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-1791791886993731894	Second Punic War	Second Punic war - wikipedia Second Punic war Second Punic War Part of the Punic Wars The Mediterranean in 218 BC Date 218 -- 202 BC ( 17 years ) Location Italia , Hispania , North Africa , Sicily , Sardinia , Cisalpine Gaul , Transalpine Gaul , Greece Result Roman victory Territorial changes Roman annexation of Carthaginian Iberia Unification of Numidia Belligerents Roman Republic Aetolian League Pergamon Numidia Iberian tribes Carthage Syracuse Masaesyli Massylii Macedon Other Greek states Iberian tribes Commanders and leaders Scipio Africanus Fabius Cunctator Publius Cornelius Scipio † Tiberius Sempronius Gaius Flaminius † Claudius Marcellus † Terentius Varro Claudius Nero Hannibal Hasdrubal Barca † Mago ( DOW ) Hasdrubal Gisco Syphax ( POW ) Hanno the Elder Philip V Strength 768,500 54,000 Active Roman soldiers 53,500 Roman capital detail 388,000 Socii 273,300 Reserves Casualties and losses 300,000 + killed in action Second Punic War Prelude Saguntum Rhone Crossing of the Alps Italy Ticinus Trebia Lake Trasimene Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae 1st Nola 2nd Nola 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum 1st Tarentum 1st Capua Silarus 1st Herdonia 2nd Beneventum 2nd Capua 2nd Herdonia Numistro Canusium 2nd Tarentum Petelia Grumentum Metaurus Crotona Po Valley Iberia Cissa Dertosa Upper Baetis 1st New Carthage Baecula Carmona Sucro Ilipa Guadalquivir Sicily and Sardinia Cornus Syracuse North Africa 1st Utica 2nd Utica Great Plains Cirta Zama Naval battles Lilybaeum Ebro River Carteia Punic Wars First Mercenary Second Third Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula Second Punic War Celtiberian Wars ( First , Second ) Lusitanian War Numantine War Cantabrian Wars First Macedonian War 1st Lamia 2nd Lamia Mantinea The Second Punic War ( 218 to 201 BC ) , also referred to as The Hannibalic War and by the Romans the War Against Hannibal , was the second major war between Carthage and the Roman Republic and its allied Italic socii , with the participation of Greek polities and Numidian and Iberian forces on both sides . It was one of the deadliest human conflicts of ancient times . Fought across the entire Western Mediterranean region for 17 years and regarded by ancient historians as the greatest war in history , waged with unparalleled resources , skill and hatred , it saw hundreds of thousands killed , some of the most lethal battles in military history , the destruction of cities , and massacres and enslavements of civilian populations and prisoners of war by both sides . The war began with the Carthaginian general Hannibal 's conquest and destruction of the Roman - allied Iberian city of Saguntum in 219 BC , prompting a Roman declaration of war on Carthage in 218 . Hannibal surprised the Romans by marching his army overland from Iberia to cross the Alps and invade Roman Italy , followed by his reinforcement by Gallic allies and crushing victories over Roman armies at Trebia in 218 and on the shores of Lake Trasimene in 217 . Moving to southern Italy in 216 , Hannibal at Cannae annihilated the largest army the Romans had ever assembled , killing or capturing more than 67,000 Roman soldiers . After the death or imprisonment of 130,000 Roman troops in two years , 40 % of Rome 's Italian allies defected to Carthage , giving her control over most of southern Italy . Macedon and Syracuse joined the Carthaginian side after Cannae and the conflict spread to Greece and Sicily . The Carthaginian navy was built up in the early years of the war , and from 215 -- 210 the Carthaginian army and navy launched amphibious assaults to capture Roman Sicily and Sardinia but were ultimately repulsed . Against Hannibal 's skill on the battlefield , the Romans adopted the Fabian strategy - the avoidance of battle against Hannibal and defeating his allies and the other Carthaginian generals instead . Roman armies recaptured all of the great cities that had joined Carthage and defeated a Carthaginian attempt to reinforce Hannibal at Metaurus in 207 . Southern Italy was devastated by the combatants , with hundreds of thousands of civilians killed or enslaved . In Iberia , which served as a major source of silver and manpower for the Carthaginian army , a Roman expeditionary force under Publius Cornelius Scipio captured Carthago Nova , Carthage 's capital city in Iberia , in 209 , massacring and enslaving the inhabitants . Scipio 's destruction of a Carthaginian army at Ilipa in 206 permanently ended Carthaginian rule in Iberia . He invaded Carthaginian Africa in 204 , inflicting two severe defeats on Carthage and her allies at Utica and the Great Plains that compelled the Carthaginian senate to recall Hannibal 's army from Italy . The final engagement between Scipio and Hannibal took place at Zama in Africa in 202 and resulted in Hannibal 's defeat and the imposition of harsh peace conditions on Carthage ( Carthaginian peace ) , which ceased to be a great power and became a Roman client state until its final destruction by the Romans in 146 BC during the Third Punic War . The Second Punic War overthrew the established balance of power of the ancient world and Rome rose to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin for the next 600 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Hannibal takes the initiative ( 218 -- 213 BC ) 2.1 Western Mediterranean ( 218 -- 213 BC ) 2.1. 1 Hannibal 's Overland Journey 2.1. 2 First Roman expedition to Iberia 2.2 Central Mediterranean ( 218 -- 213 BC ) 2.2. 1 Naval raids and expeditions 2.2. 2 Gallic uprising 2.2. 3 Fabian strategy 2.2. 4 Seeking a decisive engagement 2.2. 5 Establishing a Carthaginian alliance in Italy 2.3 Eastern Mediterranean and Ionian Sea ( 218 -- 213 BC ) 3 The tide turns ( 212 -- 207 BC ) 3.1 Western Mediterranean ( 212 -- 207 BC ) 3.1. 1 Defeat of the first expedition 3.1. 2 Second Roman expedition to Iberia 3.2 Central Mediterranean ( 212 -- 207 BC ) 3.2. 1 The war in Sicily 214 -- 210 BC 3.2. 2 Climax and fall of Hannibal 's alliance 3.2. 3 Hasdrubal 's failed reinforcement 3.2. 4 Naval raids and expeditions 3.3 Eastern Mediterranean and Ionian Sea ( 212 -- 207 BC ) 4 Roman victory ( 206 -- 202 BC ) 4.1 Western Mediterranean ( 206 -- 202 BC ) 4.1. 1 Carthage 's last stand in Iberia 4.1. 2 The Numidian struggle 4.2 Central Mediterranean ( 206 -- 202 BC ) 4.2. 1 Carrying the war to Africa 4.2. 2 Broken armistice and final peace treaty 4.3 Eastern Mediterranean and Ionian Sea ( 206 -- 201 BC ) 5 Aftermath 6 Carthage and Numidia after the war 7 Intelligence 8 Opinions on the war 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Primary sources 11.3 Secondary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) For an analysis of the strength and organisation of Roman forces on the eve of the war , see Socii § Military organisation of the Roman alliance . The Second Punic War was fought between Carthage and Rome . The war was ignited by the dispute over the hegemony of Saguntum , a Hellenized Iberian coastal city with diplomatic contacts with Rome . After great tension within the city government , culminating in the assassination of the supporters of Carthage , Hannibal laid siege to the city of Saguntum in 219 BC . The city called for Roman aid , but the pleas fell on deaf ears . Following a prolonged siege and a bloody struggle , in which Hannibal himself was wounded and the army practically destroyed , the Carthaginians finally took control of the city . Many of the Saguntians chose to commit suicide rather than face subjugation by the Carthaginians . Before the war , Rome and Hasdrubal the Fair had made a treaty . Livy reports that it was agreed that the Iber should be the boundary between the two empires and that the liberty of the Saguntines should be preserved . Hannibal takes the initiative ( 218 -- 213 BC ) ( edit ) Western Mediterranean ( 218 -- 213 BC ) ( edit ) Hannibal 's overland journey ( edit ) Route of Hannibal 's invasion of Italy Hannibal