.1. 4 Descending colon 1.1. 5 Sigmoid colon 1.1. 6 Rectum 1.2 Appearance 1.3 Blood supply 1.4 Lymphatic drainage 1.5 Nerve supply 1.6 Development 1.7 Variation 2 Microanatomy 2.1 Colonic crypts 2.1. 1 Mucosa 3 Function 3.1 Standing gradient osmosis 3.2 Gut flora 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Disease 4.2 Colonoscopy 5 Other animals 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) 3D 3D File generated from Computed Tomography of Large intestine Main article : Digestion Illustration of the large intestine . The colon is the last part of the digestive system . It extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body and is the site in which flora - aided ( largely bacterial ) fermentation of unabsorbed material occurs . Unlike the small intestine , the colon does not play a major role in absorption of foods and nutrients . About 1.5 litres or 45 ounces of water arrives in the colon each day . The length of the adult human male colon is 166 cm ( range of 80 to 313 cm ) , on average , for females it is 155 cm ( range of 80 to 214 cm ) . Sections ( edit ) Sections of the colon Average inner diameters and ranges of different sections of the large intestine . In mammals , the colon consists of five sections : the cecum plus the ascending colon , the transverse colon , the descending colon , the sigmoid colon , and the rectum . Sections of the colon are : The ascending colon including the cecum and appendix The transverse colon including the colic flexures and transverse mesocolon The descending colon The sigmoid colon -- the s - shaped region of the large intestine The rectum The parts of the colon are either intraperitoneal or behind it in the retroperitoneum . Retroperitoneal organs in general do not have a complete covering of peritoneum , so they are fixed in location . Intraperitoneal organs are completely surrounded by peritoneum and are therefore mobile . Of the colon , the ascending colon , descending colon and rectum are retroperitoneal , while the cecum , appendix , transverse colon and sigmoid colon are intraperitoneal . This is important as it affects which organs can be easily accessed during surgery , such as a laparotomy . The average inner diameter of sections of the colon in centimeters ( with ranges in parentheses ) are cecum 8.7 ( 8.0 - 10.5 ) , ascending colon 6.6 ( 6.0 - 7.0 ) , transverse colon 5.8 ( 5.0 - 6.5 ) , descending / sigmoid colon 6.3 ( 6.0 - 6.8 ) and rectum near rectal / sigmoid junction 5.7 ( 4.5 - 7.5 ) . Cecum and appendix ( edit ) The cecum is the first section of the colon and involved in the digestion , while the appendix which develops embryologically from it , is a structure of the colon , not involved in digestion and considered to be part of the gut - associated lymphoid tissue . The function of the appendix is uncertain , but some sources believe that the appendix has a role in housing a sample of the colon 's microflora , and is able to help to repopulate the colon with bacteria if the microflora has been damaged during the course of an immune reaction . The appendix has also been shown to have a high concentration of lymphatic cells . Ascending colon ( edit ) The ascending colon is the first of four sections of the large intestine . It is connected to the small intestine by a section of bowel called the cecum . The ascending colon runs upwards through the abdominal cavity toward the transverse colon for approximately eight inches ( 20 cm ) . One of the main functions of the colon is to remove the water and other key nutrients from waste material and recycle it . As the waste material exits the small intestine through the ileocecal valve , it will move into the cecum and then to the ascending colon where this process of extraction starts . The unwanted waste material is moved upwards toward the transverse colon by the action of peristalsis . The ascending colon is sometimes attached to the appendix via Gerlach 's valve . In ruminants , the ascending colon is known as the spiral colon . Taking into account all ages and sexes , colon cancer occurs here most often ( 41 % ) . Transverse colon ( edit ) The transverse colon is the part of the colon from the hepatic flexure , also known as the right colic , ( the turn of the colon by the liver ) to the splenic flexure also known as the left colic , ( the turn of the colon by the spleen ) . The transverse colon hangs off the stomach , attached to it by a large fold of peritoneum called the greater omentum . On the posterior side , the transverse colon is connected to the posterior abdominal wall by a mesentery known as the transverse mesocolon . The transverse colon is encased in peritoneum , and is therefore mobile ( unlike the parts of the colon immediately before and after it ) . The proximal two - thirds of the transverse colon is perfused by the middle colic artery , a branch of the superior mesenteric artery ( SMA ) , while the latter third is supplied by branches of the inferior mesenteric artery ( IMA ) . The `` watershed '' area between these two blood supplies , which represents the embryologic division between the midgut and hindgut , is an area sensitive to ischemia . Descending colon ( edit ) The descending colon is the part of the colon from the splenic flexure to the beginning of the sigmoid colon . One function of the descending colon in the digestive system is to store feces that will be emptied into the rectum . It is retroperitoneal in two - thirds of humans . In the other third , it has a ( usually short ) mesentery . The arterial supply comes via the left colic artery . The descending colon is also called the distal gut , as it is further along the gastrointestinal tract than the proximal gut . Gut flora are very dense in this region . Sigmoid colon ( edit ) The sigmoid colon is the part of the large intestine after the descending colon and before the rectum . The name sigmoid means S - shaped ( see sigmoid ; cf . sigmoid sinus ) . The walls of the sigmoid colon are muscular , and contract to increase the pressure inside the colon , causing the stool to move into the rectum . The sigmoid colon is supplied with blood from several branches ( usually between 2 and 6 ) of the sigmoid arteries , a branch of the IMA . The IMA terminates as the superior rectal artery . Sigmoidoscopy is a common diagnostic technique used to examine the sigmoid colon . Rectum ( edit ) The rectum is the last section of the large intestine . It holds the formed feces awaiting elimination via defecation . Appearance ( edit ) The cecum -- the first part of the large intestine Taeniae coli -- three bands of smooth muscle Haustra -- bulges caused by contraction of taeniae coli Epiploic appendages -- small fat accumulations on the viscera The taenia coli run the length of the large intestine . Because the taenia coli are shorter than the large bowel itself , the colon becomes sacculated , forming the haustra of the colon which are the shelf - like intraluminal projections . Blood supply ( edit ) Arterial supply to the colon comes from branches of the superior mesenteric artery ( SMA ) and inferior mesenteric artery ( IMA ) . Flow between these two systems communicates via a `` marginal artery '' that runs parallel to the colon for its entire length . Historically , it has been believed that the arc of Riolan , or the meandering mesenteric artery ( of Moskowitz ) , is a variable vessel connecting the proximal SMA to the proximal IMA that can be extremely important if either vessel is occluded . However , recent studies conducted with improved imaging technology have questioned the actual existence of this vessel , with some experts calling for the abolition of the terms from future medical literature . Venous drainage usually mirrors colonic arterial supply , with the inferior mesenteric vein draining into the splenic vein , and the superior mesenteric vein joining the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein that then enters the liver . Lymphatic drainage ( edit ) Lymphatic drainage from the ascending colon and proximal two - thirds of the transverse colon is to the colic lymph nodes and the superior mesenteric lymph nodes , which drain into the cisterna chyli . The lymph from the distal one - third of the transverse colon , the descending colon , the sigmoid colon , and the upper rectum drain into the inferior mesenteric and colic lymph nodes . The lower rectum to the anal canal above the pectinate line drain to the internal iliac nodes . The anal canal below the pectinate line drains into the superficial inguinal nodes . The pectinate line only roughly marks this transition . Nerve supply ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) Development ( edit ) See also : Development of the digestive system This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) Variation ( edit ) One variation on the normal anatomy of the colon occurs when extra loops form , resulting in a colon that is up to five metres longer than normal . This condition , referred to as redundant colon , typically has no direct major health consequences , though rarely volvulus occurs , resulting in obstruction and requiring immediate medical attention . A significant indirect health consequence is that use of a standard adult colonoscope is difficult and in some cases impossible when a redundant colon is present , though specialized variants on the instrument ( including the pediatric variant ) are useful in overcoming this problem . Microanatomy ( edit ) Further information : Gastrointestinal wall Colonic crypts ( edit ) Colonic crypts ( intestinal glands ) within four tissue sections . The cells have been stained to show a brown - orange color if the cells produce the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( CCOI ) , and the nuclei of the cells ( located at the outer edges of the cells lining the walls of the crypts ) are stained blue - gray with haematoxylin . Panels A , B were cut across the long axes of the crypts and panels C , D were cut parallel to the long axes of the crypts . In panel A the bar shows 100 μm and allows an estimate of the frequency of crypts in the colonic epithelium . Panel B includes three crypts in cross-section , each with one segment deficient for CCOI expression and at least one crypt , on the right side , undergoing fission into two crypts . Panel C shows , on the left side , a crypt fissioning into two crypts . Panel D shows typical small clusters of two and three CCOI deficient crypts ( the bar shows 50 μm ) . The images were made from original photomicrographs , but panels A , B and D were also included in an article and illustrations were published with Creative Commons Attribution - Noncommercial License allowing re-use . The wall of the large intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelium with invaginations . The invaginations are called the intestinal glands or colonic crypts . The colon crypts are shaped like microscopic thick walled test tubes with a central hole down the length of the tube ( the crypt lumen ) . Four tissue sections are shown here , two cut across the long axes of the crypts and two cut parallel to the long axes . In these images the cells have been stained by immunohistochemistry to show a brown - orange color if the cells produce a mitochondrial protein called cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( CCOI ) . The nuclei of the cells ( located at the outer edges of the cells lining the walls of the crypts ) are stained blue - gray with haematoxylin . As seen in panels C and D , crypts are about 75 to about 110 cells long . Baker et al. found that the average crypt circumference is 23 cells . Thus , by the images shown here , there are an average of about 1,725 to 2530 cells per colonic crypt . Nooteboom et al. measuring the number of cells in a small number of crypts reported a range of 1500 to 4900 cells per colonic crypt . Cells are produced at the crypt base and migrate upward along the crypt axis before being shed into the colonic lumen days later . There are 5 to 6 stem cells at the bases of the crypts . As estimated from the image in panel A , there are about 100 colonic crypts per square millimeter of the colonic epithelium . Since the average length of the human colon is 160.5 cm and the average inner circumference of the colon is 6.2 cm , the inner surface epithelial area of the human colon has an average area of about 995 sq cm , which includes 9,950,000 ( close to 10 million ) crypts . In the four tissue sections shown here , many of the intestinal glands have cells with a mitochondrial DNA mutation in the CCOI gene and appear mostly white , with their main color being the blue - gray staining of the nuclei . As seen in panel B , a portion of the stem cells of three crypts appear to have a mutation in CCOI , so that 40 % to 50 % of the cells arising from those stem cells form a white segment in the cross cut area . Overall , the percent of crypts deficient for CCOI is less than 1 % before age 40 , but then increases linearly with age . Colonic crypts deficient for CCOI in women reaches , on average , 18 % in women and 23 % in men by 80 -- 84 years of age . Crypts of the colon can reproduce by fission , as seen in panel C , where a crypt is fissioning to form two crypts , and in panel B where at least one crypt appears to be fissioning . Most crypts deficient in CCOI are in clusters of crypts ( clones of crypts ) with two or more CCOI - deficient crypts adjacent to each other ( see panel D ) . Mucosa ( edit ) About 150 of the many thousands of protein coding genes expressed in the large intestine , some are specific to the mucous membrane in different regions and include CEACAM7 . Function ( edit ) Histological section . The large intestine absorbs water and any remaining absorbable nutrients from the food before sending the indigestible matter to the rectum . The colon absorbs vitamins that are created by the colonic bacteria , such as vitamin K ( especially important as the daily ingestion of vitamin K is not normally enough to maintain adequate blood coagulation ) , thiamine and riboflavin . It also compacts feces , and stores fecal matter in the rectum until it can be discharged via the anus in defecation . The large intestine also secretes K+ and Cl - . Chloride secretion increases in cystic fibrosis . Recycling of various nutrients takes place in colon . Examples include fermentation of carbohydrates , short chain fatty acids , and urea cycling . The appendix is attached to the inferior surface of the cecum , and contains a small amount of mucosa - associated lymphoid tissue which gives the appendix an undetermined role in immunity . However , the appendix is known to be important in fetal life as it contains endocrine cells that release biogenic amines and peptide hormones important for homeostasis during early growth and development . The appendix can be removed with no apparent damage or consequence to the patient . By the time the chyme has reached this tube , most nutrients and 90 % of the water have been absorbed by the body . At this point some electrolytes like sodium , magnesium , and chloride are left as well as indigestible parts of ingested food ( e.g. , a large part of ingested amylose , starch which has been shielded from digestion heretofore , and dietary fiber , which is largely indigestible carbohydrate in either soluble or insoluble form ) . As the chyme moves through the large intestine , most of the remaining water is removed , while the chyme is mixed with mucus and bacteria ( known as gut flora ) , and becomes feces . The ascending colon receives fecal material as a liquid . The muscles of the colon then move the watery waste material forward and slowly absorb all the excess water , causing the stools to gradually solidify as they move along into the descending colon . The bacteria break down some of the fiber for their own nourishment and create acetate , propionate , and butyrate as waste products , which in turn are used by the cell lining of the colon for nourishment . No protein is made available . In humans , perhaps 10 % of the undigested carbohydrate thus becomes available , though this may vary with diet ; in other animals , including other apes and primates , who have proportionally larger colons , more is made available , thus permitting a higher portion of plant material in the diet . The large intestine produces no digestive enzymes -- chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine . The pH in the colon varies between 5.5 and 7 ( slightly acidic to neutral ) . Standing gradient osmosis ( edit ) Water absorption at the colon typically proceeds against a transmucosal osmotic pressure gradient . The standing gradient osmosis is the reabsorption of water against the osmotic gradient in the intestines . Cells occupying the intestinal lining pump sodium ions into the intercellular space , raising the osmolarity of the intercellular fluid . This hypertonic fluid creates an osmotic pressure that drives water into the lateral intercellular spaces by osmosis via tight junctions and adjacent cells , which then in turn moves across the basement membrane and into the capillaries , while more sodium ions are pumped again into the intercellular fluid . Although water travels down an osmotic gradient in each individual step , overall , water usually travels against the osmotic gradient due to the pumping of sodium ions into the intercellular fluid . This allows the large intestine to absorb water despite the blood in capillaries being hypotonic compared to the fluid within the intestinal lumen . Gut flora ( edit ) Main article : Gut flora The large intestine houses over 700 species of bacteria that perform a variety of functions , as well as fungi , protozoa , and archaea . Species diversity varies by geography and diet . The microbes in a human distal gut often number in the vicinity of 100 trillion , and can weigh around 200 grams ( 0.44 pounds ) . This mass of mostly symbiotic microbes has recently been called the latest human organ to be `` discovered '' or in other words , the `` forgotten organ '' . The large intestine absorbs some of the products formed by the bacteria inhabiting this region . Undigested polysaccharides ( fiber ) are metabolized to short - chain fatty acids by bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed by passive diffusion . The bicarbonate that the large intestine secretes helps to neutralize the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids . These bacteria also produce large amounts of vitamins , especially vitamin K and biotin ( a B vitamin ) , for absorption into the blood . Although this source of vitamins , in general , provides only a small part of the daily requirement , it makes a significant contribution when dietary vitamin intake is low . An individual who depends on absorption of vitamins formed by bacteria in the large intestine may become vitamin - deficient if treated with antibiotics that inhibit the vitamin producing species of bacteria as well as the intended disease - causing bacteria . Other bacterial products include gas ( flatus ) , which is a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide , with small amounts of the gases hydrogen , methane , and hydrogen sulfide . Bacterial fermentation of undigested polysaccharides produces these . Some of the fecal odor is due to indoles , metabolized from the amino acid tryptophan . The normal flora is also essential in the development of certain tissues , including the cecum and lymphatics . They are also involved in the production of cross-reactive antibodies . These are antibodies produced by the immune system against the normal flora , that are also effective against related pathogens , thereby preventing infection or invasion . The two most prevalent phyla of the colon are firmicutes and bacteroides . The ratio between the two seems to vary widely as reported by the Human Microbiome Project . Bacteroides are implicated in the initiation of colitis and colon cancer . Bifidobacteria are also abundant , and are often described as ' friendly bacteria ' . A mucus layer protects the large intestine from attacks from colonic commensal bacteria . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Main article : Gastrointestinal disease Following are the most common diseases or disorders of the colon : Angiodysplasia of the colon Appendicitis Chronic functional abdominal pain Colitis Colorectal cancer Colorectal polyp Constipation Crohn 's disease Diarrhea Diverticulitis Diverticulosis Hirschsprung 's disease ( aganglionosis ) Ileus Intussusception Irritable bowel syndrome Pseudomembranous colitis Ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon Colonoscopy ( edit ) Main article : Colonoscopy Colonoscopyimage , splenic flexure , normal mucosa . You can see spleen through it : the black part Colonoscopy is the endoscopic examination of the large intestine and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus . It can provide a visual diagnosis ( e.g. ulceration , polyps ) and grants the opportunity for biopsy or removal of suspected colorectal cancer lesions . Colonoscopy can remove polyps as small as one millimetre or less . Once polyps are removed , they can be studied with the aid of a microscope to determine if they are precancerous or not . It takes 15 years or less for a polyp to turn cancerous . Colonoscopy is similar to sigmoidoscopy -- the difference being related to which parts of the colon each can examine . A colonoscopy allows an examination of the entire colon ( 1200 -- 1500 mm in length ) . A sigmoidoscopy allows an examination of the distal portion ( about 600 mm ) of the colon , which may be sufficient because benefits to cancer survival of colonoscopy have been limited to the detection of lesions in the distal portion of the colon . A sigmoidoscopy is often used as a screening procedure for a full colonoscopy , often done in conjunction with a fecal occult blood test ( FOBT ) . About 5 % of these screened patients are referred to colonoscopy . Virtual colonoscopy , which uses 2D and 3D imagery reconstructed from computed tomography ( CT ) scans or from nuclear magnetic resonance ( MR ) scans , is also possible , as a totally non-invasive medical test , although it is not standard and still under investigation regarding its diagnostic abilities . Furthermore , virtual colonoscopy does not allow for therapeutic maneuvers such as polyp / tumour removal or biopsy nor visualization of lesions smaller than 5 millimeters . If a growth or polyp is detected using CT colonography , a standard colonoscopy would still need to be performed . Additionally , surgeons have lately been using the term pouchoscopy to refer to a colonoscopy of the ileo - anal pouch . Other animals ( edit ) The large intestine is truly distinct only in tetrapods , in which it is almost always separated from the small intestine by an ileocaecal valve . In most vertebrates , however , it is a relatively short structure running directly to the anus , although noticeably wider than the small intestine . Although the caecum is present in most amniotes , only in mammals does the remainder of the large intestine develop into a true colon . In some small mammals , the colon is straight , as it is in other tetrapods , but , in the majority of mammalian species , it is divided into ascending and descending portions ; a distinct transverse colon is typically present only in primates . However , the taeniae coli and accompanying haustra are not found in either carnivorans or ruminants . The rectum of mammals ( other than monotremes ) is derived from the cloaca of other vertebrates , and is , therefore , not truly homologous with the `` rectum '' found in these species . In fish , there is no true large intestine , but simply a short rectum connecting the end of the digestive part of the gut to the cloaca . In sharks , this includes a rectal gland that secretes salt to help the animal maintain osmotic balance with the seawater . The gland somewhat resembles a caecum in structure , but is not a homologous structure . Additional images ( edit ) Intestines Colon . Deep dissection . Anterior view . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Large intestine ( Chinese medicine ) References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1177 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) ^ Jump up to : `` large intestine '' . NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms . National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kapoor , Vinay Kumar ( 13 Jul 2011 ) . Gest , Thomas R. , ed . `` Large Intestine Anatomy '' . Medscape . WebMD LLC . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gray , Henry ( 1918 ) . Gray 's Anatomy . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger . 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Ginsberg ; Michael L. Kochman ( 18 August 1998 ) . `` Use of a Push Enteroscope Improves Ability to Perform Total Colonoscopy in Previously Unsuccessful Attempts at Colonoscopy in Adult Patients '' . The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 94 ( 1 ) : 187 -- 90 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1572 - 0241.1999. 00794. x . PMID 9934753 . Note : single use PDF copy provided free by Blackwell Publishing for purposes of Wikipedia content enrichment . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein C , Facista A , Nguyen H , Zaitlin B , Hassounah N , Loustaunau C , Payne CM , Banerjee B , Goldschmid S , Tsikitis VL , Krouse R , Bernstein H ( 2010 ) . `` Cancer and age related colonic crypt deficiencies in cytochrome c oxidase I '' . World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2 ( 12 ) : 429 -- 42 . doi : 10.4251 / wjgo. v2. i12. 429 . PMC 3011097 . 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Jump up ^ Gremel , Gabriela ; Wanders , Alkwin ; Cedernaes , Jonathan ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn ; Edlund , Karolina ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ; Uhlén , Mathias ; Pontén , Fredrik ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The human gastrointestinal tract - specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody - based profiling '' . Journal of Gastroenterology. 50 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 57 . doi : 10.1007 / s00535 - 014 - 0958 - 7 . ISSN 0944 - 1174 . Jump up ^ `` The Large Intestine ( Human ) '' . News-Medical.net. 2009 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Martin , Loren G. ( 1999 - 10 - 21 ) . `` What is the function of the human appendix ? Did it once have a purpose that has since been lost ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ La función de la hidroterapia de colon Retrieved on 2010 - 01 - 21 Jump up ^ Terry L. Miller ; Meyer J. Wolin ( 1996 ) . `` Pathways of Acetate , Propionate , and Butyrate Formation by the Human Fecal Microbial Flora '' ( PDF ) . Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 62 ( 5 ) : 1589 -- 1592 . Jump up ^ McNeil , NI ( 1984 ) . `` The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 39 ( 2 ) : 338 -- 342 . PMID 6320630 . Jump up ^ lorriben ( 2016 - 07 - 09 ) . `` What Side is Your Appendix Located - Maglenia '' . Maglenia . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Function Of The Large Intestine Archived 2013 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2010 - 01 - 21 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Yatsunenko , Tanya ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography '' . Nature . 486 ( 7402 ) : 222 -- 227 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Ann M. , and Fergus Shanahan . `` The gut flora as a forgotten organ . '' EMBO Reports 7.7 ( 2006 ) : 688 - 693 . Jump up ^ den Besten , Gijs ; van Eunen , Karen ; Groen , Albert K. ; Venema , Koen ; Reijngoud , Dirk - Jan ; Bakker , Barbara M. ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) . `` The role of short - chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet , gut microbiota , and host energy metabolism '' . Journal of Lipid Research . 54 ( 9 ) : 2325 -- 2340 . doi : 10.1194 / jlr. R036012 . ISSN 0022 - 2275 . PMC 3735932 . PMID 23821742 . Jump up ^ Murdoch , Travis B. ; Detsky , Allan S. ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Time to Recognize Our Fellow Travellers '' . Journal of General Internal Medicine . 27 ( 12 ) : 1704 -- 1706 . doi : 10.1007 / s11606 - 012 - 2105 - 6 . ISSN 0884 - 8734 . PMC 3509308 . PMID 22588826 . Jump up ^ Human Microbiome Project Consortium ( Jun 14 , 2012 ) . `` Structure , function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome '' . Nature . 486 ( 7402 ) : 207 -- 214 . doi : 10.1038 / nature11234 . PMC 3564958 . PMID 22699609 . Retrieved Jun 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Seth M. ; Bijanki , Vinieth N. ; Nava , Gerardo M. ; Sun , Lulu ; Malvin , Nicole P. ; Donermeyer , David L. ; Dunne , W. Michael ; Allen , Paul M. ; Stappenbeck , Thaddeus S. ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Commensal Bacteroides species induce colitis in host - genotype - specific fashion in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease '' . Cell host & microbe. 9 ( 5 ) : 390 -- 403 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chom. 2011.04. 009 . ISSN 1931 - 3128 . PMC 3241010 . PMID 21575910 . Jump up ^ Bottacini , Francesca ; Ventura , Marco ; van Sinderen , Douwe ; O'Connell Motherway , Mary ( 2014 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Diversity , ecology and intestinal function of bifidobacteria '' . Microbial Cell Factories. 13 ( Suppl 1 ) : S4 . doi : 10.1186 / 1475 - 2859 - 13 - S1 - S4 . ISSN 1475 - 2859 . PMC 4155821 . PMID 25186128 . Jump up ^ Johansson , Malin E.V. ; Sjövall , Henrik ; Hansson , Gunnar C. ( 2013 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease '' . Nature Reviews . 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Jump up ^ Brenner H , Hoffmeister M , Arndt V , Stegmaier C , Alterhofen L , Haug U ( January 2010 ) . `` Protection from right - and left - sided colorectal neoplasms after colonoscopy : population - based study '' . J Natl Cancer Inst. 102 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 95 . doi : 10.1093 / jnci / djp436 . PMID 20042716 . Jump up ^ Atkin WS , Edwards R , Kralj - Hans I , et al. ( May 2010 ) . `` Once - only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer : a multicentre randomised controlled trial '' . Lancet . 375 ( 9726 ) : 1624 -- 33 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 10 ) 60551 - X . PMID 20430429 . as PDF Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 351 -- 354 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Large intestine . Look up large intestine in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 09 - 118h . at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Home Edition ( hide ) Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa GND : 4124782 - 6 LCCN : sh85067571 NDL : 00987673 Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_intestine&oldid=842008742 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Digestive system Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 16 : 03 . 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-8500313529130795786	Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program	Supplemental Nutrition Assistance program - wikipedia Supplemental Nutrition Assistance program Jump to : navigation , search SNAP logo The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , formerly known as the Food Stamp Program , provides food - purchasing assistance for low - and no - income people living in the United States . It is a federal aid program , administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture , under the Food and Nutrition Service ( FNS ) , though benefits are distributed by each U.S. state 's Division of Social Services or Children and Family Services . SNAP benefits cost $70.9 billion in fiscal year 2016 and supplied roughly 44.2 million Americans ( 14 % of the population ) with an average of $125.51 for each person per month in food assistance . Beneficiaries and costs increased sharply with the Great Recession , peaked in 2013 and have declined through 2016 as the economy recovered . It is the largest nutrition program of the fifteen administered by FNS and is a component of the federal social safety net for low - income Americans . The amount of SNAP benefits received by a household depends on the household 's size , income , and expenses . For most of its history , the program used paper - denominated `` stamps '' or coupons -- worth US $ 1 ( brown ) , $5 ( blue ) , and $10 ( green ) -- bound into booklets of various denominations , to be torn out individually and used in single - use exchange . Because of their 1 : 1 value ratio with actual currency , the coupons were printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Their rectangular shape resembled a U.S. dollar bill ( although about one - half the size ) , including intaglio printing on high - quality paper with watermarks . In the late 1990s , the Food Stamp Program was revamped , with some states phasing out actual stamps in favor of a specialized debit card system known as Electronic Benefit Transfer ( EBT ) , provided by private contractors . EBT has been implemented in all states since June 2004 . Each month , SNAP food stamp benefits are directly deposited into the household 's EBT card account . Households may use EBT to pay for food at supermarkets , convenience stores , and other food retailers , including certain farmers ' markets . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First Food Stamp Program ( FSP ) ( May 16 , 1939 -- Spring 1943 ) 1.2 Pilot Food Stamp Program ( 1961 -- 1964 ) 1.3 Food Stamp Act of 1964 1.4 Program expansion : participation milestones in the 1960s and early 1970s 1.5 Major legislative changes ( early 1970s ) 1.6 1974 nationwide program 1.7 Eligible access to Supplemental Security Income beneficiaries 1.8 Food Stamp Act of 1977 1.9 Cutbacks of the early 1980s 1.10 Mid-to - late 1980s 1.11 1993 Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act 1.12 Later participation milestones 1.13 1996 welfare reform and subsequent amendments 1.14 Electronic Benefits Transfer 1.15 Renaming the Food Stamp Program 1.16 Temporary benefits increase from April 2009 to November 2013 1.17 Corporate influence and support 2 Eligibility 2.1 Income requirements 2.2 Resource requirements 2.3 Housing expenditure 2.4 Immigrant status and eligibility 3 Applying for SNAP benefits 4 Eligible food items under SNAP 5 State options 6 States and counties with highest use of SNAP per capita 7 Impact 7.1 Participants 7.2 Costs 7.3 Food security and insecurity 7.4 Poverty 7.5 Income maintenance 7.6 Diet quality 7.7 Macroeconomic effect 7.8 Local economic effects 7.9 Fraud and abuse 8 Role of SNAP in healthy diets 8.1 Background 8.2 Administrative responsibility 8.3 Proposals to restrict `` junk food '' or `` luxury items '' 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 External links History ( edit ) First food stamp program ( FSP ) ( may 16 , 1939 -- spring 1943 ) ( edit ) The idea for the first FSP has been credited to various people , most notably U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace and the program 's first administrator , Milo Perkins . Of the program , Perkins said , `` We got a picture of a gorge , with farm surpluses on one cliff and under - nourished city folks with outstretched hands on the other . We set out to find a practical way to build a bridge across that chasm . '' The program operated by permitting people on relief to buy orange stamps equal to their normal food expenditures ; for every US $1 worth of orange stamps purchased , fifty cents ' worth of blue stamps were received . Orange stamps could be used to buy any food ; blue stamps could be used only to buy food determined by the Department to be surplus . Over the course of nearly four years , the first FSP reached approximately 20 million people in nearly half of the counties in the U.S. , at a total cost of $262 million . At its peak , the program assisted an estimated 4 million people . The first recipient was Mabel McFiggin of Rochester , New York ; the first retailer to redeem the stamps was Joseph Mutolo ; and the first retailer caught violating program rules was Nick Salzano in October 1939 . The program ended when the conditions that brought the program into being ( unmarketable food surpluses and widespread unemployment ) ceased to exist . Pilot food stamp program ( 1961 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) The eighteen years between the end of the first FSP and the inception of the next were filled with studies , reports , and legislative proposals . Prominent U.S. Senators actively associated with attempts to enact a food stamp program during this period included George Aiken , Robert M. La Follette , Jr. , Hubert Humphrey , Estes Kefauver , and Stuart Symington . From 1954 on , U.S. Representative Leonor Sullivan strove to pass food - stamp - program legislation . On September 21 , 1959 , P.L. 86 - 341 authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to operate a food - stamp system through January 31 , 1962 . The Eisenhower Administration never used the authority . However , in fulfillment of a campaign promise made in West Virginia , President John F. Kennedy 's first Executive Order called for expanded food distribution and , on February 2 , 1961 , he announced that food stamp pilot programs would be initiated . The pilot programs would retain the requirement that the food stamps be purchased , but eliminated the concept of special stamps for surplus foods . A Department spokesman indicated the emphasis would be on increasing the consumption of perishables . Of the program , U.S. Representative Leonor K. Sullivan of Missouri asserted , `` ... the Department of Agriculture seemed bent on outlining a possible food stamp plan of such scope and magnitude , involving some 25 million persons , as to make the whole idea seem ridiculous and tear food stamp plans to smithereens . '' Food stamp Act of 1964 ( edit ) First food stamps The Food Stamp Act of 1964 appropriated $75 million to 350,000 individuals in 40 counties and three cities . The measure drew overwhelming support from House Democrats , 90 percent from urban areas , 96 percent from the suburbs , and 87 percent from rural areas . Republican lawmakers opposed the initial measure : only 12 percent of urban Republicans , 11 percent from the suburbs , and 5 percent from rural areas voted affirmatively . President Lyndon B. Johnson hailed food stamps as `` a realistic and responsible step toward the fuller and wiser use of an agricultural abundance '' . Rooted in congressional logrolling , the act was part of a larger appropriation that raised price supports for cotton and wheat . Rural lawmakers supported the program so that their urban colleagues would not dismantle farm subsidies . Food stamps , along with Medicaid , Head Start , and the Job Corps were foremost among the growing anti-poverty programs . President Johnson called for a permanent food - stamp program on January 31 , 1964 , as part of his `` War on Poverty '' platform introduced at the State of the Union a few weeks earlier . Agriculture Secretary Orville Freeman submitted the legislation on April 17 , 1964 . The bill eventually passed by Congress was H.R. 10222 , introduced by Congresswoman Sullivan . One of the members on the House Committee on Agriculture who voted against the FSP in Committee was then Representative Bob Dole . As a Senator , Dole became a staunch supporter of the program , after he worked with George McGovern to produce a bipartisan solution to two of the main problems associated with food stamps : cumbersome purchase requirements and lax eligibility standards . Dole told Congress regarding the new provisions , `` I am confident that this bill eliminates the greedy and feeds the needy . '' The law was intended to strengthen the agricultural economy and provide improved levels of nutrition among low - income households ; however , the practical purpose was to bring the pilot FSP under congressional control and to enact the regulations into law . The major provisions were : The State Plan of Operation requirement and development of eligibility standards by States ; They required that the recipients should purchase their food stamps , while paying the average money spent on food then receiving an amount of food stamps representing an opportunity more nearly to obtain a low - cost nutritionally adequate diet ; The eligibility for purchase with food stamps of all items intended for human consumption except alcoholic beverages and imported foods ( the House version would have prohibited the purchase of soft drinks , luxury foods , and luxury frozen foods ) ; Prohibitions against discrimination on basis of race , religious creed , national origin , or political beliefs ; The division of responsibilities between States ( certification and issuance ) and the Federal Government ( funding of benefits and authorization of retailers and wholesalers ) , with shared responsibility for funding costs of administration ; and Appropriations for the first year limited to $75 million ; for the second year , to $100 million ; and , for the third year , to $200 million . The Agriculture Department estimated that participation in a national FSP would eventually reach 4 million , at a cost of $360 million annually , far below the actual numbers . Program expansion : participation milestones in the 1960s and early 1970s ( edit ) In April 1965 , participation topped half a million . ( Actual participation was 561,261 people . ) Participation topped 1 million in March 1966 , 2 million in October 1967 , 3 million in February 1969 , 4 million in February 1970 , 5 million one month later in March 1970 , 6 million two months later in May 1970 , 10 million in February 1971 , and 15 million in October 1974 . Rapid increases in participation during this period were primarily due to geographic expansion . Major legislative changes ( early 1970s ) ( edit ) The early 1970s were a period of growth in participation , concern about the cost of providing food stamp benefits , and questions about administration , primarily timely certification . During this time , the issue was framed that would dominate food stamp legislation ever after : how to balance program access with program accountability . Three major pieces of legislation shaped this period , leading up to massive reform to follow : P.L. 91 - 671 ( January 11 , 1971 ) established uniform national standards of eligibility and work requirements ; required that allotments be equivalent to the cost of a nutritionally adequate diet ; limited households ' purchase requirements to 30 percent of their income ; instituted an outreach requirement ; authorized the Agriculture Department to pay 62.5 percent of specific administrative costs incurred by States ; expanded the FSP to Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands of the United States ; and provided $1.75 billion appropriations for Fiscal Year 1971 . Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 ( P.L. 93 - 86 , August 10 , 1973 ) required States to expand the program to every political jurisdiction before July 1 , 1974 ; expanded the program to drug addicts and alcoholics in treatment and rehabilitation centers ; established semi-annual allotment adjustments , bi-monthly issuance , and Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) `` cash - out '' ( which gave the option to states to issue Food Stamp benefits to SSI recipients in the form of their estimated cash value consolidated within the SSI grant , in order to reduce administrative costs ) ; introduced statutory complexity in the income definition ( by including in - kind payments and providing an accompanying exception ) ; and required the Department to establish temporary eligibility standards for disasters . P.L. 93 - 347 ( July 12 , 1974 ) authorized the Department to pay 50 percent of all states ' costs for administering the program and established the requirement for efficient and effective administration by the States . 1974 nationwide program ( edit ) In accordance with P.L. 93 - 86 , the FSP began operating nationwide on July 1 , 1974 . ( The program was not fully implemented in Puerto Rico until November 1 , 1974 . ) Participation for July 1974 was almost 14 million . Eligible access to Supplemental Security income beneficiaries ( edit ) Once a person is a beneficiary of the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) Program he ( or she ) may be automatically eligible for Food Stamps depending on his ( or her ) state 's laws . How much money in food stamps they receive also varies by state . Supplemental Security Income was created in 1974 . Food stamp Act of 1977 ( edit ) Both the outgoing Republican Administration and the new Democratic Administration offered Congress proposed legislation to reform the FSP in 1977 . The Republican bill stressed targeting benefits to the neediest , simplifying administration , and tightening controls on the program ; the Democratic bill focused on increasing access to those most in need and simplifying and streamlining a complicated and cumbersome process that delayed benefit delivery as well as reducing errors , and curbing abuse . The chief force for the Democratic Administration was Robert Greenstein , Administrator of the Food and Nutrition Service ( FNS ) . In Congress , major players were Senators George McGovern , Jacob Javits , Humphrey , and Dole and Congressmen Foley and Richmond . Amid all the themes , the one that became the rallying cry for FSP reform was `` EPR '' -- eliminate the purchase requirement -- because of the barrier to participation the purchase requirement represented . The bill that became the law ( S. 275 ) did eliminate the purchase requirement . It also : eliminated categorical eligibility ; established statutory income eligibility guidelines at the poverty line ; established 10 categories of excluded income ; reduced the number of deductions used to calculate net income and established a standard deduction to take the place of eliminated deductions ; raised the general resource limit to $1,750 ; established the fair market value ( FMV ) test for evaluating vehicles as resources ; penalized households whose heads voluntarily quit jobs ; restricted eligibility for students and aliens ; eliminated the requirement that households must have cooking facilities ; replaced store due bills with cash change up to 99 cents ; established the principle that stores must sell a substantial amount of staple foods if they are to be authorized ; established the ground rules for Indian Tribal Organization administration of the FSP on reservations ; and introduced demonstration project authority . In addition to EPR , the Food Stamp Act of 1977 included several access provisions : using mail , telephone , or home visits for certification ; requirements for outreach , bilingual personnel and materials , and nutrition education materials ; recipients ' right to submit applications the first day they attempt to do so ; 30 - day processing standard and inception of the concept of expedited service ; SSI joint processing and coordination with Aid to Families with Dependent Children ( AFDC ) , the major cash welfare program ; notice , recertification , and retroactive benefit protections ; and a requirement for States to develop a disaster plan . The integrity provisions of the new program included fraud disqualifications , enhanced Federal funding for States ' anti-fraud activities , and financial incentives for low error rates . The House Report for the 1977 legislation points out that the changes in the Food Stamp Program are needed without reference to upcoming welfare reform since `` the path to welfare reform is , indeed , rocky ... '' EPR was implemented January 1 , 1979 . Participation that month increased 1.5 million over the preceding month . Cutbacks of the early 1980s ( edit ) The large and expensive FSP proved to be a favorite subject of close scrutiny from both the Executive Branch and Congress in the early 1980s . Major legislation in 1981 and 1982 enacted cutbacks including : addition of a gross income eligibility test in addition to the net income test for most households ; temporary freeze on adjustments of the shelter deduction cap and the standard deduction and constraints on future adjustments ; annual adjustments in food stamp allotments rather than semi-annual ; consideration of non-elderly parents who live with their children and non-elderly siblings who live together as one household ; required periodic reporting and retrospective budgeting ; prohibition against using Federal funds for outreach ; replacing the FSP in Puerto Rico with a block grant for nutrition assistance ; counting retirement accounts as resources ; state option to require job search of applicants as well as participants ; and increased disqualification periods for voluntary quitters . Electronic Benefits Transfer ( EBT ) began in Reading , Pennsylvania , in 1984 . Mid-to - late 1980s ( edit ) Recognition of the severe domestic hunger problem in the latter half of the 1980s led to incremental expansions of the FSP in 1985 and 1987 , such as elimination of sales tax on food stamp purchases , reinstitution of categorical eligibility , increased resource limit for most households ( $2,000 ) , eligibility for the homeless , and expanded nutrition education . The Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 and the Mickey Leland Memorial Domestic Hunger Relief Act in 1990 foretold the improvements that would be coming . The 1988 and 1990 legislation accomplished the following : increasing benefits by applying a multiplication factor to Thrifty Food Plan costs ; making outreach an optional activity for States ; excluding advance earned income tax credits as income ; simplifying procedures for calculating medical deductions ; instituting periodic adjustments of the minimum benefit ; authorizing nutrition education grants ; establishing severe penalties for violations by individuals or participating firms ; and establishing EBT as an issuance alternative . Throughout this era , significant players were principally various committee chairmen : Congressmen Leland , Hall , Foley , Leon Panetta , and , de la Garza and Senator Patrick Leahy . 1993 Mickey Leland childhood hunger relief Act ( edit ) By 1993 , major changes in food stamp benefits had arrived . The final legislation provided for $2.8 billion in benefit increases over Fiscal Years 1984 - 1988 . Leon Panetta , in his new role as OMB Director , played a major role as did Senator Leahy . Substantive changes included : eliminating the shelter deduction cap beginning January 1 , 1997 ; providing a deduction for legally binding child support payments made to nonhousehold members ; raising the cap on the dependent care deduction from $160 to $200 for children under 2 years old and $175 for all other dependents ; improving employment and training ( E&T ) dependent care reimbursements ; increasing the FMV test for vehicles to $4,550 on September 1 , 1994 and $4,600 on October 1 , 1995 , then annually adjusting the value from $5,000 on October 1 , 1996 ; mandating asset accumulation demonstration projects ; and simplifying the household definition . Later participation milestones ( edit ) In December 1979 , participation finally surpassed 20 million . In March 1994 , participation hit a new high of 28 million . 1996 welfare reform and subsequent amendments ( edit ) The mid-1990s was a period of welfare reform . Prior to 1996 , the rules for the cash welfare program , Aid to Families with Dependent Children ( AFDC ) , were waived for many states . With the enactment of the 1996 welfare reform act , called the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 ( PRWORA ) , AFDC , an entitlement program , was replaced that with a new block grant to states called Temporary Assistance to Needy Families ( TANF ) . Although the Food Stamp Program was reauthorized in the 1996 Farm Bill , the 1996 welfare reform made several changes to the program , including : eliminating eligibility to food stamps of most legal immigrants who had been in the country less than five years ; placing a time limit on food stamp receipt of three out of 36 months for Able - bodied Adults Without Dependents ( ABAWDs ) , who are not working at least 20 hours a week or participating in a work program ; reducing the maximum allotments to 100 percent of the change in the Thrifty Food Plan ( TFP ) from 103 percent of the change in the TFP ; freezing the standard deduction , the vehicle limit , and the minimum benefit ; setting the shelter cap at graduated specified levels up to $300 by fiscal year 2001 , and allowing states to mandate the use of the standard utility allowance ; revising provisions for disqualification , including comparable disqualification with other means - tested programs ; and requiring states to implement EBT before October 1 , 2002 . As a result of all these changes , `` participation rates plummeted '' in the late 1990s , according to Slate online magazine . The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 ( BBA ) and the Agricultural Research , Education and Extension Act of 1998 ( AREERA ) made some changes to these provisions , most significantly : using additional Employment and Training ( E&T ) funds to providing work program opportunities for able - bodied adults without dependents ; allowing states to exempt up to 15 percent of the able - bodied adults without dependents who would otherwise be ineligible ; restoring eligibility for certain elderly , disabled , and minor immigrants who resided in the United States when the 1996 welfare reform act was enacted ; and cutting administrative funding for states to account for certain administrative costs that previously had been allocated to the AFDC program and now were required to be allocated to the Food Stamp Program . The fiscal year 2001 agriculture appropriations bill included two significant changes . The legislation increased the excess shelter cap to $340 in fiscal year 2001 and then indexed the cap to changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Consumers each year beginning in fiscal year 2002 . The legislation also allowed states to use the vehicle limit they use in a TANF assistance program , if it would be result in a lower attribution of resources for the household . Electronic benefits Transfer ( edit ) In the late 1990s , the Food Stamp Program was revamped , with some states phasing out actual stamps in favor of a specialized debit card system known as Electronic Benefit Transfer ( EBT ) , provided by private contractors . Many states merged the use of the EBT card for public welfare programs as well , such as cash assistance . The move was designed to save the government money by not printing the coupons , make benefits available immediately instead of requiring the recipient to wait for mailing or picking up the booklets in person , and reduce theft and diversion . Renaming the food stamp program ( edit ) The 2008 farm bill renamed the Food Stamp Program as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( beginning October 2008 ) and replaced all references to `` stamp '' or `` coupon '' in federal law with `` card '' or `` EBT . '' Temporary benefits increase from April 2009 to November 2013 ( edit ) SNAP benefits temporarily increased with the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( ARRA ) , a federal stimulus package to help Americans affected by the Great Recession of 2007 . Beginning in April 2009 and continuing through the expansion 's expiration on November 1 , 2013 , the ARRA appropriated $45.2 billion to increase monthly benefit levels to an average of $133 . This amounted to a 13.6 percent funding increase for SNAP recipients . This temporary expansion expired on November 1 , 2013 , resulting in a relative benefit decrease for SNAP households ; on average , benefits decreased by 5 percent . According to a Center on Budget and Policy Priorities report , the maximum monthly benefit for a family of four dropped from $668 to $632 , while the maximum monthly benefit for an individual dropped from $200 to $189 . Corporate influence and support ( edit ) In June 2014 , Mother Jones reported that `` Overall , 18 percent of all food benefits money is spent at Walmart , '' and that Walmart had submitted a statement to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission stating , Our business operations are subject to numerous risks , factors , and uncertainties , domestically and internationally , which are outside our control . These factors include ... changes in the amount of payments made under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Plan and other public assistance plans , ( and ) changes in the eligibility requirements of public assistance plans . Companies that have lobbied on behalf of SNAP include PepsiCo , Coca - Cola , and the grocery chain Kroger . Kraft Foods , which receives `` One - sixth ( of its ) revenues ... from food stamp purchases '' also opposes food stamp cuts . Eligibility ( edit ) Because SNAP is a mandatory , or entitlement , program , the federal government is required to fund the benefits of all eligible participants . There are income and resource requirements for SNAP , as well as specific requirements for immigrants , elderly persons and persons with disabilities . Income requirements ( edit ) For income , individuals and households may qualify for benefits if they earn a gross monthly income that is 130 % ( or less ) of the federal poverty level for a specific household size . For example : the SNAP - eligible gross monthly income is $1,245 or less for an individual . For a household of 4 , the SNAP eligible gross monthly income is $2,552 or less . Gross monthly income is the amount an individual makes each month before any deductions , i.e. taxes , insurance , pensions , etc . Resource requirements ( edit ) There is also a resource requirement for SNAP , although eligibility requirements vary slightly from state to state . Generally speaking , households may have up to $2,250 in a bank account or other countable sources . If at least one person is age 60 or older and / or has disabilities , households may have $3,500 in countable resources . Housing expenditure ( edit ) The lack of affordable housing in urban areas means that money that could have been spent on food is spent on housing expenses . Housing is generally considered affordable when it costs 30 % or less of total household income ; rising housing costs have made this ideal difficult to attain . This is especially true in New York City , where 28 % of rent stabilized tenants spend more than half their income on rent . Among lower income families the percentage is much higher . According to an estimate by the Community Service Society , 65 % of New York City families living below the federal poverty line are paying more than half of their income toward rent . The current eligibility criteria attempt to address this , by including a deduction for `` excess shelter costs '' . This applies only to households that spend more than half of their net income on rent . For the purpose of this calculation , a household 's net income is obtained by subtracting certain deductions from their gross ( before deductions ) income . If the household 's total expenditures on rent exceed 50 % of that net income , then the net income is further reduced by the amount of rent that exceeds 50 % of net income . For 2007 , this deduction can be no more than $417 , except in households that include an elderly or disabled person . Deductions include : a standard deduction that is subtracted from income for all recipients , an earned income deduction reflecting taxes and work expenses , a deduction for dependent care expenses related to work or training ( up to certain limits ) , a deduction for child support payments , a deduction for medical expenses above a set amount per month ( only available to elderly and disabled recipients ) , and a deduction for excessively high shelter expenses . The adjusted net income , including the deduction for excess shelter costs , is used to determine whether a household is eligible for food stamps . Immigrant status and eligibility ( edit ) The 2002 Farm Bill restores SNAP eligibility to most legal immigrants that : Have lived in the country for 5 years ; or Are receiving disability - related assistance or benefits ; or Have children under 18 Certain non-citizens , such as those admitted for humanitarian reasons and those admitted for permanent residence , may also be eligible for SNAP . Eligible household members can get SNAP benefits even if there are other members of the household that are not eligible . Applying for SNAP benefits ( edit ) To apply for SNAP benefits , an applicant must first fill out a program application and return it to the state or local SNAP office . Each state has a different application , which is usually available online . There is more information about various state applications processes , including locations of SNAP offices in various state , displayed on an interactive Outreach Map found on the FNS website . Individuals who believe they may be eligible for SNAP benefits may use the Food and Nutrition Services ' SNAP Screening Tool , which can help gauge eligibility . Eligible food items under SNAP ( edit ) As per USDA rules , households can use SNAP benefits to purchase : Foods for the household to eat , such as : fruits and vegetables ; breads and cereals ; dairy products ; meats , fish and ; poultry Plants and seeds which are fit for household consumption . Additionally , restaurants operating in certain areas may be permitted to accept SNAP benefits from eligible candidates like elderly , homeless or disabled people in return for affordable meals . However , the USDA clearly mentions that households can not use SNAP benefits to purchase the following : Wine , beer , liquor , cigarettes or tobacco Certain nonfood items like : soaps , paper products , deodorant household supplies , and pet foods Hot foods Food items that are consumable in the store Vitamins and medicines Soft drinks , candy , cookies , snack crackers , and ice cream are classified as food items and are therefore eligible items . Seafood , steak , and bakery cakes are also food items and are therefore eligible items . Energy drinks which have a nutrition facts label are eligible foods , but energy drinks which have a supplement facts label are classified by the FDA as supplements , and are therefore not eligible . Live animals and birds may not be purchased ; but live fish and shellfish are eligible foods . Pumpkins are eligible , but inedible gourds and solely ornamental pumpkins are not . Gift baskets containing both food and non-food items `` are not eligible for purchase with SNAP benefits if the value of the non-food items exceeds 50 percent of the purchase price . Items such as birthday and other special occasion cakes are eligible as long as the value of non-edible decorations does not exceed 50 percent of the price . '' State options ( edit ) States are allowed under federal law to administer SNAP in different ways . As of April 2015 , the USDA had published eleven periodic State Options Reports outlining variations in how states have administered the program . The USDA 's most recent State Options Report , published in April 2015 , summarizes : SNAP 's statutes , regulations , and waivers provide State agencies with various policy options . State agencies use this flexibility to adapt their programs to meet the needs of eligible , low ‐ income people in their States . Modernization and technology have provided States with new opportunities and options in administering the program . Certain options may facilitate program design goals , such as removing or reducing barriers to access for low - income families and individuals , or providing better support for those working or looking for work . This flexibility helps States better target benefits to those most in need , streamline program administration and field operations , and coordinate SNAP activities with those of other programs . Some areas of differences among states include : when and how frequently SNAP recipients must report household circumstances ; on whether the state agency acts on all reported changes or only some changes ; whether the state uses a simplified method for determining the cost of doing business in cases where an applicant is self - employed ; and whether legally obligated child support payments made to non-household members are counted as an income exclusion rather than a deduction . State agencies also have an option to call their program SNAP ; whether to continue to refer to their program under its former name , the Food Stamp Program ; or whether to choose an alternate name . Among the 50 states plus the District of Columbia , 32 call their program SNAP ; five continue to call the program the Food Stamp Program ; and 16 have adopted their own name . For example , California calls its SNAP implementation `` CalFresh '' , while Arizona calls its program `` Nutrition Assistance '' . States and counties with highest use of SNAP per capita ( edit ) According to January 2015 figures reported by the Census Bureau and USDA and compiled by USA Today , the states and district with the most food stamp recipients per capita are : State % of population receiving SNAP benefits District of Columbia 22 % Mississippi 21 % New Mexico 22 % West Virginia 20 % Oregon 20 % Tennessee 20 % Louisiana 19 % According to June 2009 figures reported by the state agencies , the USDA , and Census Bureau , and compiled by the New York Times , the individual counties with the highest levels of SNAP usage were : County ( or equivalent ) % of population receiving SNAP benefits Kusilvak Census Area , Alaska 49 % Owsley County , Kentucky 49 % Oglala Lakota County , South Dakota 49 % Pemiscot County , Missouri 47 % Todd County , South Dakota 46 % Sioux County , North Dakota 45 % Dunklin County , Missouri 44 % East Carroll Parish , Louisiana 43 % Humphreys County , Mississippi 43 % Wolfe County , Kentucky 42 % Perry County , Alabama 41 % Phillips County , Arkansas 39 % Rolette County , North Dakota 39 % Ripley County , Missouri 39 % Ziebach County , South Dakota 39 % Impact ( edit ) During the recession of 2008 , SNAP participation hit an all - time high . Arguing in support for SNAP , the Food Research and Action Center argued that `` putting more resources quickly into the hands of the people most likely to turn around and spend it can both boost the economy and cushion the hardships on vulnerable people who face a constant struggle against hunger . '' Researchers have found that every $1 that is spent from SNAP results in $1.73 of economic activity . In California , the cost - benefit ratio is even higher : for every $1 spent from SNAP between $3.67 to $8.34 is saved in health care costs . The Congressional Budget Office also rated an increase in SNAP benefits as one of the two most cost - effective of all spending and tax options it examined for boosting growth and jobs in a weak economy . Participants ( edit ) A summary statistical report indicated that an average of 44.2 million people used the program in FY 2016 , down from 45.8 million in 2015 and below the 2013 peak of 47.6 million . SNAP is able to support 75 % of those eligible for the program . Nearly 72 percent of SNAP participants are in families with children ; more than one - quarter of participants are in households with seniors or people with disabilities . As of 2013 , more than 15 % of the U.S. population receive food assistance , and more than 20 % in Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , New Mexico , Oregon and Tennessee . Washington D.C. was the highest share of the population to receive food assistance at over 23 % . Average number of persons participating in the SNAP , 2000 -- 2016 . The number of participants increased due to the Great Recession , peaking in 2013 , and has since fallen . According to the United States Department of Agriculture ( based on a study of data gathered in Fiscal Year 2010 ) , statistics for the food stamp program are as follows : 49 % of all participant households have children ( 17 or younger ) , and 55 % of those are single - parent households . 15 % of all participant households have elderly ( age 60 or over ) members . 20 % of all participant households have non-elderly disabled members . The average gross monthly income per food stamp household is $731 ; The average net income is $336 . 37 % of participants are White , 22 % are African - American , 10 % are Hispanic , 2 % are Asian , 4 % are Native American , and 19 % are of unknown race or ethnicity . Costs ( edit ) Total program costs from 2000 to 2016 . The amount increased sharply after 2008 due to the Great Recession , and has fallen since 2013 as the economy recovers . SNAP benefits cost since the 1960s Amounts paid to program beneficiaries rose from $28.6 billion in 2005 to $76.1 billion in 2013 , falling back to $66.6 billion by 2016 . This increase was due to the high unemployment rate ( leading to higher SNAP participation ) and the increased benefit per person with the passing of ARRA . SNAP average monthly benefits increased from $96.18 per person to $133.08 per person . Other program costs , which include the Federal share of State administrative expenses , Nutrition Education , and Employment and Training , amounted to roughly $3.7 million in 2013 . There were cuts into the program 's budget introduced in 2014 that were estimated to save $8.6 billion over 10 years . Some of the states are looking for measures within the states to balance the cuts , so they would not affect the recipients of the federal aid program . Food Security and Insecurity ( edit ) While SNAP participants and other low - income nonparticipants spend similar amounts on food spending , SNAP participants tend to still experience greater food insecurity than nonparticipants . This is believed to be a reflection of the welfare of individuals who take the time to apply for SNAP benefits rather than the shortcomings of SNAP . Households facing the greatest hardships are the most likely to bear the burden of applying for program benefits . Therefore , SNAP participants tend to be , on average , less food secure than other low - income nonparticipants . Self - selection by more food - needy households into SNAP makes it difficult to observe positive effects on food security from survey data . Statistical models that control for this endogeneity suggest that SNAP receipt reduces the likelihood of being food insecure and very food insecure by roughly 30 percent and 20 percent , respectively . Poverty ( edit ) Because SNAP is a means - tested entitlement program , participation rates are closely related to the number of individuals living in poverty in a given period . In periods of economic recession , SNAP enrollment tends to increase and in periods of prosperity , SNAP participation tends to be lower . Unemployment is therefore also related to SNAP participation . However , ERS data shows that poverty and SNAP participation levels have continued to rise following the 2008 recession , even though unemployment rates have leveled off . Poverty levels are the strongest correlates for program participation . A 2016 study found that SNAP benefits lead to greater expenditures on housing , transportation , and education by beneficiaries . SNAP is closely related to poverty and unemployment Income maintenance ( edit ) The purpose of the Food Stamp Program as laid out in its implementation was to assist low - income households in obtaining adequate and nutritious diets . According to Peter H. Rossi , a sociologist whose work involved evaluation of social programs , `` the program rests on the assumption that households with restricted incomes may skimp on food purchases and live on diets that are inadequate in quantity and quality , or , alternatively skimp on other necessities to maintain an adequate diet '' . Food stamps , as many like Rossi , MacDonald , and Eisinger contend , are used not only for increasing food but also as income maintenance . Income maintenance is money that households are able to spend on other things because they no longer have to spend it on food . According to various studies shown by Rossi , because of income maintenance only about $0.17 -- $0.47 more is being spent on food for every food stamp dollar than was spent prior to individuals receiving food stamps . Diet quality ( edit ) Studies are inconclusive as to whether SNAP has a direct effect on the nutritional quality of food choices made by participants . Unlike other federal programs that provide food subsidies , i.e. the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women , Infants and Children ( WIC ) , SNAP does not have nutritional standards for purchases . Critics of the program suggest that this lack of structure represents a missed opportunity for public health advancement and cost containment . In April 2013 , the USDA research body , the Economic Research Service ( ERS ) , published a study that examined diet quality in SNAP participants compared to low - income nonparticipants . The study revealed a difference in diet quality between SNAP participants and low - income nonparticipants , finding that SNAP participants score slightly lower on the Healthy Eating Index ( HEI ) than nonparticipants . The study also concluded that SNAP increases the likelihood that participants will consume whole fruit by 23 percentage points . However , the analysis also suggests that SNAP participation decreases participants ' intake of dark green and orange vegetables by a modest amount . A 2016 study found no evidence that SNAP increased expenditures on tobacco by beneficiaries . Macroeconomic effect ( edit ) The USDA 's Economic Research Service explains : `` SNAP is a counter-cyclical government assistance program -- it provides assistance to more low - income households during an economic downturn or recession and to fewer households during an economic expansion . The rise in SNAP participation during an economic downturn results in greater SNAP expenditures which , in turn , stimulate the economy . '' In 2011 , Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack gave a statement regarding SNAP benefits : `` Every dollar of SNAP benefits generates $1.84 in the economy in terms of economic activity . '' Vilsack 's estimate was based on a 2002 USDA study which found that `` ultimately , the additional $5 billion of FSP ( Food Stamp Program ) expenditures triggered an increase in total economic activity ( production , sales , and value of shipments ) of $9.2 billion and an increase in jobs of 82,100 , '' or $1.84 stimulus for every dollar spent . A January 2008 report by Moody 's Analytics chief economist Mark Zandi analyzed measures of the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 and found that in a weak economy , every $1 in SNAP expenditures generates $1.73 in real GDP increase , making it the most effective stimulus among all the provisions of the act , including both tax cuts and spending increases . A 2010 report by Kenneth Hanson published by the USDA 's Economic Research Service estimated that a $1 billion increase in SNAP expenditures increases economic activity ( GDP ) by $1.79 billion ( i.e. , the GDP multiplier is 1.79 ) . The same report also estimated that the `` preferred jobs impact ... are the 8,900 full - time equivalent jobs plus self - employed or the 9,800 full - time and part - time jobs plus self - employed from $1 billion of SNAP benefits . '' Local economic Effects ( edit ) In March 2013 , the Washington Post reported that one - third of Woonsocket , Rhode Island 's population used food stamps , putting local merchants on a `` boom or bust '' cycle each month when EBT payments were deposited . The Post stated that `` a federal program that began as a last resort for a few million hungry people has grown into an economic lifeline for entire towns . '' And this growth `` has been especially swift in once - prosperous places hit by the housing bust '' . In addition to local town merchants , national retailers are starting to take in an increasing large percentage of SNAP benefits . For example , `` Walmart estimates it takes in about 18 % of total U.S. outlays on food stamps . '' Fraud and abuse ( edit ) In March 2012 , the USDA published its fifth report in a series of periodic analyses to estimate the extent of trafficking in SNAP ; that is , selling or otherwise converting SNAP benefits for cash payouts . Although trafficking does not directly increase costs to the Federal Government , it diverts benefits from their intended purpose of helping low - income families access a nutritious diet . Also trafficking may indirectly increase costs by encouraging participants to stay in the program longer than intended , or by incentivizing new participants seeking to profit from trafficking . The FNS aggressively acts to control trafficking by using SNAP purchase data to identify suspicious transaction patterns , conducting undercover investigations , and collaborating with other investigative agencies . Trafficking diverted an estimated one cent of each SNAP dollar ( $330 million annually ) from SNAP benefits between 2006 and 2008 . Trafficking has declined over time from nearly 4 percent in the 1990s . About 8.2 percent of all stores trafficked from 2006 to 2008 compared to the 10.5 percent of SNAP authorized stores involved in trafficking in 2011 . A variety of store characteristics and settings were related to the level of trafficking . Although large stores accounted for 87.3 percent of all SNAP redemptions , they only accounted for about 5.4 percent of trafficking redemptions . Trafficking was much less likely to occur among publicly owned than privately owned stores and was much less likely among stores in areas with less poverty rather than more . The total annual value of trafficked benefits increased at about the same rate as overall program growth . The current estimate of total SNAP dollars trafficked is higher than observed in the previous 2002 -- 2005 period . This increase is consistent , however , with the almost 37 percent growths in average annual SNAP benefits from the 2002 -- 2005 study periods to the most recent one . The methodology used to generate these estimates has known limitations . However , given variable data and resources , it is the most practical approach available to FNS . Further improvements to SNAP trafficking estimates would require new resources to assess the prevalence of trafficking among a random sample of stores . The USDA report released in August 2013 says the dollar value of trafficking increased to 1.3 percent , up from 1 percent in the USDA 's 2006 -- 2008 survey , and `` About 18 percent of those stores classified as convenience stores or small groceries were estimated to have trafficked . For larger stores ( supermarkets and large groceries ) , only 0.32 percent were estimated to have trafficked . In terms of redemptions , about 17 percent of small groceries redemptions and 14 percent of convenience store redemptions were estimated to have been trafficked . This compares with a rate of 0.2 percent for large stores . '' The USDA , in December 2011 , announced new policies to attempt to curb waste , fraud , and abuse . These changes will include stiffer penalties for retailers who are caught participating in illegal or fraudulent activities . `` The department is proposing increasing penalties for retailers and providing states with access to large federal databases they would be required to use to verify information from applicants . SNAP benefit fraud , generally in the form of store employees buying EBT cards from recipients is widespread in urban areas , with one in seven corner stores engaging in such behavior , according to a recent government estimate . There are in excess of 200,000 stores , and we have 100 agents spread across the country . Some do undercover work , but the principal way we track fraud is through analyzing electronic transactions '' for suspicious patterns , USDA Under Secretary Kevin Concannon told The Washington Times . Also , states will be given additional guidance that will help develop a tighter policy for those seeking to effectively investigate fraud and clarifying the definition of trafficking . According to the Government Accountability Office , at a 2009 count , there was a payment error rate of 4.36 % of SNAP benefits down from 9.86 % in 1999 . A 2003 analysis found that two - thirds of all improper payments were the fault of the caseworker , not the participant . There are also instances of fraud involving exchange of SNAP benefits for cash and / or for items not eligible for purchase with EBT cards . In 2011 , the Michigan program raised eligibility requirements for full - time college students , to save taxpayer money and to end student use of monthly SNAP benefits . In Maine , incidents of recycling fraud have occurred in the past where individuals once committed fraud by using their EBT cards to buy canned or bottled beverages ( requiring a deposit to be paid at the point of purchase for each beverage container ) , dump the contents out so the empty beverage container could be returned for deposit redemption , and thereby , allowed these individuals to eventually purchase non-EBT authorized products with cash from the beverage container deposits . The State of Utah developed a system called `` eFind '' to monitor , evaluate and cross-examine qualifying and reporting data of recipients assets . Utah 's eFind system is a `` back end '' , web - based system that gathers , filters , and organizes information from various federal , state , and local databases . The data in eFind is used to help state eligibility workers determine applicants ' eligibility for public assistance programs , including Medicaid , CHIP , the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ( TANF ) , and child care assistance . When information is changed in one database , the reported changes become available to other departments utilizing the system . This system was developed with federal funds and it is available to other states free of charge . The USDA only reports direct fraud and trafficking in benefits , which was officially estimated at $858 million in 2012 . The Cato Institute reports that there was another $2.2 billion in erroneous payouts in 2009 . Cato also reported that the erroneous payout rate dropped significantly from 5.6 percent in 2007 to 3.8 percent in 2011 . Role of SNAP in Healthy diets ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The 2008 Farm Bill authorized $20 million to be spent on pilot projects to determine whether incentives provided to SNAP recipients at the point - of - sale would increase the purchase of fruits , vegetables , or other healthful foods . Fifteen states expressed interest in having the pilot program and , ultimately , five states submitted applications to be considered for HIP . Hampden County , Massachusetts was selected as the Healthy Incentives Pilot ( HIP ) site . HIP is designed to take place from August 2010 to April 2013 with the actual operation phase of the pilot program scheduled to last 15 months , from November 2011 to January 2013 . HIP offers select SNAP recipients a 30 % subsidy on produce , which is credited to the participant 's EBT card , for 15 months . 7,500 households will participate HIP and an equal number will not ; the differences between the two groups will be analyzed to see the effects of the program . Produce , under the HIP , is defined as fresh , frozen , canned , or dried fruits and vegetables that do not have any added sugar , salt , fat , or oil . Administrative responsibility ( edit ) The Massachusetts Department of Transitional Assistance ( DTA ) is the state agency responsible for SNAP . DTA has recruited retailers to take part in HIP and sell more produce , planned for the EBT system change with the state EBT vendor , and hired six new staff members dedicated to HIP . DTA has agreed to provide FNS with monthly reports , data collection and evaluation . Proposals to restrict `` junk food '' or `` luxury items '' ( edit ) Periodically , proposals have been raised to restrict SNAP benefits from being used to purchase various categories or types of food which have been criticized as `` junk food '' or `` luxury items '' . However , Congress and the Department of Agriculture have repeatedly rejected such proposals on both administrative burden and personal freedom grounds . The Food and Nutrition Service noted in 2007 that no federal standards exist to determine which foods should be considered `` healthy '' or not , that `` vegetables , fruits , grain products , meat and meat alternatives account for nearly three - quarters of the money value of food used by food stamp households '' and that `` food stamp recipients are no more likely to consume soft drinks than are higher - income individuals , and are less likely to consume sweets and salty snacks . '' Thomas Farley and Russell Sykes argued that the USDA should reconsider the possibility of restricting `` junk food '' purchases with SNAP in order to encourage healthy eating , along with incentivizing the purchase of healthy items through a credit or rebate program that makes foods such as fresh vegetables and meats cheaper . They also noted that many urban food stores do a poor job of stocking healthy foods and instead favor high - profit processed items . See also ( edit ) Food , Conservation , and Energy Act of 2008 ( 2007 Farm Bill ) Food stamp challenge Lone Star Card ( Texas Electronic Benefit Transfer ) National School Lunch Act Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women , Infants and Children ( WIC ) Department of Agriculture v. Moreno , 413 U.S. 528 ( 1973 ) Lyng v. Castillo , 477 U.S. 635 ( 1986 ) General : Hunger in the United States Social programs in the United States Social safety net Food policy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nutrition Assistance Program Home Page , U.S. Department of Agriculture ( official website ) , March 3 , 2011 ( last revised ) . Accessed March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 ( Report ) . United States Census Bureau . 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` SNAP Monthly Data '' . Fns.usda.gov . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Parke ( May 2012 ) . `` The New Normal : The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) '' . Am. J. Agr . Econ. 95 ( 2 ) : : 325 -- 331 . doi : 10.1093 / ajae / aas043 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program '' . USDA . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of SNAP '' . fns.usda.gov . United States department of Agriculture . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . 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Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Fact Sheet on Resources , Income , and Benefits Archived March 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document `` Report for Congress : Agriculture : A Glossary of Terms , Programs , and Laws , 2005 Edition '' by Jasper Womach . Jump up ^ `` Where is my local office ? '' . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eligible Food Items , United States Department of Agriculture ( official website ) , December 20 , 2013 ( Last modified ) , Accessed July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ State Options Report Archived 2015 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Department of Agriculture . ^ Jump up to : State Options Report , United States Department of Agriculture ( 11th ed . ) , April 2015 . Jump up ^ Erika Rawes , States with the most people on food stamps , Cheat Sheet / USA Today ( January 17 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` SNAP / Food Stamps Provide Real Stimulus `` Food Research & Action Center '' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Joy , Amy Block ( October -- December 2006 ) . `` Cost - benefit analysis conducted for nutrition education in California '' . California Agriculture journal . 60 ( 4 ) : 185 -- 191 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Food stamps offer best stimulus - study '' . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenbaum , Dottie ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` SNAP Is Effective and Efficient '' . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Economists consider SNAP one of the most effective forms of economic stimulus . Moody 's Analytics estimates that in a weak economy , every dollar increase in SNAP benefits generates about $1.70 in economic activity . Similarly , CBO rated an increase in SNAP benefits as one of the two most cost - effective of all spending and tax options it examined for boosting growth and jobs in a weak economy . Jump up ^ `` Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) '' . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Policy Basics : Introduction to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) '' . Center for Budget and Policy Priorititys . March 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Phil Izzo ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` Food - Stamp Use Rises ; Some 15 % Get Benefits '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Households : Fiscal Year 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jalonick , Mary . `` Only 4 states will see cuts to food stamps '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wilde , Parke ( 2013 ) . Food Policy in the US . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1849714297 . Jump up ^ Nord , Mark ; Golla , Marie ( October 2009 ) . `` Does SNAP Decrease Food Insecurity ? Untangling the Self - Selection Effect '' . Economic Research Report No . ( ERR - 85 ) : 23 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Caroline ; Signe - Mary McKernan ( March 2010 ) . `` How Much Does SNAP Reduce Food Insecurity ? '' ( PDF ) . The Urban Institute . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Jiyoon . `` Do SNAP participants expand non-food spending when they receive more SNAP Benefits ? -- Evidence from the 2009 SNAP benefits increase '' . Food Policy . doi : 10.1016 / j. foodpol. 2016.10. 002 . Jump up ^ Rossi , Peter H. Feeding the Poor : Assessing Federal Food Aid . Washington : AEI Press , 1998 p. 28 Jump up ^ * Rossi , Peter H. Feeding the Poor : Assessing Federal Food Aid . Washington : AEI Press , 1998 . p. 36 Jump up ^ `` Feeding the Poor '' . Welfareacademy.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Articles by Lane , S. `` Food Distribution and Food Stamp Program Effects on Food Consumption and Nutritional `` Achievement '' of Low Income Persons in Kern County , California `` . Ajae.oxfordjournals.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Healthy Eating Index Jump up ^ Gregory , Christian ; Ver Ploeg , Michele ; Andrews , Margaret ; Coleman - Jensen , Alisha ( April 2013 ) . `` Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) Participation Leads to Modest Changes in Diet Quality '' ( PDF ) . Economic Research Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) Linkages with the General Economy , Economic Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture ) . Jump up ^ Real Clear Politics : Obama Ag Secretary Vilsack : Food Stamps Are A `` Stimulus . '' August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Effects of Changes in Food Stamp Expenditures Across the U.S. Economy '' . U.S. Department of Agriculture , Economic Research Service . 2002 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mark Zandi , Assessing the Macroeconomic Impact of Economic Impact of Fiscal Stimulus 2008 , Moody 's Analytics ( January 2008 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Food stamps offer best stimulus - study , CNN ( January 29 , 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Food Assistance National Input - Output Multiplier ( FANIOM ) Model and Stimulus Effects of SNAP ( Economic Research Report No . ( ERR - 103 ) '' . Economic Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . October 2010 . p. iv . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Food stamps put Rhode Island town on monthly boom - and - bust cycle '' . The Washington Post . 2013 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Food Stamp Use Soars , and Stigma Fades '' . NYTimes. 2009 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Banjo , Shelly ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) . `` WSJ : Retailers Brace for Reduction in Food Stamps '' . Online.wsj.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Extent of Trafficking in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : 2009 - 2011 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Feds : More Americans selling their food stamps for cash '' . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Feds : Food Stamp Trafficking Up 30 % From 2008 to 2011 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Extent of Trafficking in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : 2009 -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` United States Department of Agriculture - Home '' ( PDF ) . Fns.usda.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` United States Department of Agriculture - Home '' ( PDF ) . Fns.usda.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hearing To Review Updates On Usda Inspector General Audits , Including Snap Fraud Detection Efforts And It Compliance '' . Gpo.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Concannon - Bio , News , Photos '' . Washington Times . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : Payment Errors and Trafficking Have Declined , but Challenges Remain GAO report number GAO - 10 - 956T , July 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ AP Photo . `` Food - stamp fraud : Detroit - area stores swipe millions from aid program '' . Mlive.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` New Restrictions on Bridge Card Use by College Students '' . Michiganpolicy.com. 2011 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bangor food stamp scam dumps water for deposit '' . New.bangordailynews.com. 2010 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Healthy Incentives Program webpage on U.S. Department of Agriculture website '' . Fns.usda.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Healthy Incentives Program -- Timeline webpage on U.S. Department of Agriculture website '' . Fns.usda.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Healthy Incentives Program Evaluation webpage on U.S. Department of Agriculture website '' . Fns.usda.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ IMPLICATIONS OF RESTRICTING THE USE OF FOOD STAMP BENEFITS - SUMMARY Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Food and Nutrition Service , March 2007 Jump up ^ See No Junk Food , Buy No Junk Food . Sykes , Russell & Thomas Farley , The New York Times , 21 March 2015 Sources ( edit ) United States Department of Health and Human Services , `` 2002 Indicators of Welfare Dependence Appendix A : Program Data : Food Stamp Program '' Article based on the USDA Web publication : A Short History of the Food Stamp Program Eisinger , Peter K. Toward an end to hunger in America . Washington : The Brookings Institution , 1998 . MacDonald , Maurice . Food , Stamps , and Income Maintenance . New York : Academic Pres , Inc , 1977 . Gundersen , Craig ; LeBlanc , Michael ; Kuhn , Betsey , `` The Changing Food Assistance Landscape : The Food Stamp Program in a Post-Welfare Reform Environment , United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Economics Report No . ( AER773 ) 36 pp , March 1999 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Agriculture . Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) at Food and Nutrition Service History of the Food Stamp Program video from Center on Budget and Policy Priorities Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About SNAP - July 2013 SNAP / Food Stamp Challenges Food Stamp Fraud - Supermarket Owner Imprisoned for Multi-Million - Dollar Scam ( FBI ) Agencies under the United States Department of Agriculture Headquarters : Jamie L. Whitten Building Sonny Perdue , Secretary of Agriculture Stephen Censky , Deputy Secretary of Agriculture Under Secretary of Agriculture for Natural Resources and Environment Forest Service Office of Environmental Markets Under Secretary of Agriculture for Rural Development * Rural Housing Service Rural Utilities Service Rural Business - Cooperative Service Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food , Nutrition , and Consumer Services Food and Nutrition Service Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food Safety Food Safety and Inspection Service Under Secretary of Agriculture for Research , Education , and Economics Agricultural Research Service Cooperative State Research , Education , and Extension Service Economic Research Service National Agricultural Library National Agricultural Statistics Service National Institute of Food and Agriculture Under Secretary of Agriculture for Marketing and Regulatory Programs Agricultural Marketing Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Grain Inspection , Packers and Stockyards Administration Under Secretary of Agriculture for Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs * * Foreign Agricultural Service Commodity Credit Corporation Under Secretary of Agriculture for Farm Production and Conservation * * Farm Service Agency Risk Management Agency Federal Crop Insurance Corporation Natural Resources Conservation Service Office of the Chief Financial Officer National Finance Center * Reports directly to the Secretary of Agriculture * * Created from Under Secretary of Agriculture for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services Contemporary social welfare programs in the United States Transfer payments Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Social security Supplemental Security Income Social Security Disability Insurance Unemployment insurance Public housing Section 8 ( housing ) Office of Public and Indian Housing Food Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program WIC Child and Adult Care Food Program Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico School meal programs in the United States School Breakfast Program Farmers ' Market Nutrition Program Summer Food Service Program Special Milk Program Nutrition Assistance Grants Reduced - price meal Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations Education Head Start Program Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant Grants & subsidies Community Development Block Grant Child care and development block grant HOME Investment Partnerships Program Housing trust fund Mutual self - help housing NeighborWorks America Urban Partnership Bank HOPE VI Government National Mortgage Association FHA insured loan HUD Neighborhood Networks Renewal community Empowerment zone Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Lifeline State & territory California New York Puerto Rico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program&oldid=830841027 '' Categories : Great Society programs United States Department of Agriculture programs Food security in the United States Federal assistance in the United States Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Congressional Research Service All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 日本語 Русский Simple English தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 06 : 28 . 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8980980064736701938	List of sovereign states by date of formation	List of sovereign states by date of formation - wikipedia List of sovereign states by date of formation Jump to : navigation , search Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation ( date of their independence or of their constitution ) , sorted by continent . This list includes the 195 states which currently are undisputedly sovereign ; it does not include former sovereign states or states with limited recognition . For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation , see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements . Micronations are not included in this list . Nation - building is a long evolutionary process , and in most cases the date of a country 's `` formation '' can not be objectively determined ; e.g. , the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state ( having passed sovereignty to the UK in 1707 ) , while France is a Republic founded in 1792 ( technically , France currently refers to the French Fifth Republic , formed in 1958 ) . An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions ; but as constitutions are an entirely modern concept , all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern ( the oldest constitution being that of San Marino , dating to 1600 ) . Independence dates for widely recognised states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution , since prior to the founding of the League of Nations , there was no international body to recognise nationhood , and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns ( the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War ) . See also : disputed territories . Many countries have some remote ( or fantastically remote ) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology , sometimes artificially inflating a country 's `` age '' for reasons of nationalism , sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formation of an ethnic identity . Such dates reflect not the formation of a state ( an independent political entity ) , but of a nation ( an ethnic or cultural grouping ) , terms that are often conflated in the context of nation states . The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of those events . For a more detailed description of a country 's formation and history please see the main article for each country . Contents 1 List 1.1 Africa 1.2 The Americas 1.3 Asia 1.4 Europe 1.5 Oceania 1.6 Transcontinental states 2 Sortable list 3 See also 4 Notes List ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Acquisition of sovereignty Date Most recent significant territorial modification Algeria 000000001963 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1963 Adoption of the present constitution . 000000001962 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1962 French recognition of Algerian referendum on independence held two days earlier 000000001962 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1962 Algeria gains sovereignty over the entire Algerian territory upon independence from France . Angola 000000001975 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1975 000000001975 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1975 Independence from Portugal Benin 000000001960 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1960 Independence from France 000000001894 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1894 Borders of French Protectorate of Dahomey set at conclusion of Second Franco - Dahomean War Botswana 000000001885 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1885 Establishment of the Bechuanaland Protectorate by the United Kingdom 000000001894 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1894 Extended north into Ngamiland 000000001966 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom Burkina Faso 000000001958 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1958 Self - government achieved and republic within Franco - African Community 000000001947 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1947 Restoration of colonial boundaries used from 1919 -- 1932 000000001960 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 1960 Independence from France Burundi 000000001966 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1966 Monarchy replaced by republic 000000001962 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1962 Independence from Belgium Cape Verde 000000001975 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1975 Independence from Portugal Cameroon 000000001960 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1960 Independence from France 000000001961 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1961 Merger of part of British Cameroons with Cameroon Central African Republic 000000001979 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1979 Monarchy replaced by republic 000000001960 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 1960 Independence from France Chad 000000001960 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1960 Independence from France 000000001997 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1997 Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad Comoros 000000001975 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 1975 Independence from France declared Congo , Democratic Republic of the 000000001960 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1960 000000001884 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1884 Congo Free State recognized as an independent state 000000001960 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1960 Independence from Belgium Congo , Republic of the 000000001960 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1960 Independence from France Ivory Coast 000000001958 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1958 Autonomous republic within French Community 000000001960 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1960 Independence from France Djibouti 000000001977 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1977 Independence from France Egypt June 18 , 1953 Egyptian revolution of 1952 , Republic declared - 999999995000 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 5000 BC Self - government granted 1925 The eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries . 000000001922 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1922 Independence from the United Kingdom Equatorial Guinea 000000001968 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1968 Independence from Spain Eritrea 000000001993 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1993 Independence from Ethiopia declared 000000002002 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2002 Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea -- Ethiopia Boundary Commission ( EEBC after the Eritrean -- Ethiopian War ) . Contested by Ethiopia Ethiopia 000000001975 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1975 Monarchy abolished and replaced by republic - 999999999020 - 01 - 01 - 0000 980 BC Formation of the state of Dʿmt 000000002002 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2002 Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea -- Ethiopia Boundary Commission ( EEBC after the Eritrean -- Ethiopian War ) . Contested by Ethiopia Gabon 000000001960 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1960 Independence from France Gambia 000000001965 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom Ghana 000000001957 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 1957 Independence from the United Kingdom 000000001956 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1956 Union of British Togoland with Gold Coast Guinea 000000001958 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1958 Independence from France Guinea - Bissau 000000001973 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1973 Independence from Portugal declared 000000001974 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1974 Independence from Portugal recognized Kenya 000000001963 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1963 Independence from the United Kingdom Lesotho 000000001966 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom 000000001868 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1868 Area that is now Lesotho placed under British rule Liberia 000000001847 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1847 Independence from American Colonization Society 000000001986 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1986 Current constitution came into effect Libya 000000002014 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2014 Council of Deputies takes power . 000000001951 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 1951 Independence from UN Trusteeship ( British and French administration after Italian governance ends in 1947 ) 000000001984 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1984 Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad . Madagascar 000000001958 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1958 The Malagasy Republic was created as autonomous state within French Community 000000001960 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 1960 France recognizes Madagascar 's independence Malawi 000000001964 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom Mali 000000001958 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1958 French Sudan gains autonomy 000000001960 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1960 Senegal secedes from Mali Federation 000000001960 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1960 Independence from France Mauritania 000000001960 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1960 Independence from France 000000001979 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1979 Mauritania withdraws from Tiris al - Gharbiyya ( part of Western Sahara ) Mauritius 000000001968 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom 000000001965 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1965 Separation of Chagos Archipelago Morocco 000000000789 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 789 Enthronement of Idris I in Volubilis 000000001955 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1955 Protectorate abolished 000000001969 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 1969 Internationally recognized : Return of Ifni to Morocco 000000001666 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1666 Enthronement of Al - Rashid ibn Sharif in Fez 000000001956 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1956 Return of Spanish Morocco to Morocco 000000001987 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1987 Disputed , de facto under Moroccan control : Completion of the Moroccan Wall in Western Sahara Mozambique 000000001975 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1975 Independence from Portugal Namibia 000000001990 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1990 Independence from South African rule 000000001997 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1997 Walvis Bay integrated into Namibia Niger 000000001958 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1958 Autonomy within French Community 000000001960 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1960 Independence from France Nigeria 000000001960 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom 000000001970 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1970 Biafra re-integrated into Nigeria 000000001961 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1961 Northern Cameroons integrated in Nigeria Rwanda 000000001962 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1962 Independence from Belgium São Tomé and Príncipe 000000001975 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1975 Independence from Portugal Senegal 000000001960 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1960 Independence from France Seychelles 000000001976 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1976 Independence from the United Kingdom Sierra Leone 000000001961 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom Somalia 000000002012 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2012 Federal Government of Somalia established . 000000001960 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1960 Union of Trust Territory of Somalia ( former Italian Somaliland ) and State of Somaliland ( formerly British Somaliland ) 000000001991 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1991 ( disputed ) Somaliland declares independence , but is not recognized by any UN state . South Africa 000000001961 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1961 Republic declared 000000001931 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1931 Statute of Westminster , which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self - governing dominion of the Union of South Africa and the UK 000000001997 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1997 Reincorporation of the nominally independent bantustans into post-apartheid South Africa 000000001910 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1910 Creation of the autonomous Union of South Africa from the previously separate colonies of the Cape , Natal , Transvaal and Orange River South Sudan 000000002011 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2011 Separation of Southern Sudan from Sudan Sudan 000000002010 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2010 First democratic election since the Second Sudanese Civil War 000000001956 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1956 Independence from Egyptian and British joint rule 000000002011 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2011 South Sudan secedes from Sudan Swaziland 000000002006 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2006 Constitution of Swaziland 000000001968 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom Tanzania 000000001991 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1991 Amendment to Constitution of Tanzania ends status as one - party state 000000001961 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1961 Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom 000000001964 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1964 Merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form Tanzania Togo 000000001958 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1958 Autonomy within French Union 000000001960 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1960 Independence from France Tunisia 000000002014 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2014 Constitution of Tunisia following the Tunisian Revolution 000000001956 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 1956 Independence from France Uganda 000000001962 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1962 Self - government granted 000000001962 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom Zambia 000000001964 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom Zimbabwe 000000001987 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1987 Robert Mugabe revises the Constitution of Zimbabwe to create an executive presidency . 000000001965 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1965 Unilateral declaration of independence by Southern Rhodesia 000000001901 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1901 BSAC separates North - Eastern Rhodesia from Southern Rhodesia 000000001980 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 1980 Recognized independence from the United Kingdom as Zimbabwe The americas ( edit ) Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Date of acquisition of sovereignty Date Date of most recent significant territorial modification Antigua and Barbuda 000000001981 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom Argentina 000000001853 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1853 The current Constitution of Argentina enters in force 000000001810 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1810 May Revolution installs first local government 000000001884 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1884 Conquest of the Desert 000000001816 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 1816 Argentine Declaration of Independence from Spain . Bahamas 000000001964 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1964 Internal self - governance granted 000000001973 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1973 Independence from the United Kingdom Barbados 000000001966 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom Belize 000000001981 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom 000000001859 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1859 Treaty establishes border between British Honduras and Guatemala 000000001964 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1964 Self - governing colony Bolivia 000000001809 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1809 000000001825 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1825 Bolivian War of Independence from Spain . 000000001903 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1903 Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Brazil whereby Bolivia gained lands in Mato Grosso in exchange for the territory of Acre Brazil 000000001889 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1889 Proclamation of the Republic 000000001822 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1822 Independence from Portugal declared 000000001903 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1903 Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Bolivia whereby Brazil was given the territory of Acre in exchange for lands in Mato Grosso 000000001825 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1825 Independence recognized by Portugal Canada 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 Dominion of Canada established as a federation 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) 000000001949 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1949 Dominion of Newfoundland joins as the province of Newfoundland 000000001931 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1931 Statute of Westminster Chile 000000001989 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1989 Amendment to the Constitution of Chile ends the military dictatorship 000000001818 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1818 Independence declared from Spain 000000001929 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1929 Chile awarded Arica district in Treaty of Lima 000000001844 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 1844 Independence recognized by Spain Costa Rica 000000001949 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1949 Constitution of Costa Rica 000000001821 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1821 Costa Rica declared independence from Spain 000000001824 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1824 Partido de Nicoya 000000001838 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America Cuba 000000001959 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1959 Cuban Revolution 000000001898 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1898 Several wars were declared against Spain from 1868 to 1898 , ending with the military support of USA to the Cuban Revolution . 000000001898 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1898 Spain loses the war against United States and the military occupation of Cuba by USA begins . 000000001902 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1902 United States military occupation ends Dominica 000000001978 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1978 Constitution of Dominica 000000001967 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1967 Became an associated state of the United Kingdom 000000001978 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom Dominican Republic 000000001966 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1966 Civilian constitution of the Dominican Republic following the Dominican Civil War . 000000001865 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1865 Independence from Spain following the Dominican Restoration War 000000001844 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1844 The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti 000000001936 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1936 Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border . Ecuador 000000001809 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1809 000000001822 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1822 Independence from Spain of Gran Colombia , of which Ecuador is a part 000000001942 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1942 Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Peru 000000001830 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 1830 Dissolution of Gran Colombia El Salvador 000000001821 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1821 El Salvador becomes province in First Mexican Empire , which declared independence from Spain 000000001823 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1823 El Salvador becomes a state of Federal Republic of Central America 000000001841 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1841 Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America , El Salvador becomes independent Grenada 000000001967 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom 000000001974 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1974 Full independence from the United Kingdom Guatemala 000000001821 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1821 Guatemala becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America , which declared independence from Spain 000000001839 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1839 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America declared Guyana 000000001966 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom Haiti 000000001987 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1987 Constitution of 1987 ( superseded ) 000000001804 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1804 The French colony Saint - Domingue gains independence as Haiti 000000001844 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1844 The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti 000000001936 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1936 Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border . Honduras 000000001821 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1821 Honduras becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America , which declared independence from Spain 000000001972 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1972 Swan Islands returned to Honduras from United States occupation 000000001838 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America Jamaica 000000001962 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom Mexico 000000001917 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1917 Constitution of Mexico 000000001810 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1810 Independence from Spain declared 000000001853 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1853 Gadsden Purchase 000000001821 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1821 Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire Nicaragua 000000001821 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1821 Nicaragua becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America , which declared independence from Spain 000000001838 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America Panama 000000001903 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1903 Independence from Colombia 000000001999 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1999 Sovereignty of Panama Canal Zone transferred to Panama from the United States Paraguay 000000001992 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1992 Democratic Constitution of Paraguay 000000001811 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1811 Independence from Spain declared 000000001938 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1938 Paraguay awarded a large portion of the Gran Chaco as a result of the Chaco War Peru 000000001821 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1821 Independence from Spain declared 000000001942 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1942 Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Ecuador 000000001879 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1879 Independence from Spain recognized Saint Kitts and Nevis 000000001967 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom 000000001980 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1980 Anguilla separated from Saint Christopher - Nevis - Anguilla 000000001983 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1983 Independence from the United Kingdom Saint Lucia 000000001967 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1967 Associated statehood 000000001979 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 000000001969 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1969 Associated statehood 000000001979 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom Suriname 000000001954 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1954 Self - government granted 000000001975 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1975 Independence from Netherlands Trinidad and Tobago 000000001962 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom United States 000000001787 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1787 Ratification of the United States Constitution replaced the previous Articles of Confederation creating a new system of government 000000001776 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1776 Independence from Great Britain declared 000000001959 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1959 United States territory : Territory of Hawaii joins as the state of Hawaii 000000001783 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 1783 Independence from Great Britain recognized 000000001981 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1981 Insular area : The United States cedes Serrana Bank and Roncador Bank to the Republic of Colombia as a result of a treaty signed in 1972 Uruguay 000000001996 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum , 1996 000000001825 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1825 Independence from Empire of Brazil declared , joined in union with United Provinces of the River Plate ( current Argentina ) . 000000001828 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 1828 Treaty of Montevideo signed , recognizing Uruguay 's independence by Brazil Venezuela 000000001999 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1999 New Constitution of Venezuela establishes the Bolivarian Fifth Republic 000000001810 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1810 Independence from Spain declared 000000001899 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1899 Tribunal of Arbitration awards most of Guayana Esequiba to British Guyana . 000000001830 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1830 Dissolution of Gran Colombia Asia ( edit ) Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Date of acquisition of sovereignty Date Date of most recent significant territorial modification Afghanistan 000000002004 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan establishes Islamic Republic - 999999996800 - 01 - 01 - 0000 3200 BC 3200 -- 2700 BC : Part of Proto - Elamite 000000001747 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1747 Durrani Empire 1893 Durand - Line through Pashtunistan , because of the Durand - Treaty Bahrain 000000001971 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1971 End of treaties with the United Kingdom 000000001521 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1521 Portuguese conquest of current territory Bangladesh 000000001972 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1972 De jure : Constitution of Bangladesh 000000001971 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1971 Independence from Pakistan declared 000000002015 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 2015 India and Bangladesh exchange exclaves 000000001991 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1991 De facto : First general election since restoration of parliamentary democracy . Bhutan 000000002008 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2008 First elections to the National Assembly 000000001885 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1885 Ugyen Wangchuck ends period of civil war and unites Bhutan 000000001865 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1865 Treaty of Sinchula Brunei 000000001959 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1959 De jure : Constitution of Brunei 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1984 Brunei regains its independence after an agreement with the British on 4 January 1979 000000001841 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1841 Kingdom of Sarawak founded 000000001962 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1962 De facto : Martial law declared during the Brunei Revolt , suspending democratic elections indefinitely . Cambodia 000000001993 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1993 Constitution of Cambodia 000000001953 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1953 France grants Cambodia independence 000000001989 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1989 Becomes free from Vietnamese occupation ; it gets back its name instead of the People 's Republic of Kampuchea China 000000001949 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1949 Establishment of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) as the Chinese Civil War nears its end - 999999998200 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1800 BC Beginning of the Shang dynasty 000000002011 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2011 Tajikistan ceded to China 1158 square kilometers India 000000001950 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1950 De jure : Constitution of India - 999999998150 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1850 BC Bharatvarsha ( The Vedic Janapadas ) 000000001947 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1947 Independence from British Empire Iran 000000001979 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1979 Iranian Revolution ends monarchism and establishes an Islamic Republic - 999999996800 - 01 - 01 - 0000 3200 BC 3200 -- 2700 BCE : Part of Proto - Elamite 000000001828 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1828 Signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay , whereby the territories that now constitute Armenia , Azerbaijan ( the remaining part which had n't been lost by the Treaty of Gulistan ( 1813 ) ) , and Igdir are ceded to Russia Iraq 000000002005 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2005 Constitution of Iraq following the Iraq War 000000001932 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1932 Kingdom of Iraq 000000001991 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1991 Kuwait liberated . Israel 000000001948 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1948 Democratic state of Israel . Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel 000000001948 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1948 Independence from the British Mandate of Palestine 000000002005 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2005 Completion of Israel 's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip Japan 000000001947 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 1947 Coming into force of the current Constitution of Japan , whereby the emperor was deprived of his powers and a liberal democracy was established - 999999999340 - 01 - 01 - 0000 660 BC ( Traditional ) Victory of Emperor Jimmu , and the capital established in Yamato . 000000001972 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1972 Return of the Ryukyu Islands to Japan and abolition of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Jordan 000000001952 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1952 Constitution of Jordan 000000001946 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1946 End of the British Mandate for Palestine 000000001997 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 1997 Signing of the Israel -- Jordan Treaty of Peace , whereby most of the disputed 400 square - kilometer area in the Arabah was handed back to Jordan 000000002011 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2011 The Cabinet of Jordan is made an elected body North Korea 000000001948 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1948 Kim Il - sung declared Premier of North Korea , establishing the still - ruling Kim dynasty . 000000001948 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1948 Declaration of creation of North Korea 000000001953 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 1953 Cease - fire in the Korean War creates the southern border along the Military Demarcation Line 000000001972 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1972 Constitution of North Korea replaces Communism with Juche as North Korea 's governing philosophy . South Korea 000000001948 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1948 First Republic of Korea established 000000000676 - 01 - 01 - 0000 676 Korean monarch establishes kingdom over north Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria ( Silla ) 000000001953 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 1953 Cease - fire in the Korean War creates the northern border along the Military Demarcation Line 000000001987 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1987 Current Sixth Republic of South Korea founded , ending military rule Kuwait 000000001962 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1962 Constitution of Kuwait 000000001991 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1991 End of Iraqi occupation ( Gulf War ) 000000001969 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1969 Formal division of Saudi - Kuwaiti neutral zone Kyrgyzstan 000000002010 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 2010 Constitution of Kyrgyzstan introduces parliamentary system . 000000001991 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union 000000001936 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1936 Establishment of the Kirghiz SSR Laos 000000001975 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 1975 Lao PDR formed 000000001953 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1953 Independence from France Lebanon 000000001926 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 1926 Lebanese Republic formed 000000001941 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1941 Independence from France declared 000000001920 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1920 France establishes State of Greater Lebanon with current boundaries 000000001943 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 1943 Independence from France recognized Malaysia 000000001963 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1963 Formation of Malaysia 000000001957 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1957 Malayan Independence from the United Kingdom was declared in Dataran Merdeka ( Independence Square ) 000000001965 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1965 Singapore expelled from the Federation of Malaysia 000000001963 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1963 Malaysia was formed by the federation of North Borneo , Sarawak and Singapore with the existing States of the Federation of Malaya . Maldives 000000001968 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1968 Declaration of Republic 000000001965 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom Mongolia 000000001992 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1992 Constitution of Mongolia declares the country a parliamentary democracy . - 999999999791 - 01 - 01 - 0000 209 BC Xiongnu Empire formed 000000001911 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1911 Proclamation of Mongolian independence from Manchu 's Qing Dynasty Myanmar 000000002011 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2011 The military junta is replaced by an elected government 000000001948 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 1948 Myanmar ( Burma ) declares independence from the British Empire 000000001956 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1956 Signing of border treaty with the People 's Republic of China Nepal 000000002008 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2008 Formation of Republic 000000001768 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1768 Nepali unification 000000001815 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 1815 Sugauli Treaty ends the Gurkha War Oman 000000001749 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 1749 Beginning of the Al Said dynasty , current absolute monarchical line of Oman . 000000001650 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1650 Expulsion of the Portuguese 000000001958 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1958 Gwadar sold to Pakistan 000000001996 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1996 Basic Law of Oman Pakistan 000000001973 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1973 Constitution of Pakistan 000000001947 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1947 Independence from British India in the Partition 000000001971 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1971 De facto : Province of East Pakistan dissolved following the surrender of the Pakistani Army at the end of the Bangladesh Liberation War 000000001974 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1974 De jure : Recognition by Pakistan of Bangladesh as an independent country , whereby Pakistan definitely surrenders claims over the former province of East Pakistan Philippines 000000001935 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 1935 The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established through provisions of the Tydings -- McDuffie Act . 000000001898 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1898 The evolving revolutionary movement in the Philippines declares itself independent from the Spanish Empire . 000000001930 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1930 Under a 1930 maritime boundary treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom seven islands in the Turtle Islands group and the two islands of the Mangsee Islands group were demarcated as forming part of the Philippine Archipelago , U.S. territory at the time . Administration of those islands was transferred by the United Kingdom to the Republic of the Philippines on 16 October 1947 . 000000001946 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1946 The United States recognises independence under the provisions of the Treaty of Manila ( 1946 ) . The 1935 Constitution remained in effect until 1973 , when the Marcos regime promulgated a new a newer one , in turn replaced by the present 1987 Constitution . Qatar 000000001971 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom Saudi Arabia 000000001932 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1932 Regions of Al - Hasa , Qatif , Nejd and Hejaz unified to become Saudi Arabia 000000001744 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1744 Establishment of the First Saudi State 000000002000 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2000 Border with Yemen finalized by Treaty of Jeddah ( 2000 ) Singapore 000000001965 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1965 Singapore ceased to be a state of Malaysia 000000001959 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 1959 Self - government under the United Kingdom 000000001965 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1965 Establishment of Singapore as an independent sovereign state 000000001965 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1965 separate from and independent of Malaysia Sri Lanka 000000001972 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1972 Constitution of Sri Lanka 000000001948 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1948 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001815 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1815 De jure : The Kandyan Kingdom is annexed by British Ceylon 000000002009 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2009 De facto : The Sri Lankan government regains control of the whole island following the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War . Syria 000000002012 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2012 Constitution of Syria 000000001961 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1961 End of the United Arab Republic 000000001941 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1941 Lebanon declares independence from the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon Taiwan ( Republic of China ) 000000001911 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1911 After the Xinhai Revolution the Republic of China formally replaced the Qing Dynasty 000000001949 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 1949 Republic of China government moved to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War 000000001955 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1955 Withdrawal of the Republic of China from the Dachen Archipelago Tajikistan 000000001991 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union 000000001929 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1929 Establishment of the Tajik SSR Thailand 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2017 Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2017 000000001767 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 1767 Expulsion of Burmese and reunification of Thailand 000000001909 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1909 Anglo - Siamese Treaty of 1909 Timor - Leste 000000002002 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2002 Constitution of East Timor 000000001975 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1975 East Timor declares its independence but was suppressed by the Indonesian invasion 000000001914 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1914 The borders of Portuguese Timor are agreed . 000000002002 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2002 Independence was recognized by the international community following the UN-sponsored act of self - determination of 1999 Turkmenistan 000000002008 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2008 Constitution of Turkmenistan 000000001991 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union 000000001921 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1921 Establishment of the Turkmen SSR United Arab Emirates 000000001971 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 1971 End of treaty relationship with the United Kingdom 000000001972 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1972 Ras al - Khaimah joins the UAE Uzbekistan 000000001991 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union declared 000000001924 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1924 Establishment of the Uzbek SSR Vietnam 000000001959 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1959 North Vietnam declared a socialist republic 000000001945 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1945 withdrawal of the Japanese after WWII 000000001976 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 1976 Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2014 Current Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Yemen 000000001990 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1990 Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen 000000001990 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1990 Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen Table notes ^ Philippines : For some clarification and more detail , see Timeline of Philippine Sovereignty . Europe ( edit ) Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Date of acquisition of sovereignty Date Date of most recent significant territorial modification Albania 000000001991 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1991 Socialist People 's Republic of Albania was replaced by the Republic of Albania . 000000001190 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1190 c . Principality of Arbër was established by archon Progon . 000000001945 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1945 Occupied Kosovo , west Macedonia and border region of Montenegro returned to Yugoslavia 000000001912 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1912 Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire 000000001944 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1944 Albanian state re-established after Italian / German occupation Andorra 000000001993 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1993 Current Constitution of Andorra entered force 000000001813 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1813 Reversal of annexation of Andorra by the Napoleonic Empire , through the Peninsular war 000000002001 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2001 The Andorra -- France border is adjusted to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge Austria 000000001918 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1918 Declaration of the Republic of German - Austria 000000001955 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1955 Austrian Independence Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state 000000001921 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1921 City of Sopron , and 8 other towns moved to Hungary after plebiscite 000000001156 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1156 Privilegium Minus : Sovereignty from Duchy of Bavaria as a Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire 000000001804 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1804 Proclamation of the Austrian Empire Belarus 000000001996 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1996 Constitutional amendment abolishes the Supreme Soviet and establishes the National Assembly 000000001990 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 1990 Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic 000000001945 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1945 Curzon Line 000000001991 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1991 Independence recognized by Soviet Union Belgium 000000001831 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1831 King Leopold I of Belgium swears allegiance to the constitution making the country a constitutional monarchy 000000001830 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1830 Independence was proclaimed by the provisonial government 000000001919 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 1919 Belgian proper : Treaty of Versailles and annexation of the East Cantons 000000001962 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1962 Belgian colonial empire : Ruanda - Urundi declares independence and split within two countries : Rwanda and Burundi . Bosnia and Herzegovina 000000001992 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1992 Independence declared from the SFR Yugoslavia 000000001154 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1154 Formation of the Banate of Bosnia 000000001943 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1943 Establishment of SR Bosnia in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Bulgaria 000000001989 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1989 People 's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by the Republic of Bulgaria 000000000632 - 01 - 01 - 0000 632 Formation of Old Great Bulgaria 000000001940 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1940 Under the First and Second Vienna Awards , Southern Dobruja was returned to Kingdom of Bulgaria 000000000681 - 01 - 01 - 0000 681 First Bulgarian Empire formed 000000001185 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1185 Second Bulgarian Empire formed 000000001878 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1878 Autonomy within Ottoman Empire recognized internationally by the Treaty of Berlin 000000001908 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1908 Independence from Ottoman Empire Croatia 000000001991 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1991 Independence from SFR Yugoslavia 000000000626 - 01 - 01 - 0000 626 Formation of Duchy of Croatia 000000001947 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1947 Annexation of most of Istria to SR Croatia as a result of signing the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties 000000000925 - 01 - 01 - 0000 925 Formation of Kingdom of Croatia by King Tomislav Czech Republic 000000001993 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1993 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia , creating Czech Republic and Slovakia 000000000895 - 01 - 01 - 0000 895 Independence from Great Moravia Denmark 000000001953 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1953 Constitutional Act of Denmark 000000000935 - 01 - 01 - 0000 935 ( Or prior ) The Jelling stones , a pair of rune stones considered to be the `` birth certificate '' of Denmark reads : `` King Haraldr ordered this monument made ... who won for himself all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian . '' 000000001920 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1920 Denmark proper : Sønderjylland was recovered from Germany . 000000001944 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 1944 Danish Realm : Kingdom of Iceland secedes from the union . Estonia 000000001918 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1918 Estonian Declaration of Independence , whereby a republic was declared 000000001918 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1918 Independence declared from the Russian Empire 000000001920 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1920 De jure : Signing of the Estonia -- Latvia Border Treaty whereby Valga proper was ceded to Estonia 000000001991 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1991 Independence ( from the Soviet Union ) reasserted , end of occupation 000000001945 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1945 De facto : Eastern coast of Narva river and most of Petseri County were transferred to Russian SFSR Finland 000000001809 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1809 Diet of Porvoo , birth of Finland as an autonomous state entity within Russian Empire 000000001917 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1917 Independence from Russian Empire declared 000000001956 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1956 Porkkala returned from Soviet control 000000001918 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1918 Independence from Russia recognized by the highest Soviet executive body , VTsIK France 000000001958 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1958 Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic 000000000843 - 01 - 01 - 0000 843 Creation of the Kingdom of France ( West Francia ) , Treaty of Verdun 000000001947 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1947 Metropolitan France : Annexation of Tende , La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy . 000000001962 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1962 Overseas France : Loss of the French departments in Algeria following the latter 's independence . Germany 000000001949 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 1949 The Basic Law of Germany comes into effect . 000000001871 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1871 German Realm ( Empire ) founded 000000001990 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1990 Reunification of West Germany and East Germany 000000001954 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1954 German Democratic Republic ( commonly referred to at the time as East Germany ) declared fully sovereign 000000001955 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1955 Federal Republic of Germany ( commonly referred to at the time as West Germany ) declared fully sovereign 000000001991 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1991 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ends the Four Power occupation . Greece 000000001975 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 1975 Third Hellenic Republic 000000001821 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1821 ( Traditional ) 000000001821 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1821 ( Actual ) Greek Revolution starts , various regional administrations established during 1821 000000001947 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1947 Peace treaty with Italy awards the Dodecanese to Greece 000000001822 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1822 First Hellenic Republic proclaimed 000000001832 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1832 Independence recognized ( as Kingdom of Greece ) Hungary 000000001989 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1989 People 's Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Republic of Hungary 000000000895 - 01 - 01 - 0000 895 Principality of Hungary formed 000000001947 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1947 With the Paris Peace Treaty , Hungary loses all territories that were regained with the First and Second Vienna Awards and during World War II , thus it returns to the 1921 borders ( except for three villages in the northwest given to Czechoslovakia ) . 000000001000 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1000 Formation of the Kingdom of Hungary by Stephen I of Hungary . Iceland 000000000930 - 01 - 01 - 0000 930 The Icelandic Commonwealth established . 000000001944 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 1944 Secedes from a Union with Denmark formally as an independent republic . 000000001972 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1972 No territorial changes on land have taken place , however the expansion of the Exclusive Economic Zone was such an important change in territory for Iceland that it merits a special inclusion here . 000000001845 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1845 First meeting of the modern Althing . Ireland 000000001919 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1919 Elected Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann unilaterally declares Ireland 's independence from the United Kingdom 000000001922 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1922 Irish Free State secedes from United Kingdom by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo - Irish Treaty but remains a dominion of the British Empire 000000001922 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1922 De facto : Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State and rejoins the United Kingdom in accordance with the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 000000001931 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1931 Statute of Westminster confers legislative independence from the United Kingdom 000000001937 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1937 Constitution of Ireland establishes the roles of Taoiseach and President , and replaces the Irish Free State with a new state named Ireland or Éire . 000000001949 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 1949 Republic of Ireland Act 1948 declares the state to be a republic and thus no longer subject in any way to the British Crown 000000001999 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 1999 De jure : Amendment to the Irish constitution removes irredentist claims to Northern Ireland . Italy 000000001948 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1948 Constitution of Italy creating the Italian Republic 000000001861 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1861 Italian unification 000000000476 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 476 Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy , an independent successor state created after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire 000000000888 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 888 c . Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Italy , an independent successor state of the dissolved Carolingian Empire 000000001945 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 1945 Disestablishment of the German - backed Italian Social Republic , whereby the unity and independence of the Italian state was restored 000000001948 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1948 The Peace treaty with Italy officially determines the boundaries of the Republic of Italy . The Italian Constitution of 1948 implements it at articles 10 and 117 . Latvia 000000001922 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1922 Constitution of Latvia enforced 000000001918 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1918 Independence declared from Russia 000000001944 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1944 Abrene district ceded to Russian SFSR ( modern Russia ) 000000001990 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1990 Independence ( from Soviet Union ) reasserted Liechtenstein 000000002003 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2003 The Liechtenstein constitutional referendum , 2003 increases the Prince 's powers and makes the country an absolute monarchy 000000001813 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1813 Dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine 000000001719 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 1719 Purchase of Vaduz Lithuania 000000001990 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania independence ( from the Soviet Union ) reasserted , end of occupation 000000001253 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1253 Coronation of King Mindaugas ( state established some time earlier , perhaps in the 1230s ) 000000001939 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1939 and 000000001940 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1940 Western part ( approximately half ) of Vilnius Region ceded to Lithuania 000000001918 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1918 Independence declared from Germany and Russia Luxembourg 000000001890 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1890 Separates from union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands , becomes Grand Duchy in its own right 000000001945 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1945 End of German occupation during World War II 000000001839 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1839 Partition of Luxembourg under the Treaty of London Macedonia 000000001991 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 1991 Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia 000000001991 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 1991 After a referendum , the Socialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia 000000001944 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1944 Establishment of SR Macedonia Malta 000000001974 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1974 The State of Malta became a republic 000000001964 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1964 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001801 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1801 Gozo rejoined Malta Moldova 000000001997 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 1997 Constitution of Moldova ( 1997 ) 000000001991 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 1991 Independence from Soviet Union 000000001940 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1940 De jure : Moldavian SSR formed 000000001990 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1990 De facto : Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic declares independence . The government is not recognized by any UN member , but has de facto control over the Transnistria region . Monaco 000000001962 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1962 Amendment to Constitution of Monaco curtails the power of the prince and establishes the modern National Council 000000001861 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1861 Franco - Monegasque Treaty confirms Monaco 's sovereignty ( formerly a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia ) 000000001848 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1848 Secession of Menton and Roquebrune - Cap - Martin . Montenegro 000000002007 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2007 Constitution of Montenegro 000000001077 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1077 Formation of Kingdom of Duklja / Zeta by King Mihajlo I 000000001943 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1943 Establishment of SR Montenegro 000000001878 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1878 Independence officially confirmed by Ottoman Empire internationally by the Treaty of Berlin other countries recognized earlier . 