won fame for trekking across the Alps with 37 war elephants . His surprise tactics and brilliant strategies put Rome against the ropes . The Carthaginian army in Iberia , excluding the forces in Africa , according to Polybius , totalled 90,000 infantry , 12,000 cavalry , and 37 war elephants : it was thus one of the largest in the Hellenistic world and equal in numbers to any that the Romans had yet fielded . Hannibal departed with this army from New Carthage ( Cartagena , Spain ) northwards along the coast in late spring of 218 BC . At the Ebro , he split the army into three columns and subdued the tribes from there to the Pyrenees within weeks , but with severe losses . At the Pyrenees , he left a detachment of 11,000 Iberian troops , who showed reluctance to leave their homeland , as a garrison for the newly conquered region . Hannibal reportedly entered Gaul with 50,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry . He took his army by an inland route , avoiding the Roman allies along the coast . In Gaul , negotiations helped him to move unmolested except for the Battle of Rhone Crossing , where a force of the Allobroges unsuccessfully tried to oppose his 38,000 infantry ( this number may exclude light infantry ) , 8,000 cavalry , and 69 war elephants . In the meantime , a Roman fleet with an invasion force was underway to northern Iberia . Its commanders , the brothers Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus and Publius Cornelius Scipio , knew that Hannibal had crossed the Ebro , but were surprised by the Carthaginian army 's presence at the Rhone upstream of their ally Massalia , where they had landed . A scouting party of 300 cavalry was sent to discover the whereabouts of the enemy . These eventually defeated a Carthaginian scouting troop of 500 mounted Numidians and chased them back to their main camp . Thus , with knowledge of the location of the enemy , the Romans marched upstream , ready for battle . Hannibal evaded this force and by an unknown route reached the Isère or the Durance at the foot of the Alps in autumn . He also received messengers from his Gallic allies in Italy that urged him to come to their aid and offered to guide him over the Alps . Before setting out to cross the Alps , he was re-supplied by a native tribe , some of whose hereditary disputes he had helped solve . First Roman expedition to Iberia ( edit ) Iberian warrior from bas - relief c. 200 BC . The warrior is armed with a falcata and an oval shield. National Archaeological Museum of Spain , Madrid Iberian falcata , 4th / 3rd century BC . This weapon , a scythe - shaped sword , was unique to Iberia . By its inherent weight distribution , it could deliver blows as powerful as an axe . National Archaeological Museum of Spain , Madrid A Carthaginian shekel , dated 237 - 227 BC , depicting the Punic god Melqart ( equivalent of Hercules / Heracles ) , most likely with the features of Hamilcar Barca , father of Hannibal Barca ; on the reverse is a man riding a war elephant The first Roman expedition to Iberia was unable to bring the Carthaginian troops in the hinterland of Massalia to a pitched battle , so it continued on its way to northern Iberia under Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus , a move which proved decisive for the outcome of the war . Their other commander , Publius Cornelius Scipio , returned to Rome , realizing the danger of an invasion of Italy where the tribes of the Boii and Insubres were already in revolt . After 217 BC , he moved to Iberia . In Iberia , Carthaginian rule was not popular , but Roman inaction during the Siege of Saguntum had made the natives cautious about an alliance against their masters . Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus established his headquarters at Cissa , in the midst of Hannibal 's latest acquisition , the area between Ebro and Pyrenees . Despite initial setbacks , he won increasing support among the natives . This convinced the Carthaginian commander Hanno , the nephew of Hannibal , of the necessity to accept pitched battle before his troops had been united with the army under Hasdrubal , the brother of Hannibal , despite being outnumbered 2 to 1 . The result was a Roman victory in the Battle of Cissa in 218 BC . When Hasdrubal finally made it to the scene , he was in no position to fight the Roman army and merely caught their navy personnel off - guard , killing some in the process . The combined Roman and Massalian fleet and army posed a threat to the Carthaginians . Hasdrubal intended to first defeat the fleet . However , his naval forces had a history of failure against the Romans . They had lost all but one major naval engagement in the First Punic War and in 218 BC a naval engagement in the waters of Lilybaeum had been lost despite numerical superiority . For this reason , he moved the army and fleet in unison . The fleet is described as being very disorganized prior to the battle . The army , in the meantime , provided loud moral support and a safe harbour for the ensuing naval Battle of Ebro River . The 40 Carthaginian and Iberian vessels were severely defeated by the 55 Roman and Massalian ships in the second naval engagement of the war , with about three quarters of the Carthaginian fleet captured or sunk and the rest beaching their ships . In the aftermath , the Carthaginian forces retreated , but the Romans were still confined to the area between the Ebro and Pyrenees . This blocking force of Romans prevented the Carthaginians from sending reinforcements from Iberia to Hannibal or to the insurgent Gauls in northern Italy during critical stages of the war . Hasdrubal acted by marching into Roman territory in 215 BC and offered battle at Dertosa . In this battle , he used his cavalry superiority to clear the field and to envelop the enemy on both sides with his infantry , a tactic that had been very successfully employed in Italy . However , the Romans broke through the thinned - out line in the centre and defeated both wings separately , inflicting severe losses , but not without taking heavy losses themselves . While the Romans made little progress in the Iberian theatre , the Scipios were able to negotiate a new front in Africa by allying themselves with Syphax , a powerful Numidian king in North Africa . In 213 BC , he received Roman advisers to train his heavy infantry soldiers that had not yet been able to stand up to their Carthaginian counterparts . With this support , he waged war against the Carthaginian ally Gala . According to Appian , in 213 BC Hasdrubal left Iberia and fought Syphax , though history may have confused him with Hasdrubal Gisco ; however , it did use Carthaginian resources . Hasdrubal Gisco is the son of the Gesco who had served together with Hamilcar Barca , Hannibal 's father , in Sicily during the First Punic War and son - in - law of Hanno the Elder who was one of Hannibal 's lieutenants in Italy . Central Mediterranean ( 218 -- 213 BC ) ( edit ) Naval raids and expeditions ( edit ) In 218 BC , the Carthaginian navy was scouting Sicilian waters and preparing for a surprise attack on their former key stronghold of Lilybaeum on the western tip of the island . Twenty quinqueremes , loaded with 1,000 soldiers , raided the Aegadian Islands west of Sicily and eight ships intended to attack the Aeolian Islands , but were blown off - course in a storm towards the Straits of Messina . The Syracusan navy , then at Messina , captured three of those without resistance . Learning from their crews that a Carthaginian fleet was to attack Lilybaeum , Hiero II warned the Roman praetor Marcus Amellius there . As a result , the Romans prepared 20 quinqueremes , which intercepted and defeated the 35 Carthaginian quinqueremes in the Battle of Lilybaeum . In 218 BC , preparations were made to launch a Roman expedition from Lilybaeum against Africa . Hannibal had anticipated the move and reinforced the defending army in Africa with 13,850 Iberian heavy infantry , 870 Balearic slingers and 1,200 Iberian cavalry . In addition , some 4,000 men `` of good family were called up who were under orders to be conveyed to Carthage to strengthen its defence , and also to serve as hostages for the loyalty of their people '' . In return , 450 Libyphoenician cavalry , 1,800 Numidian cavalry , 11,850 Libyan infantry , 300 Ligurians , and 500 Balearic slingers were sent to Iberia to strengthen the local defence against the other anticipated Roman invasion . The Carthaginian navy had been defeated by the Romans in two major encounters , but neither side was usually able to stop the other from raiding each other 's coasts . An exception was in 217 BC , when a Carthaginian fleet of 70 quinqueremes was intercepted off the coast of Etruria by a Roman fleet of 120 quinqueremes and retreated without giving battle . The first Carthaginian expedition to Sardinia , in 215 BC , was under the command of Hasdrubal The Bald with his Punic - Sardinian subordinate Hampsicora . A previous pro-Carthaginian uprising had been defeated , while a storm had blown the Carthaginian fleet to the Balearic Islands . When they finally arrived at Sardinia , the Romans were aware of their intentions and had reinforced the unpopular garrison under Titus Manlius Torquatus to 20,000 infantry and 1,200 cavalry . These engaged and defeated the Carthaginians ' 12,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry ( plus an unknown number of elephants ) and the remaining insurgent Sardinians at the Battle of Cornus . In the aftermath , the defeated expedition of 60 quinqueremes and several transports encountered a Roman raiding party from Africa with 100 quinqueremes . The Carthaginian fleet scattered and escaped save for seven ships . As a result , Sardinia , an important grain exporter , remained under Roman occupation . Gallic uprising ( edit ) The Romans simultaneously received news of Hannibal 's crossing of the Ebro and of an uprising in northern Italy by the Gallic Boii and Insubres tribes . These had established diplomatic contact with the Carthaginians and joined them as allies against their common enemy , Rome . The first objective of the insurgents were the Roman colonies of Placentia and Cremona , causing the Romans to flee to Mutina ( modern Modena ) , which the Gauls then besieged . In response , Praetor L. Manlius Vulso marched with two legions and allies , for a total of 1,600 cavalry and 20,000 infantry , to Cisalpine Gaul . This army was ambushed twice on the way from Ariminium , losing 1,200 men ; although the siege of Mutina was raised , the army itself fell under a loose siege a few kilometers from Mutina . This event prompted the Roman Senate to send one of Scipio 's legions and 5,000 allied troops to aid Vulso . Scipio had to raise fresh troops to replace these and thus could not set out for Iberia until September 218 BC , giving Hannibal time to march from the Ebro to the Rhone . After evading a pitched battle at the Rhone , Hannibal came to the aid of his Gallic allies , who were hard pressed by the Roman reinforcements . He crossed the Alps , surmounting the difficulties of climate and terrain , and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes . His exact route is disputed . Hannibal arrived with at least 20,000 infantry , 6,000 cavalry , and 30 elephants in the territory of the Taurini , in what is now Piedmont , northern Italy . While this crossing was expected by the Romans , they had not anticipated such an early arrival and their forces were still in their winter quarters . Hannibal 's crossing of the Alps is considered one of the greatest achievements in military logistics , as he did so through hostile territory in late autumn with no supply line . His surprise entry into the Italian peninsula led to the termination of Rome 's main intended thrust , an invasion of Africa . The Gauls of the lower Po Valley , Hannibal 's allies , were still far away . Hannibal was first obliged to fight with his currently reduced force to reach them and incite the rest of Gallia Cisalpina to revolt . His first action was to take the chief city of the hostile Taurini ( in the area of modern - day Turin ) . Afterwards , the Carthaginians were intercepted by a newly raised Roman force under Publius Cornelius Scipio , who Hannibal had evaded earlier in the Rhone Valley . In the ensuing Battle of Ticinus , the cavalry forces of Hannibal 's army defeated the cavalry and light infantry of the Romans in a minor engagement . Scipio , severely injured in the battle , retreated across the river Trebbia with his heavy infantry still intact , and encamped at the town of Placentia to await reinforcements . As a result of Rome 's defeat at the Ticinus , all the Gauls except the Cenomani were induced to join the Carthaginian cause . Soon , the entire north of Italy was unofficially insurgent , with both Gallic and Ligurian troops bolstering Hannibal 's army to at least 40,000 men . Battle of the Trebia plan . Carthaginians Romans Even before news of the defeat at the river Ticinus had reached Rome , the Senate had ordered the consul Sempronius Longus to bring his army back from Sicily , where it had been preparing for the invasion of Africa , to join Scipio and face Hannibal . Hannibal was blocking Sempronius ' way to Scipio 's army . However , the Carthaginian capture of the supply depot at Clastidium , through the treachery of the local Latin commander , served as a diversion and allowed Sempronius ' army to slip through to Scipio , who was still too seriously injured to take the field . After some minor successes , the united and numerically equal Roman force under the command of Sempronius Longus was lured into combat by Hannibal at the battle of the Trebia . The Roman troops were drawn into the engagement without breakfast and first had to cross a cold river , preventing many from putting up much of a fight . Furthermore , a hidden detachment led by Hannibal 's younger brother Mago attacked them from the rear . All in all , the Romans suffered heavy losses with only 20,000 men out of 40,000 able to retreat to safety . They left Cisalpine Gaul in the aftermath . Having secured his position in northern Italy by this victory , Hannibal quartered his troops for the winter amongst the Gauls . The latter joined his army in large numbers , bringing it up to 60,000 men ; their enthusiasm was somewhat reduced due to the Carthaginians living on their land . The Roman Senate resolved to raise new armies against Hannibal under the recently elected consuls of 217 BC , Gnaeus Servilius Geminus and Gaius Flaminius . The latter had long distrusted his fellow senators and feared that they would try to sabotage his command by finding excuses to delay his departure . So he quietly left Rome to take over his army at Ariminum without performing the lengthy religious rituals required of an incoming consul . The Senate voted unanimously to recall him , but he ignored its orders . This caused widespread dismay among the Romans , who feared that Flaminius ' disrespect for the gods would bring disaster on Rome . As it was expected that Hannibal would advance into central Italy , Flaminius moved his army from Ariminum to Arretium , to cover the Apennine mountain passes into Etruria . His colleague Servilius , who had performed the proper rituals and was therefore well behind Flaminius , replaced him with his freshly raised army at Ariminum to cover the route along the Adriatic coast . A third force , containing the survivors of previous engagements , was also stationed in Etruria under Scipio . Thus both the eastern and western routes to Rome appeared guarded . Battle of Lake Trasimene plan Carthaginians Romans In early spring 217 BC , Hannibal decided to advance , leaving his wavering Gallic allies in the Po Valley , and crossed the Apennines unopposed . He avoided the Roman positions and took the only unguarded route into Etruria at the mouth of the Arno . This route was through a huge marsh , which happened to be more flooded than usual for spring . Hannibal 's army marched for several days without finding convenient places to rest , suffering terribly from fatigue and lack of sleep . This led to the loss of part of the force , including , it seems , the few remaining elephants . Arriving in Etruria , still in the spring of 217 BC , Hannibal tried without success to draw the main Roman army under Flaminius into a pitched battle by devastating the area the latter had been sent to protect . Hannibal then employed a new stratagem , when he marched around his opponent 's left flank and effectively cut him off from Rome . Advancing through the uplands of Etruria , the Carthaginian now provoked Flaminius into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance . Then , in a defile on the shore of Lake Trasimenus , Hannibal lay in ambush with his army . The ambush was a complete success : in the battle of Lake Trasimene Hannibal destroyed most of the Roman army and killed Flaminius with little loss to his own army . 