000000002006 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2006 Declaration of independence from Serbia and Montenegro . Netherlands 000000001815 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1815 Adoption of the constitution of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands . 000000001581 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1581 Plakkaat van Verlatinghe signed , independence from Spain 000000001839 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1839 European Netherlands : The United Kingdom of the Netherlands divided under the Treaty of London ( 1839 ) . 000000001954 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1954 Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands signed 000000001945 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1945 Surrender of Nazi forces occupying the Netherlands 000000001975 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1975 Kingdom of the Netherlands : Suriname declares independence . Norway 000000001814 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1814 Constitution of Norway 000000000872 - 01 - 01 - 0000 872 King Harald I of Norway unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway . 000000001930 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1930 Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway . 000000001814 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1814 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Denmark 000000001905 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1905 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden 000000001945 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1945 German occupying forces surrender . Poland 000000001989 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1989 The first partially free Parliament 's vote after 45 - year - long Soviet domination 000000000966 - 01 - 01 - 0000 966 adoption of Christianity by the first historically documented Polish ruler Mieszko I . 000000001951 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1951 Polish - Soviet border adjustment treaty 000000001025 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1025 formation of the Kingdom of Poland by Mieszko 's son Bolesław I Chrobry . Portugal 000000001976 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1976 Constitution of Portugal 000000001139 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1139 County of Portugal becomes independent from the Kingdom of León after the Battle of Ourique as part of the Reconquista . Recognized by León in 1143 and by the Pope in 1179 . 000000001801 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1801 Continental Portugal : Spain occupies the present day border town of Olivença since the War of the Oranges . 000000001999 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1999 Portuguese Overseas : De facto : Portuguese Macau transferred to the People 's Republic of China 000000002002 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2002 Portuguese Overseas : De jure : Portuguese Timor , occupied by Indonesia since 1975 , officially dissolved to form the independent state of East Timor . Romania 000000001989 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1989 Romanian Revolution of 1989 000000001877 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1877 Independence declared from the Ottoman Empire 000000001947 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1947 Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 000000001878 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1878 International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin . San Marino 000000001600 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1600 Constitution of San Marino 000000000301 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 301 Traditional founding 000000001463 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1463 Added Fiorentino , Montegiardino , Serravalle , and Faetano 000000001243 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1243 Formation of republican government Serbia 000000002006 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 2006 Republic of Serbia declared legal successor to Serbia and Montenegro , ending the process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia . 000000000768 - 01 - 01 - 0000 768 Independence of Serbian Principality from the Byzantine Empire . 000000002008 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2008 ( disputed ) The region of Kosovo declared independence unilaterally on 17 February 2008 , and is recognized by 108 UN states . Serbia recognizes the government of Kosovo but claims its territory as an Autonomous Province . Slovakia 000000001993 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1993 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 000000001993 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1993 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia , creating Slovakia and Czech Republic Slovenia 000000001991 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1991 Constitution of Slovenia 000000001991 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1991 Declaration of independence from Yugoslavia 000000001991 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1991 Spain 000000001978 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1978 Spanish Constitution 000000001976 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1976 Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords 000000001479 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1479 1479 : Territorial and religious unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon by the Catholic Monarchs , and under the House of Austria ( 1516 ) . The governments , institutions , and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other . Alien laws ( Leyes de extranjeria ) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns / States . Spain , in the 16th and 17th centuries , was the name of the Iberian Peninsula . 000000001715 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1715 De Jure 000000001831 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1831 Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creation de jure , of the unified Kingdom of Spain . Sweden 000000001974 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1974 Instrument of Government 000000000970 - 01 - 01 - 0000 970 ( Or prior ) Eric the Victorious , the first king of Sweden about whom anything definite is known , becomes king . 000000001809 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1809 Loss of Finland to Imperial Russia . 000000001523 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1523 Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden and marking a definite secession from the Kalmar Union . Switzerland 000000001848 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1848 Foundation of the federal state after Sonderbund war 000000001291 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1291 Traditional founding 000000001815 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1815 The cantons of Valais , Neuchâtel and Geneva join the Swiss Confederation . 000000001815 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1815 Restoration of the Ancien Régime ( federalism ) , reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte . Ukraine 000000001991 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1991 Independence from Soviet Union 999999999999 - 99 - 99 - 0000 000000002014 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2014 Annexation of Crimea by Russia 000000001918 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1918 Independence of Ukrainian People 's Republic from Russian Republic declared . 000000001991 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1991 Independence of former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from Soviet Union declared . United Kingdom 000000001800 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1800 The Acts of Union united the two kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 000000000927 - 01 - 01 - 0000 927 Kingdom of Wessex Kingdom of England United with Scotland in 1707 ( devolved Parliament as of 1999 ) 000000001922 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1922 then 000000001922 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1922 Irish Free State secedes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo - Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 , and Northern Ireland opts to exclude itself from the Free State two days later . 000000000843 - 01 - 01 - 0000 843 Kingdom of Scotland United with England in 1707 000000001707 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1707 Kingdom of Great Britain 000000001997 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1997 British Overseas Territories : Hong Kong is transferred to the People 's Republic of China 000000001171 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1171 then 000000001542 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1542 Lordship of Ireland Kingdom of Ireland 000000001216 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1216 Principality of Wales United with or annexed to England in 1542 Vatican City 000000001274 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1274 Birth of current form of government the Papal conclave in 1274 000000001929 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1929 Ratification of the Lateran Treaty , making the Vatican City a sovereign State 000000001929 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1929 Signing of the Lateran Treaty Oceania ( edit ) Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Date of acquisition of sovereignty Date Date of most recent significant territorial modification Australia 000000001901 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1901 Commonwealth of Australia established as federation . 000000001901 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1901 Independence from United Kingdom . 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1975 Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia Fiji 000000001970 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1970 Independence from United Kingdom Kiribati 000000001979 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1979 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001975 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1975 Separation of Gilbert Islands ( later Kiribati ) and Ellice Islands ( later Tuvalu ) Marshall Islands 000000001979 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1979 Constitution and local government established 000000001986 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 1986 Compact of Free Association with the United States Federated States of Micronesia 000000001979 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1979 Constitution ratified 000000001986 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1986 Compact of Free Association with the United States 000000001979 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1979 Yap , Chuuk , Pohnpei , and Kosrae unite to form the Federated States of Micronesia Nauru 000000001968 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1968 Independence from UN Trusteeship ( Australian , British and New Zealand administration ends ) New Zealand 000000001840 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1840 Treaty of Waitangi between the British Crown and the indigenous Māori tribes cedes kawanatanga of New Zealand to Queen Victoria . 000000001853 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1853 Self - Government 000000001962 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1962 Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand . It is also the first small - island country in the Pacific to become independent . 000000001856 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 1856 Responsible Government 000000001907 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1907 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) . 000000001926 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 1926 Balfour Declaration of 1926 -- Great Britain and the Dominions are `` autonomous Communities within the British Empire , equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs '' 000000001938 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 1938 Governor - General ceases to represent the British Government and becomes the personal representative of the King . 000000001947 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1947 Statute of Westminster adopted -- Britain loses the power to legislate for New Zealand except by request 000000001947 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1947 Full power to amend own constitution 000000001967 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1967 Governor - General becomes a New Zealand appointment Palau 000000001981 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1981 Republic of Palau created upon adoption of constitution 000000001994 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1994 Emerged from United Nations trusteeship ( administered by the United States ) . Papua New Guinea 000000001973 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1973 Self - governing territory 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1975 Independence from Australia Samoa 000000001962 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1962 Independence from New Zealand Solomon Islands 000000001976 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1976 Self - government granted by United Kingdom 000000001978 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1978 Independence from United Kingdom Tonga 000000001970 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1970 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001845 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1845 Unification of what is now the islands of Tonga by George Tupou I of Tonga Tuvalu 000000001975 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1975 Separation of Gilbert Islands ( later Kiribati ) and Ellice Islands ( later Tuvalu ) 000000001978 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1978 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001979 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1979 Treaty with United States recognizing Tuvaluan control over Funafuti , Nukufetau , Nukulaelae , and Niulakita atolls Vanuatu 000000001980 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 1980 Independence from joint British - French condominium Transcontinental states ( edit ) Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Date of acquisition of sovereignty Date Date of most recent significant territorial modification Armenia 000000002015 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2015 Armenian constitutional referendum , 2015 creates a parliamentary republic 000000001918 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 1918 Establishment of the Republic of Armenia . 000000001936 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1936 Establishment of the Armenian SSR 000000001991 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1991 Independence recognized by the Soviet Union Azerbaijan 000000001991 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1991 Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union 000000001918 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 1918 Establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic . 000000001920 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1920 Establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR Colombia 000000001886 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1886 Creation of the Republic of Colombia 000000001810 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1810 Independence declared from Spain 000000001903 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia 000000001819 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1819 Independence recognized by Spain 1830 Dissolution of Gran Colombia Cyprus 000000001960 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1960 Constitution of Cyprus establishes consocial government . Consociationalism de facto suspended in 1963 . 000000001960 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1960 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001974 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1974 Establishment of the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus 000000001983 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1983 ( disputed ) Northern Cyprus declares independence . The government has de facto control of the northern part of the island , but is only recognised by Turkey Egypt 000000001952 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1952 Egyptian Revolution of 1952 000000001922 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1922 Unilateral recognition of independence by the United Kingdom but continued British military occupation 000000001982 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 1982 Withdrawal of last Israeli troops and settlers from Sinai as agreed upon in the peace treaty with Israel 000000002014 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2014 New Egyptian constitution enters force following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état 000000001956 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1956 Withdrawal of last British troops from the Suez Canal Zone 000000001961 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1961 De facto disestablishment of the United Arab Republic following a military coup in Damascus Georgia 000000001991 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union declared 000000001918 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1918 Establishment of the Democratic Republic of Georgia 000000001992 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1992 Abkhazia asserted its declared independence from the Soviet Union 000000001991 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1991 South Ossetia declared independence from Georgia Indonesia 000000001945 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1945 Ratification of the Constitution of Indonesia by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence 000000001945 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1945 Indonesian Declaration of Independence from Netherlands 000000002002 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2002 Independence of East Timor , formerly administered as a province of Indonesia 000000001949 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1949 Independence from the Netherlands recognized Kazakhstan 000000001995 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1995 Constitution of Kazakhstan 000000001991 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union 000000001936 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1936 Establishment of the Kazakh SSR 000000001993 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1993 ( disputed ) Baikonur Cosmodrome and surrounding areas leased to Russia . Panama 000000001903 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia , independence from Spain 000000001979 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1979 Panama Canal Zone Russia 000000001993 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1993 Russian constitutional referendum , 1993 replaces the Supreme Soviet with the Federal Assembly and increases presidential power . 000000001480 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1480 Grand Duchy of Muscovy secures its independence from the Golden Horde 000000002014 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2014 ( disputed ) Annexation of Crimea by Russia 000000001990 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1990 Russian SFSR declares sovereignty over its own territory Turkey 000000001923 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1923 Turkey transitions into a republic from empire . 000000001299 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1299 The foundation of the Turkish State of the Ottoman Empire . 000000001939 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1939 Turkey annexes the once Syrian province of Hatay . Sortable list ( edit ) In this list , `` date of last subordination '' refers to the last date of control by an external government . The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence from decolonization ( e.g. 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from United Kingdom and France between 1956 and 1966 ) or dissolution of a political union ( e.g. 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from Soviet Union and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992 ) . In other cases , a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence ( e.g. 6 current states gained control of sovereignty from Nazi Germany between 1944 and 1945 ) . Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory , whether or not legitimized by international recognition . In a union such as Czechoslovakia , the Soviet Union , or the Kalmar Union , one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power -- generally where the seat of government was located . The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case . If England is viewed as the dominant member , then history can be traced from Roman conquest , Saxon invasions , 10th century unification , and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707 . However , if viewed from a Scottish perspective , an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England ( with a brief annexation by England from 1657 to 1660 ) . Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England . Country Continent First acquisition of sovereignty Date of last subordination Previous governing power Notes Afghanistan Asia 000000001709 - 04 - 01 - 0000 Apr 1709 000000001823 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1823 Durrani Empire 2001 -- present : Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 1992 -- 2001 : Islamic State of Afghanistan ( UN-supported occupation by United States in 2001 ) 1978 -- 92 : Democratic Republic of Afghanistan ( occupied by Soviet Union 1979 - 89 ) 1973 -- 78 : Republic of Afghanistan 1926 -- 29 ; 1929 -- 73 : Kingdom of Afghanistan 1823 -- 1926 ; 1929 : Emirate of Afghanistan ( Treaty of Rawalpindi granted sovereignty from United Kingdom in 1919 ) 1747 -- 1826 : Durrani Empire 1736 -- 1796 : Part of Afsharid Empire . 1709 -- 1736 : Hotaki Empire 1526 -- 1709 : Part of Mughal Empire . 1370 -- 1526 : Part of Timurid Kingdom . 1256 -- 1335 : Part of Ilkhanate . 1294 -- 1370 : Part of Chagatai Khanate . 1219 -- 1294 Part of Mongol Empire . 1077 -- 1219 : Part of Khwarazemid Empire 1037 -- 1077 : Part of the Great Seljuq Empire . 963 -- 1187 : Part of Ghaznavid Empire . 861 -- 963 : Part of Saffarid Emirate . 821 -- 861 : Part of various territories governed by the Tahirids . 750 -- 821 : Part of the Abbasid Caliphate . 708 -- 750 : Part of the Umayyad Caliphate . 632 -- 708 : Yagbu of Tukhara . 224 -- 632 ; Part of the Sassanid Empire . 227 BCE -- 224 : Part of the Parthian Empire . 312 BCE -- 227 BCE : Part of the Seleucid Empire . 336 BCE -- 312 BCE : Part of the Macedonian Empire . 549 BCE -- 336 BCE : Part of the Achaemenid Empire . 678 BCE -- 545 BCE : Part of the Median Empire . Before 678 BCE various Indo - Iranian tribes and early Iranian city - states . Albania Europe 000000001912 - 11 - 28 - 0000 Nov 28 , 1912 000000001944 - 11 - 01 - 0000 Nov 1944 Germany 1992 -- present : Republic of Albania 1944 -- 92 : People 's Socialist Republic of Albania 1928 -- 44 : Albanian Kingdom ( de facto protectorate of Italy 1928 - 1939 ; occupied by Italy 1939 - 43 ; occupied by Germany 1943 - 44 ) 1925 -- 28 : Albanian Republic ( de facto protectorate of Italy ) 1914 -- 25 : Principality of Albania ( via Albanian Declaration of Independence ) 1912 -- 14 : Provisional Government of Albania 1479 -- 1912 : Part of Ottoman Empire 1444 -- 79 : League of Lezhë 1190 -- 1444 : Various Albanian principalities Before 1190 : Part of Byzantine Empire Algeria Africa 000000001962 - 07 - 03 - 0000 Jul 3 , 1962 000000001962 - 07 - 03 - 0000 Jul 3 , 1962 France 1962 -- present : People 's Democratic Republic of Algeria ( via Évian Accords ) 1830 -- 1962 : integral part of France ( as French Algeria ) 1556 -- 1830 : part of the Ottoman Empire ( as the Eyalet of Algiers ) Andorra Europe 000000001278 - 09 - 07 - 0000 Sep 7 , 1278 000000001944 - 11 - 01 - 0000 Nov 1944 France 1278 -- present : Principality of Andorra ( via Paréage of Andorra ; occupied by France 1812 - 13 , 1870 , 1914 , 1936 , 1939 , 1944 ) Angola Africa 000000001975 - 11 - 11 - 0000 Nov 11 , 1975 000000001975 - 11 - 11 - 0000 Nov 11 , 1975 Portugal 1992 -- present : Republic of Angola 1975 -- 1992 : People 's Republic of Angola ( via the Alvor Agreement ) 1575 -- 1975 : Portuguese Angola ( colony of Portugal ) Antigua and Barbuda The Americas 000000001981 - 11 - 01 - 0000 Nov 1 , 1981 000000001981 - 11 - 01 - 0000 Nov 1 , 1981 United Kingdom 1981 -- present : Antigua and Barbuda 1632 -- 1981 : Colony of England / Great Britain / United Kingdom ( ruled by France in 1666 ) Before 1632 : Inhabited by indigenous peoples of the Americas Argentina The Americas 000000001810 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1810 000000001816 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 1816 Spain 1861 -- present : Argentine Republic 1831 -- 1861 : Argentine Confederation 1810 -- 1831 : Part of the United Provinces of the River Plate ( via the May Revolution ; on 9 July 1816 , the Congress of Tucumán issued formal Declaration of Independence ) 1776 -- 1810 : Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( colony of Spain ) 1542 -- 1824 : Part of Viceroyalty of Peru ( colony of Spain ) 1528 -- 1542 : Part of Spanish colony Before 1528 : Inhabited by indigenous peoples of the Americas , including the Inca Empire Armenia Transcontinental - Asia / Europe - 999999997508 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2492 BC 000000001991 - 09 - 23 - 0000 Sep 23 , 1991 Soviet Union 1991 -- present : Republic of Armenia 1920 -- 1991 : Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 1918 -- 1920 : Democratic Republic of Armenia 1829 -- 1918 : Part of Russian empire Before 1829 : Part of Ottoman Empire 321 BC -- AD 428 : First independent as Kingdom of Armenia 549 BC -- 331 BC : Part of Achaemenid Empire 860 BC -- 590 BC : Kingdom of Ararat 1114 BC -- 860 BC : Nairi 1300 BC -- 1190 BC : Arme - Shupria 1500 BC -- 1290 BC : Hayasa - Azzi 2492 BC : Traditional foundation Australia Oceania 000000001901 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1 , 1901 000000001942 - 10 - 09 - 0000 Oct 9 , 1942 United Kingdom 1901 -- present : Commonwealth of Australia ( via Constitution of Australia ) 1788 -- 1901 : Part of British empire Before 1788 : Inhabited by Indigenous Australians Austria Europe 000000001918 - 11 - 12 - 0000 Nov 12 , 1918 000000001955 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1955 World War II Allies ( Allied - occupied Austria ) 1955 -- present : Republic of Austria ( via Austrian State Treaty ) 1945 -- 55 : Allied - occupied Austria 1938 -- 45 : Occupied by Nazi Germany 1934 -- 38 : Federal State of Austria ( client state of Italy ) 1919 -- 34 : First Republic of Austria ( via Treaty of Saint Germain ) 1918 -- 19 : Republic of German - Austria ( via Proclamation of Charles I ) 1867 -- 1918 : Austria - Hungary ( via Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 ) 1804 -- 67 : Austrian Empire 1457 -- 1804 : Archduchy of Austria ( state of the Holy Roman Empire ) 1156 -- 1457 : Duchy of Austria ( state of the Holy Roman Empire ) Azerbaijan Transcontinental - Asia / Europe 000000001918 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 1918 000000001991 - 08 - 30 - 0000 Aug 30 , 1991 Soviet Union 1995 -- present : Republic of Azerbaijan ( independence from Soviet Union declared 1991 ; constitution adopted 1995 ) 1920 - 1995 : Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 1918 - 1920 : Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1824 - 1918 : Part of Russian Empire 1796 -- 1824 : Part of Qajar Empire 1747 -- 1796 : Part of Afsharid Dynasty ( 1760 -- 1794 ) : Part of Zand Dynasty 1736 -- 1747 : Part of Afsharid Empire ( 1722 -- 1729 ) : Part of Hotaki Dynasty 1501 -- 1736 : Part of Safavid Empire 1468 -- 1508 : Part of Agh Qoyunlu 1405 -- 1507 : Part of Timurid Dynasty 1406 -- 1468 : Part of Qara Qoyunlu 1370 -- 1405 : Part of Timurid Empire 1337 -- 1376 : Part of Sarbadars 1336 -- 1432 : Part of Jalayirid Dynasty 1335 -- 1393 : Part of Muzaffarid Dynasty 1335 -- 1357 : Part of Chobanid Dynasty 1256 -- 1335 : Part of Ilkhanate Empire 1077 -- 1231 : Part of Khwarazmian Empire 1037 -- 1194 : Part of Great Seljuq Empire 963 -- 1186 : Part of Ghaznavid Empire 875 -- 999 : Part of Samanid Dynasty 934 -- 1055 : Part of Buyid Dynasty 867 -- 1002 : Part of Saffarid Dynasty 928 -- 1043 : Part of Ziyarid Dynasty 750 -- 1258 : Part of Abbasid Caliphate 661 -- 750 : Part of Umayyad Caliphate ( 642 -- 759 / 760 ) : Part of Dabuyid dynasty 224 -- 651 : Part of Sassanid Empire 247 BCE -- 224 CE : Part of Parthian Empire 312 -- 63 BCE : Part of Seleucid Empire 550 -- 330 BCE : Part of Achaemenid Empire ( 652 -- 625 BCE ) : Part of Scythian Kingdom 678 -- 550 BCE : Part of Median Empire 850 -- 616 BCE : Part of Mannaeans 2700 -- 539 BCE : Part of Elam 3200 -- 2700 BCE : Part of Proto - Elamite Bahamas The Americas 000000001973 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1973 000000001973 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1973 United Kingdom 1973 -- present : Commonwealth of the Bahamas ( Self - government gained from the United Kingdom in 1964 ; independence gained on 10 July 1973 ) 1718 - 1973 : Part of the British West Indies 1492 - 1718 : Part of the Spanish Empire 500to 800 - 1492 : Inhabited by the Lucayans Bahrain Asia 000000001971 - 12 - 16 - 0000 Dec 16 , 1971 000000001971 - 12 - 16 - 0000 Dec 16 , 1971 United Kingdom 1971 -- present : Kingdom of Bahrain 1861 -- 1971 : Protectorate of the British Empire by way of the Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship 1783 -- 1861 : Ruled by the Bani Utbah 1717 -- 1783 : Ruled by Oman after a successful invasion 1602 -- 1717 : Part of Persia under the Safavid dynasty 1521 -- 1602 : Part of the Portuguese Empire Mid-1400s -- 1521 : Ruled by the Jabrid dynasty 1253 - mid -- 1400s : Ruled by the usfurid dynasty 1076 -- 1235 : Ruled by the Uyunid dynasty 976 -- 1076 : Ruled as part of the Abbasid Caliphate 899 -- 976 : Ruled by the Qarmatians 3rd Century CE -- 899 : Ruled by the Sassanids of Persia 130 BCE -- 3rd Century BCE : Ruled by the Parthians 6th Century BCE -- 3rd Century BCE : Part of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenids 4th millennium BCE -- 6th century BCE : Dilmun civilization Bangladesh Asia 000000001971 - 03 - 26 - 0000 Mar 26 , 1971 000000001971 - 12 - 16 - 0000 Dec 16 , 1971 Pakistan 1972 -- present : People 's Republic of Bangladesh 1971 -- 1972 : Provisional Government of the People 's Republic of Bangladesh 1955 -- 1971 : East Pakistan ( Part of Pakistan ) 1947 -- 1955 : East Bengal ( Part of Pakistan ) 1858 -- 1947 : Part of the British Raj 1717 -- 1880 : Ruled by the Nawabs ( Lost ruling power after the Battle of Plassey ) 1576 -- 1717 : Part of the Mughal Empire 1556 -- 1576 : Ruled by the Karrani Dynasty 1540 -- 1556 : Ruled by the Sur dynasty 1538 -- 1540 : Part of the Mughal Empire 1494 -- 1538 : Ruled by the Hussain Shahi Dynasty 1414 -- 1494 : Ruled by the Ganesha Dynasty 1342 -- 1487 : Shamsuddin lliyas Shah ruled an independent city - state within modern Bangladesh Barbados The Americas 000000001966 - 11 - 30 - 0000 Nov 30 , 1966 000000001966 - 11 - 30 - 0000 Nov 30 , 1966 United Kingdom Belarus Europe 000000001990 - 07 - 27 - 0000 Jul 27 , 1990 000000001991 - 08 - 25 - 0000 Aug 25 , 1991 Soviet Union 1990 - present : Republic of Belarus 1943 -- 1990 : Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1941 -- 1943 : Occupation by Nazi Germany 1922 -- 1941 : Byelorussian SSR as part of Soviet Union ( USSR ) 1920 -- 1922 : Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1919 -- 1919 : Lithuanian -- Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1795 -- 1919 : Part of the Russian Empire as Belarusian People 's Republic 1569 -- 1795 : Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth 1236 -- 1569 : Part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania 987 : Principality of Polotsk Belgium Europe 000000001830 - 10 - 04 - 0000 Oct 4 , 1830 000000001945 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1945 Germany 1830 -- present : Kingdom of Belgium 1813 -- 1830 : Part of the Netherlands 1795 -- 1813 : Ruled by France 1713 -- 1795 : Austrian Netherlands 1581 -- 1714 : Spanish Netherlands Belize The Americas 000000001981 - 09 - 21 - 0000 Sep 21 , 1981 000000001981 - 09 - 21 - 0000 Sep 21 , 1981 United Kingdom Benin Africa 000000001960 - 08 - 01 - 0000 Aug 1 , 1960 000000001960 - 08 - 01 - 0000 Aug 1 , 1960 France 1990 -- present : Republic of Benin 1975 -- 1990 : People 's Republic of Benin 1958 -- 1975 : Republic of Dahomey ( French self - governing colony ) 1904 -- 1958 : French Dahomey ( as part of French West Africa ) 1894 -- 1904 : Kingdom of Dahomey ( French Protectorate ) 1904 -- c. 1600 : Kingdom of Dahomey ( African kingdom ) Bhutan Asia 000000001634 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1634 000000001634 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1634 ( none ) Autonomous since at least the 10th century . Unified 1634 , after the Battle of Five Lamas . Early history is sketchy , but may have been part of Kamarupa kingdom , and may have been occupied by Tibetan - Mongol forces ca . 10th century . Bolivia The Americas 000000001825 - 08 - 06 - 0000 Aug 6 , 1825 000000001825 - 08 - 06 - 0000 Aug 6 , 1825 Spain 1836 -- 39 as dominant partner in Peru -- Bolivian Confederation , governed from Tacna , Peru . Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 000000001377 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1377 000000001992 - 03 - 03 - 0000 Mar 3 , 1992 Yugoslavia 1997 -- present : Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992 -- 1997 : Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1945 -- 1992 : Part of Independent State of Croatia ( Nazi Germany invasion ) 1918 -- 1941 : Part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1878 -- 1918 : Part of Austria - Hungary Empire 1463 -- 1878 : Part of Ottoman Empire 1377 -- 1463 : Kingdom of Bosnia 1154 - 1377 : Banate of Bosnia ( subject to Kingdom of Hungary ) Botswana Africa 000000001966 - 09 - 30 - 0000 Sep 30 , 1966 000000001966 - 09 - 30 - 0000 Sep 30 , 1966 United Kingdom Brazil The Americas 000000001822 - 09 - 07 - 0000 Sep 7 , 1822 000000001822 - 09 - 07 - 0000 Sep 7 , 1822 United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves Brunei Asia 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1 , 1984 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1 , 1984 United Kingdom Previously occupied by Japan Bulgaria Europe 000000000681 - 01 - 01 - 0000 681 000000001908 - 10 - 05 - 0000 Oct 5 , 1908 Ottoman Empire Occupied by Byzantine Empire 1018 -- 1185 and Ottoman Empire 1393 -- 1908 . Burkina Faso Africa 000000001960 - 08 - 05 - 0000 Aug 5 , 1960 000000001960 - 08 - 05 - 0000 Aug 5 , 1960 France Burundi Africa 000000001962 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1962 000000001962 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1962 Belgium Cambodia Asia 000000000802 - 01 - 01 - 0000 802 000000001953 - 11 - 09 - 0000 Nov 9 , 1953 France Khmer Empire founded 802 according to Sdok Kok Thom Inscription Cameroon Africa 000000001960 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1 , 1960 000000001961 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1961 United Kingdom French Cameroons gained independence in 1960 ; added British Southern Cameroons in 1961 . Canada The Americas 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 000000001931 - 12 - 11 - 0000 Dec 11 , 1931 United Kingdom Dominion status 1867 , Statute of Westminster 1931 . Cape Verde Africa 000000001975 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1975 000000001975 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1975 Portugal Central African Republic Africa 000000001960 - 08 - 13 - 0000 Aug 13 , 1960 000000001960 - 08 - 13 - 0000 Aug 13 , 1960 France Chad Africa 000000001960 - 08 - 11 - 0000 Aug 11 , 1960 000000001960 - 08 - 11 - 0000 Aug 11 , 1960 France Chile The Americas 000000001810 - 09 - 18 - 0000 Sep 18 , 1810 000000001818 - 02 - 12 - 0000 Feb 12 , 1818 Spain China , People 's Republic of China , Republic of Asia 000000001911 - 10 - 10 - 0000 Oct 10 , 1911 000000001949 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1949 000000001945 - 10 - 25 - 0000 Oct 25 , 1945 China Japan ( only ruled Taiwan ) c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BC : Neolithic c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BC : Xia dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BC : Shang dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BC : Zhou dynasty 221 -- 206 BC : Qin dynasty 206 BC -- 220 AD : Han dynasty 220 -- 280 : Three Kingdoms 265 -- 420 : Jin dynasty 420 -- 589 : Northern and Southern dynasties 581 -- 618 : Sui dynasty 618 -- 907 : Tang dynasty 907 -- 1125 : Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms / Liao dynasty 960 -- 1279 : Song dynasty 1271 -- 1368 : Yuan dynasty 1368 -- 1644 : Ming dynasty 1624 -- 1662 : Dutch Formosa / Spanish Formosa 1644 -- 1912 : Qing dynasty 1895 : Republic of Formosa 1895 -- 1945 : Japanese Taiwan 1912 -- present : Republic of China ( 1912 - 49 ) Republic of China 1949 -- present : People 's Republic of China Note : Although the Mongol 's Yuan Dynasty and the Manchu 's Qing Dynasty were considered foreign by many Han Chinese in their times , current Chinese official position considers these two dynasties as Chinese , as they were established by Chinese ethnic minorities and had their capitals in present - day Beijing . The PRC government considers itself the successor of the Republic of China . Colombia The Americas 000000001810 - 07 - 20 - 0000 Jul 20 , 1810 000000001819 - 08 - 07 - 0000 Aug 7 , 1819 Spain 1886 -- present : Republic of Colombia 1863 -- 1886 : United States of Colombia 1858 -- 1863 : Granadine Confederation 1831 -- 1858 : Republic of New Granada 1819 -- 1831 : Gran Colombia 1810 -- 1816 : United Provinces of New Granada 1739 -- 1819 : Viceroyalty of New Granada 1723 -- 1739 : New Kingdom of Granada 1717 -- 1723 : Viceroyalty of New Granada 1550 -- 1717 : New Kingdom of Granada Comoros Africa 000000001975 - 07 - 06 - 0000 Jul 6 , 1975 000000001975 - 07 - 06 - 0000 Jul 6 , 1975 France Congo , Democratic Republic of the Africa 000000001885 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1885 000000001960 - 06 - 30 - 0000 Jun 30 , 1960 Belgium 1885 Berlin Conference established Congo Free State as sovereign entity ( private domain of King Leopold of Belgium ) ; annexed to Belgium 1908 -- 1960 . Congo , Republic of the Africa 000000001960 - 08 - 15 - 0000 Aug 15 , 1960 000000001960 - 08 - 15 - 0000 Aug 15 , 1960 France Costa Rica The Americas 000000001821 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1821 000000001838 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1838 Federal Republic of Central America Previously part of Mexico 1822 -- 23 and a colony of Spain before 1821 . Côte d'Ivoire Africa 000000001960 - 08 - 07 - 0000 Aug 7 , 1960 000000001960 - 08 - 07 - 0000 Aug 7 , 1960 France Croatia Europe 000000000879 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 879 000000001991 - 10 - 08 - 0000 Oct 8 , 1991 Yugoslavia 1991 -- present : Republic of Croatia 1945 -- 1991 : Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1941 -- 1945 : Part of Independent State of Croatia ( Nazi Germany invasion ) 1918 -- 1941 : Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) 1868 -- 1918 : Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia 1527 -- 1868 : Kingdom of Croatia ( in the union with Kingdom of Hungary within Habsburg Monarchy , Austrian Empire and Austria - Hungary ) 1102 -- 1526 : Kingdom of Croatia ( in the union with Kingdom of Hungary ) 925 -- 1102 : Kingdom of Croatia Cuba The Americas 000000001902 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1902 000000001902 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1902 United States A colony of Spain until 1898 , then occupied but not annexed by United States 1899 -- 1902 . Cyprus Europe 000000001960 - 08 - 16 - 0000 Aug 16 , 1960 000000001960 - 08 - 16 - 0000 Aug 16 , 1960 United Kingdom Czech Republic Europe 000000000870 - 01 - 01 - 0000 870 000000001993 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1 , 1993 Czechoslovakia Duchy of Bohemia first independent from Great Moravia ca . 870 ; unified with Moravia and Silesia under Boleslaus I , Duke of Bohemia , who acceded to the throne in 935 . Later part of Austria - Hungary until 1918 independence as Czechoslovakia . Occupied by Germany in 1938 , by WWII Allies in 1945 , and by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968 . Denmark Europe 000000000980 - 01 - 01 - 0000 980 000000001945 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1945 Germany Unified ca 980 by Harald Bluetooth . Djibouti Africa 000000001977 - 06 - 27 - 0000 Jun 27 , 1977 000000001977 - 06 - 27 - 0000 Jun 27 , 1977 France Dominica The Americas 000000001978 - 11 - 03 - 0000 Nov 3 , 1978 000000001978 - 11 - 03 - 0000 Nov 3 , 1978 United Kingdom Dominican Republic The Americas 000000001821 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1821 ( Republic of Spanish Haiti ) 000000001844 - 02 - 27 - 0000 Feb 27 , 1844 Haiti Previously occupied by Spain , France , and Haiti Ecuador The Americas 000000001822 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1822 000000001830 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 1830 Gran Colombia Previously a colony of Spain Egypt Transcontinental - Africa / Asia - 999999996900 - 01 - 01 - 0000 3100 BC 000000001922 - 02 - 28 - 0000 Feb 28 , 1922 United Kingdom Unified in 3100 BC by Pharaoh Menes or probably Narmer , founder of the First Dynasty . Conquered at various times by Achaemenid , Macedonian , Roman , Arab / Islamic , Ottoman , and Napoleonic Empires . El Salvador The Americas 000000001821 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1821 000000001898 - 11 - 21 - 0000 Nov 21 , 1898 Greater Republic of Central America Previously a part of the Federal Republic of Central America 1823 -- 38 , Mexico 1822 -- 23 , and a colony of Spain before 1821 . Equatorial Guinea Africa 000000001968 - 10 - 12 - 0000 Oct 12 , 1968 000000001968 - 10 - 12 - 0000 Oct 12 , 1968 Spain Eritrea Africa 000000001137 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1137 000000001993 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1993 Ethiopia Independent 1137 -- 1889 as Medri Bahri kingdom . Occupied 1889 by Italy , 1941 by Britain . Ruled 1952 - 1993 by Ethiopia . Estonia Europe 000000001918 - 02 - 24 - 0000 Feb 24 , 1918 000000001991 - 08 - 20 - 0000 Aug 20 , 1991 Soviet Union Previously ruled by Sweden and occupied by Denmark , Poland , Russia , and Germany . Ethiopia Africa 000000000050 - 01 - 01 - 0000 50 000000001941 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1941 Italy Aksumite Empire founded ca 50 . Occupied 1936 -- 1941 by Italy . on 5 May 1941 the ousted Emperor of Ethiopia restored its power . Fiji Oceania 000000001970 - 10 - 10 - 0000 Oct 10 , 1970 000000001970 - 10 - 10 - 0000 Oct 10 , 1970 United Kingdom Finland Europe 000000001917 - 12 - 06 - 0000 Dec 6 , 1917 000000001918 - 01 - 04 - 0000 Jan 4 , 1918 Russia Previously ruled by Sweden . France Europe 000000000843 - 01 - 01 - 0000 843 000000001944 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1944 Germany 843 Treaty of Verdun established West Francia . Occupied by Germany in WWII . Gabon Africa 000000001960 - 08 - 17 - 0000 Aug 17 , 1960 000000001960 - 08 - 17 - 0000 Aug 17 , 1960 France Gambia Africa 000000001965 - 02 - 18 - 0000 Feb 18 , 1965 000000001965 - 02 - 18 - 0000 Feb 18 , 1965 United Kingdom Georgia Transcontinental - Asia / Europe - 999999998700 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1300 BC 000000001991 - 04 - 08 - 0000 Apr 8 , 1991 Soviet Union 1991 -- Present : Republic of Georgia 1921 -- 1991 : Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 1918 -- 1921 : Democratic Republic of Georgia 1801 -- 1918 : Part Of Russian Empire 1490 -- 1801 Fragmentized into three independent kingdoms -- Kartli , Kakheti , and Imereti and five semi-independent principalities -- Odishi , ( Mingrelia ) , Guria , Abkhazia , Svaneti , and Samtskhe 978 -- 1490 : Kingdom of Georgia Germany Europe 000000001871 - 01 - 18 - 0000 Jan 18 , 1871 000000001991 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1991 West Germany East Germany West Berlin Unified in 1871 . Occupied 1945 -- 1955 until ratification of Bonn -- Paris conventions . Become fully sovereign on 15 March 1991 after the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect . Ghana Africa 000000001957 - 03 - 06 - 0000 Mar 6 , 1957 000000001957 - 03 - 06 - 0000 Mar 6 , 1957 United Kingdom Greece Europe - 999999999200 - 01 - 01 - 0000 800 BC 000000001822 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1822 Ottoman Empire Previously occupied jointly by Italy , Germany and Bulgaria ; before 1821 by Ottoman Empire . Grenada The Americas 000000001974 - 02 - 07 - 0000 Feb 7 , 1974 000000001974 - 02 - 07 - 0000 Feb 7 , 1974 United Kingdom Guatemala The Americas 000000001821 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1821 000000001838 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1838 Federal Republic of Central America Republic of Guatemala : 1838 -- present Federal Republic of Central America : 1823 -- 1838 First Mexican Empire : 1821 -- 1823 Spanish Empire : 1519 -- 1821 Guinea Africa 000000001958 - 10 - 02 - 0000 Oct 2 , 1958 000000001958 - 10 - 02 - 0000 Oct 2 , 1958 France Guinea - Bissau Africa 000000001973 - 09 - 24 - 0000 Sep 24 , 1973 000000001974 - 09 - 10 - 0000 Sep 10 , 1974 Portugal Guyana The Americas 000000001966 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1966 000000001966 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1966 United Kingdom Previously colonized by Dutch Haiti The Americas 000000001804 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1 , 1804 000000001804 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1 , 1804 France Previously a colony of France . Honduras The Americas 000000001821 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1821 000000001838 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1838 Greater Republic of Central America Occupied several times by United States . Previously a part of the Greater Republic of Central America 1896 -- 98 , the Federal Republic of Central America 1823 -- 38 , Mexico 1822 -- 23 and a colony of Spain before 1821 . Hungary Europe 000000000895 - 01 - 01 - 0000 895 000000001918 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1918 Austria - Hungary Principality of Hungary founded 895 . Ruled by Austria 1526 / 1699 -- 1867 , part of Austria - Hungary 1867 -- 1918 . Iceland Europe 000000000930 - 01 - 01 - 0000 930 000000001918 - 12 - 01 - 0000 Dec 1 , 1918 Denmark Icelandic Commonwealth formed 930 . Ceded to Norway 1262 ; Kingdom of Iceland ( 1918 -- 1944 ) with a Personal union with Denmark , Republic of Iceland founded 1944 . India Asia - 999999998000 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2000 BC 000000001947 - 08 - 15 - 0000 Aug 15 , 1947 United Kingdom India 's local name Bhārat derives from the scriptural Bharata , held by tradition as the first emperor to unite India in 2000 BC . Modern Indian subcontinent was united by Mahajanapadas in 600 BC . Political unity in verified historiography was first achieved by Chandragupta Maurya 's founding of the Mauryan Empire in 322 BC , followed by the Gupta Empire of 320 AD and Maratha Empire in 1674 before era of the Mughals and then British Raj from 1857 to Independence in 1947 . Indonesia Asia 000000001945 - 08 - 17 - 0000 Aug 17 , 1945 000000001949 - 12 - 27 - 0000 Dec 27 , 1949 Netherlands 1949 -- present : Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia ( NKRI ) 1945 -- 1949 : Indonesian Struggle for Independence 1942 -- 1945 : Part of Japan in World War II 1816 -- 1942 : Part of Dutch East Indies 1812 -- 1816 : Part of British India ( following Dutch - French defeat in the Napoleonic War ) 1802 -- 1812 : Part of Batavian Republic ( Client State of the Napoleon French ) 1619 -- 1802 : Under Administration of VOC 15th -- 17th Century : Various Islamic Kingdoms , most notably Mataram , Demak , and Banten in Java ; Malaka , Johor - Riau , Minang and Aceh in Sumatra ; Brunei and Banjarmasin in Kalimantan , Makassar in Sulawesi , and Ternate and Tidore in Moluccas 1292 -- 1478 : Majapahit Empire , united Indonesia , Singapore , Malaysia and parts of Philippines under the reign of Hayam Wuruk 4th Century -- 13th Century : Various Hindu - Buddhist Kingdoms , most notably Srivijaya in 8th -- 10th Century AD 4th Century : First Hindu Kingdom of Kutai in Kalimantan 2nd Century : Alleged Indian Kingdom of Salakanagara in Java Iran Asia - 999999996800 - 01 - 01 - 0000 3200 BC 000000001925 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1925 Pahlavi dynasty 1980 -- present : Part of Islamic Republic 1979 -- 1980 : Part of Interim Government 1925 -- 1979 : Part of Pahlavi Dynasty ( Anglo - Soviet occupation 1941 - 1946 ) 1796 -- 1925 : Part of Qajar Empire 1747 -- 1796 : Part of Afsharid Dynasty ( 1760 -- 1794 ) : Part of Zand Dynasty 1736 -- 1747 : Part of Afsharid Empire ( 1722 -- 1729 ) : Part of Hotaki Dynasty 1501 -- 1736 : Part of Safavid Empire 1468 -- 1508 : Part of Agh Qoyunlu 1405 -- 1507 : Part of Timurid Dynasty 1406 -- 1468 : Part of Qara Qoyunlu 1370 -- 1405 : Part of Timurid Empire 1337 -- 1376 : Part of Sarbadars 1336 -- 1432 : Part of Jalayirid Dynasty 1335 -- 1393 : Part of Muzaffarid Dynasty 1335 -- 1357 : Part of Chobanid Dynasty 1256 -- 1335 : Part of Ilkhanate Empire 1077 -- 1231 : Part of Khwarazmian Empire 1037 -- 1194 : Part of Great Seljuq Empire 963 -- 1186 : Part of Ghaznavid Empire 875 -- 999 : Part of Samanid Dynasty 934 -- 1055 : Part of Buyid Dynasty 867 -- 1002 : Part of Saffarid Dynasty 928 -- 1043 : Part of Ziyarid Dynasty 750 -- 1258 : Part of Abbasid Caliphate 661 -- 750 : Part of Umayyad Caliphate ( 642 -- 759 / 760 ) : Part of Dabuyid dynasty 224 -- 651 : Part of Sassanid Empire 247 BCE -- 224 CE : Part of Parthian Empire 312 -- 63 BCE : Part of Seleucid Empire 550 -- 330 BCE : Part of Achaemenid Empire ( 652 -- 625 BCE ) : Part of Scythian Kingdom 678 -- 550 BCE : Part of Median Empire 850 -- 616 BCE : Part of Mannaeans 2700 -- 539 BCE : Part of Elam 3200 -- 2700 BCE : Part of Proto - Elamite Iraq Asia 000000001926 - 04 - 26 - 0000 Apr 26 , 1926 000000001926 - 04 - 26 - 0000 Apr 26 , 1926 Ottoman Empire founded in 4000 BC by Sumer Civilization ( the first Civilization in the world ) , and then unified under Sargon of Akkad the founder of Akkadian Empire , but Iraq was part of Persian Empire ( Iran ) , and Ottoman Empire ( until 1922 ) . see History of Iraq . Occupied by United States 2003 -- 2004 Ireland Europe 000000001171 - 10 - 18 - 0000 Oct 18 , 1171 000000001931 - 12 - 11 - 0000 Dec 11 , 1931 United Kingdom Independence declared 1919 , Dominion status 1922 , Statute of Westminster 1931 , declared a republic 1948 . Israel Asia - 999999998700 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1300 BC 000000001948 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1948 United Kingdom The 12 tribes conquer the holy land under the leadership of Joshua , then Israel goes through `` The period of the judges '' leading to the Kingdom of Israel unified under King Saul , c. 1020 BC , divided into separate kingdoms of Israel and Judea , which fall to Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires in 722 and 586 BC , respectively . In the 2nd century BC , Judea re-gains independence as Hasmonean kingdom after revolt against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire . Conquered by Pompey of the Roman Empire in 63 BC , and subsequently falls to Byzantine , Umayyad , Abbasid , Crusader , Mamluk , Ottoman Turkish , and British rule , before regaining independence as the State of Israel in 1948 . Italy Europe 000000001861 - 03 - 17 - 0000 Mar 17 , 1861 000000001861 - 03 - 17 - 0000 Mar 17 , 1861 Sardinia Lombardy -- Venetia Papal States Unified in 1861 . Jamaica The Americas 000000001962 - 08 - 06 - 0000 Aug 6 , 1962 000000001962 - 08 - 06 - 0000 Aug 6 , 1962 United Kingdom Previously a Spanish colony Japan Asia 000000000400 - 01 - 01 - 0000 400 000000001952 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1952 Allied occupation of Japan Founded 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu according to legend . Unified state emerged during the Kofun period c. 400 AD . 1952 Treaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation . Jordan Asia 000000001946 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1946 000000001958 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1958 Arab Federation Part of Arab Federation Feb -- Aug 1958 governed from Baghdad , Iraq . Previously ruled by Persian , Roman , Islamic , and Ottoman Empires ; UK , etc . Kazakhstan Transcontinental - Asia / Europe 000000001991 - 12 - 16 - 0000 Dec 16 , 1991 000000001991 - 12 - 16 - 0000 Dec 16 , 1991 Soviet Union Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Timurid dynasty Mongol Empire Various Turkic tribes . Kenya Africa 000000001963 - 12 - 12 - 0000 Dec 12 , 1963 000000001963 - 12 - 12 - 0000 Dec 12 , 1963 United Kingdom Various nomadic tribes . Kiribati Oceania 000000001979 - 07 - 12 - 0000 Jul 12 , 1979 000000001979 - 07 - 12 - 0000 Jul 12 , 1979 United Kingdom Kuwait Asia 000000001961 - 06 - 19 - 0000 Jun 19 , 1961 000000001991 - 02 - 01 - 0000 Feb 1991 Iraq Previously ruled by Ottoman Empire and United Kingdom . Kyrgyzstan Asia 000000001991 - 08 - 31 - 0000 Aug 31 , 1991 000000001991 - 08 - 31 - 0000 Aug 31 , 1991 Soviet Union Laos Asia 000000001354 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1354 000000001953 - 10 - 22 - 0000 Oct 22 , 1953 France Occupied by Japan during World War II Latvia Europe 000000001918 - 11 - 18 - 0000 Nov 18 , 1918 000000001990 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1990 Soviet Union Previously ruled by Lithuania , Sweden , and Russia Lebanon Asia 000000001943 - 11 - 08 - 0000 Nov 8 , 1943 000000001946 - 12 - 31 - 0000 Dec 31 , 1946 France Previously ruled by Ottoman Empire Lesotho Africa 000000001822 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1822 000000001966 - 10 - 04 - 0000 Oct 4 , 1966 United Kingdom Liberia Africa 000000001847 - 07 - 26 - 0000 Jul 26 , 1847 000000001847 - 07 - 26 - 0000 Jul 26 , 1847 American Colonization Society Settled but not claimed by United States Libya Africa 000000001951 - 12 - 24 - 0000 Dec 24 , 1951 000000001951 - 12 - 24 - 0000 Dec 24 , 1951 Cyrenaica Emirate France United Kingdom Previously occupied by Italy and by Ottoman Empire Liechtenstein Europe 000000001719 - 01 - 23 - 0000 Jan 23 , 1719 000000001719 - 01 - 23 - 0000 Jan 23 , 1719 ( Lordship of ) Schellenberg ( Principality of ) Vaduz Previously subject to the Confederation of the Rhine . Formed 1719 from Vaduz and Schellenberg , but under the Holy Roman Empire . Lithuania Europe 000000001253 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1253 000000001990 - 03 - 11 - 0000 Mar 11 , 1990 Soviet Union Kingdom of Lithuania ; Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania Luxembourg Europe 000000001815 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1815 000000001945 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1945 Germany Independent from France 1815 but in personal union with Netherlands until 1890 Macedonia Europe 000000001991 - 09 - 08 - 0000 Sep 8 , 1991 000000001991 - 09 - 08 - 0000 Sep 8 , 1991 Yugoslavia Madagascar Africa 000000001787 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1787 000000001960 - 06 - 26 - 0000 Jun 26 , 1960 France Malawi Africa 000000001964 - 07 - 06 - 0000 Jul 6 , 1964 000000001964 - 07 - 06 - 0000 Jul 6 , 1964 United Kingdom Malaysia Asia 000000001957 - 08 - 31 - 0000 Aug 31 , 1957 000000001957 - 08 - 31 - 0000 Aug 31 , 1957 United Kingdom The Federation of Malaya gained independence in 1957 ; in 1963 it added territories of Sabah , Sarawak and Singapore , and changed its name to Malaysia . Singapore became independent in 1965 . Maldives Asia 000000001140 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1140 000000001965 - 07 - 26 - 0000 Jul 26 , 1965 United Kingdom Unified according to legend by King Koimala ( 1117 -- 1141 ) . Independent sultanate until 1887 , when it became a British protectorate . Mali Africa 000000001230 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1230 000000001960 - 09 - 22 - 0000 Sep 22 , 1960 France Mali Empire ca . 1230 . A colony of France 1890 -- 1960 , then part of Mali Federation governed from Dakar , Senegal . Malta Europe 000000001964 - 09 - 21 - 0000 Sep 21 , 1964 000000001964 - 09 - 21 - 0000 Sep 21 , 1964 United Kingdom 1974 -- present : Republic of Malta 1964 - 1974 : State of Malta 1813 - 1964 : Crown Colony of Malta 1800 - 1813 : Protectorate of Malta 1798 - 1800 : French occupation of Malta , the insurrection and independent Gozo 1530 - 1798 : Order of Saint John 1130 - 1530 : part of the Kingdom of Sicily 1091 - 1130 : part of the County of Sicily 909 - 1091 : part of the Fatimid Caliphate 870 - 909 : part of the Abbasid Caliphate 395 - 870 : part of the Byzantine Empire 218 BC - 395 AD : part of Roman Sicilia 480 BC - 218 BC : part of the Carthaginian Empire 800 BC - 480 BC : part of the Phoenician Empire Marshall Islands Oceania 000000001986 - 10 - 21 - 0000 Oct 21 , 1986 000000001986 - 10 - 21 - 0000 Oct 21 , 1986 United States Compact of Free Association Mauritania Africa 000000001960 - 11 - 28 - 0000 Nov 28 , 1960 000000001960 - 11 - 28 - 0000 Nov 28 , 1960 France Mauritius Africa 000000001968 - 03 - 12 - 0000 Mar 12 , 1968 000000001968 - 03 - 12 - 0000 Mar 12 , 1968 United Kingdom Previously controlled by the Netherlands and France . Various Tuareg and Berber tribes . Mexico The Americas 000000001810 - 09 - 16 - 0000 Sep 16 , 1810 000000001864 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1864 Spain Mexico : 1867 -- present Second Mexican Empire : 1864 -- 1867 Second Federal Republic of Mexico : 1846 -- 1863 Centralist Republic of Mexico : 1835 -- 1846 First Mexican Republic : 1824 -- 1835 Provisional Government of Mexico : 1823 -- 1824 First Mexican Empire : 1821 -- 1823 Spanish Empire : 1519 -- 1821 Aztec Empire : 1421 - 1521 Teotihuacan : 100 - 700 AD Zapotec Empire : 1300 BCE - 1521 AD Olmec : 1300 - 1100 BCE Micronesia , Federated States of Oceania 000000001986 - 11 - 03 - 0000 Nov 3 , 1986 000000001986 - 11 - 03 - 0000 Nov 3 , 1986 United States Compact of Free Association Moldova Europe 000000001991 - 08 - 27 - 0000 Aug 27 , 1991 000000001991 - 08 - 27 - 0000 Aug 27 , 1991 Soviet Union Monaco Europe 000000001297 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1297 000000001945 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1945 Germany Previously occupied by Italy and France . Subject to Sardinia 1815 -- 1861 . Mongolia Asia - 999999999791 - 01 - 01 - 0000 209 BC 000000001921 - 03 - 13 - 0000 Mar 13 , 1921 Republic of China Xiongnu Empire formed 209 BC ; Various nomadic Mongol states ; occupied by the Qing Dynasty ( 1699 -- 1911 ) and the Republic of China ( 1919 -- 1921 ) Montenegro Europe 000000001042 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1042 000000002006 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2006 ( independence referendum ) 000000002006 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2006 Serbia and Montenegro 2006 -- present : Montenegro 2003 -- 2006 : Part of the union of Serbia and Montenegro 1992 -- 2003 : Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( with Serbia ) 1945 -- 1991 : Part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1943 -- 1945 : Occupied by the Nazi Germany 1941 -- 1943 : Occupied by the Kingdom of Italy 1918 -- 1941 : Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) 1910 -- 1918 : Kingdom of Montenegro 1852 -- 1910 : Principality of Montenegro 1514 -- 1852 : Prince - Bishopric of Montenegro 1499 -- 1514 : Part of the Ottoman Empire 1356 -- 1499 : Principality of Zeta 1217 -- 1356 : Part of Kingdom of Serbia 1042 - 1189 : Kingdom of Duklja 625 -- 1042 : Duklja ( vassal state of the Byzantine Empire ) Morocco Africa 000000000789 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 789 000000001956 - 04 - 07 - 0000 Apr 7 , 1956 France / Spain 000000000789 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 789 : Induction of Idris I 789 - 974 : Idrisid dynasty 974 - 1060 : Disputed between the Fatimid Caliphate and the Caliphate of Córdoba , divided into several Zenata principalities 1061 - 1147 : Almoravid dynasty 1147 - 1244 : Almohad dynasty 1244 - 1465 : Marinid dynasty 1465 - 1472 : Idrisid dynasty , Joutey branch 1472 - 1554 : Wattasid dynasty 1554 - 1659 : Saadi dynasty 1664 -- present : Alaouite dynasty Under French and Spanish protectorate ( 1912 -- 1956 ) . Mozambique Africa 000000001975 - 06 - 25 - 0000 Jun 25 , 1975 000000001975 - 06 - 25 - 0000 Jun 25 , 1975 Portugal Portuguese colony from 1498 Myanmar Asia 000000000849 - 01 - 01 - 0000 849 000000001948 - 01 - 04 - 0000 Jan 4 , 1948 United Kingdom Pagan Kingdom founded 849 . Occupied by Japan 1942 -- 1945 Namibia Africa 000000001990 - 03 - 21 - 0000 Mar 21 , 1990 000000001990 - 03 - 21 - 0000 Mar 21 , 1990 South Africa German colony from 1884 ; governed by South Africa 1915 - 1990 Nauru Oceania 000000001968 - 01 - 31 - 0000 Jan 31 , 1968 000000001968 - 01 - 31 - 0000 Jan 31 , 1968 Australia / New Zealand / United Kingdom Trust Territory of Nauru Previously occupied by Germany 1888 , Australia 1914 , Japan 1942 - 45 Nepal Asia 000000001768 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1768 000000001768 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1768 ( none ) Autonomous throughout its recorded history , and certainly since its 1768 unification . The ancient Maurya Empire occupied southern Nepal , but not the core Kathmandu valley . Netherlands Europe 000000001581 - 07 - 26 - 0000 Jul 26 , 1581 000000001945 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1945 Spain Independent from Spain in 1581 ; occupied by France under Napoleon . New Zealand Oceania 000000001907 - 09 - 25 - 0000 Sep 25 , 1907 000000001907 - 09 - 25 - 0000 Sep 25 , 1907 United Kingdom Dominion status 1907 , Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947 . Maori tribesmen ( iwi ) Nicaragua The Americas 000000001821 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1821 000000001821 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1821 Federal Republic of Central America Previously a part of the Greater Republic of Central America 1896 -- 98 , the Federal Republic of Central America 1823 -- 38 , Mexico 1822 -- 23 , and a colony of Spain before 1821 . Niger Africa 000000001960 - 08 - 03 - 0000 Aug 3 , 1960 000000001960 - 08 - 03 - 0000 Aug 3 , 1960 France Nigeria Africa 000000001960 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1960 000000001960 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1960 United Kingdom North Korea Asia - 999999997667 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2333 BC 000000001948 - 09 - 09 - 0000 Sep 9 , 1948 Soviet Union Gojoseon founded 2333 BC by Dangun according to legend . Modern state established 1946 after Soviet Civil Administration since 1945 . Previously occupied by Japan ( 1910 -- 1945 ) ... Norway Europe 000000000872 - 01 - 01 - 0000 872 000000001814 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1814 Denmark -- Norway Unified ca 872 at Battle of Hafrsfjord . For a long time in unions with Denmark and with Sweden ( until 1905 ) . Occupied by Germany 1940 -- 45 . Oman Asia 000000000751 - 01 - 01 - 0000 751 000000001743 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1743 Persia Previously occupied by Great Seljuq Empire , Ottoman Empire , Portugal ( 1508 -- 1650 ) , etc . Pakistan Asia 000000001947 - 08 - 14 - 0000 Aug 14 , 1947 000000001956 - 03 - 23 - 0000 Mar 23 , 1956 United Kingdom Previously a colony of the British Empire . British Raj Mughal Empire Palau Oceania 000000001994 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1994 000000001994 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1994 United States Previously ruled by Spain , Germany , Japan . Panama The Americas 000000001821 - 11 - 28 - 0000 Nov 28 , 1821 000000001821 - 11 - 28 - 0000 Nov 28 , 1821 Spain A colony of Spain until 1821 , then a dependency of Colombia until 1903 . Occupied by United States 1989 -- 90 . Papua New Guinea Oceania 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 Sep 16 , 1975 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 Sep 16 , 1975 Australia Papuan , Polynesians , and Melanesians before then . Paraguay The Americas 000000001811 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1811 000000001876 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1876 Brazil Occupied 1870 -- 1876 by Brazil , in Triple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay . Colony of Spain before 1811 . Peru The Americas 000000001821 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1821 000000001839 - 08 - 25 - 0000 Aug 25 , 1839 North Peru South Peru Independent from Spain 1821 ; part of Peru -- Bolivian Confederation 1836 - 39 . New Spain Inca Empire Philippines Asia 000000001402 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1402 000000001946 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1946 United States 1986 -- present : Fifth Philippine Republic 1981 -- 1986 : Fourth Philippine Republic 1973 - 1981 : Philippines in the Martial Law 1946 -- 1972 : Third Philippine Republic 1942 -- 1943 : A puppet state of the Japanese Empire ( Second Philippine Republic ) . 1898 -- 1942 , 1943 -- 1946 : Part of the United States 1535 -- 1898 : A colony of Spain Pre-1535 : The Philippine Islands had a numerous sinified states , Indianized kingdoms and Muslim states . In Luzon , there were the Ivatan people , the Society of Cordillera , the Kingdoms of Pangasinan and Ma - i , Kota Selurong and the Tondo Dynasty . The Confederation of the Madyas and the Rajahnate of Cebu were in Visayas . Lastly , in Mindanao , there were the Sultanate of Maguindanao , Butuan Rajahnate and the Sultanate of Sulu . The Bruneian Empire occupied Palawan_ ( island ) and parts of Mindanao too . Poland Europe 000000000960 - 01 - 01 - 0000 960 000000001945 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1945 Polish tribes Unified ca 960 by Mieszko I. Rise of power in the 16th century . Occupied by Germany and the USSR during WWII . Portugal Europe 000000001139 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1139 000000001139 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1139 County of Portugal Between 1580 and 1640 Portugal and Spain had the same King , Filipe I in Portugal and Filipe II in Spain . Qatar Asia 000000001971 - 09 - 03 - 0000 Sep 3 , 1971 000000001971 - 09 - 03 - 0000 Sep 3 , 1971 United Kingdom Ottoman Empire Abassid Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Rashidun Caliphate Various nomadic Arab tribesmen before that . Romania Europe 000000001878 - 07 - 13 - 0000 Jul 13 , 1878 000000001878 - 07 - 13 - 0000 Jul 13 , 1878 United Principalities 1944 -- 1958 . Ottoman Empire Wallachia Russia Transcontinental - Asia / Europe 000000000860 - 01 - 01 - 0000 860 000000001991 - 12 - 26 - 0000 Dec 26 , 1991 000000001993 - 12 - 12 - 0000 Dec 12 , 1993 Soviet Union Rurik Dynasty founded ca 860 . Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480 marked end of Mongol / Tatar rule . Kievan Rus ' 1721 - 1917 : Russian Empire 1917 - 1918 : Soviet Russian Republic 1918 - 1936 : Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 1922 - 1991 : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1936 - 1991 : Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1991 - 1993 : Russian Federation ( with the 1978 constitution ) 1993 -- present : Russian Federation Rwanda Africa 000000001962 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1962 000000001962 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1962 Belgium Saint Kitts and Nevis The Americas 000000001983 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1983 000000001983 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1983 United Kingdom Saint Lucia The Americas 000000001979 - 02 - 22 - 0000 Feb 22 , 1979 000000001979 - 02 - 22 - 0000 Feb 22 , 1979 United Kingdom Saint Vincent and the Grenadines The Americas 000000001979 - 10 - 27 - 0000 Oct 27 , 1979 000000001979 - 10 - 27 - 0000 Oct 27 , 1979 United Kingdom Samoa Oceania 000000001962 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1 , 1962 000000001962 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1 , 1962 Samoa German colony 1900 to 1914 ; occupied by New Zealand 1914 ; Trust Territory first of the League of Nations , then of the United Nations and administered by New Zealand , 1920 to 1962 . San Marino Europe 000000000301 - 09 - 03 - 0000 Sep 3 , 301 000000000301 - 09 - 03 - 0000 Sep 3 , 301 Roman Empire Previously part of the Roman Empire , and briefly by Rimini ( 1503 ) , and Papal States ( 1739 ) . São Tomé and Príncipe Africa 000000001975 - 07 - 12 - 0000 Jul 12 , 1975 000000001975 - 07 - 12 - 0000 Jul 12 , 1975 Portugal Saudi Arabia Asia 000000001744 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1744 000000001919 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1919 Ottoman Empire First Saudi State independent 1744 -- 1818 ; last Ottoman troops evicted from Medina by Kingdom of Hejaz 1919 ; Hejaz incorporated 1926 into Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd , precursor to Saudi Arabia Senegal Africa 000000001960 - 06 - 20 - 0000 Jun 20 , 1960 000000001960 - 06 - 20 - 0000 Jun 20 , 1960 France Independent first as Mali Federation with capital in Dakar . Previously part of Ghana , Mali and Songhai Empires . Serbia Europe 000000000768 - 01 - 01 - 0000 768 000000002006 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2006 Serbia and Montenegro 2006 -- present : Republic of Serbia 2003 -- 2006 : Part of the union of Serbia and Montenegro 1992 -- 2003 : Part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1946 -- 1992 : Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1943 -- 1946 : Part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia 1929 -- 1943 : Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918 -- 1929 : Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes 1882 -- 1918 : Kingdom of Serbia 1815 -- 1882 : Principality of Serbia 1804 -- 1813 : Revolutionary Serbia ( as independent movement inside the Ottoman Empire ) 1459 -- 1817 : Part of the Ottoman Empire 1402 -- 1459 : Serbian Despotate 1371 -- 1402 : Moravian Serbia 1346 -- 1371 : Serbian Empire 1217 -- 1346 : Kingdom of Serbia 768 -- 1217 : Principality of Serbia 520s -- 768 : Serbian Sklavinia Seychelles Africa 000000001976 - 06 - 29 - 0000 Jun 29 , 1976 000000001976 - 06 - 29 - 0000 Jun 29 , 1976 United Kingdom Perhaps sovereign 1790 -- 1794 Sierra Leone Africa 000000001961 - 04 - 27 - 0000 Apr 27 , 1961 000000001961 - 04 - 27 - 0000 Apr 27 , 1961 United Kingdom Singapore Asia 000000001963 - 08 - 31 - 0000 Aug 31 , 1963 000000001965 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1965 Malaysia British colony 1824 -- 1963 ; occupied by Japan 1942 -- 1945 ; declared independence , then merged with Malaysia from 1963 until 1965 . Slovakia Europe 000000001939 - 03 - 14 - 0000 Mar 14 , 1939 000000001993 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1 , 1993 Czechoslovakia Slovenia Europe 000000001991 - 06 - 25 - 0000 Jun 25 , 1991 000000001991 - 06 - 25 - 0000 Jun 25 , 1991 Yugoslavia 1991 -- present : Republic of Slovenia 1945 -- 1991 : Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1918 -- 1945 : Part of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes 1918 -- 1918 : Part of the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs 1806 -- 1918 : Duchy of Carinthia ( as part of the Austria - Hungary Empire ) 976 -- 1086 : Duchy of Carinthia ( as part of the Holy Roman Empire ) 889 -- 976 : March of Carinthia ( as part of the Carolingian Empire ) Solomon Islands Oceania 000000001978 - 07 - 07 - 0000 Jul 7 , 1978 000000001978 - 07 - 07 - 0000 Jul 7 , 1978 United Kingdom Somalia Africa - 999999999800 - 01 - 01 - 0000 200 BC 000000001960 - 07 - 01 - 0000 Jul 1 , 1960 United Kingdom and Italy 1 July 1960 : Union of Trust Territory of Somalia ( former Italian Somaliland ) and State of Somaliland ( former British Somaliland ) 19th century : Part of Sultanate of Hobyo 18th century : Part of Majeerteen Sultanate 15th century : Part of Adal Sultanate 13th century : Part of Ajuran Sultanate 13th century : Part of Warsangali Sultanate 13th century : Part of Ifat Sultanate 10th century : Part of Sultanate of Mogadishu 200 BCE : Somali city - states South Africa Africa 000000001910 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1910 000000001910 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1910 United Kingdom Dominion status 1910 , Statute of Westminster 1931 . Orange Free State 1881 - 1902 Zulu Empire Various Bantu ( Zulu , Xhosa and Swazi ) and Khoikhoi tribesmen ( San Bushmen ) South Korea Asia 000000001948 - 08 - 15 - 0000 Aug 15 , 1948 000000001948 - 08 - 15 - 0000 Aug 15 , 1948 United States Gojoseon founded 2333 BC by Dangun according to legend . Modern state established 1948 after US Army Military Government since 1945 . Previously occupied by Japan ( 1910 -- 1945 ) . South Sudan Africa 000000002011 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 2011 Sudan Spain Europe 000000001516 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1516 000000001516 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1516 Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon Founding of the Spanish Monarchy by Charles I of Spain in 1476 when he united the Catholic Monarchy ( Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon ) among other territories . Occupied by France 1808 - 1813 . Between 1580 and 1640 Portugal and all its colonies were integrated into an Iberian Union under the king Felipe II . Sri Lanka Asia - 999999999623 - 01 - 01 - 0000 377 BC 000000001948 - 02 - 04 - 0000 Feb 4 , 1948 United Kingdom Unified as Anuradhapura Kingdom 377 BC -- 1017 . Conquered by Indian kingdoms , Portuguese , Dutch , and British . Sudan Africa - 999999998930 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1070 BC 000000001956 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1 , 1956 United Kingdom Egypt Kingdom of Kush 1070 BC -- 350 AD . Later ruled by the Ottoman Empire , Egypt , and then as Anglo - Egyptian Sudan 1899 -- 1956 . Suriname The Americas 000000001975 - 11 - 25 - 0000 Nov 25 , 1975 000000001975 - 11 - 25 - 0000 Nov 25 , 1975 Kingdom of the Netherlands Swaziland Africa 000000001968 - 09 - 06 - 0000 Sep 6 , 1968 000000001968 - 09 - 06 - 0000 Sep 6 , 1968 United Kingdom Sweden Europe unknown 000000001523 - 06 - 06 - 0000 Jun 6 , 1523 Denmark No exact date for consolidation of Sweden . In Kalmar Union 1397 -- 1523 . Switzerland Europe 000000001291 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1291 000000001815 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1815 Austria Old Swiss Confederacy formed 1291 . Occupied by France 1798 , then Austria 1813 . 1815 Congress of Vienna restored independence . Syria Asia 000000001946 - 04 - 17 - 0000 Apr 17 , 1946 000000001961 - 09 - 28 - 0000 Sep 28 , 1961 United Arab Republic Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Tajikistan Asia 000000001991 - 09 - 09 - 0000 Sep 9 , 1991 000000001991 - 09 - 09 - 0000 Sep 9 , 1991 Soviet Union Tanzania Africa 000000001961 - 12 - 09 - 0000 Dec 9 , 1961 000000001961 - 12 - 09 - 0000 Dec 9 , 1961 United Kingdom Independent in 1961 as Tanganyika , added Zanzibar in 1963 . Thailand Asia 000000001238 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1238 000000001945 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1945 - Independent from Khmer Empire in 1238 . Briefly conquered by Burma in 1767 . Occupied by Japan 1941 -- 1945 . Timor - Leste Asia 000000001975 - 11 - 28 - 0000 Nov 28 , 1975 000000002002 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2002 United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor Ruled by Portugal 1515 -- 1975 , occupied by Indonesia 1975 -- 1999 , administered by U.N. 1999 -- 2002 . Togo Africa 000000001960 - 04 - 27 - 0000 Apr 27 , 1960 000000001960 - 04 - 27 - 0000 Apr 27 , 1960 France Tonga Oceania 000000001845 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1845 000000001970 - 06 - 04 - 0000 Jun 4 , 1970 United Kingdom United 1845 by George Tupou I. British protectorate 1900 -- 1970 . Trinidad and Tobago The Americas 000000001962 - 08 - 31 - 0000 Aug 31 , 1962 000000001962 - 08 - 31 - 0000 Aug 31 , 1962 United Kingdom Tunisia Africa 000000001956 - 03 - 20 - 0000 Mar 20 , 1956 000000001956 - 03 - 20 - 0000 Mar 20 , 1956 France Occupations by Rome , Ottoman Empire and France Turkey Asia and Europe 000000001299 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1299 000000001923 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1923 Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 as the Turkish State . Turkmenistan Asia 000000001991 - 10 - 27 - 0000 Oct 27 , 1991 000000001991 - 10 - 27 - 0000 Oct 27 , 1991 Soviet Union Tuvalu Oceania 000000001978 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1978 000000001978 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1978 United Kingdom Uganda Africa 000000001962 - 10 - 09 - 0000 Oct 9 , 1962 000000001962 - 10 - 09 - 0000 Oct 9 , 1962 United Kingdom Ukraine Europe 000000000860 - 01 - 01 - 0000 860 000000001991 - 08 - 24 - 0000 Aug 24 , 1991 Soviet Union 860 - 1240 - Kievan Rus ' 1199 - 1340 - Kingdom of Rus 1648 - 1764 - Cossack Hetmanate 1917 - 20 - Ukrainian People 's Republic 1918 - Ukrainian State United Arab Emirates Asia 000000001971 - 12 - 02 - 0000 Dec 2 , 1971 000000001971 - 12 - 02 - 0000 Dec 2 , 1971 United Kingdom United Kingdom Europe 000000001800 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1800 000000001800 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1800 Great Britain Kingdom of England ( 10th century - 1707 ) , Kingdom of Scotland ( 9th century - 1707 ) , Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1800 ) United States The Americas 000000001776 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1776 000000001781 - 10 - 19 - 0000 Oct 19 , 1781 Great Britain Independence declared 1776 ; British surrender 1781 ; U.S. recognized by Treaty of Paris 1783 . New France , New Spain , Indian tribes , chiefdoms and confederations . Uruguay The Americas 000000001815 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1815 000000001828 - 08 - 27 - 0000 Aug 27 , 1828 Brazil Independent 1815 -- 1820 as Liga Federal ; occupied 1820 by Portugal / Brazil until 1828 Treaty of Montevideo . Uzbekistan Asia 000000001924 - 10 - 27 - 0000 Oct 27 , 1924 000000001991 - 09 - 01 - 0000 Sep 1 , 1991 Soviet Union 1924 - 1936 : Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic 1936 - 1992 : Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic 1992 -- present : Republic of Uzbekistan ( independence from Soviet Union declared 1991 ; constitution adopted 1992 ) Vanuatu Oceania 000000001980 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 1980 000000001980 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 1980 United Kingdom , France Governed 1906 -- 1980 as the New Hebrides condominium . Vatican City Europe 000000000756 - 01 - 01 - 0000 756 000000001929 - 02 - 11 - 0000 Feb 11 , 1929 Italy Independent as Papal States 756 -- 1870 ; part of Italy until 1929 Lateran Treaty Venezuela The Americas 000000001811 - 07 - 05 - 0000 Jul 5 , 1811 000000001830 - 01 - 13 - 0000 Jan 13 , 1830 Gran Colombia Previously a colony of Spain Vietnam Asia - 999999997121 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2879 BC 000000001976 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 1976 North Vietnam South Vietnam Văn Lang confederacy arose 2879 BC under Kinh Dương Vương , founder of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty . Several periods of Chinese domination . French occupation from 1887 until Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) , interrupted by Japanese occupation ( 1940 -- 1945 ) . Yemen Asia 000000001918 - 11 - 01 - 0000 Nov 1 , 1918 000000001967 - 11 - 30 - 0000 Nov 30 , 1967 United Kingdom North Yemen independent from Ottoman Empire 1918 ; South Yemen from UK in 1967 ; unified 1990 Zambia Africa 000000001964 - 10 - 24 - 0000 Oct 24 , 1964 000000001964 - 10 - 24 - 0000 Oct 24 , 1964 United Kingdom Zimbabwe Africa 000000001965 - 11 - 11 - 0000 Nov 11 , 1965 000000001980 - 04 - 18 - 0000 Apr 18 , 1980 United Kingdom The British colony of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared Independence as Rhodesia 1965 ; known as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979 ; unrecognised until 1980 . Country Continent First acquisition of sovereignty Date of last subordination Previous governing power Notes See also ( edit ) Declaration of independence List of active autonomist and secessionist movements List of national independence days List of wars of independence ( national liberation ) List of former European colonies List of former national capitals List of sovereign states Timeline of country and capital changes List of national constitutions Succession of states List of world map changes Notes ( edit ) ^ listed are the five UN member states with limited recognition : Israel ( not recognized by 32 members ) , North and South Korea ( no mutual recognition ) , Armenia ( not recognized by Pakistan ) and Cyprus ( not recognized by Turkey ) ; `` China '' has universal recognition , but the UN is unclear on which of the Chinas ( People 's Republic or Republic ) this refers to . ^ Since the beginning of the Second Libyan Civil War in 2014 , various areas of Libya are under the control of competing groups . These include domestic groups such as New General National Congress and local Tuareg groups , and foreign groups such as ISIL . ^ With the ongoing Somali Civil War , significant areas remain outside federal control . ^ A new constitution was approved in 2013 , but most changes will not enter effect for another decade . ^ Country Profile : Cuba , September 2006 , U.S. Library of Congress -- Federal Research Division . ^ In the Dominican Republic , every constitutional amendment is considered a new constitution . The most recent amendment was the 2010 constitution . ^ `` 19 de abril de 1810 '' . Venezuela Tuya . ^ Following the Northern Iraq offensive in June 2014 , large areas of Iraq are de facto under the control of Iraqi Kurds or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . ^ `` Jordan 's King Abdullah vows to allow elected cabinets '' . BBC News . 12 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ This constitution cut North Korean ties with the Soviet Union . Several new constitutions and amendments have followed ( most recently in 2013 ) , creating new titles for the national leader such as Eternal President and Chairman of the National Defence Commission . However , power has remained with the Kim dynasty since 1948 . ^ The Republics of the Soviet Union were officially sovereign entities in a federation , according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union . However , the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state . ^ Malaysia Act 1963 ^ United Nations Member States ^ Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 ^ Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state ^ Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state / proclamation of singapore ^ Singapore Act 1966 ^ Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , Federation of Malaya , North Borneo , Sarawak and Singapore ^ `` The World Factbook '' . ^ `` Country Profile : Philippines '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Library of Congress -- Federal Research Division . March 2006 . says , `` The Philippines attained independence from Spain on June 12 , 1898 , and from the United States on July 4 , 1946 . '' , implying that the cession of the Philippines to the U.S. by Spain on December 10 , 1898 via the Treaty of Paris was invalid . Other sources ( e.g. The CIA Factbook Archived 2010 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . ) say that the Philippine Islands were ceded to the US by Spain in 1898 following the Spanish -- American War . ^ Republic of the Philippines , Philippine Government website . ^ `` Convention regarding the boundary between the Philippine Archipelago and the State of North Borneo '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Treaty Collection . January 2 , 1930 and July 6 , 1932 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 28 , 2011 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Bautista , Lowell B. ( 3 September 2009 ) . `` The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the Philippine Treaty Limits '' ( PDF ) . Aegean Review of the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law . 1 : 21 . ISSN 1864 - 9610 . doi : 10.1007 / s12180 - 009 - 0003 - 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2010 . The Boundaries Treaty of 1930 clarifies those islands in the region belonging to U.S. and those to the State of North Borneo and delimits the boundary between the Philippine Archipelago ( under U.S. sovereignty ) and the State of North Borneo ( under British protection ) . ( ... ) When the Boundaries Treaty of 1930 was finalized , an exchange of notes supplemented the Treaty . Pursuant to the notes , sovereignty over these islands was transferred to the U.S. , and it was agreed that Great Britain should continue to administer these islands until the U.S. gave notice to the contrary . ^ United States . Dept. of State ; Charles Irving Bevans ( 1968 ) . Treaties and other international agreements of the United States of America , 1776 - 1949 . Dept. of State ; for sale by the Supt. of Docs. , U.S. Govt . Print . Off . pp. 473 -- 476 . ^ Exchange of Notes between the United States and the United Kingdom done at Washington on 2 January 1930 ^ Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines regarding the transfer of the administration of the Turtle and Mangsee Islands to the Philippine Republic ; Cmd 8320 ^ `` History of the Kingdom '' . mofa.gov.sa . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . ^ Due to the ongoing Syrian Civil War , large areas of Syria are de facto under the control of other parties such as the Syrian opposition and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . ^ The government of the Republic of China , which currently administers Taiwan , was the generally recognized sovereign power over Mainland China beginning on 1 January 1912 ( also the first year of the Taiwanese calendar `` 民國 '' ) . Sovereign control of Taiwan by this government began on 25 October 1945 ( Retrocession Day ) . ^ The PRC acquired de facto control in Mainland China on 1 October 1949 . The Republic of China continued to be generally recognized as the legitimate government of China until 25 October 1971 , when the PRC was admitted to the United Nations . Currently , due to the PRC 's One - China policy , only 25 states recognize the Republic of China , although many more retain unofficial relations . ^ Deeley , Furness , and Schofield ( 2001 ) The International Boundaries of East Timor p. 8 ^ `` Hrvatska povijest '' . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ `` Grboslovlje u Hrvata > > Krunisani '' . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ `` Hrvatski Vladari / Croatian rulers - Geni '' . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ `` TOPLI DOM JADRANA - PRIMORSKA HRVATSKA - Visite Croatia - Stema Guide '' . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ `` Croatia - World Leaders Index '' . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ The Faroe Islands and Greenland were administered by Denmark until 24 March 1948 and 1 May 1979 respectively . They are now autonomous countries with home rule , but remain part of the Kingdom of Denmark . ^ The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current Baltic governments and by a number of Western countries , including the United States and the European Union , who assert that the states were independent countries occupied by the Soviet Union . The Baltic republics were officially sovereign entities in a federation , according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union . However , the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state . ^ The breaking - through of the Channel Tunnel on October 31 , 1990 created a new land border between the UK and France ( May 01 , 1994 , Under the Channel , traffic soon to roll , Baltimore Sun ) However , the Channel Tunnel runs underwater and did not change the above - ground territory of either nation . ^ France swapped a small area of land with Andorra in 2001 to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge . ^ Prior to 1999 , the Constitution of Ireland claimed that `` The national territory consists of the whole island of Ireland '' , but that its laws were only valid in the counties of the Republic . ^ `` Liechtenstein prince wins powers '' . BBC News . 2003 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 26 . ^ East Timor had been under Indonesian occupation since 1975 , but this occupation was not recognized by the wider global community . ^ Đerdapski ribolovi u prošlosti iu sadašnjosti , Volume 41 Mihailo Petrović Izd . Zadužbine Mikh . R. Radivojeviča , 1941 ^ Rettman , Andrew ( 6 February 2013 ) . `` Kosovo : EU meeting is ' de facto recognition ' by Serbia '' . EUobserver . Brussels . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ La Extranjería en la Historia Del Derecho Español ^ `` Background Note : United Kingdom '' . bbc.co.uk Acts of Union : The creation of the United Kingdom . ^ Allan I. Macinnes ( 2007 ) . Union and empire : the making of the United Kingdom in 1707 . Cambridge University Press . ^ David Armitage , Michael J. Braddick ( 2002 ) . The British Atlantic world , 1500 -- 1800 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 20 . ^ Profile : Republic of Vanuatu , U.S. Department of State ^ Wolff , Stefan ( 2004 ) . Disputed Territories : The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict Settlement . Berghahn Books . pp. 30 -- 31 . ^ Wippman , David ( 1998 ) . `` Practical and Legal Constraints on Internal Power Sharing '' . In Wippman , David . International Law and Ethnic Conflict . Cornell University Press . p. 220 . ^ Bahcheli , Tozun ; Noel , Sid ( 2005 ) . `` Power Sharing for Cyprus ( Again ) ? European Union Accession and the Prospects for Reunification '' . In Noel , Sid . Relations of Ruling : Class and Gender in Postindustrial Societies . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 215 . ^ Baikonur is treated as a federal subject of Russia , but its exact status is a topic of dispute between the two countries . Katya Kumkova ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` Russia and Kazakhstan : What 's Behind the Baikonur Spat ? '' . EurasiaNet.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . ^ Christopher A Whatley ( 2001 ) . 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Retrieved 26 July 2009 . ^ `` 1131 years since the first international recognition of Croatia '' . Katarina Tadić . May 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . ^ `` Estonian Declaration of Independence , 24 February 1918 '' . President of the Republic of Estonia . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ A. Berhe. 2003. Revisiting resistance in Italian - occupied Ethiopia : the Patriots ' Movement ( 1936 - 1941 ) and the redefinition of post-war Ethiopia . African dynamics , ISSN 1568 - 1777 ; vol. 2 . Brill , Leiden , ISBN Number 90 - 04 - 12624 - 4 ^ Campbell Robertson ; Stephen Farrell ( December 31 , 2008 ) , `` Green Zone , Heart of U.S. Occupation , Reverts to Iraqi Control '' , The New York Times ^ `` November 18 , 1918 -- Proclamation of Latvia 's independence '' . LETA . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ `` Colonization '' . The African - American Mosaic . Library of Congress . July 5 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 25 . Liberia ... was neither a sovereign power nor a bona fide colony of any sovereign nation. ... the United States refused to claim sovereignty over Liberia . ^ `` About Lithuania '' . Embassy of the Republic of Lithuania to the United States of America . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ ( in French ) André Larané , 5 février 789 : Idriss , premier roi du Maroc on herodote.net ( 1 ) ^ Rose , Leo E. ; Margaret W. Fisher ( 1970 ) . The Politics of Nepal . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . p. xi . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0574 - 2 . Nepal is of special interest , partly because it is an Asian country that was never reduced to colonial status . ^ `` New Zealand Parliament -- New Zealand sovereignty : 1857 , 1907 , 1947 , or 1987 ? '' . New Zealand Parliament Research Papers . Retrieved April 19 , 2009 . ^ `` Paraguay '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 26 . ^ Independence recognized via the Treaty of Manila ( 1946 ) . ^ Leitch Lepoer , Barbara ( 1989 ) . `` Singapore as Part of Malaysia '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ Hadenius , S ; Nilsson , T and Åselius , G. ( 1996 ) . Sveriges historia : vad varje svensk bör veta ( Swedish history : what every Swede Should Know ) , p. 13 : `` Hur och när det svenska riket uppstod vet vi inte . Först under 1100 - talet börjar skriftliga dokument produceras i Sverige i någon större omfattning ( ... ) '' `` How and when the Swedish kingdom appeared is not known . It is not until the 12th century that written documents begin to be produced in Sweden in any larger extent ( ... ) '' Lists of countries by political rankings Freedom Political Freedom in the World Democracy Ranking Press Freedom House Reporters Without Borders Economic Fraser Institute The Heritage Foundation / The Wall Street Journal Trade Corruption Bribes Corruption barometer Corruption perceptions Competitiveness Composite Index of National Capability Comprehensive National Power History Empire size First human settlement Flag adoption date Formation date Rights Rule of Law Index Privacy Property rights Democracy Index Democracy - Dictatorship Index Political terror scale Other Discrimination and violence against minorities List of countries by Fragile States Index Government transparency Ease of Doing Business Index Fragile States Index Globalization Index Global Peace Index Global Terrorism Index Incarceration rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation&oldid=804866675 '' Categories : International rankings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Articles with French - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 16 : 27 . 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1104213629954518300	Deep sea fish	Deep sea fish - wikipedia Deep sea fish Jump to : navigation , search Humpback anglerfish Deep - sea fish are fish that live in the darkness below the sunlit surface waters , that is below the epipelagic or photic zone of the sea . The lanternfish is , by far , the most common deep - sea fish . Other deep sea fishes include the flashlight fish , cookiecutter shark , bristlemouths , anglerfish , viperfish , and some species of eelpout . Only about 2 % of known marine species inhabit the pelagic environment . This means that they live in the water column as opposed to the benthic organisms that live in or on the sea floor . Deep - sea organisms generally inhabit bathypelagic ( 1000 -- 4000m deep ) and abyssopelagic ( 4000 -- 6000m deep ) zones . However , characteristics of deep - sea organisms , such as bioluminescence can be seen in the mesopelagic ( 200 -- 1000m deep ) zone as well . The mesopelagic zone is the disphotic zone , meaning light there is minimal but still measurable . The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean . This area is also where nutrients are most abundant . The bathypelagic and abyssopelagic zones are aphotic , meaning that no light penetrates this area of the ocean . These zones make up about 75 % of the inhabitable ocean space . The epipelagic zone ( 0 -- 200m ) is the area where light penetrates the water and photosynthesis occurs . This is also known as the photic zone . Because this typically extends only a few hundred meters below the water , the deep sea , about 90 % of the ocean volume , is in darkness . The deep sea is also an extremely hostile environment , with temperatures that rarely exceed 3 ° C ( 37.4 ° F ) and fall as low as − 1.8 ° C ( 28.76 ° F ) ( with the exception of hydrothermal vent ecosystems that can exceed 350 ° C , or 662 ° F ) , low oxygen levels , and pressures between 20 and 1,000 atmospheres ( between 2 and 100 megapascals ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Environment 2 Characteristics 3 Mesopelagic fish 4 Bathypelagic fish 5 Lanternfish 6 Endangered species 7 See also 8 Citations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Environment ( edit ) Scale diagram of the layers of the pelagic zone In the deep ocean , the waters extend far below the epipelagic zone , and support very different types of pelagic fishes adapted to living in these deeper zones . In deep water , marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column . Its origin lies in activities within the productive photic zone . Marine snow includes dead or dying plankton , protists ( diatoms ) , fecal matter , sand , soot and other inorganic dust . The `` snowflakes '' grow over time and may reach several centimetres in diameter , travelling for weeks before reaching the ocean floor . However , most organic components of marine snow are consumed by microbes , zooplankton and other filter - feeding animals within the first 1,000 metres of their journey , that is , within the epipelagic zone . In this way marine snow may be considered the foundation of deep - sea mesopelagic and benthic ecosystems : As sunlight can not reach them , deep - sea organisms rely heavily on marine snow as an energy source . Some deep - sea pelagic groups , such as the lanternfish , ridgehead , marine hatchetfish , and lightfish families are sometimes termed pseudoceanic because , rather than having an even distribution in open water , they occur in significantly higher abundances around structural oases , notably seamounts and over continental slopes . The phenomenon is explained by the likewise abundance of prey species which are also attracted to the structures . Hydrostatic pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10m in depth . Deep - sea organisms have the same pressure within their bodies as is exerted on them from the outside , so they are not crushed by the extreme pressure . Their high internal pressure , however , results in the reduced fluidity of their membranes because molecules are squeezed together . Fluidity in cell membranes increases efficiency of biological functions , most importantly the production of proteins , so organisms have adapted to this circumstance by increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the lipids of the cell membranes . In addition to differences in internal pressure , these organisms have developed a different balance between their metabolic reactions from those organisms that live in the epipelagic zone . David Wharton , author of Life at the Limits : Organisms in Extreme Environments , notes `` Biochemical reactions are accompanied by changes in volume . If a reaction results in an increase in volume , it will be inhibited by pressure , whereas , if it is associated with a decrease in volume , it will be enhanced '' . This means that their metabolic processes must ultimately decrease the volume of the organism to some degree . Humans seldom encounter frilled sharks alive , so they pose little danger ( though scientists have accidentally cut themselves examining their teeth ) . Most fish that have evolved in this harsh environment are not capable of surviving in laboratory conditions , and attempts to keep them in captivity have led to their deaths . Deep - sea organisms contain gas - filled spaces ( vacuoles ) . Gas is compressed under high pressure and expands under low pressure . Because of this , these organisms have been known to blow up if they come to the surface . Characteristics ( edit ) An annotated diagram of the basic external features of an abyssal grenadier and standard length measurements . Play media Rhinochimera atlantica Gigantactis is a deep - sea fish with a dorsal fin whose first filament has become very long and is tipped with a bioluminescent photophore lure . Pelican eel Bigeye tuna cruise the epipelagic zone at night and the mesopelagic zone during the day . The fish of the deep - sea are among the strangest and most elusive creatures on Earth . In this deep dark unknown lie many unusual creatures that have yet to be studied . Since many of these fish live in regions where there is no natural illumination , they can not rely solely on their eyesight for locating prey and mates and avoiding predators ; deep - sea fish have evolved appropriately to the extreme sub-photic region in which they live . Many of these organisms are blind and rely on their other senses , such as sensitivities to changes in local pressure and smell , to catch their food and avoid being caught . Those that are n't blind have large and sensitive eyes that can use bioluminescent light . These eyes can be as much as 100 times more sensitive to light than human eyes . Also , to avoid predation , many species are dark to blend in with their environment . Many deep - sea fish are bioluminescent , with extremely large eyes adapted to the dark . Bioluminescent organisms are capable of producing light biologically through the agitation of molecules of luciferin , which then produce light . This process must be done in the presence of oxygen . These organisms are common in the mesopelagic region and below ( 200m and below ) . More than 50 % of deep - sea fish as well as some species of shrimp and squid are capable of bioluminescence . About 80 % of these organisms have photophores -- light producing glandular cells that contain luminous bacteria bordered by dark colorings . Some of these photophores contain lenses , much like those in the eyes of humans , which can intensify or lessen the emanation of light . The ability to produce light only requires 1 % of the organism 's energy and has many purposes : It is used to search for food and attract prey , like the anglerfish ; claim territory through patrol ; communicate and find a mate ; and distract or temporarily blind predators to escape . Also , in the mesopelagic where some light still penetrates , some organisms camouflage themselves from predators below them by illuminating their bellies to match the color and intensity of light from above so that no shadow is cast . This tactic is known as counter illumination . The lifecycle of deep - sea fish can be exclusively deep water although some species are born in shallower water and sink upon maturation . Regardless of the depth where eggs and larvae reside , they are typically pelagic . This planktonic -- drifting -- lifestyle requires neutral buoyancy . In order to maintain this , the eggs and larvae often contain oil droplets in their plasma . When these organisms are in their fully matured state they need other adaptations to maintain their positions in the water column . In general , water 's density causes upthrust -- the aspect of buoyancy that makes organisms float . To counteract this , the density of an organism must be greater than that of the surrounding water . Most animal tissues are denser than water , so they must find an equilibrium to make them float . Many organisms develop swim bladders ( gas cavities ) to stay afloat , but because of the high pressure of their environment , deep - sea fishes usually do not have this organ . Instead they exhibit structures similar to hydrofoils in order to provide hydrodynamic lift . It has also been found that the deeper a fish lives , the more jelly - like its flesh and the more minimal its bone structure . They reduce their tissue density through high fat content , reduction of skeletal weight -- accomplished through reductions of size , thickness and mineral content -- and water accumulation makes them slower and less agile than surface fish . Due to the poor level of photosynthetic light reaching deep - sea environments , most fish need to rely on organic matter sinking from higher levels , or , in rare cases , hydrothermal vents for nutrients . This makes the deep - sea much poorer in productivity than shallower regions . Also , animals in the pelagic environment are sparse and food does n't come along frequently . Because of this , organisms need adaptations that allow them to survive . Some have long feelers to help them locate prey or attract mates in the pitch black of the deep ocean . The deep - sea angler fish in particular has a long fishing - rod - like adaptation protruding from its face , on the end of which is a bioluminescent piece of skin that wriggles like a worm to lure its prey . Some must consume other fish that are the same size or larger than them and they need adaptations to help digest them efficiently . Great sharp teeth , hinged jaws , disproportionately large mouths , and expandable bodies are a few of the characteristics that deep - sea fishes have for this purpose . The gulper eel is one example of an organism that displays these characteristics . Fish in the different pelagic and deep water benthic zones are physically structured , and behave in ways , that differ markedly from each other . Groups of coexisting species within each zone all seem to operate in similar ways , such as the small mesopelagic vertically migrating plankton - feeders , the bathypelagic anglerfishes , and the deep water benthic rattails . `` Ray finned species , with spiny fins , are rare among deep sea fishes , which suggests that deep sea fish are ancient and so well adapted to their environment that invasions by more modern fishes have been unsuccessful . The few ray fins that do exist are mainly in the Beryciformes and Lampriformes , which are also ancient forms . Most deep sea pelagic fishes belong to their own orders , suggesting a long evolution in deep sea environments . In contrast , deep water benthic species , are in orders that include many related shallow water fishes . ( show ) Species by pelagic zone Many species move daily between zones in vertical migrations . In this table they are listed in the middle or deeper zone where they are regularly found . Zone Species and species groups include ... Epipelagic mackerel , requiem and whale sharks clupeiforms - herring , anchovy Salmonidae - salmon atheriniforms - flyingfishes , halfbeaks , sauries perciforms - jacks , dolphinfish , pomfrets , barracudas , tunas , billfish . Mesopelagic Lanternfish , opah , longnose lancetfish , barreleye , ridgehead , sabretooth , stoplight loosejaw , marine hatchetfish Bathypelagic Principally bristlemouth and anglerfish . Also fangtooth , viperfish , black swallower , telescopefish , hammerjaw , daggertooth , barracudina , black scabbardfish , bobtail snipe eel , unicorn crestfish , pelican eel , flabby whalefish . Benthopelagic Rattail and brotula are particularly abundant . Benthic Flatfish , hagfish , eelpout , greeneye eel , stingray , lumpfish , and batfish ( show ) Comparative structure of pelagic fishes Epipelagic Mesopelagic Bathypelagic deep sea benthic muscles muscular bodies , ossified bones , scales , well developed gills and central nervous systems , and large hearts and kidneys . poorly developed , flabby skeleton strong , ossified bones weak , minimal ossification scales yes none nervous systems well developed lateral line and olfactory only eyes large and sensitive small and may not function variable ( well developed to absent ) photophores absent common common usually absent gills well developed kidneys large small heart large small swimbladder vertically migratory fish have swimbladders reduced or absent variable ( well developed to absent ) size usually under 25 cm variable , species greater than one metre are not uncommon Mesopelagic fish ( edit ) Mesopelagic fish Most mesopelagic fishes are small filter feeders which ascend at night to feed in the nutrient rich waters of the epipelagic zone . During the day , they return to the dark , cold , oxygen deficient waters of the mesopelagic where they are relatively safe from predators . Lanternfish account for as much as 65 percent of all deep sea fish biomass and are largely responsible for the deep scattering layer of the world 's oceans . Most of the rest of the mesopelagic fishes are ambush predators , like this sabertooth fish . The sabertooth which uses its telescopic , upward - pointing eyes to pick out prey silhouetted against the gloom above . Their recurved teeth prevent a captured fish from backing out . The Antarctic toothfish have large , upward looking eyes , adapted to detecting the silhouettes of prey fish . The barreleye has barrel - shaped , tubular eyes which are generally directed upwards but can be swivelled forward . The telescopefish has large , forward - pointing telescoping eyes with large lenses . Below the epipelagic zone , conditions change rapidly . Between 200 metres and about 1000 metres , light continues to fade until there is almost none . Temperatures fall through a thermocline to temperatures between 3.9 ° C ( 39 ° F ) and 7.8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) . This is the twilight or mesopelagic zone . Pressure continues to increase , at the rate of one atmosphere every 10 metres , while nutrient concentrations fall , along with dissolved oxygen and the rate at which the water circulates . '' Sonar operators , using the newly developed sonar technology during World War II , were puzzled by what appeared to be a false sea floor 300 -- 500 metres deep at day , and less deep at night . This turned out to be due to millions of marine organisms , most particularly small mesopelagic fish , with swimbladders that reflected the sonar . These organisms migrate up into shallower water at dusk to feed on plankton . The layer is deeper when the moon is out , and can become shallower when clouds pass over the moon . This phenomenon has come to be known as the deep scattering layer . Most mesopelagic fish make daily vertical migrations , moving at night into the epipelagic zone , often following similar migrations of zooplankton , and returning to the depths for safety during the day . These vertical migrations often occur over large vertical distances , and are undertaken with the assistance of a swimbladder . The swimbladder is inflated when the fish wants to move up , and , given the high pressures in the messoplegic zone , this requires significant energy . As the fish ascends , the pressure in the swimbladder must adjust to prevent it from bursting . When the fish wants to return to the depths , the swimbladder is deflated . Some mesopelagic fishes make daily migrations through the thermocline , where the temperature changes between 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) and 69 ° F ( 20 ° C ) , thus displaying considerable tolerances for temperature change . These fish have muscular bodies , ossified bones , scales , well developed gills and central nervous systems , and large hearts and kidneys . Mesopelagic plankton feeders have small mouths with fine gill rakers , while the piscivores have larger mouths and coarser gill rakers . The vertically migratory fish have swimbladders . Mesopelagic fish are adapted for an active life under low light conditions . Most of them are visual predators with large eyes . Some of the deeper water fish have tubular eyes with big lenses and only rod cells that look upwards . These give binocular vision and great sensitivity to small light signals . This adaptation gives improved terminal vision at the expense of lateral vision , and allows the predator to pick out squid , cuttlefish , and smaller fish that are silhouetted against the gloom above them . Mesopelagic fish usually lack defensive spines , and use colour to camouflage themselves from other fish . Ambush predators are dark , black or red . Since the longer , red , wavelengths of light do not reach the deep sea , red effectively functions the same as black . Migratory forms use countershaded silvery colours . On their bellies , they often display photophores producing low grade light . For a predator from below , looking upwards , this bioluminescence camouflages the silhouette of the fish . However , some of these predators have yellow lenses that filter the ( red deficient ) ambient light , leaving the bioluminescence visible . The brownsnout spookfish , a species of barreleye , is the only vertebrate known to employ a mirror , as opposed to a lens , to focus an image in its eyes . Sampling via deep trawling indicates that lanternfish account for as much as 65 % of all deep sea fish biomass . Indeed , lanternfish are among the most widely distributed , populous , and diverse of all vertebrates , playing an important ecological role as prey for larger organisms . The estimated global biomass of lanternfish is 550 - 660 million metric tonnes , several times the entire world fisheries catch . Lanternfish also account for much of the biomass responsible for the deep scattering layer of the world 's oceans . Sonar reflects off the millions of lanternfish swim bladders , giving the appearance of a false bottom . Bigeye tuna are an epipelagic / mesopelagic species that eats other fish . Satellite tagging has shown that bigeye tuna often spend prolonged periods cruising deep below the surface during the daytime , sometimes making dives as deep as 500 metres . These movements are thought to be in response to the vertical migrations of prey organisms in the deep scattering layer . The stoplight loosejaw has a lower jaw one - quarter as long as its body . The jaw has no floor and is attached only by a hinge and a modified tongue bone . Large fang - like teeth in the front are followed by many small barbed teeth . The stoplight loosejaw is also one of the few fishes that produce red bioluminescence . As most of their prey can not perceive red light , this allows it to hunt with an essentially invisible beam of light . Long - snouted lancetfish . Lancetfish are ambush predators which spend all their time in the mesopelagic zone . They are among the largest mesopelagic fishes ( up to 2 metres ) . The daggertooth paralyses other mesopelagic fish when it bites them with its dagger - like teeth . Bathypelagic fish ( edit ) Bathypelagic fish The humpback anglerfish is a bathypelagic ambush predator , which attracts prey with a bioluminescent lure . It can ingest prey larger than itself , which it swallows with an inrush of water when it opens its mouth . Many bristlemouth species , such as the `` spark anglemouth '' above , are also bathypelagic ambush predators which can swallow prey larger than themselves . They are among the most abundant of all vertebrate families . Young , red flabby whalefish make nightly vertical migrations into the lower mesopelagic zone to feed on copepods . When males make the transition to adults , they develop a massive liver , and then their jaws fuse shut . They no longer eat , but continue to metabolise the energy stored in their liver . The Sloane 's viperfish can make nightly migrations from bathypelagic depths to near surface waters . The widespread fangtooth has the largest teeth of any fish , proportionate to body size . Despite their ferocious appearance , bathypelagic fish are usually weakly muscled and too small to represent any threat to humans . Below the mesopelagic zone it is pitch dark . This is the midnight ( or bathypelagic zone ) , extending from 1000 metres to the bottom deep water benthic zone . If the water is exceptionally deep , the pelagic zone below 4000 metres is sometimes called the lower midnight ( or abyssopelagic zone ) . Conditions are somewhat uniform throughout these zones ; the darkness is complete , the pressure is crushing , and temperatures , nutrients and dissolved oxygen levels are all low . Bathypelagic fish have special adaptations to cope with these conditions -- they have slow metabolisms and unspecialized diets , being willing to eat anything that comes along . They prefer to sit and wait for food rather than waste energy searching for it . The behaviour of bathypelagic fish can be contrasted with the behaviour of mesopelagic fish . Mesopelagic fish are often highly mobile , whereas bathypelagic fish are almost all lie - in - wait predators , normally expending little energy in movement . The dominant bathypelagic fishes are small bristlemouth and anglerfish ; fangtooth , viperfish , daggertooth and barracudina are also common . These fishes are small , many about 10 centimetres long , and not many longer than 25 cm . They spend most of their time waiting patiently in the water column for prey to appear or to be lured by their phosphors . What little energy is available in the bathypelagic zone filters from above in the form of detritus , faecal material , and the occasional invertebrate or mesopelagic fish . About 20 percent of the food that has its origins in the epipelagic zone falls down to the mesopelagic zone , but only about 5 percent filters down to the bathypelagic zone . Bathypelagic fish are sedentary , adapted to outputting minimum energy in a habitat with very little food or available energy , not even sunlight , only bioluminescence . Their bodies are elongated with weak , watery muscles and skeletal structures . Since so much of the fish is water , they are not compressed by the great pressures at these depths . They often have extensible , hinged jaws with recurved teeth . They are slimy , without scales . The central nervous system is confined to the lateral line and olfactory systems , the eyes are small and may not function , and gills , kidneys and hearts , and swimbladders are small or missing . These are the same features found in fish larvae , which suggests that during their evolution , bathypelagic fish have acquired these features through neoteny . As with larvae , these features allow the fish to remain suspended in the water with little expenditure of energy . Despite their ferocious appearance , these beasts of the deep are mostly miniature fish with weak muscles , and are too small to represent any threat to humans . The swimbladders of deep sea fish are either absent or scarcely operational , and bathypelagic fish do not normally undertake vertical migrations . Filling bladders at such great pressures incurs huge energy costs . Some deep sea fishes have swimbladders which function while they are young and inhabit the upper epipelagic zone , but they wither or fill with fat when the fish move down to their adult habitat . The most important sensory systems are usually the inner ear , which responds to sound , and the lateral line , which responds to changes in water pressure . The olfactory system can also be important for males who find females by smell . Bathypelagic fish are black , or sometimes red , with few photophores . When photophores are used , it is usually to entice prey or attract a mate . Because food is so scarce , bathypelagic predators are not selective in their feeding habits , but grab whatever comes close enough . They accomplish this by having a large mouth with sharp teeth for grabbing large prey and overlapping gill rakers which prevent small prey that have been swallowed from escaping . It is not easy finding a mate in this zone . Some species depend on bioluminescence . Others are hermaphrodites , which doubles their chances of producing both eggs and sperm when an encounter occurs . The female anglerfish releases pheromones to attract tiny males . When a male finds her , he bites on to her and never lets go . When a male of the anglerfish species Haplophryne mollis bites into the skin of a female , he releases an enzyme that digests the skin of his mouth and her body , fusing the pair to the point where the two circulatory systems join up . The male then atrophies into nothing more than a pair of gonads . This extreme sexual dimorphism ensures that , when the female is ready to spawn , she has a mate immediately available . Many forms other than fish live in the bathypelagic zone , such as squid , large whales , octopuses , sponges , brachiopods , sea stars , and echinoids , but this zone is difficult for fish to live in . The pelican eel uses its mouth like a net by opening its large mouth and swimming at its prey . It has a luminescent organ at the tip of its tail to attract prey . The black swallower , with its distensible stomach , is notable for its ability to swallow , whole , bony fishes ten times its mass . Female Haplophryne mollis anglerfish trailing attached males which have atrophied into a pair of gonads , for use when the female is ready to spawn . Lanternfish ( edit ) Lanternfish Sampling via deep trawling indicates that lanternfish account for as much as 65 % of all deep - sea fish biomass . Indeed , lanternfish are among the most widely distributed , populous , and diverse of all vertebrates , playing an important ecological role as prey for larger organisms . With an estimated global biomass of 550 - 660 million metric tons , several times the entire world fisheries catch , lanternfish also account for much of the biomass responsible for the deep scattering layer of the world 's oceans . In the Southern Ocean , Myctophids provide an alternative food resource to krill for predators such as squid and the king penguin . Although these fish are plentiful and prolific , currently only a few commercial lanternfish fisheries exist : These include limited operations off South Africa , in the sub-Antarctic , and in the Gulf of Oman . Endangered species ( edit ) A 2006 study by Canadian scientists has found five species of deep - sea fish -- blue hake , spiny eel -- to be on the verge of extinction due to the shift of commercial fishing from continental shelves to the slopes of the continental shelves , down to depths of 1600 meters . The slow reproduction of these fish -- they reach sexual maturity at about the same age as human beings -- is one of the main reasons that they can not recover from the excessive fishing . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deep sea fish . External video Creatures and Fish of the Deep Ocean -- National Geographic documentary Census of Marine Life Deep ocean water Deep sea Deep sea communities Deep water fish Demersal fish Pelagic fish Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trujillo , Alan P. ; Harold V. Thurman ( 2011 ) . Essentials of Oceanography 10th ed . Boston : Prentice Hall . p. 354 . ISBN 978 - 0321668127 . Jump up ^ Trujillo , Alan P. ; Harold V. Thurman ( 2011 ) . Essentials of Oceanography 10th ed . Boston : Prentice Hall . p. 365 . ISBN 978 - 0321668127 . Jump up ^ Trujillo , Alan P. ; Harold V. Thurman ( 2011 ) . Essentials of Oceanography 10th ed . Boston : Prentice Hall . pp. 457 ; 460 . ISBN 978 - 0321668127 . ^ Jump up to : Moyle and Cech , 2004 , page 585 Jump up ^ Wharton , David . ( 2002 ) . Life at the Limits : Organisms in Extreme Environments . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge UP . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0521782128 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( 2002 ) . Life at the Limits : Organisms in Extreme Environments . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge UP . pp. 199 ; 201 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 0521782128 . ^ Jump up to : Wharton , David . ( 2002 ) . Life at the Limits : Organisms in Extreme Environments . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge UP . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0521782128 . Jump up ^ Compagno , L.J.V. ( 1984 ) . Sharks of the World : An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date . Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 92 - 5 - 101384 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David A. ( 2007 - 07 - 23 ) . Life at the Limits : Organisms in Extreme Environments . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781139431941 . ^ Jump up to : Trujillo , Alan P. ; Harold V. Thurman ( 2011 ) . Essentials of Oceanography 10th ed . Boston : Prentice Hall . p. 415 . ISBN 978 - 0321668127 . Jump up ^ Trujillo , Alan P. ; Harold V. Thurman ( 2011 ) . Essentials of Oceanography 10th ed . Boston : Prentice Hall . pp. 414 -- 415 . ISBN 978 - 0321668127 . Jump up ^ Randall , David J. ; Anthony Peter Farrell ( 1997 ) . Deep - sea Fishes . San Diego : Academic . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0123504401 . Jump up ^ Randall , David J. ; Anthony Peter Farrell ( 1997 ) . Deep - sea Fishes . San Diego : Academic . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 0123504401 . Jump up ^ Randall , David J. ; Anthony Peter Farrell ( 1997 ) . Deep - sea Fishes . San Diego : Academic . pp. 196 ; 225 . ISBN 978 - 0123504401 . Jump up ^ Moyle and Cech , 2004 , p. 591 ^ Jump up to : Haedrich RL ( 1996 ) `` Deep - water fishes : evolution and adaptation in the earth 's largest living spaces '' Journal of Fish Biology 49 ( sA ) : 40 - 53 . Jump up ^ Moyle and Cech , 2004 , page 586 ^ Jump up to : Moyle and Cech , 2004 , page 571 Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2009 ) . `` Argyropelecus aculeatus '' in FishBase . August 2009 version . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2009 ) . `` Dissostichus mawsoni '' in FishBase . August 2009 version . Jump up ^ Mystery Of Deep - sea Fish With Tubular Eyes And Transparent Head Solved ScienceDaily , 24 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` Gigantura chuni '' in FishBase . October 2010 version . ^ Jump up to : Ryan P `` Deep - sea creatures : The mesopelagic zone '' Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Updated 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Bone & Moore 2008 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Douglas EL , Friedl WA , Pickwell GV ( 1976 ) . `` Fishes in oxygen - minimum zones : blood oxygenation characteristics '' . Science . 191 ( 4230 ) : 957 -- 959 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1251208 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Moyle and Cech , 2004 , p. 590 Jump up ^ Munz WRA ( 1976 ) . `` On yellow lenses in mesopelagic animals '' . Marine Biological Association of the UK . 56 : 963 -- 976 . Jump up ^ Wagner , H.J. ; Douglas , R.H. ; Frank , T.M. ; Roberts , N.W. & Partridge , J.C. ( Jan 27 , 2009 ) . `` A Novel Vertebrate Eye Using Both Refractive and Reflective Optics '' . Current Biology . 19 ( 2 ) : 108 -- 114 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2008.11. 061 . PMID 19110427 . Jump up ^ Smith , L. ( Jan. 8 , 2009 ) . `` Fish with four eyes can see through the deep sea gloom '' . Times Online . Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved on March 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hulley , P. Alexander ( 1998 ) . Paxton , J.R. ; Eschmeyer , W.N. , eds . Encyclopedia of Fishes . San Diego : Academic Press . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 547665 - 5 . Jump up ^ R. Cornejo ; R. Koppelmann ; T. Sutton . `` Deep - sea fish diversity and ecology in the benthic boundary layer '' . ^ Jump up to : Kenaley , C.P ( 2007 ) . `` Revision of the Stoplight Loosejaw Genus Malacosteus ( Teleostei : Stomiidae : Malacosteinae ) , with Description of a New Species from the Temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean '' . Copeia. 2007 ( 4 ) : 886 -- 900 . doi : 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 ( 2007 ) 7 ( 886 : ROTSLG ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Sutton , T.T. ( Nov 2005 ) . `` Trophic ecology of the deep - sea fish Malacosteus niger ( Pisces : Stomiidae ) : An enigmatic feeding ecology to facilitate a unique visual system ? '' . Deep - Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers. 52 ( 11 ) : 2065 -- 2076 . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2005.06. 011 . Jump up ^ Moyle and Cech , 2004 , p. 336 Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` Anotopterus pharao '' in FishBase. April 2010 version . ^ Jump up to : Ryan P `` Deep - sea creatures : The bathypelagic zone '' Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Updated 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2006 ) . `` Gonostoma bathyphilum '' in FishBase . January 2006 version . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer , and Daniel Pauly , eds. ( 2009 ) . `` Gonostoma '' in FishBase . August 2009 version . Jump up ^ `` Connecting knowledge and people for more than 10 years '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists solve mystery : 3 fish are all the same '' . January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` Chauliodus sloani '' in FishBase. April 2010 version . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2009 ) . `` Anoplogaster cornuta '' in FishBase . August 2009 version . ^ Jump up to : Moyle and Cech , 2004 , p. 594 ^ Jump up to : Moyle and Cech , 2004 , p. 587 Jump up ^ Marshall ( 1984 ) `` Progenetic tendencies in deep - sea fishes '' , pp. 91 - 101 in Potts GW and Wootton RJ ( eds . ) ( 1984 ) Fish reproduction : strategies and tactics Fisheries Society of the British Isles . Jump up ^ Horn MH ( 1970 ) . `` The swimbladder as a juvenile organ in stromateoid fishes '' . Breviora. 359 : 1 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Jumper GY , Bair RC ( 1991 ) . `` Location by olfaction : a model and application to the mating problem in the deep - sea Hatchetfish Argyropelecus hemigymnus '' . The American Naturalist. 138 ( 6 ) : 1431 -- 1458 . doi : 10.1086 / 285295 . JSTOR 2462555 . Jump up ^ Theodore W. Pietsch ( 1975 ) . `` Precocious sexual parasitism in the deep sea ceratioid anglerfish , Cryptopsaras couesi Gill '' . Nature . 256 ( 5512 ) : 38 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / 256038a0 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Jordan , D.S. ( 1905 ) . A Guide to the Study of Fishes . H. Holt and Company . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2009 ) . `` Chiasmodon niger '' in FishBase . August 2009 version . Jump up ^ Devine Jennifer A. , Baker Krista D. , Haedrich Richard L. ( 2006 ) . `` Fisheries : Deep - sea fishes qualify as endangered '' . Nature . 439 ( 7072 ) : 29 . doi : 10.1038 / 439029a . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) References ( edit ) Moyle , PB and Cech , JJ ( 2004 ) Fishes , An Introduction to Ichthyology . 5th Ed , Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 100847 - 2 Further reading ( edit ) Gordon J.D.M. ( 2001 ) `` Deep - sea fishes '' In : John H. Steele , Steve A. Thorpe , Karl K. Turekian ( Eds ) Elements of Physical Oceanography , pages 227 -- 233 , Academic Press . ISBN 9780123757241 . Hoar WS , Randall DJ and Farrell AP ( Eds ) ( 1997 ) Deep - Sea Fishes , Academic Press . ISBN 9780080585406 . Shotton , Ross ( 1995 ) `` Deepwater fisheries '' In : Review of the state of world marine fishery resources , FAO Fisheries technical paper 457 , FAO , Rome . ISBN 92 - 5 - 105267 - 0 . Tandstad M , Shotton R , Sanders J and Carocci F ( 2011 ) `` Deep - sea Fisheries '' In : Review of the state of world marine fishery resources , pages 265 -- 278 , FAO Fisheries technical paper 569 , FAO , Rome . ISBN 978 - 92 - 5 - 107023 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Deep sea fish at Wikimedia Commons https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/abyss/life/bestiary.html http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/photos/deep-sea-creatures/ Deep Sea Creatures - Articles , facts and images of deep sea animals Aquatic ecosystem topics Aquatic ecosystems -- general and freshwater components General Acoustic ecology Adaptation Agent - based models Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic animals ( Insects Mammals ) Aquatic plants Aquatic science Benthos Biodiversity research Bioluminescence Biomass Biomonitoring Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Camouflage and mimicry Dead zone Ecohydrology Ecosystems Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Isotope analysis Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Predation Productivity Ramsar Convention Respiration Schooling Sediment trap Siltation Spawning Substrate Thermal pollution Toxicology Trophic level Water column Zooplankton More ... 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Portal WikiProject LCCN : sh85048823 GND : 4456168 - 4 BNF : cb12549269t ( data ) NDL : 01169416 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_sea_fish&oldid=814453736 '' Categories : Deep sea fish Oceanographical terminology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano ქართული 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 22 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-414112163462285612	Apple Store	Apple Store - wikipedia Apple Store This article is about Apple 's retail chain . For the store in London founded by The Beatles , see Apple Boutique . For other uses , see Apple Store ( disambiguation ) . Apple Store Type Subsidiary Industry Computer hardware Computer software Consumer electronics Distribution Founded May 19 , 2001 ; 17 years ago ( 2001 - 05 - 19 ) Tysons Corner Center Fairfax County , Virginia , U.S. Founder Ron Johnson Number of locations 503 stores in 24 countries ( 272 US / 230 elsewhere ) Key people Tim Cook ( CEO ) Angela Ahrendts ( SVP : Retail and Online Stores ) Phil Schiller ( SVP : Worldwide Marketing ) Products Mac iPad iPhone iPod Apple TV Apple Watch Apple & third - party software and accessories Parent Apple Inc . Website www.apple.com/retail Apple Store is a chain of retail stores owned and operated by Apple Inc . The stores sell Mac personal computers , iPhone smartphones , iPad tablet computers , iPod portable media players , Apple Watch smartwatches , Apple TV digital media players , software , and select third - party accessories . The first Apple Stores were originally opened as two locations in May 2001 by then - CEO Steve Jobs , after years of attempting but failing store - within - a-store concepts . Seeing a need for improved retail presentation of the company 's products , he began an effort in 1997 to revamp the retail program to get an improved relationship to consumers , and hired Ron Johnson in 2000 . Jobs relaunched Apple 's online store in 1997 , and opened the first two physical stores in 2001 . Despite initial media speculation that Apple would fail , its stores were highly successful , by passing the sales numbers of competing nearby stores and with in three years reached US $ 1 billion in annual sales , becoming the fastest retailer in history to do so . Over the years , Apple has expanded the number of retail locations and its geographical coverage , with 502 stores across 24 countries worldwide as of December 2017 . Strong product sales have placed Apple among the top - tier retail stores , with sales over $16 billion globally in 2011 . In May 2016 , Angela Ahrendts , Apple 's current Senior Vice President of Retail , unveiled a significantly redesigned Apple Store in Union Square , San Francisco , featuring large glass doors for the entry , open spaces , and rebranded rooms . In addition to purchasing products , consumers can get advice and help from `` Creative Pros '' -- individuals with specialized knowledge of creative arts ; get product support in a tree - lined Genius Grove ; and attend sessions , conferences and community events , with Ahrendts commenting that the goal is to make Apple Stores into `` town squares '' , a place where people naturally meet up and spend time . The new design will be applied to all Apple Stores worldwide , a process that has seen stores temporarily relocate or close . Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls , but Apple has built several stand - alone `` flagship '' stores in high - profile locations . It has been granted design patents and received architectural awards for its stores ' designs and construction , specifically for its use of glass staircases and cubes . The success of Apple Stores have had significant influence over other consumer electronics retailers , who have lost traffic , control and profits due to a perceived higher quality of service and products at Apple Stores . Apple 's notable brand loyalty among consumers causes long lines of hundreds of people at new Apple Store openings or product releases . Due to the popularity of the brand , Apple receives a large number of job applications , many of which come from young workers . Although Apple Store employees receive above - average pay , are offered money toward education and health care , and receive product discounts , there are limited or no paths of career advancement . A May 2016 report with an anonymous retail employee highlighted a hostile work environment with harassment from customers , intense internal criticism , and a lack of significant bonuses for securing major business contracts . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Work environment 2 Countries / Regions with Apple Stores 3 History 3.1 Third - party retail 3.1. 1 Online store 3.2 Origins 3.3 Expansion 3.4 Changes 3.5 Influence 3.6 Redesign 4 Genius Bar 5 Store openings 6 Burglaries 7 Apple Company Store 8 Imitations 9 See also 10 References Description ( edit ) Apple 's flagship Fifth Avenue store in New York City . Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls , but Apple has built several stand - alone `` flagship '' stores in high - profile locations . Several multi-level stores feature glass staircases , and some also glass bridges . The New York Times wrote in 2011 that these features were part of then - CEO Steve Jobs ' extensive attention to detail , and Apple received a design patent in 2002 for its glass staircase design . Historically , Apple has partnered with architectural firm Bohlin Cywinski Jackson in designing and creating its original retail stores , and has in recent years partnered with architectural firm Foster + Partners in designing its newer stores , as well as its corporate Apple Park campus . Apple has received numerous architectural awards for its store designs , and its `` iconic '' glass cube , designed in part by Peter Bohlin , at Apple 's Fifth Avenue store in New York City , received a separate design patent in 2014 . Ron Johnson held the position of Senior Vice President of Retail Operations from 2001 until November 1 , 2011 . During his tenure , it was reported that while Johnson was responsible for site selection , in - store service , and store layout , inventory was controlled by then - COO and now - CEO Tim Cook , who has a background in supply chain management . In January 2012 , Apple transferred retail leadership to John Browett . However , after attempts to cut costs , including reducing new hires and limiting staff hours , he was fired after six months , later telling a conference that he `` just did n't fit with the way they ran the business '' . In October 2013 , Apple hired Angela Ahrendts from Burberry . Work environment ( edit ) The Apple Store at the Zorlu Center in Istanbul has a ' glass lantern ' which won the 2014 IStructE Structural Awards Supreme Award for structural engineering A spiral staircase inside the Apple Store in Boston Apple Store in Aix - en - Provence , France Due to the popularity of the brand , applicants for jobs at Apple Stores are numerous , with many young workers applying . The pace of work is high due to the popularity of the iPhone and iPad . Employees typically work for only a few years as career prospects are limited with no path of advancement other than limited retail management slots . Apple Store employees make above - average pay for retail employees and are offered money toward college tuitions , gym memberships , health care , 401 ( k ) plans , product discounts , and reduced price on purchase of stock . The retention rate for the technicians who staff the Genius Bar is over 90 % . A May 2016 Business Insider article featured a lengthy interview with an anonymous Apple Store retail worker in the United Kingdom , where the employee highlighted significant dissatisfactions and issues for retail workers , including harassment and death threats from customers , an intense internal criticism policy that feels `` like a cult '' , a lack of any significant bonus if a worker manages to secure a business contract worth `` hundreds of thousands '' , a lack of promotion opportunities , and , despite a `` generous '' discount on any Apple product or Apple stock , are paid so little that many workers are unable to buy products themselves . Countries / Regions with Apple Stores ( edit ) > 50 stores 21 -- 50 stores 11 -- 20 stores 6 -- 10 stores 2 -- 5 stores 1 store Under construction / planning # Country Date of first store First store location Number of stores Notes United States May 19 , 2001 Tysons Corner Center , Tysons Corner , Virginia 271 ( 1 ) Japan November 30 , 2003 Ginza , Tokyo 8 ( 2 ) United Kingdom November 20 , 2004 Regent Street , London 38 ( 3 ) Canada May 21 , 2005 Yorkdale Shopping Centre , Toronto 29 ( 4 ) 5 Italy March 31 , 2007 Centro Commerciale Roma Est , Rome 17 ( 5 ) 6 Australia June 19 , 2008 George Street , Sydney 22 ( 6 ) 7 Mainland China July 19 , 2008 Sanlitun , Beijing 41 ( 7 ) 8 Switzerland September 25 , 2008 Rue de Rive , Geneva ( 8 ) 9 Germany December 6 , 2008 1 Rosenstrasse , Munich , Bavaria 15 ( 9 ) 10 France November 7 , 2009 Carrousel du Louvre , Paris 20 ( 10 ) 11 Spain September 4 , 2010 La Maquinista , Barcelona 11 ( 11 ) 12 Hong Kong September 24 , 2011 IFC Mall 6 ( 12 ) 13 Netherlands March 3 , 2012 Hirschbuilding , Leidseplein , Amsterdam ( 13 ) 14 Sweden September 15 , 2012 Täby Centrum , Stockholm ( 14 ) 15 Brazil February 15 , 2014 VillageMall , Barra da Tijuca , Rio de Janeiro ( 15 ) 16 Turkey April 5 , 2014 Zorlu Center , Istanbul ( 16 ) 17 Belgium September 19 , 2015 Avenue de la Toison d'Or , Brussels ( 17 ) 18 United Arab Emirates October 29 , 2015 Mall of the Emirates , Dubai ; Yas Mall , Abu Dhabi ( 18 ) 19 Macau June 25 , 2016 Galaxy Macau ( 19 ) 20 Mexico September 24 , 2016 Vía Santa Fe , Mexico City ( 20 ) 21 Singapore May 27 , 2017 Orchard Road ( 21 ) 22 Taiwan July 1 , 2017 Taipei 101 , Taipei ( 22 ) 23 South Korea January 27 , 2018 Garosu - gil , Gangnam , Seoul ( 23 ) 24 Austria February 24 , 2018 Kärntner Straße , Vienna ( 24 ) -- India TBC TBC TBC ( 25 ) -- Thailand TBC Iconsiam , Bangkok TBC ( 26 ) -- Saudi Arabia TBC Riyadh TBC ( 27 ) -- Israel TBC Tel Aviv TBC ( 28 ) History ( edit ) Third - party retail ( edit ) Steve Jobs , the co-founder of Apple , returned as interim CEO in 1997 . According to Jobs ' biographer Walter Isaacson , Jobs began a concerted campaign to help sales by improving the retail presentation of Macintosh computers . Even with new products launched under Jobs ' watch , like the iMac and the PowerBook G3 and an online store , Apple still relied heavily on big box computer and electronics stores for most of their sales . There , customers continued to deal with poorly trained and ill - maintained Mac sections that did not foster customer loyalty to Apple and did not help differentiate the Mac user - experience from Windows . In fact , the retailer trend was towards selling their own generic in - house brand PCs which used even cheaper components than those by major PC makers , increasing retailer overall margins by keeping the manufacturing profits . This `` provided a powerful profit motive to convert customers interested in buying a Mac into the owners of a new , cheaply assembled , house brand PC '' . Tim Cook , who joined Apple in 1998 as Senior Vice President for Worldwide Operations , announced the company would `` cut some channel partners that may not be providing the buying experience ( Apple expects ) . We 're not happy with everybody . '' Jobs severed Apple 's ties of every big box retailer , including Sears , Best Buy , Circuit City , Computer City and Office Max to focus its retail efforts with CompUSA . Between 1997 and 2000 , the number of Mac authorized resellers dropped from 20,000 to just 11,000 . The majority of these were cuts made by Apple itself . Jobs proclaimed that Apple would be targeting Dell , with Cook 's mandate to match or exceed Dell 's lean inventories and streamlined supply chain , `` with our new products and our new store and our new build - to - order , we 're coming after you , buddy . '' While Dell had operated as a direct mail order and online order company , having pulled out of retailers to realize greater profit margins and efficiency , Apple had direct orders with sales handled by its channel partners , other mail order resellers , independent dealerships , and the new relationship with CompUSA to build `` stores within a store '' . Jobs did a study for stand alone `` store within a store '' for 34 sites in Japan . These sites were designed by Eight Inc. who was designing the Apple MacWorld and product launch events with Apple . CompUSA was one of the few retailers that kept its Apple contract by agreeing to adopt Apple 's `` store within a store '' concept designed by Eight Inc . This required that approximately 15 % of each CompUSA store would be set aside for Mac hardware and software ( including non-Apple products ) and would play host to a part - time Apple salesperson . However the `` store within a store '' approach did not meet expectations , in part because the Apple section was in the lowest - traffic area of CompUSA stores . CompUSA president Jim Halpin , who proclaimed that he would make Apple products his top priority , was forced to resign a year later . Also CompUSA had trouble finding well - trained staff , as most store clerks usually steered customers away from Macs and towards Windows PCs . Despite these setbacks , CompUSA sales of Macs had increased . Apple then added Best Buy as a second authorized reseller . Challenges still remained , as resellers ' profit margins on selling Macs was only around 9 % , and selling Macs was only worthwhile if ongoing service and support contracts were provided , of which retailer experiences were inconsistent . Online Store ( edit ) In 1997 , the year Steve Jobs returned to Apple , Dell founder and CEO Michael Dell was asked how he would fix Apple . Dell responded : `` I 'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders '' . This angered Jobs , due to Dell 's success with its online store originally built by NeXT , Jobs ' former business that Apple acquired to bring Jobs back . A team of Apple and NeXT employees spent several months building an online store that would be better than Dell 's . On November 10 , 1997 , Steve Jobs announced the online store at an Apple press event , and during his keynote speech , he said : `` I guess what we want to tell you , Michael , is that with our new products and our new store and our new build - to - order manufacturing , we 're coming after you , buddy . '' In August 2015 , Apple revamped the online storefront , removing the dedicated `` Store '' tab and making the entire website a retail experience . Origins ( edit ) Jobs believed the Apple retail program needed to fundamentally change the relationship to the customer , and provide more control over the presentation of Apple products and the Apple brand message . Jobs recognized the limitations of third - party retailing and began investigating options to change the model . In 1999 , Jobs personally recruited Millard Drexler , former CEO of Gap Inc. , to serve on Apple 's board of directors . In 2000 , Jobs hired Ron Johnson from Target . The retail and development teams headed by Allen Moyer from The Walt Disney Company then began a series of mock - ups for the Apple Store inside a warehouse near the company 's Cupertino headquarters . On May 15 , 2001 , Jobs hosted a press event at Apple 's first store , located at the Tysons Corner Center mall in Tysons , Virginia near Washington , D.C. The store officially opened on May 19 , along with another store in Glendale Galleria in Glendale , California . More than 7,700 people visited Apple 's first two stores in the opening weekend , spending a total of US $599,000 . Expansion ( edit ) Several publications and analysts predicted the failure of Apple Stores . However , the Apple retail program established its merits , bypassing the sales - per - square - foot measurement of competing nearby stores , and in 2004 reached $1 billion in annual sales , the fastest of any retailer in history . Sales continued to grow , reaching $1 billion a quarter by 2006 . Then - CEO Steve Jobs said that `` People have n't been willing to invest this much time and money or engineering in a store before '' , adding that `` It 's not important if the customer knows that . They just feel it . They feel something 's a little different . '' In 2011 , Apple Stores in the United States had an average revenue of $473,000 for each employee . According to research firm RetailSails , the Apple Store chain ranked first among U.S. retailers in terms of sales per unit area in 2011 , almost doubling Tiffany , the second retailer on the list . On a global level , all Apple Stores had a combined revenue of US $16 billion . Under the leadership of Ron Johnson , the former senior Vice President of Retail Operations , the Apple Stores have , according to an article in The New York Times , been responsible for `` ( turning ) the boring computer sales floor into a sleek playroom filled with gadgets '' . The Apple Stores have also been credited with raising the company 's brand equity , with Scott Galloway , Professor of Marketing at New York University Stern School of Business , stating that the Stores are the `` temple to the brand which is this unbelievable experience called an Apple Store , and then you have this very mediocre experience called an AT&T or Verizon connect your phone experience for Samsung and the other Android players '' . Apple has since re-established ties with major big box retailers like Best Buy and Staples . Authorized Apple resellers have a dedicated store - within - a-store section , offering a distinctive Apple - style experience to showcase products . The relationship with Best Buy calls for the company to send Apple Solutions Consultants ( ASCs ) to train Best Buy employees to be familiar with Apple 's product lineup . Changes ( edit ) In May 2011 , Apple replaced their paper cards and information displays that were placed next to products with interactive iPad 2 displays , called `` Smart Signs '' . The new displays added more information about the product , and let customers press a button to signal needed assistance . This transition from paper to touch displays was dubbed `` Apple Store 2.0 '' by several online blogs . In November 2011 , Apple updated its `` Apple Store '' iOS app to let U.S. customers use an `` EasyPay '' feature to buy products through their iPhone . The feature , which lets users choose the specific product model they want and gives users an option for picking up the product at a nearby Apple Store with the product in stock , aims to simplify and speed up shopping . If not immediately in stock , the feature gives users an estimated pick - up time . While inside an Apple Store , customers can also scan product barcodes to find technical specifications , ratings and reviews . In November 2013 , 9to5Mac reported that Apple would begin using an `` iBeacon '' location - based notification technology . The iBeacon functionality , inside the `` Apple Store '' iOS app , lets consumers inside Apple Stores receive useful notifications about products , pricing and features , in an attempt to improve the shopping experience . Officially confirmed by the Associated Press the following month , the feature rolled out across all of Apple 's retail stores in the United States . In May 2014 , Apple Store employees started using iPhone 5S for their handheld payments portal , rather than the previous iPod Touch devices . The upgrade lets customers buy products with RFID tags , supports credit card chips and PIN entry , and offers improved support for scanning the Wallet iOS app . In August 2015 , Apple Stores replaced the dedicated Smart Signs displays next to products , by having the products themselves installed with apps that run demos and product information . In early April 2016 , as part of an initiative to become more environmental - friendly , Apple sent an email to employees of Apple Stores that they would begin a transition process with their shopping bags , moving away from the plastic bags that customers get when they buy products in the stores , and switching to paper bags with 80 % recyclable materials , with the company expecting the transition to happen on April 15 . In the email , Apple also wrote that employees should first ask the customer if they want a bag , rather than giving them one without asking . In August 2016 , Apple announced that it would drop the `` Store '' branding when referring to individual store locations , such as changing `` Apple Store , The Grove '' into `` Apple The Grove '' and `` Apple Store , Mayfair '' into `` Apple Mayfair '' . The primary areas of the change happened on Apple 's website and store pages . In July 2017 , Apple added `` smart home experiences '' to 46 of its retail stores , letting visitors use an Apple device to control smart home appliances in the stores such as light bulbs and ceiling fans , while screens offer a look inside a virtual house that the user can control , such as lowering window shades . Influence ( edit ) Apple Stores have considerably changed the landscape for consumer electronics retailers and influenced other technological companies to follow suit . According to The Globe and Mail , `` Apple 's retail stores have taken traffic , control and profits away from Verizon as well as electronics retailers , such as Best Buy , that once looked at wireless phones as a lucrative profit source '' . CNET has reported that the `` Apple retail experience hurts Best Buy '' and noted `` Buy a MacBook at the Apple Store and it 's hard to go back to the Best Buy Windows laptop buying experience '' . The publication also wrote that `` Apple salespeople are generally more knowledgeable , the products themselves are generally higher quality , and the stores are more appealing , aesthetically and practically . '' In October 2009 , reports surfaced that Steve Jobs and his retail team would help `` drastically overhaul '' Disney Stores . Jobs ' involvement was described by The New York Times as `` particularly notable '' , given Jobs ' work on the `` highly successful '' Apple Stores and his election to Disney 's board of directors in 2006 . In August 2009 , London Evening Standard reported that Apple 's first store in the United Kingdom , at Regent Street , was the most profitable shop of its size in London , with the highest sales per square foot , taking in £ 60 million a year , or £ 2,000 per square foot . Redesign ( edit ) Apple Store in Union Square , San Francisco after renovation in May 2016 . Picture shows the Genius Grove Apple 's Fifth Avenue store relocated for renovations In May 2016 , Apple significantly redesigned its Union Square Apple Store in downtown San Francisco , adding large glass doors for the entry , open spaces with touch - sensitive tables and shelves for product displays , and rebranded rooms for the store . `` The Avenue '' is the central location for hardware , as well as for receiving advice from salespersons and `` Creative Pros '' -- individuals with specialized knowledge of music , creativity , apps and photography . The `` Genius Bar '' becomes the `` Genius Grove '' , a tree - lined area for help and support . `` The Forum '' features a large video screen and offers game nights , sessions with experts in creative arts , and community events . `` The Boardroom '' lets aspiring developers and entrepreneurs learn how to use their products to their full potential . `` The Plaza '' , while limited to select locations , offers a `` park - like '' space outside the store featuring free 24 / 7 Wi - Fi access and will host live concerts on some weekends . Designed by Jony Ive and Angela Ahrendts , the idea was to make Apple Stores into `` town squares '' , in which people come naturally to the store as a gathering place , and to `` help foster human experiences that draw people out of their digital bubbles '' . The new design will be adopted to every store Apple has , and while renovation is undergoing , stores are either relocated or temporarily closed . For some locations , including its flagship Fifth Avenue store in New York City , the redesign means substantial expansion of space , requiring dismantling , and possibly reworking , of its physical properties . In April 2017 , Apple announced that its `` Today at Apple '' educational sessions , which launched with its Union Square redesign in 2016 and offer more than 60 free hands - on sessions for creative skills , will also be expanded to all of its stores . Genius Bar ( edit ) Main article : Genius Bar The Genius Bar at Apple Store Regent Street , London All Apple Stores feature a Genius Bar , where customers can receive technical advice or set up service and repair for their products . The Genius Bar provides software support for macOS and hardware service on products that are not classified vintage or obsolete . However , in most cases the Geniuses will at least attempt to assist customers with older hardware . Originally , visitors to the Genius Bar were offered free Evian water . Apple dropped this amenity in February 2002 . In May , 2017 , Apple launched a new program called `` Today At Apple . '' Customers can come in and receive free training from a `` Creative '' in over 60 different sessions . Topics include basic device knowledge , Apple 's professional film and music editing softwares , coding for kids , and tools for using Apple products in classroom based learning . The largest Genius Bar in the world is located in Amsterdam . Store openings ( edit ) Apple Store openings and new product releases can draw crowds of hundreds , with some waiting in line as much as a day before the opening . The opening of New York City 's Fifth Avenue `` Cube '' store in 2006 became the setting of a marriage proposal , and had visitors from Europe who flew in for the event . In June 2017 , a newlywed couple took their wedding photos inside the then - recently opened Orchard Road Apple Store in Singapore . Tysons Corner Center , Virginia on May 19 , 2001 ; a line at the opening of the first Apple Store Magnificent Mile in Chicago , the first of Apple 's ' flagship ' stores Ginza , Tokyo , the first store outside of the U.S. The sidewalk of Boylston Street , Boston , MA on May 15 , 2008 ; a massive crowd gather at the opening of the new store At the Boylston Street Apple Store opening day , a man holds - up his commemorative T - shirt given out Regent Street , London , England ; at its opening at 10am November 20 , 2004 it was the largest worldwide Saint Catherine Street , Montreal , Quebec , Canada George Street , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia Westfield Doncaster , Victoria , Australia Bath , England , UK Churchill Square , Brighton and Hove , England , UK IFC Mall , Hong Kong ; the 100th Store outside the US Covent Garden , London , England , UK ; as with Regents Street branch , one of the largest Stores worldwide Amsterdam , Netherlands ; the largest Store in the world when it comes to the number of products on display Yorkdale Shopping Centre , Toronto , Canada ( the original store in the mall was the first in Canada until it was relocated ) Fairview Mall , Toronto , Canada Berlin , Germany West Lake , Hangzhou , China Paris , France Burglaries ( edit ) Apple Stores have experienced numerous burglaries . Notable incidents include two burglaries in February -- March 2016 where thieves stole a combined number of 67 iPhones for a combined sum of more than $49,300 , a June 2016 event where a thief dressed as an Apple Store employee gained access to the electronics repair room and grabbed 19 iPhones worth $16,130 , a November 2016 incident where an Apple Store was robbed of $40,000 worth of items and then attacked again in April 2017 for $24,000 worth of goods , a speedy December 2016 robbery that took 12 seconds to complete , and another December 2016 attack where multiple individuals drove a car into a store through the front glass door and proceeded to steal an unspecified number of displayed items . The devices on display in stores are equipped with special demo versions of their respective operating systems . iOS devices prevent passcodes from being enabled and Mac computers revert to original state after a reboot . Additionally , in case of theft , a security measure renders devices useless , by activating a `` kill switch '' disabling them once out - of - reach of the store 's Wi - Fi network . Apple company Store ( edit ) Exterior of the Apple Campus store on Infinite Loop Interior view of the Apple Campus store showing Apple - branded shirts In 1993 , Apple opened a store at its Apple Campus in Cupertino , California . The store is the only place in the world where Apple merchandise can be purchased , including T - shirts , mugs , and pens . In June 2015 , the store was closed for renovations , and in September it was reopened , offering a new design and , for the first time , selling iPhones , a notable product omission from years past . Imitations ( edit ) An unauthorized Apple Store in Tehran , Iran In July 2011 , an American expatriate blogger who lives in the southwestern Chinese city of Kunming reported on her discovery of what she called `` the best ripoff store we had ever seen '' -- a fake Apple Store , complete with the glass exterior , wood display tables , winding staircase and large promotional posters found in legitimate Apple Stores , and with employees wearing lanyards and the same T - shirts as actual Apple Store employees . The Wall Street Journal reported that the store had `` gotten widespread international attention for the remarkable lengths to which its proprietors seem to have gone to mimic the look and feel of a real Apple Store . '' The fake Apple Store was mentioned by U.S. presidential contender Mitt Romney in the second 2012 election debate . Chinese law prohibits retailers from copying the look and feel of competitors ' stores , but enforcement is lax . According to The Wall Street Journal , unauthorized Apple resellers are found throughout China ; the blogger 's original post noted that two such stores were located within walking distance of the first knockoff , one of them with a misspelled sign reading `` Apple Stoer '' . An employee of the first knockoff confirmed that the store was not one of the 13 authorized Apple resellers in Kunming . In a follow - up report , Reuters indicated that local authorities in Kunming had closed two fake Apple Stores in that city due to lack of official business permits , but allowed three other such stores to stay open , including the one that had attracted international attention . The operators of that store had applied for a reseller license from Apple . At the time of the report , only four legitimate Apple Stores had opened in China , with two in Beijing and two in Shanghai . 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The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chao , Loretta ; Feng , Sue ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Fake Apple Store Clerk Speaks out '' . China Real Time Report . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mozur , Paul ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Mitt Romney Called Out on Fake Apple Store '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . `` There 's even an Apple store in China that 's a counterfeit Apple store , selling counterfeit goods , '' Mr. Romney said in response to a question about the outsourcing of American jobs , according to the transcript debate . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Melanie ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Chinese city orders two fake Apple Stores to close '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Store in Shenzhen ( Grand Opening ) '' . YouTube . November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Al Eisenstat Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jony Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Lisa Jackson Dan Riccio Phil Schiller Johny Srouji Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson John Browett Guerrino De Luca Paul Deneve Al Eisenstat Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Ellen Hancock Nancy R. Heinen Steve Jobs Ron Johnson Mike Markkula David Nagel Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Michael Scott John Sculley Bertrand Serlet Bruce Sewell Michael Spindler Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Ronald Wayne Steve Wozniak Products Hardware Mac iMac iMac Pro MacBook family Mac Mini Mac Pro iPod Classic Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories Apple TV Apple Watch AirPods HomePod Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS audioOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay HomeKit Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight WWDC Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores App Store iOS macOS tvOS Apple Store iBookstore iTunes Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . 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Lawrence Convention Center , Pittsburgh , United States Not Awarded Sungai Prai Bridge , Perai , Malaysia Savill Building , Surrey , England Heathrow Terminal 5 , London , England Infinity Footbridge , Stockton - on - Tees , England Stonecutters Bridge , Hong Kong , China London Velodrome , London , England West Gate Bridge strengthening , Melbourne , Australia Taizhou Bridge , Taizhou , China Glass Lantern , Apple Store , Zorlu Center , Istanbul , Turkey Singapore Sports Hub , Singapore Grandview Heights Aquatic Centre , Surrey , British Columbia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Store&oldid=853491713 '' Categories : Apple Inc. services Consumer electronics retailers Consumer electronics retailers in the United States Retail companies based in California American companies established in 2001 Computer - related introductions in 2001 Retail companies established in 2001 2001 establishments in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 04 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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-4667471127716892444	Water of crystallization	Water of crystallization - wikipedia Water of crystallization Jump to : navigation , search In chemistry , water of crystallization or water of hydration or crystallization water is water that occurs inside crystals . Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions . In some contexts , water of crystallization is the total weight of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite ( stoichiometric ) ratio . Classically , `` water of crystallization '' refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt , which is not directly bonded to the metal cation . Upon crystallization from water or moist solvents , many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks . Water of crystallization can generally be removed by heating a sample but the crystalline properties are often lost . For example , in the case of sodium chloride , the dihydrate is unstable at room temperature . Coordination sphere of Na in the metastable dihydrate of sodium chloride ( red = oxygen , violet = Na , green = Cl , H atoms omitted ) . Compared to inorganic salts , proteins crystallize with large amounts of water in the crystal lattice . A water content of 50 % is not uncommon for proteins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Position in the crystal structure 3 Analysis 4 Other solvents of crystallization 5 Table of crystallization water in some inorganic halides 6 Hydrates of transition metal sulfates 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References Nomenclature ( edit ) In molecular formulas water of crystallization can be denoted in different ways : `` hydrated compound ⋅ nH O '' or `` hydrated compound × nH O '' This notation is used when the compound only contains lattice water or when the crystal structure is undetermined . For example Calcium chloride : CaCl 2H O `` hydrated compound ( H O ) '' A hydrate with coordinated water . For example Zinc chloride : ZnCl ( H O ) Both notations can be combined as for example in copper ( II ) sulfate : ( Cu ( H O ) ) SO H O Position in the crystal structure ( edit ) Some hydrogen - bonding contacts in FeSO 7H O . This metal aquo complex crystallizes with water of hydration , which interacts with the sulfate and with the ( Fe ( H O ) ) centers . A salt with associated water of crystallization is known as a hydrate . The structure of hydrates can be quite elaborate , because of the existence of hydrogen bonds that define polymeric structures . Historically , the structures of many hydrates were unknown , and the dot in the formula of a hydrate was employed to specify the composition without indicating how the water is bound . Examples : CuSO 5H O - copper ( II ) sulfate pentahydrate CoCl 6H O - cobalt ( II ) chloride hexahydrate SnCl 2H O - tin ( II ) ( or stannous ) chloride dihydrate For many salts , the exact bonding of the water is unimportant because the water molecules are labilized upon dissolution . For example , an aqueous solution prepared from CuSO 5H O and anhydrous CuSO behave identically . Therefore , knowledge of the degree of hydration is important only for determining the equivalent weight : one mole of CuSO 5H O weighs more than one mole of CuSO . In some cases , the degree of hydration can be critical to the resulting chemical properties . For example , anhydrous RhCl is not soluble in water and is relatively useless in organometallic chemistry whereas RhCl 3H O is versatile . Similarly , hydrated AlCl is a poor Lewis acid and thus inactive as a catalyst for Friedel - Crafts reactions . Samples of AlCl must therefore be protected from atmospheric moisture to preclude the formation of hydrates . Structure of the polymeric ( Ca ( H O ) ) center in crystalline calcium chloride hexahydrate . Three water ligands are terminal , three bridge . Two aspects of metal aquo complexes are illustrated : the high coordination number typical for Ca and the role of water as a bridging ligand . Crystals of hydrated copper ( II ) sulfate consist of ( Cu ( H O ) ) centers linked to SO ions . Copper is surrounded by six oxygen atoms , provided by two different sulfate groups and four molecules of water . A fifth water resides elsewhere in the framework but does not bind directly to copper . The cobalt chloride mentioned above occurs as ( Co ( H O ) ) and Cl . In tin chloride , each Sn ( II ) center is pyramidal ( mean O / Cl - Sn - O / Cl angle is 83 ° ) being bound to two chloride ions and one water . The second water in the formula unit is hydrogen - bonded to the chloride and to the coordinated water molecule . Water of crystallization is stabilized by electrostatic attractions , consequently hydrates are common for salts that contain + 2 and + 3 cations as well as − 2 anions . In some cases , the majority of the weight of a compound arises from water . Glauber 's salt , Na SO ( H O ) , is a white crystalline solid with greater than 50 % water by weight . Consider the case of nickel ( II ) chloride hexahydrate . This species has the formula NiCl ( H O ) . Crystallographic analysis reveals that the solid consists of ( trans - NiCl ( H O ) ) subunits that are hydrogen bonded to each other as well as two additional molecules of H O. Thus 1 / 3 of the water molecules in the crystal are not directly bonded to Ni , and these might be termed `` water of crystallization '' . Analysis ( edit ) The water content of most compounds can be determined with a knowledge of its formula . An unknown sample can be determined through thermogravimetric analysis ( TGA ) where the sample is heated strongly , and the accurate weight of a sample is plotted against the temperature . The amount of water driven off is then divided by the molar mass of water to obtain the number of molecules of water bound to the salt . Other solvents of crystallization ( edit ) Water is particularly common solvent to be found in crystals because it is small and polar . But all solvents can be found in some host crystals . Water is noteworthy because it is reactive , whereas other solvents such as benzene are considered to be chemically innocuous . Occasionally more than one solvent is found in a crystal , and often the stoichiometry is variable , reflected in the crystallographic concept of `` partial occupancy . '' It is common and conventional for a chemist to `` dry '' a sample with a combination of vacuum and heat `` to constant weight . '' For other solvents of crystallization , analysis is conveniently accomplished by dissolving the sample in a deuterated solvent and analyzing the sample for solvent signals by NMR spectroscopy . Single crystal X-ray crystallography is often able to detect the presence of these solvents of crystallization as well . Other methods may be currently available . Table of crystallization water in some inorganic halides ( edit ) In the table below are indicated the number of molecules of water per metal in various salts . Formula of hydrated metal halides Coordination sphere of the metal Equivalents of water of crystallization that are not bound to M Remarks CaCl ( H O ) ( Ca ( μ - H O ) ( H O ) ) none Case of water as a bridging ligand VCl ( H O ) trans - ( VCl ( H O ) ) two VBr ( H O ) trans - ( VBr ( H O ) ) two bromides and chlorides are usually similar VI ( H O ) ( V ( H O ) ) none iodide competes poorly with water CrCl ( H O ) trans - ( CrCl ( H O ) ) two dark green isomer , aka `` Bjerrums 's salt '' CrCl ( H O ) ( CrCl ( H O ) ) one blue - green isomer CrCl ( H O ) trans - ( CrCl ( H O ) ) none square planar / tetragonal distortion CrCl ( H O ) ( Cr ( H O ) ) none AlCl ( H O ) ( Al ( H O ) ) none isostructural with the Cr ( III ) compound MnCl ( H O ) trans - ( MnCl ( H O ) ) two MnCl ( H O ) cis - ( MnCl ( H O ) ) none cis molecular , the unstable trans isomer has also been detected MnBr ( H O ) cis - ( MnBr ( H O ) ) none cis , molecular MnCl ( H O ) trans - ( MnCl ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging chloride MnBr ( H O ) trans - ( MnBr ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging bromide FeCl ( H O ) trans - ( FeCl ( H O ) ) two FeCl ( H O ) trans - ( FeCl ( H O ) ) none molecular FeBr ( H O ) trans - ( FeBr ( H O ) ) none molecular FeCl ( H O ) trans - ( FeCl ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging chloride FeCl ( H O ) trans - ( FeCl ( H O ) ) two only hydrate of ferric chloride , isostructural with Cr analogue CoCl ( H O ) trans - ( CoCl ( H O ) ) two CoBr ( H O ) trans - ( CoBr ( H O ) ) two CoI ( H O ) ( Co ( H O ) ) none iodide competes poorly with water CoBr ( H O ) trans - ( CoBr ( H O ) ) none molecular CoCl ( H O ) cis - ( CoCl ( H O ) ) none note : cis molecular CoCl ( H O ) trans - ( CoCl ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging chloride CoBr ( H O ) trans - ( CoBr ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging bromide NiCl ( H O ) trans - ( NiCl ( H O ) ) two NiCl ( H O ) cis - ( NiCl ( H O ) ) none note : cis molecular NiBr ( H O ) trans - ( NiBr ( H O ) ) two NiI ( H O ) ( Ni ( H O ) ) none iodide competes poorly with water NiCl ( H O ) trans - ( NiCl ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging chloride CuCl ( H O ) ( CuCl ( H O ) ) none tetragonally distorted two long Cu - Cl distances CuBr ( H O ) ( CuBr ( H O ) ) two tetragonally distorted two long Cu - Br distances Hydrates of transition metal sulfates ( edit ) Transition metal sulfates form mono - , tetra - , and pentahydrates , each of which crystallizes in only one form . The water in these salts typically is coordinated , together with sulfate to the metal center . The sulfates of these same metals also crystallize as both tetragonal and monoclinic hexahydrates , wherein all water is coordinated and the sulfate is a counterion . The heptahydrates , which are often the most common salts , crystallize as monoclinic and the less common orthorhombic forms . In the heptahydrates , one water is in the lattice and the other six are coordinated to the ferrous center . Cr ( SO ) 18H O Formula of hydrated metal sulfate Coordination sphere of the metal Equivalents of water of crystallization that are not bound to M Remarks Cr ( SO ) ( H O ) ( Cr ( H O ) ) six one of several chromium ( III ) sulfates MnSO ( H O ) unknown unknown one of several manganese ( II ) sulfates FeSO ( H O ) ( Fe ( H O ) ) one Common motif for divalent metal sulfates CoSO ( H O ) ( Co ( H O ) ) one Common motif for divalent metal sulfates NiSO ( H O ) ( Ni ( H O ) ) one Common motif for divalent metal sulfates NiSO ( H O ) ( Ni ( H O ) ) none one of several nickel sulfate hydrates CuSO ( H O ) ( Cu ( H O ) ( SO ) ) one sulfate is bridging ligand CdSO ( H O ) Cd ( H O ) SO none bridging water ligand Gallery ( edit ) Hydrated copper ( II ) sulfate is bright blue . Anhydrous copper ( II ) sulfate is white . See also ( edit ) Hydrate Mineral hydration References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Klewe , B. ; Pedersen , B. ( 1974 ) . `` The crystal structure of sodium chloride dihydrate '' . Acta Crystallogr . B30 : 2363 -- 2371 . doi : 10.1107 / S0567740874007138 . Jump up ^ Yonghui Wang et al. `` Novel Hydrogen - Bonded Three - Dimensional Networks Encapsulating One - Dimensional Covalent Chains : ... '' Inorg . Chem. , 2002 , 41 ( 24 ) , pp. 6351 -- 6357 . doi : 10.1021 / ic025915o Jump up ^ Carmen R. Maldonadoa , Miguel Quirós and J.M. Salas : `` Formation of 2D water morphologies in the lattice of the salt ... '' Inorganic Chemistry Communications Volume 13 , Issue 3 , March 2010 , p. 399 -- 403 ; doi : 10.1016 / j. inoche. 2009.12. 033 Jump up ^ Moeller , Therald ( Jan 1 , 1980 ) . Chemistry : With Inorganic qualitative Analysis . Academic Press Inc ( London ) Ltd. p. 909 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 503350 - 8 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ K. Waizumi , H. Masuda , H. Ohtaki , `` X-ray structural studies of FeBr 4H O , CoBr 4H O , NiCl 4H O , and CuBr 4H O. cis / trans Selectivity in transition metal ( I1 ) dihalide Tetrahydrate '' Inorganica Chimica Acta , 1992 volume 192 , pages 173 -- 181 . Jump up ^ B. Morosin `` An X-ray diffraction study on nickel ( II ) chloride dihydrate '' Acta Crystallogr. 1967 . volume 23 , pp. 630 - 634 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X67003305 Jump up ^ Agron , P.A. ; Busing , W.R. `` Calcium and strontium dichloride hexahydrates by neutron diffraction '' Acta Crystallographica Section C 1986 , volume 42 , pp. 141 - p1 . Jump up ^ violet isomer . isostructural with aluminium compound. Andress , K.R. ; Carpenter , C. `` Kristallhydrate. II. Die Struktur von Chromchlorid - und Aluminiumchloridhexahydrat '' Zeitschrift für Kristallographie , Kristallgeometrie , Kristallphysik , Kristallchemie 1934 , volume 87 , p446 - p463 . Jump up ^ Zalkin , Allan ; Forrester , J.D. ; Templeton , David H. ( 1964 ) . `` Crystal structure of manganese dichloride tetrahydrate '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 3 : 529 -- 33 . doi : 10.1021 / ic50014a017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Structure Cristalline et Expansion Thermique de L'Iodure de Nickel Hexahydrate '' ( Crystal structure and thermal expansion of nickel ( II ) iodide hexahydrate ) Louër , Michele ; Grandjean , Daniel ; Weigel , Dominique Journal of Solid State Chemistry ( 1973 ) , 7 ( 2 ) , 222 - 8 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 4596 ( 73 ) 90157 - 6 Jump up ^ Baur , W.H. `` On the crystal chemistry of salt hydrates . III . The determination of the crystal structure of FeSO ( H O ) ( melanterite ) '' Acta Crystallographica 1964 , volume 17 , p1167 - p1174 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X64003000 Jump up ^ Stadnicka , K. ; Glazer , A.M. ; Koralewski , M. `` Structure , absolute configuration and optical activity of alpha - nickel sulfate hexahydrate '' Acta Crystallographica , Section B : Structural Science ( 1987 ) 43 , p319 - p325 . Jump up ^ V.P. Ting , P.F. Henry , M. Schmidtmann , C.C. Wilson , M.T. Weller `` In situ neutron powder diffraction and structure determination in controlled humidities '' Chem. Commun. , 2009 , 7527 - 7529 . doi : 10.1039 / B918702B Jump up ^ Theppitak , Chatphorn ; Chainok , Kittipong `` Crystal structure of CdSO ( H O ) : A Redetermination '' Acta Crystallographica , Section E. Structure Reports Online 2015 , volume 71 , pi8 - pi9 . doi : 10.1107 / S2056989015016904 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_of_crystallization&oldid=829182031 '' Categories : Crystallography Hydrates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 03 : 29 . About Wikipedia	one of most common solvent used for crystallization is	[ "Water is particularly common solvent to be found in crystals because it is small and polar. But all solvents can be found in some host crystals. Water is noteworthy because it is reactive, whereas other solvents such as benzene are considered to be chemically innocuous. Occasionally more than one solvent is found in a crystal, and often the stoichiometry is variable, reflected in the crystallographic concept of \"partial occupancy.\" It is common and conventional for a chemist to \"dry\" a sample with a combination of vacuum and heat \"to constant weight.\"" ]	[ "Water" ]
-5582584234637030776	NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament	NCAA Division I Women 's basketball tournament - wikipedia NCAA Division I Women 's basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Current season , competition or edition : 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Sport Women 's Basketball Founded 1982 No. of teams 64 Country NCAA Division I ( USA ) Most recent champion ( s ) South Carolina ( 1st ) Most titles Connecticut ( 11 ) TV partner ( s ) ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNU , WatchESPN Official website NCAA.com The NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament is an annual college basketball tournament for women . Held each April , the Women 's Championship was inaugurated in the 1981 -- 82 season . The NCAA tournament was preceded by the AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament , which was held annually from 1972 to 1982 . Basketball was one of 12 women 's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981 - 82 school year , as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women 's collegiate sports . The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same 12 ( and other ) sports ; however , after a year of dual women 's championships , the NCAA prevailed , while the AIAW disbanded . Attendance and interest in the Women 's Division I Championship have grown over the years , especially from 2003 to 2016 , when the final championship game was moved to the Tuesday following the Monday men 's championship game . The women 's championship game is the penultimate overall game of the college basketball season since 2017 . From 1982 to 1990 , 1996 to 2002 , and since 2017 the Women 's Final Four is usually played on the Friday before the Men 's Final Four or the hours before the men played on the final Saturday of the tournament . The final was usually played the Sunday afternoon following the Men 's Final Four ; since 2017 , Sunday evening . The tournament bracket is made up of champions from each Division I conference , which receive automatic bids . The remaining slots are at - large bids , with teams chosen by an NCAA selection committee . The selection process and tournament seedings are based on several factors , including team rankings , win - loss records and Ratings Percentage Index ( RPI ) data . Unlike the men 's tournament , there are only 32 at - large bids ( since 2014 ) , and no play - in game . The women 's tournament , like the men 's , is staged in a single elimination format , and is part of the media and public frenzy known colloquially as March Madness or The Big Dance . All 63 games have been broadcast on television since 2003 on ESPN and ESPN2 . Similar to the pre-2011 men 's tournament coverage on CBS , local teams are shown on each channel when available , with `` whip - around '' coverage designed to showcase the most competitive contests in the rest of the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament format 2 Number of teams , and seeding 3 Selection process 4 Women 's NCAA Division I basketball champions 4.1 Team titles 4.2 NCAA Final Fours by school 4.3 Multiple NCAA championship coaches 4.4 NCAA Championship by Conference 4.5 NCAA Final Four locations 5 Tournament trends 5.1 Top - ranked teams 5.2 Champions excluded the next year 5.3 # 1 seeds 5.4 High seeds 5.5 Low seeds 5.6 Best Performances by # 14 & # 15 Seeds 5.7 First - round games 5.8 Second - round games 5.9 Teams entering the tournament unbeaten 5.10 Home state 5.11 Championship margins 5.12 Same - conference championship games 6 Result by school and by year 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Tournament format ( edit ) Main article : NCAA basketball tournament selection process A total of 64 teams qualify for the tournament played in March and April . Of these teams , 32 earn automatic bids by winning their respective conference tournaments . Since 2017 the Ivy League conducts their own post-season tournament . The remaining teams are granted `` at - large '' bids , which are extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . Dr. Marilyn McNeil , vice president / director of athletics at Monmouth University is the current chairwoman . On March 1 , 2011 , Bowling Green State University 's director of intercollegiate athletics , Greg Christopher , was appointed chair of the NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Committee during the 2011 -- 12 academic year . The tournament is split into four regional tournaments , and each regional has teams seeded from 1 to 16 , with the committee ostensibly making every region as comparable to the others as possible . The top - seeded team in each region plays the # 16 team , the # 2 team plays the # 15 , etc . Number of teams , and seeding ( edit ) The first NCAA women 's basketball tournament was held in 1982 . The AIAW also held a basketball tournament in 1982 , but most of the top teams , including defending AIAW champion Louisiana Tech , decided to participate in the NCAA tournament . The championship consisted of 32 teams from 1982 -- 1985 ( in 1983 , 36 ) , 40 teams from 1986 -- 1988 , and 48 teams from 1989 -- 1993 . Since 1994 , 64 teams compete in each tournament . Prior to 1996 , seeding was conducted on a regional basis . The top teams ( eight in the 32 - , 40 - , and 48 - team formats , and 16 in the 64 - team format ) were ranked and seeded on a national basis . The remaining teams were then seeded based on their geographic region . Teams were moved outside of its geographic region only if it was necessary to balance the bracket , or if the proximity of an opponent outside of its region would be comparable and a more competitive game would result . In 1993 , all teams except for the top four were explicitly unseeded . The regional seeding resumed in 1994 . In 1996 , seeds were assigned on a national basis using an `` S - Curve '' format similar to the process used in selecting the field for the men 's tournament . The following table summarizes some of the key attributes of the seeding process : Number of teams selected Year Automatic At - Large Total Location of first round ( s ) Seeding Basis 1982 12 20 32 Higher seed Regional 14 22 36 Higher seed † 1984 17 15 32 1985 18 14 Higher seed 1986 17 23 40 Higher seed † 18 22 1988 1989 19 29 48 1990 21 27 1991 1992 22 26 1993 23 25 1994 32 32 64 1995 31 33 Higher seed National 1997 30 34 Higher seed † 1998 Higher seed 1999 2000 Higher seed † 2001 31 33 2002 Higher seed 2003 16 Sites ‡ 2005 8 Sites ‡ 2006 2007 2008 2009 16 Sites ‡ 2011 2012 2013 2014 32 32 2015 Higher seed † 2016 2017 2018 † Some exceptions . Due to venue availability , in some cases , the lower seed hosted , or the game was played at a neutral site . ‡ From 2003 - 2014 , sixteen predetermined sites were selected for first and second - round games . Teams were allowed to play at home , if hosting . Between 2005 and 2008 , eight sites were used for first - round games . Selection process ( edit ) Further information : NCAA basketball tournament selection process A special selection committee appointed by the NCAA determines which 64 teams will enter the tournament , and where they will be seeded and placed in the bracket . Because of the automatic bids , only 32 teams ( the at - large bids ) rely on the selection committee to secure them a spot in the tournament . Women 's NCAA Division I basketball champions ( edit ) Year Winner Score Opponent Venue Other Semifinalists 1982 Louisiana Tech 76 -- 62 Cheyney State Norfolk Scope ( Norfolk , Virginia ) Tennessee & Maryland USC 69 -- 67 Louisiana Tech Old Dominion & Georgia 1984 USC 72 -- 61 Tennessee Pauley Pavilion ( Los Angeles , California ) Cheyney State & Louisiana Tech 1985 Old Dominion 70 -- 65 Georgia Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) Western Kentucky & Northeast Louisiana 1986 Texas 97 -- 81 USC Rupp Arena ( Lexington , Kentucky ) Western Kentucky & Tennessee Tennessee 67 -- 44 Louisiana Tech Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) Texas & Long Beach State 1988 Louisiana Tech 56 -- 54 Auburn Tacoma Dome ( Tacoma , Washington ) Long Beach State & Tennessee 1989 Tennessee 76 -- 70 Auburn Louisiana Tech & Maryland 1990 Stanford 88 -- 81 Auburn Thompson -- Boling Arena ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) Virginia & Louisiana Tech 1991 Tennessee 70 -- 67 ( OT ) Virginia Lakefront Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Connecticut & Stanford 1992 Stanford 78 -- 62 Western Kentucky Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena ( Los Angeles , California ) Southwest Missouri State & Virginia 1993 Texas Tech 84 -- 82 Ohio State Omni Coliseum ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Iowa & Vanderbilt 1994 North Carolina 60 -- 59 Louisiana Tech Richmond Coliseum ( Richmond , Virginia ) Purdue & Alabama 1995 Connecticut 70 -- 64 Tennessee Target Center ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) Stanford & Georgia Tennessee 83 -- 65 Georgia Charlotte Coliseum ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) Connecticut & Stanford 1997 Tennessee 68 -- 59 Old Dominion Riverfront Coliseum ( Cincinnati , Ohio ) Notre Dame & Stanford 1998 Tennessee 93 -- 75 Louisiana Tech Kemper Arena ( Kansas City , Missouri ) Arkansas & North Carolina State 1999 Purdue 62 -- 45 Duke San Jose Arena ( San Jose , California ) Louisiana Tech & Georgia 2000 Connecticut 71 -- 52 Tennessee First Union Center ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) Rutgers & Penn State 2001 Notre Dame 68 -- 66 Purdue Savvis Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) Connecticut & Southwest Missouri State 2002 Connecticut 82 -- 70 Oklahoma Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) Tennessee & Duke 2003 Connecticut 73 -- 68 Tennessee Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Texas & Duke Connecticut 70 -- 61 Tennessee New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Minnesota & LSU 2005 Baylor 84 -- 62 Michigan State RCA Dome ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) LSU & Tennessee 2006 Maryland 78 -- 75 ( OT ) Duke TD Garden ( Boston , Massachusetts ) North Carolina & LSU 2007 Tennessee 59 -- 46 Rutgers Quicken Loans Arena ( Cleveland , Ohio ) 2008 Tennessee 64 -- 48 Stanford St. Pete Times Forum ( Tampa , Florida ) LSU & Connecticut 2009 Connecticut 76 -- 54 Louisville Scottrade Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) Stanford & Oklahoma Connecticut 53 -- 47 Stanford Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) Baylor & Oklahoma 2011 Texas A&M 76 -- 70 Notre Dame Conseco Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) Connecticut & Stanford 2012 Baylor 80 -- 61 Notre Dame Pepsi Center ( Denver , Colorado ) Stanford & Connecticut 2013 Connecticut 93 -- 60 Louisville New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Notre Dame & California 2014 Connecticut 79 -- 58 Notre Dame Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) Stanford & Maryland 2015 Connecticut 63 -- 53 Notre Dame Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) South Carolina & Maryland 2016 Connecticut 82 -- 51 Syracuse Bankers Life Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) Oregon State & Washington 2017 South Carolina 67 -- 55 Mississippi State American Airlines Center ( Dallas , Texas ) Connecticut & Stanford 2018 Nationwide Arena ( Columbus , Ohio ) 2019 Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) 2020 Smoothie King Center ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Team titles ( edit ) Baylor Connecticut Louisiana Tech Maryland North Carolina Notre Dame Old Dominion Purdue South Carolina Stanford Tennessee Texas Texas A&M Texas Tech USC Schools who have won the NCAA Championship -- 11 championships -- 8 championships -- 2 championships -- 1 championship Team Titles Year Won Connecticut 11 1995 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Tennessee 8 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 Baylor 2005 , 2012 Louisiana Tech 1982 , 1988 Stanford 1990 , 1992 USC 1983 , 1984 Maryland 2006 North Carolina 1994 Notre Dame 2001 Old Dominion 1985 Purdue 1999 South Carolina 2017 Texas 1986 Texas A&M 2011 Texas Tech 1993 NCAA Final Fours by school ( edit ) School Final Four Years Number of Appearances Championships Connecticut 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 18 11 Tennessee 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 18 8 Stanford 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2017 13 Louisiana Tech 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 1999 10 Notre Dame 1997 , 2001 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 7 Georgia 1983 , 1985 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 5 0 LSU 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 5 0 Maryland 1982 , 1989 , 2006 , 2014 , 2015 5 Duke 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 0 Auburn 1988 , 1989 , 1990 0 Baylor 2005 , 2010 , 2012 North Carolina 1994 , 2006 , 2007 Oklahoma 2002 , 2009 , 2010 0 Old Dominion 1983 , 1985 , 1997 Purdue 1994 , 1999 , 2001 Texas 1986 , 1987 , 2003 USC 1983 , 1984 , 1986 Virginia 1990 , 1991 , 1992 0 Western Kentucky 1985 , 1986 , 1992 0 Cheyney St . 1982 , 1984 0 Long Beach St . 1987 , 1988 0 Louisville 2009 , 2013 0 Missouri St . 1992 , 2001 0 Rutgers 2000 , 2007 0 South Carolina 2015 , 2017 Alabama 1994 0 Arkansas 1998 0 California 2013 0 Iowa 1993 0 Louisiana - Monroe 1985 0 Michigan St . 2005 0 Minnesota 0 Mississippi St . 2017 0 North Carolina St . 1998 0 Ohio St . 1993 0 Oregon St . 2016 0 Penn St . 2000 0 Syracuse 2016 0 Texas A&M 2011 Texas Tech 1993 Vanderbilt 1993 0 Washington 2016 0 Multiple NCAA championship coaches ( edit ) Coach School Championships Geno Auriemma Connecticut 11 Pat Summitt Tennessee 8 Kim Mulkey Baylor Linda Sharp USC Tara VanDerveer Stanford NCAA championship by conference ( edit ) Note : Conferences are listed by all champions ' affiliations at that time ; these do not necessarily match current affiliations . Conference Year Championships Big East 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 9 SEC 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 , 2017 American Athletic 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Big 12 2005 , 2011 , 2012 Atlantic Coast 1994 , 2006 Pac - 12 1990 , 1992 Southwest 1986 , 1993 Western Collegiate 1983 , 1984 American South 1988 Big Ten 1999 Independent 1982 Sun Belt 1985 Jump up ^ The Big East Conference operated in its original form from 1979 until 2013 . During that time , Connecticut won eight championships , and Notre Dame won one . Following the three - way 2013 split of that conference and subsequent settlement between the non-FBS schools and the remaining schools , the conference legally changed its name to the American Athletic Conference . Three schools ( among them Notre Dame ) left for the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2013 , with a fourth doing the same in 2014 ; one school left for the Big Ten in 2014 ; and the non-FBS schools retained the Big East name . However , the current Big East now maintains the history of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors , including women 's basketball . The American no longer claims any of the original Big East 's competition history , even in the two sports that it sponsors and the current Big East does not ( football and women 's rowing ) . Jump up ^ Known as the Pacific - 10 Conference , or Pac - 10 , when both of its titles were won . NCAA Final Four locations ( edit ) 1982 - Norfolk , Virginia 1983 - Norfolk , Virginia 1984 - Los Angeles , California 1985 - Austin , Texas 1986 - Lexington , Kentucky 1987 - Austin , Texas 1988 - Tacoma , Washington 1989 - Tacoma , Washington 1990 - Knoxville , Tennessee 1991 - New Orleans , Louisiana 1992 - Los Angeles , California 1993 - Atlanta , Georgia 1994 - Richmond , Virginia 1995 - Minneapolis , Minnesota 1996 - Charlotte , North Carolina 1997 - Cincinnati , Ohio 1998 - Kansas City , Missouri 1999 - San Jose , California 2000 - Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 2001 - St. Louis , Missouri 2002 - San Antonio , Texas 2003 - Atlanta , Georgia 2004 - New Orleans , Louisiana 2005 - Indianapolis , Indiana 2006 - Boston , Massachusetts 2007 - Cleveland , Ohio 2008 - Tampa Bay , Florida 2009 - St. Louis , Missouri 2010 - San Antonio , Texas 2011 - Indianapolis , Indiana 2012 - Denver , Colorado 2013 - New Orleans , Louisiana 2014 - Nashville , Tennessee 2015 - Tampa Bay , Florida 2016 - Indianapolis , Indiana 2017 - Dallas , Texas 2018 - Columbus , Ohio 2019 - Tampa Bay , Florida 2020 - New Orleans , Louisiana 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NCAA Final Four locations ( hover over city to see arena ) Tournament trends ( edit ) Top - ranked teams ( edit ) Since the women 's tournament began in 1982 , 16 teams have entered the tournament ranked # 1 in at least 1 poll and gone on to win the tournament : 1982 : Louisiana Tech 1983 : USC 1986 : Texas 1989 : Tennessee 1995 : Connecticut 1998 : Tennessee 1999 : Purdue 2000 : Connecticut 2002 : Connecticut 2003 : Connecticut 2009 : Connecticut 2010 : Connecticut 2012 : Baylor 2014 : Connecticut 2015 : Connecticut 2016 : Connecticut Champions excluded the next year ( edit ) Only once has the reigning champion ( the previous year 's winner ) not made it to the tournament the next year . 1985 champion Old Dominion went 15 - 13 in 1986 . # 1 seeds ( edit ) Since 1982 , at least one # 1 seed has made the Final Four every year . Under coach Geno Auriemma , Connecticut has been seeded # 1 a record 22 times . Tennessee is second with 21 # 1 seeds . All # 1 seeds have made it to the Final Four thrice : 1989 Auburn , Louisiana Tech , Maryland , Tennessee 2012 Baylor , Connecticut , Notre Dame , Stanford 2015 Connecticut , Maryland , Notre Dame , South Carolina The championship game has matched two # 1 seeds 12 times : 1983 USC beat Louisiana Tech 1986 Texas beat USC 1989 Tennessee beat Auburn 1991 Tennessee beat Virginia 1995 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2000 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2002 Connecticut beat Oklahoma 2003 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2010 Connecticut beat Stanford 2012 Baylor beat Notre Dame 2014 Connecticut beat Notre Dame 2015 Connecticut beat Notre Dame Three teams have beaten three # 1 seeds during the course of a tournament ( the largest number of such teams that can be faced ) : 1987 Tennessee ( beat Auburn , Long Beach State , Louisiana Tech ) 1988 Louisiana Tech ( beat Auburn , Tennessee , Texas ) 2005 Baylor ( beat LSU , Michigan State , North Carolina ) Prior to the expansion of the tournament to 64 teams , all # 1 seeds advanced to the Sweet Sixteen with three exceptions . Notably , the first two times this occurred were at the hands of the same school : 1986 East # 1 seed Virginia lost to # 8 seed James Madison 1991 East # 1 seed Penn State lost to # 8 seed James Madison 1992 Midwest # 1 seed Iowa lost to # 8 seed Southwest Missouri State High seeds ( edit ) 1999 was the first time in tournament history ( since the expansion to 64 teams ) that all top seeds ( 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 seeds ) made it to the Sweet Sixteen . Low seeds ( edit ) See also : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship upsets Lowest seeds to reach each round since the expansion to 64 teams : Second Round : # 16 seed Harvard in 1998 ( the only # 16 seed to beat a # 1 seed in either the women 's or men 's tournament ) Regional Semifinals ( Sweet Sixteen ) : # 13 seed Texas A&M in 1994 Liberty in 2005 Marist in 2007 Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) : # 11 seed Gonzaga in 2011 National Semifinals ( Final Four ) : # 9 seed Arkansas in 1998 National Finals ( Championship Game ) : # 5 seed Louisville in 2013 National Champion : # 3 seed North Carolina in 1994 Tennessee in 1997 Best performances by # 14 & # 15 seeds ( edit ) Unlike in the men 's tournament , no # 14 seed has beaten a # 3 and no # 15 seed has beaten a # 2 seed , but they have come close . 2 points : # 14 Seed Austin Peay lost to UNC in 2003 ( 2 points , 72 - 70 ) Eastern Michigan lost to Boston College in 2004 ( 2 points , 58 - 56 ) Creighton lost to St. John 's in 2012 ( 2 points , 69 - 67 ) Overtime games : # 15 Seed UTSA lost to Baylor in 2009 ( 5 points , 87 - 82 ) . UTSA is the only # 15 seed to take a game into overtime . 1 point : # 15 Seed Long Beach State lost to Oregon State in 2017 ( 1 point , 56 - 55 ) First - round games ( edit ) Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994 , each seed - pairing has played 96 first - round games overall . The # 1 seed is 95 -- 1 against the # 16 seed (. 990 ) . The # 2 seed is 96 -- 0 against the # 15 seed ( 1.000 ) . The # 3 seed is 96 -- 0 against the # 14 seed ( 1.000 ) . The # 4 seed is 90 -- 6 against the # 13 seed (. 938 ) . The # 5 seed is 75 - 21 against the # 12 seed (. 781 ) . The # 6 seed is 68 -- 28 against the # 11 seed (. 708 ) . The # 7 seed is 63 - 33 against the # 10 seed (. 656 ) . The # 9 seed is 50 -- 46 against the # 8 seed (. 521 ) . Second - round games ( edit ) Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994 , the following results have occurred for each pairing : In the 1 / 16 / 8 / 9 bracket : vs. # 8 vs. # 9 # 1 44 -- 1 (. 978 ) 44 -- 2 (. 956 ) # 16 -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) note : The 3 losses by the # 1 seed vs # 8 / 9 were : Duke ( vs Michigan St , 2009 ) , Ohio St ( vs Boston College , 2006 ) , Texas Tech ( vs Notre Dame , 1998 ) . note : The # 9 vs. # 16 game was Arkansas over Harvard in 1998 . In the 2 / 15 / 7 / 10 bracket : vs. # 7 vs. # 10 # 2 47 -- 13 (. 783 ) 29 -- 3 (. 906 ) # 15 -- -- In the 3 / 14 / 6 / 11 bracket : vs. # 6 vs. # 11 # 3 45 -- 21 (. 682 ) 16 -- 10 (. 615 ) # 14 -- -- In the 4 / 13 / 5 / 12 bracket : vs. # 5 vs. # 12 # 4 40 -- 26 (. 606 ) 17 -- 3 (. 850 ) # 13 3 -- 3 (. 500 ) -- Teams entering the tournament unbeaten ( edit ) Of the 17 teams who have entered the tournament unbeaten , 9 went on to win the National Championship . In 1986 , Texas entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , beat USC for the national title , and ended the season 34 -- 0 . In 1990 , Louisiana Tech entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Auburn . In 1992 , Vermont entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , but lost in the first round to George Washington . In 1993 , Vermont entered the tournament 28 -- 0 , but lost in the first round to Rutgers . In 1995 , Connecticut entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , beat Tennessee for the national title , and ended the season 35 -- 0 . In 1997 , Connecticut entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , but lost in the Midwest Regional Final to Tennessee . In 1998 , Tennessee ( 33 -- 0 ) and Liberty ( 28 -- 0 ) both entered the tournament unbeaten ; Liberty lost in the first round to Tennessee , which went on to beat Louisiana Tech for the national title and ended the season 39 -- 0 . In 2002 , 2009 , and 2010 , Connecticut entered the tournament 33 -- 0 , won the national title in each , and ended those seasons 39 -- 0 . They respectively beat Oklahoma , Louisville , and Stanford in those championship games . In 2012 , Baylor entered the tournament 34 -- 0 , beat Notre Dame for the national title , and ended the season 40 -- 0 . The Lady Bears became the first team in NCAA college basketball history , for either women or men , to win 40 games in a season . Notably , Louisiana Tech went 40 -- 5 during the 1979 - 80 season . This was during the AIAW era for women 's basketball . In 2014 , Connecticut ( 34 -- 0 ) and Notre Dame ( 32 -- 0 ) both entered the tournament unbeaten ; Connecticut beat Notre Dame 79 - 58 for the national title , ended the season 40 - 0 and is the 8th team to end the season unbeaten . In 2015 , Princeton entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , but lost in the second round to Maryland . In 2016 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , beat Syracuse for the national title , ending the season 38 -- 0 . In 2017 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Mississippi State , ending their 111 - game winning streak to finish 36 -- 1 . Home State ( edit ) Only one team has ever played the Final Four on its home court . Two other teams have played the Final Four in their home cities , and seven others have played the Final Four in their home states . The only team to play on its home court was Texas in 1987 , which lost its semifinal game at the Frank Erwin Special Events Center . Old Dominion enjoyed nearly as large an advantage in 1983 when the Final Four was played at the Norfolk Scope in its home city of Norfolk , Virginia , but also lost its semifinal . The Scope has never been the Lady Monarchs ' regular home court . ODU has always used on - campus arenas , first the ODU Fieldhouse and since 2002 the Ted Constant Convocation Center . The following year , USC won the national title at Pauley Pavilion , the home court of its Los Angeles arch - rival UCLA . Of the other teams to play in their home states , Stanford ( 1992 ) won the national title ; Notre Dame ( 2011 ) lost in the championship game ; and Western Kentucky ( 1986 ) , Penn State ( 2000 ) , Missouri State ( 2001 ) , LSU ( 2004 ) , and Baylor ( 2010 ) lost in the semifinals . Championship margins ( edit ) Overtime games in a championship game : Tennessee 70 , Virginia 67 / OT ( 1991 ) Maryland 78 , Duke 75 / OT ( 2006 ) Smallest margin of victory in a championship game : 1 point North Carolina 60 , Louisiana Tech 59 ( 1994 ) Biggest margin of victory in a championship game : 33 points Connecticut 93 , Louisville 60 ( 2013 ) Margin of 10 points : Louisiana Tech ( 1982 ) , Tennessee ( 1987 & 1989 ) , Purdue ( 1999 ) , Connecticut ( 2000 , 2002 , 2009 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 & 2016 ) , and Baylor ( 2012 ) are teams to win every game in the tournament by 10 points or more on their way to a championship . The 2016 UConn team won every game by more than 20 points . Top 8 largest point differentials accumulated over the entire tournament by tournament champion . Notably , Louisiana Tech 's differential is prior to the expansion of 64 teams and the addition of one more round of play . 2016 Connecticut ( + 239 ) 2010 Connecticut ( + 214 ) 2013 Connecticut ( + 208 ) 2015 Connecticut ( + 197 ) 2000 Connecticut ( + 187 ) 2002 Connecticut ( + 161 ) 1982 Louisiana Tech ( + 158 ) 2014 Connecticut ( + 156 ) Same - conference championship games ( edit ) 6 championship games have featured two teams from the same conference : 1989 SEC , Tennessee and Auburn 1996 SEC , Tennessee and Georgia 2006 ACC , Maryland and Duke 2009 Big East , Connecticut and Louisville 2013 Big East , Connecticut and Louisville 2017 SEC , South Carolina and Mississippi State Result by school and by year ( edit ) 267 teams have appeared in the NCAA Tournament in at least a year , since 1982 ( the initial year that the post-season tournament was under the auspices of the NCAA ) . The results for all years are shown in this table below . The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament : < blank > Not in tournament O Opening Round ( only in 1983 ) 1 First round 2 Second Round S Sweet 16 E Elite 8 F Final 4 R National Runner - up C National Champion Year - > 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Team Akron 1 ! 1 Alabama 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Alabama St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Albany ( NY ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Alcorn St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 American 1 ! 1 Appalachian St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Arizona 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Arizona St . 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Arkansas 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Army 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Auburn 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 6 ! R 6 ! R 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Austin Peay 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ball St . 2 ! 2 Baylor 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E Belmont 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Boise St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Boston College 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Boston U . 1 ! 1 Bowling Green 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Brown 1 ! 1 Bucknell 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Buffalo 1 ! 1 Butler 1 ! 1 BYU 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Cal Poly 1 ! 1 Cal St. Fullerton 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Cal St. Northridge 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 California 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Campbell 1 ! 1 Canisius 1 ! 1 Central Arkansas 1 ! 1 Central Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Charlotte 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Chattanooga 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Cheyney 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F Cincinnati 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Clemson 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Cleveland St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Colgate 1 ! 1 Colorado 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Colorado St . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Connecticut 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 7 ! C 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 5 ! F 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 6 ! F Coppin St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Cornell 1 ! 1 Creighton 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Dartmouth 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Dayton 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E Delaware 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S Delaware St . 1 ! 1 Denver 1 ! 1 DePaul 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Detroit 1 ! 1 Drake 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Drexel 1 ! 1 Duke 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S Duquesne 2 ! 2 East Carolina 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 East Tenn . St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Ill . 1 ! 1 Eastern Ky . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Wash . 1 ! 1 Evansville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Fairfield 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 FGCU 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 FIU 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Fla . Atlantic 1 ! 1 Florida 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Florida A&M 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Florida St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S Fordham 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Fresno St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Furman 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ga . Southern 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Gardner - Webb 1 ! 1 George Washington 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgetown 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Georgia 1 ! 1 5 ! F 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 5 ! F 6 ! R 4 ! E 1 ! 1 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgia St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgia Tech 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Gonzaga 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S Grambling 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Green Bay 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hampton 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hartford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Harvard 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hawaii 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Holy Cross 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Houston 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Howard 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Idaho 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Idaho St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Illinois 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Illinois St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Indiana 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Iona 1 ! 1 Iowa 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S Iowa St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Jackson St . 1 ! 1 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Jacksonville 1 ! 1 James Madison 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Kansas 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S Kansas St . 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Kent St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Kentucky 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S La. - Monroe 1 ! 1 3 ! S 5 ! F La Salle 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 La. - Lafayette 1 ! 1 Lamar 4 ! E 1 ! 1 Lehigh 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Liberty 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Lipscomb 1 ! 1 Little Rock 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 LIU Brooklyn 1 ! 1 Long Beach St . 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Louisiana Tech 7 ! C 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 6 ! R 7 ! C 5 ! F 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Louisville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Loyola Marymount 1 ! 1 Loyola ( MD ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 LSU 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Maine 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Manhattan 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Marist 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Marquette 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Marshall 1 ! 1 Maryland 5 ! F 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 7 ! C 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 Massachusetts 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 McNeese St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Memphis 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Miami ( FL ) 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Miami ( OH ) 1 ! 1 Michigan 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Michigan St . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Middle Tenn . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Milwaukee 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Minnesota 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Ole Miss 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E Mississippi St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 7 ! R Missouri 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Missouri State 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Monmouth 1 ! 1 Montana 0 ! O 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Montana State 1 ! 1 Mount St. Mary 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Murray St . 1 ! 1 N.C. A&T 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Navy 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Nebraska 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 New Mexico 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Mexico St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Orleans 2 ! 2 Norfolk St . 1 ! 1 North Carolina 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S North Carolina St . 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 North Dakota 1 ! 1 North Texas 1 ! 1 Northeastern 1 ! 1 Northern Ariz . 1 ! 1 Northern Ill . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Northwestern 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Northwestern St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Notre Dame 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 6 ! R 5 ! F 6 ! R 6 ! R 3 ! S Oakland 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ohio 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ohio St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S Oklahoma 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 6 ! R 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Oklahoma St . 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Old Dominion 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S Oral Roberts 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Oregon 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Oregon St . 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F Penn 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Penn St . 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Pepperdine 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Pittsburgh 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Portland 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Portland St . 1 ! 1 Prairie View 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Princeton 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Providence 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Purdue 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 7 ! C 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Quinnipiac 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Radford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Rhode Island 1 ! 1 Rice 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Richmond 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Robert Morris 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Rutgers 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Sacred Heart 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Samford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 San Diego 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 San Diego St . 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 San Francisco 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Santa Clara 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Savannah St . 1 ! 1 Seton Hall 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Siena 1 ! 1 SMU 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 South Ala . 1 ! 1 South Carolina 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 7 ! C South Carolina St . 1 ! 1 South Dakota 1 ! 1 South Dakota St . 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 South Fla . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Southeast Mo . St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Southern California 4 ! E 7 ! C 7 ! C 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Southern Ill . 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Southern Miss 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Southern U . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 St. Bonaventure 3 ! S 2 ! 2 St. Francis Brooklyn 1 ! 1 Saint Francis ( PA ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 St. John 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Saint Joseph 's 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Saint Mary 's 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Saint Peter 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Stanford 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 6 ! R 5 ! F 6 ! R 5 ! F 5 ! F 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 4 ! E 6 ! F Stephen F. Austin 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Stetson 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Syracuse 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 6 ! R TCU 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Temple 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Tennessee 5 ! F 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F 6 ! R 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 7 ! C 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E Tennessee St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tennessee Tech 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 7 ! C 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E Texas A&M 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Texas St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas Tech 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas - Arlington 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Toledo 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Troy 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tulane 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tulsa 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UAB 1 ! 1 3 ! S UC Davis 1 ! 1 UC Irvine 1 ! 1 UC Riverside 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UC Santa Barb . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UCF 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UCLA 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S UMBC 1 ! 1 UNC Asheville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UNC Greensboro 1 ! 1 UNI 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UNLV 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UT Martin 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Utah 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UTEP 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UTSA 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Valparaiso 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Vanderbilt 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 VCU 1 ! 1 Vermont 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Villanova 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Virginia 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Virginia Tech 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Wake Forest 2 ! 2 Washington 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 5 ! F Washington St . 1 ! 1 Weber St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 West Virginia 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Western Caro . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Ill . 1 ! 1 Western Ky . 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Wichita State 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Winthrop 1 ! 1 Wisconsin 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Wright St . 1 ! 1 Wyoming 1 ! 1 Xavier 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 Youngstown St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 See also ( edit ) College basketball portal NCAA Women 's Division II Basketball Championship NCAA Women 's Division III Basketball Championship AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women , Basketball Champions Pre-NCAA Women 's Basketball Champions NCAA Women 's Division I Tournament bids by school NAIA national women 's basketball championship List of NCAA Women 's Final Four broadcasters NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA may move Women 's Final Four dates '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 75 Jump up ^ `` Greg Christopher named chair of DI Women 's Basketball Committee '' . NCAA . Mar 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NCAA Women 's Final Four Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 15 Apr 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 58 Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 67 Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 6 , 7 ^ Jump up to : Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 9 Jump up ^ Nixon , Rick . `` Official 2017 NCAA Women 's Final Four Records Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . References ( edit ) `` Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . `` List of Winning Rosters '' . allcompetitions . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Tournaments 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 NCAA Tournaments 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Records & statistics AIAW Tournament ( pre-NCAA ) Appearances Broadcasters NCAA women 's college basketball tournaments Division I postseason conference tournaments ACC America East The American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Sun Belt Summit WAC West Coast Division I postseason tournaments AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Women 's National Invitation Tournament Women 's Basketball Invitational Division II and III postseason tournaments NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division III Women 's Basketball Tournament National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Major women 's sport leagues in North America Women 's basketball Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Women 's American Basketball Association ( WABA ) Women 's Blue Chip Basketball League ( WBCBL ) American Basketball League ( defunct ) National Women 's Basketball League ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Basketball League ( defunct ) NCAA Division I NCAA Division II NCAA Division III NAIA U Sports Women 's ice hockey Canadian Women 's Hockey League ( CWHL ) National Women 's Hockey League ( NWHL ) Western Women 's Hockey League ( defunct ) National Collegiate women 's ice hockey championship NCAA Division III women 's ice hockey ( NCAA ) U Sports women 's ice hockey Women 's soccer National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) Liga MX Femenil Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) Liga Mexicana de Fútbol Femenil NCAA Women 's Soccer Championship NAIA Women 's Soccer Championship U Sports women 's soccer Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) ( defunct ) Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) ( defunct ) Women 's League Soccer ( WLS ) ( defunct ) Women 's Premier Soccer League Elite ( defunct ) USL W - League ( defunct ) Women 's softball National Pro Fastpitch ( NPF ) NCAA Division I Softball Championship Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) NAIA Softball Championship Women 's gridiron football Independent Women 's Football League ( IWFL ) Women 's Football Alliance ( WFA ) United States Women 's Football League ( USWFL ) Legends Football League ( LFL ) Maritime Women 's Football League ( MWFL ) Western Women 's Canadian Football League ( WWCFL ) LFL Canada ( LFL ) American Football Women 's League ( AFWL ) ( defunct ) Women 's American Football League ( WAFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Football Association ( WFA ) ( defunct ) Ladies Tackle Football League ( LTFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Football League ( WFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Football League ( WPFL ) ( defunct ) National Women 's Football Association ( NWFA ) ( defunct ) Other sports Ladies Professional Golf Association ( LPGA ) Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) National Ringette League ( NRL ) United Women 's Lacrosse League ( UWLX ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship NCAA Bowling Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Cross Country Championship NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship NCAA Division I Women 's Golf Championships NCAA Women 's Gymnastics Championships NCAA Division I Women 's Lacrosse Championship NCAA Division I Rowing Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships NCAA Women 's Tennis Championship NCAA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Volleyball Championship NCAA Women 's Water Polo Championship National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA Women 's Cross Country Championship NAIA Women 's Golf Championship NAIA Women 's Swimming and Diving Championships NAIA Women 's Tennis Championship NAIA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Volleyball Championship NAIA lacrosse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=827967828 '' Categories : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship Postseason college basketball competitions in the United States Recurring sporting events established in 1982 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Français 日本語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 20 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the women's ncaa tournament last year	[ "\nNCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament\n\nCurrent season, competition or edition:\n 2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament\n\n\n\n\n\nSport\nWomen's Basketball\n\n\nFounded\n1982\n\n\nNo. of teams\n64\n\n\nCountry\nNCAA Division I (USA)\n\n\nMost recent\nchampion(s)\nSouth Carolina (1st)\n\n\nMost titles\nConnecticut (11)\n\n\nTV partner(s)\nESPN, ESPN2, ESPNU, WatchESPN\n\n\nOfficial website\nNCAA.com\n\n" ]	[ "South Carolina" ]
-4845642450866765194	Climate of North Carolina	Climate of North Carolina - wikipedia Climate of North Carolina Köppen climate classification types of North Carolina . North Carolina 's climate varies from the Atlantic coast in the east to the Appalachian Mountain range in the west . The mountains often act as a `` shield '' , blocking low temperatures and storms from the Midwest from entering the Piedmont of North Carolina . Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) , except in the higher elevations of the Appalachians which have a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen Cfb ) . For most areas in the state , the temperatures in July during the daytime are approximately 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) . In January the average temperatures range near 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) . ( However , a polar vortex or `` cold blast '' can significantly bring down average temperatures , seen in the winters of 2014 and 2015 . ) Average Monthly Temperature City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Asheville 46 / 26 50 / 28 58 / 35 66 / 42 74 / 51 80 / 58 83 / 63 82 / 62 76 / 55 67 / 43 57 / 35 49 / 29 Cape Hatteras 54 / 39 55 / 39 60 / 44 68 / 52 75 / 60 82 / 68 85 / 73 85 / 72 81 / 68 73 / 59 65 / 50 57 / 43 Charlotte 51 / 32 56 / 34 64 / 42 73 / 49 80 / 58 87 / 66 90 / 71 88 / 69 82 / 63 73 / 51 63 / 42 54 / 35 Greensboro 47 / 28 52 / 31 60 / 38 70 / 46 77 / 55 84 / 64 88 / 68 86 / 67 79 / 60 70 / 48 60 / 39 51 / 31 Raleigh 50 / 30 54 / 32 62 / 39 72 / 46 79 / 55 86 / 64 89 / 68 87 / 67 81 / 61 72 / 48 62 / 40 53 / 33 Wilmington 56 / 36 60 / 38 66 / 44 74 / 51 81 / 60 86 / 68 90 / 72 88 / 71 84 / 66 76 / 54 68 / 45 60 / 38 Contents 1 Precipitation 1.1 Snow 2 Tropical cyclones 2.1 Rain 3 Severe weather 4 Seasonal conditions 4.1 Winter 4.2 Spring 4.3 Summer 4.4 Fall 4.5 Southern Oscillation 4.6 Changes 5 See also 6 External links 7 References Precipitation ( edit ) There is an average of forty - five inches of rain a year ( fifty in the mountains ) . July storms account for much of this precipitation . As much as 15 % of the rainfall during the warm season in the Carolinas can be attributed to tropical cyclones . Mountains usually see some snow in the fall and winter . Moist winds from the southwest drop an average of 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) of precipitation on the western side of the mountains , while the northeast - facing slopes average less than half that amount . Average Monthly Precipitation City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Asheville 2.6 inches ( 66 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 4 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.4 inches ( 86 mm ) 4 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 2.7 inches ( 69 mm ) 2.6 inches ( 66 mm ) 2.7 inches ( 69 mm ) 38.1 inches ( 970 mm ) Cape Hatteras 5.6 inches ( 140 mm ) 4.1 inches ( 100 mm ) 4.6 inches ( 120 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 4.2 inches ( 110 mm ) 4.9 inches ( 120 mm ) 6.4 inches ( 160 mm ) 5.3 inches ( 130 mm ) 5.3 inches ( 130 mm ) 4.9 inches ( 120 mm ) 4.5 inches ( 110 mm ) 56.9 inches ( 1,450 mm ) Charlotte 3.7 inches ( 94 mm ) 3.7 inches ( 94 mm ) 4.6 inches ( 120 mm ) 3 inches ( 76 mm ) 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 4.1 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 43 inches ( 1,100 mm ) Greensboro 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 4.4 inches ( 110 mm ) 4.1 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.4 inches ( 86 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 42.3 inches ( 1,070 mm ) Raleigh 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.7 inches ( 94 mm ) 2.8 inches ( 71 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 4.4 inches ( 110 mm ) 4.4 inches ( 110 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 3 inches ( 76 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 41.8 inches ( 1,060 mm ) Wilmington 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 4.3 inches ( 110 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 4.3 inches ( 110 mm ) 5.4 inches ( 140 mm ) 7.9 inches ( 200 mm ) 7 inches ( 180 mm ) 5.6 inches ( 140 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 55 inches ( 1,400 mm ) Snow ( edit ) A downed tree in Asheville , North Carolina caused by snowfall from the 1993 Storm of the Century . Snow in North Carolina is seen on a regular basis in the mountains . North Carolina averages 5 inches ( 130 mm ) of snow a year . However , this also varies greatly across the state . Along the coast , most areas register less than 2 inches ( 51 mm ) per year while the state capital , Raleigh averages 7.5 inches ( 190 mm ) . Farther west in the Piedmont - Triad , the average grows to approximately 9 inches ( 230 mm ) . The Charlotte area averages approximately 6.5 inches ( 170 mm ) . The mountains in the west act as a barrier , preventing most snowstorms from entering the Piedmont . When snow does make it past the mountains , it is usually light and is seldom on the ground for more than two or three days . However , several storms have dropped 18 inches ( 460 mm ) or more of snow within normally warm areas . The 1993 Storm of the Century that lasted from March 11 to March 15 affected locales from Canada to Central America , and brought a significant amount of snow to North Carolina . Newfound Gap received more than 36 inches ( 0.91 m ) of snow with drifts more than 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) , while Mount Mitchell measured over 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) of snow with drifts to 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) . Most of the northwestern part of the state received somewhere between 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) an 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) of snow . Another significant snowfall hit the Raleigh area in January 2000 when more than 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of snow fell . There was also a heavy snowfall totaling 18 inches ( 460 mm ) that hit the Wilmington area on December 22 - 23 , 1989 . This storm affected only the Southeastern US coast , as far south as Savannah , GA , with little to no snow measured west of I - 95 . Most big snows that impact areas east of the mountains come from extratropical cyclones which approach from the south across Georgia and South Carolina and move off the coast of North or South Carolina . These storms typically throw Gulf or Atlantic moisture over cold Arctic air at ground level , usually propelled southward from Arctic high pressure over the Northeastern or New England states . If the storms track sufficiently far to the east , snow will be limited to the eastern part of the state ( as with the December 22 - 23 , 1989 storm ) . If the cyclones travel close to the coast , warm air will get pulled into eastern North Carolina due to increasing flow off the milder Atlantic Ocean , bringing a rain / snow line well inland with heavy snow restricted to the Piedmont , foothills and mountains , as with the January 22 , 1987 storm . If the storm tracks inland into eastern North Carolina , the rain / snow line ranges between Raleigh and Greensboro . Average Monthly Snowfall City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Asheville 4.6 inches ( 12 cm ) 4.6 inches ( 12 cm ) 3 inches ( 7.6 cm ) 0.7 inches ( 1.8 cm ) - - - - - - 0.7 inches ( 1.8 cm ) 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) 15.6 inches ( 40 cm ) Cape Hatteras 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) - - - - - - - - 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) Charlotte 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) 1.7 inches ( 4.3 cm ) 1.2 inches ( 3.0 cm ) - - - - - - - 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) 0.5 inches ( 1.3 cm ) 5.5 inches ( 14 cm ) Greensboro 3.1 inches ( 7.9 cm ) 2.5 inches ( 6.4 cm ) 1.7 inches ( 4.3 cm ) - - - - - - - 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) 1.2 inches ( 3.0 cm ) 8.6 inches ( 22 cm ) Raleigh 2.2 inches ( 5.6 cm ) 2.6 inches ( 6.6 cm ) 1.3 inches ( 3.3 cm ) - - - - - - - 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) 0.8 inches ( 2.0 cm ) 7 inches ( 18 cm ) Wilmington 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) 0.5 inches ( 1.3 cm ) 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) - - - - - - - - 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) 1.9 inches ( 4.8 cm ) Tropical cyclones ( edit ) Hurricane Fran Main article : List of North Carolina hurricanes Located along the Atlantic Coast , North Carolina is no stranger to hurricanes . Many hurricanes that come up from the Caribbean Sea make it up the coast of eastern America , passing by North Carolina . Rainfall from Floyd On October 15 , 1954 , Hurricane Hazel struck North Carolina , at that time it was a category 4 hurricane within the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale . Hazel caused significant damage due to its strong winds . A weather station at Oak Island reported maximum sustained winds of 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) , while in Raleigh winds of 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) were measured . The hurricane caused 19 deaths and significant destruction . One person at Long Beach claimed that `` of the 357 buildings that existed in the town , 352 were totally destroyed and the other five damaged '' . Hazel was described as `` the most destructive storm in the history of North Carolina '' in a 1989 report . In 1996 , Hurricane Fran made landfall in North Carolina . As a category 3 hurricane , Fran caused a great deal of damage , mainly through winds . Fran 's maximum sustained wind speeds were 115 miles per hour ( 185 km / h ) , while North Carolina 's coast saw surges of 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) to 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) above sea level . The amount of damage caused by Fran ranged from $1.275 to $2 billion in North Carolina . Rain ( edit ) Heavy rains accompany tropical cyclones and their remnants which move northeast from the Gulf of Mexico coastline , as well as inland from the western subtropical Atlantic ocean . Over the past 30 years , the wettest tropical cyclone to strike the coastal plain was Hurricane Floyd of September 1999 , which dropped over 24 inches ( 610 mm ) of rainfall north of Southport . Unlike Hazel and Fran , the main force of destruction was from precipitation . Before Hurricane Floyd reached North Carolina , the state had already received large amounts of rain from Hurricane Dennis less than two weeks before Floyd . This saturated much of the Eastern North Carolina soil and allowed heavy rains from Hurricane Floyd to turn into floods . Over 35 people died from Floyd . In the mountains , Hurricane Frances of September 2004 was nearly as wet , bringing over 23 inches ( 580 mm ) of rainfall to Mount Mitchell . Tornado activity in the United States . Severe Weather ( edit ) In most years , the greatest weather - related economic loss incurred in North Carolina is due to severe weather spawned by summer thunderstorms . These storms affect limited areas , with their hail and wind accounting for an average annual loss of over US $5 million . North Carolina averages 31 tornadoes a year with May seeing the most tornadoes on average a month with 5 . June , July and August all have an average of 3 tornadoes with an increase to 4 average tornadoes a month in September . It is through September and into early November when North Carolina can typically expect to see that smaller , secondary , severe weather season . While severe weather season is technically from March through May , tornadoes have touched down in North Carolina in every month of the year . ( 1 ) . On November 28 , 1988 , an early morning F4 tornado smashed across northwestern Raleigh , continuing 84 miles further , killing 4 and injuring 157 ( http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/19881128/ ) . Seasonal conditions ( edit ) Winter ( edit ) In winter , North Carolina is somewhat protected by the Appalachian Mountains to the west . Cold fronts from Canada are typically reduced in intensity by the mountains . However , occasionally cold air can move from the north or northeast , east of the Appalachian Mountains , from Arctic high pressure systems that settle over the Northeastern or New England states . Other polar and Arctic outbreaks can cross the mountains and force temperatures to drop to about 12 ° F ( − 11 ° C ) in central North Carolina . Still , temperatures below zero degrees Fahrenheit are extremely rare outside of the mountains . The coldest ever recorded temperature in North Carolina was − 34 ° F ( − 37 ° C ) on January 21 , 1985 , at Mount Mitchell . The winter temperatures on the coast are milder due to the warming influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream . The average ocean temperature in Southport in January is still higher than the average ocean temperature in Maine during July . Snow is common in the mountains , although many ski resorts use snowmaking equipment to make sure there is always snow on their land . North Carolina 's relative humidity is highest in the winter . Spring ( edit ) Tornadoes are most likely in the spring . Major tornado outbreaks affected parts of eastern North Carolina on March 28 , 1984 , and April 16 , 2011 . The month of May experiences the greatest rise in temperatures . During the spring , there are warm days and cool nights in the Piedmont . Temperatures are somewhat cooler in the mountains and warmer , particularly at night , near the coast . North Carolina 's humidity is lowest in the spring . Summer ( edit ) Harris Lake in Highlands , North Carolina during Fall . North Carolina experiences high summer temperatures . Sometimes , cool , dry air from the north will invade North Carolina for brief periods of time , with temperatures quickly rebounding . It remains colder at high elevations , with the average summer temperature in Mount Mitchell lying at 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) . Morning temperatures are on average 20 ° F ( 12 ° C ) lower than afternoon temperatures , except along the Atlantic Coast . The largest economic loss from severe weather in North Carolina is due to severe thunderstorms in the summer , although they usually only hit small areas . Tropical cyclones can impact the state during the summer as well . Fogs are also frequent in the summer . Fall ( edit ) Fall is the most rapidly changing season temperature wise , especially in October and November . Tropical cyclones remain a threat until late in the season . The Appalachian Mountains are frequently visited at this time of year , due to the leaves changing color in the trees . Southern oscillation ( edit ) During El Niño events , winter and early spring temperatures are cooler than average with above average precipitation in the central and eastern parts of the state and drier weather in the western part . La Niña usually brings warmer than average temperatures with above average precipitation in the western part of the state while the central and coastal regions stay drier than average . Changes ( edit ) Much of North Carolina 's Outer and Inner Banks could be at or below sea level . Main article : Effects of global warming The water on North Carolina 's shores have risen 2 inches ( 50 mm ) but the reason is heavily discussed . Temperatures in North Carolina have risen too . Over the last 100 years , the average temperature in Chapel Hill has gone up 1.2 ° F ( 0.7 ° C ) and precipitation in some parts of the state has increased by 5 percent . See also ( edit ) Climate Climate change Climatology List of North Carolina hurricanes List of North Carolina weather records List of wettest known tropical cyclones in North Carolina Meteorology External links ( edit ) State Climate Office of North Carolina References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State. North Carolina 's not a safe place to live at there are thousands of people that die there. North Carolina Climate & Geography . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Travel Weather . North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 13 . Archived January 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ David B. Knight Robert E. Davis . Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ City-Data.com North Carolina - Climate Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Asheville , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Cape Hatteras , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Charlotte , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Greensboro , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Raleigh , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Wilmington , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Intellicast.com . `` MARCH IN THE NORTHEAST '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Environmental Modeling Center . EMC MODEL GUIDANCE FOR THE BLIZZARD of 2000 . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ American Meteorological Society . Weather and Forecasting throughout the Eastern United States . Part III : The Effects of Topography and the Variability of Winter Weather in the Carolinas and Virginia ( pg. 11 ) . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : State Climate Office of North Carolina . Research on North Carolina Severe Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 09 . Archived December 16 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ State Climate Office of North Carolina . Overview . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : State Climate Office of North Carolina . General Summary of N.C. Climate . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ NCDC Climate of North Carolina Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ North Carolina Wildlife Federation . General Climate Change in North Carolina . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 17 . Archived September 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Duke University . Climate Change and North Carolina Archived September 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 17 . Climate of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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4733970511717875110	Coco (2017 film)	Coco ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Coco ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Coco Theatrical release poster Directed by Lee Unkrich Produced by Darla K. Anderson Screenplay by Adrian Molina Matthew Aldrich Story by Lee Unkrich Jason Katz Matthew Aldrich Adrian Molina Starring Anthony Gonzalez Gael García Bernal Benjamin Bratt Alanna Ubach Renée Victor Ana Ofelia Murguía Edward James Olmos Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Matt Aspbury Danielle Feinberg Edited by Steve Bloom Lee Unkrich Production company Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( Morelia ) November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 -- 200 million Box office $806.3 million Coco is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Based on an original idea by Lee Unkrich , it is directed by him and co-directed by Adrian Molina . The film 's voice cast stars Anthony Gonzalez , Gael García Bernal , Benjamin Bratt , Alanna Ubach , Renée Victor , Ana Ofelia Murguía , and Edward James Olmos . The story follows a 12 - year - old boy named Miguel Rivera who is accidentally transported to the land of the dead , where he seeks the help of his deceased musician great - great - grandfather to return him to his family among the living . The concept for Coco is based on the Mexican holiday of the Day of the Dead . The film was scripted by Molina and Matthew Aldrich from a story by Unkrich , Jason Katz , Aldrich and Molina . Pixar began developing the animation in 2016 ; Unkrich and some of the film 's crew visited Mexico for inspiration . Composer Michael Giacchino , who had worked on prior Pixar animated features , composed the score . Coco is the first - ever motion picture with a nine - figure budget to feature an all - Latino cast , with a cost of $175 -- 200 million . Coco premiered on October 20 , 2017 during the Morelia International Film Festival in Morelia , Mexico . It was theatrically released in Mexico the following week , the weekend before Día de los Muertos , and in the United States on November 22 , 2017 . The film was praised for its animation , vocal performances , music , emotional story , and respect for Mexican culture . It grossed over $806 million worldwide , becoming the the 15th highest - grossing animated film ever and was the 11th highest - grossing film of 2017 . Recipient of several accolades , Coco was chosen by the National Board of Review as the Best Animated Film of 2017 . The film won two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ( `` Remember Me '' ) . Additionally , it also won the Best Animated Film at the BAFTA Awards , Golden Globe Awards , Critic 's Choice Movie Awards , and Annie Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Story 3.3 Casting 3.4 Animation 4 Soundtrack 5 Marketing and release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In Santa Cecilia , Mexico , Imelda Rivera is the wife of a musician , who leaves her and their 3 - year - old daughter Coco to pursue a career in music . When he never returns , Imelda banishes music from her family 's life and starts a shoemaking business with her family . Many years later , Imelda 's great - great - grandson , 12 - year - old Miguel , now lives with Coco and their family . Miguel secretly dreams of becoming a musician like Ernesto de la Cruz , a popular actor and singer of Coco 's generation . One day , Miguel accidentally damages the picture frame holding a photo of Coco with her parents at the center of the family ofrenda and removes the photograph , discovering that his great - great - grandfather ( whose face had been torn out ) was holding Ernesto 's famous guitar . Concluding that Ernesto is his great - great - grandfather , Miguel leaves to enter a talent show for the Day of the Dead despite his family 's objections . He breaks into Ernesto 's mausoleum and takes his guitar to use in the show , but becomes invisible to everyone in the village plaza . However , he can interact with his skeletal dead relatives who are visiting from the Land of the Dead for the holiday . Taking him there , they learn that Imelda can not visit , as Miguel removed her photo from the ofrenda . Miguel discovers that he is cursed for stealing from the dead , and must return to the Land of the Living before sunrise or he will become one of the dead ; to do so , he must receive a blessing from a member of his family . Imelda offers Miguel a blessing , but on the condition that he abandon his musical pursuits . Miguel refuses and attempts to seek Ernesto 's blessing . Miguel encounters Héctor , a down - on - his - luck skeleton who once played music with Ernesto . Héctor offers to help Miguel reach Ernesto ; in return , he asks Miguel to take his photo back to the Land of the Living , so that he might visit his daughter before she forgets him and he disappears completely . Upon learning he has other relatives , however , Héctor attempts to return Miguel to them . Miguel escapes and infiltrates Ernesto 's mansion , learning along the way that an old friendship between the two deteriorated before Héctor 's death . Ernesto welcomes Miguel as his descendant , but Héctor confronts them , again imploring Miguel to take his photo to the Land of the Living . After an argument between Ernesto and Héctor , Miguel realizes that Ernesto poisoned Héctor and stole his songs , passing them off as his own to become famous . To maintain his legacy , Ernesto steals the photo and has Miguel and Héctor thrown into a cenote pit . Miguel realizes that Héctor is his real great - great - grandfather and that Coco is Héctor 's daughter . The dead Riveras find and rescue the duo . Miguel reveals that Héctor 's decision to return home to Imelda and Coco resulted in his death , and Imelda and Héctor gradually reconcile . They infiltrate Ernesto 's sunrise concert to retrieve Héctor 's photo from Ernesto , and though they expose his true nature to everyone , the photo is lost in the process . As the sun rises , Héctor is in danger of being forgotten by Coco and disappearing . Imelda and Héctor bless Miguel unconditionally so he can return to the Land of the Living . Miguel plays `` Remember Me '' for Coco , a song written by Héctor during her childhood , which was later used by Ernesto . The song revitalizes her memory of Héctor , and she gives Miguel the torn - out piece of the photo from the ofrenda , which shows Héctor 's face , and tells her family stories about her father , thus keeping his memory alive . Miguel 's family reconciles with him and accepts music again . One year later , Miguel proudly presents the family ofrenda -- including the restored photo of Héctor and Imelda , and a photo of the now - deceased Coco -- to his new baby sister Socorro . Letters kept by Coco contain evidence that Ernesto stole Héctor 's songs , and the community now honors Héctor and scorns Ernesto . In the Land of the Dead , Héctor and Imelda join Coco for a visit to the living Riveras as Miguel sings and plays for his dead and living relatives . Cast ( edit ) Anthony Gonzalez as Miguel Rivera , a 12 - year - old aspiring musician . Gael García Bernal as Héctor , a charming trickster in the Land of the Dead who enlists Miguel to help him visit the Land of the Living , and is later revealed to be Miguel 's great - great - grandfather , Imelda 's husband , Coco 's father and the patriarch of the Rivera family . Bernal also voices Héctor in the Spanish version . Benjamin Bratt as Ernesto de la Cruz , the most famous musician in the history of Mexico and Miguel 's idol . Revered by fans worldwide until his untimely death , the charming and charismatic musician is even more beloved in the Land of the Dead . Antonio Sol provides de la Cruz 's singing voice , except for `` Remember Me '' . Alanna Ubach as Mamá Imelda Rivera , Miguel 's late great - great - grandmother , Héctor 's wife , Coco 's mother , and the matriarch of the Rivera family . Renée Victor as Elena Rivera , Miguel 's grandmother ( `` Abuelita '' ) who strictly enforces the ban on music that is the legacy of her grandmother . Ana Ofelia Murguía as Mamá Socorro `` Coco '' Rivera , Miguel 's great - grandmother and the daughter of Héctor and Imelda . Edward James Olmos as Chicharrón , a friend of Héctor 's who is forgotten in the Land of the Dead . Alfonso Arau as Papá Julio Rivera , Miguel 's late great - grandfather and Coco 's husband . Arau also voices Papá Julio in the Spanish version . Selene Luna as Tía Rosita Rivera , Miguel 's late great - grandaunt , and Julio 's sister . Dyana Ortellí as Tía Victoria Rivera , Miguel 's late grandaunt , and Elena 's sister . Herbert Sigüenza as Tíos Oscar and Felipe Rivera , Miguel 's late identical twin great - great - granduncles . Jaime Camil as Papá Enrique Rivera , Miguel 's father and Elena 's son . Sofía Espinosa as Mamá Luisa Rivera , Miguel 's mother . She is pregnant with her second child during the events of the movie . Espinosa also voices Mamá Luisa in the Spanish version . Luis Valdez as Tío Berto Rivera , Miguel 's uncle . Valdez also voices Don Hidalgo . Polo Rojas as Abel Rivera , Miguel 's cousin . Montse Hernandez as Rosa Rivera , Miguel 's cousin . Lombardo Boyar as a Mariachi whom Miguel meets in Santa Cecilia Plaza . Boyar also voices Gustavo , a musician of the Land of the Dead Octavio Solis as the Arrival Agent . Gabriel Iglesias as the Head Clerk . Cheech Marin as a Corrections Officer . Carla Medina as a Departure Agent . Medina also voices the departure agent in the Spanish version . Blanca Araceli as an Emcee . Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Frida Kahlo . Salvador Reyes as a Security Guard . Reyes also voices the Security Guard in the Spanish version . John Ratzenberger as Juan Ortodoncia Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Lee Unkrich ( pictured in 2009 ) first conceptualized Coco in 2010 Lee Unkrich first pitched an idea for the film in 2010 , when Toy Story 3 , which he also directed , was released . Initially the film was to be about an American child , learning about his Mexican heritage , while dealing with the death of his mother . Eventually , the team decided that this was the wrong approach and reformed the film to focus on a Mexican child instead . Of the original version , Unkrich noted that it `` reflected the fact that none of us at the time were from Mexico . '' The fact that the film depicted `` a real culture '' caused anxiety for Unkrich , who `` felt an enormous responsibility on ( his ) shoulders to do it right . '' The Pixar team made several trips to Mexico to help define the characters and story of Coco . Unkrich said , `` I 'd seen it portrayed in folk art . It was something about the juxtaposition of skeletons with bright , festive colors that captured my imagination . It has led me down a winding path of discovery . And the more I learn about ( el ) Día de los Muertos , the more it affects me deeply . '' The team found it difficult working with skeletal creatures , as they lacked any muscular system , and as such had to be animated differently from their human counterparts . Coco also took inspiration from Hayao Miyazaki 's anime films Spirited Away ( 2001 ) and Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2004 ) as well as the action film John Wick ( 2014 ) . In 2013 , Disney made a request to trademark the phrase `` Día de los Muertos '' for merchandising applications . This was met with criticism from the Mexican American community in the United States . Lalo Alcaraz , a Mexican American cartoonist , drew a film poster titled `` Muerto Mouse '' , depicting a skeletal Godzilla - sized Mickey Mouse with the byline `` It 's coming to trademark your cultura . '' More than 21,000 people signed a petition on Change.org stating that the trademark was `` cultural appropriation and exploitation at its worst . '' A week later , Disney cancelled the attempt , with the official statement saying that the `` trademark filing was intended to protect any title for our film and related activities . It has since been determined that the title of the film will change , and therefore we are withdrawing our trademark filing . '' In 2015 , Pixar hired Alcaraz to consult on the film , joining playwright Octavio Solis and former CEO of the Mexican Heritage Corp . Marcela Davison Aviles , to form a cultural consultant group . Story ( edit ) Unkrich found writing the script `` the toughest nut to crack '' . Casting ( edit ) Coco is the first - ever motion picture with a nine - figure budget to feature an all - Latino cast , with a cost of $175 -- 200 million . Gonzalez first auditioned for the role of Miguel when he was nine , and was finalized in the role two years later . Speaking of his character , Gonzalez said : `` ( Miguel and I ) both know the importance of following our dream and we know the importance of following our tradition , so that 's something that I connected with Miguel a lot '' . In 2016 , the Coco team made an official announcement about the cast , which revealed that Gael Garcia Bernal , Benjamin Bratt , Renée Victor , and Anthony Gonzalez would voice the characters . Bernal , who voiced Héctor , was `` moved '' when he realized that Disney - Pixar wanted to make a film on latin culture . Disney officials closely monitored Bernal 's movements and expressions while he voiced the characters and used their input for animating Héctor . Bratt voiced Ernesto De la Cruz , a character who he described as `` the Mexican Frank Sinatra '' ; `` ( a ) larger than life persona '' . On the advice of the filmmakers , Bratt watched videos of equivalent Mexican actors including Jorge Negrete and Pedro Infante . Bratt found the character similar to his father in physical appearance , `` swagger and confidence '' , and worked in the film as a tribute to him . The character Mama Imelda 's voice was provided by Alanna Ubalch . Ubalch felt that the film `` is ( giving ) respect to one quality that all Latin families across the universe do have in common , and that is giving respect and prioritizing the importance of family '' . Mama Imelda 's voice was influnced by Ublach 's tía Flora , who was a `` profound influence in ( her ) life '' . Ublach'tía felt her tía was the family 's matriarch . Ublach also dedicated the film to her tía . Animation ( edit ) On April 13 , 2016 , Unkrich announced that they had begun work on the animation . The film 's writer , Adrian Molina , was promoted to co-director in late 2016 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) Recorded August -- October 2017 Studio Eastwood Scoring Stage ( score ) Avatar Studios Henson Recording Studios Estudio 13 Audio By the Bay Crawford Media Services Genre Son mexicano Mariachi Son jarocho Ranchera Huapango Bolero Mexican pop Length 78 : 17 Label Walt Disney Producer Michael Giacchino Tom MacDougall Germaine Franco Kristen Anderson - Lopez Robert Lopez Pixar chronology Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 2017 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Michael Giacchino chronology War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) The film 's score was composed by Michael Giacchino . Germaine Franco , Adrian Molina , Robert Lopez , and Kristen Anderson - Lopez wrote the songs . Recording for the score began on August 14 , 2017 . The score was released on November 10 , 2017 . All music composed by Michael Giacchino except where indicated . No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Remember Me '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Benjamin Bratt 1 : 49 2 . `` Much Needed Advice '' Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina Bratt & Antonio Sol 1 : 46 3 . `` Everyone Knows Juanita '' Franco & Molina Gael García Bernal 1 : 15 4 . `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina García Bernal & Anthony Gonzalez 1 : 52 5 . `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 55 6 . `` The World Es Mi Familia '' Franco & Molina Gonzalez & Sol 0 : 51 7 . `` Remember Me ( Lullaby ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez García Bernal , Gabriella Flores & Libertad García Fonzi 1 : 10 8 . `` La Llorona '' Traditional Sol & Alanna Ubach 2 : 46 9 . `` Remember Me ( Reunion ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Gonzalez & Ana Ofelia Murguía 1 : 14 10 . `` Proud Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gonzalez 2 : 04 11 . `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Miguel feat . Natalia Lafourcade 2 : 44 12 . `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' 3 : 18 13 . `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 14 . `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 15 . `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 16 . `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 17 . `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 18 . `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 19 . `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 20 . `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 21 . `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 22 . `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 23 . `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 24 . `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 25 . `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 26 . `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 27 . `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 28 . `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 29 . `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 30 . `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 31 . `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 32 . `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 33 . `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 34 . `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 35 . `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 36 . `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 37 . `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 38 . `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 Total length : 78 : 17 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Recuérdame ( Interpretada por Ernesto De la Cruz ) '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Marco Antonio Solís 1 : 49 2 . `` Dueto a Través del Tiempo '' Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina Solís 1 : 45 3 . `` Juanita '' Franco & Molina Gael García Bernal 1 : 15 4 . `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina García Bernal & Luis Ángel Gómez Jaramillo 1 : 52 5 . `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 54 6 . `` El Mundo es mi Familia '' Franco & Molina Gómez Jaramillo & Solís 0 : 50 7 . `` Recuérdame ( Arrullo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez García Bernal & Lucy Hernández 1 : 09 8 . `` La Llorona '' Traditional Solís & Angélica Vale 2 : 45 9 . `` Recuérdame ( Reencuentro ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Rocío Garcel & Gómez Jaramillo 1 : 13 10 . `` El Latido de mi Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gómez Jaramillo 2 : 01 11 . `` Recuérdame '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Carlos Rivera 2 : 43 12 . `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel 2 : 44 13 . `` El corrido de Miguel Rivera ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Bronco 3 : 57 14 . `` La bikina ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Rubén Fuentes Karol Sevilla 2 : 56 15 . `` Bésame mucho ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Consuelo Velázquez Jorge Blanco 2 : 57 16 . `` Un mundo raro ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' La Santa Cecilia 3 : 27 17 . `` Recuérdame ( Solo ) ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Lafourcade 2 : 43 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original ( Disc 2 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' 3 : 18 2 . `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 3 . `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 4 . `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 5 . `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 6 . `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 7 . `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 8 . `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 9 . `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 10 . `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 11 . `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 12 . `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 13 . `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 14 . `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 15 . `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 16 . `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 17 . `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 18 . `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 19 . `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 20 . `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 21 . `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 22 . `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 23 . `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 24 . `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 25 . `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 26 . `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 27 . `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original em Português No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Ernesto de la Cruz ) '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Mário Redondo 1 : 49 2 . `` Conselho Muito Necessário '' Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina Redondo 1 : 45 3 . `` Quem Não Conhece a Juanita ? '' Franco & Molina Pedro Leitão 1 : 15 4 . `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina Joao Pedro Gonçalves & Leitão 1 : 52 5 . `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 54 6 . `` O Mundo es Mi Família '' Franco & Molina Gonçalves & Redondo 0 : 50 7 . `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Canção de Embalar ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Leitão & Maria Galante 1 : 09 8 . `` La Llorona '' Traditional Alanna Ubach & Antonio Sol 2 : 45 9 . `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Reunião ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Gonçalves & Ermelinda Duarte 1 : 13 10 . `` Pulsar do Meu Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gonçalves 2 : 03 11 . `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel 2 : 44 12 . `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' 3 : 18 13 . `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 14 . `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 15 . `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 16 . `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 17 . `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 18 . `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 19 . `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 20 . `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 21 . `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 22 . `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 23 . `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 24 . `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 25 . `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 26 . `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 27 . `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 28 . `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 29 . `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 30 . `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 31 . `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 32 . `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 33 . `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 34 . `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 35 . `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 36 . `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 37 . `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 38 . `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 Marketing and release ( edit ) The first teaser of Coco was released on March 15 , 2017 , two days before Disney 's Beauty and the Beast opened worldwide . The teaser trailer introduced the basic concept of the film , while highlighting its focus on music . Scott Mendelson of Forbes praised the trailer as `` a terrific old - school Pixar sell , mostly consisting of a single sequence and offering just the barest hint of what 's to come . '' The film 's themes and imagery drew comparison to another animated film that centered around Día de Muertos , The Book of Life ( 2014 ) . A two - minute short film , titled Dante 's Lunch -- A Short Tail , was released online on March 29 , 2017 . It introduces the film 's supporting character , a Xoloitzcuintle named Dante . The short was created early in the animation process by Unkrich and his team to have a better sense of the character . The first official trailer was released on June 7 , 2017 , followed by a second trailer on September 13 . The film was marketed extensively in Mexico , including traditional wall - painted advertising usually used for local events and never for films . Cinépolis , a movie chain in the country , held a contest for dubbing a character in the film , and another movie chain held a contest to become an interviewer for the cast and crew of the film . Coco was released in Mexico on October 27 , 2017 , the weekend before Día de los Muertos . The film was released in the United States on November 22 , 2017 , during the Thanksgiving weekend , and three weeks after Día de los Muertos , and in the United Kingdom on January 19 , 2018 . The film was released in a crowded market , preceded by Thor : Ragnarok , Justice League and another animated film , The Star , and followed by Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film , Ferdinand three weeks after Thanksgiving . It is one of the three Disney film productions being released in the November -- December corridor . Coco is the second Pixar offering of the year , following Cars 3 , with 2017 being the second year Pixar released two films , after 2015 ( with Inside Out and The Good Dinosaur ) . The film was accompanied in theaters by Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 21 - minute featurette Olaf 's Frozen Adventure as a limited time offering , featuring the characters from Frozen , making Coco the first Pixar film not to be accompanied by a Pixar short in theaters since their first film , Toy Story , in 1995 . The film will also have its own VR game , being Pixar 's first VR development . While still showing in theaters worldwide , Coco was released for High Definition online streaming and digital download on February 13 , 2018 , and on DVD , Blu - ray , and 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray on February 27 , 2018 , by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . Coco will be made available on Netflix streaming in the United States on May 29 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Coco grossed $209.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $596.1 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $805.8 million . United States and Canada ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Coco was projected to gross $55 -- 65 million from 3,987 theaters in its first five days , including around $40 million in its opening weekend . It made $2.3 million from Tuesday night previews , landing between Disney 's previous two November releases Moana ( $2.6 million ) and The Good Dinosaur ( $1.3 million ) , and $13.2 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $50.8 million ( including a five - day total of $72.9 million ) , finishing first at the box office . It was the 4th - biggest Thanksgiving opening weekend ever , behind fellow animated films Frozen , Moana and Toy Story 2 . In its second weekend , the film dropped by 46 % to $27.5 million , a smaller drop than Moana , Frozen , Tangled , and The Good Dinosaur , and again topping the box office . It topped the box office once again in its third weekend , dropping by 33 % and grossing $18.5 million , a similar hold to Moana . It became the fourth film of 2017 to top the box office three times , following Split , The Fate of the Furious and The Hitman 's Bodyguard , before being overtaken by Disney 's own Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film , Ferdinand , in its fourth weekend . It fell to number six in its fifth weekend , due to competition from three new releases -- Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , Pitch Perfect 3 , and The Greatest Showman -- despite a small drop again ; it grossed $2.8 million on Christmas Day . On the holiday week of December 22 -- 28 , the film finished at number six with a gross of $16.3 million , which was 6 % up from the previous week , despite losing over 1,000 theaters . It finished at number six in its sixth weekend , going up 39 % and 87 % , respectively , during the three - day and four - day weekends ; it grossed $2.6 million on New Year 's Day . It fell outside the top 10 in its eighth weekend ( which included Martin Luther King Jr . Day ) , dropping 38 % and 14 % respectively , during the three - day and four - day weekends . Other countries ( edit ) Coco was released in Mexico on October 27 , nearly a month before its release in the United States . It grossed $9.3 million on its opening weekend , the biggest opening weekend for an original animated film and the biggest debut for an animated film outside of the summer movie season in the market . In its second weekend , it earned another $10.8 million , a 12 % increase over its first weekend , bringing its total to $28 million . It became the fastest ten - day grosser ever for an animated feature in Mexico , as well as the biggest original animated release ever in the territory . It dropped by 23 % in its third weekend , grossing $8.4 million . That brought its total to MX $792 million ( US $41.4 million ) , making it the highest - grossing animated film and the second - highest - grossing film of all time in Mexico , behind Disney 's own The Avengers , in local currency . A few days later , on November 15 , it passed The Avengers to become the highest - grossing film in the Mexican market . In China , Coco finished number one at the weekend box office , with a three - day total of $18.2 million , making it the second - highest opening ever for a Disney or Pixar animated release in that market , behind Zootopia . After seeing increases each weekday on its first week , the film increased by 148 % on its second weekend , bringing its total to $75.6 million in the market . It dropped by 21 % in its third weekend , finishing first once again and grossing $35 million . The film fell to number three in its fourth weekend , due to competition from two new domestic releases , grossing an additional $17.1 million . Coco 's success in China came as a surprise to most box office analysts who were projecting a gross of $30 -- 40 million . By its second weekend , it had become the highest - grossing Pixar release ever in China , nearly doubling previous record - holder Finding Dory , and by its fifth weekend , it had surpassed Despicable Me 3 to become the second highest - grossing animated movie of all time in the country , behind Zootopia . The movie was released in Japan , its final market , on March 16 , 2018 . As of May 1 , 2018 the film 's largest markets were China ( $189.2 million ) , Mexico ( $57.8 million ) , Japan ( $41.4 million ) , France ( $33.2 million ) , United Kingdom ( $26.1 million ) , South Korea ( $25.9 million ) , Spain ( $21.4 million ) , Argentina ( $17.6 million ) , Italy ( $14.4 million ) and Germany ( $12.3 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 97 % based on 276 reviews , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Coco 's rich visual pleasures are matched by a thoughtful narrative that takes a family - friendly -- and deeply affecting -- approach to questions of culture , family , life , and death . '' It was the site 's highest - rated animated film and ninth highest - rated wide release of 2017 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score ; it was also the sixth Pixar film to earn the rating -- the previous being Up in 2009 . It also earned a 95 % positive score , including a rare five - out - of - five rating , from filmgoers on PostTrak , along with a 76 % `` definite recommend '' . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` At every imaginative juncture , the filmmakers ( the screenplay is credited to Pixar veteran Molina and Matthew Aldrich ) create a richly woven tapestry of comprehensively researched storytelling , fully dimensional characters , clever touches both tender and amusingly macabre , and vivid , beautifully textured visuals . '' Robert Abele of TheWrap praised the film , saying : `` If an animated movie is going to offer children a way to process death , it 's hard to envision a more spirited , touching and breezily entertaining example than Coco . '' In his review for Variety , Peter Debruge wrote , `` In any case , it works : Coco 's creators clearly had the perfect ending in mind before they 'd nailed down all the other details , and though the movie drags in places , and features a few too many childish gags ... the story 's sincere emotional resolution earns the sobs it 's sure to inspire . '' Debruge also described the film as `` ( An ) effective yet hardly exceptional addition to the Pixar oeuvre . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four , writing that `` There 's a touch of Japanese master Hayao Miyazaki in the film 's matter - of - fact depiction of the dead interacting with the living , as well as its portrayal of certain creatures '' such as Dante and Pepita . He concluded his review by stating , `` I had some minor quibbles about ( Coco ) while I was watching it , but I ca n't remember what they were . This film is a classic . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film 3.5 out of four , calling it a `` loving tribute to Mexican culture '' , while praising the animation , vocal performances ( particularly of Gonzalez , García Bernal , and Bratt ) , and its emotional and thematic tone and depth . The Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips called the film `` vividly good , beautifully animated '' , praising Giacchino 's musical score and the songs , as well drawing a comparison to the emotional tone of Inside Out . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film as `` a time - tested tune with captivating originality and flair , and with roving , playful pop - culture erudition '' , and called the film 's cultural vibe `` inclusive '' and `` a 21st - century Disney hallmark '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times found the film to be `` full of life '' and deemed it `` a bouncy and heart - tugging adventure '' , while lauding the vocal performances as `` fantastic '' and `` first - rate '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today described the film as `` effervescent , clever and thoughtful , '' calling it one of `` Pixar 's most gorgeously animated outings '' , and `` the most musical Pixar film , with a host of catchy tunes '' . Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger wrote that the backgrounds `` have a vibrancy , and its atmosphere carries a warmth . And even after it 's done , both linger , just a bit -- like a perfectly struck guitar chord '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Coco ( 2017 film ) Coco was nominated for various awards and won a number of them , including several for Best Animated Feature . The song `` Remember Me '' was particularly praised . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , it won Best Animated Feature Film while it was nominated for Best Original Song for the song , `` Remember Me '' . It led the 45th Annie Awards with most nominations , garnering thirteen , among them Best Animated Feature , Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production , Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production , and Outstanding Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production for Gonzalez . At the 90th Academy Awards , it won the Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song . Coco was chosen by the National Board of Review as the Best Animated Film of 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ; Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Incredibles 2 ' , ' Toy Story 4 ' Details Revealed at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coco Award Categories '' . Disneystudiosawards.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coco Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Wdsmediafile.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hecht , John ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' to World Premiere at Mexico 's Morelia Fest '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco - British Board of Film Classification '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` COCO ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Topping ' Justice League ' With $70 Million Over Thanksgiving Weekend '' . Variety . November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) - Financial Information - The Numbers '' . The Numbers . December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coco ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` COCO , the new Disney Pixar movie , will open the 15th FICM '' . Festival Internacional del Cine en Morelia . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco 's Otherworldly Mexico Run Lands Pixar Toon As Market 's No. 1 Movie Ever '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Lassos $185 M Overseas , $390 M WW ; ' Thor ' Rocks To $739 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Trumbore ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Week in Animation : Pixar 's ' Coco ' Now Mexico 's # 1 Film of All - Time '' . Collider . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Pixar 's ' Coco ' Breaks Box Office Record in Mexico '' . Variety . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 9OSCARS '' . ABC . 2018 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Pixar 's Coco is a ' Love Letter to Mexico ' in the Age of Trump '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Pixar Introduces the ' Coco ' Character Family '' . Animation Magazine ( in inglês ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coco / Latin Spanish cast '' . CHARGUIGOU . Jump up ^ Wintraub , Steve ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt on ' The Infiltrator ' , ' Shot Caller ' and Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' by Various Artists on iTunes `` . Itunes.apple.com. 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Crust , Kevin ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' director Lee Unkrich gets down with the Day of the Dead for Pixar 's fall release '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Nolan Gerard Funk Joins ' Berlin , I Love You ' ; Natalia Cordova - Buckley Set In ' Coco ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laughing Place Disney Newsdesk ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` John Ratzenberger Confirmed for `` Coco '' `` . Laughing Place . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Tasha . `` Pixar 's Lee Unkrich on the ' anxiety ' of directing Coco '' . The Verge . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Newest Disney Pixar Marvel , Coco '' . Disney Insider . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar Shares ' Coco ' Secrets at Annecy Animation Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World of Coco Influenced by John Wick , Hayao Miyazaki , Mexican History '' . / Film . 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Y . Rodriguez , Cindy ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Day of the Dead trademark request draws backlash for Disney '' . CNN . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nevarez , Griselda ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoonist Lalo Alcaraz to Work on Pixar 's Day of the Dead Film ' Coco ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Drops Controversial Dia De Los Muertos Trademark Bid After Online Uproar '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Pixar 's Lee Unkrich Talks Success , Diversity and ' Coco ' '' . Awn.com . Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' feasts on ' Justice League ' at box office '' . New Haven Register . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Anthony Gonzalez , the teen breakout star of Pixar 's animated ' Coco ' '' . Usatoday.com . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Sadé . `` ' Coco ' star Anthony Gonzalez connects his passion for music with his love for family '' . Chicagotribune.com . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna . `` Pixar 's Coco Is a `` Love Letter to Mexico '' When It 's Needed Most `` . Vanityfair.com . Jump up ^ `` Gael García Bernal Talks About Singing in Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coco Was A ' Collaborative Process ' At Pixar '' . Screenrant.com. 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ https://screenrant.com/coco-interview-benjamin-bratt-anthony-gonzalez/ Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/902531-benjamin-bratt-on-playing-ernesto-de-la-cruz-in-coco Jump up ^ https://hiplatina.com/alanna-ubach-pixars-coco/ Jump up ^ Berman , Rachel ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lee Unkrich Confirms That Animation Has Officially Started on Coco ! '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ T.J. & Julie ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Get a Peek into Michael Giacchino 's Scoring Process for Pixar 's ' Coco ' -- Courtesy of Director , Lee Unkrich '' . Pixar Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` First listen : Hear three new songs from Pixar 's Coco '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original en Español ) '' . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original em Português ) '' . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' Is Trapped Between ' Justice League ' And ' Star Wars ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Jacob ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Trailer : Pixar 's Next Original Movie Reveals Its First Footage '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` First Teaser Trailer For Pixar 's Coco '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` New Pixar Short ' Dante 's Lunch ' Introduces ' Coco ' Dog , Plus Director Lee Unkrich on Whether ' Coco ' Will Make You Cry ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Coco : New trailer digs deeper into the Land of the Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer : ' Coco ' May Help Pixar Bounce Back From ' Cars 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Interactive , IA . `` Inmortaliza Tu Voz '' . Cinepolis.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conviértete en el reportero Cinemex y entrevista a los creadores de Coco '' . Ganapromo.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watson , Ryan ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Latest film release changes : Coco pops in 2018 '' . Digital Cinema Media . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Strum along with the first teaser for Pixar 's Coco '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Coco trailer : First footage from Pixar Studio 's upcoming original film released '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First trailer launched for new Pixar film Coco '' . The Guardian . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Trailer For The 21 - Minute Featurette In Front Of Coco '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` John Lasseter talks Olaf 's Frozen Adventure , debuts first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar Makes Its Virtual Reality Debut With ' Coco VR ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Coco ' Blu - ray and DVD Release Date is February 27 , 2018 '' . The Kingdom Insider . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Coco will be on Netflix in May 2018 '' . What 's on Netflix. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Coco ' Whip ' Justice League ' For Top Spot Over Thanksgiving Stretch ? -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : ' Coco ' displaces ' Justice League ' '' . Associated Press . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Looking At Sweet $26 M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Soars To $280 M Worldwide , ' Wonder ' Tops $100 M Global '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` December Still Asleep Before ' Last Jedi ' Awakens : ' Coco ' $18 M+ , ' Disaster Artist ' $6 M+ , ' Wonder ' Crosses $100 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Wins as ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Waits in the Wings '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opens To $220 M & Will Send 2017 To $11 B : How Disney Still Wins With ' Star Wars ' Franchise -- Monday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) -- Weekly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` December 29 -- 31 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` December 29 -- January 1 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Monday , January 1 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` January 12 -- 14 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` January 12 -- 15 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Thunders To $109 M In Overseas Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Nears $240 M , ' Coco ' Soars In Mexico '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' & Rolls To $431 M WW , $308 M Offshore With Record November China Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor ' Rocks $650 M WW ; ' Orient Express ' Rolls $57 M Offshore ; ' Coco ' , ' Paddington 2 ' Feel Embrace -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ELBERT WYCHE ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' debuts at number one in China '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Tops $300 M Overseas ; ' Coco ' Charms China & ' Thor ' Rocks Near $800 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Rockets To Epic 300 % Friday - To - Friday Gain In China For $39 M 8 - Day Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hot ' Coco ' Sings In China ; ' Thor ' Tops $816 M , ' Justice League ' Lassos $567 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Stays Strong With $55 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : Feng Xiaogang 's ' Youth ' Opens to $48 M , ' Coco ' Crosses $150 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` With 1 Billion+ RMB / $152 M Cume ' Coco ' Has Now Quadrupled Pixar 's Previous China Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Has Single - Handedly Out - Grossed The Earnings of All 12 Prior Pixar Releases In China Combined '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) . `` ' Coco ' Sweet With $800 M Milestone At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Reviewed Animated Movies 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BEST - REVIEWED MOVIES 2017 > WIDE RELEASES '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coco Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abele , Robert ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Journey Down Mexico Way Pays Colorful , Moving Tribute to Family '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Coco Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Day - of - the - Dead Gem Is as Lively as They Come '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' review : While not Pixar 's best , ' Coco ' is ' vividly good , ' beautifully animated '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Coco ' Brings the Pixar Touch to Death '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` The exciting Land of the Dead is where ' Coco ' really comes to life '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Joyful ' Coco ' breaks from the Pixar pack as a Mexican musical spectacular '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt . November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' review : Disney and Pixar set out a Mexican feast '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 : Film Awards and Nominations Scorecard '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Oscar Winners : Full List '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners '' . National Board of Review . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Coco ( 2017 film ) Official website Coco on IMDb Coco at the TCM Movie Database Coco at The Big Cartoon DataBase Coco at AllMovie Coco at Rotten Tomatoes Pixar Animation Studios Feature films Released Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Upcoming Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films The Adventures of André & Wally B. ( 1984 ) Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) For the Birds ( 2000 ) Mike 's New Car ( 2002 ) Boundin ' ( 2003 ) Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 ) Mr. Incredible and Pals ( 2005 ) One Man Band ( 2005 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Lifted ( 2006 ) Your Friend the Rat ( 2007 ) Presto ( 2008 ) BURN - E ( 2008 ) Partly Cloudy ( 2009 ) Dug 's Special Mission ( 2009 ) George & A.J. ( 2009 ) Day & Night ( 2010 ) La Luna ( 2011 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Small Fry ( 2011 ) Partysaurus Rex ( 2012 ) The Legend of Mor'du ( 2012 ) The Blue Umbrella ( 2013 ) Party Central ( 2013 ) Lava ( 2014 ) Sanjay 's Super Team ( 2015 ) Riley 's First Date ? ( 2015 ) Piper ( 2016 ) Lou ( 2017 ) Bao ( 2018 ) Series Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Compilations Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 1 ( 2007 ) Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 2 ( 2012 ) Other works Beach Chair ( 1986 ) Flags and Waves ( 1986 ) Light & Heavy ( 1990 ) Surprise ( 1991 ) Television specials Toy Story of Terror ! ( 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) Franchises Toy Story Monsters , Inc . Finding Nemo The Incredibles Cars Associated productions It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Borrowed Time ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Pixar Story ( 2007 ) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Marionette People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris See also List of Pixar characters Luxo Jr . List of Pixar awards and nominations feature films short films List of Pixar film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar Canada Pixar Photoscience Team A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Kingdom Hearts III Pixar universe theory Walt Disney Animation Studios The Walt Disney Studios Book Films directed by Lee Unkrich Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Awards for Coco Academy Award for Best Animated Feature 2000s Shrek -- Aron Warner ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Happy Feet -- George Miller ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee , and Peter Del Vecho ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 -- Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard , Rich Moore , and Clark Spencer ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich and Darla K. Anderson ( 2017 ) Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature 1998 -- 2000 A Bug 's Life -- John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt -- Simon Wells , Brenda Chapman , and Steve Hickner ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 -- John Lasseter , Lee Unkrich , and Ash Brannon ( 1999 ) Chicken Run -- Peter Lord and Nick Park ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 Shrek -- Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Cars -- John Lasseter and Joe Ranft ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter and Bob Peterson ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph -- Rich Moore ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie -- Phil Lord and Christopher Miller ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film 2000s Cars -- John Lasseter ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin -- Steven Spielberg ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 -- Dean DeBlois ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Animated Motion Picture Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature 1990s The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Chicken Run ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) The Triplets of Belleville ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) Song of the Sea ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) My Life as a Zucchini ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coco_(2017_film)&oldid=843548565 '' Categories : 2017 films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the great great grandmother in coco	[ "Alanna Ubach as Mamá Imelda Rivera, Miguel's late great-great-grandmother, Héctor's wife, Coco's mother, and the matriarch of the Rivera family.[18]" ]	[ "Alanna Ubach" ]
-668247132338438927	Boiling point	Boiling point - wikipedia Boiling point Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the boiling point of liquids . For other uses , see Boiling point ( disambiguation ) . Boiling water The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor . The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure . A liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure . A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure . For example , water boils at 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) at sea level , but at 93.4 ° C ( 200.1 ° F ) at 2,000 metres ( 6,600 ft ) altitude . For a given pressure , different liquids will boil at different temperatures . The normal boiling point ( also called the atmospheric boiling point or the atmospheric pressure boiling point ) of a liquid is the special case in which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea level , 1 atmosphere . At that temperature , the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and allow bubbles of vapor to form inside the bulk of the liquid . The standard boiling point has been defined by IUPAC since 1982 as the temperature at which boiling occurs under a pressure of 1 bar . The heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity ( a mol , kg , pound , etc . ) of a substance from a liquid into a gas at a given pressure ( often atmospheric pressure ) . Liquids may change to a vapor at temperatures below their boiling points through the process of evaporation . Evaporation is a surface phenomenon in which molecules located near the liquid 's edge , not contained by enough liquid pressure on that side , escape into the surroundings as vapor . On the other hand , boiling is a process in which molecules anywhere in the liquid escape , resulting in the formation of vapor bubbles within the liquid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Saturation temperature and pressure 2 Relation between the normal boiling point and the vapor pressure of liquids 3 Properties of the elements 4 Boiling point as a reference property of a pure compound 5 Impurities and mixtures 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Saturation temperature and pressure ( edit ) Play media Demonstration of the lower boiling point of water at lower pressure , achieved by using a vacuum pump . Main article : Vapor -- liquid equilibrium A saturated liquid contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling ( or conversely a saturated vapor contains as little thermal energy as it can without condensing ) . Saturation temperature means boiling point . The saturation temperature is the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase . The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy . Any addition of thermal energy results in a phase transition . If the pressure in a system remains constant ( isobaric ) , a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as thermal energy ( heat ) is removed . Similarly , a liquid at saturation temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional thermal energy is applied . The boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding environmental pressure . Thus , the boiling point is dependent on the pressure . Boiling points may be published with respect to the NIST , USA standard pressure of 101.325 kPa ( or 1 atm ) , or the IUPAC standard pressure of 100.000 kPa . At higher elevations , where the atmospheric pressure is much lower , the boiling point is also lower . The boiling point increases with increased pressure up to the critical point , where the gas and liquid properties become identical . The boiling point can not be increased beyond the critical point . Likewise , the boiling point decreases with decreasing pressure until the triple point is reached . The boiling point can not be reduced below the triple point . If the heat of vaporization and the vapor pressure of a liquid at a certain temperature are known , the boiling point can be calculated by using the Clausius -- Clapeyron equation , thus : T B = ( 1 T 0 − R ln ⁡ P P 0 Δ H vap ) − 1 , ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ text ( B ) ) = ( \ Bigg ( ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( T_ ( 0 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( R \ , \ ln ( \ frac ( P ) ( P_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ( \ Delta H_ ( \ text ( vap ) ) ) ) ( \ Bigg ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) , ) where : T B ( \ displaystyle T_ ( B ) ) is the boiling point at the pressure of interest , R ( \ displaystyle R ) is the ideal gas constant , P ( \ displaystyle P ) is the vapour pressure of the liquid at the pressure of interest , P 0 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( 0 ) ) is some pressure where the corresponding T 0 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 0 ) ) is known ( usually data available at 1 atm or 100 kPa ) , Δ H vap ( \ displaystyle \ Delta H_ ( \ text ( vap ) ) ) is the heat of vaporization of the liquid , T 0 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 0 ) ) is the boiling temperature , ln ( \ displaystyle \ ln ) is the natural logarithm . Saturation pressure is the pressure for a corresponding saturation temperature at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase . Saturation pressure and saturation temperature have a direct relationship : as saturation pressure is increased , so is saturation temperature . If the temperature in a system remains constant ( an isothermal system ) , vapor at saturation pressure and temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as the system pressure is increased . Similarly , a liquid at saturation pressure and temperature will tend to flash into its vapor phase as system pressure is decreased . There are two conventions regarding the standard boiling point of water : The normal boiling point is 99.97 ° C ( 211.9 ° F ) at a pressure of 1 atm ( i.e. , 101.325 kPa ) . The IUPAC recommended standard boiling point of water at a standard pressure of 100 kPa ( 1 bar ) is 99.61 ° C ( 211.3 ° F ) . For comparison , on top of Mount Everest , at 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) elevation , the pressure is about 34 kPa ( 255 Torr ) and the boiling point of water is 71 ° C ( 160 ° F ) . The Celsius temperature scale was defined until 1954 by two points : 0 ° C being defined by the water freezing point and 100 ° C being defined by the water boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure . Relation between the normal boiling point and the vapor pressure of liquids ( edit ) A log - lin vapor pressure chart for various liquids The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature , the lower the normal boiling point ( i.e. , the boiling point at atmospheric pressure ) of the liquid . The vapor pressure chart to the right has graphs of the vapor pressures versus temperatures for a variety of liquids . As can be seen in the chart , the liquids with the highest vapor pressures have the lowest normal boiling points . For example , at any given temperature , methyl chloride has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart . It also has the lowest normal boiling point ( − 24.2 ° C ) , which is where the vapor pressure curve of methyl chloride ( the blue line ) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere ( atm ) of absolute vapor pressure . The critical point of a liquid is the highest temperature ( and pressure ) it will actually boil at . See also Vapour pressure of water . Properties of the elements ( edit ) Further information : List of elements by boiling point The element with the lowest boiling point is helium . Both the boiling points of rhenium and tungsten exceed 5000 K at standard pressure ; because it is difficult to measure extreme temperatures precisely without bias , both have been cited in the literature as having the higher boiling point . Boiling point as a reference Property of a pure compound ( edit ) As can be seen from the above plot of the logarithm of the vapor pressure vs. the temperature for any given pure chemical compound , its normal boiling point can serve as an indication of that compound 's overall volatility . A given pure compound has only one normal boiling point , if any , and a compound 's normal boiling point and melting point can serve as characteristic physical properties for that compound , listed in reference books . The higher a compound 's normal boiling point , the less volatile that compound is overall , and conversely , the lower a compound 's normal boiling point , the more volatile that compound is overall . Some compounds decompose at higher temperatures before reaching their normal boiling point , or sometimes even their melting point . For a stable compound , the boiling point ranges from its triple point to its critical point , depending on the external pressure . Beyond its triple point , a compound 's normal boiling point , if any , is higher than its melting point . Beyond the critical point , a compound 's liquid and vapor phases merge into one phase , which may be called a superheated gas . At any given temperature , if a compound 's normal boiling point is lower , then that compound will generally exist as a gas at atmospheric external pressure . If the compound 's normal boiling point is higher , then that compound can exist as a liquid or solid at that given temperature at atmospheric external pressure , and will so exist in equilibrium with its vapor ( if volatile ) if its vapors are contained . If a compound 's vapors are not contained , then some volatile compounds can eventually evaporate away in spite of their higher boiling points . Boiling points of alkanes , alkenes , ethers , halogenoalkanes , aldehydes , ketones , alcohols and carboxylic acids as a function of molar mass In general , compounds with ionic bonds have high normal boiling points , if they do not decompose before reaching such high temperatures . Many metals have high boiling points , but not all . Very generally -- with other factors being equal -- in compounds with covalently bonded molecules , as the size of the molecule ( or molecular mass ) increases , the normal boiling point increases . When the molecular size becomes that of a macromolecule , polymer , or otherwise very large , the compound often decomposes at high temperature before the boiling point is reached . Another factor that affects the normal boiling point of a compound is the polarity of its molecules . As the polarity of a compound 's molecules increases , its normal boiling point increases , other factors being equal . Closely related is the ability of a molecule to form hydrogen bonds ( in the liquid state ) , which makes it harder for molecules to leave the liquid state and thus increases the normal boiling point of the compound . Simple carboxylic acids dimerize by forming hydrogen bonds between molecules . A minor factor affecting boiling points is the shape of a molecule . Making the shape of a molecule more compact tends to lower the normal boiling point slightly compared to an equivalent molecule with more surface area . Comparison of butane isomer boiling points Common name n - butane isobutane IUPAC name butane 2 - methylpropane Molecular form Boiling point ( ° C ) − 0.5 − 11.7 Comparison of pentane isomer boiling points Common name n - pentane isopentane neopentane IUPAC name pentane 2 - methylbutane 2 , 2 - dimethylpropane Molecular form Boiling point ( ° C ) 36.0 27.7 9.5 Binary boiling point diagram of two hypothetical only weakly interacting components without an azeotrope Most volatile compounds ( anywhere near ambient temperatures ) go through an intermediate liquid phase while warming up from a solid phase to eventually transform to a vapor phase . By comparison to boiling , a sublimation is a physical transformation in which a solid turns directly into vapor , which happens in a few select cases such as with carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure . For such compounds , a sublimation point is a temperature at which a solid turning directly into vapor has a vapor pressure equal to the external pressure . Impurities and mixtures ( edit ) In the preceding section , boiling points of pure compounds were covered . Vapor pressures and boiling points of substances can be affected by the presence of dissolved impurities ( solutes ) or other miscible compounds , the degree of effect depending on the concentration of the impurities or other compounds . The presence of non-volatile impurities such as salts or compounds of a volatility far lower than the main component compound decreases its mole fraction and the solution 's volatility , and thus raises the normal boiling point in proportion to the concentration of the solutes . This effect is called boiling point elevation . As a common example , salt water boils at a higher temperature than pure water . In other mixtures of miscible compounds ( components ) , there may be two or more components of varying volatility , each having its own pure component boiling point at any given pressure . The presence of other volatile components in a mixture affects the vapor pressures and thus boiling points and dew points of all the components in the mixture . The dew point is a temperature at which a vapor condenses into a liquid . Furthermore , at any given temperature , the composition of the vapor is different from the composition of the liquid in most such cases . In order to illustrate these effects between the volatile components in a mixture , a boiling point diagram is commonly used . Distillation is a process of boiling and ( usually ) condensation which takes advantage of these differences in composition between liquid and vapor phases . See also ( edit ) Boiling points of the elements ( data page ) Boiling - point elevation Critical point ( thermodynamics ) Ebulliometer , a device to accurately measure the boiling point of liquids Joback method ( Estimation of normal boiling points from molecular structure ) List of gases including boiling points Subcooling Superheating Trouton 's constant relating latent heat to boiling point Triple point References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , David E. ( 1988 ) . 3,000 Solved Problems in Chemistry ( 1st ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . section 17.43 , p. 321 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 023684 - 4 . Jump up ^ Theodore , Louis ; Dupont , R. Ryan ; Ganesan , Kumar , eds. ( 1999 ) . Pollution Prevention : The Waste Management Approach to the 21st Century . CRC Press . section 27 , p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 56670 - 495 - 2 . Jump up ^ General Chemistry Glossary Purdue University website page Jump up ^ Reel , Kevin R. ; Fikar , R.M. ; Dumas , P.E. ; Templin , Jay M. & Van Arnum , Patricia ( 2006 ) . AP Chemistry ( REA ) -- The Best Test Prep for the Advanced Placement Exam ( 9th ed . ) . Research & Education Association . section 71 , p. 224 . ISBN 0 - 7386 - 0221 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , J.D. ( 1982 ) . `` Notation for states and processes , significance of the word standard in chemical thermodynamics , and remarks on commonly tabulated forms of thermodynamic functions '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 54 ( 6 ) . doi : 10.1351 / pac198254061239 . Jump up ^ Standard Pressure IUPAC defines the `` standard pressure '' as being 10 Pa ( which amounts to 1 bar ) . Jump up ^ Appendix 1 : Property Tables and Charts ( SI Units ) , Scroll down to Table A-5 and read the temperature value of 99.61 ° C at a pressure of 100 kPa ( 1 bar ) . Obtained from McGraw - Hill 's Higher Education website . Jump up ^ West , J.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Barometric pressures on Mt . Everest : New data and physiological significance '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 86 ( 3 ) : 1062 -- 6 . doi : 10.1152 / jappl. 1999.86. 3.1062 . PMID 10066724 . Jump up ^ Perry , R.H. ; Green , D.W. , eds. ( 1997 ) . Perry 's Chemical Engineers ' Handbook ( 7th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 049841 - 5 . Jump up ^ DeVoe , Howard ( 2000 ) . Thermodynamics and Chemistry ( 1st ed . ) . Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 02 - 328741 - 1 . External links ( edit ) `` Boiling - Point '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . 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-6132152142320688952	Johnny Galecki	Johnny Galecki - wikipedia Johnny Galecki Jump to : navigation , search Johnny Galecki Galecki in July 2017 John Mark Galecki ( 1975 - 04 - 30 ) April 30 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Bree , Belgium Nationality American Occupation Actor Years active 1987 -- present John Mark Galecki ( born April 30 , 1975 ) is an American actor . He is known for playing Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory since 2007 and David Healy in the ABC sitcom Roseanne from 1992 to 1997 . In 2018 , he appeared in the revival of the sitcom reprising his role as David . Galecki also appeared in the films National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) , Prancer ( 1989 ) , Suicide Kings ( 1997 ) , I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) , Bookies ( 2003 ) , In Time ( 2011 ) , and Rings ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Galecki was born in Bree , Belgium , to American parents of Polish , Irish , and Italian descent . His mother , Mary Louise ( Mary Lou ) Noon , was a mortgage consultant , and his father , Richard Galecki , was a member of the U.S. Air Force stationed in Belgium , and also worked as a rehabilitation teacher . Galecki is the eldest of three children with a brother , Nick , whom he describes as a `` mechanical genius '' in the automotive industry , and a sister , Allison . Galecki grew up in Oak Park , Illinois . During an interview with New Zealand radio station ZM , Galecki recalled his childhood relationship with his mother . As a child , he was well known for making up long stories and tales . In such situations , his mother used to make him play the `` quiet game '' , where he had to see how long he could go without talking . He also recalled that despite being a loving mother , she was also very tough . One phrase she would lovingly use was , `` I love you , now get out . '' Career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Galecki in July 2008 Galecki made his acting debut in the 1987 CBS miniseries Murder Ordained with JoBeth Williams and future Roseanne co-star John Goodman . In 1989 , Galecki portrayed Rusty Griswold in National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation . In 1990 , he was cast as Danny Nash , the son of Robert Urich 's lead character , on the NBC comedy American Dreamer ; the following season , he was a regular cast member on the ABC sitcom Billy , a spin - off from Head of the Class . He appeared in one episode of Blossom in 1991 , opposite his future The Big Bang Theory co-star Mayim Bialik . During his run on Billy , Galecki began making guest appearances on the hit ABC sitcom Roseanne as the younger brother of Mark Healy ( Glenn Quinn ) , who began a relationship with Darlene Conner ( Sara Gilbert ) . Introduced in his first appearance as Kevin Healy , his name was soon changed to David . After a few more guest shots , Galecki was named a permanent Roseanne cast member from the fall of 1992 onward , after the cancellation of Billy . He would remain in the role of David Healy until the end of Roseanne 's run in 1997 , with the character eventually marrying Darlene and fathering a child with her . Galecki also appeared in the 1995 music video for the Dave Matthews Band song `` Satellite '' . Galecki was cast in the 1997 summer slasher I Know What You Did Last Summer and the 1998 dark comedy The Opposite of Sex . In the year 2000 , Galecki reunited with Opposite of Sex director Don Roos , who cast him in Bounce . Galecki continued his film streak with roles in Suicide Kings ( 1997 ) and brief bit parts in high - profile films such as Bean ( 1997 ) , and a minor supporting part in Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) . Galecki played a young delinquent in A Family Torn Apart , a 1993 TV movie based on a true story about a serial killer . He was also in the 2003 film Bookies , a comedy thriller film written by Michael Bacall and directed by Mark Illsley . The story revolves around the lives of four college students . Galecki appeared as a golfer in a 2005 episode of My Name Is Earl entitled `` Stole Beer from a Golfer '' . In 2005 , Galecki played Mark Corrigan in a pilot for a US adaptation of the British sitcom Peep Show . He played a character named Trouty on TBS 's sitcom My Boys , and the half - brother of the main characters , sisters Hope Shanowski and Faith Fairfield , in the sitcom Hope & Faith . In late 2006 and early 2007 , Galecki appeared in the Broadway play The Little Dog Laughed as a prostitute called Alex . `` At its core , the play is about what we all sacrifice to be successful , whatever our careers or goals , '' he explains . Galecki originated the role earlier in 2006 at Second Stage Theatre . The widely popular comedy by Douglas Carter Beane had a successful run at Second Stage and moved to the Cort Theatre . The play closed on February 18 , 2007 , with Galecki taking home a 2007 Theater World Award for his performance . Galecki at PaleyFest 2013 Galecki plays Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory , which debuted September 24 , 2007 . He was originally asked to play the role of Sheldon Cooper , but he said he was better suited for the role of Leonard Hofstadter , and Sheldon 's role was eventually given to Jim Parsons . During his role as David Healy on Roseanne , Sara Gilbert played his longtime girlfriend and later wife , Darlene Conner . She has appeared as Leslie Winkle , a colleague in the Big Bang Theory . Laurie Metcalf , who portrayed Roseanne 's sister Jackie Harris , has appeared as Mary Cooper , mother of Leonard 's roommate , Sheldon . Galecki is a cellist , a talent which has been used on the show . As of August 2013 , Galecki and his Big Bang costars Kaley Cuoco and Jim Parsons each earned US $325,000 per episode . As of August 2014 , the three costars will earn US $1 million per episode . Galecki appeared briefly in the 2008 superhero comedy Hancock , alongside Will Smith and Jason Bateman . In July 2011 , he played a parody version of himself in three episodes of Entourage . He also appeared in the film In Time ( 2011 ) with Justin Timberlake and Amanda Seyfried . On April 28 , 2017 , it was reported that a revival of Roseanne was in the works with most of the original cast , including Galecki , returning for the eight part mini-series . On May 16 , 2017 , it was confirmed that the eight episodes would air mid-season in 2018 on ABC . On December 1 , 2017 , it was announced that he will be reprising his role of David Healy for one episode . Personal Life ( edit ) While working on The Big Bang Theory , Galecki dated co-star Kaley Cuoco for about two years until December 2009 while the two also played a couple on the show . Cuoco told CBS Watch that they have remained on good terms since ending their relationship . Galecki owns 360 acres ( 150 ha ) of land in Santa Margarita , California . His property included vineyards and a log cabin . In late June 2017 , Galecki 's ranch was destroyed in a major wildfire known as the Hill Fire . Galecki , in a media statement , said wildfire was `` the threat ... we live with constantly , which may seem crazy to some but we do so because living in our beautiful , rural area makes it worthwhile . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes Time Out for Dad Matt Kowalski Murder Ordained Doug Rule A Night in the Life of Jimmy Reardon Toby Reardon Prancer Billy Quinn National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation Russell `` Rusty '' Griswold 1990 Blind Faith John Marshall In Defense of a Married Man Eric 1991 Backfield in Motion Tim Seavers 1993 A Family Torn Apart Daniel Hannigan 1994 Without Consent Marty Murder at My Door Teddy McNair 1997 Bean Stingo Wheelie Suicide Kings Ira Reder I Know What You Did Last Summer Max Neurick 1998 The Opposite of Sex Jason Bock 2000 Playing Mona Lisa Arthur Bounce Seth Morgan 's Ferry Darcy Vanilla Sky Peter Brown 2003 Bookies Jude Chrystal Barry White Like Me Marcus Short film 2005 Happy Endings Miles Uncredited 2007 Who You Know David Short film 2008 Hancock Jeremy 2009 Table for Three Ted 2011 In Time Borel 2013 CBGB Terry Ork 2016 The Master Cleanse Paul Also producer 2017 Rings Gabriel Brown Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1990 -- 1991 American Dreamer Danny Nash 17 episodes 1991 Blossom Jason Episode : `` Sex , Lies and Teenagers '' 1992 Billy David MacGregor 13 episodes 1992 -- 1997 , 2018 Roseanne David Healy 93 episodes Nominated for four and winner of one Young Artist Award 1993 Civil Wars Greg Stolbach Episode : `` Split Ends '' 2000 Batman Beyond Knux ( voice ) Episode : `` April Moon '' The Norm Show Dale Stockhouse Episodes : `` Norm vs. Youth : Part 1 '' and `` Norm vs. Youth : Part 2 '' LAX Leland Pressman Episode : `` Finnegan Again , Begin Again '' 2005 My Name Is Earl Scott Episode : `` Stole Beer from a Golfer '' Hope & Faith Jay 3 episodes 2006 American Dad ! Arnie Episode : `` Irregarding Steve '' 2006 -- 2007 My Boys Trouty 3 episodes 2007 -- present The Big Bang Theory Dr. Leonard Hofstadter 256 episodes Satellite Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2011 ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy ( 2011 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 2009 Family Guy Leonard Hofstadter ( voice ) Episode : `` Business Guy '' 2011 Entourage Himself 3 episodes Music videos ( edit ) Year Artist Song Role 1995 Dave Matthews Band `` Satellite '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 1992 Young Artist Award Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series American Dreamer Nominated 1993 Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series Roseanne Nominated 1994 Best Youth Comedian Won 1995 Best Performance : Young Actor in a TV Comedy Series Nominated 2008 TV Land Award Innovator Shared with Sarah Chalke , Sara Gilbert and Alicia Goranson . Won Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer The Big Bang Theory Nominated 2011 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2012 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Comedy or Musical Nominated Golden Nymph Award Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik , Kaley Cuoco - Sweeting , Simon Helberg , Kunal Nayyar , Jim Parsons , and Melissa Rauch Nominated 2013 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik , Kaley Cuoco - Sweeting , Simon Helberg , Kunal Nayyar , Jim Parsons , and Melissa Rauch Nominated 2014 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik , Kaley Cuoco - Sweeting , Simon Helberg , Kunal Nayyar , Jim Parsons , and Melissa Rauch Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Bromance Shared with Jim Parsons , Kunal Nayyar , and Simon Helberg Nominated 2015 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik , Kaley Cuoco - Sweeting , Simon Helberg , Kunal Nayyar , Jim Parsons , and Melissa Rauch Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Comedic TV Actor Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Johnny Galecki '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Galecki , Johnny ( May 3 , 1992 ) . `` Johnny Galecki '' . The Sun Sentinel . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Galecki Biography ( 1975 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conan Show Schedule January 2 -- 6 , 2012 '' . Team Coco . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Galecki Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Gnocchi from Skokie that Sang Karaoke '' . Conan . Season 2 . Episode 103 . June 13 , 2012 . TBS . Jump up ^ `` ZM 's interview with Johnny '' . ZM Online . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` WHAT 'S ON TONIGHT '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 2015 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Peep Show US pilot starring The Big Bang Theory 's Johnny Galecki '' . Radiotimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Follow Spot '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen ; Schneider , Michael ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` What They Earn '' . TV Guide . pp. 16 - 20 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Trio Inks New Deals , Securing Hefty Pay Raises '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne ' TV show revival in the works with main cast set to reprise roles -- '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Lands at ABC '' . Variety . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' : Johnny Galecki Set To Return As David For ABC Revival '' . Deadline . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Hudson ( September 2010 ) . `` Justify Her Love '' . CBS Watch . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Galecki On Family & His Life Upstate 01 / 05 / 12 -- Video @ '' . Teamcoco.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CNN , Sandra Gonzalez ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Johnny Galecki loses ranch in sprawling California fire '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hill Fire Incident Information '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johnny Galecki . Johnny Galecki on IMDb Playbill article about the end of The Little Dog Laughed 's run at The Cort Theatre Movieline interview with Johnny Galecki ( hide ) Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy John Lithgow ( 1996 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 1997 ) Drew Carey ( 1998 ) Jay Mohr ( 1999 ) Frankie Muniz ( 2000 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 2001 ) Bernie Mac ( 2002 ) Bernie Mac ( 2003 ) Jason Bateman ( 2004 ) Jason Bateman ( 2005 ) James Spader ( 2006 ) Stephen Colbert ( 2007 ) Justin Kirk ( 2008 ) Matthew Morrison ( 2009 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2010 ) Louis C.K. ( 2011 ) Johnny Galecki ( 2012 ) John Goodman ( 2013 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2014 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2015 ) William H. Macy ( 2016 ) William H. Macy ( 2017 ) VIAF : 120774509 LCCN : no2001053689 ISNI : 0000 0000 7921 6824 GND : 103487912X SUDOC : 157441210 BNF : cb16205733f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Galecki&oldid=837054102 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people American male film actors American male comedy actors American male television actors People from Bree , Belgium 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Actors from Oak Park , Illinois Male actors from Illinois Belgian emigrants to the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2013 Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from May 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 12 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played leonard in the big bang theory	[ "John Mark Galecki (born April 30, 1975)[1] is an American actor. He is known for playing Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory since 2007 and David Healy in the ABC sitcom Roseanne from 1992 to 1997. In 2018, he appeared in the revival of the sitcom reprising his role as David. Galecki also appeared in the films National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Prancer (1989), Suicide Kings (1997), I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), Bookies (2003), In Time (2011), and Rings (2017)." ]	[ "John Mark Galecki" ]