6,000 Romans had been able to escape , but were caught and forced to surrender by Maharbal 's Numidians . Furthermore , Scipio , aware of the fighting , sent his cavalry in support , but it was also caught and annihilated . As a result of this victory , the heterogeneous force of insurgent Gauls , Africans , Iberians and Numidians had more military equipment than they could use themselves and sold the surplus via Egyptian traders to the Romans . Like after all previous engagements , the captured enemies were sorted according to whether they were Romans , who were held captive , or non-Romans , who were released to spread the propaganda that the Carthaginian army was in Italy to fight for their freedom against the Romans . Strategically , Hannibal had now disposed of the only field force that could check his advance on Rome ; but , despite the urgings of his generals , he did not proceed to attack Rome . Instead , he marched to the south in the hope of winning over allies amongst the Greek and Italic population there . Fabian strategy ( edit ) Main article : Fabian strategy Detail of frieze showing the equipment of a soldier in the manipular Roman legion ( left ) . Note mail armour , oval shield and helmet with plume ( probably horsehair ) . The soldier in the centre is an officer ( bronze cuirass , mantle ) , prob . a tribunus militum . From an altar built by Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus , consul in 122 BC . Musée du Louvre , Paris Roman coin issued during the Second Punic war showing ( obverse ) the god of war Mars and ( reverse ) a very rare image of a Roman cavalryman of the time . Note the plumed helmet , long spear ( hasta ) , small round shield , flowing mantle . Roman cavalry was levied from the equites , or noble knights , until c. 338 BC and thereafter also from the First Class of commoners under the centuriate organisation . Bronze quincunx from Larinum mint The defeat at Lake Trasimene put the Romans in an immense state of panic , fearing for the very existence of their city . The Senate decided to resort to the traditional emergency measure of appointing a dictator , a temporary commander - in - chief who would unite military authority , which was normally divided between the two consuls , for six months . The usual procedure required the presence of a consul to appoint the dictator . Since one consul ( Flaminius ) was dead and the other ( Servilius ) away with the only army left in Italy , the Senate resolved to elect a dictator itself . As this was unconstitutional , the person appointed , Quintus Fabius Maximus , was given the title of prodictator ( acting dictator ) although he held the same powers as a dictator . The Senate also appointed his magister equitum ( `` master of cavalry '' , who acted as his second - in - command ) instead of allowing the dictator to choose one himself as was the normal rule : M. Minucius Rufus . Departing from the Roman military tradition of engaging the enemy in pitched battle as soon as possible , Fabius invented the Fabian strategy : refusing open battle with his opponent , but constantly skirmishing with small detachments of the enemy . This course was not popular among the soldiers , earning Fabius the nickname Cunctator ( `` delayer '' ) , since he seemed to avoid battle while Italy was being ravaged by the enemy . Moreover , it was widely feared that , if Hannibal continued to plunder Italy unopposed , the terrified allies , believing that Rome was incapable of protecting them , might defect and pledge their allegiance to the Carthaginians . As a countermeasure , residents of villages were encouraged to post lookouts , so that they could gather their livestock and possessions in time and take refuge in fortified towns that the enemy could not yet take . Fabius ' policy was to shadow Hannibal by moving on the heights parallel to the Carthaginian movements on the plains , to avoid Hannibal 's cavalry which was supreme on flat terrain . This demanded great care , since the Carthaginian tried with all his skill to ambush the Romans . For this reason , a new marching formation , with three parallel columns of infantry , was developed instead of the single column that had been in use at Lake Trasimene . Fabius ' constant harassment of Hannibal 's force handicapped the latter 's command abilities and gained many prisoners . Both commanders decided that they would exchange prisoners under the same conditions as in the First Punic War . Although the Carthaginians returned to the Romans several hundred more prisoners than they received and were thus expecting monetary compensation , the Senate was reluctant to pay . However , the estates of Fabius had not been touched by the Carthaginian pillage parties in order to incite distrust against him . Fabius now sold these estates to pay the enemy army for the received surplus of prisoners . Having ravaged Apulia without provoking Fabius into a battle , Hannibal decided to march through Samnium to Campania , one of the richest and most fertile provinces of Italy , hoping that the devastation would draw Fabius into battle . The latter was aware that there were excellent opportunities to trap the Carthaginian force on the Campanian plain and to force Hannibal to fight in the surrounding mountains on ground of his own choice . As the year wore on , Hannibal decided that it would be unwise to winter in the already devastated plains of Campania but Fabius had ensured that all the mountain passes offering an exit were blocked . This situation led to the night battle of Ager Falernus in which the Carthaginians made good their escape by tricking the Romans into believing that they were heading to the heights above them . The Romans were thus decoyed and the Carthaginians slipped through the undefended pass with all their baggage train . This was a severe blow to Fabius ' prestige . Minucius , the magister equitum , was one of the leading voices in the army against the adoption of the Fabian Strategy . As soon as he scored a minor success , by winning a skirmish with the Carthaginians , the Senate promoted Minucius to the same imperium ( power of command ) as Fabius , whom he accused of cowardice . In consequence , the two men decided to split the army between them . Minucius ' division was swiftly lured into an ambush by Hannibal in the flat country of Geronium . Fabius rushed to his co-commander's assistance and Hannibal 's forces immediately retreated . Subsequently , Minucius accepted Fabius ' authority and ended their political conflict . Seeking a decisive engagement ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Cannae Fabius became unpopular in Rome , since his tactics did not lead to a quick end to the war . The Roman populace derided the Cunctator , and at the elections of 216 BC elected as consuls Gaius Terentius Varro who advocated pursuing a more aggressive war strategy and Lucius Aemilius Paullus , who advocated a strategy in the middle between the Fabian tactics and the tactics suggested by Varro . In the campaign of 217 BC , Hannibal had failed to obtain a following among the Italics . In the spring of 216 BC , he took the initiative and seized