-7747055068563352195	Italian nationality law	Italian nationality law - wikipedia Italian nationality law Jump to : navigation , search Italian Citizenship Act Parliament of Italy An Act relating to Italian citizenship Enacted by Government of Italy Status : Current legislation Italian nationality law is the law of Italy governing the acquisition , transmission and loss of Italian citizenship . Like many continental European countries it is largely based on jus sanguinis . It also incorporates many elements that are seen as favourable to the Italian diaspora . The Italian Parliament 's 1992 update of Italian nationality law is Law no . 91 , and came into force on 15 August 1992 . Presidential decrees and ministerial directives , including several issued by the Ministry of the Interior , instruct the civil service how to apply Italy 's citizenship - related laws . Contents ( hide ) 1 Acquisition of citizenship 2 Attribution of citizenship through jus sanguinis 3 Legislative History of Italian Citizenship 3.1 The Statuto Albertino of 1848 3.2 Law no . 555 of 1912 3.2. 1 Dual citizenship under law no . 555 of 1912 3.2. 2 Loss of Italian citizenship under law no . 555 of 1912 3.3 The 1948 Constitution of the Republic 4 Decisions of the Constitutional Court and laws enacted in consequence 4.1 Decision no . 87 of 1975 4.2 Law no . 151 of 1975 4.3 Decision no . 30 of 1983 4.4 Opinion no . 105 of 1983 from the State Council 4.5 Law no . 123 of 1983 4.5. 1 Loss of Italian citizenship under law no . 123 of 1983 5 Italy 's current citizenship laws 5.1 Law no . 91 of 1992 6 Transmission of Italian citizenship along maternal lines 6.1 Decision no . 4466 of 2009 from the Court of Cassation ( final court of appeals ) 6.1. 1 Effects of decision no . 4466 of 2009 from the Court of Cassation on jurisprudence 7 Travel freedom of Italian citizens 8 Dual citizenship 9 Citizenship of the European Union 10 Citizenship fee 11 Notes 12 External links Acquisition of citizenship ( edit ) Cover of an Italian biometric passport issued in 2006 Italian citizenship can be automatically acquired : By birth to an Italian parent in line with the principle of jus sanguinis . By birth in Italy to stateless parents , to unknown parents , or to parents who can not transmit their nationality to their children ; this is partially consistent with the principle of jus soli . With the acknowledgement or legitimation of an Italian mother or father . On 27 April 1983 by minor children without Italian citizenship , including children legally adopted per Italian law , who as of the same date had a parent holding Italian citizenship ; or after 27 April 1983 by foreign minor children legally adopted by Italian citizens per Italian law . By some former citizens of Italy , after two years of residing in Italy , if the original parting with Italian citizenship was caused by naturalising in another state . The citizenship law 555 of 1912 , discussed later , carried the pertinent provision until it was superseded . ( article 9 , law 555 / 1912 ) By minor children of persons acquiring Italian citizenship . Before 27 April 1983 , minor children could not acquire Italian citizenship by this means if they were living abroad from Italy and still retaining a foreign citizenship . By Vatican citizens concluding their ex officio Vatican citizenship who would otherwise become stateless upon this event , pursuant to the provision in article 9 of the Lateran Treaty of 1929 between Italy and Vatican City . Through special application : For an individual whose parents were Italian citizens born outside Italy but at least one of their grandparents was an Italian citizen born in Italy . The applicant must have served in the Italian military or civil service or have resided for two years in Italy after reaching the age of majority . For individuals who were born in Italy to foreign parents but who have resided in Italy continuously from birth to adulthood . Through marriage : Foreign women who married an Italian citizen before 27 April 1983 were automatically granted Italian citizenship . After 2 years legal residence in Italy , or 3 years living abroad . This time will be reduced by half if the couple have children ( natural or adopted ) . The spouse of an Italian citizen can apply for Italian citizenship through naturalisation . Through naturalisation : A person who has been legally resident in Italy for at least ten years may apply for and be granted naturalisation as an Italian citizen if he or she does not have a criminal record and has sufficient financial resources . The residence requirement is reduced to three years for descendants of Italian citizen grandparents and for foreigners born in Italy , four years for nationals of EU member states , five years for refugees or stateless persons , and seven years for someone who was adopted as a child by an Italian citizen . Attribution of citizenship through jus sanguinis ( edit ) Inside cover of an Italian biometric passport issued in 2006 Citizens of other countries descended from an ancestor ( parent , grandparent , great - grandparent , etc . ) born in Italy may have a claim to Italian citizenship by descent ( or , in other words , by derivation according to jus sanguinis citizenship principles ) . Italian citizenship is granted by birth through the paternal line , with no limit on the number of generations , or through the maternal line for individuals born after 1 January 1948 . An Italian citizen may be born in a country whose citizenship is acquired at birth by all persons born there . That person would be born therefore with the citizenship of two ( or possibly more ) countries . Delays in reporting the birth of an Italian citizen abroad do not cause that person to lose Italian citizenship , and such a report might in some cases be filed by the person 's descendants many years after he or she is deceased . A descendant of a deceased Italian citizen whose birth in another country was not reported to Italy may report that birth , along with his or her own birth ( and possibly the births of descendants in intermediate generations ) , to be acknowledged as having Italian citizenship . A person may only have acquired jus sanguinis Italian citizenship by birth if one or both of that person 's parents was in possession of Italian citizenship on the birth date . There is a possibility in the law that the only parent who held Italian citizenship on the birth date of a child born with jus sanguinis Italian citizenship was the mother , who previously acquired the Italian citizenship by marriage to the father , who relinquished his own Italian citizenship before the child was born . Under certain conditions , a child born with Italian citizenship might later have lost Italian citizenship during his or her infancy . The event could prevent a claim of Italian citizenship by his or her descendants . If the Italian parents of a minor child naturalised in another country , the child may have remained holding Italian citizenship , or else may have lost the Italian citizenship . The children who were exempt from losing their Italian citizenship upon the foreign naturalisation of their parents were in many cases ( dual ) citizens of other countries where they were born , by operation of the jus soli citizenship laws in those countries . One must apply through the Italian consulate that has jurisdiction over their place of residence . Each consulate has slightly different procedures , requirements , and waiting times . However , the legal criteria for jus sanguinis citizenship are the same . Basic Criteria for Acquisition of Citizenship jus sanguinis : There were no Italian citizens prior to 17 March 1861 , because Italy had not yet been a unified state . Thus the oldest Italian ancestor from whom Italian citizenship is proven to be derived in any jus sanguinis citizenship claim must have been still alive on or after that date . Any child born to an Italian citizen parent ( including parents also having the right to Italian citizenship jus sanguinis ) is ordinarily born an Italian citizen , with the following caveats : The Italian parent ordinarily must not have naturalised as a citizen of another country before both the child 's birth date and the date 15 August 1992 . If the child had an Italian mother and a foreign father , the child ordinarily must have been born on or after 1 January 1948 . There have been many successful challenges to this date restriction that were brought before the Court of Rome . In their capacity to determine Italian citizenship , officers in Italian consulates and municipalities are bound by the restriction . If the Italian parent naturalised as a citizen of another country on or after 1 July 1912 , and prior to 15 August 1992 , then the child 's Italian citizenship survived the parent 's loss if the child was already born , and residing in a country whose citizenship he or she additionally held because of that country 's jus soli nationality laws . Conversely , if the child was not born in a country whose citizenship was attributed to the child based on jus soli provisions in its nationality law , then the child could lose Italian citizenship by acquiring the citizenship of the naturalising parent . Italy generally does not attribute its citizenship based on jus soli , so an Italian child born in Italy could lose Italian citizenship in the event that his father naturalised . In the event that a person reached Italy 's legal age of adulthood while possessing Italian citizenship , that person 's holding of Italian citizenship ceased to be conditioned on the subsequent citizenship changes that might occur for that person 's parents . So if the Italian parent naturalised as a citizen of another country , then the child 's Italian citizenship could survive the parent 's loss if he or she reached legal adulthood ( age 21 prior to 10 March 1975 ; age 18 thereafter ) prior to the parent 's naturalisation . If the child 's Italian father naturalised as a citizen of another country prior to 1 July 1912 , the child 's Italian citizenship was not directly impacted by the father 's loss if the child reached legal adulthood ( age 21 ) by the time the father naturalised , or else if the child was residing in Italy when the father naturalised . Italian citizens naturalising in another country prior to 15 August 1992 , while being of legal adult age , typically lost their Italian citizenship at that time . Italy has been a participant in the Strasbourg convention on the reduction of cases of multiple citizenship . Children born outside of Italy with the citizenship of a member country may not have been able to hold Italian citizenship by birth because of this convention . The convention has also extended the era when Italians could lose citizenship by foreign naturalisation to dates later than 14 August 1992 , if the naturalisation were in a participant country . All conditions above must be met by every person in a direct lineage . There is no generational limit , except in respect to the date of 17 March 1861 . Note that if an Italian ancestor naturalised as a citizen of another country independently from his or her parents , and prior to reaching legal Italian adulthood ( age 21 prior to 10 March 1975 , and age 18 otherwise ) , then often that ancestor retained Italian citizenship even after the naturalisation and could still pass citizenship on to children . Also , having one qualifying Italian parent -- who except in certain situations could only have been the child 's father if the birth occurred before 1 January 1948 -- is sufficient for deriving ( inheriting ) citizenship , even if the other Italian parent naturalised or otherwise became unable to pass on citizenship . Sometimes that qualifying parent is the foreign - born mother , because foreign women who married Italian men prior to 27 April 1983 automatically became Italian citizens and , in many cases , retained that citizenship even when their Italian husbands later naturalised . Legislative history of Italian citizenship ( edit ) The Statuto Albertino of 1848 ( edit ) The Statuto Albertino , put forth in 1848 by the Kingdom of Sardinia , was the first basic legal system of the Italian state , formed in 1861 . It was not a true constitution , but was essentially an outline of the fundamental principles on which the monarchic rule was based . Article 24 reads : `` All subjects , whatever be their title or rank , are equal before the law . All enjoy equally the civil and political rights , and are admissible to the civil and military offices , except under circumstances determined in the Law . '' This proclaimed equality before the law referred nonetheless only to men , since women were subordinate to the authority of the pater familias . This was held very pertinent in the matter of citizenship , as the subordination of women and also their children to the husband made it so that each event regarding the husband 's citizenship would be transmitted to the family . These events could include the loss or reacquisition of citizenship . For example , the family might lose Italian citizenship if the husband naturalised in a foreign state . Law no . 555 of 1912 ( edit ) Despite the fact that the Statuto Albertino did not make any reference to equality or inequality between the sexes , the precept of the wife 's subordination to the husband - one having ancient antecedents - was prevalent in the basic legal system ( the legislative meaning ) . There are numerous examples in the codified law , such as article 144 of the Civil Code of 1939 and , specifically , law number 555 of 13 June 1912 `` On Italian Citizenship '' . Law 555 established the primacy of the husband in the marriage and the subordination of the wife and the children to his events pertinent to his citizenship . It established : That jus sanguinis was the guiding principle , and that jus soli was an ancillary possibility . The children followed the citizenship of the father , and only in certain cases , the citizenship of the mother . The mother could transmit the citizenship to her children born before 1 January 1948 ( the effective date of entry of the Constitution of the Italian Republic ) only in the special cases found in paragraph 2 of article 1 of this statute : These cases arose if the father was unknown , if he was stateless , or if the children could not share the father 's foreign citizenship according to the law of his county ( as in cases where the father belonged to a country where citizenship was possible by jus soli but not by jus sanguinis ) . In this last situation , the Ministry of the Interior holds that if the child received jus soli citizenship of the foreign country where he was born , the mother 's Italian citizenship did not pass to the child , just as in situations where the child received the father 's citizenship by jus sanguinis . Women lost their original Italian citizenship if they married a foreign husband whose country 's laws gave its citizenship to the wife , as a direct and immediate effect of the marriage . ( This is a situation under review , since article 10 of this statute providing for the automatic loss of citizenship by marriage is in contrast with the second paragraph of article 8 , having global scope , which does not approve of the automatic loss of citizenship by foreign naturalisation . The loss of citizenship under article 8 is not considered automatic because the voluntary acceptance of a new citizenship must have been manifested by the person naturalising for Italian citizenship to be lost pursuant to article 8 ) . Dual citizenship under law no . 555 of 1912 ( edit ) Of central importance for the diaspora of Italians in many countries , as it relates to the holding of Italian citizenship alongside another citizenship , is article 7 of law number 555 of 1912 . The provisions of this article gave immunity to some living Italian children from the citizenship events of their fathers . If the child was born to an Italian father in a jus soli country , the child was born with the Italian citizenship of the father and also with the citizenship of the country where he or she was born . That is to say that the child was born as a dual citizen . Children born with dual citizenship in this form were allowed to maintain their dual status in the event that the father naturalised later , thus parting with Italian citizenship . Moreover , Italy has not imposed limitations on the number of generations of its citizens who might be born outside Italy , even as holders of citizenship foreign to Italy . Article 7 reads : `` Except in the case of special provisions to be stipulated by international treaties , an Italian citizen born and residing in a foreign nation , which considers him to be a citizen of its own by birth , still retains Italian citizenship , but he may abandon it when he becomes of age or emancipated . '' Since Italian laws in this time were very sensitive to gender , it remains to be stated that the benefit of article 7 was extended to both male and female children . A girl of minor age could keep her Italian citizenship in accordance with article 7 after the naturalisation of her father - but she still might not be able to pass her own citizenship to her children , particularly if they were born before 1948 . Law 555 of 1912 contains a provision causing the Italian children of Italian widows to retain their Italian citizenship if the widow should acquire a new citizenship by remarrying , to be found in article 12 . The children concerned could keep their Italian citizenship even if they received a new one by derivation from the mother when the remarriage occurred . Foreign women contracting marriage with Italian men before 27 April 1983 automatically became Italian citizens . If a woman 's acquisition of Italian citizenship by marriage did not produce an effect upon the woman 's citizenship in her country of origin , she was therefore a dual citizen . Article 10 of law 555 of 1912 provided that a married woman could not assume a citizenship different from that of her husband . If an Italian woman acquired a new citizenship while her husband remained Italian , she was a dual citizen , and law 555 of 1912 was not cognisant of her new status in the state where she acquired citizenship during her marriage . Loss of Italian citizenship under law no . 555 of 1912 ( edit ) Italian citizenship could be lost : By a man or woman , being of competent legal age ( 21 years if before 10 March 1975 or 18 years if after 9 March 1975 ) , who of his or her own volition naturalised in another country and resided outside of Italy . ( article 8 ) Italian citizen women married to Italian citizen husbands could not lose their citizenship if the husband 's Italian citizenship was retained . ( article 10 ) By the minor and unemancipated child - without the immunities from loss to be found in articles 7 and 12 ( child with jus soli citizenship or child of remarried widow with consequent new citizenship ) - who , residing outside of Italy , held a non-Italian citizenship and lived with a father ( or mother if the father was dead ) whose Italian citizenship was also lost . ( article 12 ) By the woman whose Italian citizenship was a consequence of marriage to an Italian citizen , if upon becoming widowed or divorced , she returned to ( or remained in ) the country of her origin to live there as a citizen . ( article 10 ) This scenario of loss was possible only before the date 27 April 1983 . By the citizen who accepted employment with or rendered military service to a foreign state , and was expressly ordered by the Italian government to abandon this activity before a deadline , and still persisted in it after the said deadline . ( article 8 ) This kind of loss was rather uncommon , and could only occur if the Italian government contacted the citizen whose abandonment of service to a foreign government was demanded . Loss of Italian citizenship carried with it the inability to pass Italian citizenship automatically to children born during the period of not holding the citizenship . Still , Italian citizenship could sometimes be acquired by children of former citizens reacquiring the citizenship . Because law 555 of 1912 underwent revision to meet the republican constitution 's requirement that the sexes be equal before the law , a determination of citizenship for a child involves an analysis of the events of both parents and possibly the ascendants of both . The 1948 constitution of the Republic ( edit ) The constitution of the Italian Republic entered into effect on 1 January 1948 . With the Salerno Pact in April 1944 , stipulated between the National Liberation Committee and the Monarchy , the referendum on being governed by a monarchy or a republic was postponed until the end of the war . The 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy was still formally in force at this time , since the laws that had limited it were , to some extent , abolished on 25 July 1943 ( date of the collapse of the fascist regime ) . The referendum was held on 2 June 1946 . All Italian men and women 21 years of age and older were called to vote on two ballots : one of these being the Institutional Referendum on the choice between a monarchy and a republic , the other being for the delegation of 556 deputies to the Constituent Assembly . The current Italian constitution was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947 , published in the Official Gazette on 27 December 1947 , and entered into effect on 1 January 1948 . The original text has undergone parliamentary revisions . A Democratic Republic was instituted , based on the deliberations and sovereignty of the people . Individual rights were recognised , as well as those of the body public , whose basis was the fulfilment of binding obligations of political , economic , and social solidarity ( articles 1 and 2 ) . The fundamental articles that were eventually used to support new arguments concerning citizenship are as follows : Article 3 , a part of the constitution 's `` Fundamental Principles '' , has two clauses . The first clause establishes the equality of all citizens : `` All citizens have equal social dignity and are equal before the law , without distinction of sex , race , language , religion , political opinions , personal and social conditions . '' The second clause , supplementary to the first and no less important , adds : `` It is the duty of the Republic to remove those obstacles of an economic and social nature which , really limiting the freedom and equality of citizens , impede the full development of the human person and the effective participation of all workers in the political , economic and social organisation of the country . '' Article 29 , under Title II , `` Ethical and Social Relations '' , reads : `` The Republic recognises the rights of the family as a natural society founded on matrimony . '' The second clause establishes the equality between spouses : `` Matrimony is based on the moral and legal equality of the spouses within the limits laid down by law to guarantee the unity of the family . '' Another article of fundamental importance here is article 136 , under Title VI , `` Constitutional Guarantees - Section I - The Constitutional Court '' , reading as follows : `` When the Court declares the constitutional illegitimacy of a law or enactment having the force of law , the law ceases to have effect from the day following the publication of the decision . '' Moreover , relating to this article , still with pertinence to citizenship , the second clause is very important : `` The decision of the Court shall be published and communicated to the Houses and to the regional councils concerned , so that , wherever they deem it necessary , they shall act in conformity with constitutional procedures . '' Decisions of the Constitutional Court and laws enacted in consequence ( edit ) In summary , law 555 of 1912 has been superseded by new laws and rulings so that : The child born on or after 1 January 1948 to an Italian man or woman is to be considered Italian by birth ( except as provided in some treaties ) . An Italian woman 's marriage to an alien , or her husband 's loss of Italian citizenship , has not caused the woman 's Italian citizenship to change if the marriage or husband 's naturalisation came on or after 1 January 1948 . If the same event were prior to 1 January 1948 , the Italian consulates and municipalities may not deem her citizenship uninterrupted . In the latter case , the possibility remains that the matter of her continued holding of Italian citizenship will be confirmed in court . All minor children of at least one Italian citizen parent , including an adoptive parent , as of the date 27 April 1983 who did not already have Italian citizenship received Italian citizenship on this date . Also beginning on 27 April 1983 , the Italian law ceased to prescribe automatic Italian citizenship for foreign women marrying Italian citizen husbands . Decision no . 87 of 1975 ( edit ) This decision , in summary , finds that it is unconstitutional for women to be deprived of their Italian citizenship in the event that they acquired a new citizenship automatically by marriage . Italy has officially expressed that the benefit of this decision extends retroactively to marriages as early as 1 January 1948 . The constitution of the Republic stayed unimplemented , in the matter of citizenship , from the time of its enactment until the year 1983 . Notwithstanding the equality determined by articles 3 and 29 of the constitution , the Parliament did not put forth any law modifying the absence of code law which would allow the child of an Italian citizen mother and an alien father to have Italian citizenship by jus sanguinis . The decision rendered on 9 April 1975 , number 87 , by the Constitutional Court , declared the unconstitutionality of article 10 , third paragraph , in the part which foresaw a woman 's loss of citizenship independently from her free will . Among the essential points of the decision , it was pointed out that article 10 was inspired by the very widespread concept in 1912 that women were legally inferior to men , and as individuals , did not have full legal capacity . Such a concept was not represented by , and moreover was in disagreement with , the principles of the constitution . In addition , the law , by stipulating a loss of citizenship reserved exclusively for women , undoubtedly created an unjust and irrational disparity in treatment between spouses , especially if the will of the woman was not questioned or if the loss of citizenship occurred contrarily to her intentions . Law no . 151 of 1975 ( edit ) In summary , this law impacts citizenship by confirming decision 87 of 1975 for marriages happening after its entry into effect , and authorizing women who lost the Italian citizenship automatically by receiving a new citizenship as a consequence of marriage to reacquire it with a petition . While this law did not state the capability of decision 87 / 1975 to retroact , the decision 's accepted retroactive application back as far as 1 January 1948 is on the merit of the constitution . In the larger picture , law 151 of 1975 was an extensive remodeling of family law in Italy . As a result of the finding of unconstitutionality in decision 87 / 1975 , within the scope of Italy 's reform of family law in 1975 , article 219 was introduced into law 151 of 1975 which sanctioned for women the `` reacquisition '' ( more properly , recognition ) of citizenship . Article 219 reads : `` The woman who , by effect of marriage to an alien or because of a change in citizenship on the part of her husband , has lost the Italian citizenship before the entry of this law into effect , may reacquire it with a declaration made before the competent authority in article 36 on the provisions of implementing the civil code . Every rule of the law 555 of 13 June 1912 which is incompatible with the provisions of this present law stands repealed . '' The term `` reacquisition '' appears improper inasmuch as the Constitutional Court 's decision pronounced that the citizenship was never lost by the women concerned , and that there was never a willingness to this end on their part , and thus the term `` recognition '' seems more proper academically and legally . Decision no . 30 of 1983 ( edit ) Decision number 30 of 1983 is the finding that transmitting Italian citizenship by birth is a constitutional right of women , and the decision retroacts for births beginning as early as 1 January 1948 . The mother must have been holding Italian citizenship when the child was born for the transmission to occur as a consequence of this rule . Decision number 30 was pronounced on 28 January 1983 , deposited in chancellery on 9 February 1983 , and published in `` Official Gazette '' number 46 on 16 February 1983 . The question of unconstitutionality of article 1 of law 555 of 1912 was posed `` where it does not foresee that the child of an Italian citizen mother having kept her citizenship even after her marriage to a foreigner , also has Italian citizenship '' . The decision determined that the first clause of article 1 of this law was in clear contrast with the constitution 's articles 3 ( first paragraph - equality before the law without regard to sex , etc . ) and 29 ( second paragraph - moral and juridical parity between spouses ) . The Constitutional Court not only declared article 1 of law 555 of 13 June 1912 unconstitutional where it did not foresee the Italian citizenship of the child of an Italian citizen mother ; but also article 2 of the same law where it sanctions a child 's acquisition of a mother 's citizenship only in limited cases , since thereafter those limitations were lifted and mothers could generally pass Italian citizenship to their children . Opinion no . 105 of 1983 from the state Council ( edit ) The opinion number 105 of 15 April 1983 ; given by the State Council , Section V , in a consultative session ; determined that by effect of Decision 30 of 1983 by the Constitutional Court , the individuals born to an Italian citizen mother only as far back as 1 January 1948 could be considered Italian citizens , on the premise that the effectiveness of the decision could not retroact further than the moment when the contradiction between the old law and the new constitution emerged , which was 1 January 1948 , the date of the constitution 's entry into effect . Law no . 123 of 1983 ( edit ) This law granted automatic Italian citizenship to minor children ( under age 18 ) of at least one parent holding Italian citizenship on its entry date into effect ( 27 April 1983 ) . The law ended the practice of granting automatic citizenship to women by marriage . The law gave an obligation to dual citizens to opt for a single citizenship while 18 years of age . On 21 April 1983 , law number 123 was passed , which established that all minor children of an Italian citizen father or mother , including an adoptive parent , were Italian citizens by birth . In the case of dual citizenship , the child was required to select a single citizenship within one year after reaching the age of majority ( article 5 ) . The law is understood to have extended Italian citizenship to all minor children of Italian citizens at the moment of the law 's entry into effect , even if the children were adopted . The same law repeals the prior rule prescribing automatic acquisition of Italian citizenship jure matrimonis by alien women who contracted marriage with an Italian citizen husband . Thus since the date of entry into force ( 27 April ) , the equality of foreign spouses before the Italian law was instituted , and the cardinal principle of acquisition of citizenship through one 's expression of free will was reasserted . Loss of Italian citizenship under law no . 123 of 1983 ( edit ) With the entry of law 123 of 1983 into effect on 27 April 1983 , Italy instituted a requirement of selecting a single citizenship among those Italians with multiple citizenship reaching the age of majority on or after 27 April 1983 . The selection was due within one year . If the selection of Italian citizenship was not made , there was the potential for the Italian citizenship to be lost . The government 's orientation toward this rule is that those dual citizens whose foreign nationality came by birth in states attributing their jus soli citizenship to them were exempt from the requirement , because this law did not repeal the still effective article 7 of law 555 of 1912 . The government has also clarified that children born to Italian mothers foreign naturalised as an automatic result of a marriage contracted on or after 1 January 1948 are also exempt from the requirement . The requirement was repealed on 18 May 1986 , and so it was given only to people born between 27 April 1965 and 17 May 1967 . Between 18 May 1986 and 14 August 1994 , people subject to the requirement were entitled to make belated selections of Italian citizenship , or amend previously made selections of foreign citizenship . Italy 's current citizenship laws ( edit ) Law no . 91 of 1992 ( edit ) Law number 91 , passed on 5 February 1992 , establishes that the following persons are citizens by birth : a ) The child of a citizen father or mother . b ) Whoever is born within the Republic 's territory if both parents are stateless or unknown , or if the child 's citizenship does not follow that of the parents , pursuant to the law of their country . ( article 1 , first paragraph ) . By paragraph 2 , foundlings recovered in Italy are citizens by birth if it can not be proven that these persons are in possession of another citizenship . Article 3 partially restates the text contained in article 5 of law 123 of 1983 where it establishes that an adoptive child of an Italian citizen is Italian , even if the child is of foreign origin , and even if the child was born before the passing of the law . It has expressly established retroactivity in this situation . This is notwithstanding the fact that the law otherwise precludes its own retroactive application in article 20 , which provides that `` ... except as expressly provided , the citizenship status acquired prior to the present law is not altered , unless by events after its date of entry into force . '' This provision , in concert with opinion number 105 of 15 April 1983 , has provided that children of an Italian citizen mother and an alien father born before 1 January 1948 ( date of the republican constitution 's entry into force ) remain subject to the old law 555 of 13 June 1912 , despite the Constitutional Court 's pronouncement of unconstitutionality in decision 30 of 1983 . Additionally law 91 of 1992 allows the possession of multiple citizenship , previously prohibited in article 5 of law 123 of 1983 for those Italians acquiring a new citizenship . This allowance of keeping Italian citizenship is not applicable in all cases of an Italian acquiring foreign citizenship , because Italy has maintained treaties with some states to the effect that an Italian naturalising in one of those states could lose Italian citizenship automatically . Law 91 of 1992 leaves those agreements in effect . ( article 26 ) Laws coming after 1992 have altered access to citizenship extending it to some categories of citizens who for historical reasons , in connection with war events , were still excluded . These more recent laws follow : 1 ) Law no . 379 of 14 December 2000 `` Provisions for the recognition of Italian citizenship for the persons born and resident in the territories belonging to the Austro - Hungarian Empire and their descendants '' . ( Published in the Official Gazette no . 295 on 19 December 2000 ) Law 379 / 2000 contained provisions to recognize Italian citizenship for those persons who were born and residing in Italy 's annexed territories from the Austro - Hungarian Empire prior to 15 July 1920 . The recognition was available also to their descendants . Recognition of Italian citizenship under law 379 / 2000 was given only to applicants , and the provisions expired in December 2010 . 2 ) Law no . 124 of March 2006 `` Changes to law number 91 of 5 February 1992 concerning the recognition of Italian citizenship for nationals of Istria , Fiume , and Dalmatia and their descendants '' . ( Published in the Official Gazette no . 73 on 28 March 2006 ) Law 124 / 2006 allows individuals who were Italian citizens residing in territories ceded from Italy to Yugoslavia at the time of their cession to reclaim Italian citizen status . It gives the ability to claim Italian citizen status to those people with knowledge of Italian language and culture who are lineal descendants of the eligible persons who were residing in those regions . In more recent times , reforms to the citizenship law favouring immigrants from outside of the European Union were discussed . These immigrants currently may apply for citizenship after the completion of ten years of residency in the territory of the republic . Many aspects remain unresolved , such as the recognition of citizenship status for descendants of an Italian woman who before 1948 had married a foreign husband and lost Italian citizenship on account of her marriage . These cases have created a dual system for recognition of citizenship : While the descendants by a paternal line have no impediments to the recognition of their citizenship status - even if the ascendant emigrated in 1860 ( before Italy formed a state ) ; the descendants of an Italian woman - even if she was from the same family - today still find themselves precluded from reacquiring Italian citizenship , and their only possible remedy is to appear before an Italian judge . Transmission of Italian citizenship along maternal lines ( edit ) Decision no . 4466 of 2009 from the Court of Cassation ( final Court of appeals ) ( edit ) The United Sections , reversing its position in decision number 3331 of 2004 , has established that , by effect of decisions 87 of 1975 and 30 of 1983 , the right to Italian citizenship status should be recognised for the applicant who was born abroad to the son of an Italian woman married to an alien within the effective period of law 555 of 1912 who was in consequence of her marriage deprived of Italian citizenship . Though partaking of the existing principle of unconstitutionality , according to which the pronouncement of unconstitutionality of the pre-constitutional rules produces effects only upon the relations and situations not yet concluded as of the date 1 January 1948 , not being capable of retroacting earlier than the constitution 's entry into force ; the Court affirms that the right of citizenship , since it is a permanent and inviolable status except where it is renounced on the part of the petitioner , is justifiable at any time ( even in the case of the prior death of the ascendant or parent of whomever derives the recognition ) because of the enduring nature , even after the entry into force of the constitution , of an illegitimate privation due to the discriminatory rules pronounced unconstitutional . Effects of decision no . 4466 of 2009 from the Court of Cassation on jurisprudence ( edit ) After this 2009 decision , the judges in the Court of Rome ( Tribunale di Roma ) awarded , in more than 500 cases , Italian citizenship to the descendants of a female Italian citizen , born before 1948 ; and to the descendants of an Italian woman who had married a non-Italian citizen before 1948 . As the Italian Parliament has not coded this decision from Cassation into law , it is not possible for these descendants to obtain jus sanguinis citizenship , making the pertinent application before a consulate or a competent office of vital and civil records in Italian municipalities . For these kind of descendants of Italian women the possibility of receiving recognition of Italian citizenship therefore only remains by making a case in the Italian Court . Travel freedom of Italian citizens ( edit ) Main article : Visa requirements for Italian citizens Visa requirements for Italian citizens Italy Freedom of movement Visa not required Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required prior to arrival Visa requirements for Italian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Italy . In 2017 , Italian citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 174 countries and territories , ranking the Italian passport 3rd in terms of travel freedom ( tied with American , Danish , Finnish and Spanish passports ) according to the Henley visa restrictions index . Additionally , the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the Italian passport 1st in the world ( tied with Denmark , Finland , Germany , Luxembourg , Singapore and the United Kingdom ) in terms of travel freedom , with the mobility index of 160 ( out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1 , visa on arrival weighted by 0.7 , eVisa by 0.5 and traditional visa weighted by 0 ) . Dual citizenship ( edit ) According to Italian law , multiple citizenship is explicitly permitted under certain conditions if acquired on or after 15 August 1992 . ( Prior to that date , Italian citizens with jus soli citizenship elsewhere could keep their dual citizenship perpetually , but Italian citizenship was generally lost if a new citizenship was acquired , and the possibility of its loss through a new citizenship acquisition was subject to some exceptions . ) Those who acquired another citizenship after that date but before 23 January 2001 had three months to inform their local records office or the Italian consulate in their country of residence . Failure to do so carried a fine . Those who acquired another citizenship on or after 23 January 2001 could send an auto - declaration of acquisition of a foreign citizenship by post to the Italian consulate in their country of residence . On or after 31 March 2001 , notification of any kind is no longer necessary . Citizenship of the European Union ( edit ) Because Italy forms part of the European Union , Italian citizens are also citizens of the European Union under European Union law and thus enjoy rights of free movement and have the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament . When in a non-EU country where there is no Italian embassy , Italian citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country . Italian citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty . Citizenship fee ( edit ) Since 2014 all applications by people aged 18 or over asking for recognition of Italian citizenship are subject to a payment of a € 300 fee ( Law n . 66 , April 24 , 2014 and Law n . 89 , June 23 , 2014 ) . This was passed by the Renzi Cabinet led by Matteo Renzi . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lateran Treaty '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Consulate General of Italy in Boston '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ways to become an Italian citizen '' ( in Italian and English ) . Embassy of Italy in Washington , DC . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Visa Openness Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . World Tourism Organization . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italy '' . European Union . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 20 ( 2 ) ( c ) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . Jump up ^ Rights abroad : Right to consular protection : a right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of other Member States when in a non-EU Member State , if there are no diplomatic or consular authorities from the citizen 's own state ( Article 23 ) : this is due to the fact that not all member states maintain embassies in every country in the world ( 14 countries have only one embassy from an EU state ) . Antigua and Barbuda ( UK ) , Barbados ( UK ) , Belize ( UK ) , Central African Republic ( France ) , Comoros ( France ) , Gambia ( UK ) , Guyana ( UK ) , Liberia ( Germany ) , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( UK ) , San Marino ( Italy ) , São Tomé and Príncipe ( Portugal ) , Solomon Islands ( UK ) , Timor - Leste ( Portugal ) , Vanuatu ( France ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty on the Function of the European Union ( consolidated version ) '' ( PDF ) . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Recognition of the Italian Citizenship '' . Consulate General of Italy in New York . 9 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Citizenship - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy `` Law no . 555 of 1912 '' . US Department of Labor , Twelfth Annual Report of the Secretary of Labor for Fiscal Year Ended June 30 , 1924 . Hathi Trust Digital Library . p. 215 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . `` Citizenship Case Law : Italy '' . EUDO Observatory on Citizenship . European Union University Institute . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . `` Act No. 91 of 5 February 1992 ( Italy ) '' ( PDF ) . EUDO Observatory on Citizenship . Translation by Dr Massimo Fichera . European Union University Institute . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . `` Constitution of the Italian Republic '' ( PDF ) . EUDO Observatory on Citizenship . European Union University Institute . 2003 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . `` Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana : aggiornata alla L. cost . 30 maggio 2003 , n. 1 '' ( PDF ) . EUDO Observatory on Citizenship ( in Italian ) . European Union University Institute . 2003 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Donati , Sabina ( 2013 ) . A political history of national citizenship and identity in Italy , 1861 - 1950 . Stanford University Press . p. 424 . ISBN 9780804787338 . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . 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Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_nationality_law&oldid=811012360 '' Categories : Nationality law Italian law Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Lietuvių Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 23 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	am i eligible for dual citizenship in italy	[]	[]
8773934748628501254	Be More Chill (musical)	Be More Chill ( musical ) - wikipedia Be More Chill ( musical ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Be More Chill Show logo Music Joe Iconis Lyrics Joe Iconis Book Joe Tracz Basis Be More Chill by Ned Vizzini Premiere May 30 , 2015 : Two River Theatre , Red Bank , New Jersey Productions 2015 New Jersey 2018 Off - Broadway 2019 Broadway TBA Film Be More Chill is a musical with music and lyrics by Joe Iconis and a book by Joe Tracz , based on the 2004 novel Be More Chill by Ned Vizzini . After a 2015 regional theatre production , the musical premiered Off - Broadway in 2018 . A Broadway production is scheduled for 2019 and a film adaptation is currently in development . Contents 1 Productions 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act One 2.2 Act Two 3 Musical numbers 4 Roles and original casts 4.1 Original productions 5 Recording 6 Proposed film adaptation 7 References 8 External links Productions ( edit ) The musical premiered in May 30 , 2015 at the Two River Theater in Red Bank , New Jersey . The production featured Will Connolly as Jeremy , Eric William Morris as the Squip , George Salazar as Michael , and Stephanie Hsu as Christine , as well as Katie Ladner , Lauren Marcus , Jake Boyd , Gerard Canonico , Katlyn Carlson , and Paul Whitty . The musical was commissioned by Two River Theater as part of their new play development program . Be More Chill received an Off - Broadway production at the Irene Diamond Stage at the Pershing Square Signature Center . It began previews July 26 , 2018 and ended production on September 30 , 2018 . This production featured several original cast members including Hsu , Salazar , Canonico , Carlson and Marcus reprising their respective roles . New cast members included Will Roland as Jeremy , Jason Tam as the Squip , Britton Smith as Jake , Tiffany Mann as Jenna , and Jason `` Sweettooth '' Williams as Mr. Heere . On September 5 , 2018 it was announced that a Broadway production is planned , with previews scheduled to begin at the Lyceum Theatre on February 13 , 2019 . The Broadway transfer is estimated to cost $9.5 million according to lead producer Jerry Goehring . Synopsis ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) Jeremy Heere , a high school junior , is a complete social outcast . He lives with his single father , who works from home and is often pantsless as a result of being depressed by his recent divorce . At school , he is bullied by popular student Rich , who writes `` boyf '' on his backpack . At lunch he meets up with Michael , his best friend ( where Rich has written `` riends '' on his backpack ) , who tries to comfort Jeremy by telling him that being a loser is completely okay . Jeremy sees his long - time crush Christine signing up for the school play and decides to sign up as well . Jeremy wonders why he has to be the outcast and if someone can help him `` more than survive '' ( `` More Than Survive '' ) . As they wait for the first play rehearsal to begin , Christine professes her love of theater to Jeremy , explaining that she likes being able to play different people and always knowing what to say and do ( `` I Love Play Rehearsal '' ) . As more popular cast members trickle in , their drama teacher , Mr. Reyes , reveals , much to Christine 's horror , that their school play will be A Midsummer Night 's Dream set in a post-apocalyptic future , re-titled `` A Midsummer Nightmare ( With Zombies ) '' . During rehearsal , Jake , one of the popular boys and Rich 's friend , flirts with Christine , making Jeremy jealous . ( `` More Than Survive ( Reprise 1 '' ) . After rehearsal , Jeremy is confronted in the bathroom by Rich . He tells him about how he managed his rise to popularity - as a very unpopular freshman , he took a pill called a `` super quantum unit intel processor '' - a `` SQUIP '' - containing a computer that implants itself inside the user 's brain and tells them what to do and say . He suggests Jeremy buy one from him in order to become cooler . ( `` The Squip Song '' ) . While playing video games with Michael after school , Jeremy tells him about Rich 's offer . Michael is convinced that Jeremy is being scammed , but after an awkward conversation with Jeremy 's dad ( still not wearing pants ) , Jeremey decides to check it out . He assures Michael that no matter what happens they 'll always be a team . ( `` Two Player Game '' ) . The two visit the mall to buy the SQUIP from a dealer at Payless ShoeSource and Jeremy , as instructed , swallows it with green Mountain Dew . The SQUIP activates itself , causing Jeremy to have a seizure in front of Christine and Jake ( `` The SQUIP Enters '' ) . The SQUIP speaks to Jeremy ( taking the appearance of Keanu Reeves ) , criticizing his appearance , personality , and behavior , telling him that everything about him is terrible ( `` Be More Chill Pt. 1 '' ) . It orders him to go to a store to buy a new shirt - an Eminem shirt , where he runs into two popular girls from school , Brooke and Chloe . Jeremy accidentally picks up a girl 's shirt , but the SQUIP has Jeremy fabricate a story where he was cheated on , causing the two girls to sympathize with him . They offer Jeremy a ride home ( `` Do You Wanna Ride ? '' ) , which the SQUIP demands he accept , but Jeremy declines , telling them that he has to meet his friend . They leave , and the SQUIP tells Jeremy that Michael has left the mall . It then tells him that in order for its plan to work , Jeremy needs to obey every order it gives him , and Jeremy accepts . The SQUIP assures Jeremy that following its instructions will , without a doubt , improve his social standing ( `` Be More Chill Pt. 2 '' ) . The next day , Jeremy heads to school with a renewed confidence , beginning to wonder if he might be a little less invisible than before ( `` More Than Survive ( Reprise ) '' ) . Jeremy sees Rich , who is initially angry that Jeremy bought the SQUIP directly instead of through him , but the SQUIP syncs itself with Rich 's , making them friends . At rehearsal , the cast of the play begin to rehearse their zombie - apocalypse version of A Midsummer Night 's Dream . During a break , Christine tells Jeremy about her feelings for a guy she knows , which at first seems to be Jeremy but actually turns out to be Jake ( `` A Guy That I 'd Kinda Be Into '' ) . Afterwards , the SQUIP informs Jeremy that Christine wo n't date him until his social standing drastically improves and encourages Jeremy to use Brooke as a stepping stone to increase his popularity , while Jake asks Christine to come over to his house ( `` Upgrade '' ) . Overwhelmed , Jeremy asks the SQUIP to shut itself off for a few minutes . Immediately , Jeremy sees Michael and is elated , telling him he has n't seen him all day , but Michael states that Jeremy has been ignoring him . The SQUIP turns itself back on and explains that it was blocking Michael from Jeremy 's vision using `` optic nerve blocking , '' and that in order to be more popular he has to `` upgrade . '' Reluctant to go back to being the loser and social outcast he was before , Jeremy turns the optic nerve blocking back on , leaving him alone with the SQUIP ( `` Loser Geek Whatever '' ) . Act two ( edit ) On Halloween , Jake hosts a massive party , mainly involving alcohol and other shenanigans ( `` Halloween '' ) . Christine wears her Juliet costume , hoping Jake will notice , but he does n't . Jeremy arrives late and meets Brooke , but when she leaves to get a drink , Chloe , who is jealous of Brooke , takes Jeremy upstairs and tries to seduce him . Jeremy is uncomfortable and tries to get away , but the SQUIP forces him to remain in the situation as it escalates into a near - assault ( `` Do You Wanna Hang ? '' ) . Chloe also has Jeremy drink alcohol , causing the SQUIP to malfunction , and then feigns having sex with him ; causing Jake to become jealous and breaking Brooke 's heart . Fleeing from Jake and the girls , Jeremy runs into a bathroom , where he finds Michael , who has crashed the party . Michael tries to warn Jeremy of the dangers of the SQUIP , explaining that someone ended up in a mental hospital after they went crazy trying to get it out of their head . Jeremy accuses Michael of being jealous of his popularity ; and calls him a loser . Michael , devastated and angry , locks himself in the bathroom , where he has a severe panic attack as he mourns the loss of his best and only friend ( `` Michael in the Bathroom '' ) . Jeremy meets Christine and he asks her out in a sudden burst of confidence ( `` A Guy That I 'd Kinda Be Into ( Reprise ) '' ) . However Christine , who has found herself in an existential crisis , declines , thinking it is best for her to not see anybody else until she knows who she is . Meanwhile Rich goes around the party asking people for Mountain Dew Red . Jeremy 's SQUIP finally reactivates and reviews the events of the night , prompting Jeremy to leave the party immediately . Rich , alone and desperate , takes up a can of gasoline after arguing with his SQUIP . The next morning , Jenna , the school gossip , informs everyone that Rich had burned down Jake 's house at the end of the party , sending him to the hospital and breaking both of Jake 's legs . The news spreads throughout the school through text and tweeting . ( `` The Smartphone Hour ( Rich Set a Fire ) '' ) . At home , Jeremy is confronted by his father , who brings up Jeremy 's new personality and attitude change . Jeremy reprimands his father for his behaviour since his mother left , calling him a loser as well . Shaken by Jeremy 's words , Mr. Heere realizes that something is very wrong and that he must take charge . He tracks down Michael , who has been smoking copious amounts of weed since the trauma of the party , and convinces him to not give up on his friend ( `` The Pants Song '' ) . As the cast prepares for the play , Jeremy runs into Christine , who is shaken and upset about the fire . Jeremy realizes that the SQUIP knew about the fire before it happened , and is furious that it allowed people to get hurt , but the SQUIP ignores his complaints , instead telling Jeremy that he can ease the suffering of Christine and the rest of the students , and eventually , the whole world , by providing them all with SQUIPs ( `` The Pitiful Children '' ) . The SQUIP has Jeremy open Rich 's locker , where he finds a box full of enough SQUIPs for the entire student body , and pour the pills into a beaker of Mountain Dew . Christine confronts Jeremy over his use of the SQUIP , causing him to doubt the plan , but the SQUIP has Mr. Reyes take the beaker from him . During the play , Jeremy notices the other students in the play have been SQUIPed , where the SQUIP reveals its intention to sync the entire student body in an effort to take over the world . Jeremy also comes to a realization : green Mountain Dew activates the SQUIP , while Mountain Dew Red deactivates it . Michael reappears from the audience with a bottle of Mountain Dew Red , but Jake steals it and dumps most of it out . Jeremy and Michael fight off the SQUIPed students to regain the bottle , until the SQUIP reveals that Christine has been SQUIPed , and she professes her love for Jeremy . Knowing she 'll do whatever he asks , he has her drink the last of the Mountain Dew Red , causing her to shriek and causing a chain - reaction that destroys all of the SQUIPs . ( `` The Play '' ) . Jeremy wakes up in the hospital , sharing a room with Rich , where he proudly informs Jeremy that he 's bisexual and ready to finally be who he really is . Michael and Mr. Heere ( now wearing pants ) visit Jeremy . Surrounded by his friends and family , Jeremy finally realizes that there will always be outside influences , but he needs to learn to make up his own mind instead of just giving in . He asks out Christine again , and this time she accepts and kisses him . The SQUIP reveals itself to still be alive , weakly taunting Jeremy from inside his head , but Jeremy ignores it , happily proclaiming that `` of the voices in my head , the loudest one is mine . '' ( `` Voices in My Head '' ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Act 1 `` Jeremy 's Theme '' -- Orchestra `` More Than Survive '' -- Jeremy , Michael , Ensemble `` I Love Play Rehearsal '' -- Christine `` The SQUIP Song '' -- Rich , Ensemble `` Two - Player Game '' -- Michael , Jeremy `` The Squip Enters '' -- Ensemble `` Be More Chill Pt. 1 '' -- Squip , Jeremy , Mall People `` Do You Wanna Ride ? '' -- Brooke , Chloe `` Be More Chill Pt. 2 '' -- Squip , Jeremy , Mall People `` More Than Survive ( Reprise ) '' -- Jeremy , Squip , Ensemble `` A Guy That I 'd Kinda Be Into '' -- Christine , Jeremy , Squip , Ensemble `` The SQUIP Lurks '' -- Orchestra `` Upgrade '' -- Brooke , Squip , Jeremy , Jake , Christine , Company † `` Loser Geek Whatever '' -- Jeremy Act 2 `` Halloween '' -- Brooke , Jake , Chloe , Rich , Jenna , Company `` Do You Wanna Hang ? '' -- Chloe `` Michael in the Bathroom '' -- Michael `` A Guy That I 'd Kinda Be Into ( Reprise ) '' - Jeremy , Christine `` The Smartphone Hour '' -- Jenna , Chloe , Brooke , Ensemble ◇ `` The Pants Song '' -- Mr. Heere , Michael ◇ `` The Pitiful Children '' -- Squip , Jeremy , Jenna , Ensemble `` The Play '' -- Michael , Jake , Brooke , Chloe , Jeremy , Christine , Squip , Ensemble `` Voices in My Head '' -- Jeremy , Christine , Ensemble † Added to the Off - Broadway production . ◇ Prior to the off - Broadway production , the order of `` The Pants Song '' and `` The Pitiful Children '' was reversed . Roles and original casts ( edit ) Original productions ( edit ) Character Original NJ Cast ( 2015 ) Two River Theatre Original Off - Broadway Cast ( 2018 ) Pershing Square Signature Center Original Broadway Cast ( 2019 ) Lyceum Theatre Jeremy Heere Will Connolly Will Roland Michael Mell George Salazar Christine Canigula Stephanie Hsu The SQUIP Eric William Morris Jason Tam Chloe Valentine Katlyn Carlson Brooke Lohst Lauren Marcus Rich Goranski Gerard Canonico Jenna Rolan Katie Ladner Tiffany Mann Jake Dillinger Jake Boyd Britton Smith Mr. Heere / Mr. Reyes / Scary Stockboy Paul Whitty Jason `` SweetTooth '' Williams Recording ( edit ) The world premiere cast recorded an original cast album on July 21 , 2015 , which was released on October 31 , 2015 . The cast recording was released on vinyl by Ghostlight Records in July 2018 . Proposed film adaptation ( edit ) On October 20 , 2018 , four months before the show opens on Broadway , it was announced that Shawn Levy and Greg Berlanti will team up to produce a film adaptation of the musical . It is still yet to be determined over which film studio will acquire the film rights to make the film with Levy and Berlanti , even though they currently have first look deals with 20th Century Fox . Other film producers who contended for the film rights included Nina Jacobson , Ron Howard , Michael De Luca , Marty Bowen , Scooter Braun , Jennifer Todd and Robert Zemeckis . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Be More Chill ( Original Cast Recording ) '' . Ghostlight Records . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.tworivertheater.org/plays_events/current_season.php?categoryID=205 Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Review : In ' Be More Chill ' , a Nerd Finds Popularity in a Sci - Fi Pill '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Be More Chill ' opens at Two River Theater '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Be More Chill Will Play Off - Broadway ; Will Roland to Star '' , Playbill.com , April 13 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Company '' . BE MORE CHILL Off - Broadway Official Site . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` Be More Chill Will Transfer To Broadway In 2019 '' . playbill.com . Retrieved 09 / 05 / 2018 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` ' Be More Chill ' Sets Wheels in Motion for Move to Broadway '' . forbes.com . Retrieved 08 / 28 / 2018 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Joe Iconis ' Be More Chill Cast Recording , with Gerard Canonico , George Salazar and More , Released Today Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Be More Chill Cast Recording to be Released on Vinyl Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://deadline.com/2018/10/be-more-chill-movie-shawn-levy-greg-berlanti-film-auction-broadway-musical-1202486576/ External links ( edit ) Be More Chill website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Be_More_Chill_(musical)&oldid=865052031 '' Categories : 2015 musicals Musicals based on novels Science fiction musicals Off - Broadway musicals Broadway musicals LGBT - related musicals Sung - through musicals Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages with timeline metadata Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 11 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays chloe valentine in be more chill	[ "\n\n\nCharacter\n\nOriginal NJ Cast (2015) Two River Theatre\n\nOriginal Off-Broadway Cast (2018) Pershing Square Signature Center\n\nOriginal Broadway Cast (2019) Lyceum Theatre\n\n\nJeremy Heere\n\nWill Connolly\n\nWill Roland\n\n\nMichael Mell\n\nGeorge Salazar\n\n\nChristine Canigula\n\nStephanie Hsu\n\n\nThe SQUIP\n\nEric William Morris\n\nJason Tam\n\n\nChloe Valentine\n\nKatlyn Carlson\n\n\nBrooke Lohst\n\nLauren Marcus\n\n\nRich Goranski\n\nGerard Canonico\n\n\nJenna Rolan\n\nKatie Ladner\n\nTiffany Mann\n\n\nJake Dillinger\n\nJake Boyd\n\nBritton Smith\n\n\nMr. Heere / Mr. Reyes / Scary Stockboy\n\nPaul Whitty\n\nJason \"SweetTooth\" Williams\n\n" ]	[ "Katlyn Carlson" ]
-3793287458425823039	Orbital period	Orbital period - wikipedia Orbital period Jump to : navigation , search For the music album , see Orbital Period ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The orbital period is the time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object , and applies in astronomy usually to planets or asteroids orbiting the Sun , moons orbiting planets , exoplanets orbiting other stars , or binary stars . For objects in the Solar System , this is often referred to as the sidereal period , determined by a 360 ° revolution of one celestial body around another , e.g. the Earth orbiting the Sun . The name sidereal is added as it implies that the object returns to the same position relative to the fixed stars projected in the sky . When describing orbits of binary stars , the orbital period is usually referred to as just the period . For example , Jupiter has a sidereal period of 11.86 years while the main binary star Alpha Centauri AB has a period of about 79.91 years . Another important orbital period definition can refer to the repeated cycles for celestial bodies as observed from the Earth 's surface . An example is the so - called synodic period , applying to the elapsed time where planets return to the same kind of phenomena or location . For example , when any planet returns between its consecutive observed conjunctions with or oppositions to the Sun . For example , Jupiter has a synodic period of 398.8 days from Earth ; thus , Jupiter 's opposition occurs once roughly every 13 months . Periods in astronomy are conveniently expressed in various units of time , often in hours , days , or years . They can be also defined under different specific astronomical definitions that are mostly caused by small complex eternal gravitational influences by other celestial objects . Such variations also include the true placement of the centre of gravity between two astronomical bodies ( barycenter ) , perturbations by other planets or bodies , orbital resonance , general relativity , etc . Most are investigated by detailed complex astronomical theories using celestial mechanics using precise positional observations of celestial objects via astrometry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other periods related to the orbital period 2 Small body orbiting a central body 3 Orbital period as a function of central body 's density 4 Two bodies orbiting each other 5 Synodic period 6 Examples of sidereal and synodic periods 7 Binary stars 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links Other periods related to the orbital period ( edit ) There are many periods related to the orbits of objects , each of which are often used in the various fields of astronomy and astrophysics . Examples of some of the common ones include : The sidereal period is the amount of time that it takes an object to make a full orbit , relative to the stars . This is the orbital period in an inertial ( non-rotating ) frame of reference . The synodic period is the amount of time that it takes for an object to reappear at the same point in relation to two or more other objects ( e.g. the Moon 's phase and its position relative to the Sun and Earth repeats every 29.5 day synodic period , longer than its 27.3 day orbit around the Earth , due to the motion of the Earth about the Sun ) . The time between two successive oppositions or conjunctions is also an example of the synodic period . For the planets in the solar system , the synodic period ( with respect to Earth ) differs from the sidereal period due to the Earth 's orbiting around the Sun . The draconitic period , or draconic period , is the time that elapses between two passages of the object through its ascending node , the point of its orbit where it crosses the ecliptic from the southern to the northern hemisphere . This period differs from the sidereal period because both the orbital plane of the object and the plane of the ecliptic precess with respect to the fixed stars , so their intersection , the line of nodes , also precesses with respect to the fixed stars . Although the plane of the ecliptic is often held fixed at the position it occupied at a specific epoch , the orbital plane of the object still precesses causing the draconitic period to differ from the sidereal period . The anomalistic period is the time that elapses between two passages of an object at its periapsis ( in the case of the planets in the solar system , called the perihelion ) , the point of its closest approach to the attracting body . It differs from the sidereal period because the object 's semi-major axis typically advances slowly . Also , the Earth 's tropical period ( or simply its `` year '' ) is the time that elapses between two alignments of its axis of rotation with the Sun , also viewed as two passages of the object at right ascension zero . One Earth year has a slightly shorter interval than the solar orbit ( sidereal period ) because the inclined axis and equatorial plane slowly precess ( rotate with respect to the stars ) , realigning with the Sun before the orbit completes . The Earth 's precession cycle completes in about 25,770 years . Small body orbiting a central body ( edit ) The semi-major axis ( a ) and semi-minor axis ( b ) of an ellipse According to Kepler 's Third Law , the orbital period T ( in seconds ) of two bodies orbiting each other in a circular or elliptic orbit is : T = 2 π a 3 μ ( \ displaystyle T = 2 \ pi ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 3 ) ) ( \ mu ) ) ) ) where : a is the orbit 's semi-major axis in meters μ = GM is the standard gravitational parameter in m / s G is the gravitational constant , M is the mass of the more massive body . For all ellipses with a given semi-major axis the orbital period is the same , regardless of eccentricity . Inversely , for calculating the distance where a body has to orbit in order to pulse a given orbital period : a = G M T 2 4 π 2 3 ( \ displaystyle a = ( \ sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( \ frac ( GMT ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) where : a is the orbit 's semi-major axis in meters , G is the gravitational constant , M is the mass of the more massive body , T is the orbital period in seconds . For instance , for completing an orbit every 24 hours around a mass of 100 kg , a small body has to orbit at a distance of 1.08 meters from its center of mass . Orbital period as a function of central body 's density ( edit ) When a very small body is in a circular orbit barely above the surface of a sphere of any radius and mean density ρ ( in kg / m ) , the above equation simplifies to ( since M = Vρ = 4 / 3πa ρ ) > : T = 3 π G ρ ( \ displaystyle T = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 3 \ pi ) ( G \ rho ) ) ) ) So , for the Earth as the central body ( or any other spherically symmetric body with the same mean density , about 5,515 kg / m ) we get : T = 1.41 hours and for a body made of water ( ρ ≈ 1,000 kg / m ) T = 3.30 hours Thus , as an alternative for using a very small number like G , the strength of universal gravity can be described using some reference material , like water : the orbital period for an orbit just above the surface of a spherical body of water is 3 hours and 18 minutes . Conversely , this can be used as a kind of `` universal '' unit of time if we have a unit of mass , a unit of length and a unit of density . Two bodies orbiting each other ( edit ) In celestial mechanics , when both orbiting bodies ' masses have to be taken into account , the orbital period T can be calculated as follows : T = 2 π a 3 G ( M 1 + M 2 ) ( \ displaystyle T = 2 \ pi ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 3 ) ) ( G \ left ( M_ ( 1 ) + M_ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) ) ) ) where : a is the sum of the semi-major axes of the ellipses in which the centers of the bodies move , or equivalently , the semi-major axis of the ellipse in which one body moves , in the frame of reference with the other body at the origin ( which is equal to their constant separation for circular orbits ) , M + M is the sum of the masses of the two bodies , G is the gravitational constant . Note that the orbital period is independent of size : for a scale model it would be the same , when densities are the same ( see also Orbit # Scaling in gravity ) . In a parabolic or hyperbolic trajectory , the motion is not periodic , and the duration of the full trajectory is infinite . Synodic period ( edit ) There are observable characteristics of two bodies which orbit a third body in different orbits , and thus have different orbital periods . This is known as their synodic period ; it is the time between conjunctions , and since it is observable from either the first or the second body , the two synodic periods will be different , depending from which celestial body you are observing . An example of this related period description is the repeated cycles for celestial bodies as observed from the Earth 's surface , the so - called synodic period , applying to the elapsed time where planets return to the same kind of phenomena or location . For example , when any planet returns between its consecutive observed conjunctions with or oppositions to the Sun . For example , Jupiter has a synodic period of 398.8 days from Earth ; thus , Jupiter 's opposition occurs once roughly every 13 months . If the orbital periods of the two bodies around the third are called P and P , so that P < P , their synodic period is given by : 1 P s y n = 1 P 1 − 1 P 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( P_ ( \ mathrm ( syn ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( P_ ( 1 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( P_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Examples of sidereal and synodic periods ( edit ) Table of synodic periods in the Solar System , relative to Earth : Object Sidereal period ( yr ) Synodic period ( yr ) Synodic period ( d ) Mercury 0.240846 ( 87.9691 days ) 0.317 115.88 Venus 0.615 ( 225 days ) 1.599 583.9 Earth 1 ( 365.25636 solar days ) -- -- Moon 0.0748 ( 27.32 days ) 0.0809 29.5306 99942 Apophis ( near - Earth asteroid ) 0.886 7.769 2,837.6 Mars 1.881 2.135 779.9 4 Vesta 3.629 1.380 504.0 1 Ceres 4.600 1.278 466.7 10 Hygiea 5.557 1.219 445.4 Jupiter 11.86 1.092 398.9 Saturn 29.46 1.035 378.1 Uranus 84.01 1.012 369.7 Neptune 164.8 1.006 367.5 134340 Pluto 248.1 1.004 366.7 136199 Eris 557 1.002 365.9 90377 Sedna 12050 1.00001 365.1 In the case of a planet 's moon , the synodic period usually means the Sun - synodic period , namely , the time it takes the moon to complete its illumination phases , completing the solar phases for an astronomer on the planet 's surface . The Earth 's motion does not determine this value for other planets because an Earth observer is not orbited by the moons in question . For example , Deimos 's synodic period is 1.2648 days , 0.18 % longer than Deimos 's sidereal period of 1.2624 d . Binary stars ( edit ) Binary star Orbital period AM Canum Venaticorum 17.146 minutes Beta Lyrae AB 12.9075 days Alpha Centauri AB 79.91 years Proxima Centauri -- Alpha Centauri AB 500,000 years or more See also ( edit ) Geosynchronous orbit derivation Rotation period -- time that it takes to complete one revolution around its axis of rotation Sidereal time Sidereal year Opposition ( astronomy ) List of periodic comets Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ How do you calculate the density of a sphere ? , quora.com Jump up ^ Density of the Earth , wolframalpha.com Jump up ^ Density of water , wolframalpha.com Jump up ^ Bradley W. Carroll , Dale A. Ostlie . An introduction to modern astrophysics . 2nd edition . Pearson 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers - Sten 's Space Blog '' . www.astronomycafe.net . External links ( edit ) Look up synodic in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements List of orbits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&oldid=800951674 '' Categories : Time in astronomy Orbits Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 19 : 00 . 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About Wikipedia	time to orbit the sun in earth days	[ "\n\nObject\nSidereal period (yr)\nSynodic period (yr)\nSynodic period (d)[5]\n\n\nMercury\n0.240846 (87.9691 days)\n0.317\n115.88\n\n\nVenus\n0.615 (225 days)\n1.599\n583.9\n\n\nEarth\n1 (365.25636 solar days)\n—\n—\n\n\nMoon\n0.0748 (27.32 days)\n0.0809\n29.5306\n\n\n99942 Apophis (near-Earth asteroid)\n0.886\n7.769\n2,837.6\n\n\nMars\n1.881\n2.135\n779.9\n\n\n4 Vesta\n3.629\n1.380\n504.0\n\n\n1 Ceres\n4.600\n1.278\n466.7\n\n\n10 Hygiea\n5.557\n1.219\n445.4\n\n\nJupiter\n11.86\n1.092\n398.9\n\n\nSaturn\n29.46\n1.035\n378.1\n\n\nUranus\n84.01\n1.012\n369.7\n\n\nNeptune\n164.8\n1.006\n367.5\n\n\n134340 Pluto\n248.1\n1.004\n366.7\n\n\n136199 Eris\n557\n1.002\n365.9\n\n\n90377 Sedna\n12050\n1.00001\n365.1[citation needed]\n\n" ]	[ "365.25636" ]
-1809031756480168321	CompactFlash	CompactFlash - wikipedia CompactFlash Jump to : navigation , search CompactFlash A 2 GB CompactFlash card Media type Mass storage device format Encoding Various file systems Capacity 2 MB to 512 GB ( CF5. 0 : up to 128 PB ) Developed by SanDisk 43 × 36 × 3.3 mm ( Type I ) 43 × 36 × 5 mm ( Type II ) Weight 10 gram ( typical ) Usage Digital cameras and other mass storage devices Extended from PCMCIA / PC Card CompactFlash ( CF ) is a flash memory mass storage device used mainly in portable electronic devices . The format was specified and the devices were first manufactured by SanDisk in 1994 . CompactFlash became the most successful of the early memory card formats , surpassing Miniature Card and SmartMedia . Subsequent formats , such as MMC / SD , various Memory Stick formats , and xD - Picture Card offered stiff competition . Most of these cards are smaller than CompactFlash while offering comparable capacity and speed . Proprietary memory card formats for use in professional audio and video , such as P2 and SxS , are faster , but physically larger and more costly . CompactFlash remains popular and is supported by many professional devices and high - end consumer devices . As of 2017 , both Canon and Nikon use CompactFlash for their flagship digital still cameras . Canon also chose CompactFlash as the recording medium for its professional high - definition tapeless video cameras . Ikegami professional video cameras can record digital video onto CompactFlash cards through an adaptor . Traditional CompactFlash cards use the Parallel ATA interface , but in 2008 , a variant of CompactFlash , CFast was announced . CFast ( also known as CompactFast ) is based on the Serial ATA interface . In November 2010 , SanDisk , Sony and Nikon presented a next generation card format to the CompactFlash Association . The new format has a similar form factor to CF / CFast but is based on the PCI Express interface instead of Parallel ATA or Serial ATA . With potential read and write speeds of 1 Gbit / s ( 125 MByte / s ) and storage capabilities beyond 2 TiB , the new format is aimed at high - definition camcorders and high - resolution digital cameras , but the new cards are not backward compatible with either CompactFlash or CFast . The XQD card format was officially announced by the CompactFlash Association in December 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Technical details 2.1 Speed 2.1. 1 Solid state 2.1. 2 Magnetic media 2.2 Capacities and compatibility 2.2. 1 Solid state capacities 2.2. 2 Magnetic media capacities 2.2. 3 Use in place of a hard disk drive 2.3 Reliability 2.3. 1 Power consumption and data transfer rate 2.3. 2 File systems 2.4 CF+ and CompactFlash specification revisions 2.5 CE - ATA 2.6 CFast 2.7 CFexpress 2.8 Type I and Type II 2.9 Microdrives 3 Compared to other portable storage 4 Counterfeiting 5 Other devices in the CF form factor 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) A 16 - GB CompactFlash card installed in a 2.5 '' IDE port with adapter There are two main subdivisions of CF cards , 3.3 mm - thick type I and 5 mm - thick type II ( CF2 ) . The type II slot is used by miniature hard drives and some other devices , such as the Hasselblad CFV Digital Back for the Hasselblad series of medium format cameras . There are four main card speeds : original CF , CF High Speed ( using CF+ / CF2. 0 ) , faster CF 3.0 standard and the faster CF 4.0 standard adopted as of 2007 . CompactFlash was originally built around Intel 's NOR - based flash memory , but has switched to NAND technology . CF is among the oldest and most successful formats , and has held a niche in the professional camera market especially well . It has benefited from both a better cost to memory - size ratio and , for much of the format 's life , generally greater available capacity than other formats . CF cards can be used directly in a PC Card slot with a plug adapter , used as an ATA ( IDE ) or PCMCIA storage device with a passive adapter or with a reader , or attached to other types of ports such as USB or FireWire . As some newer card types are smaller , they can be used directly in a CF card slot with an adapter . Formats that can be used this way include SD / MMC , Memory Stick Duo , xD - Picture Card in a Type I slot and SmartMedia in a Type II slot , as of 2005 . Some multi-card readers use CF for I / O as well . Technical details ( edit ) The CompactFlash interface is a 50 - pin subset of the 68 - pin PCMCIA connector . `` It can be easily slipped into a passive 68 - pin PCMCIA Type II to CF Type I adapter that fully meets PCMCIA electrical and mechanical interface specifications '' , according to compactflash.org . The interface operates , depending on the state of a mode pin on power - up , as either a 16 - bit PC Card ( 0x7FF address limit ) or as an IDE ( PATA ) interface . 1 GB CF card in a Nikon D200 DSLR camera Unlike the PC Card interface , no dedicated programming voltages ( Vpp1 and Vpp2 ) are provided on the CompactFlash interface . CompactFlash IDE mode defines an interface that is smaller than , but electrically identical to , the ATA interface . The CF device contains an ATA controller and appears to the host device as if it were a hard disk . CF devices operate at 3.3 volts or 5 volts , and can be swapped from system to system . CompactFlash supports C-H-S and 28 - bit logical block addressing ( CF 5.0 introduced support for LBA - 48 ) . CF cards with flash memory are able to cope with extremely rapid changes in temperature . Industrial versions of flash memory cards can operate at a range of − 45 ° to + 85 ° C . NOR - based flash has lower density than newer NAND - based systems , and CompactFlash is therefore the physically largest of the three memory card formats introduced in the early 1990s , being derived from the JEIDA / PCMCIA Memory Card formats . The other two are Miniature Card ( MiniCard ) and SmartMedia ( SSFDC ) . However , CF did switch to NAND type memory later . The IBM Microdrive format , later made by Hitachi , implements the CF Type II interface , but is a hard disk drive ( HDD ) as opposed to solid - state memory . Seagate also made CF HDDs . Speed ( edit ) CompactFlash IDE ( ATA ) emulation speed is usually specified in `` x '' ratings , e.g. 8x , 20x , 133x . This is the same system used for CD - ROMs and indicates the maximum transfer rate in the form of a multiplier based on the original audio CD data transfer rate , which is 150 kByte / s . R = K ⋅ 150 kByte / s ( \ displaystyle R = ( K \ cdot 150 ) \ ( \ text ( kByte / s ) ) ) where R = transfer rate , K = speed rating . For example , 133x rating means transfer speed of : 133 × 150 kByte / s = 19,950 kByte / s ≈ 20 MB / s . These are manufacturer speed ratings . Actual transfer speed may be higher , or lower , than shown on the card depending on several factors . The speed rating quoted is almost always the read speed , while write speed is often slower . Solid state ( edit ) For reads , the onboard controller first powers up the memory chips from standby . Reads are usually in parallel , error correction is done on the data , then transferred through the interface 16 bits at a time . Error checking is required due to soft read errors . Writes require powerup from standby , wear leveling calculation , a block erase of the area to be written to , ECC calculation , write itself ( an individual memory cell read takes around 100 ns , a write to the chip takes 1ms+ or 10,000 times longer ) . Because the USB 2.0 interface is limited to 35 MByte / s and lacks bus mastering hardware , USB 2.0 implementation results in slower access . Modern UDMA - 7 CompactFlash Cards provide data rates up to 145 Mbytes / sec and require USB 3.0 data transfer rates . A direct motherboard connection is often limited to 33 MByte / s because IDE to CF adapters lack high speed ATA ( 66 MByte / s plus ) cable support . Power on from sleep / off takes longer than power up from standby . Magnetic media ( edit ) Many 1 - inch ( 25 mm ) hard drives ( often referred to by the trademarked name `` Microdrive '' ) typically spin at 3600 RPM , so rotational latency is a consideration , as is spin - up from standby or idle . Seagate 's 8 GB ST68022CF drive spins up fully within a few revolutions but current drawn can reach up to 350 milliamps and runs at 40 - 50 mA mean current . Its average seek time is 8 ms and can sustain 9 MByte / s read and write , and has an interface speed of 33 MByte / s . Hitachi 's 4 GB Microdrive is 12 ms seek , sustained 6 MByte / s . Capacities and compatibility ( edit ) The CF 5.0 Specification supports capacities up to 128 PB using 48 - bit logical block addressing ( LBA ) . Prior to 2006 , CF drives using magnetic media offered the highest capacities ( up to 8 GB ) . Now there are solid - state cards with higher capacities ( up to 512 GB ) . As of 2011 , solid - state drives ( SSDs ) have supplanted both kinds of CF drive for large capacity requirements . Solid state capacities ( edit ) SanDisk announced its 16 GB Extreme III card at the photokina trade fair , in September , 2006 . That same month , Samsung announced 16 , 32 and 64 GB CF cards . Two years later , in September , 2008 , PRETEC announced 100GB cards . Magnetic media capacities ( edit ) Seagate announced a 5 GB `` 1 - inch hard drive '' in June , 2004 , and an 8 GB version in June , 2005 . Use in place of a hard disk drive ( edit ) CompactFlash to SATA adapter with a card inserted In early 2008 , the CFA demonstrated CompactFlash cards with a built in SATA interface . Several companies make adapters that allow CF cards to be connected to PCI , PCMCIA , IDE and SATA connections , allowing a CF card to act as a solid - state drive with virtually any operating system or BIOS , and even in a RAID configuration . CF cards may perform the function of the master or slave drive on the IDE bus , but have issues sharing the bus . Moreover , late - model cards that provide DMA ( using UDMA or MWDMA ) may present problems when used through a passive adapter that does not support DMA . Reliability ( edit ) Original PC Card memory cards used an internal battery to maintain data when power was removed . The rated life of the battery was the only reliability issue . CompactFlash cards that use flash memory , like other flash - memory devices , are rated for a limited number of erase / write cycles for any `` block . '' While NOR flash has higher endurance , ranging from 10,000 to 1,000,000 , they have n't been adapted for memory card usage . Most mass storage usage flash are NAND based . As of 2015 NAND flash were being scaled down to 16 nm . They are usually rated for 500 to 3,000 write / erase cycles per block before hard failure . This is less reliable than magnetic media . Car PC Hacks suggests disabling the Windows swap file and using its Enhanced Write Filter ( EWF ) to eliminate unnecessary writes to flash memory . Additionally , when formatting a flash - memory drive , the Quick Format method should be used , to write as little as possible to the device . Most CompactFlash flash - memory devices limit wear on blocks by varying the physical location to which a block is written . This process is called wear leveling . When using CompactFlash in ATA mode to take the place of the hard disk drive , wear leveling becomes critical because low - numbered blocks contain tables whose contents change frequently . Current CompactFlash cards spread the wear - leveling across the entire drive . The more advanced CompactFlash cards will move data that rarely changes to ensure all blocks wear evenly . NAND flash memory is prone to frequent soft read errors . The CompactFlash card includes error checking and correcting ( ECC ) that detects the error and re-reads the block . The process is transparent to the user , although it may slow data access . As a flash memory device is solid - state , it is less affected by shock than a spinning disk . The possibility for electrical damage from upside - down insertion is prevented by asymmetrical side slots , assuming that the host device uses a suitable connector . Power consumption and data transfer rate ( edit ) Small cards consume around 5 % of the power required by small disk drives and still have reasonable transfer rates of over 45 MByte / s for the more expensive ' high - speed ' cards . However , the manufacturer 's warning on the flash memory used for ReadyBoost indicates a current draw in excess of 500 mA . File systems ( edit ) CompactFlash cards for use in consumer devices are typically formatted as FAT12 ( for media up to 16 MB ) , FAT16 ( for media up to 2 GB , sometimes up to 4 GB ) and FAT32 ( for media larger than 2 GB ) . This lets the devices be read by personal computers but also suits the limited processing ability of some consumer devices such as cameras . There are varying levels of compatibility among FAT32 - compatible cameras , MP3 players , PDAs , and other devices . While any device that claims FAT32 - capability should read and write to a FAT32 - formatted card without problems , some devices are tripped up by cards larger than 2 GB that are completely unformatted , while others may take longer to apply a FAT32 format . The way many digital cameras update the file system as they write to the card creates a FAT32 bottleneck . Writing to a FAT32 - formatted card generally takes a little longer than writing to a FAT16 - formatted card with similar performance capabilities . For instance , the Canon EOS 10D writes the same photo to a FAT16 - formatted 2 GB CompactFlash card somewhat faster than to a same speed 4 GB FAT32 - formatted CompactFlash card , although the memory chips in both cards have the same write speed specification . Although FAT16 is more wasteful of disk space with its larger clusters , it works better with the write strategy that flash memory chips require . The cards themselves can be formatted with any type of file system such as Ext , JFS , NTFS , or by one of the dedicated flash file systems . It can be divided into partitions as long as the host device can read them . CompactFlash cards are often used instead of hard drives in embedded systems , dumb terminals and various small form - factor PCs that are built for low noise output or power consumption . CompactFlash cards are often more readily available and smaller than purpose - built solid - state drives and often have faster seek times than hard drives . CF+ and CompactFlash specification revisions ( edit ) When CompactFlash was first being standardized , even full - sized hard disks were rarely larger than 4 GB in size , and so the limitations of the ATA standard were considered acceptable . However , CF cards manufactured after the original Revision 1.0 specification are available in capacities up to 512 GB . While the current revision 6.0 works in ( P ) ATA mode , future revisions are expected to implement SATA mode . CompactFlash Revision 1.0 ( 1995 ) , 8.3 MByte / s ( PIO mode 2 ) , support for up to 128 GB storage space . CompactFlash+ aka CompactFlash I / O ( 1997 ) CF+ and CompactFlash Revision 2.0 ( 2003 ) added an increase in speed to 16.6 MByte / s data - transfer ( PIO mode 4 ) . At the end of 2003 , DMA 33 transfers were added as well , available since mid-2004 . CF+ and CompactFlash Revision 3.0 ( 2004 ) added support for up to a 66 MByte / s data transfer rate ( UDMA 66 ) , 25 MByte / s in PC Card mode , added password protection , along with a number of other features . CFA recommends usage of the FAT32 filesystem for storage cards larger than 2 GB . CF+ and CompactFlash Revision 4.0 ( 2006 ) added support for IDE Ultra DMA Mode 6 for a maximum data transfer rate of 133 MByte / s ( UDMA 133 ) . CF+ and CompactFlash Revision 4.1 ( 2007 ) added support for Power Enhanced CF Storage Cards . CompactFlash Revision 5.0 ( 2010 ) added a number of features , including 48 - bit addressing ( supporting 128 Petabyte of storage ) , larger block transfers of up to 32 Megabytes , quality - of - service and video performance guarantees , and other enhancements CompactFlash Revision 6.0 ( November 2010 ) added UltraDMA Mode 7 ( 167 MByte / s ) , ATA - 8 / ACS - 2 sanitize command , TRIM and an optional card capability to report the operating temperature range of the card . Ce - ATA ( edit ) Main article : CE - ATA CE - ATA is a Serial ATA interface based on the MultiMediaCard standard . CFast ( edit ) Pins of a CFast card A variant of CompactFlash known as CFast is based on the Serial ATA bus , rather than the Parallel ATA / IDE bus for which all previous versions of CompactFlash are designed . CFast is also known as CompactFast . CFast 1.0 / 1.1 supports a higher maximum transfer rate than current CompactFlash cards , using SATA 2.0 ( 300 MByte / s ) interface , while PATA is limited to 167 MByte / s using UDMA 7 . CFast cards are not physically or electrically compatible with CompactFlash cards . However , since SATA can emulate the PATA command protocol , existing CompactFlash software drivers can be used , although writing new drivers to use AHCI instead of PATA emulation will almost always result in significant performance gains . CFast cards use a female 7 - pin SATA data connector , and a female 17 - pin power connector , so an adaptor is required to connect CFast cards in place of standard SATA hard drives which use male connectors . The first CFast cards reached the market in late 2009 . At CES 2009 , Pretec showed a 32 GB CFast card and announced that they should reach the market within a few months . Delock began distributing CFast cards in 2010 , offering several card readers with USB 3.0 and eSATAp ( power over eSATA ) ports to support CFast cards . Seeking higher performance and still keeping a compact storage format , some of the earliest adaptors of CFast cards were in the gaming industry ( used in slot machines ) , as a natural evolution from the by then well - established CF cards . Current gaming industry supporters of the format include both specialist gaming companies ( e.g. Aristocrat Leisure ) and OEMs such as Innocore ( now part of Advantech Co. , Ltd . ) . The CFast 2.0 specification was released in the second quarter of 2012 , updating the electrical interface to SATA 3.0 ( 600 MByte / s ) . As of 2014 , the only product employing CFast 2.0 cards was the Arri Amira digital production camera , allowing frame rates of up to 200 fps ; a CFast 2.0 adapter for the Arri Alexa / XT camera was also released . On 7 April 2014 , Blackmagic Design announced the URSA cinema camera , which records to CFast media . On 8 April 2015 , Canon Inc. announced the XC10 video camera , which also makes use of CFast cards . Blackmagic Design also announced that its URSA Mini will use CFast 2.0 . As of October 2016 , there are a growing number of medium to high - end professional devices making use of the faster data rates offered by CFast media . Examples include the Arri Amira and Arri Alexa Mini ; the Hasselblad H6D - 100C ; the Canon C700 , C300 Mark II , EOS 1D X II , and XC10 ; and the Blackmagic Ursa , Ursa Mini 4.6 K and Ursa Mini 4K . Additional recording devices for video include Atomos Ninja Star and Atomos Shogun Studio 4K . As of 2017 , in the wider embedded electronics industry , transition from CF to CFast is still relatively slow , probably due to hardware cost considerations and some inertia ( familiarity with CF ) and because a significant part of the industry is satisfied with the lower performance provided by CF cards , thus having no reason to change . A strong incentive to change to CFast for embedded electronics companies using designs based on Intel PC architecture is the fact that Intel has removed native support for the ( P ) ATA interface a few design platforms ago and the older CPU / PCH generations now have end - of - life status . CFexpress ( edit ) Main article : CFexpress In September 2016 the CompactFlash Association announced a new standard based on PCIe 3.0 and NVMe , CFexpress . In April 2017 , the version 1.0 of the CFexpress specification was published , with support for two PCIe 3.0 lanes in a XQD form - factor for up to 2 GB / s . Type I and Type II ( edit ) The only physical difference between the two types is that Type I devices are 3.3 mm thick while Type II devices are 5 mm thick . Electrically , the two interfaces are the same except that Type I devices are permitted to draw up to 70 mA supply current from the interface , while type II devices may draw up to 500 mA . Most Type II devices are Microdrive devices ( see below ) , other miniature hard drives , and adapters , such as a popular adapter that takes Secure Digital cards . A few flash - based Type II devices were manufactured , but Type I cards are now available in capacities that exceed CF HDDs . Manufacturers of CompactFlash cards such as Sandisk , Toshiba , Alcotek and Hynix offer devices with Type I slots only . Some of the latest DSLR cameras , like the Nikon D800 , have also dropped Type II support . Microdrives ( edit ) Main article : Microdrive IBM 1 GB Microdrive Microdrive was a brand of tiny hard disks -- about 25 mm ( 1 inch ) wide -- in a CompactFlash Type II package . The first was developed and released in 1999 by IBM , with a capacity of 170 MByte . IBM sold its disk drive division , including the Microdrive trademark , to Hitachi in 2002 . Comparable hard disks were also made by other vendors , such as Seagate and Sony . They were available in capacities of up to 8 GB but have been superseded by flash memory in cost , capacity , and reliability , and are no longer manufactured . As mechanical devices , CF HDDs drew more current than flash memory 's 100 mA maximum . Early versions drew up to 500 mA , but more recent ones drew under 200 mA for reads and under 300 mA for writes . ( Some devices used for high speed -- such as Readyboost , which had no low - power standby mode -- exceeded the 500 mA maximum of the Type II standard . ) CF HDDs were also susceptible to damage from physical shock or temperature changes . However , CF HDDs had a longer lifespan of write cycles than early flash memories . The iPod mini , Nokia N91 , iriver H10 ( 5 or 6 GB model ) , PalmOne LifeDrive , and Rio Carbon used a Microdrive to store data . Compared to other portable storage ( edit ) CompactFlash cards that use flash memory are more rugged than some hard drive solutions because they are solid - state . ( See also Reliability above . ) Separately , CompactFlash cards are thicker than other card formats , which may render them less susceptible to breakage from harsh treatment . As CompactFlash cards support the IDE / ATA command protocol with the host device , a passive adapter lets them function as the hard disk drive of a personal computer , as described above . CompactFlash does not have any built in DRM or cryptographic features found on some USB flash drives and other card formats . The absence of such features contributes to the openness of the standard , as card standards with such features may be subject to restrictive licensing agreements . The initial CompactFlash specification envisaged a higher maximum capacity than other card formats . For this reason , many early CompactFlash host devices are usable with modern multi-gigabyte memories , where users of other families such as Secure Digital have had to migrate to SDHC and SDXC . CompactFlash lacks the mechanical write protection switch that some other devices have , as seen in a comparison of memory cards . CompactFlash is physically larger than other card formats . This limits its use , especially in miniature consumer devices where internal space is limited , such as point - and - shoot digital cameras . ( An offsetting benefit of larger size is that the card is easier to insert and remove , and harder to misplace . ) Counterfeiting ( edit ) The marketplace for CompactFlash is extensive and includes counterfeits . Off - brand or counterfeit cards may be mislabeled , might not contain the actual amount of memory their controllers report to the host device , and may use types of memory that are not rated for the number of erase / rewrite cycles that the purchaser expects . Other devices in the CF form factor ( edit ) Various CF I / O network interface cards Since CompactFlash interface is electrically identical to the 16 - bit PC Card , the CompactFlash form factor is also used for a variety of Input / Output and interface devices . Many standard PC cards have CF counterparts , some examples include : Ethernet Bluetooth Modem and GSM Modem , including GPRS and EDGE Wi - Fi Digital Camera GPS Barcode scanner RFID Magnetic stripe reader Super VGA display adapter Serial port and USB 1.1 host adapters Readers for various other Flash media Microdrive See also ( edit ) Comparison of memory cards ExpressCard Microdrive PC Card Random - access memory XQD card References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frank , Bill ( March 2 , 2003 ) . `` CompactFlash Specification Allows for the Addressing of up to 137 GB '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . CompactFlash Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ CompactFlash Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ Reagan , Eric ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Lexar Introduces 256GB CF Card in Pro Line Refresh '' ( Press release ) . Lexar . The card referenced is described as supporting UDMA 7 , which indicates conformance to the CF6. 0 spec . Jump up ^ Digiprint Uk Jump up ^ `` Canon U.S.A. Introduces The New Canon EOS - 1D X Digital SLR Camera , Re-Designed From The Inside Out '' ( Press release ) . Canon . 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canon U.S.A. Introduces EOS - 1D C Digital SLR Camera Featuring 4K High - Resolution Video Capture '' ( Press release ) . Canon . 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Digital SLR Camera Nikon D4 '' . Nikon Corporation . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ File - based video recording onto CF cards : features and benefits , by Canon Inc . Jump up ^ Ikegami at Government Video EXPO 2010 , press - release by Ikegami Ltd . Jump up ^ Engadget : Sandisk , Sony , and Nikon propose 500MBps memory card with more than 2TB capacity Jump up ^ CNET : CompactFlash allies rally against dominant SD Jump up ^ Engadget : CompactFlash Association readies next - gen XQD format , promises write speeds of 125 MB / s and up Jump up ^ http://www.karlfoster.com/text/DP_flashmemory.doc Jump up ^ http://www.pcmcia.org/pccard.htm Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.allpinouts.org/index.php/CompactFlash Jump up ^ CF+ and CompactFlash Specification Revision 1.4 , Section 4 Electrical Interface , Table 4 Jump up ^ http://photofocus.com/2009/06/30/long-term-test-udma-flash-memory-lexar-won/ Jump up ^ http://pietrzyk.us/media-card-study/ Jump up ^ http://pietrzyk.us/usb-3-0-cf-card-reader-study/ Jump up ^ http://www.seagate.com/ww/v/index.jsp?name=ST1.2-Series_8-GB_CompactFlash_ST68022CF&vgnextoid=5ddc44ab7cffd010VgnVCM100000dd04090aRCRD&locale=en-US#tTabContentSpecifications Jump up ^ `` COMPACTFLASH ASSOCIATION ANNOUNCES AVAILABILITY OF THE NEW CF5. 0 SPECIFICATION '' ( PDF ) . CompactFlash Association . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.lexar.com/products/lexar-professional-800x-compactflash-cf-card Jump up ^ SanDisk Introduces the World 's Highest Capacity Card for Professional Photographers Jump up ^ Samsung Announces First 40 - nanometer Device 32 Gb NAND Flash with Revolutionary Charge Trap Technology Jump up ^ Pretec Releases 64GB and 100GB CF Card - Highest Capacity in the World Jump up ^ Seagate Expands Consumer Electronics Leadership with First 5GB 1 - Inch Hard Drive , First 5GB Compact Flash Hard Drive , and New 400GB DVR Hard Drive Archived 2012 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Seagate Does it Again : Drives Innovation with 10 New , Groundbreaking Hard Disc Drives Archived 2009 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Submerged camera holds functional memory card two years after accident - Engadget Jump up ^ `` Compact Flash and Secure Digital Adapters '' . Addonics . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.fccps.cz/download/adv/frr/cf.html Jump up ^ `` Application Note for NAND Flash Memory ( Revision 2.0 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The comparison is not in the same terms as for magnetic media , for which hours of operation and reads also impose wear . ^ Jump up to : Car PC hacks , Damien Stolarz , 2005 , Farnham : O'Reilly Media , Sebastopol , CA , USA , ISBN 0 - 596 - 00871 - 6 Jump up ^ EWF is available only in XP Embedded , not the XP Professional , Home , or Media Editions versions of Windows . Jump up ^ SanDisk Extreme IV review Jump up ^ Rob Galbraith CompactFlash Performance Database Archived 2013 - 05 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CFA Announces Availability of the New CF5. 0 Specification Archived 2010 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CompactFlash 6.0 Archived 2010 - 11 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.hitachigst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/techdocs/98ABCD658D41637A8625706700616161/$file/Ready_for_CE-ATA.pdf Archived 2011 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.mmca.org/tech/MMCA_System_summaryV41.pdf Jump up ^ `` CFast -- Evolution of the CompactFlash Interface '' ( PDF ) . CompactFlash Association . 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Donald Melanson ( 2008 - 02 - 25 ) . `` CFast CompactFlash cards now said to be coming in `` 18 to 24 months '' `` . Engadget . Jump up ^ `` Pretec release CFast card with SATA interface '' . DPReview. 2008 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.arri.com/amira/ Jump up ^ http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/news/news/in-camera-cfast-20-for-alexa/ Jump up ^ http://www.blackmagicdesign.com/products/blackmagicursa Jump up ^ `` Canon XC10 - Professional camcorder '' . Canon Europe . 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CFA 5.1 Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` CFexpress 1.0 Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ CompactFlash Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ Delkin Devices ship 224MB CF type II : Digital Photography Review Jump up ^ Lexar Media announces 8 GB CompactFlash type II Jump up ^ Nikon D700 - see Tech Specs Jump up ^ Rob , Galbraith . `` Robgalbraith CF info '' . Rob Galbraith . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ eBay.ie Guides - FAKE SanDisk Extreme Compact Flash Cards Exposed Jump up ^ July 2007 - Counterfeit SanDisk Cards Archived 8 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to CompactFlash . 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8597697306183736442	New Orleans Pelicans	New Orleans Pelicans - wikipedia New Orleans Pelicans Jump to : navigation , search For the former minor league baseball team , see New Orleans Pelicans ( baseball ) . New Orleans Pelicans 2017 -- 18 New Orleans Pelicans season Conference Western Division Southwest Founded 2002 History New Orleans Hornets 2002 -- 2005 ; 2007 -- 2013 New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets 2005 -- 2007 New Orleans Pelicans 2013 -- present Arena Smoothie King Center Location New Orleans , Louisiana Team colors Navy blue , gold , red Main sponsor Zatarain 's President Dennis Lauscha General manager Dell Demps Head coach Alvin Gentry Ownership Gayle Benson Affiliation ( s ) None Championships 0 Conference titles 0 Division titles 1 ( 2008 ) Retired numbers 1 ( 7 ) Uniforms Home Away Third The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana . The Pelicans compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays their home games in the Smoothie King Center ( formerly known as the New Orleans Arena ) . The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002 -- 03 season when then - owner of the Charlotte Hornets , George Shinn , relocated the franchise to New Orleans . Due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , the franchise temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City , where they spent two seasons officially known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets . The team returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season . On January 24 , 2013 , the franchise announced it would rename itself the Pelicans , effective after the conclusion of the 2012 -- 13 season . The Charlotte Hornets ' name , history , and records from 1988 to 2002 were returned to its original city to be used by the then -- Charlotte Bobcats franchise , which subsequently became the Charlotte Hornets , starting May 20 , 2014 . In 16 seasons of play since the original franchise relocated from North Carolina , the Louisiana franchise has achieved an overall regular season record of 610 -- 686 , and has qualified for the playoffs seven times . Their achievements include two playoff series victories and one division title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Relocation to New Orleans 1.2 2002 -- 2005 : Early years in New Orleans 1.3 2005 -- 2011 : Chris Paul era 1.4 2011 -- 2013 : CP3 's departure ; beginning the Anthony Davis era 1.5 2013 -- present 1.5. 1 2015 : Return to the playoffs 1.5. 2 2017 -- present 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Players 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Retained draft rights 3.3 Retired numbers 4 Franchise records 5 Seasons 5.1 Head coaches 6 Home arenas 7 Mascot 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the New Orleans Pelicans Relocation to New Orleans ( edit ) Smoothie King Center , home arena of the New Orleans Pelicans While the Charlotte Hornets put a competitive team on the court throughout the 1990s , the team 's attendance began falling dramatically . Many attributed this lapse in popularity to the team 's owner , George Shinn , who was slowly becoming despised by the people of the city . In 1997 , a Charlotte woman claimed that Shinn had raped her , and the resulting trial severely tarnished his reputation in the city . The consensus was that while Charlotte was as basketball - crazy as ever , fans took out their anger at Shinn on the team . Shinn had also become discontented with the Charlotte Coliseum , which , although considered state - of - the - art when it opened in 1988 , had by then been considered obsolete due to a limited number of luxury boxes . On March 26 , 2001 , both the Hornets and the Vancouver Grizzlies applied for relocation to Memphis , Tennessee , which was ultimately won by the Grizzlies . Shinn issued an ultimatum : unless the city built a new arena at no cost to him , the Hornets would leave town . The city initially refused , leading Shinn to consider moving the team to either Norfolk , Louisville , or St. Louis . Of the cities in the running , only St. Louis had an NBA - ready arena ( Savvis Center , now known as Scottrade Center ) already in place and was a larger media market than Charlotte at the time ; also , it was the only one of the four to have previously hosted an NBA franchise -- the St. Louis Hawks , who moved to Atlanta in 1968 . Finally , a new arena in Uptown , which would eventually become the Charlotte Bobcats Arena ( now known as Spectrum Center ) , was included in a non-binding referendum for a larger arts - related package , and Shinn withdrew his application to move the team . Polls showed the referendum on its way to passage . However , just days before the referendum , Mayor Pat McCrory vetoed a living wage ordinance . The veto prompted many of the city 's black ministers to oppose the referendum ; they felt it was immoral for the city to build a new arena when city employees were not paid enough to make a living . After the referendum failed , city leaders devised a plan to build a new arena in a way that did not require voter support , but made it known that they would not even consider building it unless Shinn sold the team . While even the NBA acknowledged that Shinn had alienated fans , league officials felt such a demand would anger other owners . The city council refused to remove the statement , leading the Hornets to request a move to New Orleans -- a move which would eventually return the NBA to that city since the Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 . Before the Hornets were eliminated from the playoffs , the NBA approved the move . As part of a deal , the NBA promised that Charlotte would get a new team , which took the court two years later as the Charlotte Bobcats . In a 2008 interview with the Charlotte Observer , Shinn , who has not returned to Charlotte since the Hornets moved , admitted that the `` bad judgment I made in my life '' played a role in the Hornets ' departure . He also said that if he had it to do all over again , he would not have withdrawn from the public after the sexual assault trial . Shinn emphasized how he was making amends by committing to New Orleans saying , `` I 've made enough mistakes in my life . I 'm not going to make one here . This city needs us here . We 're going to make this ( New Orleans ) thing work . '' 2002 -- 2005 : early years in New Orleans ( edit ) The Hornets opened their inaugural season in New Orleans on October 30 , 2002 , against New Orleans ' original NBA franchise , the now - Utah Jazz . In the first regular season NBA game played in New Orleans in over 17 years , the Hornets defeated the Jazz 100 -- 75 , and posthumously retired # 7 of `` Pistol '' Pete Maravich during halftime . The Hornets finished the season with a 47 -- 35 record but were defeated by the Philadelphia 76ers in the First Round of the 2003 playoffs . Following the season , the team unexpectedly fired head coach Paul Silas and replaced him with Tim Floyd . The Hornets began the 2003 -- 04 season strong with a 17 -- 7 start but sputtered at the end and finished 41 -- 41 . They lost to the Miami Heat in the First Round of the 2004 playoffs . After the season , Floyd was fired and the team hired Byron Scott as its new head coach . During the first two seasons in New Orleans the Hornets competed in the NBA 's Eastern Conference . The 2004 -- 05 season saw the team move to the Western Conference 's Southwest Division to even the number of teams in each conference after the Charlotte Bobcats started play in their inaugural season of that same year . In a season marred by injury to the team 's three all - stars , the team finished the year with a franchise - worst record of 18 -- 64 . 2005 -- 2011 : Chris Paul era ( edit ) Chris Paul , selected by the Hornets as the fourth pick of the 2005 NBA draft In the subsequent draft , the Hornets used their first - round pick to select point guard Chris Paul out of Wake Forest University . Because of the catastrophic devastation brought by Hurricane Katrina upon the communities of southeastern Louisiana , the Hornets franchise temporarily relocated its base of operations to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , in 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 , posting records of 38 -- 44 and 39 -- 43 respectively . During this time , the franchise was known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets . In these two seasons , most home games were played at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City , while a few remained at New Orleans Arena . One year after the Hornets moved back to New Orleans permanently , the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder . The Hornets franchise returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season , with all 41 home games in the New Orleans Arena . The 2008 NBA All - Star Game and its accompanying festivities were awarded to New Orleans and a serious marketing campaign was commenced in February 2007 . Healthier than previous seasons , the Hornets raced to a 29 -- 12 record at the halfway mark , completing the regular season with a record of 56 -- 26 , making the season their most successful ever . The Hornets also won their first - ever division title , winning the Southwest Division . Having clinched the 2nd overall seed for the Western Conference in the 2008 playoffs , the Hornets beat the Dallas Mavericks in the First Round , but eventually lost to the defending - champion San Antonio Spurs in seven games in the conference semifinals . In August 2008 the Hornets unveiled a modified logo and new uniforms with the colors of Creole blue , purple , and Mardi Gras gold . Pinstripes were also added to the uniforms . The Hornets also introduced a new gold alternate uniform in 2010 which was used mostly in games played on Saturday at home and on the road . The Hornets finished the 2008 -- 09 season with a 49 -- 33 record . Paired up with the Denver Nuggets in the First Round of the 2009 playoffs , the Hornets were eliminated in five games . The Hornets started the 2009 -- 10 season in a disappointing fashion , and head coach Byron Scott was fired after a 3 -- 6 start to the season . General manager Jeff Bower took over the head coaching duties for the remainder of the season . The Hornets finished the season with a 37 -- 45 record , finishing last in the Southwest division they had won only two seasons before . Jeff Bower later resigned as head coach , and Monty Williams was brought in as new head coach . The team finished the 2010 -- 11 season with a 46 -- 36 record and qualified for the 2011 NBA Playoffs , where they lost to the Lakers 4 -- 2 . In December 2010 the NBA purchased the Hornets from George Shinn for an estimated $300 million . 2011 -- 2013 : cp3 's departure ; beginning the Anthony Davis era ( edit ) Before the 2011 -- 12 season , the Hornets were considering trade offers for Chris Paul . Paul eventually requested a trade to the New York Knicks . The Hornets looked at many teams , including the Boston Celtics and the Golden State Warriors as trade partners , but Paul had made it clear he wanted to be traded to New York or Los Angeles . A three - team trade involving the Los Angeles Lakers and the Houston Rockets was agreed upon , but commissioner David Stern vetoed the trade . On December 14 , 2011 , the Hornets agreed to a deal with the Los Angeles Clippers that would send Paul to Los Angeles in exchange for Eric Gordon , Chris Kaman , Al - Farouq Aminu , and a first - round draft pick acquired by the Clippers from a trade with the Minnesota Timberwolves in 2004 . At the end of the 66 - game lockout - shortened 2011 -- 12 season , the Hornets had the worst record in the West , 21 -- 45 . On April 13 , 2012 , it was announced that Tom Benson , owner of the National Football League 's New Orleans Saints , had purchased the franchise from the NBA for $338 million . In addition , Benson announced that he would change the team name to something that would better suit the region , fueling rumors that the Hornets name could one day return to Charlotte , where the Charlotte Bobcats played . In June 2012 , Benson appointed two senior Saints executives to supervise the Hornets as well : Saints general manager Mickey Loomis became head of basketball operations , overseeing general manager Dell Demps , and Saints business operations head Dennis Lauscha took on the same role with the Hornets . The Hornets traded Emeka Okafor and Trevor Ariza to the Wizards for Rashard Lewis , whom they bought out , and a draft pick . On May 30 , 2012 , the Hornets were awarded the first overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft and subsequently drafted Anthony Davis . They also drafted Austin Rivers with the tenth pick ( acquired from the Clippers as part of the Chris Paul trade ) . On July 11 , 2012 , Ryan Anderson , 2012 's Most Improved Player and three - point field goals leader , was acquired by the New Orleans Hornets in a sign - and - trade with the Orlando Magic for Gustavo Ayón . 2013 -- present ( edit ) New owner Tom Benson had indicated early in his ownership that he wished to change the team 's name to something more local , even preferring that the Utah Jazz -- founded in New Orleans in 1974 and played there until 1979 -- give up the `` Jazz '' name , but the Jazz indicated they had no interest in returning the name due to over 30 years of history associated with it . Benson had also heavily favored the names `` Brass '' and `` Krewe '' . However , on December 4 , 2012 , it was reported that the Hornets would change their name to the New Orleans Pelicans beginning with the 2013 -- 14 season . The team name is inspired by Louisiana 's state bird , the brown pelican . The name `` Pelicans '' previously had been used by a minor - league baseball team that played in New Orleans from 1901 to 1957 . The Hornets organization officially confirmed the name change in a press conference held on January 24 , 2013 , where officials unveiled the team 's new logos and navy blue -- gold -- red color scheme . On April 18 , 2013 , after the end of the team 's 2012 -- 13 season , the team 's name was officially changed to the Pelicans . Following the New Orleans franchise 's 2013 disestablishment of the `` Hornets '' name , on May 21 , 2013 , Charlotte Bobcats owner Michael Jordan officially announced the organization had submitted an application to change the name of his franchise to the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014 -- 15 NBA season pending a majority vote for approval by the NBA Board of Governors at a meeting in Las Vegas , on July 18 , 2013 . Then - NBA Deputy Commissioner and COO Adam Silver had previously pointed out that the league owns the rights to the name Hornets and that could speed up the process . The NBA unanimously approved the name change starting with 2014 -- 15 . On June 27 , 2013 , during the 2013 NBA draft , the Pelicans selected Nerlens Noel 6th overall , and traded him along with a 2014 protected first - round pick for All - Star point guard Jrue Holiday of the Philadelphia 76ers and the 42nd pick , Pierre Jackson . At a May 20 , 2014 , press conference announcing the Charlotte Bobcats ' official team name change to Hornets , it was also announced that the Pelicans agreed to transfer the records and statistics of the original Hornets ( 1988 -- 2002 ) to the current Charlotte franchise , thus unifying all of Charlotte 's NBA basketball history under one franchise ; the team records and statistics since the 2002 move to New Orleans would be retained by the Pelicans , retroactively turning the Pelicans into a 2002 expansion team . To restate and clarify the series of events : after the 2002 season , the original Hornets moved to New Orleans . In 2004 , Charlotte was granted a new franchise , the Bobcats . After the 2013 -- 14 season , the Bobcats changed their name to the Hornets and reclaimed the history and records of the 1988 -- 2002 Hornets . As a result , the Hornets are now reckoned as having suspended operations from 2002 to 2004 , while the Pelicans are now reckoned as having joined the league in 2002 . 2015 : return to the playoffs ( edit ) Gentry has been coaching the Pelicans ' since 2015 For the first time under the name Pelicans , the team qualified for the playoffs with a 45 -- 37 record as the number 8 seed in the Western Conference . They owned the tie - breaker over the Oklahoma City Thunder by winning the regular season head - to - head series , 3 -- 1 , and they faced the Golden State Warriors in the First Round ; the Warriors swept the Pelicans in four games . After the season , the Pelicans fired coach Monty Williams despite qualifying for the playoffs . On May 31 , 2015 , the Pelicans hired Alvin Gentry as the franchise 's sixth head coach . 2017 -- present ( edit ) On February 20 , 2017 , the Pelicans acquired DeMarcus Cousins in a trade with the Sacramento Kings when they traded Buddy Hield , Tyreke Evans , Langston Galloway , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2017 second - round pick in exchange for Cousins and Omri Casspi . On February 1 , 2018 , the Pelicans acquired Nikola Mirotić in a trade with the Chicago Bulls . Though the trade wen through this tme , another trade for Mirotić to the Pelicans was cancelled when New Orleans did n't want to pay for Mirotić 's 2019 - team - option contract Mirotić signed with the Bulls during the off - season of 2017 . The Pelicans received Mirotić and a 2018 second - round pick for veterans Ömer Aşık , Jameer Nelson , and Tony Allen . Mirotić demanded a trade when former team mate Bobby Portis punched Mirotić in the face during an off - season practice . At the time , Mirotić was the Bulls ' leading scorer , and DeMarcus Cousins was injured . Mirotić , recently , has been extremely efficient for the Pelicans . On March 15 , 2018 , Tom Benson died from complications of the flu . Ownership of the Pelicans and the Saints were transferred to Benson 's widow , Gayle Benson . The Pelicans clinched the playoff spot on April 9 , 2018 . In the First Round they swept the Portland Trail Blazers 4 -- 0 , and then lost to the Golden State Warriors 4 -- 1 . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) The New Orleans Hornets were sold to Tom Benson on April 13 , 2012 . After purchasing the team , Benson indicated that he wanted to change the club 's nickname to something more regionally appropriate . On December 14 , 2012 , it was reported that the Hornets would change their nickname to the New Orleans Pelicans . On January 24 , 2013 , the team held a press conference , where it unveiled its new nickname , logos and colors . The name Pelicans is a reference to the brown pelican , the state bird of Louisiana . The team said in a press release that its colors would be navy , gold and red ; each color is represented in the city flag of New Orleans . The team formally adopted its new brand identity at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season . On August 1 , 2013 , the Pelicans released their new uniforms . The ' New Orleans ' wordmark logo across the front of the jerseys is inspired by French Quarter street signs ; the Pelicans are one of three NBA teams to wear the city name across the front of both home and road jerseys . The partial logo is featured on the sides of the shorts , and the `` Bird - de-Lis '' logo ( a combination mark of the pelican , fleur - de-lis and crescent basketball shape ) is featured on the back neck . NBA teams were not allowed to have alternate uniforms during their first season of operation . On September 23 , 2014 , the Pelicans unveiled a red alternate uniform for the 2014 -- 15 season that would be worn four times in the year . Prior to the red alternate uniform unveiling , the NBA announced that its league logo would be moved to the back neck of game jerseys for all 30 clubs ; as a result , the NBA league logo replaced the `` Bird - de-Lis '' logo on the back neck . On September 17 , 2015 , the Pelicans unveiled a new alternate uniform , introduced as part of the NBA 's `` Pride '' uniforms for the 2015 -- 16 season . The short - sleeved uniforms feature Mardi Gras ' signature colors -- purple , green and gold . The tops are purple with green accents on the sleeves and sport ' NOLA ' ( a local acronym for New Orleans , Louisiana ) across the chest in the Pelicans ' signature font in gold letters trimmed in green . The Pelicans ' NO ' logo is featured at the bottom of the v - neck and the Crescent City basketball logo is on the left sleeve in Mardi Gras colors . Additionally , the trim around the neckline is purple , green and gold - striped . Additionally , on the back of the jersey , the players ' numbers will be gold with green trim , last name in white traditional lettering and the NBA logo will be featured at the base of the neck . The purple shorts will have green and gold stripes down the side with a small secondary logo -- the `` Bird - de-Lis '' in gold centered on the waistband . The Pelicans ' partial logo is on both sides of the shorts in Mardi Gras colors . Players ( edit ) Main article : New Orleans Pelicans all - time roster See also : New Orleans Pelicans draft history Current roster ( edit ) New Orleans Pelicans roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 6.0 ! C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Ajinça , Alexis 7000218440000000000 ♠ 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) 248 lb ( 112 kg ) 1988 -- 05 -- 06 INSEP ( FRA ) 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Clark , Ian 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 07 Belmont 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Cooke , Charles ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 196 lb ( 89 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 01 Dayton 6.0 ! C 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Cousins , DeMarcus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1990 -- 08 -- 13 Kentucky 1.5 ! G 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Crawford , Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1988 -- 10 -- 23 Xavier 5.5 ! F / C 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Davis , Anthony ( C ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1993 -- 03 -- 11 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Diallo , Cheick 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 09 -- 13 Kansas 4.0 ! F 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Hill , Solomon 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 18 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Holiday , Jrue 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1990 -- 06 -- 12 UCLA 1.5 ! G 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jackson , Frank 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1998 -- 05 -- 04 Duke 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Liggins , DeAndre 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 209 lb ( 95 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 31 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Miller , Darius 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 21 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Mirotić , Nikola 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 238 lb ( 108 kg ) 1991 -- 02 -- 11 Spain 2.5 ! G / F 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Moore , E'Twaun 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 191 lb ( 87 kg ) 1989 -- 02 -- 25 Purdue 6.0 ! C 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Okafor , Emeka 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1982 -- 09 -- 28 Connecticut 1.5 ! G 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Rondo , Rajon 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 186 lb ( 84 kg ) 1986 -- 02 -- 22 Kentucky Head coach Alvin Gentry Assistant coach ( es ) Darren Erman Chris Finch Dave Hanners Kevin Hanson Robert Pack Fred Vinson Phil Weber Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 04 -- 05 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Pelicans hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 48 Williams , Latavious Latavious Williams United States Valencia Basket ( Spain ) Acquired from the Miami Heat ( via Oklahoma City ) Retired numbers ( edit ) New Orleans Pelicans retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 7 Pete Maravich 1974 -- 1979 Notes : The then - New Orleans Hornets retired Maravich 's number during their first game in New Orleans in honor of his basketball contributions to the state of Louisiana , both during his college career at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) and his professional career with the city 's former NBA team , the New Orleans Jazz . Franchise records ( edit ) Main article : New Orleans Pelicans accomplishments and records Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of New Orleans Pelicans seasons Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of New Orleans Pelicans head coaches Name Tenure Totals Regular season Playoffs PCT PCT PCT Paul Silas 2002 -- 2003 88 49 39 . 557 82 47 35 . 573 6 . 333 Tim Floyd 2003 -- 2004 89 44 45 . 494 82 41 41 . 500 7 . 429 Byron Scott 2004 -- 2009 436 211 225 . 484 419 203 216 . 484 17 8 9 . 471 Jeff Bower 2009 -- 2010 73 34 39 . 487 73 34 39 . 487 0 0 0 -- Monty Williams 2010 -- 2015 404 175 229 . 433 394 173 221 . 439 10 8 . 200 Alvin Gentry 2015 -- present 255 117 138 . 459 246 112 134 . 455 9 5 . 556 Home arenas ( edit ) Smoothie King Center ( 2002 -- present ) , formerly known as New Orleans Arena ( 2002 -- 2014 ) One other temporary facility due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina : Chesapeake Energy Arena ( Oklahoma City , formerly known as Ford Center ) ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Mascot ( edit ) Pierre the Pelican is the official mascot for the Pelicans . He was introduced on October 30 , 2013 , the opening night of regular season for the team at home against the Indiana Pacers . The name for the mascot was selected by the fans through an online poll on the team 's website . However , Pierre 's unconventional design frightened some fans . The mascot 's redesigned head was released on February 11 , 2014 . The Pelicans ' prior mascot was Hugo the Hornet , who was part of the organization from 2002 to 2013 . Hugo returned as the mascot for the Charlotte Hornets starting with the 2014 -- 15 season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas '' . NBA.com/Hornets . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- New Orleans Pelicans seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Logos Unveiled '' . NBA.com/Pelicans . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Logos / Marks '' ( PDF ) . New Orleans Pelicans 2017 - 18 Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Reproduction Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans and Zatarain 's cook - up a winning partnership '' . NBA.com/Pelicans ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aldridge , David ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Future of New Orleans Pelicans stable , even as team mourns owner Tom Benson 's death '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A message from owner Gayle Benson to Pelicans fans '' . NBA.com/Pelicans . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Gayle Benson becomes Saints , Pelicans owner '' . Profootballtalk.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Benson Family Unveils New Orleans Pelicans Colors and Logos '' . New Orleans Pelicans . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets ( 1988 -- 2002 ) '' . SportsECyclopedia.com . February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CNNSI.com -- NBA Basketball -- Hornets to apply for relocation to Memphis -- Monday March 26 , 2001 05 : 47 PM '' . SportsIllustrated.CNN.com . March 26 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2002 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ World Class City , Third World Paycheck . Creative Loafing , 2001 - 12 - 29 Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com -- Council willing to amend ' new owner ' statement '' . ESPN.Go.com . Associated Press . 2002 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Green , Ron Jr . Shinn : I messed up in Charlotte Archived 2012 - 09 - 09 at Archive.is . Charlotte Observer , 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Eye for victory '' . ESPN.Go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets to Play in Oklahoma City '' . National Basketball Association . September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved September 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Dashiell ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Larry Ellison Confirms He Tried To Buy The New Orleans Hornets , But Was Beaten Back By The NBA '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA completes Hornets purchase '' . National Basketball Association . December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` N.B.A. Rejects Trade Sending Paul to Lakers '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Saints owner Benson buys Hornets from NBA '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . April 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jimmy ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` New Orleans Hornets to be purchased by New Orleans Saints ' owner Tom Benson for $338 million '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets seeking name change , set to build new practice facility '' . WWL - TV . 2012 - 04 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ We Beelive : Charlotte ... take back your Hornets ! Facebook Page Jump up ^ `` Mickey Loomis takes on top New Orleans Hornets job '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . 19 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Report : Hornets to change name to New Orleans Pelicans in 2013 - 14 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Louisiana State symbols '' . Louisiana Division of Administration . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eichenhofer , Jim ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Pelicans nickname has century - plus history in New Orleans '' . New Orleans Pelicans . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans Logos Unveiled '' . New Orleans Pelicans . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans Officially Adopt New Namesake '' . New Orleans Pelicans. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats Sports & Entertainment Applies to Change Team 's Name to Hornets '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan : Bobcats changing name to Hornets '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA approves Charlotte 's name change '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Pompey ; Marc Narducci ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Holiday - Noel trade becomes official '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Name Alvin Gentry Head Coach '' . New Orleans Pelicans . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22287175/new-orleans-pelicans-acquire-nikola-mirotic-chicago-bulls Jump up ^ `` Tom Benson 's will names Gayle Benson as sole beneficiary , leaves estranged family out '' . The Times - Picayune . March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meagher , Sean ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` NBA playoff race : Pelicans clinch with win vs Clippers '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` No. 6 seed Pelicans make NBA playoff history with first - round sweep of Trail Blazers '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meagher , Sean ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Golden State Warriors eliminate New Orleans Pelicans , advance to Western Conference finals '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Uniform Unveiling '' . New Orleans Pelicans . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ORLEANS PELICANS UNVEIL NEW UNIFORMS '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` New Orleans Pelicans Unveil New Uniforms '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Uni Watch on Pelicans ' jersey reveal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Unveil Alternate Red Uniform '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New NBA Swingman Jersey Features -- Guide to New 2014 -- 2015 Swingman Jerseys '' . National Basketball Association . December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` NBA to move league logo to back of jerseys '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Unveil Pride Uniforms in Celebration of the Spirit of Mardi Gras '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Acquire Ish Smith '' . NBA.com . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre the Pelican introduced in first quarter '' . New Orleans Pelicans . October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` New Orleans Pelicans introduce new mascot ' Pierre ' as part of rebranding effort '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PIERRE THE PELICAN INJURY UPDATE '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Hornet Comes Home '' . Charlotte Hornets . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Orleans Pelicans . Official website New Orleans Pelicans Founded in 2002 Formerly the New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 2013 ) and the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Based in New Orleans , Louisiana Franchise Franchise Records Team history Seasons Draft history All - time roster Head coaches Broadcasters Current season Arenas Smoothie King Center Pete Maravich Assembly Center Ford Center Lloyd Noble Center General Managers Bower Bass Bristow Bower Demps Retired numbers 7 Culture and lore Hurricane Katrina & temporary move to Oklahoma City George Shinn Hugo Boogie and the Brow D - League affiliate None Media TV Fox Sports New Orleans Radio WWL - FM Announcers Joel Meyers David Wesley Sean Kelley Links to related articles New Orleans / Oklahoma City / New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans Pelicans seasons Franchise History Seasons 2000s 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Relocated National Basketball Association teams Tri-Cities Blackhawks -- Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 ) Milwaukee Hawks -- St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 ) Fort Wayne Pistons -- Detroit Pistons ( 1957 ) Rochester Royals -- Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 ) Minneapolis Lakers -- Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 ) Philadelphia Warriors -- San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 ) Chicago Zephyrs -- Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 ) Syracuse Nationals -- Philadelphia 76ers ( 1963 ) St. Louis Hawks -- Atlanta Hawks ( 1968 ) San Diego Rockets -- Houston Rockets ( 1971 ) Cincinnati Royals -- Kansas City -- Omaha Kings ( 1972 ) Baltimore Bullets -- Capital Bullets ( 1973 ) Kansas City -- Omaha Kings -- Kansas City Kings ( 1975 ) Buffalo Braves -- San Diego Clippers ( 1978 ) New Orleans Jazz -- Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) San Diego Clippers -- Los Angeles Clippers ( 1984 ) Kansas City Kings -- Sacramento Kings ( 1985 ) Vancouver Grizzlies -- Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 ) New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2007 ) Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in Louisiana Baseball PCL New Orleans Baby Cakes Basketball NBA New Orleans Pelicans Football NFL New Orleans Saints Rugby MLR New Orleans Gold Soccer NPSL New Orleans Jesters Shreveport Rafters FC College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Grambling State Louisiana Louisiana -- Monroe Louisiana Tech LSU McNeese State New Orleans Nicholls State Northwestern State Southeastern Louisiana Southern Tulane Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_Pelicans&oldid=843522128 '' Categories : New Orleans Pelicans National Basketball Association teams Basketball teams established in 2002 Relocated National Basketball Association teams 2002 establishments in Louisiana Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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1784951747448583652	List of Texas state prisons	List of Texas state prisons - wikipedia List of Texas state prisons Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of state prisons in Texas . The list includes only those facilities under the supervision of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice and includes some facilities operated under contract by private entities to TDCJ . It does not include federal prisons or county jails , nor does it include the North Texas State Hospital ; though the facility houses those classified as `` criminally insane '' ( such as Andrea Yates ) the facility is under the supervision of the Texas Department of State Health Services . Facilities listed are for males unless otherwise stated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Facilities operated by the TDCJ 1.1 Prisons 1.2 State jails 1.3 Transfer facilities 1.4 Medical facilities 1.5 Pre-release facilities 1.6 Substance abuse felony punishment facilities 1.7 Psychiatric facilities 1.8 Geriatric facilities 1.9 Mentally challenged offender program 2 Privately operated facilities 2.1 Private prisons 2.2 Private state jails 2.3 Private pre-parole transfer facilities 2.4 Private work programs 2.5 Private multi-use facilities 3 Parole confinement facilities 4 Former facilities 5 References 6 External links Facilities operated by the TDCJ ( edit ) DU / GR / HV / WY EA E / E2 FE TL B / B2 / CO / MI BY TO CN DA HI J2 / J3 ST R1 / R2 / R3 RV DB CY LH ML SB TE JA BC / KN DH DL JN RH SM WL GV ♀ / HT ♀ / AH / MV ♀ / LM ♀ HB ♀ RB P1 / P2 Texas state prisons Prisons ( edit ) Region I The Huntsville Unit in Huntsville is a prison operated by the Correctional Institutions Division ; it houses the state execution chamber Allan B. Polunsky Unit , the location of the men 's death row Clemens Unit Eastham Unit Ellis Unit W.J. Estelle Unit Ferguson Unit Thomas Goree Unit Huntsville Unit -- Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville Gib Lewis Unit Allan B. Polunsky Unit Wynne Unit Region II George Beto Unit William R. Boyd Unit Coffield Unit Mark W. Michael Unit Louie C. Powledge Unit Barry Telford Unit Region III Clemens Unit Darrington Unit L.V. Hightower Unit Jester III Unit ( formerly Harlem III ) Ramsey Unit ( formerly W.F. Ramsey I Unit ) Wayne Scott Unit Mark W. Stiles Unit Richard P. LeBlanc Unit Stringfellow Unit ( formerly W.F. Ramsey II Unit ) Terrell Unit ( formerly W.F. Ramsey III Unit ) Carol Vance Unit ( formerly Harlem II and Jester II ) Region IV Dolph Briscoe Unit John B. Connally Unit James Lynaugh Unit William G. McConnell Unit Clarence N. Stevenson Unit Ruben M. Torres Unit Region V James V. Allred Unit William P. `` Bill '' Clements Unit Dalhart Unit Price Daniel Unit Rufe Jordan Unit Nathaniel J. Neal Unit It was previously the only unit for women in West Texas . In 1997 the TDCJ proposed changing it into a men 's unit . T.L. Roach , Jr . Unit ( Includes a Boot Camp ) Preston E. Smith Unit Daniel Webster Wallace Unit Region VI Crain Unit ( Female ) ( Formerly the Gatesville Unit ) Hilltop Unit ( Female ) William P. Hobby Unit ( Female ) Alfred D. Hughes Unit O.L. Luther Unit Mountain View Unit ( Female ) Dr. Lane Murray Unit ( Female ) Wallace Pack Unit French M. Robertson Unit State jails ( edit ) CL HJ BJ LT ♀ / LJ ♀ HM AJ BX RL HF RZ FB / WR TI WM ♀ Texas state jails Region II Buster Cole State Jail Hutchins State Jail Region III Larry Gist State Jail Dempsie Henley State Jail ( Female ) Pam Lychner State Jail ( originally Atascocita Unit ) Lucille G. Plane State Jail ( Female ) Region IV Fabian Dale Dominguez State Jail Renaldo V. Lopez State Jail Joe Ney State Jail ( originally the Hondo Unit ) Rogelio Sanchez State Jail Region V Marshall Formby State Jail J.B. Wheeler State Jail Region VI Travis County State Jail Linda Woodman State Jail ( Female ) Transfer facilities ( edit ) Region I Glen Ray Goodman Unit C.A. Holliday Unit in Huntsville Joe F. Gurney Unit Reverend C.A. Holliday Unit Region II Choice Moore Unit Region III Cotulla Unit Fort Stockton Unit Garza East Unit ( Originally Chase Field East Unit ) Garza West Unit ( Originally Chase Field West Unit ) Region V Jim Rudd Unit , named for former State Representative Jim Rudd of Brownfield Tulia Unit Dick Ware Unit Region VI Marlin Unit John W. Middleton Unit San Saba Unit Medical facilities ( edit ) HG ♂ ♀ GC ♀ Texas prison medical facilities Region III Hospital Galveston ( Co-gender ) Carole S. Young Medical Facility Complex ( Female ) ( formerly Texas City Regional Medical Unit ) Pre-release facilities ( edit ) JH TH BA EN Texas Pre-release facilities Region III Richard J. LeBlanc Unit Region IV Manuel A. Segovia Unit Region VI Hamilton Unit Thomas Havins Unit Substance abuse felony punishment facilities ( edit ) JT J1 SO BB ♀ SY Texas SAFPS Region II Clyde M. Johnston Unit Region III Jester I Unit Region IV Ernestine Glossbrenner Unit Region VI Ellen Halbert Unit ( Female ) Walker Sayle Unit Psychiatric facilities ( edit ) J4 JM SV ♂ ♀ Texas psychiatric facilities Region II Skyview Unit ( Co-gender ) Region III Beauford H. Jester IV Unit Region V Montford Psychiatric Unit Geriatric facilities ( edit ) N6 HD Texas facilities for geriatrics and retarded Region I Rufus H. Duncan Geriatric Facility Mentally challenged offender program ( edit ) Region II Jerry H. Hodge Unit Privately operated facilities ( edit ) Private prisons ( edit ) Bridgeport Unit Cleveland Unit Diboll Unit Estes Unit ( Previously the Venus Unit ) Kyle Unit ( previously known as the Kyle New Vision Unit ) Lockhart Unit ( Co-gendered ) Billy Moore Unit Private state jails ( edit ) Bartlett State Jail Bradshaw State Jail Jesse R. Dawson Unit ( Co-gender ) John R. Lindsey Unit Willacy County State Jail Private pre-parole transfer facilities ( edit ) Bridgeport Unit Mineral Wells Unit Private work programs ( edit ) Lockhart Unit Private multi-use facilities ( edit ) East Texas Multi-Use Facility ( Co-gender ) Parole confinement facilities ( edit ) Region III Joe Kegans State Jail Region V William P. `` Bill '' Baten Unit Private Burnet Unit ( Co-gender ) South Texas Unit West Texas Unit Former facilities ( edit ) Bowie County Unit Central Unit ( Closed 2011 ) Dickens County Unit Don Hutto Unit Jefferson County Unit Gregg County Unit Limestone County Unit North Texas Intermediate Sanctions Facility ( closed 2011 ) Western Regional Medical Unit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Women 's pen may be changed '' ( Archive ) . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . June 2 , 1997 . Retrieved on December 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Texas Department of Criminal Justice . Turner Publishing Company , 2004 . 51 . ISBN 1 - 56311 - 964 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56311 - 964 - 4 . Jump up ^ Texas Department of Criminal Justice . Turner Publishing Company , 2004 . 50 . ISBN 1 - 56311 - 964 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56311 - 964 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Texas Department of Criminal Justice ( hide ) Texas Department of Criminal Justice - Correctional Institutions Division prison units Region I Byrd Eastham Ellis Estelle Ferguson Goree Huntsville Lewis Polunsky Wynne Region II Beto Boyd Coffield Hodge Michael Powledge Telford Region III Clemens Darrington Hightower Jester III Ramsey Scott Stiles Stringfellow Terrell Vance Region IV Briscoe Connally Lynaugh McConnell Stevenson Torres Region V Allred Clements Dalhart Daniel Jordan Neal Roach Rudd Smith Wallace Region VI Crain ♀ Hilltop ♀ Hobby ♀ Hughes Luther Mountain View ♀ Murray ♀ Pack Robertson Private Bridgeport Cleveland Diboll Estes Kyle Lockhart ♀ B. Moore Former units Central Above facilities are male - only unless noted by ♀ ( female - only ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Texas_state_prisons&oldid=813392999 '' Categories : Lists of United States state prisons Prisons in Texas Texas - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 12 : 59 . About Wikipedia	how many maximum security prisons are in texas	[]	[]
-7809525350897009917	Light-independent reactions	Light - independent reactions - wikipedia Light - independent reactions Jump to : navigation , search See also : Light - dependent reactions This article needs attention from an expert in Biology or Molecular and Cell Biology . The specific problem is : The title and scope of this article have issues . See the talk page for details . WikiProject Biology or WikiProject Molecular and Cell Biology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( April 2017 ) The internal structure of a chloroplast The light - independent reactions , or dark reactions , of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose . These reactions occur in the stroma , the fluid - filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes . These reactions take the products ( ATP and NADPH ) of light - dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them . There are three phases to the light - independent reactions , collectively called the Calvin cycle : carbon fixation , reduction reactions , and ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ( RuBP ) regeneration . This process occurs only when light is available . Plants do not carry out the Calvin cycle during nighttime . They instead release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserves . This process happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis ( C3 carbon fixation , C4 carbon fixation , and Crassulacean acid metabolism ) ; CAM plants store malic acid in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work . They are also known as dark reactions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coupling to other metabolic pathways 1.1 Steps 1.2 Products 2 Light - dependent regulation 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Coupling to other metabolic pathways ( edit ) These reactions are closely coupled to the thylakoid electron transport chain as reducing power provided by NADPH produced in the photosystem I is actively needed . The process of photorespiration , also known as C2 cycle , is also coupled to the dark reactions , as it results from an alternative reaction of the RuBisCO enzyme , and its final byproduct is also another glyceraldehyde - 3 - P . Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation The Calvin cycle , Calvin -- Benson -- Bassham ( CBB ) cycle , reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms . The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin , James Bassham , and Andrew Benson at the University of California , Berkeley by using the radioactive isotope carbon - 14 . Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH . The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short - lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds that can be used by the organism ( and by animals that feed on it ) . This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation . The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO . In the following biochemical equations , the chemical species ( phosphates and carboxylic acids ) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH . The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway , but they are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol , separating the reactions . They are activated in the light ( which is why the name `` dark reaction '' is misleading ) , and also by products of the light - dependent reaction . These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide . Energy ( in the form of ATP ) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions that have no net productivity . The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following : 3 CO + 6 NADPH + 6 H + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) + 6 NADP + 9 ADP + 3 H O + 8 P ( P = inorganic phosphate ) Hexose ( six - carbon ) sugars are not a product of the Calvin cycle . Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C O , this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration , where six - carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria . The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three - carbon sugar phosphate molecules , or `` triose phosphates , '' namely , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) . Steps ( edit ) In the first stage of the Calvin cycle , a CO molecule is incorporated into one of two three - carbon molecules ( glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate or G3P ) , where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH , which had been produced in the light - dependent stage . The three steps involved are : Calvin cycle step 1 ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) Calvin cycle steps 2 and 3 combined The enzyme RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , RuBP , a 5 - carbon compound , by carbon dioxide ( a total of 6 carbons ) in a two - step reaction . The product of the first step is enediol - enzyme complex that can capture CO or O . Thus , enediol - enzyme complex is the real carboxylase / oxygenase . The CO that is captured by enediol in second step produces an unstable six - carbon compound called 2 - carboxy 3 - keto 1 , 5 - biphosphoribotol ( or 3 - keto - 2 - carboxyarabinitol 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) that immediately splits into 2 molecules of 3 - phosphoglycerate , or 3 - PGA , a 3 - carbon compound ( also : 3 - phosphoglyceric acid , PGA , 3PGA ) . The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase catalyses the phosphorylation of 3 - PGA by ATP ( which was produced in the light - dependent stage ) . 1 , 3 - Bisphosphoglycerate ( 1 , 3BPGA , glycerate - 1 , 3 - bisphosphate ) and ADP are the products . ( However , note that two 3 - PGAs are produced for every CO that enters the cycle , so this step utilizes two ATP per CO fixed . ) The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses the reduction of 1 , 3BPGA by NADPH ( which is another product of the light - dependent stage ) . Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate ( also called G3P , GP , TP , PGAL , GAP ) is produced , and the NADPH itself is oxidized and becomes NADP . Again , two NADPH are utilized per CO fixed . Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle The next stage in the Calvin cycle is to regenerate RuBP . Five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules , using up three molecules of ATP . Since each CO molecule produces two G3P molecules , three CO molecules produce six G3P molecules , of which five are used to regenerate RuBP , leaving a net gain of one G3P molecule per three CO molecules ( as would be expected from the number of carbon atoms involved ) . Simplified C3 cycle with structural formulas The regeneration stage can be broken down into steps . Triose phosphate isomerase converts all of the G3P reversibly into dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( DHAP ) , also a 3 - carbon molecule . Aldolase and fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase convert a G3P and a DHAP into fructose 6 - phosphate ( 6C ) . A phosphate ion is lost into solution . Then fixation of another CO generates two more G3P . F6P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving erythrose - 4 - phosphate . The two carbons on transketolase are added to a G3P , giving the ketose xylulose - 5 - phosphate ( Xu5P ) . E4P and a DHAP ( formed from one of the G3P from the second CO fixation ) are converted into sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate ( 7C ) by aldolase enzyme . Sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase ( one of only three enzymes of the Calvin cycle that are unique to plants ) cleaves sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate into sedoheptulose - 7 - phosphate , releasing an inorganic phosphate ion into solution . Fixation of a third CO generates two more G3P . The ketose S7P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving ribose - 5 - phosphate ( R5P ) , and the two carbons remaining on transketolase are transferred to one of the G3P , giving another Xu5P . This leaves one G3P as the product of fixation of 3 CO , with generation of three pentoses that can be converted to Ru5P . R5P is converted into ribulose - 5 - phosphate ( Ru5P , RuP ) by phosphopentose isomerase . Xu5P is converted into RuP by phosphopentose epimerase . Finally , phosphoribulokinase ( another plant - unique enzyme of the pathway ) phosphorylates RuP into RuBP , ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , completing the Calvin cycle . This requires the input of one ATP . Thus , of six G3P produced , five are used to make three RuBP ( 5C ) molecules ( totaling 15 carbons ) , with only one G3P available for subsequent conversion to hexose . This requires nine ATP molecules and six NADPH molecules per three CO molecules . The equation of the overall Calvin cycle is shown diagrammatically below . The overall equation of the Calvin cycle ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) RuBisCO also reacts competitively with O instead of CO in photorespiration . The rate of photorespiration is higher at high temperatures . Photorespiration turns RuBP into 3 - PGA and 2 - phosphoglycolate , a 2 - carbon molecule that can be converted via glycolate and glyoxalate to glycine . Via the glycine cleavage system and tetrahydrofolate , two glycines are converted into serine + CO . Serine can be converted back to 3 - phosphoglycerate . Thus , only 3 of 4 carbons from two phosphoglycolates can be converted back to 3 - PGA . It can be seen that photorespiration has very negative consequences for the plant , because , rather than fixing CO , this process leads to loss of CO . C4 carbon fixation evolved to circumvent photorespiration , but can occur only in certain plants native to very warm or tropical climates -- corn , for example . Products ( edit ) The immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle are 2 glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) molecules , 3 ADP , and 2 NADP . ( ADP and NADP are not really `` products . '' They are regenerated and later used again in the Light - dependent reactions ) . Each G3P molecule is composed of 3 carbons . For the Calvin cycle to continue , RuBP ( ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) must be regenerated . So , 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose . Therefore , there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn . To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons , and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle . To make one glucose molecule ( which can be created from 2 G3P molecules ) would require 6 turns of the Calvin cycle . Surplus G3P can also be used to form other carbohydrates such as starch , sucrose , and cellulose , depending on what the plant needs . Light - dependent regulation ( edit ) Main article : Light - dependent reactions These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night . There is a light - dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes , as the third step requires reduced NADP . There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off : the thioredoxin / ferredoxin activation system , which activates some of the cycle enzymes ; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation , active in the Calvin cycle , which involves its own activase . The thioredoxin / ferredoxin system activates the enzymes glyceraldehyde - 3 - P dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - P phosphatase , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase , and ribulose - 5 - phosphatase kinase , which are key points of the process . This happens when light is available , as the ferredoxin protein is reduced in the photosystem I complex of the thylakoid electron chain when electrons are circulating through it . Ferredoxin then binds to and reduces the thioredoxin protein , which activates the cycle enzymes by severing a cystine bond found in all these enzymes . This is a dynamic process as the same bond is formed again by other proteins that deactivate the enzymes . The implications of this process are that the enzymes remain mostly activated by day and are deactivated in the dark when there is no more reduced ferredoxin available . The enzyme RuBisCo has its own , more complex activation process . It requires that a specific lysine amino acid be carbamylated to activate the enzyme . This lysine binds to RuBP and leads to a non-functional state if left uncarbamylated . A specific activase enzyme , called RuBisCo activase , helps this carbamylation process by removing one proton from the lysine and making the binding of the carbon dioxide molecule possible . Even then the RuBisCo enzyme is not yet functional , as it needs a magnesium ion bound to the lysine to function . This magnesium ion is released from the thylakoid lumen when the inner pH drops due to the active pumping of protons from the electron flow . RuBisCo activase itself is activated by increased concentrations of ATP in the stroma caused by its phosphorylation . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Silverstein , Alvin ( 2008 ) . Photosynthesis . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 21 . ISBN 9780822567981 . Jump up ^ John C. Cushman ( 2001 ) . `` A Plastic Photosynthetic Adaptation to Arid Environments '' . Plant Physiology. 127 ( 4 ) : 1439 -- 1448 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 010818 . PMC 1540176 . PMID 11743087 . Jump up ^ Bassham J , Benson A , Calvin M ( 1950 ) . `` The path of carbon in photosynthesis '' ( PDF ) . J Biol Chem. 185 ( 2 ) : 781 -- 7 . doi : 10.2172 / 910351 . PMID 14774424 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , Massachusetts : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Farazdaghi H ( 2009 ) . `` Modeling the Kinetics of Activation and Reaction of RuBisCO from Gas Exchange '' . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 29 ( IV ) : 275 -- 294 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9237 - 4_12 . Jump up ^ Campbell , and Reece Biology : 8th Edition , page 198 . Benjamin Cummings , December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Russell , Wolfe et al. Biology : Exploring the Diversity of Life '. Toronto : Nelson College Indigenous , 1st ed , Vol. 1 , 2010 , pg 151 Jump up ^ Besse , I ; Buchanan , B ( 1997 ) . `` Thioredoxin - linked animal and plant processes : the new generation '' . Bot . Bull. Acad. Sin. 38 : 1 -- 11 . Bibliography Bassham JA ( 2003 ) . `` Mapping the carbon reduction cycle : a personal retrospective '' . Photosyn . Res. 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 35 -- 52 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024929725022 . PMID 16228564 . Diwan , Joyce J. ( 2005 ) . `` Photosynthetic Dark Reaction '' . Biochemistry and Biophysics , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . Portis , Archie ; Parry , Martin ( 2007 ) . `` Discoveries in Rubisco ( Ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase ) : a historical perspective '' ( PDF ) . Photosynthesis Research . 94 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 143 . doi : 10.1007 / s11120 - 007 - 9225 - 6 . PMID 17665149 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 12 Further reading ( edit ) Rubisco Activase , from the Plant Physiology Online website Thioredoxins , from the Plant Physiology Online website External links ( edit ) The Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway from Biochemistry , Fifth Edition by Jeremy M. Berg , John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer . Published by W.H. Freeman and Company ( 2002 ) . 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7260392753197322702	Country Inns & Suites	Country Inns & Suites - Wikipedia Country Inns & Suites This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Country Inns & Suites '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country Inns & Suites Type Franchise Industry Hotel , Hospitality Founded 1987 ; 31 years ago ( 1987 ) , Burnsville , Minnesota Founder Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group Number of locations 1,370 Area served Worldwide Parent Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group Country Inns & Suites by Radisson ( CI&S ) is an American hotel brand owned by the Radisson Hotel Group , which accommodates both business and leisure travelers . CI&S hotels are mainly independently owned and operated , and franchised under licensing agreements with Radisson Hotel Group . Waffle iron bearing logo The brand operates more than 1,370 hotels worldwide . History ( edit ) The Country Inn and Suites in Moline , Illinois . CI&S opened its first hotel in Burnsville , Minnesota in 1987 . The first one was opened next to a kitchen named Country Kitchen ( 1964 -- present ) , which spun off into its own company , CI&S . On August 25 , 1989 , its headquarters was in Chanhassen , Minnesota , next to Country Kitchen , as a domestic restaurant . In 1991 in Japan , its Japan headquarters is called Country Suites Japan of Tokyo . Between 1995 and 2006 Country Kitchen shut down when it became Country Restaurant in 2006 . The portfolio of the Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group includes more than 1,300 hotels in 81 countries and territories , under brands Radisson Blu , Radisson , Park Plaza , Park Inn by Radisson , Country Inns & Suites by Radisson ( previously by Carlson ) , and Hotel Missoni . The Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group and its brands employ more than 80,000 people . Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group is headquartered in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US , and Brussels , Belgium . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Country Story '' . Country Inn & Suites . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Carlson Hotels Country Inns & Suites Hotel Missoni Park Inn Park Plaza Radisson Radisson Blu Radisson Red Travel Carlson Wagonlit Travel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_Inns_%26_Suites&oldid=833910047 '' Categories : Hotel chains Hotels established in 1987 Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2015 All articles lacking sources Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 00 : 17 . About Wikipedia	who is country inn and suites affiliated with	[ "Country Inns & Suites by Radisson (CI&S) is an American hotel brand owned by the Radisson Hotel Group, which accommodates both business and leisure travelers. CI&S hotels are mainly independently owned and operated, and franchised under licensing agreements with Radisson Hotel Group." ]	[ "Radisson Hotel Group" ]
6712853008234280062	Football pitch	Football pitch - wikipedia Football pitch This article is about the playing field for the game of association football or soccer . For playing fields for other football codes , see Football field . `` Football ground '' redirects here . For the entire building that includes the pitch , see stadium . Standard pitch measurements . Not all pitches are the same size , though the preferred size for many professional teams ' stadiums is 105 by 68 metres ( 115 yd × 74 yd ) with an area of 7,140 square metres ( 76,900 sq ft ; 1.76 acres ; 0.714 ha ) . A football pitch ( also known as a football field or soccer field ) is the playing surface for the game of association football . Its dimensions and markings are defined by Law 1 of the Laws of the Game , `` The Field of Play '' . The surface can either be natural or artificial , but FIFA 's Laws of the Game specify that all artificial surfaces must be painted green . The pitch is typically made of turf ( grass ) or artificial turf , although amateur and recreational teams often play on dirt fields . All line markings on the pitch form part of the area which they define . For example , a ball on or above the touchline is still on the field of play , and a foul committed over the line bounding the penalty area results in a penalty . Therefore , a ball must completely cross the touchline to be out of play , and a ball must wholly cross the goal line ( between the goal posts ) before a goal is scored ; if any part of the ball is still on or above the line , the ball is still in play . The field descriptions that apply to adult matches are described below . Note that due to the original formulation of the Laws in England and the early supremacy of the four British football associations within IFAB , the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units . The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents ( followed by traditional units in brackets ) , but use of the imperial units remains common in some countries , especially in the United Kingdom . Contents 1 Pitch boundary 2 Goals 2.1 History of football goals and nets 3 Penalty and goal areas 4 Other markings 5 Turf 6 See also 7 References Pitch boundary ( edit ) The Goal line at the Stretford End of Old Trafford in Manchester ( 1992 ) The pitch is rectangular in shape . The longer sides are called touchlines . The other opposing sides are called the goal lines . The two goal lines must be between 45 and 90 m ( 50 and 100 yd ) and be the same length . The two touch lines must also be of the same length , and be between 90 and 120 m ( 100 and 130 yd ) in length . All lines must be equally wide , not to exceed 12 cm ( 5 in ) . The corners of the pitch are marked by corner flags . For international matches the field dimensions are more tightly constrained ; the goal lines must be between 64 and 75 m ( 70 and 80 yd ) long and the touch lines must be between 100 and 110 m ( 110 and 120 yd ) . In March 2008 the IFAB attempted to standardise the size of the football pitch for international matches and set the official dimensions of a pitch to 105 m long by 68 m wide . However , at a special meeting of the IFAB on 8 May 2008 , it was ruled that this change would be put on hold pending a review and the proposed change has not been implemented . Although the term goal line is often taken to mean only that part of the line between the goalposts , in fact it refers to the complete line at either end of the pitch , from one corner flag to the other . In contrast , the term byline ( or by - line ) is often used to refer to that portion of the goal line outside the goalposts . This term is commonly used in football commentaries and match descriptions , such as this example from a BBC match report ; `` Udeze gets to the left byline and his looping cross is cleared ... '' Goals ( edit ) See also : Scoring in association football A football goal Goals are placed at the centre of each goal - line . These consist of two upright posts placed equidistant from the corner flagposts , joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar . The inner edges of the posts must be 7.32 metres ( 8 yd ) apart , and the lower edge of the crossbar must be 2.44 metres ( 8 ft ) above the ground . Nets are usually placed behind the goal , though are not required by the Laws . Goalposts and crossbars must be white , and made of wood , metal or other approved material . Rules regarding the shape of goalposts and crossbars are somewhat more lenient , but they must conform to a shape that does not pose a threat to players . Since the beginning of the football there have always been goalposts , but the crossbar was n't invented until 1875 , where a string between the goalposts was used . A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line between the goal - posts , even if a defending player last touched the ball before it crossed the goal line ( see own goal ) . A goal may , however , be ruled illegal ( and void by the referee ) if the player who scored or a member of his team commits an offence under any of the laws between the time the ball was previously out of play and the goal being scored . It is also deemed void if a player on the opposing team commits an offence before the ball has passed the line , as in the case of fouls being committed , a penalty awarded but the ball continued on a path that caused it to cross the goal line . The football goal size for a junior match goal is approximately half the size of an adult sized match goal . History of football goals and nets ( edit ) Football goals were first described in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries . In 1584 and 1602 respectively , John Norden and Richard Carew referred to `` goals '' in Cornish hurling . Carew described how goals were made : `` they pitch two bushes in the ground , some eight or ten foote asunder ; and directly against them , ten or twelue ( twelve ) score off , other twayne in like distance , which they terme their Goales '' . The first reference to scoring a goal is in John Day 's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green ( performed circa 1600 ; published 1659 ) . Similarly in a poem in 1613 , Michael Drayton refers to `` when the Ball to throw , And drive it to the Gole , in squadrons forth they goe '' . Solid crossbars were first introduced by the Sheffield Rules . Football nets were invented by Liverpool engineer John Brodie in 1891 , and they were a necessary help for discussions about whether or not a goal had been scored . Penalty and goal areas ( edit ) Further information : Penalty area The penalty area is the large marked rectangular area . The smaller rectangle within it is the goal area ( here the yellow - shirted goalkeeper is the only player in the goal area ) . The penalty arc is the curved line adjoining the `` top '' of the penalty area ( here the red - shirted referee is standing near the arc ) . Two rectangular boxes are marked out on the pitch in front of each goal . The goal area ( colloquially the `` six - yard box '' ) , consists of the rectangle formed by the goal - line , two lines starting on the goal - line 5.5 metres ( 6 yd ) from the goalposts and extending 5.5 metres ( 6 yd ) into the pitch from the goal - line , and the line joining these . Goal kicks and any free kick by the defending team may be taken from anywhere in this area . Indirect free kicks awarded to the attacking team within the goal area are taken from the point on the line parallel to the goal line ( the `` six - yard line '' ) nearest where the infringement occurred ; they can not be taken any closer to the goal line . Similarly drop - balls that would otherwise occur closer to the goal line are taken on this line . The penalty area ( colloquially `` The 18 - yard box '' or just `` The box '' ) is similarly formed by the goal - line and lines extending from it , but its lines start 16.5 metres ( 18 yd ) from the goalposts and extend 16.5 metres ( 18 yd ) into the field . This area has a number of functions , the most prominent being to denote where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a foul by a defender , usually punished by a direct free kick , becomes punishable by a penalty kick . Both the goal and penalty areas were formed as halfcircles until 1902 . The penalty mark is 11 metres ( 12 yd ) in front of the very centre of the goal ; this is the point from where penalty kicks are taken . The penalty arc ( colloquially `` the D '' ) is marked from the outside edge of the penalty area , 9.15 metres ( 10 yd ) from the penalty mark ; this , along with the penalty area , marks an exclusion zone for all players other than the penalty kicker and defending goalkeeper during a penalty kick . Other markings ( edit ) The centre circle is marked at 9.15 metres ( 10 yd ) from the centre mark . Similar to the penalty arc , this indicates the minimum distance that opposing players must keep at kick - off ; the ball itself is placed on the centre mark . During penalty shootouts all players other than the two goalkeepers and the current kicker are required to remain within this circle . The half - way line divides the pitch in two . The half which a team defends is commonly referred to as being their half . Players must be within their own half at a kick - off and may not be penalised as being offside in their own half . The intersections between the half - way line and the touchline can be indicated with flags like those marking the corners -- the laws consider this as an optional feature . The arcs in the corners denote the area ( within 1 yard of the corner ) in which the ball has to be placed for corner kicks ; opposition players have to be 9.15 m ( 10 yd ) away during a corner , and there may be optional lines off - pitch 9.15 metres ( 10 yards ) away from the corner arc on the goal - and touch - lines to help gauge these distances . Turf ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2010 ) See also : Sports turf Grass is the normal surface of play , although artificial turf may sometimes be used especially in locations where maintenance of grass may be difficult due to inclement weather . This may include areas where it is very wet , causing the grass to deteriorate rapidly ; where it is very dry , causing the grass to die ; and where the turf is under heavy use . Artificial turf pitches are also increasingly common on the Scandinavian Peninsula , due to the amount of snow during the winter months . The strain put on grass pitches by the cold climate and subsequent snow clearing has necessitated the installation of artificial turf in the stadia of many top - tier clubs in Norway , Sweden and Finland . The latest artificial surfaces use rubber crumbs , as opposed to the previous system of sand infill . Some leagues and football associations have specifically prohibited artificial surfaces due to injury concerns and require teams ' home stadia to have grass pitches . All artificial turf must be green and also meet the requirements specified in the FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf . Football can also be played on a dirt field . In most parts of the world , dirt is only used for casual recreational play . See also ( edit ) Football field ( for each football code ) Turf management Groundskeeping References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , George Cuming , Manager Project Future Referees ( 9 December 2009 ) . `` Evolution of football field markings '' . Asian Football Confederation . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Premiership football stadiums '' . TalkFootball . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laws of the Game 2011 / 2012 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 7 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laws of the Game 2011 / 2012 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 8 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goal - line technology put on ice '' . IFAB media release . FIFA. 8 March 2008 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Circular 1145 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA media release . FIFA. 22 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Match report BBC ^ Jump up to : `` Laws of the Game 2011 / 2012 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 9 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/footballdevelopment/refereeing/81/42/36/log2013en_neutral.pdf Jump up ^ Hornby , Hugh ( 2000 ) . Football . Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 12 . ISBN 8778267633 . Jump up ^ `` Football Goal Size '' . Qucikplay Sport . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Richard Carew . `` EBook of The Survey of Cornwall '' . Project Gutenberg . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 7 July 2000 ) . `` Blue plaque for man who invented football goal net '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hornby , Hugh ( 2000 ) . Football . Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 13 . ISBN 8778267633 . Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game 2011 / 2012 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 6 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Quality Concept '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Association football fields . Laws of the Game ( rules of association football ) Terms Law 1 : The Field of Play Law 2 : The Ball Law 3 : The Number of Players Law 4 : The Players ' Equipment Law 5 : The Referee Law 6 : The Other Match Officials Law 7 : The Duration of the Match Law 8 : The Start and Restart of Play Law 9 : The Ball In and Out of Play Law 10 : The Method of Scoring Law 11 : Offside Law 12 : Fouls and Misconduct Law 13 : Free kicks ( direct and indirect ) Law 14 : The Penalty Kick Law 15 : The Throw - In Law 16 : The Goal Kick Law 17 : The Corner Kick Comparisons Football and rugby union Football and futsal IFAB The Football Association Scottish Football Association Football Association of Wales Irish Football Association FIFA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_pitch&oldid=850452142 '' Categories : Laws of association football Sports rules and regulations Sports venues by type Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles to be expanded from September 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Ślůnski Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 23 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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-1856350124281223457	Galaxy formation and evolution	Galaxy formation and evolution - wikipedia Galaxy formation and evolution Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Physical cosmology Big Bang Universe Age of the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe ( show ) Planck epoch Grand unification epoch Quark epoch Hadron epoch Lepton epoch Photon epoch Big Bang nucleosynthesis Inflation Dark Ages Backgrounds Cosmic background radiation ( CBR ) Gravitational wave background ( GWB ) Cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) Cosmic neutrino background ( CNB ) Cosmic infrared background ( INB ) Expansion Future ( show ) Hubble 's law Redshift Metric expansion of space FLRW metric Friedmann equations Inhomogeneous cosmology Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Heat death of the universe Big Rip Big Crunch Big Bounce Components Structure ( hide ) Components Lambda - CDM model Baryonic matter Energy Radiation Dark energy Quintessence Phantom energy Dark matter Cold dark matter Warm dark matter Hot dark matter Dark radiation Structure Shape of the universe Reionization Structure formation Galaxy formation Large - scale structure Large quasar group Galaxy filament Supercluster Galaxy cluster Galaxy group Local Group Void Experiments ( show ) Black Hole Initiative ( BHI ) BOOMERanG Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) Illustris project Planck space observatory Sloan Digital Sky Survey ( SDSS ) 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ( `` 2dF '' ) Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Scientists ( show ) Aaronson Alfvén Alpher Bharadwaj Copernicus de Sitter Dicke Ehlers Einstein Ellis Friedman Galileo Gamow Guth Hawking Hubble Lemaître Mather Newton Penrose Penzias Rubin Schmidt Smoot Suntzeff Sunyaev Tolman Wilson Zel'dovich Subject history ( show ) Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation History of the Big Bang theory Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory Timeline of cosmological theories Category Cosmology portal Astronomy portal The study of galaxy formation and evolution is concerned with the processes that formed a heterogeneous universe from a homogeneous beginning , the formation of the first galaxies , the way galaxies change over time , and the processes that have generated the variety of structures observed in nearby galaxies . Galaxy formation is hypothesized to occur , from structure formation theories , as a result of tiny quantum fluctuations in the aftermath of the Big Bang . The simplest model for this that is in general agreement with observed phenomena is the Λ - Cold Dark Matter cosmology ; that is to say that clustering and merging is how galaxies gain in mass , and can also determine their shape and structure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commonly observed properties of galaxies 2 Formation of disk galaxies 2.1 Top - down theories 2.2 Bottom - up theories 3 Galaxy mergers and the formation of elliptical galaxies 4 Galaxy quenching 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References 9 External links Commonly observed properties of galaxies ( edit ) Hubble tuning fork diagram of galaxy morphology Because of the inability to conduct experiments in outer space , the only way to `` test '' theories and models of galaxy evolution is to compare them with observations . Explanations for how galaxies formed and evolved must be able to predict the observed properties and types of galaxies . Edwin Hubble created the first galaxy classification scheme known as the Hubble tuning - fork diagram . It partitioned galaxies into ellipticals , normal spirals , barred spirals ( such as the Milky Way ) , and irregulars . These galaxy types exhibit the following properties which can be explained by current galaxy evolution theories : Many of the properties of galaxies ( including the galaxy color -- magnitude diagram ) indicate that there are fundamentally two types of galaxies . These groups divide into blue star - forming galaxies that are more like spiral types , and red non-star forming galaxies that are more like elliptical galaxies . Spiral galaxies are quite thin , dense , and rotate relatively fast , while the stars in elliptical galaxies have randomly - oriented orbits . The majority of mass in galaxies is made up of dark matter , a substance which is not directly observable , and might not interact through any means except gravity . The majority of giant galaxies contain a supermassive black hole in their centers , ranging in mass from millions to billions of times the mass of our Sun . The black hole mass is tied to the host galaxy bulge or spheroid mass . Metallicity has a positive correlation with the absolute magnitude ( luminosity ) of a galaxy . There is a common misconception that Hubble believed incorrectly that the tuning fork diagram described an evolutionary sequence for galaxies , from elliptical galaxies through lenticulars to spiral galaxies . This is not the case ; instead , the tuning fork diagram shows an evolution from simple to complex with no temporal connotations intended . Astronomers now believe that disk galaxies likely formed first , then evolved into elliptical galaxies through galaxy mergers . Formation of disk galaxies ( edit ) The earliest stage in the evolution of galaxies is the formation . When a galaxy forms , it has a disk shape and is called a spiral galaxy due to spiral - like `` arm '' structures located on the disk . There are different theories on how these disk - like distributions of stars develop from a cloud of matter : however , at present , none of them exactly predicts the results of observation . Top - down theories ( edit ) Olin Eggen , Donald Lynden - Bell , and Allan Sandage in 1962 , proposed a theory that disk galaxies form through a monolithic collapse of a large gas cloud . The distribution of matter in the early universe was in clumps that consisted mostly of dark matter . These clumps interacted gravitationally , putting tidal torques on each other that acted to give them some angular momentum . As the baryonic matter cooled , it dissipated some energy and contracted toward the center . With angular momentum conserved , the matter near the center speeds up its rotation . Then , like a spinning ball of pizza dough , the matter forms into a tight disk . Once the disk cools , the gas is not gravitationally stable , so it can not remain a singular homogeneous cloud . It breaks , and these smaller clouds of gas form stars . Since the dark matter does not dissipate as it only interacts gravitationally , it remains distributed outside the disk in what is known as the dark halo . Observations show that there are stars located outside the disk , which does not quite fit the `` pizza dough '' model . It was first proposed by Leonard Searle and Robert Zinn that galaxies form by the coalescence of smaller progenitors . Known as a top - down formation scenario , this theory is quite simple yet no longer widely accepted . Bottom - up theories ( edit ) More recent theories include the clustering of dark matter halos in the bottom - up process . Instead of large gas clouds collapsing to form a galaxy in which the gas breaks up into smaller clouds , it is proposed that matter started out in these `` smaller '' clumps ( mass on the order of globular clusters ) , and then many of these clumps merged to form galaxies , which then were drawn by gravitation to form galaxy clusters . This still results in disk - like distributions of baryonic matter with dark matter forming the halo for all the same reasons as in the top - down theory . Models using this sort of process predict more small galaxies than large ones , which matches observations . Astronomers do not currently know what process stops the contraction . In fact , theories of disk galaxy formation are not successful at producing the rotation speed and size of disk galaxies . It has been suggested that the radiation from bright newly formed stars , or from an active galactic nucleus can slow the contraction of a forming disk . It has also been suggested that the dark matter halo can pull the galaxy , thus stopping disk contraction . The Lambda - CDM model is a cosmological model that explains the formation of the universe after the Big Bang . It is a relatively simple model that predicts many properties observed in the universe , including the relative frequency of different galaxy types ; however , it underestimates the number of thin disk galaxies in the universe . The reason is that these galaxy formation models predict a large number of mergers . If disk galaxies merge with another galaxy of comparable mass ( at least 15 percent of its mass ) the merger will likely destroy , or at a minimum greatly disrupt the disk , and the resulting galaxy is not expected to be a disk galaxy ( see next section ) . While this remains an unsolved problem for astronomers , it does not necessarily mean that the Lambda - CDM model is completely wrong , but rather that it requires further refinement to accurately reproduce the population of galaxies in the universe . Galaxy mergers and the formation of elliptical galaxies ( edit ) Artist image of a firestorm of star birth deep inside core of young , growing elliptical galaxy . NGC 4676 ( Mice Galaxies ) is an example of a present merger . Antennae Galaxies are a pair of colliding galaxies - the bright , blue knots are young stars that have recently ignited as a result of the merger . ESO 325 - G004 , a typical elliptical galaxy . Main article : Galaxy merger Elliptical galaxies ( such as IC 1101 ) are among some of the largest known thus far . Their stars are on orbits that are randomly oriented within the galaxy ( i.e. they are not rotating like disk galaxies ) . A distinguishing feature of elliptical galaxies is that the velocity of the stars does not necessarily contribute to flattening of the galaxy , such as in spiral galaxies . Elliptical galaxies have central supermassive black holes , and the masses of these black holes correlate with the galaxy 's mass . Elliptical galaxies have two main stages of evolution . The first is due to the supermassive black hole growing by accreting cooling gas . The second stage is marked by the black hole stabilizing by suppressing gas cooling , thus leaving the elliptical galaxy in a stable state . The mass of the black hole is also correlated to a property called sigma which is the dispersion of the velocities of stars in their orbits . This relationship , known as the M - sigma relation , was discovered in 2000 . Elliptical galaxies mostly lack disks , although some bulges of disk galaxies resemble elliptical galaxies . Elliptical galaxies are more likely found in crowded regions of the universe ( such as galaxy clusters ) . Astronomers now see elliptical galaxies as some of the most evolved systems in the universe . It is widely accepted that the main driving force for the evolution of elliptical galaxies is mergers of smaller galaxies . Many galaxies in the universe are gravitationally bound to other galaxies , which means that they will never escape their mutual pull . If the galaxies are of similar size , the resultant galaxy will appear similar to neither of the progenitors , but will instead be elliptical . There are many types of galaxy mergers , which do not necessarily result in elliptical galaxies , but result in a structural change . For example , a minor merger event is thought to be occurring between the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds . Mergers between such large galaxies are regarded as violent , and the frictional interaction of the gas between the two galaxies can cause gravitational shock waves , which are capable of forming new stars in the new elliptical galaxy . By sequencing several images of different galactic collisions , one can observe the timeline of two spiral galaxies merging into a single elliptical galaxy . In the Local Group , the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are gravitationally bound , and currently approaching each other at high speed . Simulations show that the Milky Way and Andromeda are on a collision course , and are expected to collide in less than five billion years . During this collision , it is expected that the Sun and the rest of the Solar System will be ejected from its current path around the Milky Way . The remnant could be a giant elliptical galaxy . Galaxy quenching ( edit ) Star formation in what are now `` dead '' galaxies sputtered out billions of years ago . One observation ( see above ) that must be explained by a successful theory of galaxy evolution is the existence of two different populations of galaxies on the galaxy color - magnitude diagram . Most galaxies tend to fall into two separate locations on this diagram : a `` red sequence '' and a `` blue cloud '' . Red sequence galaxies are generally non-star - forming elliptical galaxies with little gas and dust , while blue cloud galaxies tend to be dusty star - forming spiral galaxies . As described in previous sections , galaxies tend to evolve from spiral to elliptical structure via mergers . However , the current rate of galaxy mergers does not explain how all galaxies move from the `` blue cloud '' to the `` red sequence '' . It also does not explain how star formation ceases in galaxies . Theories of galaxy evolution must therefore be able to explain how star formation turns off in galaxies . This phenomenon is called galaxy `` quenching '' . Stars form out of cold gas ( see also the Kennicutt - Schmidt law ) , so a galaxy is quenched when it has no more cold gas . However , it is thought that quenching occurs relatively quickly ( within 1 billion years ) , which is much shorter than the time it would take for a galaxy to simply use up its reservoir of cold gas . Galaxy evolution models explain this by hypothesizing other physical mechanisms that remove or shut off the supply of cold gas in a galaxy . These mechanisms can be broadly classified into two categories : ( 1 ) preventive feedback mechanisms that stop cold gas from entering a galaxy or stop it from producing stars , and ( 2 ) ejective feedback mechanisms that remove gas so that it can not form stars . One theorized preventive mechanism called `` strangulation '' keeps cold gas from entering the galaxy . Strangulation is likely the main mechanism for quenching star formation in nearby low - mass galaxies . The exact physical explanation for strangulation is still unknown , but it may have to do with a galaxy 's interactions with other galaxies . As a galaxy falls into a galaxy cluster , gravitational interactions with other galaxies can strangle it by preventing it from accreting more gas . For galaxies with massive dark matter halos , another preventive mechanism called `` virial shock heating '' may also prevent gas from becoming cool enough to form stars . Ejective processes , which expel cold gas from galaxies , may explain how more massive galaxies are quenched . One ejective mechanism is caused by supermassive black holes found in the centers of galaxies . Simulations have shown that gas accreting onto supermassive black holes in galactic centers produces high - energy jets ; the released energy can expel enough cold gas to quench star formation . Our own Milky Way and the nearby Andromeda Galaxy currently appear to be undergoing the quenching transition from star - forming blue galaxies to passive red galaxies . Gallery ( edit ) NGC 3610 shows some structure in the form of a bright disc implies that it formed only a short time ago . NGC 891 , a very thin disk galaxy An image of Messier 101 , a prototypical spiral galaxy seen face - on A spiral galaxy , ESO 510 - G13 , was warped as a result of colliding with another galaxy . After the other galaxy is completely absorbed , the distortion will disappear . The process typically takes millions if not billions of years . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Big Bang Bulge ( astronomy ) Chronology of the universe Cosmology Disc ( galaxy ) Formation and evolution of the Solar System Galactic coordinate system Galactic corona Galactic halo Galaxy rotation problem Illustris project Mass segregation Metallicity distribution function Pea galaxy Stellar formation Structure formation Zeldovich pancake List of galaxies Further reading ( edit ) Mo , Houjun ; van den Bosch , Frank ; White , Simon ( June 2010 ) , Galaxy Formation and Evolution ( 1 ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0521857932 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hubble , Edwin P. `` Extragalactic nebulae . '' The Astrophysical Journal 64 ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Eggen , O.J. ; Lynden - Bell , D. ; Sandage , A.R. ( 1962 ) . `` Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 136 : 748 . Bibcode : 1962ApJ ... 136 ... 748E . doi : 10.1086 / 147433 . Jump up ^ Searle , L. ; Zinn , R. ( 1978 ) . `` Compositions of halo clusters and the formation of the galactic halo '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 225 : 357 -- 379 . Bibcode : 1978ApJ ... 225 ... 357S . doi : 10.1086 / 156499 . Jump up ^ White , Simon ; Rees , Martin ( 1978 ) . `` Core condensation in heavy halos : a two - stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering '' . MNRAS. 183 : 341 -- 358 . Bibcode : 1978MNRAS. 183 ... 341W . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 183.3. 341 . Jump up ^ Christensen , L.L. ; de Martin , D. ; Shida , R.Y. ( 2009 ) . Cosmic Collisions : The Hubble Atlas of Merging Galaxies . Springer . ISBN 9780387938530 . Jump up ^ Steinmetz , Matthias ; Navarro , Julio F. ( 2002 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The hierarchical origin of galaxy morphologies '' . New Astronomy . 7 ( 4 ) : 155 -- 160 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0202466 . Bibcode : 2002NewA ... 7 ... 155S . doi : 10.1016 / S1384 - 1076 ( 02 ) 00102 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kim , Dong - Woo ( 2012 ) . Hot Interstellar Matter in Elliptical Galaxies . New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4614 - 0579 - 5 . Jump up ^ Churazov , E. ; Sazonov , S. ; Sunyaev , R. ; Forman , W. ; Jones , C. ; Böhringer , H. ( 2005 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Supermassive black holes in elliptical galaxies : switching from very bright to very dim '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society : Letters. 363 ( 1 ) : L91 -- L95 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0507073 . Bibcode : 2005MNRAS. 363L ... 91C . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 3933.2005. 00093. x . ISSN 1745 - 3925 . Jump up ^ Gebhardt , Karl ; Bender , Ralf ; Bower , Gary ; Dressler , Alan ; Faber , S.M. ; Filippenko , Alexei V. ; Richard Green ; Grillmair , Carl ; Ho , Luis C. ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Relationship between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 539 ( 1 ) : L13 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0006289 . Bibcode : 2000ApJ ... 539L ... 13G . doi : 10.1086 / 312840 . ISSN 1538 - 4357 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Joshua E. ( 1989 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Evolution of compact groups and the formation of elliptical galaxies '' . Nature . 338 ( 6211 ) : 123 -- 126 . Bibcode : 1989Natur. 338 ... 123B . doi : 10.1038 / 338123a0 . Jump up ^ `` Current Science Highlights : When Galaxies Collide '' . www.noao.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Saintonge , Amelie . `` What happens when galaxies collide ? ( Beginner ) - Curious About Astronomy ? Ask an Astronomer '' . curious.astro.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cox , T.J. ; Loeb , Abraham ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` The collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 386 ( 1 ) : 461 -- 474 . arXiv : 0705.1170 . Bibcode : 2008MNRAS. 386 ... 461C . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2008. 13048. x . ISSN 0035 - 8711 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Galaxies Die from the Inside Out '' . www.eso.org . European Southern Observatory . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Bradley W. ; Ostlie , Dale A. ( 2007 ) . An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics . New York : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0805304022 . Jump up ^ Blanton , Michael R. ; Hogg , David W. ; Bahcall , Neta A. ; Baldry , Ivan K. ; Brinkmann , J. ; Csabai , István ; Daniel Eisenstein ; Fukugita , Masataka ; Gunn , James E. ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Broadband Optical Properties of Galaxies with Redshifts 0.02 < z < 0.22 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 594 ( 1 ) : 186 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0209479 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 594 ... 186B . doi : 10.1086 / 375528 . ISSN 0004 - 637X . Jump up ^ Faber , S.M. ; Willmer , C.N.A. ; Wolf , C. ; Koo , D.C. ; Weiner , B.J. ; Newman , J.A. ; Im , M. ; Coil , A.L. ; C. Conroy ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Galaxy Luminosity Functions to z 1 from DEEP2 and COMBO - 17 : Implications for Red Galaxy Formation '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 665 ( 1 ) : 265 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0506044 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 665 ... 265F . doi : 10.1086 / 519294 . ISSN 0004 - 637X . Jump up ^ Blanton , Michael R. ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Galaxies in SDSS and DEEP2 : A Quiet Life on the Blue Sequence ? '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 648 ( 1 ) : 268 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0512127 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 648 ... 268B . doi : 10.1086 / 505628 . ISSN 0004 - 637X . ^ Jump up to : Gabor , J.M. ; Davé , R. ; Finlator , K. ; Oppenheimer , B.D. ( 2010 - 09 - 11 ) . `` How is star formation quenched in massive galaxies ? '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 407 ( 2 ) : 749 -- 771 . arXiv : 1001.1734 . Bibcode : 2010MNRAS. 407 ... 749G . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2010. 16961. x . ISSN 0035 - 8711 . Jump up ^ Kereš , Dušan ; Katz , Neal ; Davé , Romeel ; Fardal , Mark ; Weinberg , David H. ( 2009 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Galaxies in a simulated ΛCDM universe -- II . Observable properties and constraints on feedback '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 396 ( 4 ) : 2332 -- 2344 . arXiv : 0901.1880 . Bibcode : 2009MNRAS. 396.2332 K . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2009. 14924. x . ISSN 0035 - 8711 . Jump up ^ Peng , Y. ; Maiolino , R. ; Cochrane , R. `` Strangulation as the primary mechanism for shutting down star formation in galaxies '' . Nature . 521 ( 7551 ) : 192 -- 195 . arXiv : 1505.03143 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 521 ... 192P . doi : 10.1038 / nature14439 . PMID 25971510 . Jump up ^ Bianconi , Matteo ; Marleau , Francine R. ; Fadda , Dario . `` Star formation and black hole accretion activity in rich local clusters of galaxies '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 588 : A105 . arXiv : 1601.06080 . Bibcode : 2016A&A ... 588A. 105B . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201527116 . Jump up ^ Kereš , Dušan ; Katz , Neal ; Fardal , Mark ; Davé , Romeel ; Weinberg , David H. ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Galaxies in a simulated ΛCDM Universe -- I. Cold mode and hot cores '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 395 ( 1 ) : 160 -- 179 . arXiv : 0809.1430 . Bibcode : 2009MNRAS. 395 ... 160K . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2009. 14541. x . ISSN 0035 - 8711 . Jump up ^ Di Matteo , Tiziana ; Springel , Volker ; Hernquist , Lars . `` Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies '' . Nature . 433 ( 7026 ) : 604 -- 607 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0502199 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 433 ... 604D . doi : 10.1038 / nature03335 . PMID 15703739 . Jump up ^ Mutch , Simon J. ; Croton , Darren J. ; Poole , Gregory B. ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Mid-life Crisis of the Milky Way and M31 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 736 ( 2 ) : 84 . arXiv : 1105.2564 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 736 ... 84M . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 736 / 2 / 84 . ISSN 0004 - 637X . Jump up ^ `` A young elliptical '' . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) NOAO gallery of galaxy images Image of Andromeda galaxy ( M31 ) Javascript passive evolution calculator for early type ( elliptical ) galaxies Video on the evolution of galaxies by Canadian astrophysicist Doctor P ( hide ) Galaxies Morphology Disc galaxy Lenticular galaxy barred unbarred Spiral galaxy Anemic galaxy barred flocculent grand design intermediate Magellanic unbarred Dwarf galaxy elliptical irregular spheroidal spiral Elliptical galaxy cD - galaxy Irregular galaxy barred Peculiar galaxy Ring galaxy Polar Structure Active galactic nucleus ( AGN ) Bar Bulge Dark matter halo Disc Galactic halo corona Galactic plane Interstellar medium Protogalaxy Spiral arm Supermassive black hole Active nuclei Blazar LINER Markarian galaxies Quasar Radio galaxy X-shaped Relativistic jet Seyfert galaxy Energetic galaxies LAE LIRG Starburst galaxy BCD Pea Hot , dust - obscured galaxies ( Hot DOGs ) Low activity LSB UDG Interaction Field galaxy Galactic tide Galaxy cloud Galaxy groups and clusters Galaxy group Galaxy cluster Brightest cluster galaxy Fossil galaxy group Interacting galaxy merger Jellyfish galaxy Satellite galaxy Stellar stream Superclusters Walls Void galaxy Voids and supervoids Lists Galaxies Galaxies named after people Largest Nearest Polar - ring galaxies Ring galaxies Spiral galaxies Groups and clusters Large quasar groups Quasars Superclusters Voids See also Dark galaxy Extragalactic astronomy Faint blue galaxy Galactic astronomy Galactic center Galactic coordinate system Galactic empire Galactic habitable zone Galactic magnetic fields Galactic orientation Galactic quadrant Galactic ridge Galaxy color -- magnitude diagram Galaxy formation and evolution Galaxy rotation curve Illustris project Intergalactic dust Intergalactic stars Intergalactic travel Population III stars Cosmos Redshift 7 galaxy Book Category Portal LCCN : sh94008658 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galaxy_formation_and_evolution&oldid=828570507 '' Categories : Galaxies Stellar evolution Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 11 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why does star formation occur in the disk of the galaxy	[]	[]
3714290771629267035	Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)	Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) - wikipedia Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' Single by Glass Tiger from the album The Thin Red Line B - side `` Ancient Evenings '' Released January 1986 ( 1986 - 01 ) Format 7 '' single Genre Rock Length 4 : 05 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Glass Tiger , Jim Vallance Producer ( s ) Jim Vallance Glass Tiger singles chronology `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( 1986 ) `` Someday '' ( 1987 ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( 1986 ) `` Someday '' ( 1987 ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' is a song by Canadian rock band Glass Tiger . It was released in January 1986 as the lead from their debut album , The Thin Red Line . The song reached number - one in Canada and number 2 in the United States . The song features backing vocals by rock singer Bryan Adams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release and reception 3 Music videos 4 Track listing 5 Chart performance 5.1 Chart successions 5.2 Award successions 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) In 1985 , Glass Tiger chose Jim Vallance to produce the band 's debut album . At the time , Vallance was primarily known as a songwriter , having written most frequently ( and successfully ) with Bryan Adams . He also had some previous production experience , having produced one album apiece by Adams , Doug and the Slugs and CANO in the early 1980s . The band 's lead vocalist Alan Frew recalled : `` It worked out great because we were all at the same stage of development . He did n't change the sound of the band at all . He let us experiment but was n't afraid to get heavy - handed when he had to . '' Vallance composed `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' with the band , while Adams provided backing vocals . Frew - `` On the very first day that we met Jim Vallance , he picked us up at the airport and to break the ice asked us what we were listening to . One was Tears For Fears . We went to his house and drank tea and listened to some tunes . ' Everybody Wants to Rule the World ' came on and we really liked the shuffle beat . So we went into the studio and based on this shuffle beat , we wrote ' Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) ' . First day , first song . '' Release and reception ( edit ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' topped the Canadian Singles Chart in March 1986 , and spent two weeks at number 1 . The single was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association in July . The song entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in July , peaked at number 2 in October - kept from number 1 by Janet Jackson 's `` When I Think of You '' - and spent 24 weeks on the chart . It reached number 1 on the Singles Sales chart and number 6 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also peaked at number 17 on the Mainstream Rock chart , number 30 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and number 34 on the Billboard Year - End singles chart of 1986 . The single reached the top 10 in Australia , number 27 in New Zealand , number 29 in the United Kingdom , and number 40 in the Netherlands . Frew credited the song 's chart performance to `` solid record company involvement '' and the band 's international appeal . `` We are n't rewriting musical history by any means , '' he added . `` But our melody lines are strong and mature enough to appeal to the English - speaking world . '' The song won the 1986 Juno Award for Single of the Year , and was named top Canadian single in the Rock Express magazine readers ' poll awards in 1987 . In 1996 , the Society of Composers , Authors and Music Publishers of Canada honored the song for airing more than 100,000 times on Canadian radio . Glass Tiger performed the song during an episode of the 2005 NBC reality television program Hit Me , Baby , One More Time . Music Videos ( edit ) The song 's original music video , made for the Canadian market , mixed performance footage with a storybook concept . Directed by Rob Quartly , the video was nominated for Best Video at the Juno Awards of 1986 . This version was the first video to air on the MuchMoreRetro digital cable music video channel when it launched on September 4 , 2003 . A second video was created for other markets , according to Manhattan Records Vice President of A&R Bruce Garfield . He noted that `` Steven Reed , our senior vice president of marketing , took a very strong stand because the Canadian video was too cutesy and directed solely toward the youth market . '' Garfield added , `` It did n't focus enough on the artistic integrity and entertainment aspect of the band . '' The newer version received heavy rotation on MTV . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' Vinyl ( Canada , Australia , Europe , U.S. ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' -- 4 : 05 `` Ancient Evenings '' -- 4 : 50 12 '' Vinyl ( Canada ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( extended version ) -- 7 : 10 `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( single mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` Do You Wanna Dance ( With Me ) '' -- 3 : 58 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Canada ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 32 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 40 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 27 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 29 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Mainstream Rock 17 U.S. Adult Contemporary 30 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Sara '' by Starship Canadian RPM number - one single March 29 , 1986 - April 5 , 1986 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Secret Lovers '' by Atlantic Starr Award successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Never Surrender '' by Corey Hart Juno Award for Single of the Year 1986 Succeeded by `` Someday '' by Glass Tiger References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : LaPointe , Kirk ( 1986 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Glass Tiger Roars Onto Canadian Scene '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 27 ) : 70 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/covermecanada/2011/10/alan-frew-of-glass-tiger-talks-someday.html ^ Jump up to : `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 44 ( 1 ) . 1986 - 03 - 29 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 44 ( 2 ) . 1986 - 04 - 05 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ LaPointe , Kirk ( 1986 - 08 - 23 ) . `` New Artists Dominate CRIA List '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 34 ) : 71 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) ' - Chart history '' . Billboard ( Nielsen Business Media , Inc . ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 8th ed . ) . New York : Billboard Books . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger - Charts & Awards - Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic ( Rovi Corporation ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 52 ) : 9 . 1986 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 51 ) : 58 . 1986 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger - ' Do n't Forget Me When I 'm Gone ' '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick , Neil ; Kutner , Jon ; Brown , Tony ( 2004 ) . The Complete Book Of The British Charts ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Omnibus Press . p. 461 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 058 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger Succeeds South of Canada 's Border '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 49 ) : 22 . 1986 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Griffin , John ( 1986 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Juno Award Winners '' . The Gazette . p . A-11 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Glass Tiger Sweeps Top Three Awards in Magazine Readers ' Poll '' . Ottawa Citizen. 1987 - 02 - 19 . p . E6 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` SOCAN Awards Canada 's Songwriters '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 108 ( 49 ) : 50 . 1996 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` A Dose of Reality : Hit Me Baby One More Time : Week 4 '' . The Trades ( Burlee LLC ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Video Track '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 8 ) : 28 . 1996 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` List of Juno Award Nominees in Major Categories '' . The Gazette. 1986 - 09 - 09 . p . E-4 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Launch Videos '' . MuchMoreRetro . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Programming '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 38 ) : 57 . 1996 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Glass Tiger Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . External links ( edit ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Glass Tiger Alan Frew Sam Reid Al Connelly Wayne Parker Chris McNeill Studio albums The Thin Red Line ( 1986 ) Diamond Sun ( 1988 ) Simple Mission ( 1991 ) Compilations Air Time : The Best of Glass Tiger ( 1993 ) No Turning Back : 1985 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Glass Tiger : Live ( 2006 ) Singles `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' `` Someday '' Related articles Newmarket , Ontario Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Forget_Me_(When_I%27m_Gone)&oldid=809722707 '' Categories : Debut singles 1986 singles Glass Tiger songs Songs written by Alan Frew Songs written by Jim Vallance RPM Top Singles number - one singles Capitol Records singles Juno Award for Single of the Year singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Germany Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings dont forget me when im gone	[ "\"Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)\" is a song by Canadian rock band Glass Tiger. It was released in January 1986 as the lead from their debut album, The Thin Red Line. The song reached number-one in Canada and number 2 in the United States. The song features backing vocals by rock singer Bryan Adams." ]	[ "Canadian rock band Glass Tiger" ]
-7151866200959678913	Christopher Robin (film)	Christopher Robin ( film ) - wikipedia Christopher Robin ( film ) This article is about the 2018 film . For the 2017 film starring Domhnall Gleeson , see Goodbye Christopher Robin . Christopher Robin Theatrical release poster Directed by Marc Forster Produced by Brigham Taylor Kristin Burr Screenplay by Alex Ross Perry Tom McCarthy Allison Schroeder Story by Greg Brooker Mark Steven Johnson Based on Characters from : Disney 's Winnie the Pooh Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne E.H. Shepard Starring Ewan McGregor Hayley Atwell Jim Cummings Brad Garrett Music by Geoff Zanelli Jon Brion Cinematography Matthias Koenigswieser Edited by Matt Chessé Production company Walt Disney Pictures 2DUX2 Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 30 ) ( Burbank ) August 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $70 - $75 million Box office $115.6 million Christopher Robin is a 2018 American fantasy comedy - drama film directed by Marc Forster and written by Alex Ross Perry , Tom McCarthy and Allison Schroeder , from a story by Greg Brooker and Mark Steven Johnson . The film is inspired by A.A. Milne and E.H. Shepard 's book Winnie - the - Pooh and is a live - action / CGI extension of the Disney franchise of the same name . The film stars Ewan McGregor as the titular character alongside Hayley Atwell , as well as the voices of Jim Cummings and Brad Garrett . The plot follows Christopher Robin as he has grown up and lost his sense of imagination , only to be reunited with his old stuffed bear friend , Winnie - the - Pooh . Plans of a live - action Winnie the Pooh adaptation were announced in April 2015 , and Forster was confirmed as director in November 2016 . McGregor signed on as Christopher Robin in April 2017 and principal photography began in August of that year in the United Kingdom , lasting until November . Christopher Robin had its premiere in Burbank , California on July 30 , 2018 . Released in the United States on August 3 , 2018 , by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , the film has grossed over $115 million worldwide and received mostly positive reviews from critics . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 3.5 Visual effects 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Christopher Robin is leaving for boarding school , so his friends from the Hundred Acre Wood -- Winnie the Pooh , Tigger , Piglet , Eeyore , Kanga , Roo , Owl , and Rabbit -- throw a goodbye party . Christopher comforts Pooh and tells him that he will never forget him . Christopher goes to boarding school , after which he grows up , meets and marries architect Evelyn , with whom he has daughter Madeline . He serves in the British Army during World War II . After the war , he works as an efficiency expert at Winslow Luggages . He neglects his family due to his demanding job and plans on sending Madeline to boarding school . With the company hitting hard times , Giles Winslow Jr. tells Christopher to decrease expenditures by 20 % , largely by choosing which employees to lay off , and to present his plan on Monday . This causes Christopher to reluctantly miss joining his family at their countryside cottage in Sussex for a summer - ending weekend . When Pooh awakens and is unable to find his friends , he decides to travel through Christopher 's door and finds himself in London . He reunites with Christopher , who is shocked to see Pooh , but takes him back to his London home . After a night and morning of chaos ( including Pooh knocking down all of his kitchen shelves in search of honey ) , Christopher escorts the bear back to Sussex on the next train . After sneaking past Christopher 's cottage , the two enter the Hundred Acre Wood . Christopher becomes exasperated by Pooh 's absent - mindedness and fear of Heffalumps and Woozles . Christopher angrily tells Pooh that he is not a child anymore , before the two get separated in the fog . Christopher discovers Eeyore and Piglet , who lead him to the others , hiding in a log out of fear of a Heffalump . Unable to persuade his friends that he is truly Christopher Robin , he pretends to defeat a Heffalump to convince them . Finally believing that it is Christopher Robin , they joyfully greet him . When they reunite with Pooh at their meeting spot , Christopher apologizes for getting upset earlier . Christopher tells Pooh how lost he feels , but Pooh reminds him that they have found each other and comforts him with a hug . The next morning , Christopher , realising how late he is , rushes from the Hundred Acre Wood to make his presentation . He encounters his family and , unable to tell them about his old friends in the Hundred Acre Wood , leaves . Pooh realizes that Tigger removed Christopher 's paperwork when drying his briefcase , so Pooh , Tigger , Piglet and Eeyore decide to travel to London to give it back . They meet Madeline , who recognizes them from her father 's drawings . She joins them , wanting to dissuade her father about boarding school ; Evelyn follows after discovering a note Madeline left . At the meeting , Christopher discovers that his briefcase contains items from the woods that Tigger left for him . Evelyn arrives and Christopher joins her to search London for Madeline . Madeline 's group stow away in Winslow company crates , but Tigger , Eeyore and Piglet are accidentally thrown out , and they encounter Christopher and Evelyn in the process . Madeline and Pooh arrive near the Winslow building and reunite with Christopher 's group , but Madeline accidentally trips on the stairs and loses all but one of the papers , upsetting her and Pooh . Christopher assures Madeline of her importance to him and that he will not send her to boarding school . Christopher improvises a plan involving reducing the prices of luggage , giving employees paid leave , and selling their luggage to everyday people to increase demand . Winslow Jr. , who instead proposed firing some of the staff , dismisses the idea ; Winslow Sr. warms to it and agrees to the plan . Winslow Jr. is humiliated as Christopher points out that he contributed nothing to the plan , having been golfing all weekend . Christopher finally takes his family into the Hundred Acre Wood to meet the rest of his friends . In a mid-credits scene , the employees of Winslow 's are seen having fun at the beach while Richard M. Sherman performs `` Busy Doing Nothing '' on a piano . Pooh , Piglet , Eeyore and Tigger are relaxing on beach chairs with Eeyore saying `` Thank you for noticing me '' . Cast ( edit ) Ewan McGregor as Christopher Robin , a businessman working as a efficiency expert at Winslow Luggages who was once an imaginative boy . Orton O'Brien as young Christopher Robin Hayley Atwell as Evelyn Robin , Christopher 's wife who works as an architect . Bronte Carmichael as Madeline Robin , Christopher 's daughter . Elsa Minell Solak portrays a 3 - year old Madeline Mark Gatiss as Giles Winslow Jr. , Christopher 's boss at Winslow Luggages . Oliver Ford Davies as Old Man Winslow , the father of Giles Winslow Jr . Ronke Adekoluejo as Katherine Dane Adrian Scarborough as Hal Gallsworthy Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Ralph Butterworth Ken Nwosu as Paul Hastings John Dagleish as Matthew Leadbetter Amanda Lawrence as Joan MacMillan Katy Carmichael as Christopher Robin 's Mother Tristan Sturrock as Christopher Robin 's Father Paul Chahidi as Cecil Hungerford Matt Berry as Policeman Bobby Simon Farnaby as Taxi Driver Mackenzie Crook as Newspaper Seller Voices ( edit ) Jim Cummings as Winnie the Pooh , a honey - loving plush toy bear who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood . Tigger , a toy tiger who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood who loves to bounce on his tail like a spring . Brad Garrett as Eeyore , a toy donkey in the Hundred Acre Wood who always loses his tail and talks with a deep depressing voice and tone . Nick Mohammed as Piglet , a diminutive toy pig in the Hundred Acre Wood who is afraid of everything but has a big heart . Peter Capaldi as Rabbit , a rabbit who is a neat freak and a vegetable farmer in the Hundred Acre Wood . Sophie Okonedo as Kanga , a toy kangaroo in the Hundred Acre Wood who is the mother of Roo . Sara Sheen as Roo , a toy joey in the Hundred Acre Wood who is the child of Kanga . Toby Jones as Owl , the wise owl of the Hundred Acre Wood . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On April 2 , 2015 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action adaptation based on the characters from the Winnie the Pooh franchise was in development which would take a similar pattern to 2010 's Alice in Wonderland , 2014 's Maleficent , and 2015 's Cinderella . Alex Ross Perry was hired to write the script and Brigham Taylor hired to produce the film , about an adult Christopher Robin returning to the Hundred Acre Wood to spend time with Pooh and the gang . On November 18 , 2016 , it was reported that the studio had hired Marc Forster to direct the film , titled Christopher Robin , and the project would have `` strong elements of magical realism as it seeks to tell an emotional journey with heartwarming adventure . '' On March 1 , 2017 , Tom McCarthy was hired to rewrite the existing screenplay . Casting ( edit ) On April 26 , 2017 , Ewan McGregor was announced to play the title character while Allison Schroeder was recruited to do additional work on the script . On June 22 , 2017 , it was revealed that Gemma Arterton had been in negotiations to portray the wife of the title character but , ultimately , she passed on the role . In August and September 2017 , Hayley Atwell and Mark Gatiss were cast as Evelyn , Christopher Robin 's wife and Giles Winslow , Christopher Robin 's boss , while Brad Garrett and Nick Mohammed were cast as Eeyore and Piglet with Jim Cummings reprising his roles as both Winnie the Pooh and Tigger . In January 2018 , Peter Capaldi , Sophie Okonedo and Toby Jones were cast as Rabbit , Kanga and Owl respectively . Chris O'Dowd was originally announced as the voice of Tigger , but later stepped down from the role after audiences in test screenings reacted negatively towards how he voiced the character and was replaced by Cummings . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began in early August 2017 , in the United Kingdom , and concluded on November 4 , 2017 . Much of the filming of the Hundred Acre Wood scenes took place at Ashdown Forest , which was the original inspiration for the setting , as well as Windsor Great Park . Music ( edit ) Jóhann Jóhannsson was hired to score the film , shortly before his death on February 9 , 2018 . The film is dedicated to his memory . Klaus Badelt was announced as taking over composing duties for Jóhannsson , but the score was ultimately written by Geoff Zanelli and Jon Brion . At an Academy event , songwriter and Disney Legend Richard Sherman revealed that the film would feature the iconic `` Winnie the Pooh '' theme , and that he was working on three new songs for the film , titled `` Goodbye Farewell '' , `` Busy Doing Nothing '' and `` Christopher Robin '' , with the first one being performed by the voice cast , and the last two by Sherman . `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' and `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' are also included in the film . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects studios Framestore and Method Studios , are leading the animation for the Hundred Acre Wood characters , with Overall Vfx Supervisor Chris Lawrence and Animation Supervisor Michael Eames leading the teams . Release ( edit ) Christopher Robin premiered in Burbank , California on July 30 , 2018 , and was released on August 3 , 2018 by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film was denied release in China , as some have speculated it was due to Chinese netizens have drawn comparisons between Winnie the Pooh and Chinese leader Xi Jinping since mid 2017 . Other industry insider speculates it was likely due to other reasons such as the film 's size and the presence of other Hollywood films in the market . Marketing ( edit ) The first teaser poster of the film was released on March 5 , 2018 , and the first teaser trailer was unveiled the following day . On May 24 , 2018 , it was announced that the full trailer would premiere the following day during McGregor 's appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of August 28 , 2018 , Christopher Robin has grossed $79.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $36.4 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $115.6 million . In the United States and Canada , Christopher Robin was released alongside The Spy Who Dumped Me , The Darkest Minds , and Death of a Nation : Can We Save America a Second Time ? . The film made $9.5 million on its first day , including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $24.6 million , finishing second at the box office behind holdover Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . The film fell 47 % to $13 million in its second weekend , finishing third behind The Meg and Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . In its third weekend , the film declined 31 % to $8.9 million , finishing in sixth place . The movie retained its sixth place position during its fourth weekend and grossed $6.3 million , dropping 29 % . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 191 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Christopher Robin may not equal A.A. Milne 's stories -- or their animated Disney adaptations -- but it should prove sweet enough for audiences seeking a little childhood magic . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it 4.5 out of 5 stars . Ben Kenigsberg of the New York Times reviewed the film this way : `` Once Christopher Robin softens its insufferable , needlessly cynical conception of the title character , it offers more or less what a Pooh reboot should : a lot of nostalgia , a bit of humor and tactile computer animation . '' And David Sims of The Atlantic wrote , `` It 's an odd , melancholic experience that at times recalls Terrence Malick as it does A.A. Milne , but there will certainly be some viewers in its exact wheelhouse . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and said , `` Pooh 's wisdom and kindness can not be denied . The same impulses worked for the two Paddington movies , God knows . Christopher Robin is n't quite in their league , but it 's affecting nonetheless . '' Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair gave the film a positive review and heavily praised the voice performance from Cummings , calling it `` Oscar - worthy '' . Overall , he said , `` As Winnie the Pooh ( and Tigger too ) , the veteran voice actor gives such sweet , rumpled , affable life to the wistful bear of literary renown that it routinely breaks the heart . Cummings 's performance understands something more keenly than the movie around it ; he taps into a vein of humor and melancholy that is pitched at an exact frequency , one that will speak to child and adult alike . His Pooh is an agreeable nuisance and an accidental philosopher , delivering nonsensical ( and yet entirely sensible ) adages in a friendly , deliberate murmur ringed faintly with sadness . I wanted to ( gently ) yank him from the screen and take him home with me , his fuzzy little paw in mine as we ambled to the subway , the summer sun fading behind us . He 's a good bear , this Pooh . '' Conversely , Alonso Duralde of TheWrap called the film `` slow and charmless '' and wrote , `` What we 're left with is a Hook - style mid-life crisis movie aimed at kids , designed to shame parents who spend too much time at the office and not enough with their families . '' Sarah Melton from Exclaim ! gave the film a rating of 5 / 10 , calling it a `` sickly sweet tale '' with a predictable ending . Helen O'Hara of Empire magazine gave the film a 2 out of 5 stars and said `` Everyone 's trying hard , but they ca n't quite live up to the particularly gentle , warm tone of Pooh himself . Unlike the bear of very little brain , this is a film pulled in different directions with entirely too many thoughts in its head '' . The performance of Ewan McGregor as Christopher Robin was particularly well received . David Fear of Rolling Stone said , `` He 's an actor who can roll with this movie 's punches , whether it requires him to be light on his feet or dragged down by existential despair , exhilarated by childlike play or exasperated by a house - wrecking creature who says things like , ' People say nothing is impossible , but I do nothing every day ' . '' Adam Forsgren for East Idaho News wrote , `` First and foremost is McGregor 's performance in the title role . The guy sells being the put - upon , overburdened office drone so well that it 's a treat to see him begin to rediscover his younger self and let himself play ... McGregor is the glue that holds this whole movie together . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time stated , `` But it 's doubtful the movie would work at all if not for McGregor : He turns Christopher 's anxiety into a haunting presence , the kind of storm cloud that we can all , now and then , feel hovering above us . Yet McGregor is also an actor capable of expressing unalloyed delight . And when , as Christopher Robin , he finally does , some of that delight rubs off on us too . '' Brian Lowry also noted in his review for CNN , `` Give much of the credit to McGregor in the thankless task of playing opposite his adorably furry co-stars , ably handling the comedy derived from the fact that he does n't dare let others see them . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Christopher Robin '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' Wins More Cuddles Than ' Christopher Robin ' With $35 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Cruises Past ' Christopher Robin ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Robin '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Christopher Robin '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios . May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Robin Premiere , LA '' . Average Socialite . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Express Web Desk ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin review roundup : This Disney film receives mostly positive reviews '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The DisInsider ( @ TheDisInsider ) ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Orton O'Brien will play a young Christopher Robin . In Disney 's live action adaptation of Winnie The Pooh starring Ewan McGregor '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Brad Garrett to Voice Eeyore in Disney 's `` Christopher Robin '' Movie Starring Ewan McGregor `` . The Tracking Board . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin Official Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin trailer brings out Winnie the Pooh 's pals '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . As for the residents of Hundred Acre Wood , there 's Jim Cummings voicing Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Jump up ^ Rosseboom , Matt ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Journey back into the Hundred Acre Wood with ' Christopher Robin ' and voice - acting legend Jim Cummings '' . Attractions Magazine . Dream Together Media . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr. ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Sets Live - Action ' Winnie The Pooh ' Film ; Alex Ross Perry To Write '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Marc Forster to Direct Live - Action Movie About Winnie the Pooh 's Pal , ' Christopher Robin ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spotlight 's ' Tom McCarthy to Re-Write Disney 's Live - Action ' Christopher Robin ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ewan McGregor Will Headline Disney 's Christopher Robin Movie '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Star in Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Gemma Arterton No Longer In Talks to Join ' Christopher Robin ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agent Carter ' Star Hayley Atwell Joins Ewan McGregor in Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Christopher Robin : Winnie the Pooh , Eeyore & More Possibly Cast '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Casts Piglet For Live - Action Christopher Robin Movie '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C , Jake ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Chris O'Dowd Is No Longer Playing Tigger In Disney 's ' CHRISTOPHER ROBIN ' -- Here 's Why . ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Discussing Film . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mescobar , Aaron ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Chris O'Dowd Replaced As Tigger In ' Christopher Robin ' By Original Voice Actor Jim Cummings '' . We are Geeks of Color . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Christopher Robin starts filming in the UK '' . KFTV . Media Business Insight . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Callum ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Disney is shooting a film in Dover and you could be a paid extra '' . Kent Live . Local World . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Forster , Marc ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` # thatsawrap on # christopherrobin Thank you to my outstanding cast and crew for truly one of the most amazing filmmaking experiences of my life '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Robin Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Johann Johannsson 's Death Leaves Friends Shocked , Questions Unanswered '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's Christopher Robin Trailer Arrives '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` Walt Disney 's favorite composers , the Sherman brothers , get a star - filled film academy salute '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Christopher Robin ' Trailer Reveals Extensive Look At Animation '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Moves To Dec. 2019 , Disney 's Christopher Robin Project Opens Next August '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' Wo n't Get China Release Amid Pooh Crackdown ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reuters Staff ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` China denies entry to Disney 's Winnie the Pooh film : source '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Crystal ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Casting and New Poster for Disney 's Christopher Robin Are Here '' . Oh My Disney . Disney . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin Official Teaser Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Disney ( @ Disney ) ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Sooner or later , the past catches up to you . Tune in to @ TheEllenShow tomorrow for the new trailer for Disney 's # ChristopherRobin '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Can Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' Top ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' ? '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tom Cruise 's $34 M ' Mission ' Takes Out ' Christopher Robin ' -- Saturday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Box - office top 20 : ' Fallout ' cruises past Winnie - the - Pooh '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Meg ' Devours Competition , Debuting with a Monster $146.9 M Globally '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 19 , 2018 ) . `` Crazy Rich Asians Wins the Weekend with $25 Million Debut '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Crazy Rich Asians ' scores again '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Robin Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kenigsberg , Ben ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Review : In ' Christopher Robin , ' the Hundred Acre Wood Grows Up '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin Is as Deeply Weird as It Is Charming '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' review : Winnie the Pooh reminds a middle - age workaholic the joys of doing nothing '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` There 's an Oscar - Worthy Performance in Disney 's Christopher Robin '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durande , Alonso ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Film Review : A.A. Milne 's Young Hero Has a Hundred - Acre Mid-Life Crisis '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Melton , Sarah ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Review : Stuffed Animals in Real World Lack Magic '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin '' . Empire . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fear , David ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Review : Ewan McGregor , Meet a Bear Named Pooh '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Forsgren , Adam ( August 4 , 2018 ) . `` '' Christopher Robin '' nearly buries best qualities under blanket of nostalgia `` . East Idaho News . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Is as Much a Movie For Adults as It Is For Kids '' . Time . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' serves up sweet take on Winnie the Pooh '' . CNN Entertainment . CNN . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Christopher Robin ( film ) Official website Christopher Robin on IMDb Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne Winnie the Pooh ( Disney franchise ) Books When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) Return to the Hundred Acre Wood ( 2009 ) The Best Bear in All the World ( 2016 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen ( 2016 ) Characters Winnie - the - Pooh Disney version Piglet Tigger Christopher Robin Rabbit Eeyore Owl Kanga Roo Heffalumps Gopher Soyuzmultfilm featurettes Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1969 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit ( 1971 ) Winnie - the - Pooh and a Busy Day ( 1972 ) Disney featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Disney shorts Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Disney feature films Walt Disney Animation Studios films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Disneytoon Studios films The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Live - action continuation Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video films Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) Television Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1986 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Specials Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( 1991 ) Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh ( 1996 ) A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving ( 1998 ) A Valentine for You ( 1999 ) Video games Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood ( 1986 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1995 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1999 ) Kingdom Hearts ( 2002 onwards ) Ready to Read with Pooh ( 1997 ) Tigger 's Honey Hunt ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Game ( 2003 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Home Run Derby ( 2007 ) Songs `` Winnie the Pooh '' ( 1966 ) `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' ( 1966 ) `` Rumbly in My Tumbly '' ( 1966 ) `` Little Black Rain Cloud '' ( 1966 ) `` Mind over Matter '' ( 1966 ) `` A Rather Blustery Day '' ( 1968 ) `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' ( 1968 ) `` Heffalumps and Woozles '' ( 1968 ) `` The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down '' ( 1968 ) `` Hip Hip Pooh - Ray ! '' ( 1968 ) `` House at Pooh Corner '' ( 1970 ) `` I Hum to Myself '' ( 1983 ) `` The Right Side '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're the Only You '' ( 1983 ) `` Try a Little Something New '' ( 1983 ) People Christopher Robin Milne E.H. Shepard Harry Colebourn Shirley Slesinger Lasswell Stephen Slesinger Sherman Brothers David Benedictus Mark Burgess Related Ashdown Forest Bother ! The Brain of Pooh Disney franchise Hundred Acre Wood The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction More Songs from Pooh Corner Pooh 's Hunny Hunt Poohsticks Return to Pooh Corner The Tao of Pooh The Te of Piglet Eeyore 's Birthday Party Winnipeg the Bear A Bear Named Winnie Goodbye Christopher Robin The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Films directed by Marc Forster Everything Put Together ( 2000 ) Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) Stay ( 2005 ) Stranger than Fiction ( 2006 ) The Kite Runner ( 2007 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Machine Gun Preacher ( 2011 ) World War Z ( 2013 ) All I See Is You ( 2016 ) Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Robin_(film)&oldid=857139247 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s fantasy films American films American adventure drama films American children 's adventure films American children 's fantasy films American comedy - drama films American fantasy - comedy films Children 's comedy - drama films Disney film remakes Films about families Films about friendship Films based on adaptations Films based on children 's books Films based on multiple works Films directed by Marc Forster Films scored by Jon Brion Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in London Films set in England Films shot in East Sussex Films shot in Kent Films with live action and animation Magic realism films Midlife crisis films Screenplays by Mark Steven Johnson Winnie - the - Pooh films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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1033614257731889831	Sacramento, California	Sacramento , California - wikipedia Sacramento , California `` Sacramento '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sacramento ( disambiguation ) . State capital and city of California , United States Sacramento , California State capital and city City of Sacramento Clockwise from top left : California State Capitol , Sacramento RT Light Rail in transit down K Street , Sacramento Memorial Auditorium , Downtown Sacramento skyline , Crocker Art Museum , Tower Bridge from the riverfront . Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` City of Trees '' , `` Sactown '' , `` Sac '' , `` Sacto '' , `` River City '' , `` America 's Most Diverse City '' Motto ( s ) : Latin : Urbs Indomita ( English : `` Indomitable City '' ) Location of Sacramento in Sacramento County , California Sacramento Location in California , United States Sacramento Sacramento ( California ) Sacramento Sacramento ( the US ) Show map of Northern California Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 38 ° 33 ′ 20 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 08 '' W / 38.55556 ° N 121.46889 ° W / 38.55556 ; - 121.46889 Coordinates : 38 ° 33 ′ 20 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 08 '' W / 38.55556 ° N 121.46889 ° W / 38.55556 ; - 121.46889 Country United States State California County Sacramento Region Sacramento Valley CSA Sacramento - Roseville MSA Sacramento -- Roseville -- Arden - Arcade Incorporated February 27 , 1850 Chartered 1920 Named for Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist Government Type City Council Body Sacramento City Council Mayor Darrell Steinberg ( D ) City Council Council Members ( show ) Angelique Ashby Allen Warren Jeff Harris Steve Hansen Jay Schenirer Eric Guerra Rick Jennings , II Larry Carr Area City 100.11 sq mi ( 259.27 km ) Land 97.92 sq mi ( 253.62 km ) Water 2.18 sq mi ( 5.65 km ) 2.19 % Elevation 30 ft ( 9 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 466,488 Estimate ( 2017 ) 501,901 Rank 1st in Sacramento County 6th in California 35th in the United States Density 5,057.33 / sq mi ( 1,952.65 / km ) Urban 1,723,634 Metro 2,149,127 CSA 2,414,783 Demonym ( s ) Sacramentan Time zone PST ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP codes 942xx , 958xx Area code 916 and 279 FIPS code 06 - 64000 GNIS feature IDs 1659564 , 2411751 Website cityofsacramento.org Sacramento ( / ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ / SAK - rə - MEN - toh ; Spanish : ( sakɾaˈmento ) ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the northern portion of California 's expansive Central Valley , known as the Sacramento Valley . Its estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth - largest city in California , the fastest - growing big city in the state , and the 35th largest city in the United States . Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783 . Its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in California after the Los Angeles metropolitan area , the San Francisco Bay Area , the Inland Empire , and the San Diego metropolitan area , and is the 27th largest in the United States . In 2002 , the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento `` America 's Most Diverse City '' . Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter , Sr. , his son John Augustus Sutter , Jr. , and James W. Marshall . Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutter 's Fort , which was established by Sutter . During the California Gold Rush , Sacramento was a major distribution point , a commercial and agricultural center , and a terminus for wagon trains , stagecoaches , riverboats , the telegraph , the Pony Express , and the First Transcontinental Railroad . The city was named after the Sacramento River , which forms its western border . The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento ( Blessed Sacrament ) , referring to the Catholic Eucharist . Today , the city is known for its diversity , tree canopy ( largest in the U.S. ) , historic Old Sacramento , evolving contemporary culture as the most `` hipster city '' in California , sunny climate , state administration , and farm - to - fork dining . California State University , Sacramento , is the largest university in the city and a designated `` Tree City USA '' campus . The University of the Pacific is a private university with one of its three campuses , the McGeorge School of Law , in Sacramento . In addition , the University of California , Davis , 16 miles ( 26 km ) west of Sacramento , operates UC Davis Medical Center , a world - renowned research hospital , in the city of Sacramento . Contents 1 History 1.1 Indigenous culture 1.2 Spanish exploration 1.3 Mexican Period : Sutter 's Fort and New Helvetia 1.4 From New Helvetia to `` Sacramento City '' 1.5 Remnants of downtown Sacramento 's Chinatown 1.6 Capital city 1.7 The modern era 2 Geography and climate 2.1 Geography 2.2 Cityscape 2.2. 1 City neighborhoods 2.2. 1.1 Area one ( central / eastern ) 2.2. 1.2 Area two ( southwestern ) 2.2. 1.3 Area three ( southeastern ) 2.2. 1.4 Area four ( north of the American River ) 2.2. 1.5 Other areas 2.3 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 3.2 2000 4 Economy 4.1 Top employers 5 Culture and arts 5.1 Old Sacramento 5.2 Theater arts 5.3 Visual arts 5.4 Museums 5.5 Music 5.6 Film 5.7 Food and drink 5.8 LGBTQ 6 Sports 6.1 Professional teams 6.2 Other sports 7 Parks and recreation 8 Government and politics 8.1 County government 8.2 Federal and state representation 9 Education 9.1 Colleges and universities 9.1. 1 Public 9.1. 2 Private , not for profit 9.1. 3 Private , for profit 9.2 K -- 12 schools 9.2. 1 Public schools 9.2. 2 Private schools 9.2. 2.1 Independent schools 9.2. 2.2 Other religious schools 10 Media 10.1 Magazines 10.2 Newspapers 10.3 Radio 10.4 Television stations 11 Transportation 11.1 Roads and highways 11.2 Rail service 11.2. 1 Amtrak 11.2. 2 Altamont Corridor Express 11.2. 3 California High - Speed Rail 11.3 Walkability 11.4 Airport 11.5 Other transportation options 12 Cemeteries 13 Notable residents 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Sacramento , California See also : Timeline of Sacramento , California Indigenous culture ( edit ) Nisenan ( Southern Maidu ) and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years . Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home , these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence . Traditionally , their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the plentiful oak trees in the region , and by fruits , bulbs , seeds , and roots gathered throughout the year . Spanish exploration ( edit ) In 1808 , the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley and the Sacramento River . A Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote : `` Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods , many festooned with grapevines , overhung both sides of the blue current . Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths . The air was like champagne , and ( the Spaniards ) drank deep of it , drank in the beauty around them . `` ¡ Es como el sagrado sacramento ! ( It 's like the Blessed Sacrament . ) '' The valley and the river were then christened after the `` Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ '' , referring to the Catholic sacrament of the Eucharist . Mexican period : Sutter 's Fort and new Helvetia ( edit ) Inside the historical Sutter 's Fort . Main building housing John Sutter 's offices . ( 2009 ) John Sutter Sr. first arrived in the area on August 13 , 1839 , at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres . The next year , he and his party established Sutter 's Fort , a massive adobe structure with walls eighteen feet high and three feet thick . Representing Mexico , Sutter Sr. called his colony New Helvetia , a Swiss inspired name , and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement . Soon , the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west . Within just a few short years , Sutter Sr. had become a grand success , owning a ten - acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle . Fort Sutter became a regular stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley . In 1847 Sutter Sr. received 2,000 fruit trees , which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley . Later that same year , Sutter Sr. hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire , however , unbeknownst to many , Sutter Sr. 's `` empire '' had been built on some very thin margins of credit . From new Helvetia to `` Sacramento city '' ( edit ) Sacramento in 1849 In 1848 , when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter 's Mill in Coloma ( located some 50 miles ( 80.5 km ) northeast of the fort ) , a large number of gold - seekers came to the area , increasing the population . In August 1848 Sutter Sr. 's son , John Sutter Jr. arrived in the area to assist his father in relieving his indebtedness . Now compounding the problem of his father 's indebtedness , was the additional strain placed on the Sutters by the ongoing arrival of thousands of new gold miners and prospectors in the area , many quite content to squat on unwatched portions of the vast Sutter lands , or to abscond with various unattended Sutter properties or belongings if they could . In Sutter 's case , rather than being a ' boon ' for Sutter , his employee 's discovery of gold in the area turned out to be more of a personal ' bane ' for him . By December 1848 , John Sutter Jr. , in association with Sam Brannan , began laying out the City of Sacramento , 2 miles south of his father 's settlement of New Helvetia . This venture was undertaken against the wishes of Sutter Sr. , however the father , being deeply in debt , was in no position to stop the venture . For commercial reasons the new city was named `` Sacramento City , '' after the Sacramento River . Sutter Jr. and Brannon hired topographical engineer William H. Warner to draft the official layout of the city , which included 26 lettered and 31 numbered streets ( today 's grid from C St. to Broadway and from Front St. to Alhambra Blvd . ) . Unfortunately , a certain bitterness grew between the elder Sutter and his son as Sacramento became an overnight commercial success ( Sutter 's Fort , Mill and the town of Sutterville , all founded by John Sutter , Sr. , would eventually fail ) . The citizens of Sacramento adopted a city charter in 1849 , which was recognized by the state legislature in 1850 . Sacramento is the oldest incorporated city in California , incorporated on February 27 , 1850 . During the early 1850s , the Sacramento valley was devastated by floods , fires and cholera epidemics . Despite this , because of its position just downstream from the Mother Lode in the Sierra Nevada , the new city grew , quickly reaching a population of 10,000 . Remnants of downtown Sacramento 's Chinatown ( edit ) Paifang at Sacramento 's Chinatown Mall Throughout the early 1840s and 1850s , China was at war with Great Britain and France in the First and Second Opium Wars . The wars , along with endemic poverty in China , helped drive many Chinese immigrants to America . Many first came to San Francisco , which was then the largest city in California , and known as `` Dai Fow '' ( The Big City ) , and some came eventually to Sacramento ( then the second - largest city in California ) , also known as `` Yee Fow '' ( Second City ) . Many of these immigrants came in hope of a better life as well as the possibility of finding gold in the foothills east of Sacramento . Sacramento 's Chinatown was located on `` I '' Street from Second to Sixth Streets . At the time , this area of `` I '' Street was considered a health hazard because - lying within a levee zone - it was lower than other parts of the city , which were situated on higher land . Throughout Sacramento 's Chinatown history , there were fires , acts of discrimination , and prejudicial legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act that was not repealed until 1943 . The mysterious fires were thought to be set off by those who did not take a liking to the Chinese working class . Ordinances on what was viable building material were set into place to try to get the Chinese to move out . Newspapers such as The Sacramento Union wrote stories at the time that portrayed the Chinese in an unfavorable light to inspire ethnic discrimination and drive the Chinese away . As the years passed , a railroad was created over parts of the Chinatown , and further politics and laws would make it even harder for Chinese workers to sustain a living in Sacramento . While the east side of the country fought for higher wages and fewer working hours , many cities in the western United States wanted the Chinese out because of the belief that they were stealing jobs from the white working class . The Chinese remained resilient despite these efforts . They built their buildings out of bricks just as the building guidelines were established . They helped build part of the railroads that span the city as well as made a great contribution to the transcontinental railroad that spans the United States . They also helped build the levees within Sacramento and its surrounding cities . As a result , the Chinese are a well - recognized part of Sacramento 's history and heritage . While most of Sacramento 's Chinatown has now been razed , a small Chinatown mall remains as well as a museum dedicated to the history of Sacramento 's Chinatown and the contributions Chinese Americans have made to the city . Amtrak sits along what was part of Sacramento 's Chinatown `` I '' Street . Capital city ( edit ) See also : Urban redevelopment in Sacramento , California California 's State Capitol Building The California State Legislature , with the support of Governor John Bigler , moved to Sacramento in 1854 . The capital of California under Spanish ( and , subsequently , Mexican ) rule had been Monterey , where in 1849 the first Constitutional Convention and state elections were held . The convention decided that San Jose would be the new state 's capital . After 1850 , when California 's statehood was ratified , the legislature met in San Jose until 1851 , Vallejo in 1852 , and Benicia in 1853 , before moving to Sacramento . In the 1879 Constitutional Convention , Sacramento was named to be the permanent state capital . Begun in 1860 to be reminiscent of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. , the Classical Revival style California State Capitol was completed in 1874 . In 1861 , the legislative session was moved to the Merchants Exchange Building in San Francisco for one session because of massive flooding in Sacramento . The legislative chambers were first occupied in 1869 while construction continued . From 1862 to 1868 , part of the Leland Stanford Mansion was used for the governor 's offices during Stanford 's tenure as the Governor ; and the legislature met in the Sacramento County Courthouse . Garden at Sacramento , California State Capitol photo taken July 3 , 2002 The Tower Bridge , built in 1935 , a popular landmark With its new status and strategic location , Sacramento quickly prospered and became the western end of the Pony Express . Later it became a terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad , which began construction in Sacramento in 1863 and was financed by `` The Big Four '' -- Mark Hopkins , Charles Crocker , Collis P. Huntington , and Leland Stanford . In 1850 and again in 1861 , Sacramento citizens were faced with a completely flooded town . After the devastating 1850 flood , Sacramento experienced a cholera epidemic and a flu epidemic , which crippled the town for several years . In 1861 , Governor Leland Stanford , who was inaugurated in early January 1861 , had to attend his inauguration in a rowboat , which was not too far from his house in town on N street . The flood waters were so bad , the legend says , that when he returned to his house , he had to enter into it through the second floor window . From 1862 until the mid-1870s Sacramento raised the level of its downtown by building reinforced brick walls on its downtown streets , and filling the resulting street walls with dirt . Thus the previous first floors of buildings became the basements , with open space between the street and the building , previously the sidewalk , now at the basement level . Most property owners used screw jacks to raise their buildings to the new grade . The sidewalks were covered , initially by wooden sidewalks , then brick barrel vaults , and eventually replaced by concrete sidewalks . Over the years , many of these underground spaces have been filled or destroyed by subsequent development . However , it is still possible to view portions of the `` Sacramento Underground '' . The same rivers that earlier brought death and destruction began to provide increasing levels of transportation and commerce . Both the American and especially Sacramento rivers would be key elements in the economic success of the city . In fact , Sacramento effectively controlled commerce on these rivers , and public works projects were funded though taxes levied on goods unloaded from boats and loaded onto rail cars in the historic Sacramento Rail Yards . Now both rivers are used extensively for recreation . The American River is a 5 - mph ( 8 - km / h ) waterway for all power boats ( including jet - ski and similar craft ) ( Source Sacramento County Parks & Recreation ) and has become an international attraction for rafters and kayaking . The Sacramento River sees many boaters , who can make day trips to nearby sloughs or continue along the Delta to the Bay Area and San Francisco . The Delta King , a paddlewheel steamboat which for eighteen months lay on the bottom of the San Francisco Bay , was refurbished and now boasts a hotel , a restaurant , and two different theaters for nightlife along the Old Sacramento riverfront . The modern era ( edit ) Sacramento Regional Transit Light - Rail The city 's current charter was adopted by voters in 1920 . As a charter city , Sacramento is exempt from many laws and regulations passed by the state legislature . The city has expanded continuously over the years . The 1964 merger of the City of North Sacramento with Sacramento substantially increased its population , and large annexations of the Natomas area eventually led to significant population growth throughout the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s . Sacramento County ( along with a portion of adjacent Placer County ) is served by a customer - owned electric utility , the Sacramento Municipal Utility District ( SMUD ) . Sacramento voters approved the creation of SMUD in 1923 . In April 1946 , after 12 years of litigation , a judge ordered Pacific Gas & Electric to transfer title of Sacramento 's electric distribution system to SMUD . Today SMUD is the sixth - largest public electric utility in the U.S. , and is a leader for innovative programs and services , including the development of clean fuel resources , such as solar power . The year following the creation of SMUD , 1924 , brought several events in Sacramento : Standard Oil executive Verne McGeorge established McGeorge School of Law , American department store Weinstock & Lubin opened a new store at 12th and K street , the US $2 million Senator Hotel was open , Sacramento 's drinking water became filtered and treated drinking water , and Sacramento boxer Georgie Lee fought Francisco Guilledo , a Filipino professional boxer known as Pancho Villa , at L Street Auditorium on March 21 . Barracks set up for families of Japanese ancestry at the Sacramento Assembly Center . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese American internment processing in Sacramento . Early in World War II , the Sacramento Assembly Center ( also known as the Walerga Assembly Center ) was established to house Japanese Americans forcibly `` evacuated '' from the West Coast under Executive Order 9066 . The camp was one of fifteen temporary detention facilities where over 110,000 Japanese Americans , two - thirds of them U.S. citizens , were held while construction on the more permanent War Relocation Authority camps was completed . The assembly center was built on the site of a former migrant labor camp , and inmates began arriving from Sacramento and San Joaquin Counties on May 6 , 1942 . It closed after only 52 days , on June 26 , and the population of 4,739 was transferred to the Tule Lake concentration camp . The site was then turned over to the Army Signal Corps and dedicated as Camp Kohler . After the war and the end of the incarceration program , returning Japanese Americans were often unable to find housing and so 234 families temporarily lived at the former assembly center . Camp Kohler was destroyed by a fire in December 1947 , and the assembly center site is now part of the Foothill Farms - North Highlands subdivision . The Sacramento - Yolo Port District was created in 1947 , and ground was broken on the Port of Sacramento in 1949 . On June 29 , 1963 , with 5,000 spectators waiting to welcome her , the Motor Vessel Taipei Victory arrived . The port was open for business . The Nationalist Chinese flagship , freshly painted for the historic event , was loaded with 5,000 tons of bagged rice for Mitsui Trading Co. bound for Okinawa and 1,000 tons of logs for Japan . She was the first ocean - going vessel in Sacramento since the steamship Harpoon in 1934 . The Port of Sacramento has been plagued with operating losses in recent years and faces bankruptcy . This severe loss in business is due to the heavy competition from the Port of Stockton , which has a larger facility and a deeper channel . As of 2006 , the city of West Sacramento took responsibility for the Port of Sacramento . During the Vietnam War era , the Port of Sacramento was the major terminus in the supply route for all military parts , hardware and other cargo going to Southeast Asia . West America Bank Building In 1967 , Ronald Reagan became the last Governor of California to live permanently in the city . A new executive mansion , constructed by private funds in a Sacramento suburb for Reagan , remained vacant for nearly forty years and was recently sold by the state . The 1980s and 1990s saw the closure of several local military bases : McClellan Air Force Base , Mather Air Force Base , and Sacramento Army Depot . In 1980 , there was another flood . The flood 's damage affected the `` boat section '' of Interstate 5 . The culmination of a series of storms as well as a faulty valve are believed to have caused this damage . US Bank Tower completed in 2008 In the early 1990s , Mayor Joe Serna attempted to lure the Los Angeles Raiders football team to Sacramento , selling $50 million in bonds as earnest money . When the deal fell through , the bond proceeds were used to construct several large projects , including expanding the Sacramento Convention Center Complex and refurbishing of the Memorial Auditorium . Serna renamed a city park for migrant worker rights activist Cesar Chavez . Through his effort , Sacramento became the first major city in the country to have a paid municipal holiday honoring Chavez . In spite of military base closures and the decline of agricultural food processing , Sacramento has continued to experience population growth in recent years . Primary sources of population growth are an influx of residents from the nearby San Francisco Bay Area , as well as immigration from Asia and Latin America . From 1990 to 2000 , the city 's population grew by 14.7 % . The United States Census Bureau estimates that from 2000 to 2007 , the county 's population increased by nearly 164,000 residents . In the late 1990s and early 2000s ( decade ) , Mayor Heather Fargo made several abortive attempts to provide taxpayer financing of a new sports arena for the Maloof brothers , owners of the Sacramento Kings NBA Basketball franchise . In November 2006 , Sacramento voters soundly defeated a proposed sales tax hike to finance the plan . The defeat was due in part to competing plans for the new arena and its location . After acquiring the majority stake in the Sacramento Kings , the team 's new owner , Vivek Ranadivé with the help of the city , agreed to build a new Arena in the downtown area . With a final estimated cost of $558.2 million , Sacramento 's Golden 1 Center opened on September 30 , 2016 . Despite a devolution of state bureaucracy , the state government remains by far Sacramento 's largest employer . The City of Sacramento expends considerable effort to keep state agencies from moving outside the city limits . In addition , many federal agencies have offices in Sacramento . ( The California Supreme Court normally sits in nearby San Francisco . ) Geography and climate ( edit ) Geography ( edit ) The Sacramento River near the old pumping station Aerial view of the city of Sacramento California , showing the geography of the surrounding area . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city covers an area of 100.1 square miles ( 259 km ) , 97.81 % of it land , and 2.19 % of it water . Depth to groundwater is typically about 30 feet ( 9 m ) . Much of the land to the west of the city ( in Yolo County ) is permanently reserved for a vast flood control basin ( the Yolo Bypass ) , due to the city 's historical vulnerability to floods . As a result , the greater metropolitan area sprawls only four miles ( 6 km ) west of downtown ( as West Sacramento , California ) but 30 miles ( 48 km ) northeast and east , into the Sierra Nevada foothills , and 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the south into valley farmland . The city is located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River , and has a deep - water port connected to the San Francisco Bay by a channel through the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta . It is the shipping and rail center for the Sacramento Valley . Food processing is among the major industries in the area . Cityscape ( edit ) Panoramic view of downtown Sacramento from West Sacramento Sacramento , California by drone Tower Bridge at dusk . City neighborhoods ( edit ) The city groups most of its neighborhoods into four areas : Area one ( central / eastern ) ( edit ) Alkali Flat , Boulevard Park , Campus Commons , Sacramento State , Dos Rios Triangle , Downtown , East Sacramento , Fab Forties , Mansion Flats , Marshall School , Midtown , New Era Park , McKinley Village , Newton Booth , Old Sacramento , Poverty Ridge , Richards , Richmond Grove , River Park , Elmhurst , Sierra Oaks , Southside Park . Area two ( southwestern ) ( edit ) Airport , Carleton Tract , Freeport Manor , Golf Course Terrace , Greenhaven , Curtis Park , Hollywood Park , Land Park , Little Pocket , Mangan Park , Meadowview , Parkway , Pocket , Sacramento City College , South Land Park , Valley Hi / North Laguna , Z'Berg Park . Area three ( southeastern ) ( edit ) Alhambra Triangle , Avondale , Brentwood , Carleton Tract , Colonial Heights , Colonial Village , Colonial Village North , Curtis Park , Elmhurst , Fairgrounds , Florin , Industrial Park , Fruitridge Manor , Glen Elder , Glenbrook , Granite Regional Park , Lawrence Park , Med Center , North City Farms , Oak Park , Packard Bell , South City Farms , Southeast Village , Tahoe Park , Tahoe Park East , Tahoe Park South , Tallac Village , Vintage Park , Churchill Downs , and Woodbine . Area four ( North of the American River ) ( edit ) Ben Ali , Del Paso Heights , Gardenland , Hagginwood , McClellan Heights West , Natomas ( north , south , west ) , North Sacramento , Northgate , Robla , Swanston Estates , Terrace Manor , Valley View Acres , and Woodlake . Other areas ( edit ) Additional prominent regions and neighborhoods in the city include American River Parkway , Arden - Arcade , Arden Fair , Cal Expo , Capital Avenue , Coffing , College Glen , College Greens , Colonial Manor , Cordova , Creekside , East Fruitridge , Elder Creek , Elkhorn , Elvas , Erikson Industrial Park , Excelsior Sunrise , Foothill Farms , Franklin , Frates Ranch , Gateway Center , Gateway West , Glenwood Meadows , Hansen Park , Heritage Park , Johnson Business Park , Johnson Heights , Mayhew , Metro Center , Mills , Natomas Corporate Center , Natomas Creek , Natomas Crossing , Natomas Park , Newton Booth , Noralto , Northpointe , Norwood , Oak Knoll , Old North Sacramento , Parker Homes , Point West , Raley Industrial Park , Regency Park , Richardson Village , Richmond Grove , Rosemont , Sierra Oaks , Sports Complex , Strawberry Manor , Sundance Lake , Swanston Palms , Town and Country Village , Upper Land Park , Village 5 , Village 7 , Village 12 , Village 14 , Village Green , Walerga , Walsh Station , West Del Paso Heights , Westlake , Willowcreek , Wills Acres , Winn Park , Woodside and Youngs Heights . Climate ( edit ) Sacramento has a hot - summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csa ) , characterized by damp to wet , mild winters and hot , dry summers . The wet season is generally October through April , though there may be a day or two of light rainfall in June or September . The normal annual mean temperature is 61.0 ° F ( 16.1 ° C ) , with the monthly daily average temperature ranging from 46.4 ° F ( 8.0 ° C ) in December to 75.5 ° F ( 24.2 ° C ) in July . Summer heat is often moderated by a sea breeze known as the `` delta breeze '' which comes through the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta from the San Francisco Bay , and temperatures cool down sharply at night . The foggiest months are December and January . Tule fog can be extremely dense , lowering visibility to less than 100 feet ( 30 m ) and making driving conditions extremely hazardous . Chilling tule fog events have been known to last for several consecutive days or weeks . During Tule fog events , temperatures do not exceed 50 degrees . Snowfall is rare in Sacramento , which is only 25 ft ( 7.6 m ) above sea level . In the downtown area , there have been only 3 significant snow accumulations since 1900 , the last one being in 1976 . During especially cold winter and spring storms , intense showers do occasionally produce a significant amount of hail , which can create hazardous driving conditions . Snowfall that does fall in the city often melts upon ground contact , with traceable amounts occurring in some years . Significant annual snow accumulations occur in the foothills located 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of the city , which had brief and traceable amounts of snowfall in January 2002 , December 2009 and February 2011 . The greatest snowfall ever recorded in Sacramento was 3 inches ( 8 cm ) on January 5 , 1888 . On average , there are 73 days where the high exceeds 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , and 14 days where the high exceeds 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) ; On the other extreme , there are 15 days where the temperature does not exceed 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) , and 15 freezing nights per year . Official temperature extremes range from 18 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) on December 22 , 1990 to 115 ° F ( 46 ° C ) on June 15 , 1961 ; a station around 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) east - southeast of the city dipped to 17 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) on December 11 , 1932 . The average annual precipitation is 18.52 inches ( 470 mm ) . On average , precipitation falls on 60 days each year in Sacramento , and nearly all of this falls during the winter months . Average January rainfall is 3.67 in ( 93 mm ) , and measurable precipitation is rare during the summer months . In February 1992 , Sacramento had 16 consecutive days of rain , resulting in an accumulation of 6.41 in ( 163 mm ) for the period . On rare occasions , monsoonal moisture surges from the Desert Southwest can bring upper - level moisture to the Sacramento region , leading to increased summer cloudiness , humidity , and even light showers and thunderstorms . Monsoon clouds do occur , usually during late July through early September . Sacramento is the second most flood susceptible city in the United States after New Orleans . Sacramento has been noted as being the sunniest location on the planet for three months of the year , from July through September . It holds the distinction as the sunniest month , in terms of percent possible sunshine , of anywhere in the world ; July in Sacramento averages 14 hours and 12 minutes of sunshine per day , amounting to approximately 98 % of possible sunshine . show Climate data for Sacramento , California ( Sacramento Executive Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1941 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 76 ( 24 ) 76 ( 24 ) 88 ( 31 ) 95 ( 35 ) 105 ( 41 ) 115 ( 46 ) 114 ( 46 ) 110 ( 43 ) 108 ( 42 ) 104 ( 40 ) 87 ( 31 ) 73 ( 23 ) 115 ( 46 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 64.0 ( 17.8 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 87.2 ( 30.7 ) 95.8 ( 35.4 ) 102.3 ( 39.1 ) 105.0 ( 40.6 ) 103.7 ( 39.8 ) 100.1 ( 37.8 ) 91.6 ( 33.1 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) 106.8 ( 41.6 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 53.8 ( 12.1 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 79.9 ( 26.6 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 92.1 ( 33.4 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 87.2 ( 30.7 ) 77.6 ( 25.3 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 53.9 ( 12.2 ) 73.6 ( 23.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 38.8 ( 3.8 ) 41.4 ( 5.2 ) 44.1 ( 6.7 ) 46.2 ( 7.9 ) 51.1 ( 10.6 ) 55.8 ( 13.2 ) 58.4 ( 14.7 ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) 55.7 ( 13.2 ) 50.2 ( 10.1 ) 42.8 ( 6 ) 38.4 ( 3.6 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 29.1 ( − 1.6 ) 31.5 ( − 0.3 ) 35.1 ( 1.7 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 48.7 ( 9.3 ) 53.1 ( 11.7 ) 53.0 ( 11.7 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) 41.7 ( 5.4 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 28.5 ( − 1.9 ) 26.6 ( − 3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 20 ( − 7 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) 41 ( 5 ) 48 ( 9 ) 48 ( 9 ) 42 ( 6 ) 35 ( 2 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 18 ( − 8 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.64 ( 92.5 ) 3.47 ( 88.1 ) 2.75 ( 69.9 ) 1.15 ( 29.2 ) 0.68 ( 17.3 ) 0.21 ( 5.3 ) trace 0.05 ( 1.3 ) 0.29 ( 7.4 ) 0.97 ( 24.6 ) 2.11 ( 53.6 ) 3.25 ( 82.6 ) 18.75 ( 476.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.3 9.4 9.1 4.9 3.2 1.2 0.0 0.3 1.3 3.6 6.9 9.9 60.0 Average relative humidity ( % ) 83.3 76.8 71.6 64.5 58.9 55.0 53.2 55.7 57.0 63.1 75.6 82.9 66.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 145.5 201.3 278.0 329.6 406.3 419.5 440.2 406.9 347.8 296.7 194.9 141.1 3,607.8 Percent possible sunshine 48 67 75 83 92 94 98 96 93 86 64 48 81 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) show Climate data for Sacramento 5 ESE , California ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1877 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 80 ( 27 ) 90 ( 32 ) 98 ( 37 ) 107 ( 42 ) 112 ( 44 ) 114 ( 46 ) 111 ( 44 ) 109 ( 43 ) 102 ( 39 ) 86 ( 30 ) 72 ( 22 ) 114 ( 46 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 65.7 ( 18.7 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 80.0 ( 26.7 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 97.9 ( 36.6 ) 104.1 ( 40.1 ) 106.6 ( 41.4 ) 105.4 ( 40.8 ) 101.7 ( 38.7 ) 93.1 ( 33.9 ) 77.0 ( 25 ) 65.6 ( 18.7 ) 108.3 ( 42.4 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 54.4 ( 12.4 ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) 72.7 ( 22.6 ) 80.9 ( 27.2 ) 87.9 ( 31.1 ) 93.3 ( 34.1 ) 92.2 ( 33.4 ) 87.9 ( 31.1 ) 77.9 ( 25.5 ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 74.4 ( 23.6 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 43.7 ( 6.5 ) 46.5 ( 8.1 ) 49.0 ( 9.4 ) 53.9 ( 12.2 ) 58.4 ( 14.7 ) 60.9 ( 16.1 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) 58.4 ( 14.7 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 45.5 ( 7.5 ) 40.4 ( 4.7 ) 50.9 ( 10.5 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 32.8 ( 0.4 ) 35.0 ( 1.7 ) 38.7 ( 3.7 ) 41.9 ( 5.5 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 55.3 ( 12.9 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 45.1 ( 7.3 ) 35.7 ( 2.1 ) 31.5 ( − 0.3 ) 30.1 ( − 1.1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 19 ( − 7 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 34 ( 1 ) 37 ( 3 ) 43 ( 6 ) 47 ( 8 ) 48 ( 9 ) 44 ( 7 ) 34 ( 1 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 17 ( − 8 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.63 ( 92.2 ) 3.90 ( 99.1 ) 2.86 ( 72.6 ) 1.36 ( 34.5 ) 0.75 ( 19 ) 0.21 ( 5.3 ) 0.02 ( 0.5 ) 0.04 ( 1 ) 0.35 ( 8.9 ) 1.06 ( 26.9 ) 2.46 ( 62.5 ) 3.43 ( 87.1 ) 20.06 ( 509.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 11.2 9.8 9.2 5.2 3.2 1.2 0.1 0.4 1.4 3.6 7.4 10.5 63.5 Source : NOAA , Western Regional Climate Center Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 6,820 -- 1860 13,785 102.1 % 1870 16,283 18.1 % 1880 21,420 31.5 % 1890 26,386 23.2 % 1900 29,282 11.0 % 1910 44,696 52.6 % 1920 65,908 47.5 % 1930 93,750 42.2 % 1940 105,958 13.0 % 1950 137,572 29.8 % 1960 191,667 39.3 % 1970 257,105 34.1 % 1980 275,741 7.2 % 1990 369,365 34.0 % 2000 407,018 10.2 % 466,488 14.6 % Est. 2017 501,901 7.6 % U.S. Decennial Census In 2002 , the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento `` America 's Most Diverse City '' . The U.S. Census Bureau also groups Sacramento with other U.S. cities having a `` high diversity '' rating of the diversity index . Moreover , Sacramento is one of the most well - integrated U.S. cities , having a relatively high level of ethnic and racial heterogeneity within its neighborhoods . hide Racial composition 1990 1970 1940 White 45.0 % 60.1 % 81.5 % 94.2 % -- Non-Hispanic 34.5 % 53.4 % 71.4 % n / a African American 14.6 % 15.3 % 10.7 % 1.4 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 26.9 % 16.2 % 11.0 % n / a Asian 18.3 % 15.0 % 6.5 % 4.3 % Map of racial distribution in Sacramento , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) The 2010 United States Census reported that Sacramento had a population of 466,488 . The population density was 4,660.0 people per square mile ( 1,799.2 / km ) . The racial makeup of Sacramento was : 210,006 ( 45.0 % ) White 68,335 ( 14.6 % ) African American 85,503 ( 17.8 % ) Asian ( 4.2 % Chinese , 3.3 % Hmong , 2.8 % Filipino , 1.6 % Indian , 1.4 % Vietnamese , 1.2 % Laotian , 1.2 % Japanese , 0.3 % Pakistani , 0.3 % Korean , 0.3 % Thai , 0.2 % Cambodian ) 6,655 ( 1.4 % ) Pacific Islander ( 0.6 % Fijian , 0.2 % Tongan , 0.2 % Samoan ) 5,291 ( 1.1 % ) Native American 57,573 ( 12.3 % ) other races 33,125 ( 7.1 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 125,276 persons ( 26.9 % ) ; 22.6 % of Sacramento 's population is of Mexican heritage , 0.7 % Puerto Rican , 0.5 % Salvadoran , 0.2 % Guatemalan , and 0.2 % Nicaraguan . Non-Hispanic Whites were 34.5 % of the population in 2010 , down from 71.4 % in 1970 . The Census reported that 458,174 people ( 98.2 % of the population ) lived in households , 4,268 ( 0.9 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 4,046 ( 0.9 % ) were institutionalized . Also , with the recent housing crash there have been no changes to these numbers . There were 174,624 households , out of which 57,870 ( 33.1 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 65,556 ( 37.5 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 27,640 ( 15.8 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 10,534 ( 6.0 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 13,234 ( 7.6 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 2,498 ( 1.4 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 53,342 households ( 30.5 % ) were made up of individuals and 14,926 ( 8.5 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.62 . There were 103,730 families ( 59.4 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.37 . Sacramento has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita , ranking seventh among major American cities , and third in California behind San Francisco and slightly behind Oakland , with roughly 10 % of the city 's total population identifying themselves as gay , lesbian , or bisexual . The age distribution of the city was follows : 116,121 people ( 24.9 % ) were under the age of 18 , 52,438 people ( 11.2 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 139,093 people ( 29.8 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 109,416 people ( 23.5 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 49,420 people ( 10.6 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33.0 years . For every 100 females , there were 94.9 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 92.2 males . There were 190,911 housing units at an average density of 1,907.1 per square mile ( 736.3 / km ) , of which 86,271 ( 49.4 % ) were owner - occupied , and 88,353 ( 50.6 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.8 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 8.3 % . 231,593 people ( 49.6 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 226,581 people ( 48.6 % ) lived in rental housing units . 2000 ( edit ) The Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in Cathedral Square , downtown . As of the census of 2000 , there are 407,018 people , 154,581 households , and 91,202 families residing in the city . The population density is 4,189.2 people per square mile ( 1,617.4 / km ) . There are 163,957 housing units at an average density of 1,687.5 per square mile ( 651.5 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city is 41.1 % White , 19.5 % African American , 1.3 % Native American , 12.6 % Asian , 0.9 % Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander , 11.0 % from other races , and 6.4 % from two or more races. 21.6 % of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race . There are 154,581 households out of which 30.2 % have children under the age of 18 living with them , 38.4 % are married couples living together , 15.4 % have a female householder with no husband present , and 41.0 % are non-families. 32.0 % of all households are made up of individuals and 9.2 % have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older . The average household size is 2.57 and the average family size is 3.35 . In the city , the age distribution of the population shows 27.3 % under the age of 18 , 10.4 % from 18 to 24 , 30.7 % from 25 to 44 , 20.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 11.4 % who are 65 years of age or older . The median age is 33 years . For every 100 females , there are 94.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there are 91.0 males . The median income for a household in the city is $37,049 , and the median income for a family is $42,051 . Males have a median income of $35,946 versus $31,318 for females . The per capita income for the city is $18,721. 20.0 % of the population and 15.3 % of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population , 29.5 % of those under the age of 18 and 9.0 % of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line . Economy ( edit ) Sutter Health , Blue Diamond Growers , Aerojet , Teichert , and The McClatchy Company are among the companies based in Sacramento . Top employers ( edit ) As of 2012 , the top employers in the County of Sacramento were : # Employer Employees State of California 69,763 Sacramento County 11,450 UC Davis Health 7,725 Dignity Health / Catholic Healthcare West 7,069 5 Intel 6,633 6 Kaiser Permanente 6,360 7 Sutter Health 5,765 8 Elk Grove Unified School District 5,021 9 Sacramento City Unified School District 5,000 10 San Juan Unified School District 4,700 11 City of Sacramento 4,083 Culture and Arts ( edit ) The Big Four Building in Old Sacramento Old Sacramento ( edit ) The oldest part of the town besides Sutter 's Fort is Old Sacramento , which consists of cobbled streets and many historic buildings , several from the 1850s and 1860s . Buildings have been preserved , restored or reconstructed , and the district is now a substantial tourist attraction , with rides on steam - hauled historic trains and horse - drawn carriages . The historic buildings include the Lady Adams Building , built by the passengers and ship 's carpenters of the ship Lady Adams . Having survived the Great Conflagration of November 1852 , it is the oldest surviving building in Sacramento other than Sutter 's Fort . Reconstruction of California 's first permanent theatre , the Eagle Theatre ( Sacramento , California ) Another surviving landmark is the B.F. Hastings building , built in 1853 . Early home of the California Supreme Court and the location of the office of Theodore Judah , it also was the western terminus of the Pony Express . The `` Big Four Building '' , built in 1852 , was home to the offices of Collis Huntington , Mark Hopkins , Leland Stanford , and Charles Crocker . The Central Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Railroad were founded there . The original building was destroyed in 1963 for the construction of Interstate 5 , but was re-created using original elements in 1965 . It is now a National Historic Landmark . Also of historic interest is the Eagle Theatre ( Sacramento , California ) , a reconstruction of California 's first permanent theatre in its original location . Theater Arts ( edit ) The Community Center Theatre ( foreground ) There are several major theatre venues for Sacramento . The Sacramento Convention Center Complex governs both the Community Center Theatre and Memorial Auditorium . The Wells Fargo Pavilion is the most recent addition in 2003 . It is built atop the old Music Circus tent foundations . Next to that is the McClatchy Main stage , originally built as a television studio , which was renovated at the same time the pavilion was built . It is the smaller of the venues and provides seating for only 300 . The Sacramento Ballet , Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra and the Sacramento Opera perform at the Community Center Theater . Professional theatre is represented in Sacramento by a number of companies . California Musical Theatre and its Summer stock theatre , Music Circus , lure many directors , performers , and artists from New York and Los Angeles to work alongside a large local staff for their productions at the Wells Fargo Pavilion . The Wells Fargo Pavilion , Sacramento Theatre Company and Music Circus During the fall , winter and spring seasons Broadway Sacramento brings bus and truck tours to the Community Center Theater . At the B Street Theatre , smaller and more intimate professional productions are performed as well as a children 's theatre that will soon be opening a larger theatre complex in the heart of midtown in 2014 . Rounding out the professional companies is Capital Stage , which performed aboard the Delta King until the end of the 2010 -- 2011 season and soon took up residence at its own venue along the J - Street corridor . The Sacramento area has one of the largest collection of community theatres in California . Some of these include the Thistle Dew Dessert Theatre and Playwrights Workshop , Davis Musical Theatre Co. , El Dorado Musical Theatre , Runaway Stage Productions , River City Theatre Company , Flying Monkey Productions , The Actor 's Theatre , KOLT Run Productions , Kookaburra Productions , Big Idea Theatre , Celebration Arts , Lambda Player , Light Opera Theatre of Sacramento , Synergy Stage and the historic Eagle Theatre . The Sacramento Shakespeare Festival provides entertainment under the stars every summer in William Land Park . Many of these theatres compete annually for the Elly Awards overseen by The Sacramento Area Regional Theatre Alliance or SARTA . Visual Arts ( edit ) The Sacramento Metropolitan Arts Commission is an organization which was established as the Sacramento arts council in 1977 to provide several arts programs for the city . These include Art in Public Places , Arts Education , Grants and Cultural Programs , Poet Laureate Program , Arts Stabilization Programs and Other Resources and opportunities . Sacramento Second Saturday Art Walk is a program of local art galleries that stay open into the late evenings every second Saturday of each month , providing a unique experience for the local population as well as tourists to view original art and meet the artists themselves . Museums ( edit ) The Crocker Art Museum Sacramento has several major museums . The Crocker Art Museum is the oldest public art museum west of the Mississippi River . On July 26 , 2007 , the museum broke ground for an expansion that more than tripled the museum 's floor space . The modern architecture is very different from the museum 's original Victorian style building . Construction was completed in 2010 . Charles Christian Nahl , Sunday Morning in the Mines , 1872 , Part of the permanent collection of the Crocker Art Museum Also of interest is the Governor 's Mansion State Historic Park , a large Victorian Mansion which was home to 13 of California 's Governors , as well as the official residence for current governor Jerry Brown following renovations in 2015 . The Leland Stanford Mansion State Historic Park , which was completely restored in 2006 , serves as the State 's official address for diplomatic and business receptions . Guided public tours are available . The California Museum for History , Women , and the Arts , home of the California Hall of Fame , is a cultural destination dedicated to telling the rich history of California and its unique influence on the world of ideas , innovation , art and culture . The museum educates tens of thousands of school children through inspiring programs , sharing with world visitors California 's rich art , history and cultural legacy through dynamic exhibits , and serving as a public forum and international meeting place . The California State Railroad Museum in Old Sacramento has historical exhibits and live steam locomotives that patrons may ride . The California Automobile Museum , located just south of Old Sacramento , is filled with automotive history and vehicles from 1880 to 2006 and is the oldest non-profit automotive museum in the West . The mission of it is to preserve , promote , and teach automotive culture and its influence on our lives -- past , present and future . In addition , the Sacramento History Museum , in the heart of Old Sacramento , focuses on the history of Sacramento from the region 's pre-Gold Rush history through the present day . There is a Museum Day held in Sacramento every year , when 26 museums in the greater Sacramento area offer free admission . The 2009 Sacramento Museum Day brought out more than 80,000 people , the largest number the event has gathered . Sacramento Museum Day is held every year on the first Saturday of February . Music ( edit ) Tower Records was started and based in Sacramento until its closing . Rappers C - Bo , Marvaless , and Lunasicc are among those native to the area . Classical music is widely available . The Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra , the Sacramento Baroque Soloists , the Sacramento Choral Society & Orchestra , the Sacramento Youth Symphony , the Sacramento Master Singers , the Sacramento Children 's Chorus , and the Camellia Symphony each present a full season of concerts . Each year , the city hosts the Sammies , the Sacramento Music Awards . Sacramento also has a reputation as a center for Dixieland jazz , because of the Sacramento Jazz Jubilee which is held every Memorial Day weekend . Events and performances are held in multiple locations throughout the city . Each year thousands of jazz fans from all over the world visit for this one weekend . A growing number of rock , hardcore and metal bands hail from the Sacramento area , including Tesla , Deftones , Papa Roach , Will Haven , Trash Talk , Dance Gavin Dance , A Lot Like Birds , Far , CAKE , ! ! ! , Oleander and Steel Breeze ; plus some other famous musicians like record producer and recording artist Charlie Peacock , Bob Stubbs of Social Distortion and Craig Chaquico of Jefferson Starship . Along with these bands , the Aftershock Festival has been held at Discovery Park since 2012 . Scottish pop band Middle of the Road sang kindly of Sacramento in their 1972 European hit song `` Sacramento '' . Experimental groups such as Hella , Death Grips , and Tera Melos also come out of Sacramento . Film ( edit ) Sacramento is home to the Sacramento French Film Festival , a cultural event held every year in July that features U.S. premieres of French films and classic masterpieces of French cinema and the Sacramento Japanese Film Festival , also held in July . In addition , Sacramento is home to the Trash Film Orgy , a summer film festival celebrating the absurd , B - movies , horror , monster , exploitation . Founded in 2007 , the Sacramento Horror Film Festival showcases feature - length and short films as well as live musical and theatrical performances in the horror and macabre genres . Of note , Sacramento has been home to various actors , including Eddie Murphy , who resided in the Riverlake community of Pocket - Greenhaven with his then wife Nicole Mitchell Murphy , a fashion model and Sacramento native . It is also the home of director Greta Gerwig , whose solo directorial debut Lady Bird is set in Sacramento . Food and drink ( edit ) In 2012 , Sacramento started the marketing campaign as `` America 's Farm - to - Fork Capital '' due to Sacramento 's many restaurants that source their food locally from the numerous surrounding farms . The city has an annual Farm - to - Fork festival that showcases various grocers and growers in the industry . In 2012 , The Kitchen was nominated for Outstanding Restaurant by the James Beard Foundation . It continues to excel , earning the AAA 's Five Diamond dining award since 2011 . Sacramento is home to well - known cookbook authors , Biba Caggiano of Biba 's Restaurant and Mai Pham of Lemongrass and Star Ginger . Sacramento is also known for its beverage culture , with keystone events that include Cal Expo 's Grape and Gourmet , Sacramento Beer Week , and Sacramento Cocktail Week . Its growing beer scene is evident , with over 60 microbreweries in the region as of 2017 . Some local brews include Track 7 Brewing Company , Big Stump Brew Co , Oak Park Brewing Co. , and Sactown Union Brewery . Numerous beer festivals around the region highlight both local and visitor beers . In addition to festivals in Elk Grove , Davis , Roseville , Placerville , and Woodland , Sacramento hosts the annual California Beer Craft Summit , an exposition dedicated to the art of brewing . The summit also hosts the largest beer festival on the West Coast , featuring over 160 breweries in downtown Sacramento . Sacramento 's contemporary culture is reflected in its coffee . An `` underrated coffee city '' , Sacramento has above - average marks for local coffee . The city has numerous community roasters and coffee shops . Examples include Temple Coffee , Insight Coffee Roasters , Old Soul Co. , Chocolate Fish Roasters , Naked Lounge , Pachamama Roasting Co. , and Identity Coffees . In addition to local brands , the region offers other chains like Starbucks , Peet 's Coffee & Tea , and Philz Coffee . LGBTQ ( edit ) The Sacramento LGBT Community Center ( formerly the Lambda Center ) , located in the Lavender Heights district . Sacramento has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita , ranking seventh among major American cities , and third in California behind San Francisco and slightly behind Oakland , with roughly 10 % of the city 's total population identifying themselves as gay , lesbian , or bisexual . Lavender Heights , Sacramento , California is the hub for LGBTQ activities in the city and is a centrally located district in Midtown Sacramento centered within and around K & 20th streets . The area owes its name to the high number of gay - owned homes and businesses residing there . The area is also home to many of the city 's LGBTQ inclusive music and arts festivals , including the Second Saturday Block Party from May to September . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Sacramento Professional teams ( edit ) Sacramento is home to one major league sports team -- the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association . The Kings came to Sacramento from Kansas City in 1985 . On January 21 , 2013 , a controlling interest of the Sacramento Kings was sold to Chris Hansen , who intended to move the franchise to Seattle for the 2013 -- 2014 NBA season and rename the team the Seattle SuperSonics . Sacramento Mayor Kevin Johnson fought the move , forming an ownership group led by Vivek Ranadive to keep the Kings in Sacramento . On May 16 , 2013 , the NBA Board of Governors voted 22 -- 8 to keep the Kings in Sacramento . Sacramento has two other professional teams . Sacramento Republic FC began play in April 2014 at Hughes Stadium before a sellout crowd of 20,231 , setting a USL Pro regular - season single game attendance record . The Republic FC won the USL championship in their first season . In 2000 , AAA minor league baseball returned to Sacramento with the Sacramento River Cats , an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants and formerly an affiliate of the Oakland Athletics . The River Cats play in Raley Field , in West Sacramento . Sacramento is the former home of two professional basketball teams . The Sacramento Heatwave of the American Basketball Association previously played in the Sacramento area until 2013 . Sacramento was also formerly home to the now defunct Sacramento Monarchs of the WNBA . The Monarchs were one of the eight founding members of the WNBA in 1997 and won the WNBA Championship in 2005 , but folded in November 2009 . Raley Field , home of the Sacramento River Cats Sacramento professional teams ( ranked by attendance ) Club League Sport Venue Attendance Established Championships Sacramento Kings NBA Basketball Golden 1 Center 16,291 1923 ( 1985 ) 1 NBA , 2 NBL ( as Rochester Royals ) Sacramento Republic FC USL ( D2 ) Soccer Papa Murphy 's Park 13,763 2012 1 USL Pro Sacramento River Cats PCL ( AAA ) Baseball Raley Field 8,435 1978 ( 2000 ) 2 Triple - A titles , 4 League titles Other sports ( edit ) Sacramento has frequently hosted the NCAA Men 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship as well as the 1st and 2nd rounds of the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . The California International Marathon ( est. 1983 ) attracts a field of international elite runners who vie for a share of the $50,000 prize purse . The fast course is popular for runners seeking to achieve a Boston Marathon qualifying time and fitness runners . Parks and recreation ( edit ) Sacramento boasts an extensive park system consisting of over 5,000 acres ( 2,023 ha ) of parkland and recreation centers . The city features a collection of smaller parks in the Downtown districts , including Crocker Park , Pioneer Landing and Southside Park . Popular parks outside the central core include American River Parkway which spans 23 miles along the American River , and William Land Park . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that Sacramento was tied with San Francisco and Boston for having the 3rd best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities . ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city 's median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of residents within a half - mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents . Sacramento is a hotbed for high school rugby . Jesuit High is the recent defending national champion ( winning five times in total ) . Their arch - rival school Christian Brothers came in second nationwide . Burbank , Del Campo and Vacaville have also placed well in the national competition over the years . The Sacramento Valley High School Rugby Conference hosts the largest and arguably deepest preseason youth and high school rugby tournament in America . Sacramento hosts some recreational facilities and events . The Jedediah Smith Memorial Trail that runs between Old Sacramento and Folsom Lake grants access to the American River Parkway , a natural area that includes more than 5,000 acres ( 20 km ) of undeveloped land . It attracts cyclists and equestrians from across the state . The California State Fair is held in Sacramento each year at the end of the summer , ending on Labor Day . In 2010 , the State Fair moved to July . More than one million people attended this fair in 2001 . Among other recreational options in Sacramento is Discovery Park , a 275 - acre ( 1.1 km ) park studded with stands of mature trees and grasslands . This park is situated where the American River flows into the Sacramento River . In amateur sports , Sacramento claims many prominent Olympians such as Mark Spitz , Debbie Meyer ( 6 time gold medalist in for US swimming ) , Mike Burton , Summer Sanders ( Gold medalist in swimming , and trained in childhood by Debbie Meyer at Rio Del Oro Racquet Club ) , Jeff Float ( all swimming ) , and Billy Mills ( track ) . Coach Sherm Chavoor founded his world - famous Arden Hills Swim Club just east of the city and trained Burton , Spitz and others . Government and politics ( edit ) Main article : Government of Sacramento , California Sacramento City Hall On the brink of the 2003 invasion of Iraq , protesters gather at the California Capitol building The government of Sacramento operates as a charter city ( as opposed to a general law city ) under the Charter of the City of Sacramento . The elected government is composed of the Sacramento City Council with 8 city council districts and the Mayor of Sacramento , which operate under a mayor - council government . In addition , there are numerous departments and appointed officers such as the City Manager , Sacramento Police Department ( SPD ) , the Sacramento Fire Department ( SFD ) , City Clerk , City Attorney , and City Treasurer . As of 2016 , the mayor is Darrell Steinberg and the council members are Angelique Ashby , Allen Warren , Jeff Harris , Steve Hansen , Jay Schenirer , Rich Jennings , and Larry Carr . County government ( edit ) See also : Government of Sacramento County , California The City of Sacramento is part of Sacramento County , for which the government of Sacramento County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution , California law , and the Charter of the County of Sacramento . Much of the government of California is in practice the responsibility of county governments , such as the Government of Sacramento County . The county government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration , law enforcement , jails , vital records , property records , tax collection , public health , and social services . The government of Sacramento County is composed of the elected five - member Board of Supervisors , several other elected offices , including the Sheriff , District Attorney , and Assessor , and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Executive Officer . Sacramento is located within all of the supervisorial districts , currently represented by Phil Serna , Jimmie R. Yee , Susan Peters , Roberta MacGlashan , and Don Nottoli . The other officials elected in part by Sacramento residents currently include Sheriff Scott Jones , District Attorney Anne Marie Schubert , and Assessor Kathleen Kelleher . In addition , several other entities of the government of California have jurisdiction conterminous with Sacramento County , such as the Sacramento County Superior Court . Federal and State representation ( edit ) In the California State Senate , Sacramento is the heart of the 6th district , represented by Democrat Richard Pan . In the California State Assembly , it is split between the 7th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Kevin McCarty , and the 9th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Jim Cooper . In the United States House of Representatives , Sacramento forms the majority of the California 's 6th congressional district , represented by Democrat Doris Matsui . Education ( edit ) Colleges and universities ( edit ) The Sacramento area hosts a wide variety of higher educational opportunities . There are two major public universities , many private institutions , community colleges , vocational schools , and McGeorge School of Law . Public ( edit ) Sacramento State north entrance Sacramento is home to Sacramento State ( California State University , Sacramento ) , founded as Sacramento State College in 1947 . In 2004 , enrollment was 22,555 undergraduates and 5,417 graduate students in the university 's eight colleges . The university 's mascot is the hornet , and the school colors are green and gold . The 300 acres ( 1.2 km ) campus is located along the American River Parkway a few miles east of downtown . The University of California has a campus , UC Davis , in nearby Davis and has a graduate center in downtown Sacramento . The UC Davis Graduate School of Management ( GSM ) is near the UC Davis Medical Center off of Stockton Boulevard near Highway 50 . Many students , about 400 out of 517 , at the UC Davis GSM are working professionals and are completing their MBA part - time . The part - time program is ranked in the top - 20 and is well known for its small class size , world class faculty , and involvement in the business community . UC also maintains the University of California Sacramento Center ( UCCS ) for undergraduate and graduate studies . Similar to the UC 's Washington , D.C. , program , `` Scholar Interns '' engage in both academic studies and as well as internships , often with the state government . The UC Davis School of Medicine is located at the UC Davis Medical Center between the neighborhoods of Elmhurst , Tahoe Park , and Oak Park . The Los Rios Community College District consists of several two - year colleges in the Sacramento area -- American River College , Cosumnes River College , Sacramento City College , Folsom Lake College , plus a large number of outreach centers for those colleges . Sierra College is on the outskirts of Sacramento in Rocklin . Private , not for profit ( edit ) University of the Pacific has its Sacramento Campus in the Oak Park neighborhood of Sacramento . The campus houses McGeorge School of Law , a top 100 law school according to U.S. News & World Report 's annual rankings of U.S. law schools ( 2006 , 2007 & 2008 ) . In 2015 , the campus was expanded to become a comprehensive graduate and professional campus , including programs in analytics , business , education , health sciences , and public policy . The National University Sacramento regional campus offers bachelor 's and master 's degrees in business , education , health - care and teaching credential programs . The University of San Francisco has one of its four regional campuses in Sacramento . At the undergraduate level they offer degrees in Applied Economics , Information Systems , Organizational Behavior and Leadership , and Public Administration . At the graduate level , Master 's programs are offered in : Information Security and Assurance , Information Systems , Organization Development , Project Management , Public Administration , Nonprofit Administration , and Counseling . The private University of Southern California has an extension in downtown Sacramento , called the State Capital Center . The campus , taught by main campus professors , Sacramento - based professors , and practitioners in the State Capitol and state agencies , offers Master of Public Administration , Masters of Public Policy , and Master of Public Health degrees . Epic Bible College and the Professional School of Psychology are also based in Sacramento . Western Seminary has one of its four campuses in Sacramento , which opened on the campus of Arcade Church in 1991 . Western is an evangelical , Christian graduate school that provides theological training for students who hope to serve in a variety of ministry roles including pastors , marriage and family therapists , educators , missionaries and lay leadership . The Sacramento campus offers four master 's degrees , and a variety of other graduate - level programs . Private , for profit ( edit ) Sacramento has a number of private vocational schools as well . A satellite campus of Alliant International University offers graduate and undergraduate programs of study . The Art Institute of California -- Sacramento was established in 2007 , and is a branch of The Art Institute of California -- Los Angeles . The school is focused on educating students in the field of commercial arts . The school offers both a Bachelor of Science and an Associate of Science degree , as well as diplomas in some areas of study . Some majors the school offers are Digital Film - making & Video Production , Culinary Management , Graphic Design , and Game Art & Design . On J Street , there is the Lincoln Law School of Sacramento , a private , evening - only law school program with a strong legal presence in the region . The Universal Technical Institute ( UTI ) is in Sacramento ; it offers automotive programs in auto mechanical , auto body , and diesel . K -- 12 schools ( edit ) The Sacramento Public Library system has 28 branches located in the greater area . The Sacramento area is served by various public school districts , including the Sacramento City Unified School District , Natomas Unified School District , San Juan Unified School District , Twin Rivers Unified School District , and Elk Grove Unified School District . As of 2009 , the area 's schools employed 9,600 elementary school teachers ( not including special education teachers ) , and 7,410 middle school teachers ( not including special education or vocational teachers ) . Public schools ( edit ) Almost all areas south of the American River are served by the Sacramento City Unified School District . The only exceptions are the Valley Hi / North Laguna and Florin areas that are served by the Elk Grove Unified School District . Areas north of the American River are served by the remaining school districts . This area was not originally part of the City of Sacramento and as such is not served by Sacramento City Unified School District . North Sacramento outside of Natomas and Robla ( for K - 8 ) is served by the Twin Rivers Unified School District . The Robla area is served by the Robla School District for K - 8 and by Twin Rivers for 9 -- 12 . The Natomas region is served by the Natomas Unified School District . The Campus Commons area and the small portions of the Sierra Oaks neighborhood that fall into the city of Sacramento are served by the San Juan Unified School District . Private schools ( edit ) Independent schools ( edit ) While Roman Catholic institutions still dominate the independent school scene in the Sacramento area , in 1964 , Sacramento Country Day School opened and offered Sacramento citizens an independent school that is affiliated with the California Association of Independent Schools . SCDS has grown to its present - day status as a learning community for students from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade . Additionally , the suburb of Fair Oaks hosts the expansive riverside campus of the Sacramento Waldorf School , a Steiner school adjacent to the Rudolf Steiner College , and the largest Waldorf school in North America . Sacramento Waldorf School educates students from pre-K through 12th grade on a secluded , pastoral site that incorporates a large , functioning biodynamic farm . Other religious schools ( edit ) Shalom School is the only Jewish day school in Sacramento ; however , Brookefield School on property owned by Congregation B'nai Israel provides extracurricular Jewish education . Capital Christian School is a pre-school -- 12th grade private , Christian school . There is a small Bible college on campus offering associate degrees in Bible studies or theology . Sacramento Adventist Academy is another Christian school in Greater Sacramento . This is a pre-school -- 12 institution , as well . There is one Islamic school in Sacramento , Masjid Annur , founded in 1988 . Media ( edit ) Magazines ( edit ) Comstock 's Magazine Government Technology Magazine Sacramento Magazine Sactown Magazine Newspapers ( edit ) Top two newspapers The Sacramento Bee , the primary newspaper , was founded in 1857 by James McClatchy . The Sacramento Bee is the flagship paper of The McClatchy Company , the second - largest newspaper publisher in the United States . The Sacramento Bee has won five Pulitzer Prizes in its history and numerous other awards , including many for its progressive public service campaigns promoting free speech ( the Bee often criticized government policy , and uncovered many scandals hurting Californians ) , anti-racism ( the Bee supported the Union during the American Civil War and later publicly denounced the Ku Klux Klan ) , worker 's rights ( the Bee has a strong history of supporting unionization ) , and environmental protection ( leading numerous tree - planting campaigns and fighting against environmental destruction in the Sierra Nevada ) . The Sacramento Union , the Sacramento Bee 's rival , started publishing six years earlier in 1851 ; it closed its doors in 1994 , with a revival attempt lasting from 2005 to 2009 . Writer and journalist Mark Twain wrote for the Union in 1866 . Other newspapers Sacramento Business Journal Sacramento News & Review The Sacramento Observer Radio ( edit ) Further information : List of radio stations in Sacramento Television stations ( edit ) Channel Call Sign Network Subchannels KCRA - TV NBC MeTV on 3.2 6 KVIE PBS PBS Encore on 6.2 , World on 6.3 , PBS Kids on 6.4 8 KBTV - CD Independent Ethnic Infomercials on 8.2 , SBN on 8.3 , Independent on 8.4 , Retro Television Network on 8.5 , HOT TV on 8.6 , Rev'n on 8.7 10 KXTV ABC Justice Network on 10.2 , Heroes & Icons on 10.3 13 KOVR CBS Decades on 13.2 19 KUVS - DT Univision Bounce TV on 19.3 , Escape on 19.4 27 K20JX - D 3ABN 29 KSPX - TV Ion Qubo on 29.2 , Ion Life on 29.3 , Ion Shop on 29.4 , QVC on 29.5 , HSN on 29.6 31 KMAX - TV CW 32 KSTV - LP Azteca 33 KCSO - LD Telemundo 40 KTXL Fox Antenna TV on 40.2 , This TV on 40.3 58 KQCA MyNetworkTV Movies ! on 58.2 64 KTFK Telefutura Transportation ( edit ) Roads and highways ( edit ) The Sacramento region is served by several highways and freeways . Interstate 80 ( I - 80 ) is the major east - west route , connecting Sacramento with San Francisco in the west , and Reno in the east . Business 80 ( the Capital City Freeway ) splits from I - 80 in West Sacramento , runs through Sacramento , and then rejoins its parent in the northwest portion of the city . U.S. Highway 50 also begins its eastern journey in West Sacramento , co-signed with Business 80 , but then splits off and heads toward South Lake Tahoe as the El Dorado Freeway . A sign at the eastern terminus of US 50 in Ocean City , Maryland gives the distance to Sacramento as 3,073 miles ( 4,946 km ) . Interstate 5 ( I - 5 ) runs though Sacramento , heads north up to Redding , and then heads south near the western edge of the California Central Valley towards Los Angeles . California State Highway 99 runs through Sacramento , heading closer to the eastern edge of the Central Valley , connecting to Marysville and Yuba City in the north , and Fresno and Bakersfield in the south . California State Highway 160 approaches the city after running along the Sacramento River from Contra Costa County in the south , and then becomes a major city street in Downtown Sacramento before turning into the North Sacramento Freeway , going over the American River to Business 80 . Some Sacramento neighborhoods , such as Downtown Sacramento and Midtown Sacramento are very bicycle friendly as are many other communities in the region . As a result of litigation , Sacramento has undertaken to make all city facilities and sidewalks wheelchair accessible . In an effort to preserve its urban neighborhoods , Sacramento has constructed traffic - calming measures in many areas . Rail service ( edit ) Amtrak ( edit ) Amtrak 's Sacramento Valley Rail Station serves as the city 's main rail gateway Amtrak provides passenger rail service to the city of Sacramento . The Sacramento Valley Rail Station is on the corner of 5th and I streets near the historic Old Town Sacramento and underwent extensive renovations in 2007 . The station serves as a Sacramento Regional Transit District Light Rail terminus . Amtrak California operates the Capitol Corridor , a multiple - frequency service providing service from the capital city to its northeastern suburbs and the San Francisco Bay Area . Sacramento is the northern terminus of the Amtrak California San Joaquins route which provide direct multiple - frequency passenger rail service to California 's Central Valley as far as Bakersfield ; Thruway Motorcoach connections are available from the trains at Bakersfield to Southern California and Southern Nevada . An additional service under this banner is expected to be routed through Midtown in 2020 . Sacramento is a stop along Amtrak 's Coast Starlight route which provides scenic service to Seattle via Klamath Falls and Portland to the north and to Los Angeles via San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara to the south . Amtrak 's California Zephyr serves Sacramento daily and provides service to the east serving Reno , Salt Lake , Denver , Omaha , Chicago and intermediate cities . The Sacramento Valley Rail Station provides numerous Thruway Motorcoach routes . One route serves the cities of Marysville , Oroville , Chico , Corning , Red Bluff and Redding with additional service to Yreka and even Medford , Oregon . A second serves the cities of Roseville , Rocklin , Auburn , Colfax , Truckee , Reno and Sparks . The third and final thruway motorcoach route serves Placerville , Lake Tahoe , Stateline Casinos , and Carson City , Nevada . Each of these routes provides multiple frequencies each day . Sacramento has the second busiest Amtrak station in California and the seventh busiest in the country . Altamont Corridor Express ( edit ) Altamont Corridor Express commuter rail service is expected to be routed through Sacramento in 2020 . This service will utilize the Union Pacific 's Sacramento Subdivison , the route of the original California Zephyr , where additional passenger capacity is available . California high - Speed rail ( edit ) Sacramento is expected to serve as the northern terminus of the California High - Speed Rail system . Walkability ( edit ) A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Sacramento 24th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities . Airport ( edit ) Sacramento International Airport Sacramento International Airport ( IATA : SMF , ICAO : KSMF , FAA LID : SMF ) is a public airport 10 miles ( 16 kilometers ) northwest of downtown Sacramento , in Sacramento County , California . It is run by Sacramento County . Southwest Airlines currently accounts for half the airline passengers . Other airlines include Delta , United , American Airlines and Alaska . Sacramento International Airport handles flights to and from various US destinations ( including Hawaii ) as well as Mexico , Canada and connecting flights to Europe , Asia , and South America , and served more than 10 million passengers in 2016 . The airport is best known for its red rabbit installation by Lawrence Argent entitled `` Leap '' . Other transportation options ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Regional Transit ( RT ) light rail train pulls onto K Street The city and its suburbs are served by Sacramento Regional Transit District , which ranks as the eleventh busiest in the United States . Sac RT is a bus and light - rail system , with 274 buses and 76 light - rail vehicles providing service for 58,200 daily passengers . The three Light - rail lines ( Blue , Gold , & Green ) is a 42.9 mi ( 69.0 km ) system with 54 stations . The Gold Line was extended east as far as the city of Folsom , and more recently the Blue Line was extended south from Meadowview Rd to Cosumnes River College . Sacramento 's light rail system goes to the Sacramento Valley Rail Station , Cosumnes River College ( Sacramento RT ) in south Sacramento , and north to Watt / I - 80 where I - 80 and Business 80 meet . The Light - rail Blue & Gold Lines have 15 minute weekday headways and 30 minute weekday evening and weekend / holiday headways ; the Green Line has 30 minute weekday headways and no weekend service . There are expansion plans to extend the Green Line to Sacramento International Airport and the Blue Line to the City of Roseville , California through the City of Citrus Heights , California . Yolobus provides bus service to West Sacramento and Yolo County . Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service to Portland , Reno , Los Angeles , and San Francisco from its new station along Richards Boulevard . Intercity bus service to San Francisco and Sparks , Nevada is offered by Megabus . Bicycling is an increasingly popular transportation mode in Sacramento , which enjoys a mild climate and flat terrain . Bicycling is especially common in the older neighborhoods of Sacramento 's center , such as Alkali Flat , Midtown , McKinley Park , Land Park , and East Sacramento . Many employees who work downtown commute by bicycle from suburban communities on a dedicated bicycle path on the American River Parkway . Sacramento was designated as a Silver Level Bicycle Friendly Community by the League of American Bicyclists in September 2006 . The advocacy organization Sacramento Area Bicycle Advocates co-sponsors the Sacramento Area Council of Governments ' May is Bike Month campaign . There is commuter bus service from Yolo County on Yolobus , from Solano County on FAST , on two bus lines from Yuba County 's Yuba Sutter Transit , from Amador Transit 's Sacramento Line , on Placer County Transit 's Auburn to Light Rail Line , and from San Joaquin County on several SMART bus lines . Cemeteries ( edit ) East Lawn Memorial Park & Crematory Odd Fellows Lawn Cemetery and Mausoleum Sacramento Historic City Cemetery Saint Mary 's Catholic Cemetery and Mausoleum Notable residents ( edit ) See also : List of people from Sacramento Sister cities ( edit ) As of 2015 , the City of Sacramento has 12 sister cities . They are : Country City Date of Partnership Israel Ashkelon August 15 , 2012 Palestine Bethlehem December 15 , 2009 Moldova Chişinău December 12 , 1989 New Zealand Hamilton December 6 , 1988 China Jinan , Shandong October 16 , 1984 Switzerland Liestal March 21 , 1989 Philippines Manila June 8 , 1961 Japan Matsuyama , Ehime March 17 , 1981 Mexico Mexicali Philippines Pasay City February 28 , 2006 Nicaragua San Juan de Oriente February 28 , 2006 South Korea Yongsan - gu , Seoul July 22 , 1997 Spain Valencia July 12 , 1990 See also ( edit ) Sacramento , California portal List of cities and towns in California List of largest California cities by population List of mayors of Sacramento , California List of people from Sacramento , California Sacramento Metropolitan Fire District University Arboretum at California State University , Sacramento Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official records for Sacramento were kept exclusively at the airport since 10 November 1941 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City Hall '' . City of Sacramento . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Hall '' . City of Sacramento . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor & Council '' . City of Sacramento . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Fact Finder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Fact Finder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Fact Finder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caraccio , David . `` Sacramento is fastest growing big city in California '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ State of California , Department of Finance , E-1 Population Estimates for Cities , Counties and the State with Annual Percent Change -- January 1 , 2016 and 2017 . Sacramento , California , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Top 50 U.S. Cities by Population and Rank '' . Infoplease . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stodghill , Ron ( August 25 , 2002 ) . `` Welcome to America 's Most Diverse City '' . Time . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Louise Johnson , Hillary . `` Treepedia study confirms Sacramento as City of Trees '' . Sactown Magazine . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treepedia : : MIT Senseable City Lab '' . Treepedia . Senseable City Laboratory , Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Water Tower No Longer Reads ' Welcome to Sacramento , City of Trees ' '' . FOX40. 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Milne , Steve ; Serrieh , Joanne . `` Report : Sacramento Fourth Most Hipster U.S. City '' . Capital Public Radio . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` STUDY : Seattle Tops Portland As Most ' Hipster ' City in U.S. Infogroup '' . Infogroup . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Facts - America 's Farm - to - Fork Capital '' . America 's Farm - to - Fork Capital - Sacramento . Sacramento Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament -- Sacramento , California '' . Cathedralsacramento.org . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Sacramento , California -- Walking on History '' . Legends of America . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Sutter : A Life on the North American Frontier By Albert L. Hurtado . University of Oklahoma Press , 2006 . p. 236 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` About the City of Sacramento '' . City of Sacramento . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento 's Chinatown -- News -- Local Stories -- June 28 , 2007 '' . Sacramento News & Review . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friends Of the Yee Fow Museum '' . Yee Fow Museum . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An Evidentiary Timeline on the History of Sacramento 's Chinatown '' . Yee Fow Museum . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Status quo for city governance ? '' . Sacramento Bee . September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Editorial Board ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Endorsements : Michael Picker is best pick for SMUD Ward 5 '' . Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UARP Relicensing Public Participation Community Oriented Utility '' . SMUD . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Don Stanle ( July 30 , 1989 ) . `` 1920s A Wet Prohibition , A City Of North Sac , The First Woman Mayor '' . Sacramento Bee . p. 27 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sacramento ( detention facility ) '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Avella , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Sacramento : Indomitable City . Arcadia Publishing . p. 124 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2444 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Background '' . Vcarious.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Vacation Information Hotels , Restaurants , Events , and Things to Do '' . Visit Sacramento . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Area 1 '' ( PDF ) . City of Sacramento . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Area 2 Archived September 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Area 3 Archived September 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Area 4 Archived September 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` City of Sacramento : Neighborhoods '' ( PDF ) . City of Sacramento . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Community info : neighborhoods , schools , homes for rent , property management '' . Horizon Properties . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Forecasters Say Snow Possible In Sacramento '' . capradio.org . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snow in Sacramento '' . December 19 , 2009 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Blast Could Bring Dusting Of Snow To Sacramento Valley and Several Feet To Sierra '' CBS Sacramento Jump up ^ `` SACRAMENTO 5 ESE , CALIFORNIA '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How the West May Flood : Winter 's Long , Long Reach '' . Time . June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Liz . `` Sunniest Places and Countries in the World '' . Current Results . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ThreadEx ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for SACRAMENTO / EXECUTIVE ARPT CA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SACRAMENTO 5 ESE , CALIFORNIA '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Geography of U.S. Diversity ( PDF ) . United States Census . Retrieved on June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Diverse Cities Are Often The Most Segregated '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sacramento ( city ) , California '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` California -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA -- Sacramento city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Factfinder '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 12.9 % in Seattle are gay or bisexual , second only to S.F. , study says '' . The Seattle Times . November 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City of Sacramento Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , Fiscal Year Ended June 30 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . City of Sacramento . p. 194 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sacramento Archives and Museum Collection Center and the Historic Old Sacramento Foundation . Old Sacramento and Downtown . Arcadia , 2006 , 20 . Jump up ^ Sacramento Archives and Museum Collection Center and the Historic Old Sacramento Foundation . Old Sacramento and Downtown . Arcadia , 2006 , 23 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Adam ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Colin Hanks '' . Playmaker . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . `` I was born and raised in Sacramento , California , which most people do n't know is where Tower started and was based until the end . '' -- ¶ 4 . Jump up ^ `` Deathwish Inc '' . Deathwish Inc . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trash Talk 's anthology ' Shame ' is released this week , Band Of The Week is in the bag ! '' . Rock Sound . May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Trash Talk Eyes & Nines Review '' . BBC . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SJFF Home '' . Sacramento Japanese Film Festival . July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pham , Jason ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Grown - up slumber party , Trash Film Orgy overtake downtown art center '' . Sactown Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Carla ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Horror film fest to debut in Sac '' . The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Macias , Chris ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sacramento 's farm - to - fork moniker to be official -- Food & Wine '' . The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Macias , Chris . `` Appetizers : The Kitchen , former Sacramento chef receive James Beard nominations '' . The Sacramento Bee blogs . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AAA Five Diamond Award - Lucky # 7 ! '' . The Kitchen Restaurant . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premier Italian Restaurant Sacramento Italian Restaurant Home of Biba Caggiano '' . Biba Restaurant . October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brewery Directory - Beers in Sacramento '' . Beers in Sacramento . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elk Grove Brewfest '' . Beers in Sac . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Placerville Brewfest '' . Beers in Sac . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yolo Brewfest '' . Beers in Sac . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CA Craft Beer Summit '' . 2017 California Craft Beer Summit and Brewers Showcase . California Craft Brewers Association . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Emily . `` Five Underrated Coffee Cities '' . Sprudge . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Elyssa. `` 11 of the world 's best cities for coffee lovers '' . Matador Network . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maloofs sell Kings to Hansen - led Seattle group '' . NBA . January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle group has filed for relocation '' . ESPN . AP . February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Republic FC loses home opener before sellout crowd at Hughes Stadium '' Archived April 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Sacramento Bee , April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Republic FC opener sells out , sets league record '' Archived May 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Sacramento Bee , April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Warner , Anmargaret . ( June 6 , 2013 ) . ( www.businessinsider.com/us-cities-with-the-best-parks-2013-6 ? op = 1 `` New York Parks Rank No. 2 in a Survey of 50 U.S. cities '' ) . Business Insider . Accessed July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lindelof , Bill . `` Capitol rated highly for its parks '' Archived June 30 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... June 6 , 2013 . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved on July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ California Government Code § 23004 Jump up ^ `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Interest -- City '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 6th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome -- University of California Center Sacramento '' . University of California . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` University of the Pacific to launch five new graduate programs in Sacramento '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` USC Price School in Sacramento -- USC Price School of Public Policy '' . University of Southern California . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Western Seminary Sacramento Campus '' . Western Seminary . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento , Arden , Arcade , Roseville CA -- Elementary School Teachers ( Excluding Special Education ) -- Career , Salary & Employment Info '' . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento , Arden , Arcade , Roseville CA -- Middle School Teachers ( Excluding Special & Vocational Education ) -- Career , Salary & Employment Info '' . Jump up ^ `` Capital Christian Center Truth -- Growth -- Love '' . Ccconline . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived February 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Holland , John ( 27 April 2018 ) . `` Expanded train service coming to Modesto , Merced ; what it means for commuters '' . Modesto Bee . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amtrak Fact Sheet , Fiscal Year 2017 - State of California '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bizjak , Tony ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Catch an Amtrak toward L.A. from midtown Sacramento ? Train officials propose new service . '' Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento airport 's big red rabbit means business -- really '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Low - cost Megabus.com gets service rolling Wednesday '' . bizjournals.com . December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commuter and Midday Express Services '' . Yuba Sutter Transit . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amador Transit Route 1 : Sacramento '' . Amador Transit . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Placer County Transit ( PCT ) '' . City of Placer . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` East Lawn Memorial Park & Crematory '' . East Lawn. 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Odd Fellows Lawn Cemetery and Mausoleum '' . Oddfellows-cmtry-sac.com . Jump up ^ `` Old City Cemetery Committee , Inc. , Sacramento , California '' . Old City Cemetery Committee , Inc. 2005 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St. Mary Cemetery & Funeral Center FD2263 - CFCS Sacramento '' . CFCS Sacramento . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento , California '' . Sister Cities International . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oraşe înfrăţite ( Twin cities of Minsk ) ( via WaybackMachine.com ) '' ( in Romanian ) . Primăria Municipiului Chişinău . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did sacramento become the state capital of california	[ "The California State Legislature, with the support of Governor John Bigler, moved to Sacramento in 1854. The capital of California under Spanish (and, subsequently, Mexican) rule had been Monterey, where in 1849 the first Constitutional Convention and state elections were held. The convention decided that San Jose would be the new state's capital. After 1850, when California's statehood was ratified, the legislature met in San Jose until 1851, Vallejo in 1852, and Benicia in 1853, before moving to Sacramento. In the 1879 Constitutional Convention, Sacramento was named to be the permanent state capital.\n" ]	[ "1879" ]
-8632005673181055098	Game of Thrones (season 7)	Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Accolades 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Home media 5.4 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of harming dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers to Tyene the same poison used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Eddard Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) The seventh season contains original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some of the show 's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . In a June 2016 interview with Variety , co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran for 69 minutes . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 95 % approval rating from 42 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10 , and a 92 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 American Film Institute Awards 2017 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2017 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Robert McLachlan ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Gregory Middleton ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated IGN Awards Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television David Benioff , D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading Joe Finley ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter ( for `` Stormborn '' ) Nominated Jesse Parker ( for `` The Queen 's Justice '' ) Nominated Crispin Green ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley C. Katona , Paul Bercovitch ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated 2018 22nd Satellite Awards Best Genre Series Game of Thrones Won 23rd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 60th Annual Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Ramin Djawadi Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2018 Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Cajun Hylton , Georgy Arevshatov ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards 2017 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` Dragonstone '' , `` The Queen 's Justice '' , and `` Eastwatch '' ) Won Cinema Audio Society Awards 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Brett Voss ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Costume Designers Guild Awards 2017 Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Won 70th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Matt Shakman ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Alan Taylor ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Nicola Matthews Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Nominated Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Won Producers Guild of America Awards 2017 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama '' David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Chris Baird , David Ramos , Sam Conway ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real - Time Project Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Nicholas Wilson ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Zombie Polar Bear '' ) Nominated Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Philipp Winterstein , Andreas Krieg ( for `` Eastwatch '' -- `` Drogon Meets Jon '' ) Nominated Murray Stevenson , Jason Snyman , Jenn Taylor , Florian Friedmann ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Drogon Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Daniel Villalba , Antonio Lado , José Luis Barreiro , Isaac de la Pompa ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Won Patrice Poissant , Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , Gabriel Morin ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Manuel Ramírez , Óscar Márquez , Pablo Hernández , David Gacituaga ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , Sylvain Nouveau , Nathan Arbuckle ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' -- `` Wall Destruction '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Óscar Perea , Santiago Martos , David Esteve , Michael Crane ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Montminy Brodeur , Xavier Fourmond , Reuben Barkataki , Sébastien Raets ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Dom Hellier , Thijs Noij , Edwin Holdsworth , Giacomo Matteucci ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Golden Reel Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Effects / Foley Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Bradley Katona , Brett Voss and Jeffrey Wilhoit ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel , Paul Bercovitch and Tim Hands ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Music / Musical David Klotz ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 15th Irish Film & Television Awards Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Won Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Won Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank and Matthew Waters Nominated Best VFX Ed Bruce & Nicholas Murphy Nominated 5th Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period Television Series Robert Boake , Matt Jones , Pedro Tate Araez Pending Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . In some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participated in this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Home media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times , making Game of Thrones the most - pirated television series in 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . 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Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . 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Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2017 '' . American Film Institute . 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 '' . IGN. 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Black - ish ' Top Humanitas Prize Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NOMINEES '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Rebecca ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` National Television Awards 2018 winners '' . Metro . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Netflix , FX 's FEUD Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Grammys : Full list of winners at the 60th Grammy Awards ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television - Eddie Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' I , Tonya ' Top American Cinema Editors ' Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ; Petski , Denise ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` ADG Awards : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Blade Runner 2049 ' , ' Logan ' & ' Coco ' Take Film Trophies -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Cinema Audio Society Awards : Sound Mixers Hear ' Dunkirk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I , Tonya , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Win at 2018 Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Reel Awards : Oscar Nominees ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Sound Editor Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ifta Awards 2018 : the full list of nominations '' . The Irish Times . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFTAs : Full list of winners as Gabriel Byrne is honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award '' . Irish Independent . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Three Billboards ' , ' Dunkirk ' , ' Game of Thrones ' Among Nominees For Location Managers Guild Awards '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2017 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 7 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=827646179 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes in the 7th season of game of thrones	[ "The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss." ]	[ "seven" ]
4394777134837379241	Decolonisation of Africa	Decolonisation of Africa - wikipedia Decolonisation of Africa Jump to : navigation , search Dates of independence of African countries The Decolonisation of Africa followed World War II , when colonised people agitated for independence and colonial powers withdrew their administrators from Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Causes 3 Timeline 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Areas of Africa controlled by European colonial powers in 1913 , shown along with current national boundaries . Belgian Italian British Portuguese French Spanish German Independent During the Scramble for Africa in the late nineteenth century , Western European powers divided Africa and its resources into colonies at the Berlin Conference of 1884 - 85 . By 1905 , control of almost all African soil was claimed by Western European governments , with the only exceptions being Liberia ( which had been settled by African - American former slaves ) and Ethiopia ( which had successfully resisted colonisation by Italy ) . Britain and France had the largest holdings , but Germany , Spain , Italy , Belgium , and Portugal also had colonies . As a result of colonialism and imperialism , a majority of Africa lost sovereignty and control of natural resources such as gold and rubber . The introduction of imperial polices surfacing around local economies led to the failing of local economies due to an exploitation of resources and cheap labor . Causes ( edit ) On February 12 , 1941 , United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met to discuss the postwar world . The result was the Atlantic Charter . It was not a treaty and was not submitted to the British Parliament or the Senate of the United States for ratification , but it turned to be a widely acclaimed document . One of the provisions , introduced by Roosevelt , was the autonomy of imperial colonies . After World War II , the US and the African colonies put pressure on Britain to abide by the terms of the Atlantic Charter . After the war , some British considered African colonies to be childish and immature ; British colonisers introduced democratic government at local levels in the colonies . By the 1930s , the colonial powers had cultivated , sometimes inadvertently , a small elite of leaders educated in Western universities and familiar with ideas such as self - determination . In some cases where the road to independence was fought , settled arrangements with the colonial powers were also being placed . These leaders came to lead the struggles for independence , and included leading nationalists such as Jomo Kenyatta ( Kenya ) , Kwame Nkrumah ( Gold Coast , now Ghana ) , Julius Nyerere ( Tanganyika , now Tanzania ) , Léopold Sédar Senghor ( Senegal ) , Nnamdi Azikiwe ( Nigeria ) , and Félix Houphouët - Boigny ( Côte d'Ivoire ) . One of the leaders Nkrumah strived towards independence and pan Africanism . Under British colonization and influence from indigenous elites , Nkrumah endured innumerable challenges towards full liberation . In 1947 the elites established United Gold Coast Convention ( UGCC ) with the influence of British government . Through the UGCC , Nkrumah revealed his opposition towards the British by setting up newspapers , schools , and youth organizations in order to gain support from the community . After verbal and political attack from the UGCC , Nkrumah created his own movement known as the Convention Peoples Party ( CPP ) . Through his nonviolent movement and his legislative victory in 1951 , the British soon realized that Nkrumah will continue to fight towards full decolonization . Through the issues of neocolonialism , the United States suggest for Ghana and other independent states to align with them economically and politically in order to suppress colonialism . Although Nkrumah efforts towards black unity , economic and political success was his goal , different views from fellow elites , a large amount of debt , and armed forces against decolonization became evident issues constructed from the European nations . In 1972 , Nkrumah died of cancer and his plot towards Ghana 's full independence withered away as well during his passing . Timeline ( edit ) This table is the arranged by the earliest date of independence in this graph ; 58 countries have seceded . Country Colonial name Colonial power Independence date First head of government Independence won through Liberia Commonwealth of Liberia American Colonization Society 26 July 1847 Joseph Jenkins Roberts Liberian independence referendum , 1846 Union of South Africa Cape Colony Colony of Natal Orange River Colony Transvaal Colony United Kingdom 31 May 1910 Louis Botha South Africa Act 1909 Kingdom of Egypt Sultanate of Egypt 28 February 1922 Fuad I Egyptian Revolution of 1919 Emirate of Cyrenaica British Military Administration 1 March 1949 Idris I Western Desert Campaign United Kingdom of Libya British Military Administration Military Territory of Fezzan - Ghadames Emirate of Cyrenaica United Kingdom French Fourth Republic Emirate of Cyrenaica 24 December 1951 Republic of Sudan Anglo - Egyptian Sudan United Kingdom Republic of Egypt 1 January 1956 Ismail al - Azhari Egyptian Revolution of 1952 Kingdom of Tunisia French Protectorate of Tunisia French Fourth Republic 20 March 1956 Muhammad VIII al - Amin Habib Bourguiba - Morocco French Protectorate in Morocco Tangier International Zone Spanish Protectorate in Morocco Spanish West Africa Ifni French Fourth Republic Francoist Spain 2 March 1956 7 April 1956 10 April 1958 4 January 1969 Mohammed V Ifni War Ghana Gold Coast United Kingdom 6 March 1957 Kwame Nkrumah - Guinea French West Africa French Fourth Republic 2 October 1958 Sékou Touré Guinean constitutional referendum , 1958 Cameroon French Cameroons British Cameroons France United Kingdom 1 January 1960 1 June 1961 1 October 1961 Ahmadou Ahidjo - Togo French Togoland France 27 April 1960 Sylvanus Olympio - Mali French West Africa 20 June 1960 Modibo Keita - Senegal Léopold Senghor - Malagasy Republic French Madagascar 26 June 1960 Philibert Tsiranana Republic of the Congo Belgian Congo Belgium 30 June 1960 Patrice Lumumba Belgo - Congolese Round Table Conference Somali Republic British Somaliland Trust Territory of Somaliland United Kingdom Italy 26 June 1960 1 July 1960 Aden Abdullah Osman Daar - Republic of Dahomey French West Africa France 1 August 1960 Hubert Maga - Niger 3 August 1960 Hamani Diori - Upper Volta 5 August 1960 Maurice Yaméogo - Ivory Coast 7 August 1960 Félix Houphouët - Boigny - Chad French Equatorial Africa 11 August 1960 François Tombalbaye - Central African Republic 13 August 1960 David Dacko - Republic of the Congo 15 August 1960 Fulbert Youlou - Gabon 17 August 1960 Léon M'ba - Nigeria Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria British Cameroons United Kingdom 1 October 1960 1 June 1961 1 October 1961 Nnamdi Azikiwe - Mauritania French Equatorial Africa France 28 November 1960 Moktar Ould Daddah - Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Protectorate United Kingdom 27 April 1961 Milton Margai - Tanganyika Tanganyika Territory 9 December 1961 Julius Nyerere - Kingdom of Burundi Ruanda - Urundi Belgium 1 July 1962 Mwambutsa IV of Burundi - Republic of Rwanda Grégoire Kayibanda Rwandan Revolution Algeria French Algeria France 3 July 1962 Ahmed Ben Bella Algerian War Uganda Protectorate of Uganda United Kingdom 9 October 1962 Milton Obote - Kenya Colony and Protectorate of Kenya 12 December 1963 Jomo Kenyatta Mau Mau Uprising Sultanate of Zanzibar Sultanate of Zanzibar 10 December 1963 Jamshid bin Abdullah - Malawi Nyasaland 6 July 1964 Hastings Kamuzu Banda - Zambia Northern Rhodesia 24 October 1964 Kenneth Kaunda - The Gambia Gambia Colony and Protectorate 18 February 1965 Dawda Kairaba Jawara - Rhodesia Zimbabwe Southern Rhodesia 11 November 1965 17 April 1980 Ian Smith Robert Mugabe Rhodesia 's Unilateral Declaration of Independence Lancaster House Agreement Botswana Bechuanaland Protectorate 30 September 1966 Seretse Khama - Kingdom of Lesotho Territory of Basutoland 4 October 1966 Leabua Jonathan - Mauritius Mauritius 12 March 1968 Veerasamy Ringadoo - Swaziland Swaziland 6 September 1968 Sobhuza II - Republic of Equatorial Guinea Spanish Territories of the Gulf of Guinea Francoist Spain 12 October 1968 Francisco Macías Nguema - Guinea - Bissau Overseas Province of Guinea Portugal 24 September 1973 Luís Cabral Guinea - Bissau War of Independence People 's Republic of Mozambique State of Mozambique 25 June 1975 Samora Machel Mozambican War of Independence Republic of Cape Verde Overseas Province of Cape Verde 5 July 1975 Aristides Pereira Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Union of the Comoros French Comoros France 6 July 1975 Ahmed Abdallah Comorian independence referendum , 1974 São Tomé and Príncipe Overseas Province of São Tomé and Príncipe Portugal 12 July 1975 Manuel Pinto da Costa - People 's Republic of Angola State of Angola 11 November 1975 Agostinho Neto Angolan War of Independence Republic of Seychelles Seychelles United Kingdom 29 June 1976 James Richard Marie Mancham - Republic of Djibouti French Territory of the Afars and the Issas French Fifth Republic 27 June 1977 Hassan Gouled Aptidon Afars and Issas independence referendum , 1977 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Spanish Sahara Southern Provinces Francoist Spain Morocco 27 February 1976 independence not yet effectuated El - Ouali Mustapha Sayed Mohamed Abdelaziz Western Sahara War Western Sahara conflict See also ( edit ) Africa portal Colonialism Decolonization Indépendance Cha Cha , a 1960 Congolese song widely considered as the anthem of African independence Economic history of Africa Scramble for Africa Wars of national liberation States and Power in Africa Year of Africa Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Birmingham , David ( 1995 ) . The Decolonization of Africa . Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 540 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Conference of 1884 - 1885 '' . http://www.oxfordreference.com . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Berlin Conference '' . http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Evans , Alistair . `` Countries in Africa Considered Never Colonized '' . http://africanhistory.about.com . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Michael ( 2017 ) . The World Transformed 1945 to the Present . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 264 . ISBN 9780199371020 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlantic Conference & Charter , 1941 '' . https://history.state.gov . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14 , 1941 following a meeting of the two heads of state in Newfoundland . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Karski , Jan ( 2014 ) . The Great Powers and Poland : From Versailles to Yalta . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 330 . ISBN 9781442226654 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( 2014 ) . The World Transformed 1945 to the Present . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Michael ( 2014 ) . The World Transformed 1945 to the Present . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 267 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Explanatory notes are added in cases where decolonization was achieved jointly by multiple countries or where the current country is formed by the merger of previously decolonized countries . Jump up ^ Some territories changed hands multiple times , so in the list is mentioned the last colonial power . In addition , the mandatory or trustee powers are mentioned for territories that were League of Nations mandates and UN Trust Territories . Jump up ^ The dates of decolonization for territories annexed by or integrated into previously decolonized independent countries are given in separate notes . Jump up ^ The Union of South Africa was constituted through the South Africa Act entering into force on 31 May 1910 . On 11 December 1931 it got increased self - governance powers through the Statute of Westminster which was followed by transformation into republic after the 1960 referendum . Afterwards , South Africa was under apartheid regime until elections resulting from the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa on 27 April 1994 when Nelson Mandela became president . Jump up ^ Transcontinental country , partially located in Asia . Jump up ^ King , Joan Wucher ( 1989 ) ( First published 1984 ) . Historical Dictionary of Egypt . Books of Lasting Value . American University in Cairo Press . pp. 259 -- 260 . ISBN 978 - 977 - 424 - 213 - 7 . Jump up ^ On 28 February 1922 the British government issued the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence . Through this declaration , the British government unilaterally ended its protectorate over Egypt and granted it nominal independence with the exception of four `` reserved '' areas : foreign relations , communications , the military and the Anglo - Egyptian Sudan . The Anglo -- Egyptian treaty of 1936 reduced British involvement , but still was not welcomed by Egyptian nationalists , who wanted full independence from Britain , which was not achieved until the 1952 revolution . The last British troops left Egypt after the Suez Crisis of 1956 . Jump up ^ Robert O. Collins , A History of Modern Sudan Jump up ^ Anglo - Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899 , stated that Sudan should be jointly governed by Egypt and Britain , but with real power remaining in British hands . Jump up ^ See Tunisian independence . Jump up ^ Cape Juby was ceded by Spain to Morocco on 2 April 1958 . Ifni was returned from Spain to Morocco on 4 January 1969 . Jump up ^ The British Togoland mandate and trust territory was integrated into Gold Coast colony on 13 December 1956 . Jump up ^ After the French Cameroun mandate and trust territory gained independence it was joined by part of the British Cameroons mandate and trust territory on 1 October 1961 . The other part of British Cameroons joined Nigeria . Jump up ^ Minor armed insurgency from Union of the Peoples of Cameroon . Jump up ^ Senegal and French Sudan gained independence on 20 June 1960 as the Mali Federation , which dissolved a few months later into present day Senegal and Mali . Jump up ^ The Trust Territory of Somalia ( former Italian Somaliland ) united with the State of Somaliland ( former British Somaliland ) on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic ( Somalia ) . Jump up ^ Part of the British Cameroons mandate and trust territory on 1 October 1961 joined Nigeria . The other part of British Cameroons joined the previously decolonized French Cameroun mandate and territory . ^ Jump up to : After both gained independence Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged on 26 April 1964 . Jump up ^ The Sultanate of Zanzibar would later be overthrown within a month of sovereignty by the Zanzibar Revolution . Jump up ^ Due the Rhodesia 's unwillingness to accommodate the British government 's request for black majority rule , the United Kingdom ( along with the rest of the international community ) refused to recognize the white - minority led government . The former self - governing colony would not be recognized as an independent state until the aftermath of the Rhodesian Bush War , under the name Zimbabwe . Jump up ^ Although the fight for Cape Verdean independence were linked to the liberation movement occurring in Guinea - Bissau , the island country itself saw little fighting . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Resolution 34 / 37 and UN General Assembly Resolution 35 / 19 Jump up ^ The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the Western Sahara ( then Spanish Sahara ) , when the territory was passed on to and partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco ( which annexed the entire territory in 1979 ) . The decolonization of Western Sahara is still pending , while a declaration of independence has been proclaimed by the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic , which controls only a small portion east of the Moroccan Wall . The UN still considers Spain the legal administrating country of the whole territory , awaiting the outcome of the ongoing Manhasset negotiations and resulting election to be overseen by the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara . However , the de facto administrator is Morocco ( see United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories ) . References ( edit ) Ali A. Mazrui ed . `` General History of Africa '' vol . VIII , UNESCO , 1993 Chafer , Tony . The end of empire in French West Africa : France 's successful decolonization ( Bloomsbury Publishing , 2002 ) . Clayton , Anthony . The wars of French decolonization ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Cooper , Frederick . Decolonization and African society : The labor question in French and British Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 1996 ) . Michael Crowder . `` The Story of Nigeria '' Faber and Faber , London , 1978 ( 1962 ) Dávila , Jerry . `` Hotel Tropico : Brazil and the challenge of African Decolonization , 1950 -- 1980 . '' Duke University Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0822348559 Gordon , April A. and Donald L. Gordon , Lynne Riener . Understanding Contemporary Africa ( London , 1996 ) . Rothermund , Dietmar . The Routledge companion to decolonization ( Routledge , 2006 ) , comprehensive global coverage ; 365pp * Kevin Shillington `` History of Africa '' St. Martin 's Press , New York , 1995 ( 1989 ) Khapoya , Vincent B . The African Experience ( 1994 ) White , Nicholas . Decolonization : the British experience since 1945 ( Routledge , 2014 ) . External links ( edit ) Africa : 50 years of independence Radio France Internationale in English `` Winds of Change or Hot Air ? Decolonization and the Salt Water Test '' Legal Frontiers International Law Blog Colonization and decolonization Earth Exploration Europe Americas Africa Asia Oceania Antarctica -- World oceans Colonization Americas Africa Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Antarctica World oceans Subterranea Decolonization Americas Africa Asia Oceania General topics Exploration Maritime history ( European ) Age of Discovery Solar System discovery Colonization Antiquity -- Imperialism Chartered companies Interventionism Colonialism chronology history empires wars Current : Non-Self - Governing Dependent Space Station -- Space Militarization Commercial use of space Empires in Modernity Overseas , major : British Dutch French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Overseas , minor : American Australian Austro - Hungarian Belgian Danish New Zealand Norwegian Polish - Lithuanian Swedish Mostly contiguous : American Chinese Japanese Ottoman Russian South African Decolonization Wars of national liberation -- Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe in South America Sovereign states formation dates Postcolonialism Independence Internal colonialism Nation - building Postcolonialism ( international relations ) Terra nullius Indigenous peoples Uncontacted peoples Outer space Exploration Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Ceres Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Colonization Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economic Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region Central East North South West Geography Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society Caste systems Circumcision Etiquette Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - Asian Games Australian - rules football Confederation of African Football Africa Cup of Nations FIBA Africa Rugby Africa Africa Cup Stadiums by capacity Tour d'Afrique Demographics Countries by population density Emigration Ethnic groups HIV / AIDS Urbanization cities metropolitan areas By year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&oldid=804184075 '' Categories : Decolonisation History of Africa European colonisation in Africa Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Oromoo Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 09 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the last african colony become independent	[]	[]
-7911783430137776536	Guess Who?	Guess Who ? - Wikipedia Guess Who ? Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the game . For other uses , see Guess Who . Two people playing Guess Who ? at Spiel 2008 . Guess Who ? is a two - player character guessing game created by Ora and Theo Coster , also known as Theora Design , that was first manufactured by Milton Bradley , in 1979 , now owned by Hasbro . It was first brought to the UK by Jack Barr Sr in 1982 . The classic edition is currently being produced by Winning Moves . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Questions 3 Editions 4 Advertising 5 Reception 6 Criticism of lack of diversity 6.1 People 's names 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Each player starts the game with a board that includes cartoon images of 24 people and their first names with all the images standing up . Each player selects a card of their choice from a separate pile of cards containing the same 24 images . The object of the game is to be the first to determine which card one 's opponent has selected . Players alternate asking various yes or no questions to eliminate candidates , such as `` Does yout person wear glasses ? '' The player will then eliminate candidates by flipping those images down until all but one is left . Well - crafted questions allow players to eliminate one or more possible cards . Questions ( edit ) `` Does your person wear a hat ? '' `` Does your person wear glasses ? '' `` Does your person have a big nose ? '' `` What color hair is your person ? '' `` What race is your person ? '' Editions ( edit ) Special editions which have different faces have been released , including Star Wars , Marvel Comics and Disney . There are smaller , `` travel '' editions which have only 20 different faces . In 2008 and 2010 , extra and mix and match games were released . Hasbro also released a social app version of the game in 2011 . A computer game based on the series was released in 1999 by Hasbro Interactive . A spoof YouTube video was released , which added police procedural elements to the board game . `` Guess Who ? The Utley Rules '' is a fan - made version where `` players can only ask about the assumed characteristics of the characters '' based on their physical appearances . Advertising ( edit ) In the United States , advertisements for the board game often showed the characters on the cards coming to life , and making witty comments to each other . This caused later editions of such ads to carry the spoken disclaimer line `` game cards do not actually talk '' in order to meet Federal Trade Commission advertising guidelines requiring full disclosure of toy features unable to be replicated with the actual product . Reception ( edit ) The Blaze noted that the major perk of playing the game is `` watching your opponent ( watch you ) knock down several of the flipped up tiles with faces on them , putting you well on your way to guessing his or her main character '' . Criticism of lack of diversity ( edit ) An issue that has plagued the more recent history of the board game is the perceived bias toward white characters and male characters in Guess Who . A six year old sent in a letter regarding the mere 5 female characters she was able to pick , and Hasbro responded with a statement that according to TheMarySue was `` hilarious and awful '' . Despite the company 's claim that players should `` draw attention away from using gender or ethnicity as the focal point '' , the child 's mother pointed out that physical differences of humans was the whole point of the game , and that gender was generally the first question asked . The Huffington Post noted that various sources had deemed the remarks `` tone - deaf '' and `` condescending '' . Mamafesto blogger Avital Norman Nathman suggested that the decision to include five women in the game was n't a conscious choice , which she argues is a problem in itself . Newer editions of the game have added more women . The original version of Guess Who featured only one non-white character -- Anne , who was redrawn in a subsequent edition as a white woman . More recently , Hasbro has redesigned the board to feature a more racially diverse set of people . People 's names ( edit ) Richard ( Roger ) ( 1980 -- present ) Anne ( 1980 - 1998 ; 2002 -- present ) Frank ( 1980 - 1998 ) Eric ( 1980 -- present ) Sam ( Charles ) ( 1980 -- present ) Susan ( 1980 - 1998 ) Charles ( Hans ) ( 1980 -- present ) David ( Luke / Lucas ) ( 1980 -- present ) Peter ( 1980 - 1998 ; 2010 -- present ) Victor ( 1999 -- present ) Betty ( 1999 - 2001 ) Max ( Theo ) ( 1980 -- present ) Paul ( 1980 -- present ) Philip ( Max / Mario ) ( 1980 -- present ) Anita ( 1980 -- present ) Claire ( Sarah ) ( 1980 -- present ) Sally ( Sophie ) ( 1999 -- present ) Herman ( 1980 -- present ) Alfred ( Stephen ) ( 1980 -- present ) Bill ( Phillipe ) ( 1980 -- present ) Joe ( 1980 - 1998 ; 2002 -- present ) George ( Joe ) ( 1980 - 2001 ) Tom ( Albert / Daniel ) ( 1980 -- present ) Bernard ( 1980 -- present ) Maria ( 1980 -- present ) Holly ( Kaitlin ) ( 1999 -- present ) Carmen ( 2002 -- present ) Robert ( 1980 - 1999 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guess Who Star Wars : Toys & Games . Amazon.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hasbro Guess Who ? Marvel Heroes Edition : Toys & Games . Amazon.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Guess Who -- Disney Edition : Toys & Games . Amazon.com . Retrie Jump up ^ `` Hasbro : `` Guess Who '' Social iPhone App - Digital Buzz Blog `` . Jump up ^ `` This Is n't The Guess Who ? Game We Remember '' . The Huffington Post . 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Look at the rat - like features of the man in this photo . Do you think he could lead the Labour Party ? '' . Mail Online . 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Liz Klimas . `` Guess Who 's Calling Out Hasbro for Gender Inequality : A 6 - Year - Old ( Read Her Letter ) '' . The Blaze . ^ Jump up to : `` Six - Year - Old Girl ( Board ) Gamer Calls out Guess Who ? on Its Gender Inequality ; Hasbro 's Response is Both Hilarious and Awful '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer O'Connell , Mom , And 6 - Year - Old Daughter Ask Hasbro About Gender Inequality In ' Guess Who ? ' '' . The Huffington Post . 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Adam Sherwin ( 17 November 2012 ) . `` Guess Who 's sexist ? Classic board game 's gender bias leaves '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Laura Vitto ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` 5 Depressing Facts About Your Favorite Childhood Games '' . Mashable . External links ( edit ) Guess Who ? at BoardGameGeek Theora Design -- the designers . English online version of Guess Who Computers Helping People with Special Needs ( hide ) Hasbro Intellectual properties currently managed by Hasbro Toys Action Man Baby Alive Blythe Easy - Bake Oven Furby G.I. Joe Glo Worm Jem Koosh Kre - O Lite - Brite Littlest Pet Shop Mighty Muggs Mr. Potato Head My Little Pony Nerf Play - Doh Pound Puppies Rubik 's Cube Sit ' n Spin Spirograph Stickle Bricks Super Soaker Tinkertoy Tonka Transformers Weeble Games Acquire Aggravation Axis & Allies Barrel of Monkeys Battleship Boggle Bop It Buckaroo ! Candy Land Catch Phrase Chutes & Ladders Clue Connect 4 Cootie Cranium Crocodile Dentist Designer 's World Duel Masters Dungeons & Dragons Elefun Gator Golf Girl Talk Guess Who ? Hi Ho ! Cherry - O Hungry Hungry Hippos Jenga Lazer Tag Life Magic : The Gathering Mall Madness Milton Monopoly Mouse Trap Mystery Date Nerf Blaster Operation Ouija Parcheesi Perfection Pictionary Pit Risk Rook Scattergories Scrabble ( U.S. and Canada ) Simon Sorry ! Stratego Taboo Trivial Pursuit Trouble Twister Upwords Yahtzee Distributed worldwide by Hasbro Beyblade ( except Japan and parts of Asia ) CirKis ( except U.S. , UK , France and Germany ) FurReal Friends ( except Japan ) iDog ( except Japan ) Yo - kai Watch ( except Asia ) Licensed products Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? Disney Disney Princess Elena of Avalor Frozen Indiana Jones Marvel Legends Marvel Super Hero Squad Marvel Universe Spider - Man Classics Star Wars Idaten Jump Nickelodeon Strawberry Shortcake Sid the Science Kid The Simpsons Wolverine and the X-Men X-Men Origins : Wolverine Subsidiaries Entertainment and Licensing Hasbro Studios Boulder Media Discovery Family ( 40 % ) Wizards of the Coast Avalon Hill Backflip Studios ( 70 % ) Divisions and brands Nerf Playskool Tiger Electronics Tonka Related media Comics Films Television See also Hasbro Universe HasCon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guess_Who%3F&oldid=828245360 '' Categories : Board games introduced in 1979 Children 's board games Guessing games 1980s toys Milton Bradley Company games Products introduced in 1979 British board games Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 12 : 10 . About Wikipedia	how many characters are there in guess who	[ "Each player starts the game with a board that includes cartoon images of 24 people and their first names with all the images standing up. Each player selects a card of their choice from a separate pile of cards containing the same 24 images. The object of the game is to be the first to determine which card one's opponent has selected. Players alternate asking various yes or no questions to eliminate candidates, such as \"Does yout person wear glasses?\" The player will then eliminate candidates by flipping those images down until all but one is left. Well-crafted questions allow players to eliminate one or more possible cards." ]	[ "24" ]
-5239592237903717555	Rock-a-bye Baby	Rock - a-bye baby - wikipedia Rock - a-bye baby Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see Rock - A-Bye Baby ( film ) . For the children 's musical group , see Rockabye Baby ! For the mixtape by Cassie , see RockaByeBaby . `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Nursery rhyme Published c. 1765 ' Rock - a-bye Baby ' is a nursery rhyme and lullaby . The melody is a variant of the English satirical ballad Lillibullero . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 2768 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Origins and development 3 Publication 4 Melody 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The first printed version from Mother Goose 's Melody ( London , c. 1765 ) , has the following lyrics : hush a by Baby On the Tree Top , When the Wind blows The Cradle will rock When the Bough breaks The Cradle will fall , Down tumbles Baby , Cradle and all . The version from Songs for the Nursery ( London , 1805 ) , contains the wording : Rock - a-bye , baby , thy cradle is green , Father 's a nobleman , mother 's a queen ... Alternate Lyrics as shown in The Real Mother Goose published in 1916 : Rock - a-bye , baby , thy cradle is green ; Father 's a nobleman , mother 's a queen ; And Betty 's a lady , and wears a gold ring ; And Johnny 's a drummer , and drums for the king . The most common version used today is : Rock - a-bye baby , on the treetop , When the wind blows , the cradle will rock , When the bough breaks , the cradle will fall , And down will come baby , cradle and all . The full versions lyrics are : Rock - a-bye , baby , in the tree top When the wind blows the cradle will rock When the bough breaks the cradle will fall Down will come baby , cradle and all Baby is drowsing , cosy and fair Mother sits near in her rocking chair Forward and back , the cradle she swings Though baby sleeps , he hears what she sings Rock - a-bye baby , do not you fear Never mind , baby , mother is near Wee little fingers , eyes are shut tight Now sound asleep - until morning light Origins and development ( edit ) Various theories exist to explain the origins of the rhyme . One theory suggests the rhyme narrates a mother gently rocking her baby to sleep , as if the baby were riding the treetops during a breeze ; then , when the mother lowers the baby to her crib , the song says `` down will come baby . '' Another identifies the rhyme as the first poem written on American soil , suggesting it dates from the 17th century and that it may have been written by an English immigrant who observed the way native - American women rocked their babies in birch - bark cradles , which were suspended from the branches of trees , allowing the wind to rock the baby to sleep . A difficulty with this theory is that the words appeared in print first in England c. 1765 . In Derbyshire , England , local legend has it that the song relates to a local character in the late 18th century , Betty Kenny ( Kate Kenyon ) , who lived with her charcoal - burner husband , Luke , and their eight children in a huge yew tree in Shining Cliff Woods in the Derwent Valley , where a hollowed - out bough served as a cradle . However this `` late 1700s '' date is incompatible with the poem 's appearance in print c. 1765 . Yet another theory has it that the lyrics , like the tune `` Lilliburlero '' it is sung to , refer to events immediately preceding the Glorious Revolution . The baby is supposed to be the son of James VII and II , who was widely believed to be someone else 's child smuggled into the birthing room in order to provide a Roman Catholic heir for James . The `` wind '' may be that Protestant `` wind '' or force `` blowing '' or coming from the Netherlands bringing James ' nephew and son - in - law William of Orange , who would eventually depose King James II in the revolution ( the same `` Protestant Wind '' that had saved England from the Spanish Armada a century earlier ) . The `` cradle '' is the royal House of Stuart . The earliest recorded version of the words in print appeared with a footnote , `` This may serve as a warning to the Proud and Ambitious , who climb so high that they generally fall at last '' , which may be read as supporting a satirical meaning . It would help to substantiate the suggestion of a specific political application for the words however if they and the ' Lilliburlero ' tune could be shown to have been always associated . Another possibility is that the words began as a `` dandling '' rhyme - one used while a baby is being swung about and sometimes tossed and caught . An early dandling rhyme is quoted in The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book which has some similarity : Catch him , crow ! Carry him , kite ! Take him away till the apples are ripe ; When they are ripe and ready to fall , Here comes baby , apples and all , woop woop . Publication ( edit ) The words first appeared in print in Mother Goose 's Melody ( London , c. 1765 ) , possibly published by John Newbery ( 1713 -- 1767 ) , and which was reprinted in Boston in 1785 . Rock - a-bye as a phrase was first recorded in 1805 in Benjamin Tabart 's Songs for the Nursery , ( London , 1805 ) . Melody ( edit ) It is unclear though whether these early rhymes were sung to either of the now - familiar tunes . At some time , however , the Lilliburlero - based tune and the 1796 lyric , with the word `` Hush - a-bye '' replaced by `` Rock - a-bye '' , must have come together and achieved a new popularity . A possible reference to this re-emergence is in an advertisement in The Times newspaper in 1887 for a performance in London by a minstrel group featuring a `` new '' American song called ' Rock - a-bye ' : `` Moore and Burgess Minstrels , St James 's - hall TODAY at 3 , TONIGHT at 8 , when the following new and charming songs will be sung ... The great American song of ROCK - A-BYE ... '' This minstrel song , whether substantially the same as the nursery rhymes quoted above or not , was clearly an instant hit : a later advertisement for the same company in the paper 's October 13 edition promises that `` The new and charming American ballad , called ROCK - A-BYE , which has achieved an extraordinary degree of popularity in all the cities of America will be SUNG at every performance . '' If this is , in fact , the same song , then this implies that it was an American composition and already popular there . An article in the New York Times of August 1891 ( p. 1 ) refers to the tune being played in a parade in Asbury Park , N.J. and clearly by this date the song was well established in America . Newspapers of the period , however , credit its composition to two separate persons , both resident in Boston : one is Effie Canning ( later referred to as Mrs. Effie D. Canning Carlton and the other the composer Charles Dupee Blake . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Rock - a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody Eugene Field , Rock - a-Bye Lady Rockabye ( song ) A song based off the lullaby from Clean Bandit , Sean Paul & Anne - Marie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Book Lover , 1904 : quoted in I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes , ( O.U.P. , 1951 ) . ^ Jump up to : H. Carpenter and M. Prichard , The Oxford Companion to Children 's Literature ( Oxford University Press , 1984 ) , pp. 326 . Jump up ^ `` Ambergate Walk leaflet '' ( PDF ) . Ambervalley.gov.uk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199811/ai_n8808905 Jump up ^ I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes , ( O.U.P. , 1951 ) , p. 61 . Jump up ^ I Opie , and P. Opie , The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book ( O.U.P. , 1955 ) p. 10 . Jump up ^ Morag Styles , From the garden to the street : an introduction to 300 years of poetry for children ( Cassell , 1998 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ The Times , Monday , Sep 19 , 1887 ; pg. 1 ; Issue 32181 Jump up ^ New York Times , August 4 , 1891 ( p. 1 ) refers to the tune being played at a Baby Parade at Asbury Park , N.J. : `` The line of march formed at the Asbury Avenue Pavilion , and , headed by the full band of the United States steamship Trenton playing `` Rock - a-Bye Baby , '' proceeded up the promenade and countermarched , returning in files of four . '' Jump up ^ new York Times , Sunday January 7 , 1940 , Section : Obituaries , Page 51 : `` MRS . CARLTON DIES ; COMPOSED LULLABY ; Wrote ' Rock - a-Bye Baby ' at Age of 15 -- Succumbs in Boston Hospital at 67 WAS ACTRESS 30 YEARS Played Opposite Gillette in ' Private Secretary ' and in Own Repertory Group ... '' Jump up ^ `` The composer of the popular song , `` Rock - a-Bye Baby '' , which beautifully adapts and incorporates the old and familiar lullaby , is Miss Effie L. Canning , a young girl who was born and formerly lived in Rockland , Me . She is now a resident of Boston . Her success at either verse or music had not been especially great until , by a sort of sudden inspiration , she one day produced the now celebrated lullaby whose popularity , it is a pleasure to state , in the face of so many unlike instances , has been a source of much profit to the composer . Miss Canning is a tall , slender girl , with big brown eyes , full of the sympathy that finds its best expression in art . '' New York Times , Wednesday September 10 , 1893 , Page 11 ) . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dupee Blake , aged fifty - seven , widely known as a composer of popular music ... died yesterday at his home in Brookline ( Boston ) ... Mr. Blake composed more than 5,000 songs and pieces of music . Probably his best known work is Rock - a-Bye Baby . '' New York Times , Wednesday November 25 , 1903 , p. 9 . External links ( edit ) musipedia ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock-a-bye_Baby&oldid=815675981 '' Categories : Lullabies Roud Folk Song Index songs English nursery rhymes Songs about children Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 09 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the words to the nursery rhyme rock-a-bye baby	[]	[]
-6945280099028644534	Error (linguistics)	Error ( linguistics ) - wikipedia Error ( linguistics ) Jump to : navigation , search In applied linguistics , an error is a deviation from accepted rules of a language made by a learner of a second language . Such errors result from the learner 's lack of knowledge of correct rules of the target language . A significant distinction is generally made between errors and mistakes which are not treated the same from a linguistic viewpoint . The study of learners ' errors was the main area of investigation by linguists in the history of second - language acquisition research . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Difference between error and mistake 3 Importance of error 4 See also 5 References Definition ( edit ) H. Douglas Brown has defined linguistic errors as `` a noticeable deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker , reflecting the interlanguage competence of the learner . '' He cites an example Does John can sing ? where a preceding do auxiliary verb has been used as an error . Difference between error and mistake ( edit ) In linguistics , it is considered important to distinguish errors from mistakes . A distinction is always made between errors and mistakes where the former is defined as resulting from a learner 's lack of proper grammatical knowledge , whilst the latter as a failure to utilize a known system correctly . Brown terms these mistakes as performance errors . Mistakes of this kind are frequently made by both native speakers and second language learners . However , native speakers are generally able to correct themselves quickly . Such mistakes include slips of the tongue and random ungrammatical formations . On the other hand , errors are systematic in that they occur repeatedly and are not recognizable by the learner . They are a part of the learner 's interlanguage , and the learner does not generally consider them as errors . They are errors only from the perspective of teachers and others who are aware that the learner has deviated from a grammatical norm . That is , mistakes can be self - corrected with or without being pointed out to the speaker but errors can not be self - corrected . Importance of error ( edit ) S. Pit Corder was probably the first to point out and discuss the importance of errors learners make in course of their learning a second language . Soon after , the study and analysis of learners ' errors took a prominent place in applied linguistics . Brown suggests that the process of second language learning is not very different from learning a first language , and the feedback a L2 learner gets upon making errors benefits him in developing the L2 knowledge . See also ( edit ) Error analysis ( linguistics ) Error treatment ( linguistics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , Rod ( 1994 ) . The Study of Second Language Acquisition . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 700 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 437189 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Brown , H. Douglas ( 1994 ) . Principles of Language Learning and Teaching . New Jersey : Prentice Hall Regents . p. 205 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 191966 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gass , Susan M. ; Selinker , Larry . Second Language Acquisition : An Introductory Course . Routledge . pp. 102 -- 3 . ISBN 0203932846 . Jump up ^ Nika Purwati ; et al. Research in English and Applied Linguistics ( REAL ) Vol 2 . Routledge . p. 307 . ISBN 6029126237 . 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3250549408282132544	Max Weber	Max Weber - wikipedia Max Weber For other people named Max Weber , see Max Weber ( disambiguation ) . Max Weber Weber in 1894 Maximilian Karl Emil Weber ( 1864 - 04 - 21 ) 21 April 1864 Erfurt , Province of Saxony , Prussia 14 June 1920 ( 1920 - 06 - 14 ) ( aged 56 ) Munich , Bavaria , Germany Nationality Prussia ( 1864 -- 1871 ) German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) Weimar Republic ( 1918 -- 1920 ) Alma mater University of Berlin University of Heidelberg Known for Weberian bureaucracy Disenchantment Ideal type Iron cage Life chances Methodological individualism Monopoly on violence Protestant work ethic Rationalisation Social action Three - component stratification Tripartite classification of authority Verstehen Scientific career Fields Economics sociology history law politics philosophy Institutions Universities of Berlin Freiburg Heidelberg Vienna Munich Doctoral advisor Levin Goldschmidt Influences Hermann Baumgarten Immanuel Kant Friedrich Nietzsche Wilhelm Dilthey Heinrich Rickert Georg Simmel Werner Sombart Influenced Karl Jaspers Georg Simmel Talcott Parsons Ludwig von Mises György Lukács Theodor W. Adorno Carl Schmitt Jürgen Habermas Joseph Schumpeter C. Wright Mills Cornelius Castoriadis Ludwig Lachmann Karl Polanyi Maximilian Karl Emil `` Max '' Weber ( / ˈveɪbər / ; German : ( ˈveːbɐ ) ; 21 April 1864 -- 14 June 1920 ) was a German sociologist , philosopher , jurist , and political economist . His ideas profoundly influenced social theory and social research . Weber is often cited , with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx , as among the three founders of sociology . Weber was a key proponent of methodological antipositivism , arguing for the study of social action through interpretive ( rather than purely empiricist ) means , based on understanding the purpose and meaning that individuals attach to their own actions . Unlike Durkheim , he did not believe in monocausality and rather proposed that for any outcome there can be multiple causes . Weber 's main intellectual concern was understanding the processes of rationalisation , secularisation , and `` disenchantment '' that he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity . He saw these as the result of a new way of thinking about the world . Weber is best known for his thesis combining economic sociology and the sociology of religion , elaborated in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , in which he proposed that ascetic Protestantism was one of the major `` elective affinities '' associated with the rise in the Western world of market - driven capitalism and the rational - legal nation - state . He argued that it was in the basic tenets of Protestantism to boost capitalism . Thus , it can be said that the spirit of capitalism is inherent to Protestant religious values . Against Marx 's historical materialism , Weber emphasised the importance of cultural influences embedded in religion as a means for understanding the genesis of capitalism . The Protestant Ethic formed the earliest part in Weber 's broader investigations into world religion ; he went on to examine the religions of China , the religions of India and ancient Judaism , with particular regard to their differing economic consequences and conditions of social stratification . In another major work , `` Politics as a Vocation '' , Weber defined the state as an entity that successfully claims a `` monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory '' . He was also the first to categorise social authority into distinct forms , which he labelled as charismatic , traditional , and rational - legal . His analysis of bureaucracy emphasised that modern state institutions are increasingly based on rational - legal authority . Weber also made a variety of other contributions in economic history , as well as economic theory and methodology . Weber 's analysis of modernity and rationalisation significantly influenced the critical theory associated with the Frankfurt School . After the First World War , Max Weber was among the founders of the liberal German Democratic Party . He also ran unsuccessfully for a seat in parliament and served as advisor to the committee that drafted the ill - fated democratic Weimar Constitution of 1919 . After contracting Spanish flu , he died of pneumonia in 1920 , aged 56 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and family background 1.2 Education 1.3 Early work 1.4 Later work 1.5 Political involvements 1.6 Last years 2 Max Weber 's thought 2.1 Max Weber 's bureaucratic model ( rational - legal model ) 2.2 Inspirations 2.3 Methodology 2.4 Rationalisation 2.5 Sociology of religion 2.5. 1 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 2.5. 2 The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism 2.5. 3 The Religion of India : The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism 2.5. 4 Ancient Judaism 2.5. 5 Economy and Society 2.5. 6 Theodicy of fortune and misfortune 2.6 Politics and government 2.6. 1 Social stratification 2.7 Study of the city 2.8 Economics 2.8. 1 Methodological individualism 2.8. 2 Marginalism and psychophysics 2.8. 3 Economic history 2.8. 4 Economic calculation 3 Legacy 4 Critical responses to Weber 5 Works 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life and family background ( edit ) Karl Emil Maximilian Weber was born in 1864 , in Erfurt , Province of Saxony , Prussia . He was the oldest of the seven children of Max Weber Sr. , a wealthy and prominent civil servant and member of the National Liberal Party , and his wife Helene ( Fallenstein ) , who partly descended from French Huguenot immigrants and held strong moral absolutist ideas . Weber Sr. 's involvement in public life immersed his home in both politics and academia , as his salon welcomed many prominent scholars and public figures . The young Weber and his brother Alfred , who also became a sociologist and economist , thrived in this intellectual atmosphere . Weber 's 1876 Christmas presents to his parents , when he was thirteen years old , were two historical essays entitled `` About the course of German history , with special reference to the positions of the Emperor and the Pope '' , and `` About the Roman Imperial period from Constantine to the migration of nations '' . In class , bored and unimpressed with the teachers -- who in turn resented what they perceived as a disrespectful attitude -- he secretly read all forty volumes of Goethe , and it has been recently argued that this was an important influence on his thought and methodology . Before entering the university , he would read many other classical works . Over time , Weber would also be significantly affected by the marital tension between his father , `` a man who enjoyed earthly pleasures '' , and his mother , a devout Calvinist `` who sought to lead an ascetic life '' . Max Weber and his brothers , Alfred and Karl , in 1879 Education ( edit ) In 1882 Weber enrolled in the University of Heidelberg as a law student . After a year of military service , he transferred to the University of Berlin . After his first few years as a student , during which he spent much time `` drinking beer and fencing '' , Weber would increasingly take his mother 's side in family arguments and grew estranged from his father . Simultaneously with his studies , he worked as a junior lawyer . In 1886 Weber passed the examination for Referendar , comparable to the bar association examination in the British and American legal systems . Throughout the late 1880s , Weber continued his study of law and history . He earned his law doctorate in 1889 by writing a dissertation on legal history titled The history of commercial partnerships in the Middle Ages . This work was used as part of a longer work On the History of Trading Companies in the Middle Ages , based on South - European Sources , published in the same year . Two years later , Weber completed his Habilitationsschrift , Roman Agrarian History and its Significance for Public and Private Law , working with August Meitzen . Having thus become a Privatdozent , Weber joined the University of Berlin 's faculty , lecturing and consulting for the government . Early work ( edit ) In the years between the completion of his dissertation and habilitation , Weber took an interest in contemporary social policy . In 1888 he joined the Verein für Socialpolitik , a new professional association of German economists affiliated with the historical school , who saw the role of economics primarily as finding solutions to the social problems of the age and who pioneered large scale statistical studies of economic issues . He also involved himself in politics , joining the left - leaning Evangelical Social Congress . In 1890 the Verein established a research program to examine `` the Polish question '' or Ostflucht : the influx of Polish farm workers into eastern Germany as local labourers migrated to Germany 's rapidly industrialising cities . Weber was put in charge of the study and wrote a large part of the final report , which generated considerable attention and controversy and marked the beginning of Weber 's renown as a social scientist . From 1893 to 1899 Weber was a member of the Alldeutscher Verband ( Pan-German League ) , an organization that campaigned against the influx of the Polish workers ; the degree of Weber 's support for the Germanisation of Poles and similar nationalist policies is still debated by modern scholars . In some of his work , in particular his provocative lecture on `` The Nation State and Economic Policy '' delivered in 1895 , Weber criticises the immigration of Poles and blames the Junker class for perpetuating Slavic immigration to serve their selfish interests . Max Weber and his wife Marianne in 1894 Also in 1893 he married his distant cousin Marianne Schnitger , later a feminist activist and author in her own right , who was instrumental in collecting and publishing Weber 's journal articles as books after his death , while her biography of him is an important source for understanding Weber 's life . They would have no children and it is usually acknowledged that their marriage was never consummated . The marriage granted long - awaited financial independence to Weber , allowing him to finally leave his parents ' household . The couple moved to Freiburg in 1894 , where Weber was appointed professor of economics at the university , before accepting the same position at the University of Heidelberg in 1896 . There Weber became a central figure in the so - called `` Weber Circle '' , composed of other intellectuals such as his wife Marianne , Georg Jellinek , Ernst Troeltsch , Werner Sombart and Robert Michels . Weber also remained active in the Verein and the Evangelical Social Congress . His research in that period was focused on economics and legal history . In 1897 Max Weber Sr. died two months after a severe quarrel with his son that was never resolved . After this , Weber became increasingly prone to depression , nervousness and insomnia , making it difficult for him to fulfill his duties as a professor . His condition forced him to reduce his teaching and eventually leave his course unfinished in the autumn of 1899 . After spending months in a sanatorium during the summer and autumn of 1900 , Weber and his wife travelled to Italy at the end of the year and did not return to Heidelberg until April 1902 . He would again withdraw from teaching in 1903 and not return to it till 1919 . Weber 's ordeal with mental illness was carefully described in a personal chronology that was destroyed by his wife . This chronicle was supposedly destroyed because Marianne Weber feared that Max Weber 's work would be discredited by the Nazis if his experience with mental illness were widely known . Later work ( edit ) After Weber 's immense productivity in the early 1890s , he did not publish any papers between early 1898 and late 1902 , finally resigning his professorship in late 1903 . Freed from those obligations , in that year he accepted a position as associate editor of the Archives for Social Science and Social Welfare , where he worked with his colleagues Edgar Jaffé ( de ) and Werner Sombart . His new interests would lie in more fundamental issues of social sciences ; his works from this latter period are of primary interest to modern scholars . In 1904 , Weber began to publish some of his most seminal papers in this journal , notably his essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , which became his most famous work and laid the foundations for his later research on the impact of cultures and religions on the development of economic systems . This essay was the only one of his works from that period that was published as a book during his lifetime . Some other of his works written in the first one and a half decades of the 20th century -- published posthumously and dedicated primarily from the fields of sociology of religion , economic and legal sociology -- are also recognised as among his most important intellectual contributions . Also in 1904 , he visited the United States and participated in the Congress of Arts and Sciences held in connection with the World 's Fair ( Louisiana Purchase Exposition ) in St. Louis . A monument to his visit was placed at the home of relatives whom Weber visited in Mt . Airy , North Carolina . Despite his partial recovery evident in America , Weber felt that he was unable to resume regular teaching at that time and continued on as a private scholar , helped by an inheritance in 1907 . In 1909 , disappointed with the Verein , he co-founded the German Sociological Association ( Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie , or DGS ) and served as its first treasurer . He would , however , resign from the DGS in 1912 . In 1912 , Weber tried to organise a left - wing political party to combine social - democrats and liberals . This attempt was unsuccessful , in part because many liberals feared social - democratic revolutionary ideals . Political involvements ( edit ) Max Weber ( foreground ) in 1917 with Ernst Toller ( facing ) At the outbreak of World War I , Weber , aged 50 , volunteered for service and was appointed as a reserve officer and put in charge of organizing the army hospitals in Heidelberg , a role he fulfilled until the end of 1915 . Weber 's views on the war and the expansion of the German empire changed during the course of the conflict . Early on he supported the nationalist rhetoric and the war effort , though with some hesitation as he viewed the war as a necessity to fulfill German duty as a leading state power . In time , however , Weber became one of the most prominent critics of German expansionism and of the Kaiser 's war policies . He publicly attacked the Belgian annexation policy and unrestricted submarine warfare and later supported calls for constitutional reform , democratisation and universal suffrage . Weber joined the worker and soldier council of Heidelberg in 1918 . He then served in the German delegation to the Paris Peace Conference and as advisor to the Confidential Committee for Constitutional Reform , which drafted the Weimar Constitution . Motivated by his understanding of the American model , he advocated a strong , popularly elected presidency as a constitutional counterbalance to the power of the professional bureaucracy . More controversially , he also defended the provisions for emergency presidential powers that became Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution . These provisions were later used by Adolf Hitler to subvert the rest of the constitution and institute rule by decree , allowing his regime to suppress opposition and gain dictatorial powers . Weber also ran , unsuccessfully , for a parliamentary seat , as a member of the liberal German Democratic Party , which he had co-founded . He opposed both the leftist German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 and the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles , principled positions that defied the political alignments in Germany at that time , and which may have prevented Friedrich Ebert , the new social - democratic President of Germany , from appointing Weber as minister or ambassador . Weber commanded widespread respect but relatively little influence . Weber 's role in German politics remains controversial to this day . In Weber 's critique of the left , he complained of the leaders of the leftist Spartacus League -- which was led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg and controlled the city government of Berlin while Weber was campaigning for his party -- `` We have this ( German ) revolution to thank for the fact that we can not send a single division against the Poles . All we see is dirt , muck , dung , and horse - play -- nothing else . Liebknecht belongs in the madhouse and Rosa Luxemburg in the zoological gardens . '' Weber was at the same time critical of the Versailles Treaty , which he believed unjustly assigned `` war guilt '' to Germany when it came to World War I. Weber believed that many countries were guilty of starting World War I , not just Germany . In making this case , Weber argued that `` In the case of this war there is one , and only one power that desired it under all circumstances through its own will and , according to their political goals required : Russia . ... It never crossed ( my ) mind that a German invasion of Belgium ( in 1914 ) was nothing but an innocent act on the part of the Germans . '' Later that same month , in January 1919 , after Weber and Weber 's party were defeated for election , Weber delivered one of his greatest academic lectures , Politics as a Vocation , which reflected on the inherent violence and dishonesty he saw among politicians -- a profession in which only recently Weber was so personally active . About the nature of politicians , he concluded that , `` In nine out of ten cases they are windbags puffed up with hot air about themselves . They are not in touch with reality , and they do not feel the burden they need to shoulder ; they just intoxicate themselves with romantic sensations . '' Last years ( edit ) Weber 's grave in Heidelberg Frustrated with politics , Weber resumed teaching during this time , first at the University of Vienna , then , after 1919 , at the University of Munich . His lectures from that period were collected into major works , such as the General Economic History , Science as a Vocation and Politics as a Vocation . In Munich , he headed the first German university institute of sociology , but never held a professorial position in sociology . Many colleagues and students in Munich attacked his response to the German Revolution and some right - wing students held protests in front of his home . Max Weber contracted the Spanish flu and died of pneumonia in Munich on 14 June 1920 . At the time of his death , Weber had not finished writing his magnum opus on sociological theory : Economy and Society . His widow Marianne helped prepare it for its publication in 1921 -- 22 . Max Weber 's thought ( edit ) Max Weber 's bureaucratic theory or model is sometimes also known as the `` rational - legal '' model . The model tries to explain bureaucracy from a rational point of view via nine main characteristics or principles ; these are as follows : Max Weber 's bureaucratic model ( rational - legal model ) ( edit ) Weber wrote that the modern bureaucracy in both the public and private sector relies on the following principles . `` First , it is based on the general principle of precisely defined and organized across - the - board competencies of the various offices . These competencies are underpinned by rules , laws , or administrative regulations . '' For Weber , this means A rigid division of labor is established that clearly identifies regular tasks and duties of the particular bureaucratic system . Regulations describe firmly established chains of command and the duties and capacity to coerce others to comply . Hiring people with particular , certified qualifications supports regular and continuous execution of the assigned duties . Weber notes that these three aspects `` ... constitute the essence of bureaucratic administration ... in the public sector . In the private sector , these three aspects constitute the essence of a bureaucratic management of a private company . '' Main principles ( characteristics ) : Specialized roles Recruitment based on merit ( e.g. , tested through open competition ) Uniform principles of placement , promotion , and transfer in an administrative system Careerism with systematic salary structure Hierarchy , responsibility and accountability Subjection of official conduct to strict rules of discipline and control Supremacy of abstract rules Impersonal authority ( e.g. , office bearer does not bring the office with him ) Political neutrality Merits : As Weber noted , real bureaucracy is less optimal and effective than his ideal - type model . Each of Weber 's principles can degenerate -- and more so , when they are used to analyze the individual level in an organization . But , when implemented in a group setting in an organization , some form of efficiency and effectiveness can be achieved , especially with regard to better output . This is especially true when the Bureaucratic model emphasizes qualification ( merits ) , specialization of job - scope ( labour ) , hierarchy of power , rules and discipline . Demerits : However , competencies , efficiency and effectiveness can be unclear and contradictory , especially when dealing with oversimplified matters . In a dehumanized bureaucracy , inflexible in distributing the job - scope , with every worker having to specialize from day one without rotating tasks for fear of decreasing output , tasks are often routine and can contribute to boredom . Thus , employees can sometimes feel that they are not part of the organization 's work vision and missions . Consequently , they do not have any sense of belonging in the long term . Furthermore , this type of organization tends to invite exploitation and underestimate the potential of the employees , as creativity of the workers is brushed aside in favour of strict adherence to rules , regulations and procedures . Inspirations ( edit ) Weber 's thinking was strongly influenced by German idealism , and particularly by neo-Kantianism , which he had been exposed to through Heinrich Rickert , his professorial colleague at the University of Freiburg . Especially important to Weber 's work is the neo-Kantian belief that reality is essentially chaotic and incomprehensible , with all rational order deriving from the way the human mind focuses attention on certain aspects of reality and organises the resulting perceptions . Weber 's opinions regarding the methodology of the social sciences show parallels with the work of contemporary neo-Kantian philosopher and pioneering sociologist Georg Simmel . Weber was also influenced by Kantian ethics , which he nonetheless came to think of as obsolete in a modern age lacking in religious certainties . In this last respect , the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche 's philosophy is evident . According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , the `` deep tension between the Kantian moral imperatives and a Nietzschean diagnosis of the modern cultural world is apparently what gives such a darkly tragic and agnostic shade to Weber 's ethical worldview '' . Another major influence in Weber 's life was the writings of Karl Marx and the workings of socialist thought in academia and active politics . While Weber shares some of Marx 's consternation with bureaucratic systems and maligns them as being capable of advancing their own logic to the detriment of human freedom and autonomy , Weber views conflict as perpetual and inevitable and does not host the spirit of a materially available utopia . Though the influence of his mother 's Calvinist religiosity is evident throughout Weber 's life and work , and though he maintained a deep , lifelong interest in the study of religions , Weber was open about the fact that he was personally irreligious . As a political economist and economic historian , Weber belonged to the `` youngest '' German historical school of economics , represented by academics such as Gustav von Schmoller and his student Werner Sombart . But , even though Weber 's research interests were very much in line with that school , his views on methodology and the theory of value diverged significantly from those of other German historicists and were closer , in fact , to those of Carl Menger and the Austrian School , the traditional rivals of the historical school . ( See section on Economics . ) New research suggests that some of Weber 's theories , including his interest in the sociology of Far Eastern religion and elements of his theory of disenchantment , were actually shaped by Weber 's interaction with contemporary German occult figures . He is known to have visited the Ordo Templi Orientis at Monte Verità shortly before articulating his idea of disenchantment . He is known to have met the German poet and occultist Stefan George and developed some elements of his theory of charisma after observing George . However , Weber disagreed with many of George 's views and never formally joined George 's occult circle . Weber may have also had his first exposure to Taoism , albeit in a Westernized form , through Gustav Gräser at Monte Verità . Research on Weber 's engagement with the occult has led some German and American scholars to re-interpret his theories of disenchantment . Methodology ( edit ) A page from the typescript of the sociology of law within Economy and Society Unlike some other classical figures ( Comte , Durkheim ) Weber did not attempt , consciously , to create any specific set of rules governing social sciences in general , or sociology in particular . In comparison with Durkheim and Marx , Weber was more focused on individuals and culture and this is clear in his methodology . Whereas Durkheim focused on the society , Weber concentrated on the individuals and their actions ( see structure and action discussion ) and whereas Marx argued for the primacy of the material world over the world of ideas , Weber valued ideas as motivating actions of individuals , at least in the big picture . Sociology , for Max Weber , is : ... a science which attempts the interpretive understanding of social action in order thereby to arrive at a causal explanation of its course and effects . -- Max Weber Weber was concerned with the question of objectivity and subjectivity . Weber distinguished social action from social behavior , noting that social action must be understood through how individuals subjectively relate to one another . Study of social action through interpretive means ( Verstehen ) must be based upon understanding the subjective meaning and purpose that individuals attach to their actions . Social actions may have easily identifiable and objective means , but much more subjective ends and the understanding of those ends by a scientist is subject to yet another layer of subjective understanding ( that of the scientist ) . Weber noted that the importance of subjectivity in social sciences makes creation of fool - proof , universal laws much more difficult than in natural sciences and that the amount of objective knowledge that social sciences may achieve is precariously limited . Overall , Weber supported the goal of objective science , but he noted that it is an unreachable goal -- although one definitely worth striving for . There is no absolutely `` objective '' scientific analysis of culture ... All knowledge of cultural reality ... is always knowledge from particular points of view ... an `` objective '' analysis of cultural events , which proceeds according to the thesis that the ideal of science is the reduction of empirical reality to `` laws '' , is meaningless ... ( because ) ... the knowledge of social laws is not knowledge of social reality but is rather one of the various aids used by our minds for attaining this end . -- Max Weber , `` Objectivity '' in Social Science , 1904 The principle of methodological individualism , which holds that social scientists should seek to understand collectivities ( such as nations , cultures , governments , churches , corporations , etc . ) solely as the result and the context of the actions of individual persons , can be traced to Weber , particularly to the first chapter of Economy and Society , in which he argues that only individuals `` can be treated as agents in a course of subjectively understandable action '' . In other words , Weber argued that social phenomena can be understood scientifically only to the extent that they are captured by models of the behaviour of purposeful individuals -- models that Weber called `` ideal types '' -- from which actual historical events necessarily deviate due to accidental and irrational factors . The analytical constructs of an ideal type never exist in reality , but provide objective benchmarks against which real - life constructs can be measured . We know of no scientifically ascertainable ideals . To be sure , that makes our efforts more arduous than in the past , since we are expected to create our ideals from within our breast in the very age of subjectivist culture . -- Max Weber , 1909 Weber 's methodology was developed in the context of a wider debate about methodology of social sciences , the Methodenstreit . Weber 's position was close to historicism , as he understood social actions as being heavily tied to particular historical contexts and its analysis required the understanding of subjective motivations of individuals ( social actors ) . Thus Weber 's methodology emphasises the use of comparative historical analysis . Therefore , Weber was more interested in explaining how a certain outcome was the result of various historical processes rather than predicting an outcome of those processes in the future . Rationalisation ( edit ) Many scholars have described rationalisation and the question of individual freedom in an increasingly rational society , as the main theme of Weber 's work . This theme was situated in the larger context of the relationship between psychological motivations , cultural values and beliefs ( primarily , religion ) and the structure of the society ( usually determined by the economy ) . By rationalisation , Weber understood first , the individual cost - benefit calculation , second , the wider bureaucratic organisation of the organisations and finally , in the more general sense as the opposite of understanding the reality through mystery and magic ( disenchantment ) . The fate of our times is characterised by rationalisation and intellectualisation and , above all , by the `` disenchantment of the world '' -- Max Weber Weber began his studies of the subject in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , in which he argued that the redefinition of the connection between work and piety in Protestantism and especially in ascetic Protestant denominations , particularly Calvinism , shifted human effort towards rational efforts aimed at achieving economic gain . In Protestant religion , Christian piety towards God was expressed through one 's secular vocation ( secularisation of calling ) . The rational roots of this doctrine , he argued , soon grew incompatible with and larger than the religious and so the latter were eventually discarded . Weber continued his investigation into this matter in later works , notably in his studies on bureaucracy and on the classification of legitimate authority into three types -- rational - legal , traditional and charismatic -- of which the rational - legal ( through bureaucracy ) is the dominant one in the modern world . In these works Weber described what he saw as society 's movement towards rationalisation . Similarly , rationalisation could be seen in the economy , with the development of highly rational and calculating capitalism . Weber also saw rationalisation as one of the main factors setting the European West apart from the rest of the world . Rationalisation relied on deep changes in ethics , religion , psychology and culture ; changes that first took place in the Western civilisation . What Weber depicted was not only the secularisation of Western culture , but also and especially the development of modern societies from the viewpoint of rationalisation . The new structures of society were marked by the differentiation of the two functionally intermeshing systems that had taken shape around the organisational cores of the capitalist enterprise and the bureaucratic state apparatus . Weber understood this process as the institutionalisation of purposive - rational economic and administrative action . To the degree that everyday life was affected by this cultural and societal rationalisation , traditional forms of life -- which in the early modern period were differentiated primarily according to one 's trade -- were dissolved . -- Jürgen Habermas , Modernity 's Consciousness of Time , 1990 ( 1985 ) Features of rationalisation include increasing knowledge , growing impersonality and enhanced control of social and material life . Weber was ambivalent towards rationalisation ; while admitting it was responsible for many advances , in particular , freeing humans from traditional , restrictive and illogical social guidelines , he also criticised it for dehumanising individuals as `` cogs in the machine '' and curtailing their freedom , trapping them in the bureaucratic iron cage of rationality and bureaucracy . Related to rationalisation is the process of disenchantment , in which the world is becoming more explained and less mystical , moving from polytheistic religions to monotheistic ones and finally to the Godless science of modernity . However , another interpretation of Weber 's theory of disenchantment , advanced by historian of religion Jason Josephson - Storm , claims that Weber does not envision a binary between rationisation and magical thinking , and that Weber actually referred to the sequestering and professionalisation of magic when he described disenchantment , not to the disappearances of magic . Regardless , for Weber the processes of rationalisation affect all of society , removing `` sublime values ... from public life '' and making art less creative . In a dystopian critique of rationalisation , Weber notes that modern society is a product of an individualistic drive of the Reformation , yet at the same time , the society created in this process is less and less welcoming of individualism . How is it at all possible to salvage any remnants of `` individual '' freedom of movement in any sense given this all - powerful trend ? -- Max Weber Sociology of religion ( edit ) Weber 's work in the field of sociology of religion started with the essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and continued with the analysis of The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism , The Religion of India : The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism and Ancient Judaism . His work on other religions was interrupted by his sudden death in 1920 , which prevented him from following Ancient Judaism with studies of early Christianity and Islam . His three main themes in the essays were the effect of religious ideas on economic activities , the relation between social stratification and religious ideas and the distinguishable characteristics of Western civilisation . Weber saw religion as one of the core forces in society . His goal was to find reasons for the different development paths of the cultures of the Occident and the Orient , although without judging or valuing them , like some of the contemporary thinkers who followed the social Darwinist paradigm ; Weber wanted primarily to explain the distinctive elements of the Western civilisation . In the analysis of his findings , Weber maintained that Calvinist ( and more widely , Protestant ) religious ideas had had a major impact on the social innovation and development of the economic system of the West , but noted that they were not the only factors in this development . Other notable factors mentioned by Weber included the rationalism of scientific pursuit , merging observation with mathematics , science of scholarship and jurisprudence , rational systematisation and bureaucratisation of government administration and economic enterprise . In the end , the study of the sociology of religion , according to Weber , focused on one distinguishing part of the Western culture , the decline of beliefs in magic , or what he referred to as `` disenchantment of the world '' . Weber also proposed a socioevolutionary model of religious change , showing that in general , societies have moved from magic to polytheism , then to pantheism , monotheism and finally , ethical monotheism . According to Weber , this evolution occurred as the growing economic stability allowed professionalisation and the evolution of ever more sophisticated priesthood . As societies grew more complex and encompassed different groups , a hierarchy of gods developed and as power in the society became more centralised , the concept of a single , universal God became more popular and desirable . The Protestant ethic and the Spirit of capitalism ( edit ) Main article : The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Cover of a German edition of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Weber 's essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is his most famous work . It is argued that this work should not be viewed as a detailed study of Protestantism , but rather as an introduction into Weber 's later works , especially his studies of interaction between various religious ideas and economic behaviour as part of the rationalisation of the economic system . In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , Weber put forward the thesis that Calvinist ethic and ideas influenced the development of capitalism . He noted the post-Reformation shift of Europe 's economic centre away from Catholic countries such as France , Spain and Italy , and toward Protestant countries such as the Netherlands , England , Scotland and Germany . Weber also noted that societies having more Protestants were those with a more highly developed capitalist economy . Similarly , in societies with different religions , most successful business leaders were Protestant . Weber thus argued that Roman Catholicism impeded the development of the capitalist economy in the West , as did other religions such as Confucianism and Buddhism elsewhere in the world . The development of the concept of the calling quickly gave to the modern entrepreneur a fabulously clear conscience -- and also industrious workers ; he gave to his employees as the wages of their ascetic devotion to the calling and of co-operation in his ruthless exploitation of them through capitalism the prospect of eternal salvation . -- Max Weber Christian religious devotion had historically been accompanied by rejection of mundane affairs , including economic pursuit . Weber showed that certain types of Protestantism -- notably Calvinism -- were supportive of rational pursuit of economic gain and worldly activities dedicated to it , seeing them as endowed with moral and spiritual significance . Weber argued that there were many reasons to look for the origins of modern capitalism in the religious ideas of the Reformation . In particular , the Protestant ethic ( or more specifically , Calvinist ethic ) motivated the believers to work hard , be successful in business and reinvest their profits in further development rather than frivolous pleasures . The notion of calling meant that each individual had to take action as an indication of their salvation ; just being a member of the Church was not enough . Predestination also reduced agonising over economic inequality and further , it meant that a material wealth could be taken as a sign of salvation in the afterlife . The believers thus justified pursuit of profit with religion , as instead of being fuelled by morally suspect greed or ambition , their actions were motivated by a highly moral and respected philosophy . This Weber called the `` spirit of capitalism '' : it was the Protestant religious ideology that was behind -- and inevitably led to -- the capitalist economic system . This theory is often viewed as a reversal of Marx 's thesis that the economic `` base '' of society determines all other aspects of it . Weber abandoned research into Protestantism because his colleague Ernst Troeltsch , a professional theologian , had begun work on the book The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches and Sects . Another reason for Weber 's decision was that Troeltsch 's work already achieved what he desired in that area : laying the groundwork for a comparative analysis of religion and society . The phrase `` work ethic '' used in modern commentary is a derivative of the `` Protestant ethic '' discussed by Weber . It was adopted when the idea of the Protestant ethic was generalised to apply to the Japanese people , Jews and other non-Christians and thus lost its religious connotations . The religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism ( edit ) Main article : The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism was Weber 's second major work on the sociology of religion . Hans H. Gerth edited and translated this text into English , with an introduction by C.K. Wang . Weber focused on those aspects of Chinese society that were different from those of Western Europe , especially those aspects that contrasted with Puritanism . His work also questioned why capitalism did not develop in China . He focused on the issues of Chinese urban development , Chinese patrimonialism and officialdom and Chinese religion and philosophy ( primarily , Confucianism and Taoism ) , as the areas in which Chinese development differed most distinctively from the European route . According to Weber , Confucianism and Puritanism are mutually exclusive types of rational thought , each attempting to prescribe a way of life based on religious dogma . Notably , they both valued self - control and restraint and did not oppose accumulation of wealth . However , to both those qualities were just means to the final goal and here they were divided by a key difference . Confucianism 's goal was `` a cultured status position '' , while Puritanism 's goal was to create individuals who are `` tools of God '' . The intensity of belief and enthusiasm for action were rare in Confucianism , but common in Protestantism . Actively working for wealth was unbecoming a proper Confucian . Therefore , Weber states that it was this difference in social attitudes and mentality , shaped by the respective , dominant religions , that contributed to the development of capitalism in the West and the absence of it in China . The religion of India : the sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : The Religion of India : The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism The Religion of India : The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism was Weber 's third major work on the sociology of religion . In this work he deals with the structure of Indian society , with the orthodox doctrines of Hinduism and the heterodox doctrines of Buddhism , with modifications brought by the influence of popular religiosity and finally with the impact of religious beliefs on the secular ethic of Indian society . In Weber 's view , Hinduism in India , like Confucianism in China , was a barrier for capitalism . The Indian caste system made it very difficult for individuals to advance in the society beyond their caste . Activity , including economic activity , was seen as unimportant in the context of the advancement of the soul . Weber ended his research of society and religion in India by bringing in insights from his previous work on China to discuss similarities of the Asian belief systems . He notes that the beliefs saw the meaning of life as otherworldly mystical experience . The social world is fundamentally divided between the educated elite , following the guidance of a prophet or wise man and the uneducated masses whose beliefs are centered on magic . In Asia , there was no Messianic prophecy to give plan and meaning to the everyday life of educated and uneducated alike . Weber juxtaposed such Messianic prophecies ( also called ethical prophecies ) , notably from the Near East region to the exemplary prophecies found on the Asiatic mainland , focused more on reaching to the educated elites and enlightening them on the proper ways to live one 's life , usually with little emphasis on hard work and the material world . It was those differences that prevented the countries of the Occident from following the paths of the earlier Chinese and Indian civilisations . His next work , Ancient Judaism was an attempt to prove this theory . Ancient Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Judaism ( book ) In Ancient Judaism , his fourth major work on the sociology of religion , Weber attempted to explain the factors that resulted in the early differences between Oriental and Occidental religiosity . He contrasted the innerworldly asceticism developed by Western Christianity with mystical contemplation of the kind developed in India . Weber noted that some aspects of Christianity sought to conquer and change the world , rather than withdraw from its imperfections . This fundamental characteristic of Christianity ( when compared to Far Eastern religions ) stems originally from ancient Jewish prophecy . Weber claimed that Judaism not only fathered Christianity and Islam , but was crucial to the rise of the modern Occidental state ; Judaism 's influence was as important as Hellenistic and Roman cultures . Weber 's premature death in 1920 prevented him from following his planned analysis of Psalms , the Book of Job , Talmudic Jewry , early Christianity and Islam . Economy and society ( edit ) Main article : Economy and Society Weber 's magnum opus Economy and Society is a collection of his essays that he was working on at the time of his death in 1920 . After his death , the final organization and editing of the book fell to his widow Marianne Weber . The final German form published in 1921 reflected very much Marianne Weber 's work and intellectual commitment . Beginning in 1956 , the German jurist Johannes Wincklemann began editing and organizing the German edition of Economy and Society based on his study of the papers that Weber left at his death . English versions of Economy and Society were published as a collected volume in 1968 as edited by Gunther Roth and Claus Wittich . As a result of the various editions in German and English , there are differences between the organization of the different volumes . Economy and Society includes a wide range of essays dealing with Weber 's views regarding Sociology , Social Philosophy , Politics , Social Stratification , World Religion , Diplomacy , and other subjects . The book is typically published in a two volume set in both German and English , and is more than 1000 pages long . Theodicy of fortune and misfortune ( edit ) The theodicy of fortune and misfortune within sociology is the theory , as Weber suggested , of how `` members of different social classes adopt different belief systems , or theodices , to explain their social situation '' . The concept of theodicy was expanded mainly with the thought of Weber and his addition of ethical considerations to the subject of religion . There is this ethical part of religion , including , `` ... ( 1 ) soteriology and ( 2 ) theodicy . These mean , respectively , how people understand themselves to be capable of a correct relationship with supernatural powers , and how to explain evil -- or why bad things seem to happen to those who seem to be good people . '' There is a separation of different theodicies with regard to class . `` Theodicies of misfortune tend to the belief that wealth and other manifestations of privilege are indications or signs of evil ... In contrast , theodicies of fortune emphasise the notion that privileges are a blessing and are deserved . '' Weber also writes that , `` The affluent embrace good fortune theodicies , which emphasise that prosperity is a blessing of God ... ( while ) theodices of misfortune emphasise that affluence is a sign of evil and that suffering in this world will be rewarded in the next . '' Thus these two distinctions can be applied not only to class structure within society but denomination and racial segregation within religion . Weber defines the importance of societal class within religion by examining the difference between the two theodicies and to what class structures they apply . The concept of `` work ethic '' is attached to the theodicy of fortune ; thus , because of the Protestant `` work ethic '' , there was a contribution of higher class outcomes and more education among Protestants . Those without the work ethic clung to the theodicy of misfortune , believing wealth and happiness were granted in the afterlife . Another example of how this belief of religious theodicy influences class , is that those of lower status , the poor , cling to deep religiousness and faith as a way to comfort themselves and provide hope for a more prosperous future , while those of higher status cling to the sacraments or actions that prove their right of possessing greater wealth . These two theodicies can be found in the denominational segregation within the religious community . The main division can be seen between the mainline Protestant and evangelical denominations and their relation to the class into which their particular theodicy pertains . For example , mainline churches , with their upper class congregations , `` ... promote ( d ) order , stability , and conservatism , and in so doing proved to be a powerful source of legitimation of the status quo and of existing disparities in the distribution of wealth and power , '' because much of the wealth of the church comes from the congregation . In contrast , Pentecostal churches adopted the theodicy of misfortune . They instead `` advocated change intended to advance the cause of justice and fairness '' . Thus the learned and upper class religious churches who preach the theodicy of fortune , ultimately support capitalism and corporation , while the churches who adopted the theodicy of misfortune , instead preached equality and fairness . Politics and government ( edit ) See also : Weber and German politics In political sociology , one of Weber 's most influential contributions is his `` Politics as a Vocation '' ( Politik als Beruf ) essay . Therein , Weber unveils the definition of the state as that entity that possesses a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force . Weber wrote that politics is the sharing of state 's power between various groups , and political leaders are those who wield this power . A politician must not be a man of the `` true Christian ethic '' , understood by Weber as being the ethic of the Sermon on the Mount , that is to say , the injunction to turn the other cheek . An adherent of such an ethic ought rather to be understood as a saint , for it is only saints , according to Weber , that can appropriately follow it . The political realm is no realm for saints ; a politician ought to marry the ethic of attitude and the ethic of responsibility ( `` Verantwortungsethik vs Gesinnungsethik '' ) and must possess both a passion for his vocation and the capacity to distance himself from the subject of his exertions ( the governed ) . Weber distinguished three ideal types of political leadership ( alternatively referred to as three types of domination , legitimisation or authority ) : charismatic domination ( familial and religious ) , traditional domination ( patriarchs , patrimonialism , feudalism ) and legal domination ( modern law and state , bureaucracy ) . In his view , every historical relation between rulers and ruled contained such elements and they can be analysed on the basis of this tripartite distinction . He notes that the instability of charismatic authority forces it to `` routinise '' into a more structured form of authority . In a pure type of traditional rule , sufficient resistance to a ruler can lead to a `` traditional revolution '' . The move towards a rational - legal structure of authority , utilising a bureaucratic structure , is inevitable in the end . Thus this theory can be sometimes viewed as part of the social evolutionism theory . This ties to his broader concept of rationalisation by suggesting the inevitability of a move in this direction . Bureaucratic administration means fundamentally domination through knowledge . -- Max Weber Weber described many ideal types of public administration and government in his masterpiece Economy and Society ( 1922 ) . His critical study of the bureaucratisation of society became one of the most enduring parts of his work . It was Weber who began the studies of bureaucracy and whose works led to the popularisation of this term . Many aspects of modern public administration go back to him and a classic , hierarchically organised civil service of the Continental type is called `` Weberian civil service '' . As the most efficient and rational way of organising , bureaucratisation for Weber was the key part of the rational - legal authority and furthermore , he saw it as the key process in the ongoing rationalisation of the Western society . Weber listed several preconditions for the emergence of the bureaucracy : The growth in space and population being administered , the growth in complexity of the administrative tasks being carried out and the existence of a monetary economy -- these resulted in a need for a more efficient administrative system . Development of communication and transportation technologies made more efficient administration possible ( and popularly requested ) and democratisation and rationalisation of culture resulted in demands that the new system treat everybody equally . Weber 's ideal bureaucracy is characterised by hierarchical organisation , by delineated lines of authority in a fixed area of activity , by action taken ( and recorded ) on the basis of written rules , by bureaucratic officials needing expert training , by rules being implemented neutrally and by career advancement depending on technical qualifications judged by organisations , not by individuals . The decisive reason for the advance of the bureaucratic organisation has always been its purely technical superiority over any other form of organisation . -- Max Weber While recognising bureaucracy as the most efficient form of organisation and even indispensable for the modern state , Weber also saw it as a threat to individual freedoms and the ongoing bureaucratisation as leading to a `` polar night of icy darkness '' , in which increasing rationalisation of human life traps individuals in the aforementioned `` iron cage '' of bureaucratic , rule - based , rational control . To counteract bureaucrats , the system needs entrepreneurs and politicians . Social stratification ( edit ) Weber also formulated a three - component theory of stratification , with social class , social status and political party as conceptually distinct elements . The three - component theory of stratification is in contrast to Karl Marx simpler theory of social class that ties all social stratification to what people own . In Weber 's theory , issues of honour and prestige are important . This distinction is most clearly described in Weber 's essay Classes , Staende , Parties , which was first published in his book Economy and Society . The three components of Weber 's theory are : Social Class based on economically determined relationship to the market ( owner , renter , employee , etc . ) Status ( or in German Stand ) , which is based on non-economic qualities like honour , prestige and religion Party , which refers to affiliations in the political domain All three dimensions have consequences for what Weber called `` life chances '' ( opportunities to improve one 's life ) . Weber scholars maintain a sharp distinction between the terms status and class , even though , in casual use , people tend to use them interchangeably . Study of the city ( edit ) As part of his overarching effort to understand the unique development of the Western world , Weber produced a detailed general study of the city as the characteristic locus of the social and economic relations , political arrangements , and ideas that eventually came to define the West . This resulted in a monograph , The City , which he probably compiled from research he conducted in 1911 -- 13 . It was published posthumously in 1921 , and 1924 , was incorporated into the second part of his Economy and Society , as chapter XVI , `` The City ( Non-legitimate Domination ) '' . According to Weber , the city as a politically autonomous organisation of people living in close proximity , employed in a variety of specialised trades , and physically separated from the surrounding countryside , only fully developed in the West and to a great extent shaped its cultural evolution : The origin of a rational and inner - worldly ethic is associated in the Occident with the appearance of thinkers and prophets ( ... ) who developed in a social context that was alien to the Asiatic cultures . This context consisted of the political problems engendered by the bourgeois status - group of the city , without which neither Judaism , nor Christianity , nor the development of Hellenistic thinking are conceivable . -- Max Weber Weber argued that Judaism , early Christianity , theology , and later the political party and modern science , were only possible in the urban context that reached a full development in the West alone . He also saw in the history of medieval European cities the rise of a unique form of `` non-legitimate domination '' that successfully challenged the existing forms of legitimate domination ( traditional , charismatic , and rational - legal ) that had prevailed until then in the Medieval world . This new domination was based on the great economic and military power wielded by the organised community of city - dwellers ( `` citizens '' ) . Economics ( edit ) Weber regarded himself primarily as a `` political economist '' , and all of his professorial appointments were in economics , though today his contributions in that field are largely overshadowed by his role as a founder of modern sociology . As an economist , Weber belonged to the `` youngest '' German historical school of economics . The great differences between that school 's interests and methods on the one hand and those of the neoclassical school ( from which modern mainstream economics largely derives ) on the other , explain why Weber 's influence on economics today is hard to discern . Methodological individualism ( edit ) Though his research interests were always in line with those of the German historicists , with a strong emphasis on interpreting economic history , Weber 's defence of `` methodological individualism '' in the social sciences represented an important break with that school and an embracing of many of the arguments that had been made against the historicists by Carl Menger , the founder of the Austrian School of economics , in the context of the academic Methodenstreit ( `` debate over methods '' ) of the late 19th century . The phrase methodological individualism , which has come into common usage in modern debates about the connection between microeconomics and macroeconomics , was coined by the Austrian - American economist Joseph Schumpeter in 1908 as a way of referring to the views of Weber . According to Weber 's theses , social research can not be fully inductive or descriptive , because understanding some phenomenon implies that the researcher must go beyond mere description and interpret it ; interpretation requires classification according to abstract `` ideal ( pure ) types '' . This , together with his antipositivistic argumentation ( see Verstehen ) , can be taken as a methodological justification for the model of the `` rational economic man '' ( homo economicus ) , which is at the heart of modern mainstream economics . Marginalism and psychophysics ( edit ) Unlike other historicists , Weber also accepted the marginal theory of value ( also called `` marginalism '' ) and taught it to his students . In 1908 , Weber published an article in which he drew a sharp methodological distinction between psychology and economics and attacked the claims that the marginal theory of value in economics reflected the form of the psychological response to stimuli as described by the Weber - Fechner law . Max Weber 's article has been cited as a definitive refutation of the dependence of the economic theory of value on the laws of psychophysics by Lionel Robbins , George Stigler , and Friedrich Hayek , though the broader issue of the relation between economics and psychology has come back into the academic debate with the development of `` behavioral economics '' . Economic history ( edit ) Weber 's best known work in economics concerned the preconditions for capitalist development , particularly the relations between religion and capitalism , which he explored in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism as well as in his other works on the sociology of religion . He argued that bureaucratic political and economic systems emerging in the Middle Ages were essential in the rise of modern capitalism ( including rational book - keeping and organisation of formally free labour ) , while they were a hindrance in the case of ancient capitalism , which had a different social and political structure based on conquest , slavery , and the coastal city - state . Other contributions include his early work on the economic history of Roman agrarian society ( 1891 ) and on the labour relations in Eastern Germany ( 1892 ) , his analysis of the history of commercial partnerships in the Middle Ages ( 1889 ) , his critique of Marxism , the discussion of the roles of idealism and materialism in the history of capitalism in his Economy and Society ( 1922 ) and his General Economic History ( 1923 ) , a notable example of the kind of empirical work associated with the German Historical School . Although today Weber is primarily read by sociologists and social philosophers , Weber 's work did have a significant influence on Frank Knight , one of the founders of the neoclassical Chicago school of economics , who translated Weber 's General Economic History into English in 1927 . Knight also wrote in 1956 that Max Weber was the only economist who dealt with the problem of understanding the emergence of modern capitalism `` ... from the angle which alone can yield an answer to such questions , that is , the angle of comparative history in the broad sense . '' Economic calculation ( edit ) Weber , like his colleague Werner Sombart , regarded economic calculation and especially the double - entry bookkeeping method of business accounting , as one of the most important forms of rationalisation associated with the development of modern capitalism . Weber 's preoccupation with the importance of economic calculation led him to critique socialism as a system that lacked a mechanism for allocating resources efficiently to satisfy human needs . Socialist intellectuals like Otto Neurath had realised that in a completely socialised economy , prices would not exist and central planners would have to resort to in - kind ( rather than monetary ) economic calculation . According to Weber , this type of coordination would be inefficient , especially because it would be incapable of solving the problem of imputation ( i.e. of accurately determining the relative values of capital goods ) . Weber wrote that , under full socialism , In order to make possible a rational utilisation of the means of production , a system of in - kind accounting would have to determine `` value '' -- indicators of some kind for the individual capital goods which could take over the role of the `` prices '' used in book valuation in modern business accounting . But it is not at all clear how such indicators could be established and in particular , verified ; whether , for instance , they should vary from one production unit to the next ( on the basis of economic location ) , or whether they should be uniform for the entire economy , on the basis of `` social utility '' , that is , of ( present and future ) consumption requirements ( ... ) Nothing is gained by assuming that , if only the problem of a non-monetary economy were seriously enough attacked , a suitable accounting method would be discovered or invented . The problem is fundamental to any kind of complete socialisation . We can not speak of a rational `` planned economy '' so long as in this decisive respect we have no instrument for elaborating a rational `` plan '' . -- Max Weber This argument against socialism was made independently , at about the same time , by Ludwig von Mises . Weber himself had a significant influence on Mises , whom he had befriended when they were both at the University of Vienna in the spring of 1918 , and , through Mises , on several other economists associated with the Austrian School in the 20th century . Friedrich Hayek in particular elaborated the arguments of Weber and Mises about economic calculation into a central part of free market economics 's intellectual assault on socialism , as well as into a model for the spontaneous coordination of `` dispersed knowledge '' in markets . Legacy ( edit ) The prestige of Max Weber among European social scientists would be difficult to over-estimate . He is widely considered the greatest of German sociologists and ... has become a leading influence in European and American thought . -- Hans Heinrich Gerth and C. Wright Mills , From Max Weber : Essays in Sociology , 1946 / 1991 Weber 's most influential work was on economic sociology , political sociology , and the sociology of religion . Along with Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim , he is commonly regarded as one of the founders of modern sociology . But whereas Durkheim , following Comte , worked in the positivist tradition , Weber was instrumental in developing an antipositivist , hermeneutic , tradition in the social sciences . In this regard he belongs to a similar tradition as his German colleagues Werner Sombart , Georg Simmel , and Wilhelm Dilthey , who stressed the differences between the methodologies appropriate to the social and the natural sciences . Weber presented sociology as the science of human social action ; action that he separated into traditional , affectional , value - rational and instrumental . ( Sociology is ) the science whose object is to interpret the meaning of social action and thereby give a causal explanation of the way in which the action proceeds and the effects which it produces . By `` action '' in this definition is meant the human behaviour when and to the extent that the agent or agents see it as subjectively meaningful ( ... ) the meaning to which we refer may be either ( a ) the meaning actually intended either by an individual agent on a particular historical occasion or by a number of agents on an approximate average in a given set of cases , or ( b ) the meaning attributed to the agent or agents , as types , in a pure type constructed in the abstract . In neither case is the `` meaning '' to be thought of as somehow objectively `` correct '' or `` true '' by some metaphysical criterion . This is the difference between the empirical sciences of action , such as sociology and history and any kind of a priori discipline , such as jurisprudence , logic , ethics , or aesthetics whose aim is to extract from their subject - matter `` correct '' or `` valid '' meaning . -- Max Weber , The Nature of Social Action , 1922 In his own time , however , Weber was viewed primarily as a historian and an economist . The breadth of Weber 's topical interests is apparent in the depth of his social theory : The affinity between capitalism and Protestantism , the religious origins of the Western world , the force of charisma in religion as well as in politics , the all - embracing process of rationalisation and the bureaucratic price of progress , the role of legitimacy and of violence as the offspring of leadership , the `` disenchantment '' of the modern world together with the never - ending power of religion , the antagonistic relation between intellectualism and eroticism : all these are key concepts which attest to the enduring fascination of Weber 's thinking . -- Joachim Radkau , Max Weber : A Biography , 2005 Many of Weber 's works famous today were collected , revised and published posthumously . Significant interpretations of his writings were produced by such sociological luminaries as Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills . Parsons in particular imparted to Weber 's works a functionalist , teleological perspective ; this personal interpretation has been criticised for a latent conservatism . Weber has influenced many later social theorists , such as Theodor Adorno , Max Horkheimer , György Lukács and Jürgen Habermas . Different elements of his thought were emphasised by Carl Schmitt , Joseph Schumpeter , Ludwig Lachmann , Leo Strauss , Hans Morgenthau , and Raymond Aron . According to Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises , who had met Weber during his time at the University of Vienna , The early death of this genius was a great disaster for Germany . Had Weber lived longer , the German people of today would be able to look to this example of an `` Aryan '' who would not be broken by National Socialism . -- Ludwig von Mises , 1940 Weber 's friend , the psychiatrist and existentialist philosopher Karl Jaspers , described him as `` the greatest German of our era '' . Weber 's untimely death felt to Jaspers `` as if the German world had lost its heart '' . Paul Tillich , University Professor at Harvard , observed about Weber that he was `` perhaps the greatest scholar in Germany of the nineteenth century '' . ( Paul Tillich , `` A History of Christian Thought '' , 1968 , p. 233 ) Critical responses to Weber ( edit ) Weber 's explanations are highly specific to the historical periods he analysed . Some academics disagree , pointing out that , despite the fact that Weber did write in the early twentieth century , his ideas remain alive and relevant for understanding issues like politics , bureaucracy , and social stratification today . Many scholars , however , disagree with specific claims in Weber 's historical analysis . For example , the economist Joseph Schumpeter argued that capitalism did not begin with the Industrial Revolution but in 14th century Italy . In Milan , Venice and Florence , the small city - state governments led to the development of the earliest forms of capitalism . In the 16th century , Antwerp was a commercial centre of Europe . Also , the predominantly Calvinist country of Scotland did not enjoy the same economic growth as the Netherlands , England and New England . It has been pointed out that the Netherlands , which had a Calvinist majority , industrialised much later in the 19th century than predominantly Catholic Belgium , which was one of the centres of the Industrial Revolution on the European mainland . Emil Kauder expanded Schumpeter 's argument by arguing the hypothesis that Calvinism hurt the development of capitalism by leading to the development of the labour theory of value . Works ( edit ) For an extensive list of Max Weber 's works , see Max Weber bibliography . Weber wrote in German . Original titles printed after his death ( 1920 ) are most likely compilations of his unfinished works ( of the Collected Essays ... form ) . Many translations are made of parts or sections of various German originals and the names of the translations often do not reveal what part of German work they contain . Weber 's work is generally quoted according to the critical Max Weber - Gesamtausgabe ( Collected Works edition ) , which is published by Mohr Siebeck in Tübingen . See also ( edit ) Sociology portal Interpretations of Weber 's liberalism Instrumental and value - rational action Robert Michels Sociology of law Speeches of Max Weber Weber and German politics Werturteilsstreit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bellamy , Richard ( 1992 ) , Liberalism and Modern Society , Polity , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Bendix , Reinhard ; Roth , Guenther ( 1971 ) , Scholarship and Partisanship : Essays on Max Weber , University of California Press , p. 244 , ISBN 9780520041714 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Biographie '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weber '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Max Weber '' , Encyclopædia Britannica ( online ed . ) , 20 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Sung Ho ( 24 August 2007 ) . `` Max Weber '' . Encyclopaedia of Philosophy . Stanford . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Max Weber ; Hans Heinrich Gerth ; Bryan S. Turner ( 7 March 1991 ) . From Max Weber : essays in sociology . Psychology Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 06056 - 1 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Radkau , Joachim and Patrick Camiller ( 2009 ) . Max Weber : A Biography . Trans . Patrick Camiller . Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 74564147 - 8 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Anthony ( 1971 ) . Capitalism and Modern Social Theory : an Analysis of the Writings of Marx , Durkheim and Max Weber . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 52109785 - 1 . Jump up ^ Auguste Comte , Marx and Weber : Benton , Ted ( 1977 ) . Philosophical Foundations of the Three Sociologies . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . ISBN 0 - 71008593 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tiryakian , Edward A. ( 2009 ) . For Durkheim : Essays in Historical and Cultural Sociology . Routledge . p. 321 . ISBN 0 - 75467155 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Habermas , Jürgen , The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity ( originally published in German in 1985 ) , Polity Press ( 1990 ) , ISBN 0 - 7456 - 0830 - 2 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Macionis , John J. ( 2012 ) . Sociology ( 14th ed . ) . Boston : Pearson . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 11671 - 3 . Jump up ^ Weber , Max The Protestant Ethic and `` The Spirit of Capitalism '' ( 1905 ) . Transl . by Stephen Kalberg ( 2002 ) , Roxbury Publ. Co. , pp. 19 , 35 ; Weber 's references on these pages to `` Superstructure '' and `` base '' are unambiguous references to Marxism 's base / superstructure theory . Jump up ^ Sica , Alan ( 2004 ) . Max Weber and the New Century . London : Transaction Publishers , p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0190 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Craig J. Calhoun ( 2002 ) . Classical sociological theory . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21348 - 2 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dirk Käsler ( 1988 ) . Max Weber : an introduction to his life and work . University of Chicago Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 42560 - 3 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , AM ( 2010 ) , `` Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic : Weber and the chemistry of capitalism '' ( PDF ) , Sociological Theory , ABDN , 28 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 26 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9558.2009. 01367. x . ^ Jump up to : George Ritzer ( 29 September 2009 ) . Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots : The Basics . McGraw - Hill . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340438 - 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lutz Kaelber Max Weber 's Personal Life , 1886 -- 1893 Jump up ^ Bendix , Reinhard ( 1 July 1977 ) . Max Weber : An Intellectual Portrait . University of California Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03194 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weber , Max . Political Writings . Cambridge University Press , 1994 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Lutz Kaelber , Max Weber 's Dissertation ^ Jump up to : Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Ludwig M. Lachmann ( 1970 ) . The legacy of Max Weber . Ludwig von Mises Institute . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61016 - 072 - 8 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gianfranco Poggi ( 2006 ) . Weber : a short introduction . Polity . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3489 - 0 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolfgang Justin Mommsen ( 1984 ) . Max Weber and German Politics , 1890 -- 1920 . University of Chicago Press . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 53399 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wolfgang J. Mommsen ; Michael Steinberg ( 25 July 1990 ) . Max Weber and German Politics , 1890 -- 1920 . University of Chicago Press . pp. 54 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 53399 - 5 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric J. Hobsbawm ( 1987 ) . The age of empire , 1875 -- 1914 . Pantheon Books . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56319 - 0 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Weber , Max . Political Writings . University of Cambridge Press , 1994 . pp. 1 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Marianne Weber . Last accessed on 18 September 2006 . Based on Lengermann , P. ; Niebrugge - Brantley , J. ( 1998 ) . The Women Founders : Sociology and Social Theory , 1830 -- 1930 . Boston : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 037169 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hartmut Lehmann ; Guenther Roth ( 29 September 1995 ) . Weber 's Protestant Ethic : Origins , Evidence , Contexts . Cambridge University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55829 - 7 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Honigsheim ; Alan Sica ( 2003 ) . The unknown Max Weber . Transaction Publishers . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0953 - 7 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Craig J. Calhoun ( 2002 ) . Classical sociological theory . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21348 - 2 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Max Weber ; Richard Swedberg ( 1999 ) . Essays in economic sociology . Princeton University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00906 - 3 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Why Work ? -- The New Yorker '' . newyorker.com . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ Roth , Guenther ( 1979 ) . `` History and Sociology in the Work of Max Weber '' . British Journal of Sociology. 27 ( 3 ) : 306 -- 18 . JSTOR 589618 . ^ Jump up to : Max Weber ; Richard Swedberg ( 1999 ) . Essays in economic sociology . Princeton University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00906 - 3 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Iannaccone , Laurence ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction to the Economics of Religion '' . Journal of Economic Literature. 36 ( 3 ) : 1465 -- 96 . JSTOR 2564806 . Jump up ^ Michael Wise , `` Max Weber Visits America : A Review of the Video , '' Sociation Today , volume 4 , number 2 , Fall 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfgang J. Mommsen , The Political and Social Theory of Max Weber , University of Chicago Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 53400 - 6 , Google Print , p. 81 p. 60 , p. 327 ^ Jump up to : Kaesler , Dirk ( 1989 ) . Max Weber : An Introduction to His Life and Work . University of Chicago Press , p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 42560 - 6 Jump up ^ Gerth , H.H ; Mills , C. Wright ( 1948 ) , From Max Weber : Essays in Sociology , London : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 17503 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sven Eliaeson , `` Constitutional Caesarism : Weber 's Politics in their German Context '' , in Turner , Stephen ( ed ) ( 2000 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Weber . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 142 . Jump up ^ P.G.C. van Schie ; Gerrit Voermann ( 2006 ) . The dividing line between success and failure : a comparison of liberalism in the Netherlands and Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries . LIT Verlag Münster . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 7668 - 5 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Radkau , Joachim ( 2009 ) , Max Weber , A Biography , New York : Polity Press , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Waters & Waters 2015 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Waters & Waters 2015 , pp. 21 , 196 . ^ Jump up to : Jeong Chun Hai @ Ibrahim , & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. ( 2012 ) . Principles of Public Administration : Malaysian Perspectives . Kuala Lumpur : Pearson Publishers . ISBN 978 - 967 - 349 - 233 - 6 Jump up ^ Weber 2015 : 76 , in Weber 's Rationalism and Modern Society , Edited and Translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters , New York : Palgrave Macmillan Jump up ^ Weber 2015 : 76 in Weber 's Rationalism and Modern Society , Edited and Translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters , New York : Palgrave Macmillan Jump up ^ Weber 2015 : 76 -- 77 in Weber 's Rationalism and Modern Society , Edited and Translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters , New York : Palgrave Macmillan Jump up ^ James W. Fesler. ( 1965 ) . `` Bureaucratic Phenomena '' . Administrative Science Quarterly , Volume 10 , September 1965 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Frisby , David ( 2002 ) . Georg Simmel . Key Sociologists ( Second ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28535 - 6 . Jump up ^ Weber , Max . Political Writings . Cambridge University Press , 1994 , p. 288 . Jump up ^ H.H. Gerth and C.W. Mills , `` A Biographical View '' in From Max Weber : Essays in Sociology . Jump up ^ Mittleman , Alan ( 1999 ) . `` Leo Strauss and Relativism : the Critique of Max Weber '' . Religion . 29 : 15 -- 27 . doi : 10.1006 / reli. 1999.0176 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Swedberg , `` Max Weber as an Economist and as a Sociologist : Towards a Fuller Understanding of Weber 's View of Economics -- Critical Essay Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . '' , American Journal of Economics and Sociology , ( 1999 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Methodological individualism '' , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 30 January 2010 ^ Jump up to : Josephson - Storm , Jason ( 2017 ) . The Myth of Disenchantment : Magic , Modernity , and the Birth of the Human Sciences . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 40336 - X . Jump up ^ Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert B. Denhardt ( 2 March 2010 ) . Theories of Public Organization . Cengage Learning . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4390 - 8623 - 0 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : George Ritzer ( 29 September 2009 ) . Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots : The Basics . McGraw - Hill . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340438 - 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Max Weber , Sociological Writings , Excerpts Jump up ^ Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Roth , Guenther and Claus Wittich. 1978 . Economy and Society : an outline of interpretive sociology . University of California Press , Google Print , p. xxxiii ^ Jump up to : Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Craig J. Calhoun ( 2002 ) . Classical sociological theory . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21348 - 2 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ George Ritzer ( 29 September 2009 ) . Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots : The Basics . McGraw - Hill . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340438 - 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . Jump up ^ Basit Bilal Koshul ( 2005 ) . The postmodern significance of Max Weber 's legacy : disenchanting disenchantment . Macmillan . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6784 - 8 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . Jump up ^ Andrew J. Weigert ( July 1991 ) . Mixed emotions : certain steps toward understanding ambivalence . SUNY Press . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 0600 - 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : George Ritzer ( 29 September 2009 ) . Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots : The Basics . McGraw - Hill . pp. 38 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340438 - 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . Jump up ^ Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . pp. 151 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . p. 285 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Bendix ( 1977 ) . `` IX : Basic Concepts of Political Sociology '' . Max Weber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . Jump up ^ Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . Jump up ^ Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : George Ritzer ( 29 September 2009 ) . Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots : The Basics . McGraw - Hill . pp. 35 -- 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340438 - 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Weber The Protestant Ethic ... , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bendix . Max Weber . p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : George Ritzer ( 29 September 2009 ) . Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots : The Basics . McGraw - Hill . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340438 - 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richard Swedberg ; Ola Agevall ( 2005 ) . The Max Weber dictionary : key words and central concepts . Stanford University Press . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5095 - 0 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Max Weber , The Religion of China , New York : Free Press , 1968 . ^ Jump up to : Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . pp. 98 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . pp. 135 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . pp. 142 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ Reinhard Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber : an intellectual portrait . University of California Press . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . pp. 200 -- 01 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . pp. 204 -- 05 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Plye , Davidson , Ralph , James . `` Stratification '' . Encyclopedia of Religion and Society . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Christiano , Swatos , Kivisto , Kevin , William , Peter ( 2008 ) . Sociology of Religion . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 7 . ISBN 9780742561113 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Christiano , Swatos , Kivisto , Kevin , William , Peter ( 2008 ) . Sociology of Religion . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 142 . ISBN 9780742561113 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Christiano , Swatos , Kivisto , Kevin , William , Peter ( 2008 ) . Sociology of Religion . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 137 . ISBN 9780742561113 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Weber , Max ( 1919 / 2015 ) `` Politics as Vocation '' in Weber 's Rationalism and Modern Society , edited and translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters , pp. 129 -- 98 ^ Jump up to : Daniel Warner ( 1991 ) . An ethic of responsibility in international relations . Lynne Rienner Publishers . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55587 - 266 - 3 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Phelps , Martha Lizabeth ( December 2014 ) . `` Doppelgangers of the State : Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy '' . Politics & Policy . 42 ( 6 ) : 824 -- 49 . doi : 10.1111 / polp. 12100 . ^ Jump up to : Randal Marlin ( 2002 ) . Propaganda and the ethics of persuasion . Broadview Press . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 376 - 0 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Politik als Beruf -- Gesinnungsethik vs. Verantwortungsethik ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ pp. 135 -- 36 in `` Politics as Vocation '' by Max Weber in Weber 's Rationalism and Modern Society , edited and translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters . New York : Palgrave MacMillan 21919 / 2015 Jump up ^ Wolfgang J. Mommsen ( 1992 ) . The Political and Social Theory of Max Weber : Collected Essays . University of Chicago Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 53400 - 8 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bendix ( November 1998 ) . Max Weber . pp. 303 -- 05 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 17453 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Swedberg ; Ola Agevall ( 2005 ) . The Max Weber dictionary : key words and central concepts . Stanford University Press . pp. 18 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5095 - 0 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall Sashkin ; Molly G. Sashkin ( 28 January 2003 ) . Leadership that matters : the critical factors for making a difference in people 's lives and organisations ' success . Berrett - Koehler Publishers . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57675 - 193 - 0 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Liesbet Hooghe ( 2001 ) . The European Commission and the integration of Europe : images of governance . Cambridge University Press . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00143 - 4 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . pp. 172 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . Jump up ^ George Ritzer , Enchanting a Disenchanted World : Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption , Pine Forge Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 7619 - 8819 - X , Google Print , p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Bendix ( 1977 ) . Max Weber . pp. 85 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ Max Weber , `` The Distribution of Power Within the Gemeinschaft : Classes , Staende , Parties '' pp. 59 -- 72 in Weber 's Rationalism and Modern Society , edited and translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters . Jump up ^ Waters , Tony ( 2016 ) . `` Are the terms `` socio - economic status '' and `` class status '' a warped form of reasoning for Max Weber ? Palgrave Communications . http://www.palgrave-journals.com/articles/palcomms20162 Jump up ^ Quoted in Bendix , Reinhard ( 1 July 1977 ) . Max Weber : An Intellectual Portrait . University of California Press . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03194 - 6 . Jump up ^ Richard Swedberg ; Ola Agevall ( 2005 ) . The Max Weber dictionary : key words and central concepts . Stanford University Press . p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5095 - 0 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Swedberg ; Ola Agevall ( 2005 ) . The Max Weber dictionary : key words and central concepts . Stanford University Press . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5095 - 0 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ M. Weber , `` Science as a Vocation '' , lecture given in 1918 at Munich University ^ Jump up to : William Petersen , Against the Stream , Transaction Publishers , ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0222 - 8 , 2004 , Google Print , p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Peter R. Baehr , Founders Classics Canons , Transaction Publishers , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0129 - 9 , Google Print , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Max Weber , 1864 -- 1920 , New School for Social Research Jump up ^ `` The German Historical School '' Archived 20 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , New School for Social Research ^ Jump up to : Schweitzer , Arthur ( 1975 ) . `` Frank Knight 's Social Economics '' . History of Political Economics . 7 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 92 . doi : 10.1215 / 00182702 - 7 - 3 - 279 . Jump up ^ Stigler , George ( 1950 ) . `` The Development of Utility Theory . Ii '' . The Journal of Political Economy. 58 ( 5 ) : 373 . doi : 10.1086 / 256980 . JSTOR 1825710 . Jump up ^ Mass , Harro ( 2009 ) . `` Disciplining Boundaries : Lionel Robbins , Max Weber , and the Borderlands of Economics , History , and Psychology '' . Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 31 : 500 . Jump up ^ Weber , Max . Selections in Translation . Trans . Eric Matthews . Ed . W.G. Runciman . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . `` Urbanisation and Social Structure in the Ancient World '' , pp. 290 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Ross B. Emmett ( 2005 ) . Frank Knight and the Chicago School in American Economics . Routledge . pp. 111 -- 23 . ISBN 9780415775007 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Swedberg ; Ola Agevall ( 2005 ) . The Max Weber dictionary : key words and central concepts . Stanford University Press . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5095 - 0 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Tribe ( 1995 ) . Strategies of Economic Order : German Economic Discourse , 1750 -- 1950 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 140 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61943 - 1 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jordi Cat , `` Political Economy : Theory , Practice , and Philosophical Consequences '' , supplement to `` Otto Neurath '' , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2010 Edition ) . Jump up ^ Max Weber , Economy and Society : An Outline of Interpretive Sociology , Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich , eds . ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1978 ) , vol . I , ch. 2. , sec. 12 , pp. 100 -- 03 . Jump up ^ Jörg Guido Hülsmann ( 1995 ) . Mises : The Last Knight of Liberalism ( PDF ) . Ludwig von Mises Institute . pp. 392 -- 96 . ISBN 1 - 933550 - 18 - X . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ F.A. Hayek , Introduction to Mises 's Memoirs , pp. xvi -- xvii ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ `` Between Mises and Keynes : An Interview with Gottfried von Haberler ( 1900 -- 1995 ) , The Austrian Economics Newsletter , 20 ( 1 ) , 2000 . Mises.org Jump up ^ Friedrich Hayek , `` Socialist Calculation '' , in Individualism and Economic Order , ( University of Chicago Press , 1948 ) . Jump up ^ Interview with F.A. Hayek , 1985 Jump up ^ Press release , Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for 1974 . ^ Jump up to : John K. Rhoads , Critical Issues in Social Theory , Penn State Press , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 271 - 00753 - 2 , Google Print , p. 40 Jump up ^ Joan Ferrante , Sociology : A Global Perspective , Thomson Wadsworth , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 495 - 00561 - 4 , Google Print , p. 21 Jump up ^ George Ritzer ( 29 September 2009 ) . Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots : The Basics . McGraw - Hill . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340438 - 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Weber , Max The Nature of Social Action , in Runciman , W.G. , Weber : Selections in Translation , Cambridge University Press , 1991 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Radkau , Joachim Max Weber : A Biography. 1995 . Polity Press . ( Inside sleeve ) Jump up ^ Fish , Jonathan S. 2005 . Defending the Durkheimian Tradition . Religion , Emotion and Morality Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing . Jump up ^ Ludwig von Mises , Memoirs , ( Mises Institute , Auburn , AL , 2009 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Peter Baehr , `` The Grammar of Prudence : Arendt , Jaspers and the Appraisal of Max Weber '' , in Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem , edited by Steven E. Aschheim ( University of California Press , 2001 ) , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Allan , Kenneth D. ( 2 November 2005 ) . Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory : Seeing the Social World . Pine Forge Press . pp. 150 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 0572 - 5 . Jump up ^ Waters & Waters 2015 , pp. 1 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Schumpeter , Joseph ( 1954 ) . History of Economic Analysis . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray N. ( 1995 ) . Economic Thought Before Adam Smith . Ludwig von Mises Press . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Evans , Eric J. ( 1983 ) . The Forging of the Modern State : Early Industrial Britain , 1783 -- 1870 . Longman . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 48969 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kauder , Emil ( 1953 ) . `` The Retarded Acceptance of the Marginal Utility Theory '' . Quarterly Journal of Economics . 67 ( 4 ) : 564 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 1883602 . JSTOR 1883602 . Sources ( edit ) Waters , Tony ; Waters , Dagmar ( 2015 ) , Weber 's Rationalism and Modern Society , New York : Palgrave - Macmillan . ( 1 ) Further reading ( edit ) Ankerl , Guy ( 1972 ) . Sociologues allemands . Avec le dictionnaire de `` l'Ethique protestante et l'esprit du capitalisme '' de Max Weber ( in French ) . Neuchâtel : A la Baconnière . Bruun , Hans Henrik ( 2007 ) . Science , values , and politics in Max Weber 's methodology . Rethinking classical sociology . Aldershot , Ashgate . p. 298 . Green , Robert , ed. ( 1959 ) . Problems in European Civilization , Protestantism and Capitalism : The Weber Thesis and Its Critics . Boston : Heath . Haidenko , Piama ; trans . H. Campbell Creighton ( 1989 ) . `` The Sociology of Max Weber '' . In Kon , Igor . A History of Classical Sociology . Moscow : Progress Publishers . pp. 255 -- 311 . ISBN 5 - 01 - 001102 - 6 . Archived from the original ( DOC , DjVu ) on 2011 - 05 - 14 . Josephson - Storm , Jason ( 2017 ) . The Myth of Disenchantment : Magic , Modernity , and the Birth of the Human Sciences . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 40336 - X . Kemple , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Intellectual work and the spirit of capitalism : Weber 's calling . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9781137377135 . Kolko , Gabriel ( 1959 ) . `` A Critique of Max Weber 's Philosophy of History '' . Ethics. 70 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 36 . doi : 10.1086 / 291239 . JSTOR 2379612 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 30 . Korotayev , Andrey ; Malkov , A. ; Khaltourina , D. ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Reconsidering Weber : Literacy and `` the Spirit of Capitalism '' `` . Introduction to Social Macrodynamics . Moscow : URSS . ISBN 5 - 484 - 00414 - 4 . Archived from the original ( Google Books ) on 30 December 2016 . Marra , Realino ( 1992 ) , Dalla comunità al diritto moderno . La formazione giuridica di Max Weber . 1882 -- 1889 , Giappichelli , Torino Marra , Realino ( 1995 ) , La libertà degli ultimi uomini . Studi sul pensiero giuridico e politico di Max Weber , Giappichelli , Torino Marra , Realino ( 2002 ) , Capitalismo e anticapitalismo in Max Weber . Storia di Roma e sociologia del diritto nella genesi dell'opera weberiana , il Mulino , Bologna Mitzman , Arthur ( 1985 ) ( 1970 ) . The Iron Cage : An Historical Interpretation of Max Weber . New Brunswick NJ : Transaction Books . ISBN 0 - 87855 - 984 - 1 . Quensel , Bernhard K. ( 2007 ) , Max Webers Konstruktionslogik . Sozialökonomik zwischen Geschichte und Theorie , Nomos , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8329 - 2517 - 8 ( Revisiting Weber 's concept of sociology against the background of his juristic and economic provenance within the framework of `` social economics '' ) Radkau , Joachim ( 2009 ) ( 2005 ) . Max Weber : a Biography . trans . Camiller . Cambridge : Polity . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 4147 - 8 . ( The most important work on Weber 's life and torments since the biography by Marianne Weber ) Rheinstein , Max ; Shils , Edward ( 1954 ) . Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard U.P. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 55651 - 5 . ( Translation , with long introduction , of Weber 's main writings on law ) Ritzer , George , ed. ( 1996 ) . `` Sociological Theory '' . Max Weber ( fourth ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 114660 - 1 . Roth , Guenther ( 2001 ) , Max Webers deutsch - englische Familiengeschichte , J.C.B. Mohr ( Paul Siebeck ) , ISBN 3 - 16 - 147557 - 7 Lawrence A. Scaff : Max Weber in America , Princeton University Press , Princeton / Oxford , England 2011 ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14779 - 6 Stapelfeldt , Gerhard ( 2004 ) . Kritik der ökonomischen Rationalität ( in German ) . Swatos , William H. , ed. ( 1990 ) . Time , Place , and Circumstance : Neo-Weberian Studies in Comparative Religious History . New York : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26892 - 4 . Swedberg , Richard ( 1998 ) . Max Weber and the Idea of Economic Sociology . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07013 - X . Swedberg , Richard ( October 1999 ) . `` Max Weber as an Economist and as a Sociologist '' . American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 58 ( 4 ) : 561 -- 82 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1536 - 7150.1999. tb03385. x . Weber , Marianne ( 1988 ) ( 1926 ) . Max Weber : a Biography . trans . Harry Zohn . New Brunswick : Transaction Books . ISBN 0 - 471 - 92333 - 8 . Weber , Marianne ( 1926 ) . Max Weber . Ein Lebensbild ( in German ) . Mohr . Weber , Marianne ( 1975 ) . Max Weber . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 92333 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Max Weber Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Max Weber Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Find more aboutMax Weberat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Texts of his works Works by or about Max Weber at Internet Archive Works by Max Weber at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Large collection of the German original texts A collection of English translations Max Weber Reference Archive Max Weber , On Politics ( 1919 ) Large collection of the German original texts A comprehensive collection of English translations and secondary literature Notes on several of Weber 's works , merged into one text file Analysis of his works Protestant Ethic Thesis by the Swatos ' Encyclopedia of Religion and Society Max Weber Studies journal McKinnon , AM ( 2010 ) . `` Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic : Weber and the chemistry of capitalism '' ( PDF ) . Sociological Theory . 28 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 26 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9558.2009. 01367. x . Other encyclopedic entries Sung Ho Kim . `` Max Weber '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Max Weber ( 1864 -- 1920 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics . Library of Economics and Liberty ( 2nd ed . ) . Liberty Fund . 2008 . SocioSite : Famous Sociologists -- Max Weber Information resources on life , academic work and intellectual influence of Max Weber . Editor : dr . Albert Benschop ( University of Amsterdam ) . Max Weber Books Roman Agrarian History and its Significance for Public and Private Law ( 1891 ) Condition of Farm Labour in Eastern Germany ( 1892 ) The Stock Exchange ( 1896 ) The Objectivity of the Sociological and Social - Political Knowledge ( 1904 ) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ( 1905 ) The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism ( 1915 ) The Religion of India : The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism ( 1916 ) The Rejection and the Meaning of the World ( 1916 ) Sociology of Religion ( 1920 ) Ancient Judaism ( 1921 ) The City ( 1921 ) Economy and Society ( 1922 ) Basic Concepts in Sociology ( 1922 ) The Theory of Social and Economic Organization ( 1947 ) The Three Types of Legitimate Rule ( 1958 ) Sociology of Community Sociology of Rulership and Religion Sociology of the World Religions : Introduction Concepts Weberian bureaucracy Disenchantment Ideal type Iron cage Life chances Methodological individualism Monopoly on violence Protestant work ethic Rationalisation Social action Three - component stratification Tripartite classification of authority Verstehen Essays `` The Protestant Sects and the Spirit of Capitalism '' ( 1904 ) `` Politics as a Vocation '' ( 1919 ) Lectures Science as a Vocation ( 1918 ) Wirtschaftsgeschichte ( 1923 ) Related Max Weber bibliography Speeches of Max Weber Zur Geschichte der Handelsgesellschaften im Mittelalter People Max Weber Sr. ( father ) Alfred Weber ( brother ) Marianne Weber ( wife ) Articles related to Max Weber Social and political philosophy Pre-modern philosophers Aquinas Aristotle Averroes Augustine Chanakya Cicero Confucius Al - Ghazali Han Fei Laozi Marsilius Mencius Mozi Muhammad Plato Shang Socrates Sun Tzu Thucydides Modern philosophers Bakunin Bentham Bonald Bosanquet Burke Comte Emerson Engels Fourier Franklin Grotius Hegel Hobbes Hume Jefferson Kant Kierkegaard Le Bon Le Play Leibniz Locke Machiavelli Maistre Malebranche Marx Mill Montesquieu Möser Nietzsche Paine Renan Rousseau Royce Sade Smith Spencer Spinoza Stirner Taine Thoreau Tocqueville Vivekananda Voltaire 20th -- 21st - century Philosophers Ambedkar Arendt Aurobindo Aron Azurmendi Badiou Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Berlin Judith Butler Camus Chomsky De Beauvoir Debord Du Bois Durkheim Foucault Gandhi Gehlen Gentile Gramsci Habermas Hayek Heidegger Irigaray Kirk Kropotkin Lenin Luxemburg Mao Marcuse Maritain Michels Mises Negri Niebuhr Nozick Oakeshott Ortega Pareto Pettit Plamenatz Polanyi Popper Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Rothbard Russell Santayana Sarkar Sartre Schmitt Searle Shariati Simonović Skinner Sombart Spann Spirito Strauss Sun Taylor Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Ambedkarism Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Islam Islamism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more ... 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Category Law portal Philosophy portal WikiProject Law WikiProject Philosophy changes Economists of the Historical School Economists Karl Bücher Johann Gustav Droysen Bruno Hildebrand Georg Friedrich Knapp Karl Knies Étienne Laspeyres Friedrich List Karl Polanyi Leopold von Ranke Wilhelm Roscher Friedrich Schelling Gustav von Schmoller Joseph Schumpeter Werner Sombart Heinrich von Treitschke Adolph Wagner Max Weber Contributions Creative destruction Cyclical theory Disenchantment Double Movement Economistic fallacy Embeddedness Enlightened absolutism Fictitious commodities Ideal type Innovation economics Iron cage Laspeyres price index Life chances Methodenstreit Methodological individualism Monopoly on violence National innovation system Philosophy of identity Protestant work ethic Rationalization Schumpeterian rent Social actions Substantivism Theory of Bureaucracy Theory of business cycles Three - component theory of stratification Tripartite classification of authority Verstehen Wagner 's law Werturteilsstreit Positivism Perspectives Antihumanism Empiricism Rationalism Scientism Declinations Legal positivism Logical positivism / analytic philosophy Positivist school Postpositivism Sociological positivism Machian positivism ( empiriocriticism ) Rankean historical positivism Polish positivism Russian positivism Principal concepts Consilience Demarcation Evidence Induction Justificationism Pseudoscience Critique of metaphysics Unity of science Verificationism Antitheses Antipositivism Confirmation holism Critical theory Falsifiability Geisteswissenschaft Hermeneutics Historicism Historism Human science Humanities Problem of induction Reflectivism Related paradigm shifts in the history of science Non-Euclidean geometry ( 1830s ) Uncertainty principle ( 1927 ) Related topics Behavioralism Post-behavioralism Critical rationalism Criticism of science Epistemology anarchism idealism nihilism pluralism realism Holism Instrumentalism Modernism Naturalism in literature Nomothetic -- idiographic distinction Objectivity in science Operationalism Phenomenalism Philosophy of science Deductive - nomological model Ramsey sentence Sense - data theory Qualitative research Relationship between religion and science Sociology Social science Philosophy Structural functionalism Structuralism Structuration theory Positivist - related debate Method Methodenstreit ( 1890s ) Werturteilsstreit ( 1909 -- 1959 ) Positivismusstreit ( 1960s ) Fourth Great Debate in international relations ( 1980s ) Science wars ( 1990s ) Contributions The Course in Positive Philosophy ( 1830 ) A General View of Positivism ( 1848 ) Critical History of Philosophy ( 1869 ) Idealism and Positivism ( 1879 -- 1884 ) The Analysis of Sensations ( 1886 ) The Logic of Modern Physics ( 1927 ) Language , Truth , and Logic ( 1936 ) The Two Cultures ( 1959 ) The Universe in a Nutshell ( 2001 ) Proponents Richard Avenarius A.J. Ayer Auguste Comte Eugen Dühring Émile Durkheim Ernst Laas Ernst Mach Berlin Circle Vienna Circle Criticism Materialism and Empirio - criticism ( 1909 ) History and Class Consciousness ( 1923 ) The Logic of Scientific Discovery ( 1934 ) The Poverty of Historicism ( 1936 ) World Hypotheses ( 1942 ) Two Dogmas of Empiricism ( 1951 ) Truth and Method ( 1960 ) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 1962 ) Conjectures and Refutations ( 1963 ) One - Dimensional Man ( 1964 ) Knowledge and Human Interests ( 1968 ) The Poverty of Theory ( 1978 ) The Scientific Image ( 1980 ) The Rhetoric of Economics ( 1986 ) Critics Theodor W. Adorno Gaston Bachelard Mario Bunge Wilhelm Dilthey Paul Feyerabend Hans - Georg Gadamer Thomas Kuhn György Lukács Karl Popper Willard Van Orman Quine Max Weber Concepts in contention Knowledge Objectivity Phronesis Truth Verstehen Category BIBSYS : 90051997 BNE : XX970929 BNF : cb11928969n ( data ) GND : 118629743 ISNI : 0000 0001 2145 101X LCCN : n79043351 NDL : 00460377 NKC : jn19990008962 NLA : 35595835 RSL : 000080980 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 006392 SELIBR : 206862 SNAC : w6qz2hbf SUDOC : 027194035 VIAF : 100180950 Jump up ^ name = `` what is calvinism '' > CARM , ( 2 ) , Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&oldid=846587550 '' Categories : Max Weber 1864 births 1920 deaths 19th - century German writers 19th - century German philosophers 20th - century German philosophers Alldeutscher Verband members Deaths from Spanish flu Economic historians German Democratic Party politicians German economists German people of Huguenot descent German Protestants German sociologists Heidelberg University alumni Heidelberg University faculty Historical school economists Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences National - Social Association politicians People from Erfurt People from the Province of Saxony Philosophers of history Philosophers of social science Protestant philosophers Rationality theorists Sociologists of religion University of Freiburg faculty University of Göttingen alumni Deaths from pneumonia Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Good articles Use British English from April 2011 Use dmy dates from April 2013 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Pages using infobox scientist with unknown parameters Interlanguage link template link number Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2016 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RSL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 15 elements Talk Contributions Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 101 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 17 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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2749366745484720524	Liverpool F.C.	Liverpool F.C. - Wikipedia Liverpool F.C. Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's football club . For the women 's football club , see Liverpool L.F.C. For other uses , see Liverpool F.C. ( disambiguation ) . Liverpool Full name Liverpool Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Reds Short name LFC Founded 3 June 1892 ; 125 years ago ( 1892 - 06 - 03 ) Ground Anfield Ground Capacity 54,074 Owner Fenway Sports Group Chairman Tom Werner Manager Jürgen Klopp League Premier League 2016 -- 17 Premier League , 4th of 20 Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Liverpool Football Club ( / ˈlɪvərpuːl / ) is a professional association football club based in Liverpool , Merseyside , England . They compete in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won an English record 5 European Cups , 3 UEFA Cups , 3 UEFA Super Cups , 18 League titles , 7 FA Cups , a record 8 League Cups , and 15 FA Community Shields . The club was founded in 1892 and joined the Football League the following year . The club has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in both English and European football during the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly and Bob Paisley led the club to 11 League titles and seven European trophies . Under the management of Rafa Benítez and captained by Steven Gerrard Liverpool became European champion for the fifth time , winning the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final against Milan in spite of being 3 -- 0 down at half time . Liverpool was the ninth highest - earning football club in the world for 2015 -- 16 , with an annual revenue of € 403.8 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2017 , valued at $1.492 billion . The club holds many long - standing rivalries , most notably the North West Derby against Manchester United and the Merseyside derby with Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies . The first was the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the henceforth renamed King Baudouin Stadium in Brussels , with 39 people -- mostly Italians and Juventus fans -- dying , after which English clubs were given a five - year ban from European competition . The second was the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all - red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . The club 's anthem is `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Colours and badge 3 Stadium 4 Support 4.1 Rivalries 5 Ownership and finances 6 Liverpool in popular culture 7 Players 7.1 First - team squad 7.2 Out on loan 7.3 Reserves and Academy 7.4 Former players 7.5 Player records 7.6 Club captains 7.7 Player of the season 8 Club officials 9 Honours 9.1 Domestic 9.1. 1 League 9.1. 2 Cups 9.2 European 9.3 Doubles and Trebles 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links 12.1 Independent websites History Main articles : 1892 -- 1959 , 1959 -- 85 , and 1985 -- present John Houlding , the founder of Liverpool F.C. Liverpool F.C. was founded following a dispute between the Everton committee and John Houlding , club president and owner of the land at Anfield . After eight years at the stadium , Everton relocated to Goodison Park in 1892 and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play at Anfield . Originally named `` Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd '' ( Everton Athletic for short ) , the club became Liverpool F.C. in March 1892 and gained official recognition three months later , after The Football Association refused to recognise the club as Everton . The team won the Lancashire League in its début season , and joined the Football League Second Division at the start of the 1893 -- 94 season . After finishing in first place the club was promoted to the First Division , which it won in 1901 and again in 1906 . Liverpool reached its first FA Cup Final in 1914 , losing 1 -- 0 to Burnley . It won consecutive League championships in 1922 and 1923 , but did not win another trophy until the 1946 -- 47 season , when the club won the First Division for a fifth time under the control of ex-West Ham Utd centre half George Kay . Liverpool suffered its second Cup Final defeat in 1950 , playing against Arsenal . The club was relegated to the Second Division in the 1953 -- 54 season . Soon after Liverpool lost 2 -- 1 to non-league Worcester City in the 1958 -- 59 FA Cup , Bill Shankly was appointed manager . Upon his arrival he released 24 players and converted a boot storage room at Anfield into a room where the coaches could discuss strategy ; here , Shankly and other `` Boot Room '' members Joe Fagan , Reuben Bennett , and Bob Paisley began reshaping the team . Statue of Bill Shankly outside Anfield . Shankly won promotion to the First Division and the club 's first league title since 1947 . The club was promoted back into the First Division in 1962 and won it in 1964 , for the first time in 17 years . In 1965 , the club won its first FA Cup . In 1966 , the club won the First Division but lost to Borussia Dortmund in the European Cup Winners ' Cup final . Liverpool won both the League and the UEFA Cup during the 1972 -- 73 season , and the FA Cup again a year later . Shankly retired soon afterwards and was replaced by his assistant , Bob Paisley . In 1976 , Paisley 's second season as manager , the club won another League and UEFA Cup double . The following season , the club retained the League title and won the European Cup for the first time , but it lost in the 1977 FA Cup Final . Liverpool retained the European Cup in 1978 and regained the First Division title in 1979 . During Paisley 's nine seasons as manager Liverpool won 21 trophies , including three European Cups , a UEFA Cup , six League titles and three consecutive League Cups ; the only domestic trophy he did not win was the FA Cup . Paisley retired in 1983 and was replaced by his assistant , Joe Fagan . Liverpool won the League , League Cup and European Cup in Fagan 's first season , becoming the first English side to win three trophies in a season . Liverpool reached the European Cup final again in 1985 , against Juventus at the Heysel Stadium . Before kick - off , Liverpool fans breached a fence which separated the two groups of supporters , and charged the Juventus fans . The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse , killing 39 fans , mostly Italians . The incident became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster . The match was played in spite of protests by both managers , and Liverpool lost 1 -- 0 to Juventus . As a result of the tragedy , English clubs were banned from participating in European competition for five years ; Liverpool received a ten - year ban , which was later reduced to six years . Fourteen Liverpool fans received convictions for involuntary manslaughter . The Hillsborough memorial , which is engraved with the names of the 96 people who died in the Hillsborough disaster . Fagan had announced his retirement just before the disaster and Kenny Dalglish was appointed as player - manager . During his tenure , the club won another three League Championships and two FA Cups , including a League and Cup `` Double '' in the 1985 -- 86 season . Liverpool 's success was overshadowed by the Hillsborough disaster : in an FA Cup semi-final against Nottingham Forest on 15 April 1989 , hundreds of Liverpool fans were crushed against perimeter fencing . Ninety - four fans died that day ; the 95th victim died in hospital from his injuries four days later and the 96th died nearly four years later , without regaining consciousness . After the Hillsborough disaster there was a government review of stadium safety . The resulting Taylor Report paved the way for legislation that required top - division teams to have all - seater stadiums . The report ruled that the main reason for the disaster was overcrowding due to a failure of police control . Liverpool was involved in the closest finish to a league season during the 1988 -- 89 season . Liverpool finished equal with Arsenal on both points and goal difference , but lost the title on total goals scored when Arsenal scored the final goal in the last minute of the season . Dalglish cited the Hillsborough disaster and its repercussions as the reason for his resignation in 1991 ; he was replaced by former player Graeme Souness . Under his leadership Liverpool won the 1992 FA Cup Final , but their league performances slumped , with two consecutive sixth - place finishes , eventually resulting in his dismissal in January 1994 . Souness was replaced by Roy Evans , and Liverpool went on to win the 1995 Football League Cup Final . While they made some title challenges under Evans , third - place finishes in 1996 and 1998 were the best they could manage , and so Gérard Houllier was appointed co-manager in the 1998 -- 99 season , and became the sole manager in November 1998 after Evans resigned . In 2001 , Houllier 's second full season in charge , Liverpool won a `` Treble '' : the FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup . Houllier underwent major heart surgery during the 2001 -- 02 season and Liverpool finished second in the League , behind Arsenal . They won a further League Cup in 2003 , but failed to mount a title challenge in the two seasons that followed . The European Champion Clubs ' Cup trophy won by Liverpool for a fifth time in 2005 Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez at the end of the 2003 -- 04 season . Despite finishing fifth in Benítez 's first season , Liverpool won the 2004 -- 05 UEFA Champions League , beating A.C. Milan 3 -- 2 in a penalty shootout after the match ended with a score of 3 -- 3 . The following season , Liverpool finished third in the Premier League and won the 2006 FA Cup Final , beating West Ham United in a penalty shootout after the match finished 3 -- 3 . American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks became the owners of the club during the 2006 -- 07 season , in a deal which valued the club and its outstanding debts at £ 218.9 million . The club reached the 2007 UEFA Champions League Final against Milan , as it had in 2005 , but lost 2 -- 1 . During the 2008 -- 09 season Liverpool achieved 86 points , its highest Premier League points total , and finished as runners up to Manchester United . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Liverpool finished seventh in the Premier League and failed to qualify for the Champions League . Benítez subsequently left by mutual consent and was replaced by Fulham manager Roy Hodgson . At the start of the 2010 -- 11 season Liverpool was on the verge of bankruptcy and the club 's creditors asked the High Court to allow the sale of the club , overruling the wishes of Hicks and Gillett . John W. Henry , owner of the Boston Red Sox and of Fenway Sports Group , bid successfully for the club and took ownership in October 2010 . Poor results during the start of that season led to Hodgson leaving the club by mutual consent and former player and manager Kenny Dalglish taking over . In the 2011 -- 12 season , Liverpool secured a record 8th League Cup success and reached the FA Cup final , but finished in eighth position , the worst league finish in 18 years ; this led to the sacking of Dalglish . He was replaced by Brendan Rodgers , whose Liverpool team in the 2013 -- 14 season mounted an unexpected title charge to finish second behind champions Manchester City and subsequently return to the Champions League , scoring 101 goals in the process , the most since the 106 scored in the 1895 -- 96 season . Following a disappointing 2014 -- 15 season , where Liverpool finished sixth in the league , and a poor start to the following campaign , Rodgers was sacked in October 2015 . He was replaced by Jürgen Klopp , who in his first season at Liverpool , took the club to the finals of both the Football League Cup and UEFA Europa League , finishing as runner - up in both competitions . Colours and badge Liverpool 's home colours worn from 1892 to 1896 For much of Liverpool 's history its home colours have been all red , but when the club was founded its kit was more like the contemporary Everton kit . The blue and white quartered shirts were used until 1894 , when the club adopted the city 's colour of red . The city 's symbol of the liver bird was adopted as the club 's badge in 1901 , although it was not incorporated into the kit until 1955 . Liverpool continued to wear red shirts and white shorts until 1964 , when manager Bill Shankly decided to change to an all red strip . Liverpool played in all red for the first time against Anderlecht , as Ian St. John recalled in his autobiography : He ( Shankly ) thought the colour scheme would carry psychological impact -- red for danger , red for power . He came into the dressing room one day and threw a pair of red shorts to Ronnie Yeats . `` Get into those shorts and let 's see how you look '' , he said . `` Christ , Ronnie , you look awesome , terrifying . You look 7ft tall . '' `` Why not go the whole hog , boss ? '' I suggested . `` Why not wear red socks ? Let 's go out all in red . '' Shankly approved and an iconic kit was born . The Liverpool away strip has more often than not been all yellow or white shirts and black shorts , but there have been several exceptions . An all grey kit was introduced in 1987 , which was used until the 1991 -- 92 centenary season , when it was replaced by a combination of green shirts and white shorts . After various colour combinations in the 1990s , including gold and navy , bright yellow , black and grey , and ecru , the club alternated between yellow and white away kits until the 2008 -- 09 season , when it re-introduced the grey kit . A third kit is designed for European away matches , though it is also worn in domestic away matches on occasions when the current away kit clashes with a team 's home kit . Between 2012 -- 15 , the kits were designed by Warrior Sports , who became the club 's kit providers at the start of the 2012 -- 13 season . In February 2015 , Warrior 's parent company New Balance announced it would be entering the global football market , with teams sponsored by Warrior now being outfitted by New Balance . The only other branded shirts worn by the club were made by Umbro until 1985 , when they were replaced by Adidas , who produced the kits until 1996 when Reebok took over . They produced the kits for ten years before Adidas made the kits from 2006 to 2012 . A version of Liverpool 's Crest as depicted on the Shankly Gates Liverpool was the first English professional club to have a sponsor 's logo on its shirts , after agreeing a deal with Hitachi in 1979 . Since then the club has been sponsored by Crown Paints , Candy , Carlsberg and Standard Chartered Bank . The contract with Carlsberg , which was signed in 1992 , was the longest - lasting agreement in English top - flight football . The association with Carlsberg ended at the start of the 2010 -- 11 season , when Standard Chartered Bank became the club 's sponsor . The Liverpool badge is based on the city 's liver bird , which in the past had been placed inside a shield . In 1992 , to commemorate the centennial of the club , a new badge was commissioned , including a representation of the Shankly Gates . The next year twin flames were added at either side , symbolic of the Hillsborough memorial outside Anfield , where an eternal flame burns in memory of those who died in the Hillsborough disaster . In 2012 , Warrior Sports ' first Liverpool kit removed the shield and gates , returning the badge to what had adorned Liverpool shirts in the 1970s ; the flames were moved to the back collar of the shirt , surrounding the number 96 for the number who died at Hillsborough . Stadium Main article : Anfield For information on Liverpool 's abandoned proposed new stadium , see Stanley Park Stadium . Anfield , home of Liverpool F.C. Anfield was built in 1884 on land adjacent to Stanley Park . It was originally used by Everton before the club moved to Goodison Park after a dispute over rent with Anfield owner John Houlding . Left with an empty ground , Houlding founded Liverpool in 1892 and the club has played at Anfield ever since . The capacity of the stadium at the time was 20,000 , although only 100 spectators attended Liverpool 's first match at Anfield . The Kop was built in 1906 due to the high turnout for matches and was called the Oakfield Road Embankment initially . Its first game was on 1 September 1906 when the home side beat Stoke City 1 -- 0 . In 1906 the banked stand at one end of the ground was formally renamed the Spion Kop after a hill in KwaZulu - Natal . The hill was the site of the Battle of Spion Kop in the Second Boer War , where over 300 men of the Lancashire Regiment died , many of them from Liverpool . At its peak , the stand could hold 28,000 spectators and was one of the largest single - tier stands in the world . Many stadia in England had stands named after Spion Kop , but Anfield 's was the largest of them at the time ; it could hold more supporters than some entire football grounds . Anfield could accommodate more than 60,000 supporters at its peak , and had a capacity of 55,000 until the 1990s . The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Liverpool to convert Anfield to an all - seater stadium in time for the 1993 -- 94 season , reducing the capacity to 45,276 . The findings of the Taylor Report precipitated the redevelopment of the Kemlyn Road Stand , which was rebuilt in 1992 , coinciding with the centenary of the club , and was known as the Centenary Stand until 2017 when it was renamed the Kenny Dalglish Stand . An extra tier was added to the Anfield Road end in 1998 , which further increased the capacity of the ground but gave rise to problems when it was opened . A series of support poles and stanchions were inserted to give extra stability to the top tier of the stand after movement of the tier was reported at the start of the 1999 -- 2000 season . Because of restrictions on expanding the capacity at Anfield , Liverpool announced plans to move to the proposed Stanley Park Stadium in May 2002 . Planning permission was granted in July 2004 , and in September 2006 , Liverpool City Council agreed to grant Liverpool a 999 - year lease on the proposed site . Following the takeover of the club by George Gillett and Tom Hicks in February 2007 , the proposed stadium was redesigned . The new design was approved by the Council in November 2007 . The stadium was scheduled to open in August 2011 and would hold 60,000 spectators , with HKS , Inc. contracted to build the stadium . Construction was halted in August 2008 , as Gillett and Hicks had difficulty in financing the £ 300 million needed for the development . In October 2012 , BBC Sport reported that Fenway Sports Group , the new owners of Liverpool FC , had decided to redevelop their current home at Anfield stadium , rather than building a new stadium in Stanley Park . As part of the redevelopment the capacity of Anfield was to increase from 45,276 to approximately 60,000 and would cost approximately £ 150m . When construction was completed on the new Main stand the capacity of Anfield was increased to 54,074 . This £ 100 million expansion added a third tier to the stand . This was all part of a £ 260 million project to improve the Anfield area . Jurgen Klopp the manager at the time described the stand as `` impressive . '' Support Kopites in The Kop Stand Liverpool is one of the best supported clubs in Europe . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised Club of the LFC Official Supporters Clubs in at least 50 countries . Notable groups include Spirit of Shankly and Reclaim The Kop . The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours . Liverpool fans often refer to themselves as Kopites , a reference to the fans who once stood , and now sit , on the Kop at Anfield . In 2008 a group of fans decided to form a splinter club , A.F.C. Liverpool , to play matches for fans who had been priced out of watching Premier League football . The song `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' , originally from the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel and later recorded by Liverpool musicians Gerry & The Pacemakers , is the club 's anthem and has been sung by the Anfield crowd since the early 1960s . It has since gained popularity among fans of other clubs around the world . The song 's title adorns the top of the Shankly Gates , which were unveiled on 2 August 1982 in memory of former manager Bill Shankly . The `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' portion of the Shankly Gates is also reproduced on the club 's crest . The Shankly Gates , erected in honour of former manager Bill Shankly The club 's supporters have been involved in two stadium disasters . The first was the 1985 Heysel Stadium disaster , in which 39 Juventus supporters were killed . They were confined to a corner by Liverpool fans who had charged in their direction ; the weight of the cornered fans caused a wall to collapse . UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool supporters , and banned all English clubs from European competition for five years . Liverpool was banned for an additional year , preventing it from participating in the 1990 -- 91 European Cup , even though it won the League in 1990 . Twenty - seven fans were arrested on suspicion of manslaughter and were extradited to Belgium in 1987 to face trial . In 1989 , after a five - month trial in Belgium , 14 Liverpool fans were given three - year sentences for involuntary manslaughter ; half of the terms were suspended . The second disaster took place during an FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield , on 15 April 1989 . Ninety - six Liverpool fans died as a consequence of overcrowding at the Leppings Lane end , in what became known as the Hillsborough disaster . In the following days The Sun newspaper published an article entitled `` The Truth '' , in which it claimed that Liverpool fans had robbed the dead and had urinated on and attacked the police . Subsequent investigations proved the allegations false , leading to a boycott of the newspaper by Liverpool fans across the city and elsewhere ; many still refuse to buy The Sun more than 20 years later . Many support organisations were set up in the wake of the disaster , such as the Hillsborough Justice Campaign , which represents bereaved families , survivors and supporters in their efforts to secure justice . Rivalries Main articles : Merseyside derby and Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry The Merseyside derby at Anfield in 2006 Liverpool 's longest - established rivalry is with fellow Merseyside and Liverpool - based team Everton , against whom the club contest the Merseyside derby . Their rivalry stems from Liverpool 's formation and the dispute with Everton officials and the then owners of Anfield . Unlike other rivalries , there is no political , geographical or religious split between Liverpool and Everton . The Merseyside derby is usually sold out . It is one of the few local derbies which do not enforce fan segregation , and hence was known as the `` friendly derby '' . Since the mid-1980s , the rivalry has intensified both on and off the field and , since the inception of the Premier League in 1992 , the Merseyside derby has had more players sent off than any other Premier League game . It has been referred to as `` the most ill - disciplined and explosive fixture in the Premier League '' . Liverpool 's rivalry with Manchester United is viewed as a manifestation of the cities ' competition during the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century . The two clubs alternated as champions between 1964 and 1967 , and Manchester United became the first English team to win the European Cup in 1968 , followed by Liverpool 's four European Cup victories . Despite the 38 league titles and eight European Cups between them the two rivals have rarely been successful at the same time -- Liverpool 's run of titles in the 1970s and 1980s coincided with Manchester United 's 26 - year title drought , and United 's success in the Premier League - era has likewise coincided with Liverpool 's ongoing drought , and the two clubs have finished first and second in the league only five times . Nonetheless , former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson said in 2002 , `` My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch '' , and the last player to be transferred between the two clubs was Phil Chisnall , who moved to Liverpool from Manchester United in 1964 . Ownership and finances John W. Henry of Fenway Sports Group , the parent company of Liverpool As the owner of Anfield and founder of Liverpool , John Houlding was the club 's first chairman , a position he held from its founding in 1892 until 1904 . John McKenna took over as chairman after Houlding 's departure . McKenna subsequently became President of the Football League . The chairmanship changed hands many times before John Smith , whose father was a shareholder of the club , took up the role in 1973 . He oversaw the most successful period in Liverpool 's history before stepping down in 1990 . His successor was Noel White who became chairman in 1990 In August 1991 David Moores , whose family had owned the club for more than 50 years became chairman . His uncle John Moores was also a shareholder at Liverpool and was chairman of Everton from 1961 to 1973 . Moores owned 51 percent of the club , and in 2004 expressed his willingness to consider a bid for his shares in Liverpool . Moores eventually sold the club to American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks on 6 February 2007 . The deal valued the club and its outstanding debts at £ 218.9 million . The pair paid £ 5,000 per share , or £ 174.1 m for the total shareholding and £ 44.8 m to cover the club 's debts . Disagreements between Gillett and Hicks , and the fans ' lack of support for them , resulted in the pair looking to sell the club . Martin Broughton was appointed chairman of the club on 16 April 2010 to oversee its sale . In May 2010 , accounts were released showing the holding company of the club to be £ 350m in debt ( due to leveraged takeover ) with losses of £ 55m , causing auditor KPMG to qualify its audit opinion . The group 's creditors , including the Royal Bank of Scotland , took Gillett and Hicks to court to force them to allow the board to proceed with the sale of the club , the major asset of the holding company . A High Court judge , Mr Justice Floyd , ruled in favour of the creditors and paved the way for the sale of the club to Fenway Sports Group ( formerly New England Sports Ventures ) , although Gillett and Hicks still had the option to appeal . Liverpool was sold to Fenway Sports Group on 15 October 2010 for £ 300m . Liverpool has been described as a global brand ; a 2010 report valued the club 's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £ 141m , an increase of £ 5m on the previous year . Liverpool was given a brand rating of AA ( Very Strong ) . In April 2010 business magazine Forbes ranked Liverpool as the sixth most valuable football team in the world , behind Manchester United , Real Madrid , Arsenal , Barcelona and Bayern Munich ; they valued the club at $822 m ( £ 532m ) , excluding debt . Accountants Deloitte ranked Liverpool eighth in the Deloitte Football Money League , which ranks the world 's football clubs in terms of revenue . Liverpool 's income in the 2009 -- 10 season was € 225.3 m . Liverpool in popular culture Because of its successful history , Liverpool is often featured when football is depicted in British culture and has appeared in a number of media firsts . The club appeared in the first edition of the BBC 's Match of the Day , which screened highlights of its match against Arsenal at Anfield on 22 August 1964 . The first football match to be televised in colour was between Liverpool and West Ham United , broadcast live in March 1967 . Liverpool fans featured in the Pink Floyd song `` Fearless '' , in which they sang excerpts from `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' . To mark the club 's appearance in the 1988 FA Cup Final , Liverpool released a song known as the `` Anfield Rap '' , featuring John Barnes and other members of the squad . A documentary drama on the Hillsborough disaster , written by Jimmy McGovern , was screened in 1996 . It featured Christopher Eccleston as Trevor Hicks , whose story is the focus of the script . Hicks , who lost two teenage daughters in the disaster , went on to campaign for safer stadiums and helped to form the Hillsborough Families Support Group . Liverpool featured in the film The 51st State ( also known as Formula 51 ) , in which ex-hitman Felix DeSouza ( Robert Carlyle ) is a keen supporter of the team and the last scene takes place at a match between Liverpool and Manchester United . The club was featured in a children 's television show called Scully ; the plot revolved around a young boy , Francis Scully , who tried to gain a trial match with Liverpool . The show featured prominent Liverpool players of the time such as Kenny Dalglish . Players First - team squad As of 19 November 2017 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Loris Karius DF Nathaniel Clyne 5 MF Georginio Wijnaldum 6 DF Dejan Lovren 7 MF James Milner ( vice-captain ) 9 FW Roberto Firmino 10 MF Philippe Coutinho 11 FW Mohamed Salah 12 DF Joe Gomez 14 MF Jordan Henderson ( captain ) 15 FW Daniel Sturridge 16 MF Marko Grujić 17 DF Ragnar Klavan 18 DF Alberto Moreno 19 FW Sadio Mané 20 MF Adam Lallana No . Position Player 21 MF Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain 22 GK Simon Mignolet 23 MF Emre Can 26 DF Andrew Robertson 28 FW Danny Ings 29 FW Dominic Solanke 32 DF Joël Matip 34 GK Ádám Bogdán 38 DF Jon Flanagan 50 MF Lazar Marković 52 GK Danny Ward 53 MF Ovie Ejaria 58 FW Ben Woodburn 59 MF Harry Wilson 66 DF Trent Alexander - Arnold Out on loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 27 FW Divock Origi ( at Wolfsburg for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 40 MF Ryan Kent ( at Freiburg for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 54 MF Sheyi Ojo ( at Fulham for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 56 DF Connor Randall ( at Heart of Midlothian for the 2017 -- 18 season ) No . Position Player 68 MF Pedro Chirivella ( at Willem II for the 2017 -- 18 season ) MF Allan ( at Apollon Limassol for the 2017 -- 18 season ) FW Taiwo Awoniyi ( at Mouscron for the 2017 -- 18 season ) Reserves and Academy For more details on the academy squads , see Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy § Academy squads . Former players Further information : List of Liverpool F.C. players , List of Liverpool F.C. players ( 25 -- 99 appearances ) , List of Liverpool F.C. players ( fewer than 25 appearances ) , and Category : Liverpool F.C. players Player records For player records , see List of Liverpool F.C. records and statistics . Club Captains Since the establishment of the club in 1892 , 45 players have been club captain of Liverpool F.C. Andrew Hannah became the first captain of the club after Liverpool separated from Everton and formed its own club . Initially Alex Raisbeck , who was club captain from 1899 to 1909 , was the longest serving captain before being overtaken by Steven Gerrard who served 12 seasons as Liverpool captain starting from the 2003 -- 04 season . The present captain is Jordan Henderson , who replaced Gerrard in the 2015 -- 16 season following Gerrard 's move to LA Galaxy . Name Period Andrew Hannah 1892 -- 1895 Jimmy Ross 1895 -- 1897 John McCartney 1897 -- 1898 Harry Storer 1898 -- 1899 Alex Raisbeck 1899 -- 1909 Arthur Goddard 1909 -- 1912 Ephraim Longworth 1912 -- 1913 Harry Lowe 1913 -- 1915 Donald McKinlay 1919 -- 1920 Ephraim Longworth 1920 -- 1921 Donald McKinlay 1921 -- 1928 Tom Bromilow 1928 -- 1929 James Jackson 1929 -- 1930 Tom Morrison 1930 -- 1931 Tom Bradshaw 1931 -- 1934 Name Period Tom Cooper 1934 -- 1939 Matt Busby 1939 -- 1940 Willie Fagan 1945 -- 1947 Jack Balmer 1947 -- 1950 Phil Taylor 1950 -- 1953 Bill Jones 1953 -- 1954 Laurie Hughes 1954 -- 1955 Billy Liddell 1955 -- 1958 Johnny Wheeler 1958 -- 1959 Ronnie Moran 1959 -- 1960 Dick White 1960 -- 1961 Ron Yeats 1961 -- 1970 Tommy Smith 1970 -- 1973 Emlyn Hughes 1973 -- 1978 Phil Thompson 1978 -- 1981 Name Period Graeme Souness 1982 -- 1984 Phil Neal 1984 -- 1985 Alan Hansen 1985 -- 1988 Ronnie Whelan 1988 -- 1989 Alan Hansen 1989 -- 1990 Ronnie Whelan 1990 -- 1991 Steve Nicol 1990 -- 1991 Mark Wright 1991 -- 1993 Ian Rush 1993 -- 1996 John Barnes 1996 -- 1997 Paul Ince 1997 -- 1999 Jamie Redknapp 1999 -- 2002 Sami Hyypiä 2001 -- 2003 Steven Gerrard 2003 -- 2015 Jordan Henderson 2015 -- Player of the season Steven Gerrard , four - time winner of the award Luis Suárez , two - time winner of the award Season Name Nationality Position Notes Ref 2001 -- 02 Hyypiä , Sami Sami Hyypiä Finland 2 ! Defender 2002 -- 03 Murphy , Danny Danny Murphy England 3 ! Midfielder 2003 -- 04 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard England 3 ! Midfielder 2004 -- 05 Carragher , Jamie Jamie Carragher England 2 ! Defender Steven Gerrard was also chosen by the fans as their Player of the Season 2005 -- 06 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) England 3 ! Midfielder Also won PFA Players ' Player of the Year 2006 -- 07 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard ( 3 ) England 3 ! Midfielder 2007 -- 08 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Spain 4 ! Forward 2008 -- 09 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard ( 4 ) England 3 ! Midfielder Also won FWA Footballer of the Year 2009 -- 10 Reina , Pepe Pepe Reina Spain 1 ! Goalkeeper 2010 -- 11 Leiva , Lucas Lucas Leiva Brazil 3 ! Midfielder 2011 -- 12 Škrtel , Martin Martin Škrtel Slovakia 2 ! Defender 2012 -- 13 Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay 4 ! Forward 2013 -- 14 Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez ( 2 ) Uruguay 4 ! Forward Also won PFA Players ' Player of the Year , Premier League Player of the Season and FWA Footballer of the Year 2014 -- 15 Coutinho , Philippe Philippe Coutinho Brazil 3 ! Midfielder 2015 -- 16 Coutinho , Philippe Philippe Coutinho ( 2 ) Brazil 3 ! Midfielder 2016 -- 17 Mané , Sadio Sadio Mané Senegal 3 ! Midfielder Club officials Owner : Fenway Sports Group Honorary life president : David Moores Ambassadors : Ian Rush , Robbie Fowler , Gary McAllister , Michael Owen Liverpool Football Club and Athletic Grounds Limited Principal owner : John W. Henry Chairman : Tom Werner Vice-chairman : David Ginsberg Chief executive officer : Peter Moore Chief commercial officer : Billy Hogan Chief financial officer : Philip Nash Liverpool Football Club Directors : John W. Henry , Tom Werner , David Ginsberg , Michael Gordon , Michael Egan Non-Executive Director : Kenny Dalglish Operations director : Andrew Parkinson Chief Groundsman : Dave McCulloch Stadium manager : Ged Poynton Director of communications : Susan Black Chief media officer : Matthew Baxter Director of scouting : Dave Fallows Chief scout : Barry Hunter Director of technical performance : Michael Edwards Coaching and medical staff See also : List of Liverpool F.C. managers See also : Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy § Staff Manager : Jürgen Klopp First assistant coach : Željko Buvač Second assistant coach : Peter Krawietz Academy Director : Alex Inglethorpe Under 23s coach : Neil Critchley Under 18s coach : Steven Gerrard Head of fitness and conditioning : Andreas Kornmayer First - team goalkeeping coach : John Achterberg First - team development coach : Pepijn Lijnders Head of physiotherapy : Team doctor : Andrew Massey Rehab fitness coach : Jordan Milsom Masseurs : Paul Small , Sylvan Richardson Kit management co-ordinators : Lee Radcliffe , Graham Carter Sports science consultant : Barry Drust Consultant nutritionist : Mona Nemmer Strength & rehabilitation assistant : David Rydings Physiotherapists : Matt Konopinski , Ruben Pons , Scott McAuley , Richie Partridge Sports therapist : Pedro Philippou Performance analyst : James French Scouting and recruitment analyst : Kyle Wallbanks Honours For more details on this topic , see List of Liverpool F.C. seasons . For honours won by Reserves and Academy teams , see Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy § Honours . Replicas of the four European Cups Liverpool won from 1977 to 1984 on display in the club 's museum Liverpool 's first trophy was the Lancashire League , which it won in the club 's first season . In 1901 , the club won its first League title , while its first success in the FA Cup was in 1965 . In terms of the number of trophies won , Liverpool 's most successful decade was the 1980s , when the club won six League titles , two FA Cups , four League Cups , five Charity Shields ( one shared ) and two European Cups . The club has accumulated more top - flight wins and points than any other English team . Liverpool also has the highest average league finishing position ( 3.3 ) for the 50 - year period to 2015 and second - highest average league finishing position for the period 1900 -- 1999 after Arsenal , with an average league placing of 8.7 . Liverpool has won the European Cup , Europe 's premier club competition , five times , an English record and only surpassed by Real Madrid and A.C. Milan . Liverpool 's fifth European Cup win , in 2005 , meant that the club was awarded the trophy permanently and was also awarded a multiple - winner badge . Liverpool has won the UEFA Cup , Europe 's secondary club competition , three times . Domestic League First Division Winners ( 18 ) : 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 Second Division Winners ( 4 ) : 1893 -- 94 , 1895 -- 96 , 1904 -- 05 , 1961 -- 62 Lancashire League Winners ( 1 ) : 1892 -- 93 Cups FA Cup Winners ( 7 ) : 1964 -- 65 , 1973 -- 74 , 1985 -- 86 , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 Football League Cup Winners ( 8 ) : 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 ( record ) FA Charity / Community Shield Winners ( 15 ) : 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 * , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 ( * shared ) Sheriff of London Charity Shield : Winners ( 1 ) : 1906 Football League Super Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1985 -- 86 European European Cup / UEFA Champions League Winners ( 5 ) : 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1980 -- 81 , 1983 -- 84 , 2004 -- 05 UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League Winners ( 3 ) : 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 2000 -- 01 European Super Cup / UEFA Super Cup Winners ( 3 ) : 1977 , 2001 , 2005 Doubles and trebles Doubles : League and FA Cup : 1 1985 -- 86 League and League Cup : 2 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 European Double ( League and European Cup ) : 1 1976 -- 77 League and UEFA Cup : 2 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 League Cup and European Cup : 1 1980 -- 81 Trebles League , League Cup and European Cup : 1 1983 -- 84 FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup : 1 2000 -- 01 Especially short competitions , such as the FA Community Shield and the UEFA Super Cup , are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble . English football portal Merseyside portal Association football portal Notes Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Doubles won in conjunction with the treble , such as a FA Cup and League Cup double in 2001 , are not included in the Doubles section . Citations Jump up ^ `` Happy birthday LFC ? Not quite yet ... '' Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Liverpool F.C. was born on 3 June 1892 . It was at John Houlding 's house in Anfield Road that he and his closest friends left from Everton FC , formed a new club . Jump up ^ Liverpool . `` New Anfield capacity confirmed as 54,074 '' . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deloitte Football Money League 2017 '' . Deloitte . January 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liverpool Football Club is formed '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , pp. 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 / 66 : Stan the man for Dortmund '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Archived from the original on 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1999 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Pead 1986 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Cox , Russell & Vamplew 2002 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day -- 29 May 1985 : Fans die in Heysel rioting '' . BBC . 29 May 1985 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day -- 15 April 1989 : Soccer fans crushed at Hillsborough '' . BBC . 15 April 1989 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Pithers , Malcolm ( 22 December 1993 ) . `` Hillsborough victim died ' accidentally ' : Coroner says withdrawal of treatment not to blame '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A hard lesson to learn '' . BBC . 15 April 1999 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Cowley , Jason ( 29 March 2009 ) . `` The night Football was reborn '' . The Observer . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 1999 ) . The Boot Room Boys : Inside the Anfield Boot Room . p. 227 . Jump up ^ `` Houllier acclaims Euro triumph '' . BBC Sport. 16 May 2001 . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Houllier ' satisfactory ' after surgery '' . BBC Sport. 15 October 2001 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AC Milan 3 -- 3 Liverpool ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 15 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 -- 3 West Ham ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 13 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US pair agree Liverpool takeover '' . BBC Sport. 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 March 2007 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 23 May 2007 ) . `` AC Milan 2 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 's top - flight record '' . LFC History . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Benitez leaves Liverpool : club statement '' . The Daily Telegraph . 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool appoint Hodgson '' . Liverpool F.C. 1 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2010 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 15 October 2010 ) . `` Liverpool FC finally has a new owner after ' win on penalties ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson exits and Kenny Dalglish takes over '' . BBC Sport. 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bensch , Bob ; Panja , Tariq ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` Liverpool Fires Dalglish After Worst League Finish in 18 Years '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Ingham ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` Kenny Dalglish sacked as Liverpool manager '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers to ' fight for his life ' '' . BBC . 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` Liverpool : Premier League near - miss offers hope for the future '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goals '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brendan Rodgers : Liverpool boss sacked after Merseyside derby '' . BBC Sport. 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Liverpool : Jurgen Klopp confirmed as manager on £ 15m Anfield deal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 1 -- 3 Sevilla '' . BBC . 18 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical LFC Kits '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ St. John , Ian ( 9 October 2005 ) . `` Shankly : the hero who let me down '' . The Times . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` LFC and Warrior announcement '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` New Balance Challenges Nike And Adidas With Entry into Global Soccer Market '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Crilly 2007 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Dart , James ; Mark Tinklin ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Has a streaker ever scored ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Javier ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Carlsberg and Liverpool might part ways '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool and Standard Chartered announce sponsorship deal '' . Standard Chartered Bank . 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsborough '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool kit launch sparks anger among Hillsborough families '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Leo . The pocket book of Liverpool . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Pearce , James ( 23 August 2006 ) . `` How Kop tuned into glory days '' . Liverpool Echo . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Club Directory '' . Premier League Handbook Season 2010 / 11 ( PDF ) . Premier League . 2010 . p. 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anfield '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool unveil new stadium '' . BBC Sport. 17 May 2002 . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Hornby , Mike ( 31 July 2004 ) . `` Reds stadium gets go - ahead '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool get go - ahead on stadium '' . BBC Sport. 8 September 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 's stadium move granted '' . BBC . 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool stadium ' will be built ' '' . BBC Sport. 17 September 2009 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Liverpool to redevelop Anfield instead of building on Stanley Park '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 's new Main Stand boosts Anfield capacity to 54,000 '' . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LFC Official Supporters Clubs '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Tour 2011 '' . Liverpool F.C. 27 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anfield giants never walk alone '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 11 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ George , Ricky ( 18 March 2008 ) . `` Liverpool fans form a club in their price range '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ McKie , David ( 31 May 1985 ) . `` Thatcher set to demand FA ban on games in Europe '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Heysel disaster '' . BBC . 29 May 2000 . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 : Liverpool fans to stand trial in Belgium '' . BBC . 9 September 1987 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 4 April 2005 ) . `` The witnesses '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool remembers Heysel '' . BBC . 29 May 2000 . Retrieved 24 May 2006 . 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Retrieved 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New format provides fresh impetus '' . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` Treble treble : The teams that won the treble '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . References Cox , Richard ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British football . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 0 . Crilly , Peter ( 2007 ) . Tops of the Kops : The Complete Guide to Liverpool 's Kits . Trinity Mirror Sport Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905266 - 22 - 7 . Graham , Matthew ( 1985 ) . Liverpool . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 50254 - 6 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1999 ) . The Boot Room Boys : Inside the Anfield Boot Room . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218907 - 0 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . You 'll Never Walk Alone . Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . Liversedge , Stan ( 1991 ) . Liverpool : The Official Centenary History . 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5201691425959428574	French colonization of the Americas	French colonization of the Americas - wikipedia French colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search Map of North America ( 1750 ) - France ( blue ) , Britain ( pink ) , and Spain ( orange ) The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century , and continued on into the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere . France founded colonies in much of eastern North America , on a number of Caribbean islands , and in South America . Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish , sugar , and furs . As they colonized the New World , the French established forts and settlements that would become such cities as Quebec and Montreal in Canada ; Detroit , Green Bay , St. Louis , Cape Girardeau , Mobile , Biloxi , Baton Rouge and New Orleans in the United States ; and Port - au - Prince , Cap - Haïtien ( founded as Cap - Français ) in Haiti , Cayenne in French Guiana and São Luís ( founded as Saint - Louis de Maragnan ) in Brazil . Contents ( hide ) 1 North America 1.1 Background 1.2 Colonization 1.3 French Florida 1.4 Canada and Acadia 1.5 Louisiana 1.5. 1 The Mississippi Bubble 1.6 Dissolution 2 West Indies 3 South America 3.1 Brazil 3.1. 1 1557 Calvinist arrival 3.1. 2 Portuguese intervention 3.2 Equinoctial France 3.3 History of France Équinoxiale 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 In French North America ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The French first came to the New World as explorers , seeking a route to the Pacific Ocean and wealth . Major French exploration of North America began under the rule of Francis I , King of France . In 1524 , Francis sent Italian - born Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the region between Florida and Newfoundland for a route to the Pacific Ocean . Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain and English Newfoundland , thus promoting French interests . Colonization ( edit ) Main article : New France Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel , arr. 1844 In 1534 , Francis I of France sent Jacques Cartier on the first of three voyages to explore the coast of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence River . He founded New France by planting a cross on the shore of the Gaspé Peninsula . The French subsequently tried to establish several colonies throughout North America that failed , due to weather , disease , or conflict with other European powers . Cartier attempted to create the first permanent European settlement in North America at Cap - Rouge ( Quebec City ) in 1541 with 400 settlers but the settlement was abandoned the next year after bad weather and attacks from Native Americans in the area . A small group of French troops were left on Parris Island , South Carolina in 1562 to build Charlesfort , but left after a year when they were not resupplied by France . Fort Caroline established in present - day Jacksonville , Florida , in 1564 , lasted only a year before being destroyed by the Spanish from St. Augustine . An attempt to settle convicts on Sable Island off Nova Scotia in 1598 failed after a short time . In 1599 , a sixteen - person trading post was established in Tadoussac ( in present - day Quebec ) , of which only five men survived the first winter . In 1604 , Saint Croix Island in Acadia was the site of a short - lived French colony , much plagued by illness , perhaps scurvy . The following year the settlement was moved to Port Royal . Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec ( 1608 ) and explored the Great Lakes . In 1634 , Jean Nicolet founded La Baye des Puants ( present - day Green Bay ) , which is one of the oldest permanent European settlements in America . In 1634 , Sieur de Laviolette founded Trois - Rivières . In 1642 , Paul de Chomedey , Sieur de Maisonneuve , founded Fort Ville - Marie which is now known as Montreal . Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette founded Sault Sainte Marie ( 1668 ) and Saint Ignace ( 1671 ) and explored the Mississippi River . At the end of the 17th century , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle established a network of forts going from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River . Fort Saint Louis was established in Texas in 1685 , but was gone by 1688 . Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit ( modern - day Detroit ) in 1701 and Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville founded La Nouvelle Orléans ( New Orleans ) in 1718 . Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founded Baton Rouge in 1719 . Governor Frontenac performing a tribal dance with Indian allies . The French were eager to explore North America but New France remained largely unpopulated . Due to the lack of women , intermarriages between French and Indians were frequent , giving rise to the Métis people . Relations between the French and Indians were usually peaceful . As the 19th - century historian Francis Parkman stated : `` Spanish civilization crushed the Indian ; English civilization scorned and neglected him ; French civilization embraced and cherished him '' -- Francis Parkman . To boost the French population , Cardinal Richelieu issued an act declaring that Indians converted to Catholicism were considered as `` natural Frenchmen '' by the Ordonnance of 1627 : `` The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country ( New France ) , together with all the Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it , shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen , and as such may come to live in France when they want , and acquire , donate , and succeed and accept donations and legacies , just as true French subjects , without being required to take no letters of declaration of naturalization . '' Louis XIV also tried to increase the population by sending approximately 800 young women nicknamed the `` King 's Daughters '' . However , the low density of population in New France remained a very persistent problem . At the beginning of the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) , the British population in North America outnumbered the French 20 to 1 . France fought a total of six colonial wars in North America ( see the four French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) . See also : Franco - Indian alliance French Florida ( edit ) Map of French Florida In 1562 , Charles IX , under the leadership of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny sent Jean Ribault and a group of Huguenot settlers in an attempt to colonize the Atlantic coast and found a colony on a territory which will take the name of the French Florida . They discovered the probe and Port Royal Island , which will be called by Parris Island in South Carolina , on which he built a fort named Charlesfort . The group , led by René Goulaine de Laudonnière , moved to the south where they founded the Fort Caroline on the Saint John 's river in Florida on June 22 , 1564 . This irritated the Spanish who claimed Florida and opposed the Protestant settlers for religious reasons . In 1565 , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés led a group of Spaniards and founded Saint Augustine , 60 kilometers south of Fort Caroline . Fearing a Spanish attack , Ribault planned to move the colony but a storm suddenly destroyed his fleet . On 20 September 1565 the Spaniards , commanded by Menéndez de Avilés , attacked and massacred all the Fort Caroline occupants including Jean Ribault . Canada and Acadia ( edit ) Political map of the Northeastern part of North America in 1664 . The French interest in Canada focused first on fishing off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . However , at the beginning of the 17th century , France was more interested in fur from North America . The fur trading post of Tadoussac was founded in 1600 . Four years later , Champlain made his first trip to Canada in a trade mission for fur . Although he had no formal mandate on this trip , he sketched a map of the St. Lawrence River and in writing , on his return to France , a report entitled Savages ( Relation of his stay in a tribe of Montagnais near Tadoussac ) . Champlain needed to report his findings to Henry IV . He participated in another expedition to New France in the spring of 1604 , conducted by Pierre Du Gua de Monts . It helped the foundation of a settlement on Saint Croix Island , the first French settlement in the New World , which would be given up the following winter . The expedition then founded the colony of Port - Royal . In 1608 , Champlain founded a fur post that would become the city of Quebec , which would become the capital of New France . In Quebec , Champlain forged alliances between France and the Huron and Ottawa against their traditional enemies , the Iroquois . Champlain and other French travelers then continued to explore North America , with canoes made from Birch bark , to move quickly through the Great Lakes and their tributaries . In 1634 , the Normand explorer Jean Nicolet pushed his exploration to the West up to Wisconsin . Following the capitulation of Quebec by the Kirke brothers , the British occupied the city of Quebec and Canada from 1629 to 1632 . Samuel de Champlain was taken prisoner and there followed the bankruptcy of the Company of One Hundred Associates . Following the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , France took possession of the colony in 1632 . The city of Trois - Rivières was founded in 1634 . In 1642 , the Angevin Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière founded Ville - Marie ( later Montreal ) which was at that time , a fort as protection against Iroquois attacks ( the first great Iroquois war lasted from 1642 to 1667 ) . A new map of the north parts of America claimed by France in 1720 , according to the London cartographer Herman Moll . Despite this rapid expansion , the colony developed very slowly . The Iroquois wars and diseases were the leading causes of death in the French colony . In 1663 when Louis XIV provided the Royal Government , the population of New France was only 2500 European inhabitants . That year , to increase the population , Louis XIV sent between 800 and 900 ' King 's Daughters ' to become the wives of French settlers . The population of New France reached subsequently 7000 in 1674 and 15000 in 1689 . From 1689 to 1713 , the French settlers were faced with almost incessant war during the French and Indian Wars . From 1689 to 1697 , they fought the British in the Nine Years ' War . The war against the Iroquois continued even after the Treaty of Rijswijk until 1701 , when the two parties agreed on peace . Then , the war against the English took over in the War of the Spanish Succession . In 1690 and 1711 , Quebec City had successfully resisted the attacks of the English navy and then British army . Nevertheless , the British took advantage of the second war . With the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , France ceded to Britain Acadia ( with a population of 1700 people ) , Newfoundland and Hudson Bay . Under the Sovereign Council , the population of the colony grew faster . However , the population growth was far inferior to that of the British Thirteen Colonies to the south . In the middle of the 18th century , New France accounted for 60,000 people while the British colonies had more than one million people . This placed the colony at a great military disadvantage against the British . The war between the colonies resumed in 1744 , lasting until 1748 . A final and decisive war began in 1754 . The Canadiens and the French were helped by numerous alliances with Native Americans , but they were usually outnumbered on the battlefield . Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana before 1736 On May 17 , 1673 , explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi River , known to the Sioux as does Tongo , or to the Miami - Illinois as missisipioui ( the great river ) . They reached the mouth of the Arkansas and then up the river , after learning that it flowed into the Gulf of Mexico and not to the California Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) . In 1682 , the Normand Cavelier de la Salle and the Italian Henri de Tonti came down the Mississippi to its Delta . They left from Fort Crevecoeur on the Illinois River , along with 23 French and 18 Native Americans . In April 1682 , they arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi ; they planted a cross and a column bearing the arms of the king of France . La Salle returned to France and won over the Secretary of State of the Navy to give him the command of Louisiana . He believed that it was close to New Spain by drawing a map on which the Mississippi seemed much further west than its actual rate . He set up a maritime expedition with four ships and 320 emigrants , but it ended in disaster when he failed to find the Mississippi Delta and was killed in 1687 . In 1698 , Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville left La Rochelle and explored the area around the mouth of the Mississippi . He stopped between Isle - aux - Chats ( now Cat Island ) and Isle Surgeres ( renamed Isle - aux - Vascular or Ship Island ) on February 13 , 1699 and continued his explorations to the mainland , with his brother Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville to Biloxi . He built a precarious fort , called ' Maurepas ' ( later ' Old Biloxi ' ) , before returning to France . He returned twice in the Gulf of Mexico and established a fort at Mobile in 1702 . From 1699 to 1702 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was governor of Louisiana . His brother succeeded him in that post from 1702 to 1713 . He was again governor from 1716 to 1724 and again 1733 to 1743 . In 1718 , Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville commanded a French expedition in Louisiana . He founded the city of New Orleans , in homage to Regent Duke of Orleans . The architect Adrian de Pauger drew the orthogonal plane of the Old Square . The Mississippi bubble ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Company In Weigel 's map ( 1719 ) intended to promote sales of the Mississippi Company in Germany ; most of the present - day United States appears under the name `` Louisiana '' . In 1718 , there were only 700 Europeans in Louisiana . The Mississippi Company arranged for ships to bring 800 more , who landed in Louisiana in 1718 , doubling the European population . John Law encouraged Germans , particularly Germans of the Alsatian region who had recently fallen under French rule , and the Swiss to emigrate . Prisoners were set free in Paris in September 1719 onwards , under the condition that they marry prostitutes and go with them to Louisiana . The newly married couples were chained together and taken to the port of embarkation . In May 1720 , after complaints from the Mississippi Company and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants , the French government prohibited such deportations . However , there was a third shipment of prisoners in 1721 . Dissolution ( edit ) The last French and Indian War resulted in the dissolution of New France , with Canada going to Great Britain and Louisiana going to Spain . Only the islands of Saint - Pierre - et - Miquelon are still in French hands . In 1802 Spain returned Louisiana to France , but Napoleon sold it to the United States in 1803 . The French left many toponyms ( Illinois , Vermont , Bayous ... ) and ethnonyms ( Sioux , Coeur d'Alene , Nez Percé ... ) in North America . West indies ( edit ) Further information : French West Indies A major French settlement lay on the island of Hispaniola , where France established the colony of Saint - Domingue on the western third of the island in 1664 . Nicknamed the `` Pearl of the Antilles '' , Saint - Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean due to slave plantation production of sugar cane . It had the highest slave mortality rate in the western hemisphere . A 1791 slave revolt , the only ever successful slave revolt , began the Haitian Revolution , led to freedom for the colony 's slaves in 1794 and , a decade later , complete independence for the country , which renamed itself Haiti . France briefly also ruled the eastern portion of the island , which is now the Dominican Republic . During the 17th and 18th centuries , France ruled much of the Lesser Antilles at various times . Islands that came under French rule during part or all of this time include Dominica , Grenada , Guadeloupe , Marie - Galante , Martinique , St. Barthélemy , St. Croix , St. Kitts , St. Lucia , St. Martin , St. Vincent and Tobago . Control of many of these islands was contested between the French , the British and the Dutch ; in the case of St. Martin , the island was divided in two , a situation that persists to this day . Great Britain captured some of France 's islands during the Seven Years ' War and the Napoleonic Wars . Following the latter conflict , France retained control of Guadeloupe , Martinique , Marie - Galante , St. Barthélemy , and its portion of St. Martin ; all remain part of France today . Guadeloupe ( including Marie - Galante and other nearby islands ) and Martinique each is an overseas department of France , while St. Barthélemy and St. Martin each became an overseas collectivity of France in 2007 . South America ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Wording , and the need to add more relevant wikilinks to newly added material Please help improve this section if you can . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brazil ( edit ) France Antarctique ( formerly also spelled France antartique ) was a French colony south of the Equator , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which existed between 1555 and 1567 , and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio . The colony quickly became a haven for the Huguenots , and was ultimately destroyed by the Portuguese in 1567 . On November 1 , 1555 , French vice-admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ( 1510 -- 1575 ) , a Catholic knight of the Order of Malta , who later would help the Huguenots to find a refuge against persecution , led a small fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists , and took possession of the small island of Serigipe in the Guanabara Bay , in front of present - day Rio de Janeiro , where they built a fort named Fort Coligny . The fort was named in honor of Gaspard de Coligny ( then a Catholic statesman , who about a year later would become a Huguenot ) , an admiral who supported the expedition and would use the colony in order to protect his co-religionists . To the still largely undeveloped mainland village , Villegaignon gave the name of Henriville , in honour of Henry II , the King of France , who also knew of and approved the expedition , and had provided the fleet for the trip . Villegaignon secured his position by making an alliance with the Tamoio and Tupinambá Indians of the region , who were fighting the Portuguese . 1557 calvinist arrival ( edit ) Unchallenged by the Portuguese , who initially took little notice of his landing , Villegaignon endeavoured to expand the colony by calling for more colonists in 1556 . He sent one of his ships , the Grande Roberge , to Honfleur , entrusted with letters to King Henry II , Gaspard de Coligny and according to some accounts , the Protestant leader John Calvin . After one ship was sent to France to ask for additional support , three ships were financed and prepared by the king of France and put under the command of Sieur De Bois le Comte , a nephew of Villegagnon . They were joined by 14 Calvinists from Geneva , led by Philippe de Corguilleray , including theologians Pierre Richier and Guillaume Chartrier . The new colonists , numbering around 300 , included 5 young women to be wed , 10 boys to be trained as translators , as well as 14 Calvinists sent by Calvin , and also Jean de Léry , who would later write an account of the colony . They arrived in March 1557 . The relief fleet was composed of : The Petite Roberge , with 80 soldiers and sailors was led by Vice Admiral Sieur De Bois le Comte . The Grande Roberge , with about 120 on board , captained by Sieur de Sainte - Marie dit l'Espine . The Rosée , with about 90 people , led by Captain Rosée . Doctrinal disputes arose between Villegagnon and the Calvinists , especially in relation to the Eucharist , and in October 1557 the Calvinists were banished from Coligny island as a result . They settled among the Tupinamba until January 1558 , when some of them managed to return to France by ship together with Jean de Léry , and five others chose to return to Coligny island where three of them were drowned by Villegagnon for refusing to recant . Portuguese intervention ( edit ) In 1560 Mem de Sá , the new Governor - General of Brazil , received from the Portuguese government the command to expel the French . With a fleet of 26 warships and 2,000 soldiers , on 15 March 1560 , he attacked and destroyed Fort Coligny within three days , but was unable to drive off their inhabitants and defenders , because they escaped to the mainland with the help of the Native Brazilians , where they continued to live and to work . Admiral Villegaignon had returned to France in 1558 , disgusted with the religious tension that existed between French Protestants and Catholics , who had come also with the second group ( see French Wars of Religion ) . Urged by two influential Jesuit priests who had come to Brazil with Mem de Sá , named José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega , and who had played a big role in pacifying the Tamoios , Mem de Sá ordered his nephew , Estácio de Sá to assemble a new attack force . Estácio de Sá founded the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1 , 1565 , and fought the Frenchmen for two more years . Helped by a military reinforcement sent by his uncle , on January 20 , 1567 , he imposed final defeat on the French forces and decisively expelled them from Brazil , but died a month later from wounds inflicted in the battle . Coligny 's and Villegaignon 's dream had lasted a mere 12 years . Equinoctial France ( edit ) Equinoctial France was the contemporary name given to the colonization efforts of France in the 17th century in South America , around the line of Equator , before `` tropical '' had fully gained its modern meaning : Equinoctial means in Latin `` of equal nights '' , i.e. , on the Equator , where the duration of days and nights is nearly the same year round . The French colonial empire in the New World also included New France ( Nouvelle France ) in North America , particularly in what is today the province of Quebec , Canada , and for a very short period ( 12 years ) also Antarctic France ( France Antarctique , in French ) , in present - day Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . All of these settlements were in violation of the papal bull of 1493 , which divided the New World between Spain and Portugal . This division was later defined more exactly by the Treaty of Tordesillas . History of France Équinoxiale ( edit ) France Équinoxiale started in 1612 , when a French expedition departed from Cancale , Brittany , France , under the command of Daniel de la Touche , Seigneur de la Ravardière , and François de Razilly , admiral . Carrying 500 colonists , it arrived in the Northern coast of what is today the Brazilian state of Maranhão . De la Ravardière had discovered the region in 1604 but the death of the king postponed his plans to start its colonization . The colonists soon founded a village , which was named `` Saint - Louis '' , in honor of the French king Louis IX . This later became São Luís in Portuguese , ( 1 ) the only Brazilian state capital founded by France . On 8 September , Capuchin friars prayed the first mass , and the soldiers started building a fortress . An important difference in relation to France Antarctique is that this new colony was not motivated by escape from religious persecutions to Protestants ( see French Wars of Religion ) . The colony did not last long . A Portuguese army assembled in the Captaincy of Pernambuco , under the command of Alexandre de Moura , was able to mount a military expedition , which defeated and expelled the French colonists in 1615 , less than four years after their arrival in the land . Thus , it repeated the disaster spelt for the colonists of France Antarctique , in 1567 . A few years later , in 1620 , Portuguese and Brazilian colonists arrived in number and São Luís started to develop , with an economy based mostly in sugar cane and slavery . French traders and colonists tried again to settle a France Équinoxiale further North , in what is today French Guiana , in 1626 , 1635 ( when the capital , Cayenne , was founded ) and 1643 . Twice a Compagnie de la France Équinoxiale was founded , in 1643 and 1645 , but both foundered as a result of misfortune and mismanagement . It was only after 1674 , when the colony came under the direct control of the French crown and a competent Governor took office , that France Équinoxiale became a reality . To this day , French Guiana is a department of France . French Guiana located in the South American continent . French Guiana was first settled by the French in 1604 , although its earliest settlements were abandoned in the face of hostilities from the indigenous population and tropical diseases . The settlement of Cayenne was established in 1643 , but was abandoned . It was re-established in the 1660s . Except for brief occupations by the English and Dutch in the 17th century , and by the Portuguese in the 19th century , Guiana has remained under French rule ever since . From 1851 to 1951 it was the site of a notorious penal colony , Devil 's Island ( Île du Diable ) . Since 1946 , French Guiana has been an overseas department of France . See also ( edit ) Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Atlantic World History of Canada Former colonies and territories in Canada French and Indian Wars Franco - Indian alliance French colonial empire French in Canada French in the United States French intervention in Mexico Illinois Country List of French possessions and colonies List of French forts in North America Military of New France Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Canadian French Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas B. Costain , The white and the gold : the French regime in Canada ( Doubleday , 2012 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ Francis PArkman , The Pioneers of France in the New World ( 1865 ) . Jump up ^ Quoted in Cave , p. 42 Jump up ^ Acte pour l'établissement de la Compagnie des Cent Associés pour le commerce du Canada , contenant les articles accordés à la dite Compagnie par M. le Cardinal de Richelieu , le 29 avril 1627 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter N. Moogk , La Nouvelle - France : the making of French Canada : a cultural history ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ John T. McGrath , The French in early Florida : in the eye of the hurricane ( U Press of Florida , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Bartolome Barrientos , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés : Founder of Florida ( University of Florida Press , 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Des sauvages , ou , Voyage de Samuel Champlain , de Brouage , fait en la France Nouuelle , l'an mil six cens trois , A Paris : Chez Claude de Monstr'œil , tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais , au nom de Iesus , 1603 . OCLC 71251137 Jump up ^ James MacPherson Le Moine , Quebec , Past and Present : a history of Quebec , 1608 - 1876 ( 1876 ) . online Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV ( 1877 ) Jump up ^ Hubert , et al. Charbonneau , `` The population of the St - Lawrence Valley , 1608 -- 1760 . '' in A population history of North America ( 2000 ) : 99 - 142 . Jump up ^ R. Cole Harris , Historical Atlas of Canada : Volume I : From the Beginning to 1800 ( University of Toronto Press , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Bennett H Wall and John C. Rodrigue , Louisiana : A History ( 2014 ( ch 1 Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , La Salle and the discovery of the Great West ( 1891 ) . online Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Cat Island : The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island , By John Cuevas Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola Article '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33272 - 2 . Jump up ^ As the French and Indian War started two years earlier , and continued until the signing of the peace treaty , the name Seven Years ' War is more properly applied to the European phase of the war . Jump up ^ Philip Boucher , `` French Proprietary Colonies In The Greater Caribbean , 1620s -- 1670s . '' in Constructing Early Modern Empires ( Brill , 2007 ) pp. 163 - 188 . Jump up ^ Joshua R. Hyles ( 2013 ) . Guiana and the Shadows of Empire : Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World . Lexington Books . References ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of Canadian history § Prior to 1763 Brecher , Frank W. Losing a Continent : France 's North American Policy , 1753 - 1763 ( 1998 ) Dechêne , Louise Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth - Century Montreal ( 2003 ) Eccles , W.J. The Canadian Frontier , 1534 - 1760 ( 1983 ) Eccles , W.J. Essays on New France ( 1988 ) Eccles , W.J. The French in North America , 1500 - 1783 ( Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited , 1998 . ) , a standard scholarly survey Havard , Gilles , and Cécile Vidal , `` Making New France New Again : French historians rediscover their American past , '' Common - Place ( July 2007 ) v 7 # 4 Holbrook , Sabra ( 1976 ) , The French Founders of North America and Their Heritage , New York : Atheneum , ISBN 0 - 689 - 30490 - 0 Katz , Ron . French America : French Architecture from Colonialization to the Birth of a Nation . Editions Didier Millet , 2004 . McDermott , John Francis . The French in the Mississippi Valley ( University of Illinois Press , 1965 ) McDermott , John F. , ed . Frenchmen and French ways in the Mississippi Valley ( 1969 ) Moogk , Peter N. La Nouvelle France : The Making of French Canada - A Cultural History ( 2000 ) . 340 pp . Trudel , Marcel . The Beginnings of New France 1524 - 1663 ( 1973 ) White , Sophie . Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians : Material Culture and Race in Colonial Louisiana ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2013 ) In French ( edit ) Balvay , Arnaud . L'épée et la plume : Amérindiens et soldats des troupes de la marine en Louisiane et au Pays d'en Haut ( 1683 - 1763 ) ( Presses Université Laval , 2006 ) Balvay , Arnaud . La Révolte des Natchez ( Editions du Félin , 2008 ) Halford , Peter Wallace , and Pierre - Philippe Potier . Le français des Canadiens à la veille de la conquête : témoignage du père Pierre Philippe Potier , SJ . ( Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa , 1994 ) Moussette , Marcel & Waselkov , Gregory A. : Archéologie de l'Amérique coloniale française . Lévesque éditeur , Montréal 2014 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 38 - 1 ( print ) ; ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 39 - 8 ( eBook ) Former French colonies in the Americas New France Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint - Domingue Haïti , Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant - General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religion Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Category Portal Commons History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=807753847 '' Categories : French colonization of the Americas Former French colonies French colonial empire France in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Español Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 23 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the famous frenchman that founded the first major french settlement in louisiana	[ "From 1699 to 1702, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was governor of Louisiana. His brother succeeded him in that post from 1702 to 1713. He was again governor from 1716 to 1724 and again 1733 to 1743. In 1718, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville commanded a French expedition in Louisiana. He founded the city of New Orleans, in homage to Regent Duke of Orleans. The architect Adrian de Pauger drew the orthogonal plane of the Old Square." ]	[ "Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville" ]
4100776939426840961	Maya civilization	Maya civilization - wikipedia Maya civilization Jump to : navigation , search El Castillo , at Chichen Itza Detail of Lintel 26 from Yaxchilan Maya civilization People Society Languages Writing Religion Mythology Sacrifice Cities Architecture Astronomy Calendar Stelae Art Textiles Trade Music Dance Medicine Cuisine Warfare History Preclassic Maya Classic Maya collapse Spanish conquest of the Maya Yucatán Chiapas Guatemala Petén The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples , and noted for its hieroglyphic script -- the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas -- as well as for its art , architecture , mathematics , calendar , and astronomical system . The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico , all of Guatemala and Belize , and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador . This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula , and the highlands of the Sierra Madre , running from the Mexican state of Chiapas , across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador , and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain . The Archaic period , prior to 2000 BC , saw the first developments in agriculture and the earliest villages . The Preclassic period ( c. 2000 BC to 250 AD ) saw the establishment of the first complex societies in the Maya region , and the cultivation of the staple crops of the Maya diet , including maize , beans , squashes , and chili peppers . The first Maya cities developed around 750 BC , and by 500 BC these cities possessed monumental architecture , including large temples with elaborate stucco façades . Hieroglyphic writing was being used in the Maya region by the 3rd century BC . In the Late Preclassic a number of large cities developed in the Petén Basin , and Kaminaljuyu rose to prominence in the Guatemalan Highlands . Beginning around 250 AD , the Classic period is largely defined as when the Maya were raising sculpted monuments with Long Count dates . This period saw the Maya civilization develop a large number of city - states linked by a complex trade network . In the Maya Lowlands two great rivals , Tikal and Calakmul , became powerful . The Classic period also saw the intrusive intervention of the central Mexican city of Teotihuacan in Maya dynastic politics . In the 9th century , there was a widespread political collapse in the central Maya region , resulting in internecine warfare , the abandonment of cities , and a northward shift of population . The Postclassic period saw the rise of Chichen Itza in the north , and the expansion of the aggressive K'iche ' kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands . In the 16th century , the Spanish Empire colonized the Mesoamerican region , and a lengthy series of campaigns saw the fall of Nojpetén , the last Maya city , in 1697 . Classic period rule was centred on the concept of the `` divine king '' , who acted as a mediator between mortals and the supernatural realm . Kingship was patrilineal , and power would normally pass to the eldest son . A prospective king was also expected to be a successful war leader . Maya politics was dominated by a closed system of patronage , although the exact political make - up of a kingdom varied from city - state to city - state . By the Late Classic , the aristocracy had greatly increased , resulting in the corresponding reduction in the exclusive power of the divine king . The Maya civilization developed highly sophisticated artforms , and the Maya created art using both perishable and non-perishable materials , including wood , jade , obsidian , ceramics , sculpted stone monuments , stucco , and finely painted murals . Maya cities tended to expand haphazardly , and the city centre would be occupied by ceremonial and administrative complexes , surrounded by an irregular sprawl of residential districts . Different parts of a city would often be linked by causeways . The principal architecture of the city consisted of palaces , pyramid - temples , ceremonial ballcourts , and structures aligned for astronomical observation . The Maya elite were literate , and developed a complex system of hieroglyphic writing that was the most advanced in the pre-Columbian Americas . The Maya recorded their history and ritual knowledge in screenfold books , of which only three uncontested examples remain , the rest having been destroyed by the Spanish . There are also a great many examples of Maya text found on stelae and ceramics . The Maya developed a highly complex series of interlocking ritual calendars , and employed mathematics that included one of the earliest instances of the explicit zero in the world . As a part of their religion , the Maya practised human sacrifice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mesoamerica 2 Geography 3 History 3.1 Preclassic period ( c. 2000 BC -- 250 AD ) 3.2 Classic period ( c. 250 -- 900 AD ) 3.2. 1 Classic Maya collapse 3.3 Postclassic period ( c. 950 -- 1539 AD ) 3.4 Contact period and Spanish conquest ( 1511 -- 1697 AD ) 3.5 Persistence of Maya culture 3.6 Investigation of Maya civilization 4 Politics 5 Society 5.1 King and court 5.2 Commoners 6 Warfare 6.1 Warriors 6.2 Weapons 7 Trade 7.1 Merchants 7.2 Marketplaces 8 Art 9 Architecture 9.1 Urban design 9.2 Building materials and methods 9.3 Principal construction types 9.3. 1 Palaces and acropoleis 9.3. 2 Pyramids and temples 9.3. 3 E-Groups and observatories 9.3. 4 Triadic pyramids 9.3. 5 Ballcourts 9.4 Regional architectural styles 9.4. 1 Central Petén 9.4. 2 Puuc 9.4. 3 Chenes 9.4. 4 Río Bec 9.4. 5 Usumacinta 10 Language 11 Writing and literacy 11.1 Writing system 11.2 Hieroglyphic script 11.3 Writing tools 11.4 Scribes and literacy 12 Mathematics 13 Calendar 13.1 Correlation of the Long Count calendar 14 Astronomy 15 Religion and mythology 15.1 Human sacrifice 15.2 Deities 16 Agriculture 17 Maya sites 18 Museum collections 19 See also 20 References 21 Bibliography 22 Further reading 23 External links Mesoamerica Main article : Mesoamerica The Maya area within Mesoamerica The Maya civilization developed within the Mesoamerican cultural area , which covers a region that spreads from northern Mexico southwards into Central America . Mesoamerica was one of six cradles of civilization worldwide . The Mesoamerican area gave rise to a series of cultural developments that included complex societies , agriculture , cities , monumental architecture , writing , and calendrical systems . The set of traits shared by Mesoamerican cultures also included astronomical knowledge , blood and human sacrifice , and a cosmovision that viewed the world as divided into four divisions aligned with the cardinal directions , each with different attributes , and a three - way division of the world into the celestial realm , the earth , and the underworld . By 6000 BC , the early inhabitants of Mesoamerica were experimenting with the domestication of plants , a process that eventually led to the establishment of sedentary agricultural societies . The diverse climate allowed for wide variation in available crops , but all regions of Mesoamerica cultivated the base crops of maize , beans , and squashes . All Mesoamerican cultures used Stone Age technology ; after c. 1000 AD copper , silver and gold were worked . Mesoamerica lacked draft animals , did not use the wheel , and possessed few domesticated animals ; the principal means of transport was on foot or by canoe . Mesoamericans viewed the world as hostile and governed by unpredictable deities . The ritual Mesoamerican ballgame was widely played . Mesoamerica is linguistically diverse , with most languages falling within a small number of language families -- the major families are Mayan , Mixe -- Zoquean , Otomanguean , and Uto - Aztecan ; there are also a number of smaller families and isolates . The Mesoamerican language area shares a number of important features , including widespread loanwords , and use of a vigesimal number system . The territory of the Maya covered a third of Mesoamerica , and the Maya were engaged in a dynamic relationship with neighbouring cultures that included the Olmecs , Mixtecs , Teotihuacan , the Aztecs , and others . During the Early Classic period , the Maya cities of Tikal and Kaminaljuyu were key Maya foci in a network that extended beyond the Maya area into the highlands of central Mexico . At around the same time , there was a strong Maya presence at the Tetitla compound of Teotihuacan . Centuries later , during the 9th century AD , murals at Cacaxtla , another site in the central Mexican highlands , were painted in a Maya style . This may have been either an effort to align itself with the still - powerful Maya area after the collapse of Teotihuacan and ensuing political fragmentation in the Mexican Highlands , or an attempt to express a distant Maya origin of the inhabitants . The Maya city of Chichen Itza and the distant Toltec capital of Tula had an especially close relationship . Geography Maximum extent of the Maya civilization The Maya civilization occupied a wide territory that included southeastern Mexico and northern Central America . This area included the entire Yucatán Peninsula and all of the territory now incorporated into the modern countries of Guatemala and Belize , as well as the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador . Most of the peninsula is formed by a vast plain with few hills or mountains and a generally low coastline . The Petén region consists of densely forested low - lying limestone plain ; a chain of fourteen lakes runs across the central drainage basin of Petén . To the south the plain gradually rises towards the Guatemalan Highlands . Dense forest covers northern Petén and Belize , most of Quintana Roo , southern Campeche , and a portion of the south of Yucatán state . Farther north , the vegetation turns to lower forest consisting of dense scrub . The littoral zone of Soconusco lies to the south of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , and consists of a narrow coastal plain and the foothills of the Sierra Madre . The Maya highlands extend eastwards from Chiapas into Guatemala , reaching their highest in the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes . The major pre-Columbian population centres of the highlands were located in the largest highland valleys , such as the Valley of Guatemala and the Quetzaltenango Valley . In the southern highlands , a belt of volcanic cones runs parallel to the Pacific coast . The highlands extend northwards into Verapaz , and gradually descend to the east . History Main article : History of the Maya civilization The history of Maya civilization is divided into three principal periods : the Preclassic , Classic , and Postclassic periods . These were preceded by the Archaic Period , during which the first settled villages and early developments in agriculture emerged . Modern scholars regard these periods as arbitrary divisions of Maya chronology , rather than indicative of cultural evolution or decline . Definitions of the start and end dates of period spans can vary by as much as a century , depending on the author . Maya chronology Period Division Dates Archaic 8000 -- 2000 BC Preclassic Early Preclassic 2000 -- 1000 BC Middle Preclassic Early Middle Preclassic 1000 -- 600 BC Late Middle Preclassic 600 -- 350 BC Late Preclassic Early Late Preclassic 350 -- 1 BC Late Late Preclassic 1 BC -- AD 159 Terminal Preclassic AD 159 -- 250 Classic Early Classic AD 250 -- 550 Late Classic AD 550 -- 830 Terminal Classic AD 830 -- 950 Postclassic Early Postclassic AD 950 -- 1200 Late Postclassic AD 1200 -- 1539 Contact period AD 1511 -- 1697 Preclassic period ( C. 2000 BC -- 250 AD ) Main article : Preclassic Maya Kaminaljuyu , in the highlands , and El Mirador , in the lowlands , were both important cities in the Late Preclassic . The Maya developed their first civilization in the Preclassic period . Scholars continue to discuss when this era of Maya civilization began . Maya occupation at Cuello ( modern - day Belize ) has been carbon dated to around 2600 BC . Settlements were established around 1800 BC in the Soconusco region of the Pacific coast , and the Maya were already cultivating the staple crops of maize , beans , squash , and chili pepper . This period was characterized by sedentary communities and the introduction of pottery and fired clay figurines . During the Middle Preclassic Period , small villages began to grow to form cities . Nakbe in the Petén department of Guatemala is the earliest well - documented city in the Maya lowlands , where large structures have been dated to around 750 BC . The northern lowlands of Yucatán were widely settled by the Middle Preclassic . By approximately 400 BC , early Maya rulers were raising stelae . A developed script was already being used in Petén by the 3rd century BC . In the Late Preclassic Period , the enormous city of El Mirador grew to cover approximately 16 square kilometres ( 6.2 sq mi ) . Although not as large , Tikal was already a significant city by around 350 BC . In the highlands , Kaminaljuyu emerged as a principal centre in the Late Preclassic . Takalik Abaj and Chocolá were two of the most important cities on the Pacific coastal plain , and Komchen grew to become an important site in northern Yucatán . The Late Preclassic cultural florescence collapsed in the 1st century AD and many of the great Maya cities of the epoch were abandoned ; the cause of this collapse is unknown . Classic period ( C. 250 -- 900 AD ) Stela D from Quiriguá , representing king K'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat The Classic period is largely defined as the period during which the lowland Maya raised dated monuments using the Long Count calendar . This period marked the peak of large - scale construction and urbanism , the recording of monumental inscriptions , and demonstrated significant intellectual and artistic development , particularly in the southern lowland regions . The Classic period Maya political landscape has been likened to that of Renaissance Italy or Classical Greece , with multiple city - states engaged in a complex network of alliances and enmities . The largest cities had populations numbering 50,000 to 120,000 and were linked to networks of subsidiary sites . During the Early Classic , cities throughout the Maya region were influenced by the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the distant Valley of Mexico . In AD 378 , Teotihuacan decisively intervened at Tikal and other nearby cities , deposed their rulers , and installed a new Teotihuacan - backed dynasty . This intervention was led by Siyaj K'ak ' ( `` Born of Fire '' ) , who arrived at Tikal in early 378 . The king of Tikal , Chak Tok Ich'aak I , died on the same day , suggesting a violent takeover . A year later , Siyaj K'ak ' oversaw the installation of a new king , Yax Nuun Ahiin I . The installation of the new dynasty led to a period of political dominance when Tikal became the most powerful city in the central lowlands . Tikal 's great rival was Calakmul , another powerful city in the Petén Basin . Tikal and Calakmul both developed extensive systems of allies and vassals ; lesser cities that entered one of these networks gained prestige from their association with the top - tier city , and maintained peaceful relations with other members of the same network . Tikal and Calakmul engaged in the manoeuvering of their alliance networks against each other . At various points during the Classic period , one or other of these powers would gain a strategic victory over its great rival , resulting in respective periods of florescence and decline . Calakmul was one of the most important Classic period cities . In 629 , B'alaj Chan K'awiil , a son of the Tikal king K'inich Muwaan Jol II , was sent to found a new city at Dos Pilas , in the Petexbatún region , apparently as an outpost to extend Tikal 's power beyond the reach of Calakmul . For the next two decades he fought loyally for his brother and overlord at Tikal . In 648 , king Yuknoom Ch'een II of Calakmul captured Balaj Chan K'awiil . Yuknoom Ch'een II then reinstated Balaj Chan K'awiil upon the throne of Dos Pilas as his vassal . He thereafter served as a loyal ally of Calakmul . In the southeast , Copán was the most important city . Its Classic - period dynasty was founded in 426 by K'inich Yax K'uk ' Mo ' . The new king had strong ties with central Petén and Teotihuacan . Copán reached the height of its cultural and artistic development during the rule of Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil , who ruled from 695 to 738 . His reign ended catastrophically when he was captured by his vassal , king K'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat of Quiriguá . The captured lord of Copán was taken back to Quiriguá and was decapitated in a public ritual . It is likely that this coup was backed by Calakmul , in order to weaken a powerful ally of Tikal . Palenque and Yaxchilan were the most powerful cities in the Usumacinta region . In the highlands , Kaminaljuyu in the Valley of Guatemala was already a sprawling city by 300 . In the north of the Maya area , Coba was the most important capital . Classic Maya collapse Main article : Classic Maya collapse Chichen Itza was the most important city in the northern Maya region . During the 9th century AD , the central Maya region suffered major political collapse , marked by the abandonment of cities , the ending of dynasties , and a northward shift in activity . No universally accepted theory explains this collapse , but it likely had a combination of causes , including endemic internecine warfare , overpopulation resulting in severe environmental degradation , and drought . During this period , known as the Terminal Classic , the northern cities of Chichen Itza and Uxmal showed increased activity . Major cities in the northern Yucatán Peninsula continued to be inhabited long after the cities of the southern lowlands ceased to raise monuments . Classic Maya social organization was based on the ritual authority of the ruler , rather than central control of trade and food distribution . This model of rulership was poorly structured to respond to changes , because the ruler 's actions were limited by tradition to such activities as construction , ritual , and warfare . This only served to exacerbate systemic problems . By the 9th and 10th centuries , this resulted in collapse of this system of rulership . In the northern Yucatán , individual rule was replaced by a ruling council formed from elite lineages . In the southern Yucatán and central Petén , kingdoms declined ; in western Petén and some other areas , the changes were catastrophic and resulted in the rapid depopulation of cities . Within a couple of generations , large swathes of the central Maya area were all but abandoned . Both the capitals and their secondary centres were generally abandoned within a period of 50 to 100 years . One by one , cities stopped sculpting dated monuments ; the last Long Count date was inscribed at Toniná in 909 . Stelae were no longer raised , and squatters moved into abandoned royal palaces . Mesoamerican trade routes shifted and bypassed Petén . Postclassic period ( C. 950 -- 1539 AD ) Zaculeu was capital of the Postclassic Mam kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands . Although much reduced , a significant Maya presence remained into the Postclassic period after the abandonment of the major Classic period cities ; the population was particularly concentrated near permanent water sources . Unlike during previous cycles of contraction in the Maya region , abandoned lands were not quickly resettled in the Postclassic . Activity shifted to the northern lowlands and the Maya Highlands ; this may have involved migration from the southern lowlands , because many Postclassic Maya groups had migration myths . Chichen Itza and its Puuc neighbours declined dramatically in the 11th century , and this may represent the final episode of Classic Period collapse . After the decline of Chichen Itza , the Maya region lacked a dominant power until the rise of the city of Mayapan in the 12th century . New cities arose near the Caribbean and Gulf coasts , and new trade networks were formed . The Postclassic Period was marked by changes from the preceding Classic Period . The once - great city of Kaminaljuyu in the Valley of Guatemala was abandoned after continuous occupation of almost 2,000 years . Across the highlands and neighbouring Pacific coast , long - occupied cities in exposed locations were relocated , apparently due to a proliferation of warfare . Cities came to occupy more - easily defended hilltop locations surrounded by deep ravines , with ditch - and - wall defences sometimes supplementing the protection provided by the natural terrain . One of the most important cities in the Guatemalan Highlands at this time was Q'umarkaj , the capital of the aggressive K'iche ' kingdom . The government of Maya states , from the Yucatán to the Guatemalan highlands , was often organized as joint rule by a council . However , in practice one member of the council could act as a supreme ruler , while the other members served him as advisors . Mayapan was an important Postclassic city in the northern Yucatán Peninsula . Mayapan was abandoned around 1448 , after a period of political , social and environmental turbulence that in many ways echoed the Classic period collapse in the southern Maya region . The abandonment of the city was followed by a period of prolonged warfare , disease and natural disasters in the Yucatán Peninsula , which ended only shortly before Spanish contact in 1511 . Even without a dominant regional capital , the early Spanish explorers reported wealthy coastal cities and thriving marketplaces . During the Late Postclassic , the Yucatán Peninsula was divided into a number of independent provinces that shared a common culture but varied in internal sociopolitical organization . On the eve of the Spanish conquest , the highlands of Guatemala were dominated by several powerful Maya states . The K'iche ' had carved out a small empire covering a large part of the western Guatemalan Highlands and the neighbouring Pacific coastal plain . However , in the decades before the Spanish invasion the Kaqchikel kingdom had been steadily eroding the kingdom of the K'iche ' . Contact period and Spanish conquest ( 1511 -- 1697 AD ) Main articles : Spanish conquest of the Maya , Chiapas , Guatemala , Petén , and Yucatán See also : Spanish conquest of Honduras , Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , and Spanish colonization of the Americas Page from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala showing the Spanish conquest of Iximche , known as Cuahtemallan in the Nahuatl language In 1511 , a Spanish caravel was wrecked in the Caribbean , and about a dozen survivors made landfall on the coast of Yucatán . They were seized by a Maya lord , and most were sacrificed , although two managed to escape . From 1517 to 1519 , three separate Spanish expeditions explored the Yucatán coast , and engaged in a number of battles with the Maya inhabitants . After the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan fell to the Spanish in 1521 , Hernán Cortés despatched Pedro de Alvarado to Guatemala with 180 cavalry , 300 infantry , 4 cannons , and thousands of allied warriors from central Mexico ; they arrived in Soconusco in 1523 . The K'iche ' capital , Q'umarkaj , fell to Alvarado in 1524 . Shortly afterwards , the Spanish were invited as allies into Iximche , the capital city of the Kaqchikel Maya . Good relations did not last , due to excessive Spanish demands for gold as tribute , and the city was abandoned a few months later . This was followed by the fall of Zaculeu , the Mam Maya capital , in 1525 . Francisco de Montejo and his son , Francisco de Montejo the Younger , launched a long series of campaigns against the polities of the Yucatán Peninsula in 1527 , and finally completed the conquest of the northern portion of the peninsula in 1546 . This left only the Maya kingdoms of the Petén Basin independent . In 1697 , Martín de Ursúa launched an assault on the Itza capital Nojpetén and the last independent Maya city fell to the Spanish . Persistence of Maya culture Main article : Maya peoples The Spanish conquest stripped away most of the defining features of Maya civilization . However , many Maya villages remained remote from Spanish colonial authority , and for the most part continued to manage their own affairs . Maya communities and the nuclear family maintained their traditional day - to - day life . The basic Mesoamerican diet of maize and beans continued , although agricultural output was improved by the introduction of steel tools . Traditional crafts such as weaving , ceramics , and basketry continued to be practised . Community markets and trade in local products continued long after the conquest . At times , the colonial administration encouraged the traditional economy in order to extract tribute in the form of ceramics or cotton textiles , although these were usually made to European specifications . Maya beliefs and language proved resistant to change , despite vigorous efforts by Catholic missionaries . The 260 - day tzolk'in ritual calendar continues in use in modern Maya communities in the highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas , and millions of Mayan - language speakers inhabit the territory in which their ancestors developed their civilization . Investigation of Maya civilization Drawing by Frederick Catherwood of the Nunnery complex at Uxmal The agents of the Catholic Church wrote detailed accounts of the Maya , in support of their efforts at evangelization , and absorption of the Maya into the Spanish Empire . This was followed by various Spanish priests and colonial officials who left descriptions of ruins they visited in Yucatán and Central America . In 1839 , American traveller and writer John Lloyd Stephens set out to visit a number of Maya sites with English architect and draftsman Frederick Catherwood . Their illustrated accounts of the ruins sparked strong popular interest , and brought the Maya to the attention of the world . The later 19th century saw the recording and recovery of ethnohistoric accounts of the Maya , and the first steps in deciphering Maya hieroglyphs . 