the large supply depot at Cannae in the Apulian plain . Thus , by seizing Cannae , Hannibal had placed himself between the Romans and their crucial source of supply . The Roman Senate authorised the raising of double - sized armies by the consuls Varro and Aemilius Paullus , a force of 86,000 men , the largest in Roman history up to that point . Opening and decisive phase of the Battle of Cannae , 216 BC . The Carthaginian cavalry ( made up of Gauls and Iberians ) routed the much weaker Roman cavalry on the Roman right wing , then raced round the rear of the Roman line to attack from behind the Romans ' allied Latin cavalry on the Roman left , who were already engaged with Hannibal 's Numidian horse . The Latin cavalry was then destroyed . The victorious Carthaginian cavalry was then free to attack the Roman infantry line from the rear . The battle confirmed the superiority of Hannibal 's cavalry , in both numbers and training , over the Roman and Latin citizen levies . From this time , the Romans relied heavily on non-Italian allied cavalry and , around the start of the 1st century BC , legionary cavalry was abolished altogether The consuls Aemilius Paullus and Varro resolved to confront Hannibal and marched southward to Apulia . After a two - day march , they found him on the left bank of the river Aufidus , and encamped 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) away . Hannibal capitalized on Varro 's eagerness and drew him into a trap by using an envelopment tactic that eliminated the Roman numerical advantage by shrinking the surface area where combat could occur . Hannibal drew up his least reliable infantry in the centre of a semicircle , with the wings composed of the Gallic and Numidian horse . The Roman legions forced their way through Hannibal 's weak centre , but the Libyan Mercenaries on the wings swung around their advance , menacing their flanks . The onslaught of Hannibal 's cavalry was irresistible , and the cavalry commander Hasdrubal ( not to be confused with Hannibal 's brother who was campaigning in Iberia ) , routed the Roman cavalry on the Roman right wing and then swept around the rear of the Roman line and attacked Varro 's cavalry on the Roman left , and then the legions , from behind . As a result , the Roman army was surrounded with no means of escape . Due to these brilliant tactics , Hannibal , with much inferior numbers , managed to destroy all but a small remnant of this force . Depending on the source , it is estimated that 50,000 -- 70,000 Romans were killed or captured at Cannae . Livy notes , `` How much more serious was the defeat of Cannae , than those which preceded it can be seen by the behaviour of Rome 's allies ; before that fateful day , their loyalty remained unshaken , now it began to waver for the simple reason that they despaired of Roman power . '' During that same year , the Greek cities in Sicily were induced to revolt against Roman political control , while the Macedonian king , Philip V , pledged his support to Hannibal -- thus initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome . Hannibal also secured an alliance with newly appointed King Hieronymus of Syracuse , and Tarentum also came over to him around that time . Hannibal refused to attack Rome after Cannae . The Romans looked back on Hannibal 's indecision as what saved Rome from certain defeat . Hannibal merely sent a delegation to Rome to negotiate a peace and another one offering to release his Roman prisoners of war for ransom , but Rome rejected all offers . Establishing a Carthaginian alliance in Italy ( edit ) For a detailed analysis of Hannibal 's relations with Roman allies , see : Socii Hannibal 's allies in Italy . Trace of the Via Appia imposed on a satellite picture of southern Italy , showing the location of many of the Greek cities fought over by Hannibal and the Romans . The original Via Appia is in white . The alternative road ( in pink ) was constructed 400 years later under emperor Trajan ( ruled 98 - 117 ) . But the route was already a busy one in Hannibal 's time and repeatedly used by him After Cannae , several south Italian cities allied themselves to Hannibal : the Apulian towns of Salapia , Arpi and Herdonia and many of the Lucanians . Mago marched south with a Carthaginian army detachment and , some weeks later , the Bruttians joined him . Simultaneously , Hannibal marched north with part of his forces and was joined by the Hirpini and the Caudini , two of the three Samnite cantons . The greatest gain was the second largest city of Italy , Capua , when Hannibal 's army marched into Campania in 216 BC . The inhabitants of Capua held limited Roman citizenship and the aristocracy was linked to the Romans via marriage and friendship , but the possibility of becoming the supreme city of Italy after the evident Roman disasters proved too strong a temptation . The treaty between them and Hannibal can be described as an agreement of friendship , since the Capuans had no obligations , but provided the harbour through which Hannibal was reinforced . By 215 BC , Hannibal 's alliance system covered the bulk of southern Italy , save for the Greek cities along the coast ( except Croton , which was conquered by his allies ) , Rhegium , and the Latin colonies of Beneventum , Luceria in Samnium , Venusia in Apulia , Brundisium and Paestum . The independent Gaul he had established in northern Italy was still out of Roman control . The port city of Locri defected to Carthage in the summer of 215 and was immediately used to build up the Carthaginian forces in Italy . A Carthaginian fleet landed in Locri and 4,000 Numidian cavalry , 40 war elephants , money , grain and other provisions , all under the command of Bomilcar , joined Hanno 's army in Bruttium . It was the only time during the war that Carthage succeeded in sending reinforcements to Hannibal in Italy . A second force in 215 , under Mago , consisting of 12,000 infantry , 1,500 cavalry and 20 elephants guarded by 60 warships , was also meant to land in Italy but bolstered Hasdrubal in Spain instead after the Carthaginian defeat there at Dertosa . Hannibal had been able to win over a major allied base by his tremendous military success . He also regarded it as essential to take the city of Nola , a Roman fortress in Campania , a region that linked his various allies geographically and contained his most important harbour for supply . Prior to his first attempt , the pro-Carthage faction in the city had been eliminated by the Romans , so there was no chance of the city being betrayed . Hannibal repeatedly tried to take this city by assault or siege , but was thwarted three times , in 216 , 215 and 214 , by forces led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus . In 215 , Hannibal besieged and starved Casilinum into submission , the other important site for controlling Campania . Syracuse , located on the sea routes Hannibal needed to secure supply , and Lilybaeum both remained in Roman hands . Hannibal was aided by the fact that Hiero II , the old tyrant of Syracuse and a staunch Roman ally , had died and his successor Hieronymus was discontented with his position in the Roman alliance . Hannibal dispatched two of his lieutenants , who were of Syracusian origin , to negotiate with Hieronymus . They succeeded in winning Syracuse over , at the price , however , of making the whole of Sicily a Syracusan possession . The Syracusans ' ambitions were great , but the army they fielded was no match for the arriving Roman force , leading to the Siege of Syracuse from 214 BC onwards . The essence of Hannibal 's campaign in Italy was to fight the Romans by using local resources and raising recruits from among the local population . His subordinate Hanno was able to raise troops in Samnium , but the Romans intercepted these new levies in the Battle of Beneventum ( 214 BC ) and eliminated them before they came under the feared leadership of Hannibal . Hannibal could win allies , but defending them against the Romans was a new and difficult problem , as the