1892 photograph of the Castillo at Chichen Itza , by Teoberto Maler The final two decades of the 19th century saw the birth of modern scientific archaeology in the Maya region , with the meticulous work of Alfred Maudslay and Teoberto Maler . By the early 20th century , the Peabody Museum was sponsoring excavations at Copán and in the Yucatán Peninsula . In the first two decades of the 20th century , advances were made in deciphering the Maya calendar , and identifying deities , dates , and religious concepts . Since the 1930s , archaeological exploration increased dramatically , with large - scale excavations across the Maya region . In the 1960s , the distinguished Mayanist J. Eric S. Thompson promoted the ideas that Maya cities were essentially vacant ceremonial centres serving a dispersed population in the forest , and that the Maya civilization was governed by peaceful astronomer - priests . These ideas began to collapse with major advances in the decipherment of the script in the late 20th century , pioneered by Heinrich Berlin , Tatiana Proskouriakoff , and Yuri Knorozov . With breakthroughs in understanding of Maya script since the 1950s , the texts revealed the warlike activities of the Classic Maya kings , and the view of the Maya as peaceful could no longer be supported . Politics Unlike the Aztecs and the Inca , the Maya political system never integrated the entire Maya cultural area into a single state or empire . Rather , throughout its history , the Maya area contained a varying mix of political complexity that included both states and chiefdoms . These polities fluctuated greatly in their relationships with each other and were engaged in a complex web of rivalries , periods of dominance or submission , vassalage , and alliances . At times , different polities achieved regional dominance , such as Calakmul , Caracol , Mayapan , and Tikal . The first reliably evidenced polities formed in the Maya lowlands in the 9th century BC . During the Late Preclassic , the Maya political system coalesced into a theopolitical form , where elite ideology justified the ruler 's authority , and was reinforced by public display , ritual , and religion . The divine king was the centre of political power , exercising ultimate control over the administrative , economic , judicial , and military functions of the polity . The divine authority invested within the ruler was such that the king was able to mobilize both the aristocracy and commoners in executing huge infrastructure projects , apparently with no police force or standing army . Some polities engaged in a strategy of increasing administration , and filling administrative posts with loyal supporters rather than blood relatives . Within a polity , mid-ranking population centres would have played a key role in managing resources and internal conflict . The Maya political landscape was highly complex and Maya elites engaged in political intrigue to gain economic and social advantage over neighbours . In the Late Classic , some cities established a long period of dominance over other large cities , such as the dominance of Caracol over Naranjo for half a century . In other cases , loose alliance networks were formed around a dominant city . Border settlements , usually located about halfway between neighbouring capitals , often switched allegiance over the course of their history , and at times acted independently . Dominant capitals exacted tribute in the form of luxury items from subjugated population centres . Political power was reinforced by military power , and the capture and humiliation of enemy warriors played an important part in elite culture . An overriding sense of pride and honour among the warrior aristocracy could lead to extended feuds and vendettas , which caused political instability and the fragmentation of polities . Society Main article : Maya society See also : Women in Maya society From the Early Preclassic , Maya society was sharply divided between the elite and commoners . As population increased over time , various sectors of society became increasingly specialized , and political organization became increasingly complex . By the Late Classic , when populations had grown enormously and hundreds of cities were connected in a complex web of political hierarchies , the wealthy segment of society multiplied . A middle class may have developed that included artisans , low ranking priests and officials , merchants , and soldiers . Commoners included farmers , servants , labourers , and slaves . According to indigenous histories , land was held communally by noble houses or clans . Such clans held that the land was the property of the clan ancestors , and such ties between the land and the ancestors were reinforced by the burial of the dead within residential compounds . King and court Stela from Toniná , representing the 6th - century king Bahlam Yaxuun Tihl Classic Maya rule was centred in a royal culture that was displayed in all areas of Classic Maya art . The king was the supreme ruler and held a semi-divine status that made him the mediator between the mortal realm and that of the gods . From very early times , kings were specifically identified with the young maize god , whose gift of maize was the basis of Mesoamerican civilization . Maya royal succession was patrilineal , and royal power only passed to queens when doing otherwise would result in the extinction of the dynasty . Typically , power was passed to the eldest son . A young prince was called a ch'ok ( `` youth '' ) , although this word later came to refer to nobility in general . The royal heir was called b'aah ch'ok ( `` head youth '' ) . Various points in the young prince 's childhood were marked by ritual ; the most important was a bloodletting ceremony at age five or six years . Although being of the royal bloodline was of utmost importance , the heir also had to be a successful war leader , as demonstrated by taking of captives . The enthronement of a new king was a highly elaborate ceremony , involving a series of separate acts that included enthronement upon a jaguar - skin cushion , human sacrifice , and receiving the symbols of royal power , such as a headband bearing a jade representation of the so - called `` jester god '' , an elaborate headdress adorned with quetzal feathers , and a sceptre representing the god K'awiil . Maya political administration , based around the royal court , was not bureaucratic in nature . Government was hierarchical , and official posts were sponsored by higher - ranking members of the aristocracy ; officials tended to be promoted to higher levels of office during the course of their lives . Officials are referred to as being `` owned '' by their sponsor , and this relationship continued even after the death of the sponsor . The Maya royal court was a vibrant and dynamic political institution . There was no universal structure for the Maya royal court , instead each polity formed a royal court that was suited to its own individual context . A number of royal and noble titles have been identified by epigraphers translating Classic Maya inscriptions . Ajaw is usually translated as `` lord '' or `` king '' . In the Early Classic , an ajaw was the ruler of a city . Later , with increasing social complexity , the ajaw was a member of the ruling class and a major city could have more than one , each ruling over different districts . Paramount rulers distinguished themselves from the extended nobility by prefixing the word k'uhul to their ajaw title . A k'uhul ajaw was `` divine lord '' , originally confined to the kings of the most prestigious and ancient royal lines . Kalomte was a royal title , whose exact meaning is not yet deciphered , but it was held only by the most powerful kings of the strongest dynasties . It indicated an overlord , or high king , and the title was only in use during the Classic period . By the Late Classic , the absolute power of the k'uhul ajaw had weakened , and the political system had diversified to include a wider aristocracy , that by this time may well have expanded disproportionately . Classic period sculpture showing sajal Aj Chak Maax presenting captives before ruler Itzamnaaj B'alam III of Yaxchilan A sajal was ranked below the ajaw , and indicated a subservient lord . A sajal would be lord of a second - or third - tier site , answering to an ajaw , who may himself have been subservient to a kalomte . A sajal would often be a war captain or regional governor , and inscriptions often link the sajal title to warfare ; they are often mentioned as the holders of war captives . Sajal meant `` feared one '' . The titles of ah tz'ihb and ah ch'ul hun are both related to scribes . The ah tz'ihb was a royal scribe , usually a member of the royal family ; the ah ch'ul hun was the Keeper of the Holy Books , a title that is closely associated with the ajaw title , indicating that an ajaw always held the ah ch'ul hun title simultaneously . Other courtly titles , the functions of which are not well understood , were yajaw k'ahk ' ( `` Lord of Fire '' ) , ti'huun and ti'sakhuun . These last two may be variations on the same title , and Mark Zender has suggested that the holder of this title may have been the spokesman for the ruler . Courtly titles are overwhelmingly male - oriented , and in those relatively rare occasions where they are applied to a woman , they appear to be used as honorifics for female royalty . Titled elites were often associated with particular structures in the hieroglyphic inscriptions of Classic period cities , indicating that such office holders either owned that structure , or that the structure was an important focus for their activities . A lakam was possibly the only non-elite post-holder in the royal court . The lakam was only found in larger sites , and they appear to have been responsible for the taxation of local districts . Different factions may have existed in the royal court . The k'uhul ahaw and his household would have formed the central power - base , but other important groups were the priesthood , the warrior aristocracy , and other aristocratic courtiers . Where ruling councils existed , as at Chichen Itza and Copán , these may have formed an additional faction . Rivalry between different factions would have led to dynamic political institutions as compromises and disagreements were played out . In such a setting , public performance was vital . Such performances included ritual dances , presentation of war captives , offerings of tribute , human sacrifice , and religious ritual . Commoners Commoners are estimated to have comprised over 90 % of the population , but relatively little is known about them . Their houses were generally constructed from perishable materials , and their remains have left little trace in the archaeological record . Some commoner dwellings were raised on low platforms , and these can be identified , but an unknown quantity of commoner houses were not . Such low - status dwellings can only be detected by extensive remote - sensing surveys of apparently empty terrain . The range of commoners was broad ; it consisted of everyone not of noble birth , and therefore included everyone from the poorest farmers to wealthy craftsmen and commoners appointed to bureaucratic positions . Commoners engaged in essential production activities , including that of products destined for use by the elite , such as cotton and cacao , as well as subsistence crops for their own use , and utilitarian items such as ceramics and stone tools . Commoners took part in warfare , and could advance socially by proving themselves as outstanding warriors . Commoners paid taxes to the elite in the form of staple goods such as maize flour and game . It is likely that hard - working commoners who displayed exceptional skills and initiative could become influential members of Maya society . Warfare Main article : Maya warfare Jaina Island figurine representing a Classic period warrior Obsidian spearheads with a lithic core , Takalik Abaj Warfare was prevalent in the Maya world . Military campaigns were launched for a variety of reasons , including the control of trade routes and tribute , raids to take captives , scaling up to the complete destruction of an enemy state . Little is known about Maya military organization , logistics , or training . Warfare is depicted in Maya art from the Classic period , and wars and victories are mentioned in hieroglyphic inscriptions . Unfortunately , the inscriptions do not provide information upon the causes of war , or the form it took . In the 8th -- 9th centuries , intensive warfare resulted in the collapse of the kingdoms of the Petexbatún region of western Petén . The rapid abandonment of Aguateca by its inhabitants has provided a rare opportunity to examine the remains of Maya weaponry in situ . Aguateca was stormed by unknown enemies around 810 AD , who overcame its formidable defences and burned the royal palace . The elite inhabitants of the city either fled or were captured , and never returned to collect their abandoned property . The inhabitants of the periphery abandoned the site soon after . This is an example of intensive warfare carried out by an enemy in order to completely eliminate a Maya state , rather than subjugate it . Research at Aguateca indicated that Classic period warriors were primarily members of the elite . From as early as the Preclassic period , the ruler of a Maya polity was expected to be a distinguished war leader , and was depicted with trophy heads hanging from his belt . In the Classic period , such trophy heads no longer appeared on the king 's belt , but Classic period kings are frequently depicted standing over humiliated war captives . Right up to the end of the Postclassic period , Maya kings led as war captains . Maya inscriptions from the Classic show that a defeated king could be captured , tortured , and sacrificed . The Spanish recorded that Maya leaders kept track of troop movements in painted books . The outcome of a successful military campaign could vary in its impact on the defeated polity . In some cases , entire cities were sacked , and never resettled , as at Aguateca . In other instances , the victors would seize the defeated rulers , their families , and patron gods . The captured nobles and their families could be imprisoned , or sacrificed . At the least severe end of the scale , the defeated polity would be obliged to pay tribute to the victor . Warriors During the Contact period , it is known that certain military positions were held by members of the aristocracy , and were passed on by patrilineal succession . It is likely that the specialized knowledge inherent in the particular military role was taught to the successor , including strategy , ritual , and war dances . Maya armies of the Contact period were highly disciplined , and warriors participated in regular training exercises and drills ; every able - bodied adult male was available for military service . Maya states did not maintain standing armies ; warriors were mustered by local officials who reported back to appointed warleaders . There were also units of full - time mercenaries who followed permanent leaders . Most warriors were not full - time , however , and were primarily farmers ; the needs of their crops usually came before warfare . Maya warfare was not so much aimed at destruction of the enemy as the seizure of captives and plunder . There is some evidence from the Classic period that women provided supporting roles in war , but they did not act as military officers with the exception of those rare ruling queens . By the Postclassic , the native chronicles suggest that women occasionally fought in battle . Weapons Lintel 16 from Yaxchilán , depicting king Yaxun B'alam in warrior garb The atlatl ( spear - thrower ) was introduced to the Maya region by Teotihuacan in the Early Classic . This was a 0.5 - metre - long ( 1.6 ft ) stick with a notched end to hold a dart or javelin . The stick was used to launch the missile with more force and accuracy than could be accomplished by simply hurling it with the arm alone . Evidence in the form of stone blade points recovered from Aguateca indicate that darts and spears were the primary weapons of the Classic Maya warrior . Commoners used blowguns in war , which also served as their hunting weapon . The bow and arrow is another weapon that was used by the ancient Maya for both war and hunting . Although present in the Maya region during the Classic period , its use as a weapon of war was not favoured ; it did not become a common weapon until the Postclassic . The Contact period Maya also used two - handed swords crafted from strong wood with the blade fashioned from inset obsidian , similar to the Aztec macuahuitl . Maya warriors wore body armour in the form of quilted cotton that had been soaked in salt water to toughen it ; the resulting armour compared favourably to the steel armour worn by the Spanish when they conquered the region . Warriors bore wooden or animal hide shields decorated with feathers and animal skins . Trade Main article : Trade in Maya civilization Trade was a key component of Maya society , and in the development of the Maya civilization . The cities that grew to become the most important usually controlled access to vital trade goods , or portage routes . Cities such as Kaminaljuyu and Q'umarkaj in the Guatemalan Highlands , and Chalchuapa in El Salvador , variously controlled access to the sources of obsidian at different points in Maya history . The most important cities in the northern Yucatán Peninsula controlled access to the sources of salt . In the Postclassic , the Maya engaged in a flourishing slave trade with wider Mesoamerica . The Maya engaged in long distance trade across the Maya region , and across greater Mesoamerica and beyond . Within Mesoamerica beyond the Maya area , trade routes particularly focused on central Mexico and the Gulf coast . In the Early Classic , Chichen Itza was at the hub of an extensive trade network that imported gold discs from Colombia and Panama , and turquoise from Los Cerrillos , New Mexico . Long distance trade of both luxury and utilitarian goods was probably controlled by the royal family . Prestige goods obtained by trade were used both for consumption by the city 's ruler , and as luxury gifts to consolidate the loyalty of vassals and allies . An Early Classic Maya merchant quarter has been identified at the distant metropolis of Teotihuacan , in central Mexico . Trade routes not only supplied physical goods , they facilitated the movement of people and ideas throughout Mesoamerica . Shifts in trade routes occurred with the rise and fall of important cities in the Maya region , and have been identified in every major reorganization of the Maya civilization , such as the rise of Preclassic Maya civilization , the transition to the Classic , and the Terminal Classic collapse . Even the Spanish Conquest did not immediately terminate all Maya trading activity ; for example , the Contact period Manche Ch'ol traded the prestige crops of cacao , annatto and vanilla into colonial Verapaz . Merchants Little is known of Maya merchants , although they are depicted on Maya ceramics in elaborate noble dress . From this , it is known that at least some traders were members of the elite . During the Contact period , it is known that Maya nobility took part in long distance trading expeditions . The majority of traders were middle class , but were largely engaged in local and regional trade rather than the prestigious long distance trading that was the preserve of the elite . The travelling of merchants into dangerous foreign territory was likened to a passage through the underworld ; the patron deities of merchants were two underworld gods carrying backpacks . When merchants travelled , they painted themselves black , like their patron gods , and went heavily armed . The Maya had no pack animals , so all trade goods were carried on the backs of porters when going overland ; if the trade route followed a river or the coast , then goods were transported in canoes . A substantial Maya trading canoe was encountered off Honduras on Christopher Columbus 's fourth voyage . It was made from a large hollowed - out tree trunk and had a palm - covered canopy . The canoe was 2.5 metres ( 8.2 ft ) broad and was powered by 25 rowers . Trade goods carried included cacao , obsidian , ceramics , textiles , food and drink for the crew , and copper bells and axes . Cacao was used as currency ( although not exclusively ) , and its value was such that counterfeiting occurred by removing the flesh from the pod , and stuffing it with dirt or avocado rind . Marketplaces Marketplaces are difficult to identify archaeologically . However , the Spanish reported a thriving market economy when they arrived in the region . At some Classic period cities , archaeologists have tentatively identified formal arcade - style masonry architecture and parallel alignments of scattered stones as the permanent foundations of market stalls . A 2007 study analysed soils from a modern Guatemalan market and compared the results with those obtained from analysis at a proposed ancient market at Chunchucmil . Unusually high levels of zinc and phosphorus at both sites indicated similar food production and vegetable sales activity . The calculated density of market stalls at Chunchucmil strongly suggests that a thriving market economy already existed in the Early Classic . Archaeologists have tentatively identified marketplaces at an increasing number of Maya cities by means of a combination of archaeology and soil analysis . When the Spanish arrived , Postclassic cities in the highlands had markets in permanent plazas , with officials on hand to settle disputes , enforce rules , and collect taxes . Art Main article : Ancient Maya art The elaborately carved wooden Lintel 3 from Tikal Temple IV . It celebrates a military victory by Yik'in Chan K'awiil in 743 . Jade funerary mask of king K'inich Janaab ' Pakal Maya art is essentially the art of the royal court . It is almost exclusively concerned with the Maya elite and their world . Maya art was crafted from both perishable and non-perishable materials , and served to link the Maya to their ancestors . Although surviving Maya art represents only a small proportion of the art that the Maya created , it represents a wider variety of subjects than any other art tradition in the Americas . Maya art has many regional styles , and is unique in the ancient Americas in bearing narrative text . The finest surviving Maya art dates to the Late Classic period . The Maya exhibited a preference for the colour green or blue - green , and used the same word for the colours blue and green . Correspondingly , they placed high value on apple - green jade , and other greenstones , associating them with the sun - god K'inich Ajau . They sculpted artefacts that included fine tesserae and beads , to carved heads weighing 4.42 kilograms ( 9.7 lb ) . The Maya nobility practised dental modification , and some lords wore encrusted jade in their teeth . Mosaic funerary masks could also be fashioned from jade , such as that of K'inich Janaab ' Pakal , king of Palenque . Early Classic wooden figurine , it may once have supported a mirror Eccentric flint in the Musées Roayaux d'art et d'Histoire , Brussels Maya stone sculpture emerged into the archaeological record as a fully developed tradition , suggesting that it may have evolved from a tradition of sculpting wood . Because of the biodegradability of wood , the corpus of Maya woodwork has almost entirely disappeared . The few wooden artefacts that have survived include three - dimensional sculptures , and hieroglyphic panels . Stone Maya stelae are widespread in city sites , often paired with low , circular stones referred to as altars in the literature . Stone sculpture also took other forms , such as the limestone relief panels at Palenque and Piedras Negras . At Yaxchilan , Dos Pilas , Copán , and other sites , stone stairways were decorated with sculpture . The hieroglyphic stairway at Copán comprises the longest surviving Maya hieroglyphic text , and consists of 2,200 individual glyphs . The largest Maya sculptures consisted of architectural façades crafted from stucco . The rough form was laid out on a plain plaster base coating on the wall , and the three - dimensional form was built up using small stones . Finally , this was coated with stucco and moulded into the finished form ; human body forms were first modelled in stucco , with their costumes added afterwards . The final stucco sculpture was then brightly painted . Giant stucco masks were used to adorn temple façades by the Late Preclassic , and such decoration continued into the Classic period . The Maya had a long tradition of mural painting ; rich polychrome murals have been excavated at San Bartolo , dating to between 300 and 200 BC . Walls were coated with plaster , and polychrome designs were painted onto the smooth finish . The majority of such murals have not survived , but Early Classic tombs painted in cream , red , and black have been excavated at Caracol , Río Azul , and Tikal . Among the best preserved murals are a full - size series of Late Classic paintings at Bonampak . Stucco mask adorning the Early Classic substructure of Tikal Temple 33 Late Classic painted mural at Bonampak Flint , chert , and obsidian all served utilitarian purposes in Maya culture , but many pieces were finely crafted into forms that were never intended to be used as tools . Eccentric flints are among the finest lithic artefacts produced by the ancient Maya . They were technically very challenging to produce , requiring considerable skill on the part of the artisan . Large obsidian eccentrics can measure over 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) in length . Their actual form varies considerably but they generally depict human , animal and geometric forms associated with Maya religion . Eccentric flints show a great variety of forms , such as crescents , crosses , snakes , and scorpions . The largest and most elaborate examples display multiple human heads , with minor heads sometimes branching off from larger one . Maya textiles are very poorly represented in the archaeological record , although by comparison with other pre-Columbian cultures , such as the Aztecs and the Andean region , it is likely that they were high - value items . A few scraps of textile have been recovered by archaeologists , but the best evidence for textile art is where they are represented in other media , such as painted murals or ceramics . Such secondary representations show the elite of the Maya court adorned with sumptuous cloths , generally these would have been cotton , but jaguar pelts and deer hides are also shown . Painted ceramic vessel from Sacul Ceramic figurine from Jaina Island , AD 650 -- 800 Ceramics are the most commonly surviving type of Maya art . The Maya had no knowledge of the potter 's wheel , and Maya vessels were built up by coiling rolled strips of clay into the desired form . Maya pottery was not glazed , although it often had a fine finish produced by burnishing . Maya ceramics were painted with clay slips blended with minerals and coloured clays . Ancient Maya firing techniques have yet to be replicated . A quantity of extremely fine ceramic figurines have been excavated from Late Classic tombs on Jaina Island , in northern Yucatán . They stand from 10 to 25 centimetres ( 3.9 to 9.8 in ) high and were hand modelled , with exquisite detail . The Ik - style polychrome ceramic corpus , including finely painted plates and cylindrical vessels , originated in Late Classic Motul de San José . It includes a set of features such as hieroglyphs painted in a pink or pale red colour and scenes with dancers wearing masks . One of the most distinctive features is the realistic representation of subjects as they appeared in life . The subject matter of the vessels includes courtly life from the Petén region in the 8th century AD , such as diplomatic meetings , feasting , bloodletting , scenes of warriors and the sacrifice of prisoners of war . Bone , both human and animal , was also sculpted ; human bones may have been trophies , or relics of ancestors . The Maya valued Spondylus shells , and worked them to remove the white exterior and spines , to reveal the fine orange interior . Around the 10th century AD , metallurgy arrived in Mesoamerica from South America , and the Maya began to make small objects in gold , silver and copper . The Maya generally hammered sheet metal into objects such as beads , bells , and discs . In the last centuries before the Spanish Conquest , the Maya began to use the lost - wax method to cast small metal pieces . One poorly studied area of Maya folk art is graffiti . Additional graffiti , not part of the planned decoration , was incised into the stucco of interior walls , floors , and benches , in a wide variety of buildings , including temples , residences , and storerooms . Graffiti has been recorded at 51 Maya sites , particularly clustered in the Petén Basin and southern Campeche , and the Chenes region of northwestern Yucatán . At Tikal , where a great quantity of graffiti has been recorded , the subject matter includes drawings of temples , people , deities , animals , banners , litters , and thrones . Graffiti was often inscribed haphazardly , with drawings overlapping each other , and display a mix of crude , untrained art , and examples by artists who were familiar with Classic - period artistic conventions . Architecture Main article : Maya architecture Reconstruction of the urban core of Tikal in the 8th century AD The Maya produced a vast array of structures , and have left an extensive architectural legacy that places the Maya civilization as one of the great preindustrial civilizations of the world . Maya architecture also incorporates various art forms and hieroglyphic texts . Masonry architecture built by the Maya evidences craft specialization in Maya society , centralized organization and the political means to mobilize a large workforce . It is estimated that a large elite residence at Copán required an estimated 10,686 man - days to build , which compares to 67 - man - days for a commoner 's hut . It is further estimated that 65 % of the labour required to build the noble residence was used in the quarrying , transporting , and finishing of the stone used in construction , and 24 % of the labour was required for the manufacture and application of limestone - based plaster . Altogether , it is estimated that two to three months were required for the construction of the residence for this single noble at Copán , using between 80 and 130 full - time labourers . A Classic - period city like Tikal was spread over 20 square kilometres ( 7.7 sq mi ) , with an urban core covering 6 square kilometres ( 2.3 sq mi ) . The labour required to build such a city was immense , running into many millions of man - days . The most massive structures ever erected by the Maya were built during the Preclassic period . Craft specialization would have required dedicated stonemasons and plasterers by the Late Preclassic , and would have required planners and architects . Urban design Main article : Maya city Maya cities were not formally planned , and were subject to irregular expansion , with the haphazard addition of palaces , temples and other buildings . Most Maya cities tended to grow outwards from the core , and upwards as new structures were superimposed upon preceding architecture . Maya cities usually had a ceremonial and administrative centre surrounded by a vast irregular sprawl of residential complexes . The centres of all Maya cities featured sacred precincts , sometimes separated from nearby residential areas by walls . These precincts contained pyramid temples and other monumental architecture dedicated to elite activities , such as basal platforms that supported administrative or elite residential complexes . Sculpted monuments were raised to record the deeds of the ruling dynasty . City centres also featured plazas , sacred ballcourts and buildings used for marketplaces and schools . Frequently causeways linked the centre to outlying areas of the city . Some of these classes of architecture formed lesser groups in the outlying areas of the city , which served as sacred centres for non-royal lineages . The areas adjacent to these sacred compounds included residential complexes housing wealthy lineages . The largest and richest of these elite compounds sometimes possessed sculpture and art of craftsmanship equal to that of royal art . The ceremonial centre of the Maya city was where the ruling elite lived , and where the administrative functions of the city were performed , together with religious ceremonies . It was also where the inhabitants of the city gathered for public activities . Elite residential complexes occupied the best land around the city centre , while commoners had their residences dispersed further away from the ceremonial centre . Residential units were built on top of stone platforms to raise them above the level of the rain season floodwaters . Building materials and methods Fired bricks with animal designs from Comalcalco The Maya built their cities with Neolithic technology ; they built their structures from both perishable materials and from stone . The exact type of stone used in masonry construction varied according to locally available resources , and this also affected the building style . Across a broad swathe of the Maya area , limestone was immediately available . The local limestone is relatively soft when freshly cut , but hardens with exposure . There was great variety in the quality of limestone , with good - quality stone available in the Usumacinta region ; in the northern Yucatán , the limestone used in construction was of relatively poor quality . Volcanic tuff was used at Copán , and nearby Quiriguá employed sandstone . In Comalcalco , where suitable stone was not available locally , fired bricks were employed . Limestone was burned at high temperatures in order to manufacture cement , plaster , and stucco . Lime - based cement was used to seal stonework in place , and stone blocks were fashioned using rope - and - water abrasion , and with obsidian tools . The Maya did not employ a functional wheel , so all loads were transported on litters , barges , or rolled on logs . Heavy loads were lifted with rope , but probably without employing pulleys . Wood was used for beams , and for lintels , even in masonry structures . Throughout Maya history , common huts and some temples continued to be built from wooden poles and thatch . Adobe was also applied ; this consisted of mud strengthened with straw and was applied as a coating over the woven - stick walls of huts . Like wood and thatch , adobe was used throughout Maya history , even after the development of masonry structures . In the southern Maya area , adobe was employed in monumental architecture when no suitable stone was locally available . Principal construction types The great cities of the Maya civilization were composed of pyramid temples , palaces , ballcourts , sacbeob ( causeways ) , patios and plazas . Some cities also possessed extensive hydraulic systems or defensive walls . The exteriors of most buildings were painted , either in one or multiple colours , or with imagery . Many buildings were adorned with sculpture or painted stucco reliefs . Palaces and acropoleis Terminal Classic palace complex at Sayil , in northern Yucatán These complexes were usually located in the site core , beside a principal plaza . Maya palaces consisted of a platform supporting a multiroom range structure . The term acropolis , in a Maya context , refers to a complex of structures built upon platforms of varying height . Palaces and acropoleis were essentially elite residential compounds . They generally extended horizontally as opposed to the towering Maya pyramids , and often had restricted access . Some structures in Maya acropoleis supported roof combs . Rooms often had stone benches , used for sleeping , and holes indicate where curtains once hung . Large palaces , such as at Palenque , could be fitted with a water supply , and sweat baths were often found within the complex , or nearby . During the Early Classic , rulers were sometimes buried underneath the acropolis complex . Some rooms in palaces were true throne rooms ; in the royal palace of Palenque there were a number of throne rooms that were used for important events , including the inauguration of new kings . Palaces are usually arranged around one or more courtyards , with their façades facing inwards ; some examples are adorned with sculpture . Some palaces possess associated hieroglyphic descriptions that identify them as the royal residences of named rulers . There is abundant evidence that palaces were far more than simple elite residences , and that a range of courtly activities took place in them , including audiences , formal receptions , and important rituals . Pyramids and temples Temple I , at Tikal , was a funerary temple in honour of king Jasaw Chan K'awiil I . Temples were sometimes referred to in hieroglyphic texts as k'uh nah , meaning `` god 's house '' . Temples were raised on platforms , most often upon a pyramid . The earliest temples were probably thatched huts built upon low platforms . By the Late Preclassic period , their walls were of stone , and the development of the corbel arch allowed stone roofs to replace thatch . By the Classic period , temple roofs were being topped with roof combs that extended the height of the temple and served as a foundation for monumental art . The temple shrines contained between one and three rooms , and were dedicated to important deities . Such a deity might be one of the patron gods of the city , or a deified ancestor . In general , freestanding pyramids were shrines honouring powerful ancestors . E-Groups and observatories The Maya were keen observers of the sun , stars , and planets . E-Groups were a particular arrangement of temples that were relatively common in the Maya region ; they take their names from Group E at Uaxactun . They consisted of three small structures facing a fourth structure , and were used to mark the solstices and equinoxes . The earliest examples date to the Preclassic period . The Lost World complex at Tikal started out as an E-Group built towards the end of the Middle Preclassic . Due to its nature , the basic layout of an E-Group was constant . A structure was built on the west side of a plaza ; it was usually a radial pyramid with stairways facing the cardinal directions . It faced east across the plaza to three small temples on the far side . From the west pyramid , the sun was seen to rise over these temples on the solstices and equinoxes . E-Groups were raised across the central and southern Maya area for over a millennium ; not all were properly aligned as observatories , and their function may have been symbolic . As well as E-Groups , the Maya built other structures dedicated to observing the movements of celestial bodies . Many Maya buildings were aligned with astronomical bodies , including the planet Venus , and various constellations . The Caracol structure at Chichen Itza was a circular multi-level edifice , with a conical superstructure . It has slit windows that marked the movements of Venus . At Copán , a pair of stelae were raised to mark the position of the setting sun at the equinoxes . Triadic pyramids Model of a triadic pyramid at Caracol , Belize Triadic pyramids first appeared in the Preclassic . They consisted of a dominant structure flanked by two smaller inward - facing buildings , all mounted upon a single basal platform . The largest known triadic pyramid was built at El Mirador in the Petén Basin ; it covers an area six times as large as that covered by Temple IV , the largest pyramid at Tikal . The three superstructures all have stairways leading up from the central plaza on top of the basal platform . No securely established forerunners of Triadic Groups are known , but they may have developed from the eastern range building of E-Group complexes . The triadic form was the predominant architectural form in the Petén region during the Late Preclassic . Examples of triadic pyramids are known from as many as 88 archaeological sites . At Nakbe , there are at least a dozen examples of triadic complexes and the four largest structures in the city are triadic in nature . At El Mirador there are probably as many as 36 triadic structures . Examples of the triadic form are even known from Dzibilchaltun in the far north of the Yucatán Peninsula , and Q'umarkaj in the Highlands of Guatemala . The triadic pyramid remained a popular architectural form for centuries after the first examples were built ; it continued in use into the Classic Period , with later examples being found at Uaxactun , Caracol , Seibal , Nakum , Tikal and Palenque . The Q'umarkaj example is the only one that has been dated to the Postclassic Period . The triple - temple form of the triadic pyramid appears to be related to Maya mythology . Ballcourts Postclassic ballcourt at Zaculeu , in the Guatemalan Highlands The Great Ballcourt of Chichen Itza The ballcourt is a distinctive pan-Mesoamerican form of architecture . Although the majority of Maya ballcourts date to the Classic period , the earliest examples appeared around 1000 BC in northwestern Yucatán , during the Middle Preclassic . By the time of Spanish contact , ballcourts were only in use in the Guatemalan Highlands , at cities such as Q'umarkaj and Iximche . Throughout Maya history , ballcourts maintained a characteristic form consisting of an ɪ shape , with a central playing area terminating in two transverse end zones . The central playing area usually measures between 20 and 30 metres ( 66 and 98 ft ) long , and is flanked by two lateral structures that stood up to 3 or 4 metres ( 9.8 or 13.1 ft ) high . The lateral platforms often supported structures that may have held privileged spectators . The Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza is the largest in Mesoamerica , measuring 83 metres ( 272 ft ) long by 30 metres ( 98 ft ) wide , with walls standing 8.2 metres ( 27 ft ) high . Regional architectural styles Although Maya cities shared many common features , there was considerable variation in architectural style . Such styles were influenced by locally available construction materials , climate , topography , and local preferences . In the Late Classic , these local differences developed into distinctive regional architectural styles . Central Petén The central Petén style of architecture is modelled after the great city of Tikal . The style is characterized by tall pyramids supporting a summit shrine adorned with a roof comb , and accessed by a single doorway . Additional features are the use of stela - altar pairings , and the decoration of architectural façades , lintels , and roof combs with relief sculptures of rulers and gods . One of the finest examples of Central Petén style architecture is Tikal Temple I. Examples of sites in the Central Petén style include Altun Ha , Calakmul , Holmul , Ixkun , Nakum , Naranjo , and Yaxhá . Puuc The exemplar of Puuc - style architecture is Uxmal . The style developed in the Puuc Hills of northwestern Yucatán ; during the Terminal Classic it spread beyond this core region across the northern Yucatán Peninsula . Puuc sites replaced rubble cores with lime cement , resulting in stronger walls , and also strengthened their corbel arches ; this allowed Puuc - style cities to build freestanding entrance archways . The upper façades of buildings were decorated with precut stones mosaic - fashion , erected as facing over the core , forming elaborate compositions of long - nosed deities such as the rain god Chaac and the Principal Bird Deity . The motifs also included geometric patterns , lattices and spools , possibly influenced by styles from highland Oaxaca , outside the Maya area . In contrast , the lower façades were left undecorated . Roof combs were relatively uncommon at Puuc sites . Chenes Elaborate Chenes - style façade at Hochob False pyramids adorn the façade of a Río Bec palace . The Chenes style is very similar to the Puuc style , but predates the use of the mosaic façades of the Puuc region . It featured fully adorned façades on both the upper and lower sections of structures . Some doorways were surrounded by mosaic masks of monsters representing mountain or sky deities , identifying the doorways as entrances to the supernatural realm . Some buildings contained interior stairways that accessed different levels . The Chenes style is most commonly encountered in the southern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula , although individual buildings in the style can be found elsewhere in the peninsula . Examples of Chenes sites include Dzibilnocac , Hochob , Santa Rosa Xtampak , and Tabasqueño . Río Bec The Río Bec style forms a sub-region of the Chenes style , and also features elements of the Central Petén style , such as prominent roof combs . Its palaces are distinctive for their false - tower decorations , lacking interior rooms , with steep , almost vertical , stairways and false doors . These towers were adorned with deity masks , and were built to impress the viewer , rather than serve any practical function . Such false towers are only found in the Río Bec region . Río Bec sites include Chicanná , Hormiguero , and Xpuhil . Usumacinta The Usumacinta style developed in the hilly terrain of the Usumacinta drainage . Cities took advantage of the hillsides to support their major architecture , as at Palenque and Yaxchilan . Sites modified corbel vaulting to allow thinner walls and multiple access doors to temples . As in Petén , roof combs adorned principal structures . Palaces had multiple entrances that used post-and - lintel entrances rather than corbel vaulting . Many sites erected stelae , but Palenque instead developed finely sculpted panelling to decorate its buildings . Language Main article : Mayan languages Map of Mayan language migration routes Before 2000 BC , the Maya spoke a single language , dubbed proto - Mayan by linguists . Linguistic analysis of reconstructed Proto - Mayan vocabulary suggests that the original Proto - Mayan homeland was in the western or northern Guatemalan Highlands , although the evidence is not conclusive . Proto - Mayan diverged during the Preclassic period to form the major Mayan language groups that make up the family , including Huastecan , Greater K'iche'an , Greater Q'anjobalan , Mamean , Tz'eltalan - Ch'olan , and Yucatecan . These groups diverged further during the pre-Columbian era to form over 30 languages that have survived into modern times . The language of almost all Classic Maya texts over the entire Maya area has been identified as Ch'olan ; Late Preclassic text from Kaminaljuyu , in the highlands , also appears to be in , or related to , Ch'olan . The use of Ch'olan as the language of Maya text does not necessarily indicate that it was the language commonly used by the local populace -- it may have been equivalent to Medieval Latin as a ritual or prestige language . Classic Ch'olan may have been the prestige language of the Classic Maya elite , used in inter-polity communication such as diplomacy and trade . By the Postclassic period , Yucatec was also being written in Maya codices alongside Ch'olan . Writing and literacy Pages from the Postclassic period Paris Codex , one of the few surviving Maya books in existence Maya script on Cancuén Panel 3 describes the installation of two vassals at Machaquilá by Cancuén king Taj Chan Ahk . Ceramic vessel painted with Maya script in the Ethnologisches Museum , Berlin The Maya writing system is one of the outstanding achievements of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas . It was the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system of more than a dozen systems that developed in Mesoamerica . The earliest inscriptions in an identifiably Maya script date back to 300 -- 200 BC , in the Petén Basin . However , this is preceded by several other Mesoamerican writing systems , such as the Epi - Olmec and Zapotec scripts . Early Maya script had appeared on the Pacific coast of Guatemala by the late 1st century AD , or early 2nd century . Similarities between the Isthmian script and Early Maya script of the Pacific coast suggest that the two systems developed in tandem . By about AD 250 , the Maya script had become a more formalized and consistent writing system . The Catholic Church and colonial officials , notably Bishop Diego de Landa , destroyed Maya texts wherever they found them , and with them the knowledge of Maya writing , but by chance three uncontested pre-Columbian books dated to the Postclassic period have been preserved . These are known as the Madrid Codex , the Dresden Codex and the Paris Codex . A few pages survive from a fourth , the Grolier Codex , whose authenticity is disputed . Archaeology conducted at Maya sites often reveals other fragments , rectangular lumps of plaster and paint chips which were codices ; these tantalizing remains are , however , too severely damaged for any inscriptions to have survived , most of the organic material having decayed . In reference to the few extant Maya writings , Michael D. Coe , a prominent archaeologist at Yale University , stated : ( O ) ur knowledge of ancient Maya thought must represent only a tiny fraction of the whole picture , for of the thousands of books in which the full extent of their learning and ritual was recorded , only four have survived to modern times ( as though all that posterity knew of ourselves were to be based upon three prayer books and ' Pilgrim 's Progress ' ) . -- Michael D. Coe , The Maya , London : Thames and Hudson , 6th ed. , 1999 , pp. 199 -- 200 . Most surviving pre-Columbian Maya writing dates to the Classic period and is contained in stone inscriptions from Maya sites , such as stelae , or on ceramics vessels . Other media include the aforementioned codices , stucco façades , frescoes , wooden lintels , cave walls , and portable artefacts crafted from a variety of materials , including bone , shell , obsidian , and jade . Writing system Main article : Maya script The Maya word B'alam ( `` jaguar '' ) written twice in the Maya script . The first glyph writes the word logographicaly with the jaguar head standing for the entire word . The second glyph block writes the word phonetically using the three syllable signs BA , LA and MA . The Maya writing system ( often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing ) is a logosyllabic writing system , combining a syllabary of phonetic signs representing syllables with logogram representing entire words . Among the writing systems of the Pre-Columbian New World , Maya script most closely represents the spoken language . At any one time , no more than around 500 glyphs were in use , some 200 of which ( including variations ) were phonetic . The Maya script was in use up to the arrival of the Europeans , its use peaking during the Classic Period . In excess of 10,000 individual texts have been recovered , mostly inscribed on stone monuments , lintels , stelae and ceramics . The Maya also produced texts painted on a form of paper manufactured from processed tree - bark generally now known by its Nahuatl - language name amatl used to produce codices . The skill and knowledge of Maya writing persisted among segments of the population right up to the Spanish conquest . The knowledge was subsequently lost , as a result of the impact of the conquest on Maya society . The decipherment and recovery of the knowledge of Maya writing has been a long and laborious process . Some elements were first deciphered in the late 19th and early 20th century , mostly the parts having to do with numbers , the Maya calendar , and astronomy . Major breakthroughs were made from the 1950s to 1970s , and accelerated rapidly thereafter . By the end of the 20th century , scholars were able to read the majority of Maya texts , and ongoing work continues to further illuminate the content . Hieroglyphic script Reading order of Maya hieroglyphic text The basic unit of Maya hieroglyphic text is the glyph block , which transcribes a word or phrase . The block is composed of one or more individual glyphs attached to each other to form the glyph block , with individual glyph blocks generally being separated by a space . Glyph blocks are usually arranged in a grid pattern . For ease of reference , epigraphers refer to glyph blocks from left to right alphabetically , and top to bottom numerically . Thus , any glyph block in a piece of text can be identified : C4 would be third block counting from the left , and the fourth block counting downwards . If a monument or artefact has more than one inscription , column labels are not repeated , rather they continue in the alphabetic series ; if there are more than 26 columns , the labelling continues as A ' , B ' , etc . Numeric row labels restart from 1 for each discrete unit of text . Although hieroglyphic text may be laid out in varying manners , generally text is arranged into double columns of glyph blocks . The reading order of text starts at the top left ( block A1 ) , continues to the second block in the double - column ( B1 ) , then drops down a row and starts again from the left half of the double column ( A2 ) , and thus continues in zig - zag fashion . Once the bottom is reached , the inscription continues from the top left of the next double column . Where an inscription ends in a single ( unpaired ) column , this final column is usually read straight downwards . Individual glyph blocks may be composed of a number of elements . These consist of the main sign , and any affixes . Main signs represent the major element of the block , and may be a noun , verb , adverb , adjective , or phonetic sign . Some main signs are abstract , some are pictures of the object they represent , and others are `` head variants '' , personifications of the word they represent . Affixes are smaller rectangular elements , usually attached to a main sign , although a block may be composed entirely of affixes . Affixes may represent a wide variety of speech elements , including nouns , verbs , verbal suffixes , prepositions , pronouns , and more . Small sections of a main sign could be used to represent the whole main sign , and Maya scribes were highly inventive in their usage and adaptation of glyph elements . Writing tools Sculpture of a scribe from Copán , Honduras Illustration of a Maya scribe on a Classic period vessel . Kimbell Art Museum , Fort Worth . Although the archaeological record does not provide examples of brushes or pens , analysis of ink strokes on the Postclassic codices suggests that it was applied with a brush with a tip fashioned from pliable hair . A Classic period sculpture from Copán , Honduras , depicts a scribe with an inkpot fashioned from a conch shell . Excavations at Aguateca uncovered a number of scribal artefacts from the residences of elite status scribes , including palettes and mortars and pestles . Scribes and literacy Commoners were illiterate ; scribes were drawn from the elite . It is not known if all members of the aristocracy could read and write , although at least some women could , since there are representations of female scribes in Maya art . Maya scribes were called aj tz'ib , meaning `` one who writes or paints '' . There were probably scribal schools where members of the aristocracy were taught to write . Scribal activity is identifiable in the archaeological record ; Jasaw Chan K'awiil I , king of Tikal , was interred with his paint pot . Some junior members of the Copán royal dynasty have also been found buried with their writing implements . A palace at Copán has been identified as that of a noble lineage of scribes ; it is decorated with sculpture that includes figures holding ink pots . Although not much is known about Maya scribes , some did sign their work , both on ceramics and on stone sculpture . Usually , only a single scribe signed a ceramic vessel , but multiple sculptors are known to have recorded their names on stone sculpture ; eight sculptors signed one stela at Piedras Negras . However , most works remained unsigned by their artists . Mathematics Main article : Maya numerals Maya numerals on a page of the Postclassic Dresden Codex Maya numerals In common with the other Mesoamerican civilizations , the Maya used a base 20 ( vigesimal ) system . The bar - and - dot counting system that is the base of Maya numerals was in use in Mesoamerica by 1000 BC ; the Maya adopted it by the Late Preclassic , and added the symbol for zero . This may have been the earliest known occurrence of the idea of an explicit zero worldwide , although it may have been predated by the Babylonian system . The earliest explicit use of zero occurred on monuments dated to 357 AD . In its earliest uses , the zero served as a place holder , indicating an absence of a particular calendrical count . This later developed into a numeral that was used to perform calculation , and was used in hieroglyphic texts for more than a thousand years , until its use was extinguished by the Spanish . The basic number system consists of a dot to represent one , and a bar to represent five . By the Postclassic period a shell symbol represented zero ; during the Classic period other glyphs were used . The Maya could write any number from 0 to 19 using a combination of these symbols . The precise value of a numeral was determined by its position ; as a numeral shifted upwards , its basic value multiplied by twenty . In this way , the lowest symbol would represent units , the next symbol up would represent multiples of twenty , and the symbol above that would represent multiples of 400 , and so on . For example , the number 884 would be written with four dots on the lowest level , four dots on the next level up , and two dots on the next level after that , to give 4x1 , plus 4x20 , plus 2x400 . Using this system , the Maya were able to record huge numbers . Simple addition could be performed by summing the dots and bars in two columns to give the result in a third column . Calendar Main articles : Maya calendar and Mesoamerican Long Count calendar The Maya calendrical system , in common with other Mesoamerican calendars , had its origins in the Preclassic period . However , it was the Maya that developed the calendar to its maximum sophistication , recording lunar and solar cycles , eclipses and movements of planets with great accuracy . In some cases , the Maya calculations were more accurate than equivalent calculations in the Old World ; for example , the Maya solar year was calculated to greater accuracy than the Julian year . The Maya calendar was intrinsically tied to Maya ritual , and it was central to Maya religious practices . The calendar combined a non-repeating Long Count with three interlocking cycles , each measuring a progressively larger period . These were the 260 - day tzolk'in , the 365 - day haab ' , and the 52 - year Calendar Round , resulting from the combination of the tzolk'in with the haab ' . There were also additional calendric cycles , such as an 819 - day cycle associated with the four quadrants of Maya cosmology , governed by four different aspects of the god K'awiil . The basic unit in the Maya calendar was one day , or k'in , and 20 k'in grouped to form a winal . The next unit , instead of being multiplied by 20 , as called for by the vigesimal system , was multiplied by 18 in order to provide a rough approximation of the solar year ( hence producing 360 days ) . This 360 - day year was called a tun . Each succeeding level of multiplication followed the vigesimal system . Long Count periods Period Calculation Span Years ( approx . ) k'in 1 day 1 day winal 1 x 20 20 days tun 18 x 20 360 days 1 year k'atun 20 x 18 x 20 7,200 days 20 years bak'tun 20 x 18 x 20 x 20 144,000 days 394 years piktun 20 x 18 x 20 x 20 x 20 2,880,000 days 7,885 years kalabtun 20 x 18 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 57,600,000 days 157,700 years kinchiltun 20 x 18 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 1,152,000,000 days 3,154,004 years alawtun 20 x 18 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 23,040,000,000 days 63,080,082 years The 260 - day tzolk'in provided the basic cycle of Maya ceremony , and the foundations of Maya prophecy . No astronomical basis for this count has been proved , and it may be that the 260 - day count is based on the human gestation period . This is reinforced by the use of the tzolk'in to record dates of birth , and provide corresponding prophecy . The 260 - day cycle repeated a series of 20 - day - names , with a number from 1 to 13 prefixed to indicated where in the cycle a particular day occurred . The 365 - day haab was produced by a cycle of eighteen named 20 - day winals , completed by the addition of a 5 - day period called the wayeb . The wayeb was considered to be a dangerous time , when the barriers between the mortal and supernatural realms were broken , allowing malignant deities to cross over and interfere in human concerns . In a similar way to the tz'olkin , the named winal would be prefixed by a number ( from 0 to 19 ) , in the case of the shorter wayeb period , the prefix numbers ran 0 to 4 . Since each day in the tz'olkin had a name and number ( e.g. 8 Ajaw ) , this would interlock with the haab , producing an additional number and name , to give any day a more complete designation , for example 8 Ajaw 13 Keh . Such a day name could only recur once every 52 years , and this period is referred to by Mayanists as the Calendar Round . In most Mesoamerican cultures , the Calendar Round was the largest unit for measuring time . As with any non-repeating calendar , the Maya measured time from a fixed start point . The Maya set the beginning of their calendar as the end of a previous cycle of bak'tuns , equivalent to a day in 3114 BC . This was believed by the Maya to be the day of the creation of the world in its current form . The Maya used the Long Count Calendar to fix any given day of the Calendar Round within their current great Piktun cycle consisting of either 20 bak'tuns . There was some variation in the calendar , specifically texts in Palenque demonstrate that the piktun cycle that ended in 3114 BC had only 13 bak'tuns , and other inscriptions seem to have used an exceptional cycle of 13 + 20 bak'tun in the current piktun . Additionally , there may have been some regional variation in how these exceptional cycles were managed . A full long count date consisted of an introductory glyph followed by five glyphs counting off the number of bak'tuns , kat'uns , tuns , winals , and k'ins since the start of the current creation . This would be followed by the tz'olkin portion of the Calendar Round date , and after a number of intervening glyphs , the Long Count date would end with the Haab portion of the Calendar Round date . Correlation of the long Count calendar Main article : Mesoamerican Long Count calendar § Correlations between Western calendars and the Long Count Although the Calendar Round is still in use today , the Maya started using an abbreviated Short Count during the Late Classic period . The Short Count is a count of 13 k'atuns . For this reason , there is no direct correlation between the Long Count and the European calendar . The most generally accepted correlation is the Goodman - Martínez - Thompson , or GMT , correlation . This equates the Long Count date 11.16. 0.0. 0 13 Ajaw 8 Xul with the Gregorian date of 12 November 1539 . Epigraphers Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube argue for a two - day shift from the standard GMT correlation . The Spinden Correlation would shift the Long Count dates back by 260 years ; it also accords with the documentary evidence , and is better suited to the archaeology of the Yucatán Peninsula , but presents problems with the rest of the Maya region . The George Vaillant Correlation would shift all Maya dates 260 years later , and would greatly shorten the Postclassic period . Radiocarbon dating of dated wooden lintels at Tikal supports the GMT correlation . Astronomy Main article : Maya astronomy See also : Archaeoastronomy The famous astrologer John Dee used an Aztec obsidian mirror to see into the future . We may look down our noses at his ideas , but one may be sure that in outlook he was far closer to a Maya priest astronomer than is an astronomer of our century . -- J. Eric S. Thompson , Maya Astronomy : Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , 1974 Representation of an astronomer from the Madrid Codex The Maya made meticulous observations of celestial bodies , patiently recording astronomical data on the movements of the sun , moon , Venus , and the stars . This information was used for divination , so Maya astronomy was essentially for astrological purposes . Maya astronomy did not serve to study the universe for scientific reasons , nor was it used to measure the seasons in order to calculate crop planting . It was rather used by the priesthood to comprehend past cycles of time , and project them into the future to produce prophecy . The priesthood refined observations and recorded eclipses of the sun and moon , and movements of Venus and the stars ; these were measured against dated events in the past , on the assumption that similar events would occur in the future when the same astronomical conditions prevailed . Illustrations in the codices show that priests made astronomical observations using the naked eye , assisted by crossed sticks as a sighting device . Analysis of the few remaining Postclassic codices has revealed that , at the time of European contact , the Maya had recorded eclipse tables , calendars , and astronomical knowledge that was more accurate at that time than comparable knowledge in Europe . The Maya measured the 584 - day Venus cycle with an error of just two hours . Five cycles of Venus equated to eight 365 - day haab calendrical cycles , and this period was recorded in the codices . The Maya also followed the movements of Jupiter , Mars and Mercury . When Venus rose as the Morning Star , this was associated with the rebirth of the Maya Hero Twins . For the Maya , the heliacal rising of Venus was associated with destruction and upheaval . Venus was closely associated with warfare , and the hieroglyph meaning `` war '' incorporated the glyph - element symbolizing the planet . Sight - lines through the windows of the Caracol building at Chichen Itza align with the northernmost and southernmost extremes of Venus ' path . Maya rulers launched military campaigns to coincide with the heliacal or cosmical rising of Venus , and would also sacrifice important captives to coincide with such conjunctions . Solar and lunar eclipses were considered to be especially dangerous events that could bring catastrophe upon the world . In the Dresden Codex , a solar eclipse is represented by a serpent devouring the k'in ( `` day '' ) hieroglyph . Eclipses were interpreted as the sun or moon being bitten , and lunar tables were recorded in order that the Maya might be able to predict them , and perform the appropriate ceremonies to ward off disaster . Religion and mythology Main articles : Maya religion and Maya mythology In common with the rest of Mesoamerica , the Maya believed in a supernatural realm inhabited by an array of powerful deities . These deities needed to be placated with ceremonial offerings and ritual practices . At the core of Maya religious practice was the worship of deceased ancestors , who would act as go - betweens for their living descendants in dealings with the denizens of the supernatural realm . The earliest intermediaries between humans and the supernatural realm were shamans . Maya ritual included the use of hallucinogens for chilan ( oracular ) priests . Visions for the chilan were likely facilitated by consumption of water lilies , which are hallucinogenic in high doses . As the Maya civilization developed , the ruling elite codified the general concepts held by Maya society , and developed them into religious cults that justified their right to rule . In the Late Preclassic , the pinnacle of this process was the combination of ultimate political and religious power in the divine king , the k'uhul ajaw . Although it is difficult to reconstruct the belief system through archaeology , some indicators of ritual practice do leave physical traces . These include dedicatory caches and other ritual deposits , shrines , and burials and their associated funerary offerings . In addition , Maya art , architecture , and writing all assist in the reconstruction of ancient Maya beliefs ; these can be combined with ethnographic sources , including records of Maya religious practices made by the Spanish during the conquest . The Maya viewed the cosmos as highly structured ; there were thirteen levels in the heavens , and nine levels in the underworld ; the mortal world occupied a position between the heavens and the underworld . Each level had four cardinal directions associated with a different colour . Major deities had aspects associated with these directions and colours ; north was white , east was red , south was yellow , and west was black . Maya households interred their dead underneath the floors of their houses , with offerings appropriate to the social status of the family . There the dead could act as protective ancestors . Maya lineages were patrilineal , so the worship of a prominent male ancestor would be emphasized , often with a household shrine . As Maya society developed , and the elite became more powerful , Maya royalty developed their household shrines into the great pyramids that held the tombs of their ancestors . Supernatural forces pervaded Maya life , and influenced every aspect of it from the simplest day - to - day activities such as food preparation , to trade , politics , and elite activities . Maya deities governed all aspects of the world , both visible and invisible . The Maya priesthood was a closed group , drawing its members from the established elite ; by the Early Classic they were recording increasingly complex ritual information in their hieroglyphic books , including astronomical observations , calendrical cycles , history and mythology . The priests performed public ceremonies that incorporated feasting , bloodletting , incense burning , music , ritual dance , and , on certain occasions , human sacrifice . During the Classic period , the Maya ruler was the high priest , and the direct conduit between mortals and the gods . It is highly likely that , among commoners , shamanism continued in parallel to state religion . By the Postclassic , religious emphasis had changed ; there was an increase in worship of the images of deities , and more frequent recourse to human sacrifice . Human sacrifice Main article : Human sacrifice in Maya culture Relief sculpture of a decapitated ballplayer , adorning the Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza Blood was viewed as a potent source of nourishment for the Maya deities , and the sacrifice of a living creature was a powerful blood offering . By extension , the sacrifice of a human life was the ultimate offering of blood to the gods , and the most important Maya rituals culminated in human sacrifice . Generally only high status prisoners of war were sacrificed , with lower status captives being used for labour . Important rituals such as the dedication of major building projects or the enthronement of a new ruler required a human offering . The sacrifice of an enemy king was the most prized offering , and such a sacrifice involved decapitation of the captive ruler in a ritual reenactment of the decapitation of the Maya maize god by the Maya death gods . In AD 738 , the vassal king K'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat of Quiriguá captured his overlord , Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil of Copán and a few days later he ritually decapitated him . The decapitation of an enemy king may have been performed as part of a ritual ballgame reenacting the victory of the Maya Hero Twins over the gods of the underworld . Sacrifice by decapitation is depicted in Classic period Maya art , and sometimes took place after the victim was tortured , being variously beaten , scalped , burnt or disembowelled . The Hero Twins myth recounted in the Popol Vuh relates how one of each pair of twins was decapitated by their ballgame opponents . During the Postclassic period , the most common form of human sacrifice was heart extraction , influenced by the method used by the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico ; this usually took place in the courtyard of a temple , or upon the summit of the pyramid . Depending upon the exact ritual , sometimes the corpse would be skinned by assistant priests , except for the hands and feet . The officiating priest would then remove his ritual attire and dress himself in the skin of the sacrificial victim before performing a ritual dance that symbolized the rebirth of life . Archaeological investigations indicate that heart sacrifice was practised as early as the Classic period . Deities See also : List of Maya gods and supernatural beings Classic period Lintel 25 from Yaxchilan , depicting the Vision Serpent Postclassic ballcourt marker at Mixco Viejo , depicting Q'uq'umatz carrying Tohil across the sky in his jaws The Maya world was populated by a great variety of deities , supernatural entities and sacred forces . The Maya had such a broad interpretation of what was sacred that identifying distinct deities with specific functions is inaccurate . The Maya interpretation of deities was intrinsically tied to the calendar , astronomy , and their cosmovision . The importance of a deity , its characteristics , and its associations varied according to the movement of celestial bodies . The priestly interpretation of astronomical records and books was therefore crucial , since the priest would understand which deity required ritual propitiation , when the correct ceremonies should be performed , and what would be an appropriate offering . Each deity had four manifestations , associated with the cardinal directions , each identified with a different colour . They also had a dual day - night / life - death aspect . Itzamna was the creator god , but he also embodied the cosmos , and was simultaneously a sun god ; K'inich Ahau , the day sun , was one of his aspects . Maya kings frequently identified themselves with K'inich Ahau . Itzamna also had a night sun aspect , the Night Jaguar , representing the sun in its journey through the underworld . The four Pawatuns supported the corners of the mortal realm ; in the heavens , the Bacabs performed the same function . As well as their four main aspects , the Bakabs had dozens of other aspects that are not well understood . The four Chaacs were storm gods , controlling thunder , lightning , and the rains . The nine lords of the night each governed one of the underworld realms . Other important deities included the moon goddess , the maize god , and the Hero Twins . The Popol Vuh was written in the Latin script in early colonial times , and was probably transcribed from a hieroglyphic book by an unknown K'iche ' Maya nobleman . It is one of the most outstanding works of indigenous literature in the Americas . The Popul Vuh recounts the mythical creation of the world , the legend of the Hero Twins , and the history of the Postclassic K'iche ' kingdom . Deities recorded in the Popul Vuh include Hun Hunahpu , the K'iche ' maize god , and a triad of deities led by the K'iche ' patron Tohil , and also including the moon goddess Awilix , and the mountain god Jacawitz . In common with other Mesoamerican cultures , the Maya worshipped feathered serpent deities . Such worship was rare during the Classic period , but by the Postclassic the feathered serpent had spread to both the Yucatán Peninsula and the Guatemalan Highlands . In Yucatán , the feathered serpent deity was Kukulkan , among the K'iche ' it was Q'uq'umatz . Kukulkan had his origins in the Classic period War Serpent , Waxaklahun Ubah Kan , and has also been identified as the Postclassic version of the Vision Serpent of Classic Maya art . Although the cult of Kukulkan had its origins in these earlier Maya traditions , the worship of Kukulkan was heavily influenced by the Quetzalcoatl cult of central Mexico . Likewise , Q'uq'umatz had a composite origin , combining the attributes of Mexican Quetzalcoatl with aspects of the Classic period Itzamna . Agriculture Main article : Maya cuisine See also : Agriculture in Mesoamerica Maize was a staple of the Maya diet . The ancient Maya had diverse and sophisticated methods of food production . It was believed that shifting cultivation ( swidden ) agriculture provided most of their food , but it is now thought that permanent raised fields , terracing , intensive gardening , forest gardens , and managed fallows were also crucial to supporting the large populations of the Classic period in some areas . Indeed , evidence of these different agricultural systems persist today : raised fields connected by canals can be seen on aerial photographs . Contemporary rainforest species composition has significantly higher abundance of species of economic value to ancient Maya in areas that were densely populated in pre-Columbian times , and pollen records in lake sediments suggest that maize , manioc , sunflower seeds , cotton , and other crops have been cultivated in association with deforestation in Mesoamerica since at least 2500 BC . The basic staples of the Maya diet were maize , beans , and squashes . These were supplemented with a wide variety of other plants either cultivated in gardens or gathered in the forest . At Joya de Cerén , a volcanic eruption preserved a record of foodstuffs stored in Maya homes , among them were chilies and tomatoes . Cotton seeds were in the process of being ground , perhaps to produce cooking oil . In addition to basic foodstuffs , the Maya also cultivated prestige crops such as cotton , cacao and vanilla . Cacao was especially prized by the elite , who consumed chocolate beverages . Cotton was spun , dyed , and woven into valuable textiles in order to be traded . The Maya had few domestic animals ; dogs were domesticated by 3000 BC , and the Muscovy duck by the Late Postclassic . Ocellated turkeys were unsuitable for domestication , but were rounded up in the wild and penned for fattening . All of these were used as food animals ; dogs were additionally used for hunting . It is possible that deer were also penned and fattened . Maya sites See also : List of Maya sites There are hundreds of Maya sites spread across five countries : Belize , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras and Mexico . The six sites with particularly outstanding architecture or sculpture are Chichen Itza , Palenque , Uxmal , and Yaxchilan in Mexico , Tikal in Guatemala and Copán in Honduras . Other important , but difficult to reach , sites include Calakmul and El Mirador . The principal sites in the Puuc region , after Uxmal , are Kabah , Labna , and Sayil . In the east of the Yucatán Peninsula are Coba and the small site of Tulum . The Río Bec sites of the base of the peninsula include Becan , Chicanná , Kohunlich , and Xpuhil . The most noteworthy sites in Chiapas , other than Palenque and Yaxchilan , are Bonampak and Toniná . In the Guatemalan Highlands are Iximche , Kaminaljuyu , Mixco Viejo , and Q'umarkaj ( also known as Utatlán ) . In the northern Petén lowlands of Guatemala there are many sites , though apart from Tikal access is generally difficult . Some of the Petén sites are Dos Pilas , Seibal , and Uaxactún . Important sites in Belize include Altun Ha , Caracol , and Xunantunich . Museum collections Main article : Ancient Maya art § Museum collections The Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología , in Guatemala City There are a great many museums across the world with Maya artefacts in their collections . The Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies lists over 250 museums in its Maya Museum database , and the European Association of Mayanists lists just under 50 museums in Europe alone . See also Huastec civilization Index of Mexico - related articles Songs of Dzitbalche References ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Rosenwig 2010 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Blanton et al. 1993 , p. 35 . 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Jump up ^ Schele and Mathews 1999 , p. 297 . Guillemín 1965 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Schele and Mathews 1999 , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Recinos 1986 , p. 110 . del Águila Flores 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 766 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 772 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Jones 1998 , p. xix . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Zorich 2012 , p. 29 . Thompson 1932 , p. 449 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Demarest 2004 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Koch 2013 , pp. 1 , 105 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Cioffi - Revilla and Landman 1999 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Oakley and Rubin 2012 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Oakley and Rubin 2012 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Chase and Chase 2012 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Chase and Chase 2012 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Foias 2014 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Gillespie 2000 , pp. 470 , 473 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 178 . Witschey and Brown 2012 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Foias 2014 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , pp. 142 , 144 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : D'Arcy Harrison 2003 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ D'Arcy Harrison 2003 , p. 114 . Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kimbell Art Museum 2015 . Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ D'Arcy Harrison 2003 , pp. 114 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Marcus 2004a , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Masson and Peraza Lope 2004 , p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Marcus 2004a , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Aoyama 2005 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Aoyama 2005 , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Aoyama 2005 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Webster 2000 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , pp. 167 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Wise and McBride 2008 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Wise and McBride 2008 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Phillips 2007 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , 128 , 132 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 146 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Aoyama 2005 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Aoyama 2005 , pp. 294 , 301 Jump up ^ Rice , Rice , Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2009 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Phillips 2007 , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 660 . Jump up ^ Caso Barrera and Aliphat Fernández 2006 , pp. 31 , 36 . Caso Barrera and Aliphat Fernández 2007 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 319 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Dahlin et al. 2007 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Dahlin et al. 2007 , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Dahlin et al. 2007 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Dahlin et al. 2007 , pp. 363 , 369 , 380 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 14 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , 659 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , 658 . Jump up ^ Stuart and Stuart 2008 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1999 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 78 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 9 , 80 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Estrada - Belli pp. 44 , 103 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Saturno , Stuart and Beltrán 2006 , 1281 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology . Jump up ^ Williams 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1990 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 378 . Jump up ^ Reents - Budet et al. 2007 , pp. 1417 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hutson 2011 , p. 403 . Jump up ^ Hutson 2011 , pp. 405 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 215 . Abrams 1994 , pp. 60 , 130 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 216 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Olmedo Vera 1997 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Schele and Mathews 1999 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Schele and Mathews 1999 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Olmedo Vera 1997 , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 238 . ^ Jump up to : Hohmann - Vogrin 2011 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 238 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Christie 2003 , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Christie 2003 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Christie 2003 , p. 315 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 395 , 397 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Demarest 2004 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Doyle 2012 , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Drew 1999 , p. 186 . Laporte and Fialko 1994 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 235 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen 1998 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Forsyth 1993 , p. 113 . Szymanski 2013 , pp. 23 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Valdés 1994 , p. 101 . Szymanski 2013 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1991 , p. 166 . Hansen 1998 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Szymanski 2013 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1998 , p. 80 . Szymanski 2013 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1998 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Szymanski 2013 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1991 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Colas and Voß 2011 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Colas and Voß 2011 , p. 189 . Taladoire and Colsenet 1991 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Colas and Voß 2011 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , pp. 144 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 226 . Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 274 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Estrada - Belli 2011 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Houston , Robertson and Stuart 2000 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Houston , Robertson and Stuart 2000 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Bricker 2007 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Demarest , Barrientos and Fahsen 2006 , pp. 832 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Diehl 2004 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Saturno , Stuart and Beltrán 2006 , p. 1282 . Jump up ^ Love 2007 , p. 293 . Schieber Laverreda and Orrego Corzo 2010 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Kettunen and Helmke 2008 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 126 . Foster 2002 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Kettunen and Helmke 2008 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Ellsworth Hamann 2008 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 2008 , pp. 30 , 53 . Jump up ^ Macri and Looper 2003 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 120 , 123 . Jump up ^ Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Tobin 2001 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Coe 1994 , pp. 245 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 135 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 271 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Macri and Looper 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Kettunen & Helmke 2014 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kettunen & Helmke 2014 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Kettunen & Helmke 2014 , pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Webster et al. 1989 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 331 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Drew 1999 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Drew 1999 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 278 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Blume 2011 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Blume 2011 , p. 53 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 101 . Justeson 2010 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Justeson 2010 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Justeson 2010 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Justeson 2010 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Justeson 2010 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 248 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 252 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Carter 2014 `` A single passage on a Late Classic hieroglyphic panel at Palenque makes two further points clear : first , that the count of bak'tuns will accumulate to 19 , as before the present era , before the number in the piktuns place will change ; and second , that that number will change to 1 , not to 14 , just as the bak'tuns did in 2720 BC . In other words , all piktuns except the present one contained 20 bak'tuns , but the current one contains 33 ; all previous kalabtuns , the next place up , contained 20 piktuns , but the current kalabtun contains 33 of those . Presumably the same pattern obtains for the rest of the higher places . This staggered resetting of the higher - order cycles , so jarringly unexpected from a contemporary , Western perspective , suggests an attitude towards time more numerological than mathematical . 13 and 20 , after all , are the key numbers of the tzolk'in , so it is fitting that they should be incorporated into the Long Count at enormous temporal scales . '' Jump up ^ Van Stone 2011 Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Tedlock 1992 , p. 1 . Miles 1952 , p. 273 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1974 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Milbrath 1999 , pp. 252 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Demarest 2004 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Emboden 1979 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 721 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 91 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Demarest 2004 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 722 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 751 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 134 -- 35 . Looper 2003 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Gillespie 1991 , pp. 322 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 752 . Jump up ^ Tiesler and Cucina 2006 , p. 493 . Jump up ^ Fox 2008 , pp. 60 , 249 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 177 , 179 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Demarest 2004 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 182 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 181 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 729 . Jump up ^ Christenson 2007 , pp. 61n65 , 228n646 . Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 170 . Carmack 2001 , pp. 275 , 369 . Jump up ^ Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Christenson 2007 , pp. 52 -- 53n20 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Schele and Parker 1993 , pp. 289 , 325 , 441n26 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 582 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Fox 2008 , pp. 60 , 121 , 220 . Jump up ^ Fisher 2014 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Demarest 2004 , pp. 130 -- 38 . Ross 2011 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Adams , Brown and Culbert 1981 , p. 1460 . Jump up ^ Ross 2011 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Colunga - García Marín and Zizumbo - Villarreal 2004 , pp. S102 -- S103 Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 310 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 311 -- 312 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , pp. 245 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Ros . Jump up ^ WAYEB . Bibliography Abrams , Elliot M. ( 1994 ) . How the Maya Built Their World : Energetics and Ancient Architecture . Austin , Texas , US : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70461 - 5 . OCLC 29564628 . Adams , Richard E.W. ( 2005 ) ( 1977 ) . Prehistoric Mesoamerica ( 3rd ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3702 - 9 . OCLC 58975830 . Adams , R.E.W. ; W.E. Brown ; T. Patrick Culbert ( 25 September 1981 ) . `` Radar mapping , Archaeology , and Ancient Maya Land Use '' ( PDF ) . Science . New Series . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 213 ( 4515 ) : 1457 -- 63 . Bibcode : 1981Sci ... 213.1457 A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 213.4515. 1457 . ISSN 1095 - 9203 . OCLC 863047799 . Andrews , Anthony P. ( Winter 1984 ) . `` The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya : Comments and Revisions '' . Journal of Anthropological Research . Albuquerque , New Mexico : University of New Mexico . 40 ( 4 ) : 589 -- 96 . ISSN 0091 - 7710 . JSTOR 3629799 . OCLC 1787802 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Aoyama , Kazuo ( July 2005 ) . `` Classic Maya Warfare and Weapons : Spear , dart , and arrow points of Aguateca and Copan '' . Ancient Mesoamerica . Cambridge University Press . 16 ( 2 ) : 291 -- 304 . doi : 10.1017 / S0956536105050248 . ISSN 0956 - 5361 . OCLC 43698811 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Arroyo , Bárbara ( July -- August 2001 ) . Enrique Vela , ed . `` El Poslclásico Tardío en los Altos de Guatemala '' ( The Late Postclassic in the Guatemalan Highlands ) . Arqueología Mexicana ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City , Mexico : Editorial Raíces . IX ( 50 ) : 38 -- 43 . ISSN 0188 - 8218 . OCLC 40772247 . Associated Press ( 2018 ) . `` Scientists discover ancient Mayan city hidden under Guatemalan jungle '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Becker , Marshall Joseph ( 2004 ) . `` Maya Heterarchy as Inferred from Classic - Period Plaza Plans '' . Ancient Mesoamerica . Cambridge University Press . 15 : 127 -- 38 . doi : 10.1017 / S0956536104151079 . ISSN 0956 - 5361 . OCLC 43698811 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Berlo , Janet Catherine ( 1989 ) . `` Early Writing in Central Mexico : In Tlilli , In Tlapalli before A.D. 1000 '' . In Richard A. Diehl ; Janet Catherine Berlo . Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan , A.D. 700 -- 900 . Washington , D.C. , US : Dumbarton Oaks , Trustees for Harvard University . pp. 19 -- 48 . ISBN 0 - 88402 - 175 - 0 . OCLC 18557289 . Blanton , Richard E. ; Stephen A. Kowalewski ; Gary M. Feinman ; Laura M. Finsten ( 1993 ) ( 1981 ) . Ancient Mesoamerica : A Comparison of Change in Three Regions . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44053 - X . OCLC 470193044 . Blume , Anna ( March 2011 ) . `` Maya Concepts of Zero '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US : American Philosophical Society . 155 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 88 . ISSN 0003 - 049X . JSTOR 23056849 . OCLC 1480553 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Bricker , Victoria R. ( December 2007 ) . `` A Quarter - Century of Mayan Linguistics '' . Mexicon . Göttingen , Germany : Verlag Anton Saurwein. 29 ( 6 ) : 138 -- 47 . ISSN 0720 - 5988 . JSTOR 23759758 . OCLC 5821915 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Brittenham , Claudia ( Spring -- Autumn 2009 ) . Francesco Pellizzi , ed . `` Style and substance , or why the Cacaxtla paintings were buried '' . Res : Anthropology and Aesthetics . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology and the Harvard Art Museum . 55 / 56 Absconding : 135 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87365 - 854 - 6 . ISSN 0277 - 1322 . OCLC 601057415 . Carmack , Robert M. ( 2001 ) . Kik'ulmatajem le K'iche'aab ' : Evolución del Reino K'iche ' ( Evolution of the K'iche Kingdom ) ( in Spanish ) . Guatemala City , Guatemala : Cholsamaj . ISBN 99922 - 56 - 22 - 2 . OCLC 253481949 . Carter , Nicholas P. ( 2014 ) . `` Sources and Scales of Classic Maya History '' . In Kurt Raaflaub . Thinking , Recording , and Writing History in the Ancient World . New York : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 340 -- 71 . Caso Barrera , Laura ; Mario Aliphat Fernández ( 2006 ) . `` Cacao , vanilla and annatto : three production and exchange systems in the Southern Maya lowlands , XVI -- XVII centuries '' . Journal of Latin American Geography . Austin , Texas , US : University of Texas Press . 5 ( 2 ) : 29 -- 52 . doi : 10.1353 / lag. 2006.0015 . ISSN 1545 - 2476 . JSTOR 25765138 . OCLC 356573308 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Caso Barrera , Laura ; Aliphat , Mario ( 2007 ) . J.P. Laporte ; B. Arroyo ; H. Mejía , eds . `` Relaciones de Verapaz y las Tierras Bajas Mayas Centrales en el siglo XVII '' ( Relation between Verapaz and the Central Maya Lowlands in the 17th Century ) ( PDF ) . Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala ( in Spanish ) . Guatemala City , Guatemala : Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología . XX ( 2006 ) : 48 -- 58 . OCLC 173275417 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Chase , Arlen F. ; Diane Z . Chase ( 2012 ) . `` Complex Societies in the Southern Maya Lowlands : Their Development and Florescence in the Archaeological Record '' . In Deborah L. Nichols ; Christopher A. Pool . The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 255 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539093 - 3 . OCLC 761538187 . Christenson , Allen J. ( 2007 ) ( 2003 ) . `` Popul Vuh : Sacred Book of the Quiché Maya People '' ( PDF ) . Mesoweb articles . Mesoweb : An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Christie , Jessica Joyce ( 2003 ) . `` Conclusions '' . In Jessica Joyce Christie . Maya Palaces and Elite Residences : An interdisciplinary approach . Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . pp. 315 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71244 - 8 . OCLC 55889753 . Cioffi - Revilla , Claudio ; Todd Landman ( December 1999 ) . `` Evolution of Maya Polities in the Ancient Mesoamerican System '' . International Studies Quarterly . Wiley on behalf of The International Studies Association . 43 ( 4 ) : 559 -- 98 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00137 . ISSN 1468 - 2478 . JSTOR 3014022 . OCLC 52067195 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Coe , Michael D. ( 1994 ) ( 1992 ) . Breaking the Maya Code . London , UK : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 14 - 023481 - 0 . OCLC 31288285 . Coe , Michael D. ( 1999 ) . The Maya ( Sixth ed . ) . New York : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 28066 - 5 . OCLC 40771862 . Colas , Pierre R. ; Alexander Voß ( 2011 ) ( 2006 ) . `` Un juego de vida o muerte : El juego de pelota maya '' . In Nikolai Grube . Los Mayas : Una Civilización Milenaria ( A Game of Life or Death : The Maya Ballgame ) ( hardback ) ( in Spanish ) . Potsdam , Germany : Tandem Verlag . pp. 186 -- 91 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8331 - 6293 - 0 . OCLC 828120761 . Colunga - García Marín , Patricia ; Daniel Zizumbo - Villarreal ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Domestication of Plants in Maya Lowlands '' . Economic Botany . Springer on behalf of New York Botanical Garden Press . 58 , Supplement : S101 -- S110 . doi : 10.1663 / 0013 - 0001 ( 2004 ) 58 ( s101 : dopiml ) 2.0.co ; 2 . JSTOR 4256911 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . D'Arcy Harrison , Peter ( 2003 ) . `` Palaces of the Royal Court at Tikal '' . In Jessica Joyce Christie . Maya Palaces and Elite Residences : An interdisciplinary approach . Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . pp. 98 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71244 - 8 . OCLC 55889753 . Dahlin , Bruce H. ; Christopher T. Jensen ; Richard E. Terry ; David R. Wright ; Timothy Beach ( December 2007 ) . `` In Search of an Ancient Maya Market '' . Latin American Antiquity . Washington , DC : Society for American Archaeology. 18 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 84 . doi : 10.2307 / 25478193 . ISSN 2325 - 5080 . JSTOR 25478193 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . del Águila Flores , Patricia ( 2007 ) . `` Zaculeu : Ciudad Postclásica en las Tierras Altas Mayas de Guatemala '' ( Zaculeu : Postclassic City in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Guatemala City , Guatemala : Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes . OCLC 277021068 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Demarest , Arthur ( 2004 ) . Ancient Maya : The Rise and Fall of a Forest Civilization . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53390 - 4 . OCLC 51438896 . Demarest , Arthur A. ; Tomás , Barrientos ; Federico Fahsen ( 2006 ) . Laporte , J.P. ; Arroyo , B. ; Mejía , H. , eds . `` El apogeo y el Colapso del reinado de Cancuen : Resultados e interpretaciones del Proyecto Cancuen , 2004 -- 2005 '' ( The Apogee and Collapse of the Kingdom of Cancuen : Results and Interpretations of the Cancuen Project , 2004 -- 2005 ) ( PDF ) . Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala ( in Spanish ) . Guatemala City , Guatemala : Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología . XIX ( 2005 ) : 826 -- 37 . OCLC 71050804 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 23 . Diehl , Richard A. ( 2004 ) . The Olmecs : America 's First Civilization . Ancient peoples and places series . London , UK : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 02119 - 8 . OCLC 56746987 . Doyle , James A. ( December 2012 ) . `` Regroup on `` E-Groups '' : Monumentality and Early Centers in the Middle Preclassic Maya Lowlands `` . Latin American Antiquity . Washington , DC : Society for American Archaeology. 23 ( 4 ) : 355 -- 79 . doi : 10.7183 / 1045 - 6635.23. 4.355 . ISSN 2325 - 5080 . JSTOR 23645603 . OCLC 54395676 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Drew , David ( 1999 ) . The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings . London , UK : Phoenix Press . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 0989 - 3 . OCLC 59565970 . Ellsworth Hamann , Byron ( March 2008 ) . `` How Maya Hieroglyphs Got Their Name : Egypt , Mexico , and China in Western Grammatology since the Fifteenth Century '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US : American Philosophical Society . 152 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0003 - 049X . OCLC 1480557 . Emboden , William A. ( 1979 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Nymphaea ampla and other Narcotics in Maya Ritual and Shamanism '' . Mexicon . Göttingen , Germany : Verlag Anton Saurwein. 1 ( 4 ) : 50 -- 52 . ISSN 0720 - 5988 . JSTOR 23757393 . OCLC 5821915 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Emmerich , André ( 2005 ) . `` Improving the Odds : Preservation through Distribution '' . In Kate Fitz Gibbon . Who Owns the Past ? : Cultural Policy , Cultural Property , and the Law . New Brunswick , New Jersey and London , UK : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3687 - 3 . OCLC 57893247 . Estrada - Belli , Francisco ( 2011 ) . The First Maya Civilization : Ritual and Power Before the Classic Period . Abingdon , UK and New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 42994 - 8 . OCLC 614990197 . Fisher , Chelsea ( December 2014 ) . `` The role of infield agriculture in Maya cities '' . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 36 : 196 -- 210 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaa. 2014.10. 001 . ISSN 0278 - 4165 . -- via ScienceDirect ( Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries . ) Foias , Antonia E. ( 2014 ) ( 2013 ) . Ancient Maya Political Dynamics . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 6089 - 7 . OCLC 878111565 . Forsyth , Donald W. ( 1993 ) . J.P. Laporte ; H. Escobedo ; S. Villagrán de Brady , eds . `` La arquitectura Preclásica en Nakbe : Un estudio comparativo de dos periodos '' ( The Preclassic Architecture of Nakbe : A Comparative Study of Two Periods ) ( PDF ) . Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala ( in Spanish ) . Guatemala City , Guatemala : Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología . VI ( 1992 ) : 113 -- 21 . OCLC 30671693 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Foster , Lynn ( 2002 ) . Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518363 - 4 . OCLC 57319740 . Fox , John W. ( 2008 ) ( 1987 ) . Maya Postclassic state formation . Cambridge , UK and New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 10195 - 0 . OCLC 297146853 . Freidel , David A. ; Linda Schele ; Joy Parker ( 1993 ) . Maya Cosmos : Three Thousand Years on the Shaman 's Path . 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OCLC 1481828 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Further reading Braswell , Geoffrey E. ( 2003 ) . The Maya and Teotihuacan : Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70914 - 5 . OCLC 49936017 . Braswell , Geoffrey E. ( 2014 ) . The Maya and their Central American Neighbors : Settlement patterns , architecture , hieroglyphic texts , and ceramics . Oxford , UK and New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 74487 - 4 . OCLC 857897947 . Christie , Jessica Joyce ( 2003 ) . Maya Palaces and Elite Residences : An Interdisciplinary Approach . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71244 - 8 . OCLC 50630511 . Demarest , Arthur Andrew ; Prudence M. Rice & Don Stephen Rice ( 2004 ) . The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse , Transition , and Transformation . Boulder , Colorado : University Press of Colorado . ISBN 0 - 87081 - 739 - 6 . OCLC 52311867 . Fitzsimmons , James L. ( 2009 ) . Death and the Classic Maya Kings . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71890 - 6 . OCLC 699216836 . Garber , James ( 2004 ) . The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley : Half a Century of Archaeological Research . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2685 - 7 . OCLC 52334723 . Herring , Adam ( 2005 ) . Art and Writing in the Maya cities , AD 600 -- 800 : A Poetics of Line . Cambridge , England ; New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84246 - 8 . OCLC 56834579 . Lohse , Jon C. & Fred Valdez ( 2004 ) . Ancient Maya Commoners . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70571 - 9 . OCLC 54529926 . Lucero , Lisa Joyce ( 2006 ) . Water and Ritual : The Rise and Fall of Classic Maya Rulers . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70999 - 4 . OCLC 61731425 . McKillop , Heather Irene ( 2005 ) . In Search of Maya Sea Traders . College Station , Texas : Texas A & M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 389 - 1 . OCLC 55145823 . McKillop , Heather Irene ( 2002 ) . Salt : White Gold of the Ancient Maya . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2511 - 7 . OCLC 48893025 . Rice , Prudence M. ( 2004 ) . Maya Political Science : Time , Astronomy , and the Cosmos ( 1st ed . ) . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70261 - 2 . OCLC 54753496 . Tiesler , Vera & Andrea Cucina ( 2006 ) . Janaab ' Pakal of Palenque : Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler . Tucson , Arizona : University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 2510 - 2 . OCLC 62593473 . Webster , David L. ( 2002 ) . The Fall of the Ancient Maya . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05113 - 5 . Library resources about Maya civilization Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maya . Wikisource has several original texts related to : Maya civilization Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies , Inc . ( FAMSI ) Primary sources of Maya history -- part one by Ronald A. Barnett Mesoweb by Joel Skidmore . Maya Map -- A map of the Maya civilization . Maya civilization History Preclassic Maya Classic Maya collapse Spanish conquest Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán Topics Architecture E-Group Triadic pyramid Twin - pyramid complex Art Graffiti Ceramics Cities Cuisine Dance Economy Trade Maritime trade Languages Classic Script List Mayanist Medicine Music Mythology Numerals People Sites Stelae Textiles Warfare Society Childhood Women Midwifery Religion Priesthood Sacrifice Human sacrifice Death rituals Social classes Ajaw Rulers Households Calendar Ajaw Baktun Haab ' K'atun K'in Tun Tzolk'in Winal Literature Annals of the Cakchiquels Chilam Balam Codices Dresden Grolier Madrid Paris Popol Vuh Rabinal Achí Ritual of the Bacabs Songs of Dzitbalche Título C'oyoi Título de Totonicapán Deities Classic Bacab Chaac Death gods God L Goddess I Hero Twins Howler monkey gods Itzamna Ixchel Jaguar gods K'awiil Kinich Ahau Maize god Mam Moon goddess Yopaat Post-Classic Acat Ah - Muzen - Cab Akna Chin Hunab Ku Ixtab Kukulkan Yum Kaax Popol Vuh Awilix Camazotz Hun Hunahpu Huracan Jacawitz Q'uq'umatz Tohil Vucub Caquix Xmucane and Xpiacoc Xquic Zipacna Kings B'alaj Chan K'awiil Ha ' K'in Xook Itzam K'an Ahk II K'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat K'inich Janaab ' Pakal K'inich Yat Ahk II K'inich Yax K'uk ' Mo ' K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Yo'nal Ahk III Yuknoom Ch'een II Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk ' Queens Lady Eveningstar Lady of Itzan Lady of Tikal Lady Xoc Sak K'uk ' Wak Chanil Ajaw Yohl Ik'nal Maya sites Belize Actun Tunichil Muknal Altun Ha Baking Pot Barton Creek Cave Cahal Pech Caracol Cerros Chaa Creek Colha Cuello El Pilar Ka'Kabish K'axob La Milpa Lamanai Louisville Lower Dover Lubaantun Marco Gonzalez Minanha Nim Li Punit Nohmul Nohoch Che'en Pusilha San Estevan Santa Rita Tipu Uxbenka Xnaheb Xunantunich Guatemala Aguateca Altar de Sacrificios Arroyo de Piedra Balberta Bejucal Cancuén Cerro Quiac Chama Chitinamit Chocolá Chutixtiox Cotzumalhuapa Dos Pilas El Baúl El Chal El Mirador El Perú El Porvenir El Temblor El Tintal El Zotz Guaytán Holmul Holtun Itzan Iximche Ixkun Ixlu Ixtonton Ixtutz Kaminaljuyu Kinal K'atepan La Amelia La Blanca La Corona La Joyanca La Muerta Machaquila Mixco Viejo Montana Motul de San José Naachtun Nakbe Nakum Naranjo Pajaral Piedras Negras Punta de Chimino Quiriguá Q'umarkaj Río Azul Sacul San Bartolo San Clemente Seibal Takalik Abaj Tamarindito Tayasal Tikal Topoxte Tres Islas Uaxactun Ucanal Wajxaklajun Witzna Xultun Yaxha Zacpeten Zaculeu Zapote Bobal Honduras Copán El Puente Mexico Acanceh Aké Balamku Becan Bonampak Calakmul Chacchoben Chactún Chicanná Chinkultic Chichen Itza Chunchucmil Coba Comalcalco Dzibilchaltun Edzna Ek ' Balam Izamal Izapa Jaina Jolja ' Kabah Kiuic Kohunlich Komchen Labna La Mar Mayapan Maní Moral Reforma Muyil Oxkintok Palenque Plan de Ayutla ( Maya Site ) Pomona Punta Sur Río Bec San Gervasio Sayil Toniná Tortuguero Tulum Uxmal Uxul Xcaret Xelha Xlapak Xpuhil Yaxchilan Yaxuna Yula Yo'okop El Salvador Cara Sucia Casa Blanca Cihuatán Joya de Cerén San Andrés Tazumal See also : Pre-Columbian era Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures Americas Paleo - Indians Genetic history Archaeology of the Americas Indigenous peoples of the Americas North America North American pre-Columbian cultures Caddoan Mississippian Chichimeca Hopewell tradition Coles Creek Fremont Marksville Mississippian Mogollon Plaquemine Plum Bayou Poverty Point Troyville Weeden Island Mesoamerica Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology Capacha Chalcatzingo Cholula Coclé Epi - Olmec Huastec Izapa Mezcala Mixtec Olmec Pipil Quelepa Shaft tomb tradition Teuchitlan Purépecha Teotihuacan Tlatilco Tlaxcaltec Toltec Totonac Veracruz Xochipala Zapotec South America Andean civilizations South American Indigenous people El Abra Cañaris Chachapoya Chancay Chavín Chimú Chinchorro Cultural periods of Peru Hydraulic culture of mounds ( Bolivia ) Las Vegas Lima La Tolita ( Tumaco ) Manteño - Guancavilca Mapuche Moche Mollo Nariño Nazca Norte Chico Quimbaya San Agustín Shuar Sican Taíno Tairona Tiwanaku Tierradentro Valdivia Wankarani Wari Zenú Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Language Nahuatl Mayan languages Muysccubun Quechua Writing Script Script Numerals Quipu Religion Religion Religion Religion Religion Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar Society Society Society Economy ( Women ) Society Infrastructure Chinampas Architecture Architecture Agriculture Architecture ( road system ) Agriculture History History History History Inca history Neo-Inca State People Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitláhuac Cuauhtémoc K'inich Janaab ' Pakal Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Jasaw Chan K'awiil I Nemequene Quemuenchatocha Tisquesusa Tundama Zoratama Manco Cápac Pachacuti Atahualpa Manco Inca Yupanqui Túpac Amaru Conquest Spanish conquest ( Hernán Cortés ) Spanish conquest Spanish conquest of Yucatán ( Francisco de Montejo ) Spanish conquest of Guatemala ( Pedro de Alvarado ) Spanish conquest ( Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ) ( Hernán Pérez de Quesada ) ( List of conquistadors ) Spanish conquest ( Francisco Pizarro ) See also Aztecs Portal : Indigenous peoples of North America Portal : Mesoamerica Columbian Exchange Mesoamerican writing systems Native American cuisine Native American pottery Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre ‐ Columbian art Painting in the Americas before European colonization GND : 4038108 - 0 NDL : 00567539 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maya_civilization&oldid=841510778 '' Categories : Maya sites Maya civilization Former monarchies of North America History of the Yucatán Peninsula History of Guatemala History of Belize History of Chiapas History of El Salvador 2nd - millennium BC establishments in the Maya civilization 1697 disestablishments in the Maya civilization Former countries in North America Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Featured articles Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - or - libraries content Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	on what peninsula was the mayan civilization based	[ "The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its hieroglyphic script—the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system. The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula, and the highlands of the Sierra Madre, running from the Mexican state of Chiapas, across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador, and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain." ]	[ "the Yucatán Peninsula" ]
-219615611067921468	Politics of the United States	Politics of the United States - Wikipedia Politics of the United States Jump to : navigation , search See also : Elections in the United States This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Political system of the United States The United States is a federal republic in which the president , Congress , and federal courts share powers reserved to the national government according to its Constitution . The federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments . The executive branch is headed by the President and is formally independent of both the legislature and the judiciary . The cabinet serves as a set of advisers to the President . They include the Vice President and heads of the executive departments . Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress , the Senate and the House of Representatives . The judicial branch ( or judiciary ) , composed of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts , exercises judicial power . The judiciary 's function is to interpret the United States Constitution and federal laws and regulations . This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches . The federal government 's structure is codified in the Constitution . Two political parties , the Democratic Party and the Republican Party , have dominated American politics since the American Civil War , although smaller parties exist such as the Libertarian Party , the Green Party , and the Constitution Party . There are a few major differences between the political system of the United States and that of most other developed democracies . These include greater power in the upper house of the legislature , a wider scope of power held by the Supreme Court , the separation of powers between the legislature and the executive , and the dominance of only two main parties . Third parties have less political influence in the United States than in other democratically run developed countries ; this is because of a combination of stringent historic controls . These controls take shape in the form of state and federal laws , informal media prohibitions , and winner - take - all elections , and include ballot access issues and exclusive debate rules . There have been five United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Political culture 1.1 Colonial origins 1.2 American ideology 1.3 Usage of `` left -- right '' politics 1.4 Suffrage 2 State government 3 Local government 3.1 Mayor - Council 3.2 The Commission 3.3 Council - Manager 3.4 County government 3.5 Town and village government 4 Campaign finance 5 Political parties and elections 5.1 Political parties 5.2 Elections 5.3 Organization of American political parties 5.4 General developments 5.5 Development of the two - party system in the United States 5.6 Gerrymandering 6 Political pressure groups 7 Concerns about oligarchy and a diminishing democracy 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Further reading 10 External links Political culture ( edit ) Main article : Political culture of the United States Scholars from Alexis de Tocqueville to the present have found a strong continuity in core American political values since the time of the American Revolution in the late 18th century . Colonial origins ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States Some of Britain 's North American colonies became exceptional in the European world for their vibrant political culture , which attracted the most talented and ambitious young men into politics . Reasons for this American exceptionalism included : Suffrage was the most widespread in the world , with every man who owned a certain amount of property allowed to vote . While fewer than 20 % of British men could vote , a majority of white American men were eligible . While the roots of democracy were apparent , nevertheless deference was typically shown to social elites in colonial elections . That deference declined sharply with the American Revolution . In each colony , elected bodies , especially the assemblies and county governments , decided a wide range of public and private business . Topics of public concern and debate included land grants , commercial subsidies , and taxation , as well as oversight of roads , poor relief , taverns , and schools . Americans spent a great deal of time in court , as private lawsuits were very common . Legal affairs were overseen by local judges and juries , with a central role for trained lawyers . This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession , and the dominant role of lawyers in politics was apparent by the 1770s , as attested by the careers of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson , among many others . The North American colonies were exceptional in the world context because of the growth of representation of different interest groups . Unlike in Europe , where royal courts , aristocratic families and established churches exercised control , the American political culture was open to merchants , landlords , petty farmers , artisans , Anglicans , Presbyterians , Quakers , Germans , Scotch Irish , Yankees , Yorkers , and many other identifiable groups . Over 90 % of the representatives elected to the legislature lived in their districts , unlike in the United Kingdom where it was common to have an absentee member of Parliament . Americans became fascinated by and increasingly adopted the political values of republicanism , which stressed equal rights , the need for virtuous citizens , and the evils of corruption , luxury , and aristocracy . None of the colonies had political parties of the sort that formed in the 1790s , but each had shifting factions that vied for power . American ideology ( edit ) Republicanism , along with a form of classical liberalism , remains the dominant ideology . Central documents include the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , Constitution ( 1787 ) , The Federalist Papers ( 1788 ) , Bill of Rights ( 1791 ) , and Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address ( 1863 ) , among others . The political scientist Louis Hartz articulated this theme in American political culture in The Liberal Tradition in America ( 1955 ) . Hartz saw the antebellum South as breaking away from this central ideology in the 1820s as it constructed a fantasy to support hierarchical , feudal society . Others , such as David Gordon of the libertarian , Alabama - based Mises Institute argue that the secessionists who formed the Confederacy in 1861 retained the values of classical liberalism . Among the core tenets of this ideology are the following : Civic duty : Citizens have the responsibility to understand and support the government , participate in elections , pay taxes , and perform military service . Opposition to Political corruption Democracy : The government is answerable to citizens , who may change the representatives through elections . Equality before the law : The laws should attach no special privilege to any citizen . Government officials are subject to the law just as others are Freedom of religion : The government can neither support nor suppress religion Freedom of speech : The government can not restrict through law or action the personal speech of a citizen ; a marketplace of ideas In response to Hartz and others , political scientist Rogers M. Smith argued in Civic Ideals ( 1999 ) that in addition to liberalism and republicanism , United States political culture has historically served to exclude various populations from access to full citizenship . Terming this ideological tradition `` ascriptive inegalitarianism , '' Smith traces its relevance in nativist , sexist , and racist beliefs and practices alongside struggles over citizenship laws from the early colonial period to the Progressive Era , and further political debates in the following century . At the time of the United States ' founding , agriculture and small private businesses dominated the economy , and state governments left welfare issues to private or local initiative . Laissez - faire ideology was largely abandoned in the 1930s during the Great Depression . Between the 1930s and 1970s , fiscal policy was characterized by the Keynesian consensus , a time during which modern American liberalism dominated economic policy virtually unchallenged . Since the late - 1970s and early 1980s , however , laissez - faire ideology , as explained especially by Milton Friedman , has once more become a powerful force in American politics . While the American welfare state expanded more than threefold after World War II , it has been at 20 % of GDP since the late - 1970s . As of 2014 modern American liberalism , and modern American conservatism are engaged in a continuous political battle , characterized by what The Economist describes as `` greater divisiveness ( and ) close , but bitterly fought elections . '' Usage of `` left -- right '' politics ( edit ) Main article : Usage of `` left -- right '' politics in the United States The modern American political spectrum and the usage of the terms `` left -- right politics '' , `` liberalism '' , and `` conservatism '' in the United States differs from that of the rest of the world . According to American historian Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. ( writing in 1956 ) , `` Liberalism in the American usage has little in common with the word as used in the politics of any European country , save possibly Britain '' . Schlesinger noted that American liberalism does not support classical liberalism 's commitment to limited government and laissez - faire economics . Because those two positions are instead generally supported by American conservatives , historian Leo P. Ribuffo noted in 2011 , `` what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism . '' Suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Voting rights in the United States The right of suffrage is nearly universal for citizens eighteen years of age and older . All states and the District of Columbia contribute to the electoral vote for President . However , the District , and other U.S. holdings like Puerto Rico and Guam , lack federal representation in Congress . These constituencies do not have the right to choose any political figure outside their respective areas . Each commonwealth , territory , or district can only elect a non-voting delegate to serve in the House of Representatives . Women 's suffrage became an important issue after the American Civil War of 1861 - 65 . After the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1870 , giving African - American men the right to vote , various women 's groups wanted the right to vote as well . Two major interest groups formed . The first group was the National Woman Suffrage Association , formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton , that wanted to work for suffrage on the federal level and to push for more governmental changes , such as the granting of property rights to married women . The second group , the American Woman Suffrage Association formed by Lucy Stone , aimed to give women the right to vote . In 1890 , the two groups merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . The NAWSA then mobilized to obtain support state - by - state , and by 1920 , the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified , giving women the right to vote . Student activism against the Vietnam War in the 1960s prompted the passage of the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which lowered the voting age from twenty - one to eighteen , the legal age of the draft . State government ( edit ) See also : State governments of the United States States governments have the power to make laws that are not granted to the federal government or denied to the states in the U.S. Constitution for all citizens . These include education , family law , contract law , and most crimes . Unlike the federal government , which only has those powers granted to it in the Constitution , a state government has inherent powers allowing it to act unless limited by a provision of the state or national constitution . Like the federal government , state governments have three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . The chief executive of a state is its popularly elected governor , who typically holds office for a four - year term ( although in some states the term is two years ) . Except for Nebraska , which has unicameral legislature , all states have a bicameral legislature , with the upper house usually called the Senate and the lower house called the House of Representatives , the House of Delegates , Assembly or something similar . In most states , senators serve four - year terms , and members of the lower house serve two - year terms . The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution , including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government . However , state constitutions are generally more detailed . Local government ( edit ) See also : Urban politics in the United States The United States has 89,500 local governments , including 3,033 counties , 19,492 municipalities , 16,500 townships , 13,000 school districts , and 37,000 other special districts that deal with issues like fire protection . Local governments directly serve the needs of the people , providing everything from police and fire protection to sanitary codes , health regulations , education , public transportation , and housing . Typically local elections are nonpartisan -- local activists suspend their party affiliations when campaigning and governing . About 28 % of the people live in cities of 100,000 or more population . City governments are chartered by states , and their charters detail the objectives and powers of the municipal government . The United States Constitution only provides for states and territories as subdivisions of the country , and the Supreme Court has accordingly confirmed the supremacy of state sovereignty over municipalities . For most big cities , cooperation with both state and federal organizations is essential to meeting the needs of their residents . Types of city governments vary widely across the nation . However , almost all have a central council , elected by the voters , and an executive officer , assisted by various department heads , to manage the city 's affairs . Cities in the West and South usually have nonpartisan local politics . There are three general types of city government : the mayor - council , the commission , and the council - manager . These are the pure forms ; many cities have developed a combination of two or three of them . Mayor - council ( edit ) This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and , until the beginning of the 20th century , was used by nearly all American cities . Its structure is like that of the state and national governments , with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch . The mayor appoints heads of city departments and other officials , sometimes with the approval of the council . He or she has the power of veto over ordinances ( the laws of the city ) and often is responsible for preparing the city 's budget . The council passes city ordinances , sets the tax rate on property , and apportions money among the various city departments . As cities have grown , council seats have usually come to represent more than a single neighborhood . The Commission ( edit ) This combines both the legislative and executive functions in one group of officials , usually three or more in number , elected citywide . Each commissioner supervises the work of one or more city departments . Commissioners also set policies and rules by which the city is operated . One is named chairperson of the body and is often called the mayor , although his or her power is equivalent to that of the other commissioners . Council - manager ( edit ) The city manager is a response to the increasing complexity of urban problems that need management ability not often possessed by elected public officials . The answer has been to entrust most of the executive powers , including law enforcement and provision of services , to a highly trained and experienced professional city manager . The city manager plan has been adopted by a large number of cities . Under this plan , a small , elected council makes the city ordinances and sets policy , but hires a paid administrator , also called a city manager , to carry out its decisions . The manager draws up the city budget and supervises most of the departments . Usually , there is no set term ; the manager serves as long as the council is satisfied with his or her work . County government ( edit ) The county is a subdivision of the state , sometimes ( but not always ) containing two or more townships and several villages . New York City is so large that it is divided into five separate boroughs , each a county in its own right . On the other hand , Arlington County , Virginia , the United States ' smallest county , located just across the Potomac River from Washington , D.C. , is both an urbanized and suburban area , governed by a unitary county administration . In other cities , both the city and county governments have merged , creating a consolidated city -- county government . In most U.S. counties , one town or city is designated as the county seat , and this is where the government offices are located and where the board of commissioners or supervisors meets . In small counties , boards are chosen by the county ; in the larger ones , supervisors represent separate districts or townships . The board collects taxes for state and local governments ; borrows and appropriates money ; fixes the salaries of county employees ; supervises elections ; builds and maintains highways and bridges ; and administers national , state , and county welfare programs . In very small counties , the executive and legislative power may lie entirely with a sole commissioner , who is assisted by boards to supervise taxes and elections . In some New England states , counties do not have any governmental function and are simply a division of land . Town and village government ( edit ) Thousands of municipal jurisdictions are too small to qualify as city governments . These are chartered as towns and villages and deal with local needs such as paving and lighting the streets , ensuring a water supply , providing police and fire protection , and waste management . In many states of the US , the term town does not have any specific meaning ; it is simply an informal term applied to populated places ( both incorporated and unincorporated municipalities ) . Moreover , in some states , the term town is equivalent to how civil townships are used in other states . The government is usually entrusted to an elected board or council , which may be known by a variety of names : town or village council , board of selectmen , board of supervisors , board of commissioners . The board may have a chairperson or president who functions as chief executive officer , or there may be an elected mayor . Governmental employees may include a clerk , treasurer , police and fire officers , and health and welfare officers . One unique aspect of local government , found mostly in the New England region of the United States , is the town meeting . Once a year , sometimes more often if needed , the registered voters of the town meet in open session to elect officers , debate local issues , and pass laws for operating the government . As a body , they decide on road construction and repair , construction of public buildings and facilities , tax rates , and the town budget . The town meeting , which has existed for more than three centuries in some places , is often cited as the purest form of direct democracy , in which the governmental power is not delegated , but is exercised directly and regularly by all the people . Campaign finance ( edit ) Main article : Campaign finance in the United States Successful participation , especially in federal elections , requires large amounts of money , especially for television advertising . This money is very difficult to raise by appeals to a mass base , although in the 2008 election , candidates from both parties had success with raising money from citizens over the Internet , as had Howard Dean with his Internet appeals . Both parties generally depend on wealthy donors and organizations -- traditionally the Democrats depended on donations from organized labor while the Republicans relied on business donations . This dependency on donors is controversial , and has led to laws limiting spending on political campaigns being enacted ( see campaign finance reform ) . Opponents of campaign finance laws cite the First Amendment 's guarantee of free speech , and challenge campaign finance laws because they attempt to circumvent the people 's constitutionally guaranteed rights . Even when laws are upheld , the complication of compliance with the First Amendment requires careful and cautious drafting of legislation , leading to laws that are still fairly limited in scope , especially in comparison to those of other countries such as the United Kingdom , France or Canada . Fundraising plays a large role in getting a candidate elected to public office . Without money , a candidate may have little chance of achieving their goal . In the 2004 general elections , 95 % of House races and 91 % of senate races were won by the candidates who spent the most on their campaigns . Attempts to limit the influence of money on American political campaigns dates back to the 1860s . Recently , Congress passed legislation requiring candidates to disclose sources of campaign contributions , how the campaign money is spent , and regulated use of `` soft money '' contributions . Political parties and elections ( edit ) The United States Constitution does not mention political parties , primarily because the Founding Fathers did not intend for American politics to be partisan . In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10 , Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , respectively , wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions . In addition , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or during his tenure as president . Washington hoped that political parties would not be formed , fearing conflict and stagnation . Nevertheless , the beginnings of the American two - party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers . Hamilton and Madison ended up being the core leaders in this emerging party system . In modern times , in partisan elections , candidates are nominated by a political party or seek public office as an independent . Each state has significant discretion in deciding how candidates are nominated , and thus eligible to appear on the election ballot . Typically , major party candidates are formally chosen in a party primary or convention , whereas minor party and Independents are required to complete a petitioning process . Political parties ( edit ) Main article : Political parties in the United States The modern political party system in the United States is a two - party system dominated by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party . These two parties have won every United States presidential election since 1852 and have controlled the United States Congress since 1856 . The Democratic Party generally positions itself as left - of - center in American politics and supports a modern American liberal platform , while the Republican Party generally positions itself as right - of - center and supports a modern American conservative platform . Third parties have achieved relatively minor representation from time to time at local levels . The Libertarian Party is the largest third party in the country , claiming more than 250,000 registered voters in 2013 ; it generally positions itself as centrist or radical centrist and supports a classical liberal position . Other contemporary third parties include the left - wing Green Party , supporting Green politics , and the right - wing Constitution Party , supporting paleoconservatism . Elections ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Elections in the United States . Unlike in some parliamentary systems , Americans vote for a specific candidate instead of directly selecting a particular political party . With a federal government , officials are elected at the federal ( national ) , state and local levels . On a national level , the President , is elected indirectly by the people , through an Electoral College . In modern times , the electors virtually always vote with the popular vote of their state . All members of Congress , and the offices at the state and local levels are directly elected . Various federal and state laws regulate elections . The United States Constitution defines ( to a basic extent ) how federal elections are held , in Article One and Article Two and various amendments . State law regulates most aspects of electoral law , including primaries , the eligibility of voters ( beyond the basic constitutional definition ) , the running of each state 's electoral college , and the running of state and local elections . Organization of American political parties ( edit ) See also : Political party strength in U.S. states American political parties are more loosely organized than those in other countries . The two major parties , in particular , have no formal organization at the national level that controls membership , activities , or policy positions , though some state affiliates do . Thus , for an American to say that he or she is a member of the Democratic or Republican party , is quite different from a Briton 's stating that he or she is a member of the Conservative or Labour party . In the United States , one can often become a `` member '' of a party , merely by stating that fact . In some U.S. states , a voter can register as a member of one or another party and / or vote in the primary election for one or another party . Such participation does not restrict one 's choices in any way . It also does not give a person any particular rights or obligations within the party , other than possibly allowing that person to vote in that party 's primary elections . A person may choose to attend meetings of one local party committee one day and another party committee the next day . The sole factor that brings one `` closer to the action '' is the quantity and quality of participation in party activities and the ability to persuade others in attendance to give one responsibility . Party identification becomes somewhat formalized when a person runs for partisan office . In most states , this means declaring oneself a candidate for the nomination of a particular party and intent to enter that party 's primary election for an office . A party committee may choose to endorse one or another of those who is seeking the nomination , but in the end the choice is up to those who choose to vote in the primary , and it is often difficult to tell who is going to do the voting . The result is that American political parties have weak central organizations and little central ideology , except by consensus . A party really can not prevent a person who disagrees with the majority of positions of the party or actively works against the party 's aims from claiming party membership , so long as the voters who choose to vote in the primary elections elect that person . Once in office , an elected official may change parties simply by declaring such intent . An elected official once in office may also act contradictory to many of his or her party 's positions ( this had led to terms such as `` Republican In Name Only '' ) . At the federal level , each of the two major parties has a national committee ( See , Democratic National Committee , Republican National Committee ) that acts as the hub for much fund - raising and campaign activities , particularly in presidential campaigns . The exact composition of these committees is different for each party , but they are made up primarily of representatives from state parties and affiliated organizations , and others important to the party . However , the national committees do not have the power to direct the activities of members of the party . Both parties also have separate campaign committees which work to elect candidates at a specific level . The most significant of these are the Hill committees , which work to elect candidates to each house of Congress . State parties exist in all fifty states , though their structures differ according to state law , as well as party rules at both the national and the state level . Despite these weak organizations , elections are still usually portrayed as national races between the political parties . In what is known as `` presidential coattails '' , candidates in presidential elections become the de facto leader of their respective party , and thus usually bring out supporters who in turn then vote for his party 's candidates for other offices . On the other hand , federal midterm elections ( where only Congress and not the president is up for election ) are usually regarded as a referendum on the sitting president 's performance , with voters either voting in or out the president 's party 's candidates , which in turn helps the next session of Congress to either pass or block the president 's agenda , respectively . General developments ( edit ) See also : History of the United States Republican Party and History of the United States Democratic Party Most of the Founding Fathers rejected political parties as divisive and disruptive . By the 1790s , however , most joined one of the two new parties , and by the 1830s parties had become accepted as central to the democracy . By the 1790s , the First Party System was born . Men who held opposing views strengthened their cause by identifying and organizing men of like mind . The followers of Alexander Hamilton , were called `` Federalists '' ; they favored a strong central government that would support the interests of national defense , commerce and industry . The followers of Thomas Jefferson , the Jeffersonians took up the name `` Republicans '' ; they preferred a decentralized agrarian republic in which the federal government had limited power . By 1828 , the First Party System had collapsed . Two new parties emerged from the remnants of the Jeffersonian Democracy , forming the Second Party System with the Whigs , brought to life in opposition to President Andrew Jackson and his new Democratic Party . The forces of Jacksonian Democracy , based among urban workers , Southern poor whites , and western farmers , dominated the era . In the 1860s , the issue of slavery took center stage , with disagreement in particular over the question of whether slavery should be permitted in the country 's new territories in the West . The Whig Party straddled the issue and sank to its death after the overwhelming electoral defeat by Franklin Pierce in the 1852 presidential election . Ex-Whigs joined the Know Nothings or the newly formed Republican Party . While the Know Nothing party was short - lived , Republicans would survive the intense politics leading up to the Civil War . The primary Republican policy was that slavery be excluded from all the territories . Just six years later , this new party captured the presidency when Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 . By then , parties were well established as the country 's dominant political organizations , and party allegiance had become an important part of most people 's consciousness . Party loyalty was passed from fathers to sons , and party activities , including spectacular campaign events , complete with uniformed marching groups and torchlight parades , were a part of the social life of many communities . By the 1920s , however , this boisterous folksiness had diminished . Municipal reforms , civil service reform , corrupt practices acts , and presidential primaries to replace the power of politicians at national conventions had all helped to clean up politics . Development of the two - party system in the United States ( edit ) See also : Causes of a two - party system This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since the 1790s , the country has been run by two major parties . Many minor or third political parties appear from time to time . They tend to serve a means to advocate policies that eventually are adopted by the two major political parties . At various times the Socialist Party , the Farmer - Labor Party and the Populist Party for a few years had considerable local strength , and then faded away -- although in Minnesota , the Farmer -- Labor Party merged into the state 's Democratic Party , which is now officially known as the Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party . At present , the Libertarian Party is the most successful third party . New York State has a number of additional third parties , who sometimes run their own candidates for office and sometimes nominate the nominees of the two main parties . In the District of Columbia , the D.C. Statehood Green Party has served as a strong third party behind the Democratic Party and Republican Party . Most officials in America are elected from single - member districts and win office by beating out their opponents in a system for determining winners called first - past - the - post ; the one who gets the plurality wins , ( which is not the same thing as actually getting a majority of votes ) . This encourages the two - party system ; see Duverger 's law . In the absence of multi-seat congressional districts , proportional representation is impossible and third parties can not thrive . Although elections to the Senate elect two senators per constituency ( state ) , staggered terms effectively result in single - seat constituencies for elections to the Senate . Another critical factor has been ballot access law . Originally , voters went to the polls and publicly stated which candidate they supported . Later on , this developed into a process whereby each political party would create its own ballot and thus the voter would put the party 's ballot into the voting box . In the late nineteenth century , states began to adopt the Australian Secret Ballot Method , and it eventually became the national standard . The secret ballot method ensured that the privacy of voters would be protected ( hence government jobs could no longer be awarded to loyal voters ) and each state would be responsible for creating one official ballot . The fact that state legislatures were dominated by Democrats and Republicans provided these parties an opportunity to pass discriminatory laws against minor political parties , yet such laws did not start to arise until the first Red Scare that hit America after World War I. State legislatures began to enact tough laws that made it harder for minor political parties to run candidates for office by requiring a high number of petition signatures from citizens and decreasing the length of time that such a petition could legally be circulated . It should also be noted that while more often than not , party members will `` toe the line '' and support their party 's policies , they are free to vote against their own party and vote with the opposition ( `` cross the aisle '' ) when they please . `` In America the same political labels ( Democratic and Republican ) cover virtually all public officeholders , and therefore most voters are everywhere mobilized in the name of these two parties , '' says Nelson W. Polsby , professor of political science , in the book New Federalist Papers : Essays in Defense of the Constitution . `` Yet Democrats and Republicans are not everywhere the same . Variations ( sometimes subtle , sometimes blatant ) in the 50 political cultures of the states yield considerable differences overall in what it means to be , or to vote , Democratic or Republican . These differences suggest that one may be justified in referring to the American two - party system as masking something more like a hundred - party system . '' Gerrymandering ( edit ) Main article : Gerrymandering in the United States U.S. congressional districts covering Travis County , Texas ( outlined in red ) in 2002 , left , and 2004 , right . In 2003 , the majority of Republicans in the Texas legislature redistricted the state , diluting the voting power of the heavily Democratic county by parcelling its residents out to more Republican districts . Shaw v. Reno was a United States Supreme Court case involving the redistricting and racial gerrymandering of North Carolina 's 12th congressional district ( pictured ) . The United States has a long tradition of gerrymandering . In some states , bipartisan gerrymandering is the norm . State legislators from both parties sometimes agree to draw congressional district boundaries in a way that ensures the re-election of most or all incumbent representatives from both parties . Rather than allowing more political influence , some states have shifted redistricting authority from politicians and given it to non-partisan redistricting commissions . The states of Washington , Arizona , and California 's Proposition 11 ( 2008 ) and Proposition 20 ( 2010 ) have created standing committees for redistricting following the 2010 census . Rhode Island and New Jersey have developed ad hoc committees , but developed the past two decennial reapportionments tied to new census data . Florida 's amendments 5 and 6 , meanwhile , established rules for the creation of districts but did not mandate an independent commission . International election observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights , who were invited to observe and report on the 2004 national elections , expressed criticism of the U.S. congressional redistricting process and made a recommendation that the procedures be reviewed to ensure genuine competitiveness of Congressional election contests . Political pressure groups ( edit ) See also : Advocacy group and Lobbying in the United States Special interest groups advocate the cause of their specific constituency . Business organizations will favor low corporate taxes and restrictions of the right to strike , whereas labor unions will support minimum wage legislation and protection for collective bargaining . Other private interest groups , such as churches and ethnic groups , are more concerned about broader issues of policy that can affect their organizations or their beliefs . The Israel lobby is the diverse coalition of those who , as individuals and as groups , seek to influence the foreign policy of the United States in support of Zionism , Israel or the specific policies of its government . The Israel lobby is known for its success in encouraging U.S. lawmakers to support the policies that it supports . One type of private interest group that has grown in number and influence in recent years is the political action committee or PAC . These are independent groups , organized around a single issue or set of issues , which contribute money to political campaigns for U.S. Congress or the presidency . PACs are limited in the amounts they can contribute directly to candidates in federal elections . There are no restrictions , however , on the amounts PACs can spend independently to advocate a point of view or to urge the election of candidates to office . `` The number of interest groups has mushroomed , with more and more of them operating offices in Washington , D.C. , and representing themselves directly to Congress and federal agencies , '' says Michael Schudson in his 1998 book The Good Citizen : A History of American Civic Life . `` Many organizations that keep an eye on Washington seek financial and moral support from ordinary citizens . Since many of them focus on a narrow set of concerns or even on a single issue , and often a single issue of enormous emotional weight , they compete with the parties for citizens ' dollars , time , and passion . '' The amount of money spent by these special interests continues to grow , as campaigns become increasingly expensive . Many Americans have the feeling that these wealthy interests , whether corporations , unions or PACs , are so powerful that ordinary citizens can do little to counteract their influences . Concerns about oligarchy and a diminishing democracy ( edit ) Some views suggest that the political structure of the United States is in many respects an oligarchy , where a small economic elite overwhelmingly determines policy and law . Some academic researchers suggest a drift toward oligarchy has been occurring by way of the influence of corporations , wealthy , and other special interest groups , leaving individual citizens with less impact than economic elites and organized interest groups in the political process . A study by political scientists Martin Gilens ( Princeton University ) and Benjamin Page ( Northwestern University ) released in April 2014 suggested that when the preferences of a majority of citizens conflicts with elites , elites tend to prevail . While not characterizing the United States as an `` oligarchy '' or `` plutocracy '' outright , Gilens and Page do give weight to the idea of a `` civil oligarchy '' as used by Jeffrey A. Winters , saying , `` Winters has posited a comparative theory of ' Oligarchy , ' in which the wealthiest citizens -- even in a ' civil oligarchy ' like the United States -- dominate policy concerning crucial issues of wealth - and income - protection . '' In their study , Gilens and Page reached these conclusions : When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and / or with organized interests , they generally lose . Moreover , because of the strong status quo bias built into the US political system , even when fairly large majorities of Americans favor policy change , they generally do not get it ... ( T ) he preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule , near - zero , statistically non-significant impact upon public policy . -- Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page , 2014 E.J. Dionne Jr. described what he considers the effects of ideological and oligarchical interests on the judiciary . The journalist , columnist , and scholar interprets recent Supreme Court decisions as ones that allow wealthy elites to use economic power to influence political outcomes in their favor . `` Thus , '' Dionne wrote , in speaking about the Supreme Court 's McCutcheon et al. v. FEC and Citizens United v. FEC decisions , `` has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot . '' Nobel Prize - winning economist Paul Krugman wrote : The stark reality is that we have a society in which money is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few people . This threatens to make us a democracy in name only . -- Paul Krugman , 2012 The effects of oligarchy on democracy and the economy were key points of the 2016 presidential campaigns of Bernie Sanders and Green Party candidate Jill Stein . Bernie Sanders said about the Citizens United verdict and the Republicans ' rise to power in Congress , I fear that we may be on the verge of becoming an oligarchic form of society where a handful of billionaires control not just the economy , but the political life of this country . And that 's just something we 're going to have wrestle with . -- Bernie Sanders , 2014 See also ( edit ) American exceptionalism Criticism of United States foreign policy Deep state in the United States Fifth Party System Issue voting Money loop Political arguments of gun politics in the United States Political culture of the United States Political divisions of the United States Political ideologies in the United States American Left Progressivism in the United States Modern liberalism in the United States Alt - right Conservativism in the United States List of political parties in the United States Constitution Party Democratic Party Green Party Libertarian Party Modern Whig Party Reform Party Republican Party Socialist Party USA Politics of the Southern United States Reform topics Campaign finance reform in the United States Electoral reform in the United States Health care reform in the United States Marijuana law reform in the United States Tort reform in the United States Sixth Party System Tea Party movement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Samuel P. Huntington ( 1981 ) . American Politics : The Promise of Disharmony . Harvard University Press . pp. 21 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) p. 281 Jump up ^ Richard R. Beeman , `` The Varieties of Deference in Eighteenth - Century America , '' Early American Studies : An Interdisciplinary Journal , Volume 3 # 2 Fall 2005 , pp. 311 -- 40 Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) pp. 281 -- 2 Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , The Rise of the legal profession in America ( 2 vol. 1965 ) , vol. 1 . Jump up ^ Bonomi , A Factious People , pp. 281 -- 86 Jump up ^ Cal Jillson ( 2013 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . Taylor & Francis . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Hartz , Louis . The Liberal Tradition in America : An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolution . Orlando : Harcourt , 1955 . Jump up ^ David Gordon , ed. ( 2002 ) . Secession , State , and Liberty . Transaction Publishers . p. 99 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Robert E. Shalhope , `` Republicanism and Early American Historiography , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 39 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 334 -- 56 in JSTOR ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Civic Ideals Yale University Press '' . yalebooks.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , B. ( 1998 ) . Political economy : A comparative approach . Westport , CT : Preager . Jump up ^ Alber , J. ( 1988 ) . Is There a crisis of the welfare state ? Cross-national evidence from Europe , North America , and Japan . European Sociological Review , 4 ( 3 ) , 181 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Barr , N. ( 2004 ) . Economics of the welfare state . New York : Oxford University Press ( USA ) . Jump up ^ `` Economist Intelligence Unit . ( July 11 , 2007 ) . United States : Political Forces '' . The Economist . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liberalism in America : A Note for Europeans by Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. ( 1956 ) from : The Politics of Hope ( Boston : Riverside Press , 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Leo P. Ribuffo , `` 20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy '' , Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v. 12 # 1 pp. 2 -- 6 , quote on p. 6 Jump up ^ Ellen Carol Dubois , Woman Suffrage and Women 's Rights ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Andrea Moore Kerr , Lucy Stone : speaking out for equality ( 1992 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Paul D. Buchanan , American Women 's Rights Movement : A Chronology of Events ( 2009 ) p. 129 Jump up ^ Statistical Abstract : 2010 p. 416 . Jump up ^ Ann O 'M . Bowman and Richard C. Kearney , State and Local Government : The Essentials ( 2008 ) p. 78 Jump up ^ `` City Commission '' . Talgov.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public Funding of Presidential Elections Brochure '' . Fec.gov . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mishak , Michael ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` Recession means there 's less money for political campaigns '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Revolutionizes Campaign Fundraising '' . America.gov . July 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty - Ninth Congress . -- Second Session . Senate ... House of Representatives '' . New York Times . March 2 , 1867 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Washington 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the Libertarian Party '' . Libertarian National Committee . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; VandeHei , Jim ( November 8 , 2006 ) . `` A Voter Rebuke For Bush , the War And the Right '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Bush and senior adviser Karl Rove tried to replicate that strategy this fall , hoping to keep the election from becoming a referendum on the president 's leadership . Jump up ^ `` Election ' 98 Lewinsky factor never materialized '' . CNN . November 4 , 1998 . Americans shunned the opportunity to turn Tuesday 's midterm elections into a referendum on President Bill Clinton 's behavior , dashing Republican hopes of gaining seats in the House and Senate . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , The Idea of a Party System : The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States , 1780 -- 1840 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ William Nisbet Chambers , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Siegel , Harry ; Siegel , Fred ( October 7 , 2009 ) . `` New York 's Two - Party System '' . City-Journal.org . City Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. BOARD OF ELECTIONS MONTHLY REPORT OF VOTER REGISTRATION STATISTICS '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington State Redistricting Commission `` Washington State Redistricting Commission '' . Redistricting.wa.gov . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission `` Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission '' . Azredistricting.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Reapportionment Commission '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 : Palm Beach County & Florida Voting , Candidates , Endorsements The Palm Beach Post '' . Projects.palmbeachpost.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` XI '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer , John J. and Walt , Stephen . The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy , London Review of Books , Volume 28 Number 6 , March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sevcik , J.C. ( April 16 , 2014 ) `` The US is not a democracy but an oligarchy , study concludes '' UPI Jump up ^ Gilens & Page ( 2014 ) Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens , Perspectives on Politics , Princeton University . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X p. 514 : * `` the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed . '' Jump up ^ ( French economist Thomas Piketty ) , Associated Press , December 23 , 2017 , http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-qa-a-french-economists-grim-view-of-wealth-gap-2014apr23-story.html Q&A : A French economist 's grim view of wealth gap ) , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... The main problem to me is really the proper working of our democratic institutions . It 's just not compatible with an extreme sort of oligarchy where 90 percent of the wealth belongs to a very tiny group ... '' Jump up ^ Alan Wolfe ( book reviewer ) , October 24 , 2010 , The Washington Post , Review of `` The Mendacity of Hope , '' by Roger D. Hodge , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... Although Hodge devotes a chapter to foreign policy , the main charge he levels against Obama is that , like all politicians in the United States , he serves at the pleasure of a financial oligarchy ... '' Jump up ^ Gilens , M. and B.I. Page ( 2014 ) `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' Perspectives on Politics Jump up ^ Gilens , M. and B.I. Page ( 2014 ) `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' Perspectives on Politics . '' Accessed November 6 , 2015 , `` ... When the preferences of economic elites and the stands of organized interest groups are controlled for , the preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule , near - zero , statistically non-significant impact upon public policy ... '' Jump up ^ E.J. Dionne Jr. , April 6 , 2014 , Washington Post , Supreme oligarchy , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... Thus has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot ... '' Jump up ^ Paul Krugman , The New York Times , November 3 , 2011 , Oligarchy , American Style , Accessed April 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bernie Sanders ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` No To Oligarchy '' . The Nation . Jump up ^ George Galloway ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Clinton & Trump both representatives of oligarchy ' - Jill Stein , Green Party presidential candidate '' . RT . Jump up ^ Democracy Now , November 5 , 2014 , ( 1 ) , Accessed February 4 , 2017 Further reading ( edit ) Barone , Michael et al . The Almanac of American Politics , 2012 ( 2011 ) ; covers every member of Congress and governor in depth ; rich details on politics of each state Edwards , George C. , Martin P. Wattenberg , and Robert L. Lineberry . Government in America : People , Politics , and Policy ( 15th Edition , 2010 ) Finkelman , Paul , and Peter Wallenstein , eds . The Encyclopedia Of American Political History ( 2001 ) , short essays by scholars Greene , Jack P. , ed . Encyclopedia of American Political History : Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas ( 3 vol. 1984 ) , long essays by scholars Hansen , Susan B. ( January 2016 ) . `` Women 's equality , candidate difference , and the vote '' . Journal of Women , Politics & Policy . Taylor and Francis . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 67 . doi : 10.1080 / 1554477X. 2016.1116917 . Harrington , Mona . The Dream of Deliverance in American Politics . New York : A.A. Knopf , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54973 - 2 Hershey , Marjorie R. Party Politics in America ( 14th Edition , 2010 ) Hetherington , Marc J. , and Bruce A. Larson . Parties , Politics , and Public Policy in America ( 11th edition , 2009 ) Kazin , Michael , Rebecca Edwards , and Adam Rothman , eds . The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2 vol. 2009 ) ; Concise edition ( 2011 ) Maisel , L. Sandy , ed . Political Parties and Elections in the United States : an Encyclopedia 2 vol . ( Garland , 1991 ) . ( ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7975 - 2 ) , short essays by scholars Maisel , L. Sandy . American Political Parties and Elections : A Very Short Introduction ( 2007 ) O'Connor , Karen , Larry J. Sabato , and Alixandra B. Yanus . American Government : American Government : Roots and Reform ( 11th ed. 2011 ) Swirski , Peter . Ars Americana Ars Politica : Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture . Montreal , London : McGill - Queen 's University Press ( 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3766 - 8 Wilson , James Q. , and John J. Diiulio and Meena Bose . American Government : Institutions and Policies ( 12th ed. 2010 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Politics of the United States . 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