Romans could still field multiple armies greatly outnumbering his own forces . Thus Fabius was able to take the Carthaginian ally Arpi in 213 BC . Eastern Mediterranean and Ionian Sea ( 218 -- 213 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : First Macedonian War 217 BC -- letter from Hannibal after Battle of Lake Trasimene leading to war preparations 217 -- 216 BC -- Philip V of Macedon builds a fleet of 100 lembi 216 BC -- ambassadors to Hannibal after Battle of Cannae 214 BC -- First Macedonian War officially starts 214 BC -- naval expeditions from Macedonia 213 BC -- land expedition to Lissus The tide turns ( 212 -- 207 BC ) ( edit ) Western Mediterranean ( 212 -- 207 BC ) ( edit ) Defeat of the first expedition ( edit ) A Carthaginian coin possibly depicting Hannibal as Hercules ( i.e. Heracles ) In Iberia , the Scipio brothers hired 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army of 30,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry . Observing that the Carthaginian armies were deployed apart from each other , with Hasdrubal Barca and 15,000 troops near Amtorgis , and Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco , both with 10,000 troops , further to the west of Hasdrubal , the Scipio brothers planned to split their forces . Publius Scipio moved 20,000 Roman and allied soldiers to attack Mago Barca near Castulo , while Gnaeus Scipio took one double legion ( 10,000 troops ) and the mercenaries to attack Hasdrubal Barca . This stratagem resulted in two battles , the Battle of Castulo and the Battle of Ilorca , which occurred within a few days of each other , usually combined as the Battle of the Upper Baetis ( 211 BC ) . Both battles ended in clear defeats for the Romans as Hasdrubal had bribed the Roman mercenaries to desert and return home without a fight . As a result of the battle , the Romans were forced to retreat to their stronghold of Northern Iberia , from which the Carthaginians could not expel them . It is notable that the Roman soldiers decided to elect a new leader , since both commanders had been killed , a practice hitherto known only in Carthaginian or Hellenistic armies . Second Roman expedition to Iberia ( edit ) In 210 BC , Scipio Africanus arrived in Iberia on with a proconsular imperium and more reinforcements that increased the strength of his army to 28,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry . In a brilliant assault in 209 BC , Scipio succeeded in capturing Cartago Nova , which was the centre of Carthaginian power in Iberia . He defeated Hasdrubal in the Battle of Baecula ( 208 BC ) , but was not able to prevent him from continuing his march to Italy in order to reinforce his brother Hannibal . In the Battle of Ilipa ( 206 BC ) , Scipio defeated a combined army under the command of Mago Barca , Hasdrubal Gisco and Masinissa , thus bringing Carthaginian dominance in Iberia to an end . Carthage still succeeded in recruiting thousands of mercenaries from Iberia after 206 BC despite Rome 's nominal control . Central Mediterranean ( 212 -- 207 BC ) ( edit ) The war in Sicily 214 -- 210 BC ( edit ) Hiero of Syracuse calls Archimedes to fortify the city . Sebastiano Ricci , 1720 . The Siege of Syracuse , from 214 BC onwards , was marked by Archimedes ' ingenuity in inventing war machines that made it impossible for the Romans to make any gains with traditional methods of siege warfare . A Carthaginian army of 25,000 infantry , 3,000 cavalry and 12 elephants under Himilco was sent to relieve the city in 213 , landing at and capturing Heraclea Minoa and followed up by taking Agrigentum . Himilco linked up with the remaining 500 cavalry of Hippocrates ' once 10,000 - strong Syracusan army that had attempted to join with the Carthaginians but had been defeated by Marcellus ' Romans . Himilco faced up against Marcellus outside Syracuse but the Romans preferred to wait for reinforcements in the form of one legion and allied contingents and Himilco not only failed to force a battle against the outnumbered Romans but poor intelligence sent him the wrong way while attempting to intercept the Roman reinforcements . At the same time , a Carthaginian fleet under Bomilcar sailed into Syracuse 's great harbor with 55 warships . After Himilco 's failure to defeat Marcellus , Bomilcar sailed away with his fleet while Himilco began taking over Roman - garrisoned towns in Sicily . The Roman garrison at Morgantina was betrayed from within and Himilco took over large stores of grain and other supplies . The Roman garrison commander at nearby Enna heard of Morgantina 's treachery and massacred Enna 's civilian population . A general revolt against Roman rule in Sicily erupted , with Roman garrisons either being expelled from towns or exterminated by the rebels with Carthaginian support . Once again , Himilco did not attack Marcellus despite the help from Sicilian rebels and went to winter quarters at Agrigentum instead . In the spring of 212 , Marcellus stormed the walls of Syracuse in a surprise night assault and conquered several districts inside the city . Himilco and Bomilcar now made real efforts to lift the siege , Himilco marching his army up to the Roman camp and Bomilcar arriving with 90 quinqueremes , of which he gave 55 to Epicydes , sailing away and re-appearing several days later with 100 more warships . Himilco 's army was crippled by the plague and when the Syracusans inside the city and Hippocrates ' troops outside the city attacked the Romans , all of their attempts were beaten back . Himilco and Hippocrates died soon thereafter of the disease . While the Romans also suffered , Marcellus saved most of his men by bringing them all inside the city . Bomilcar exited Syracuse 's harbor without being troubled by the Romans and re-appeared with 130 quinqueremes and 700 supply ships to lift the siege for good . Poor weather prevented him from arriving before being intercepted by 100 ships under Marcellus . Before battle could be joined , Bomilcar decided to flee , ordering the supply ships to return home while the Carthaginian battlefleet sailed to Tarentum . Syracuse fell soon after and Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier . In 211 BC , Hannibal sent a force of Numidian cavalry to Sicily , which was led by the skilled Liby - Phoenician officer Mottones , who inflicted heavy losses on Marcellus ' army through hit - and - run attacks . Agrigentum 's Carthaginian garrison commander , Hanno , grew jealous of Mottones ' success and , when the latter was away dealing with some mutinous Numidians , Hanno decided to attack Marcellus with the main Carthaginian army without waiting for Mottones . The Numidians with Hanno refused to fight without their commander and Hanno 's outnumbered force was promptly crushed by Marcellus at the river Himera . Carthage sent more reinforcements to Sicily , including 8,000 infantry and 3,000 Numidian cavalry . Hanno and Mottones went over to the offensive , capturing Macella and re-capturing Morgantina . Marcellus was succeeded by the praetor Marcus Cornelius , who first dealt with indiscipline in the Roman army , after which he checked the Carthaginian progress by taking Morgantina . The hyper - aggressive Roman consul Marcus Valerius Laevinus took charge in 210 BC and immediately marched on Agrigentum to evict Carthage from Sicily . Hanno demoted Mottones and Hanno 's son was given the command of the cavalry instead . Mottones betrayed the Carthaginian cause and opened the gates of Agrigentum to the Romans . The Romans massacred the population of the city or sold them to slavery . Hanno and Epicydes fled to Carthage in a merchant ship . Laevinus captured 66 other Sicilian towns , of which 40 surrendered and 26 were taken through force or treachery . He put Sicilian farms back into production and the supply of grain to Rome was resumed in 209 BC . Climax and Fall of Hannibal 's alliance ( edit ) Coin issued by the city of Tarentum during the period of Hannibal 's control c. 212 -- 208 BC showing ( obverse ) youth on horseback and ( reverse ) boy riding dolphin , the traditional symbol of Tarentine coins . Note the legend ΤΑΡΑΣ ( TARAS ) the Greek name for the city . Silver didrachm Ancient Greek tomb at Syracuse , Sicily , believed to be that of Archimedes ( with decorative lintel ) The climax of Carthaginian expansion was reached when the largest Greek city in Italy , Tarentum , switched sides in 212 BC . The Battle of Tarentum ( 212 BC ) was a carefully planned coup by Hannibal and members of the city 's democratic faction . There were two separate successful assaults on the gates of the city . This enabled the Carthaginian army , which had approached unobserved behind a screen of marauding Numidian horsemen , to enter the city by surprise and take all but the citadel where the Romans and their supporting faction were able to rally . The Carthaginians failed to take the citadel , but subsequent fortifications around this Roman stronghold put the city under Carthaginian control . However , the harbour was blocked and warships had to be transported overland to be launched at sea . The Battle of Capua ( 212 BC ) was a stalemate . The Romans decided to end the siege of Capua . As a result , the Capuan cavalry was reinforced with half of the available Numidian cavalry of 2,000 . In the Battle of Beneventum ( 212 BC ) , Hanno the Elder was again defeated , this time by Quintus Fulvius Flaccus , who also captured his camp . In the following Battle of the Silarus , in the same year , the Romans under Marcus Centenius were ambushed and lost all but 1,000 of their 16,000 effectives . Also , in 212 BC , the Battle of Herdonia resulted in another Roman defeat , with only 2,000 Romans out of a force of 18,000 surviving a direct attack by Hannibal 's numerically superior forces , combined with an ambush that cut off the Roman line of retreat . This phase of the war was marked by the fall of major and minor cities to the Romans , although Hannibal was still able to prevail on the battlefield and thus lift some sieges . A section of Rome 's Servian Wall at Termini railway station . It was this wall that dissuaded Hannibal from attempting a direct attack on Rome . In a second Battle of Capua ( 211 BC ) , Hannibal again tried to regain use of his main harbour as in the previous year , by luring the Romans into a pitched battle . He was unsuccessful , and was also unable to lift the siege by assaulting the besiegers ' defences . So he tried a strategem of staging a march towards Rome , hoping in this way to compel the enemy to abandon the siege and rush to defend their home city . However , only part of the besieging force left for Rome and , under continued siege , Capua fell to Rome soon afterwards . Hannibal fought another pitched battle near Rome . The second Battle of Herdonia ( 210 BC ) was fought to lift the Roman siege of that allied city . Hannibal caught the proconsul Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus off guard during his siege of Herdonia and destroyed his army in a pitched battle with up to 13,000 Romans dead of 20,000 . The defection of the allied city of Salapia in Apulia in 210 BC was achieved by treachery : the inhabitants massacred the Numidian garrison and went over to the Romans . In 210 BC , the Battle of Numistro between Marcellus and Hannibal was inconclusive , but the Romans stayed on his heels until the also inconclusive Battle of Canusium in 209 BC . In the meantime , this battle enabled another Roman army under Fabius to approach Tarentum and take it by treachery in the second Battle of Tarentum ( 209 BC ) . Hannibal , at that time , had been able to disengage from Marcellus and was only 8.0 km ( 5 mi ) away when the city , under the command of Carthalo , who was bound to Fabius by an agreement of hospitality , fell . Hasdrubal 's failed reinforcement ( edit ) The Battle of Grumentum was an inconclusive fight in 207 BC between Gaius Claudius Nero and Hannibal . In the aftermath of the battle , Nero was able to trick Hannibal into believing that the whole Roman army was still in camp . In the meantime , Nero marched with a selected corps north and reinforced the Romans there to win the Battle of the Metaurus , killing Hasdrubal and scattering the survivors of his army . The Carthaginian force under Hasdrubal had left Iberia a year before , after the defeat at the Battle of Baecula and had been reinforced by Gallic and Ligurian mercenaries and allies . It is notable that they took the same route as Hannibal 10 years previously , but suffered fewer casualties , being better supported by mercenaries from the mountain tribes . Naval raids and expeditions ( edit ) 210 BC -- second expedition to Sardinia 210 BC -- naval expedition to Tarentum 210 BC -- Roman raids on Africa Eastern Mediterranean and ionian sea ( 212 -- 207 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : First Macedonian War In 211 BC , Rome countered the Macedonian threat with a Greek alliance of the Aetolians , Elis , Sparta , Messenia and Attalus I of Pergamon , as well as two Roman clients , the Illyrians Pleuratus and Scerdilaidas . 209 BC -- Illyrian attack on Macedonia 209 BC -- Carthaginian naval expedition to Corcyra 209 BC -- First Battle of Lamia 209 BC -- Second Battle of Lamia 208 BC -- Roman and Pergamese attack on Lemnos Roman victory ( 206 -- 202 BC ) ( edit ) Western Mediterranean ( 206 -- 202 BC ) ( edit ) Carthage 's last stand in Iberia ( edit ) Bust of Scipio Africanus from the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum At the Battle of Ilipa , large numbers of Celtiberian mercenaries in Carthaginian service confronted a mixed army of Romans and Iberians . Scipio Africanus Major employed a clever ruse . Every day for several days , he drew up his army for battle with the Romans stationed in the centre of the line and the Iberians on the wings . But when the enemy offered battle , he would eventually decline it . By this stratagem , he convinced the Carthaginian commanders Mago and Hasdrubal Gisco that they could expect the Romans to hold the centre of their line . On the day of the battle , the Roman force deployed earlier in the day and with the Romans posted on the wings of the line . In the rush to respond , the Carthaginians placed their best forces in the centre as usual , failing to spot the unusual Roman deployment . Thus the inferior Carthaginian mercenaries on the wings were severely beaten by the Romans . The Celtiberians deserted the Carthaginian camp that night . This catastrophic defeat sealed the fate of the Carthaginian presence in Iberia . It was followed by the Roman capture of Gades in 206 BC after the city had already rebelled against Carthaginian rule . The Tribal leaders Indibilis and Mandonius ( of the Ausetani ) thought that , after the expulsion of the Carthaginians , the Romans would leave and they would gain control of Spain again . This did n't happen , however , so they participated with the mutineers at the Sucro camp against the Romans . This mutiny was ultimately squelched by Scipio Africanus . In 205 BC , a last attempt was made by Mago to recapture New Carthage when the Roman occupiers were shaken by a mutiny and an Iberian uprising against their new overlords ; the attack was repulsed . So , in the same year , Mago left Iberia , setting sail from the Balearic islands to Italy with his remaining forces . The Numidian struggle ( edit ) Tomb of the Numidian king Massinissa ( c. 238 -- c. 148 BC ) . Massinissa , leader of the Massyli tribe , was originally an ally of Carthage and fought against the Romans in Iberia . But , after the Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC , he switched sides . His support at the Battle of Zama was critical to the Roman victory . Massinissa remained a staunch Roman ally for the rest of his long life . Site : Shoumaa el - Khroub , near Constantine , Algeria In 206 BC , there was a quick succession of kings in Eastern Numidia that temporarily ended with the division of the land between Carthage and the Western Numidian king Syphax , a former Roman ally . For this bargain , Syphax was to marry Sophonisba , daughter of Hasdrubal Gisco . Massinissa , who had thus lost his fiancee , went over to the Romans with whom he had already established contact during his military service in Iberia . Central Mediterranean ( 206 -- 202 BC ) ( edit ) Carrying the war to Africa ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Utica ( 203 BC ) and Battle of the Great Plains Publius Cornelius Scipio 's military campaign in Africa ( 204 -- 203 B.C. ) In 205 , Mago landed in Genua by sea the remnants of his Spanish army . This was the third Carthaginian force invading Italy . It soon received Gallic and Ligurian reinforcements . Mago 's arrival in the north of the Italian peninsula was followed by Hannibal 's Battle of Crotona in 204 in the south of the peninsula . Mago marched his reinforced army towards the lands of the Boii and Insubres , Carthage 's main Gallic allies and a place of retreat for Hasdrubal 's defeated remnants . His move was checked by the Romans in the Po Valley Raid in 203 . This hindered the third attempted invasion of Italy early , by preventing Mago from uniting with Hannibal 's army in the south . The split Carthaginian armies were less dangerous , allowing for Roman manpower to be directed to the invasion of Africa , despite the Damocles sword of the enemy troops on and around Roman lands . At the same time , Scipio Africanus Major was given command of the legions in Sicily and was allowed to levy volunteers for his plan to end the war by an invasion of Africa . The legions in Sicily were mainly the survivors of Cannae , who were not allowed home until the war was finished . Scipio was also one of the survivors but , unlike the ordinary soldiers , had been allowed to return to Rome along with the other surviving tribunes , and had run successfully for public office and had been given command of the troops in Iberia . Within a year of his landing in Africa , Scipio twice routed the regular Carthaginian forces , under Hasdrubal Gisco , and his Numidian allies . The main native supporter of the Carthaginians , king Syphax of the Massaesylians ( western Numidians ) , was defeated and taken prisoner . Masinissa , a Numidian rival of Syphax and , at that time , an ally of the Romans , seized a large part of his kingdom with their help . These setbacks persuaded some of the Carthaginians that it was time to sue for peace . Others pleaded for the recall of the sons of Hamilcar Barca , Hannibal and Mago , who were still fighting the Romans in Bruttium and Cisalpine Gaul respectively . In 203 BC , while Scipio was carrying all before him in Africa and the Carthaginian peace party were arranging an armistice , Hannibal was recalled from Italy by the war party at Carthage . After leaving a record of his expedition engraved in Punic and Greek upon bronze tablets in the temple of Juno at Crotone , he sailed back to Africa . These records were later quoted by Polybius . Hannibal 's arrival immediately restored the predominance of the war party , who placed him in command of a combined force of African levies and his mercenaries from Italy . But Hannibal was opposed to this policy and tried to convince them not to send the untrained African levies into battle . In 202 BC , Hannibal met Scipio in a peace conference . Despite the two generals ' mutual admiration , negotiations foundered , according to the Romans due to `` Punic faith '' , meaning bad faith . This Roman expression referred to the alleged breach of protocols which ended the First Punic War by the Carthaginian attack on Saguntum , Hannibal 's perceived breaches of what the Romans perceived as military etiquette ( i.e. , Hannibal 's numerous ambuscades ) , as well as the armistice violated by the Carthaginians in the period before Hannibal 's return . Broken armistice and final peace treaty ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Zama Carthaginian war elephants engage Roman infantry at the Battle of Zama ( 202 BC ) . The decisive battle soon followed . Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War , the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians had superiority in infantry . The Roman army was generally better armed and trained than the Carthaginians . Hannibal had refused to lead this army into battle , because he did not expect them to be able to perform . There had been very bitter arguments between him and the oligarchy . His co-general , Hasdrubal Gisco , was forced to commit suicide by a violent mob after he spoke in support of Hannibal 's view that such troops should not be led into battle . Before the battle , Hannibal gave no speech to his new troops , only to his veterans . Scipio countered an expected Carthaginian elephant charge , which caused some of Hannibal 's elephants to turn back into his own ranks , throwing his cavalry into disarray . The Roman cavalry was able to capitalize on this and drive the Carthaginian cavalry from the field . The battle remained closely fought and , at one point , it seemed that Hannibal was on the verge of victory . However , Scipio was able to rally his men , and his cavalry returned from chasing the Carthaginian cavalry and attacked Hannibal 's rear . This two - pronged attack caused the Carthaginian formation to disintegrate and collapse . After their defeat , Hannibal convinced the Carthaginians to accept peace . Notably , he broke the rules of the assembly by forcibly removing a speaker who supported continued resistance . Afterwards , he was obliged to apologize for his behaviour . Eastern Mediterranean and Ionian Sea ( 206 -- 201 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : First Macedonian War 206 BC -- the Aetolians make peace with Macedonia 205 BC -- Rome lands with 11,000 men and 35 ships in Durrës but achieve no military objective 205 BC -- the First Macedonian war ends with the peace Treaty of Phoenice Aftermath ( edit ) Aerial view ( 1958 ) of Carthage 's cothon - type military harbour . The circular naval base was situated on the central peninsula . The entrance to the harbour has silted up . Scale model of the circular naval base at Carthage . Note the individual docking bays for warships . Carthage lost Hispania forever , and Rome firmly established her power there over large areas . Rome imposed a war indemnity of 10,000 talents ( 300 tonnes / 660,000 pounds ) , limited the Carthaginian navy to 10 ships ( to ward off pirates ) , and forbade Carthage from raising an army without Roman permission . The Numidians took the opportunity to capture and plunder Carthaginian territory . Half a century later , when Carthage raised an army to defend itself from these incursions , Rome destroyed her in the Third Punic War ( 149 -- 146 BC ) . Rome , on the other hand , by her victory , had taken a key step towards what ultimately became her domination of the Mediterranean world . The end of the war did not meet with a universal welcome in Rome . When the Senate decided upon a peace treaty with Carthage , Quintus Caecilius Metellus , a former consul , said he did not look upon the termination of the war as a blessing to Rome , since he feared that the Roman people would now sink back again into its former slumbers , from which it had been roused by the presence of Hannibal . Others , most notably Cato the Elder , feared that if Carthage was not completely destroyed it would soon regain its power and pose new threats to Rome ; he pressed for harsher peace conditions . Even after the peace , Cato insisted on the destruction of Carthage , ending all his speeches with `` Carthage must be destroyed '' , even if they had nothing to do with Carthage . Archaeology has discovered that the famous circular military harbour at Carthage , the Cothon , received a significant buildup during or after this war . Though shielded from external sight , it could house and quickly deploy about 200 triremes . This appears a surprising development as , after the war , one of the terms of surrender restricted the Carthaginian fleet to only ten triremes . One possible explanation : as has been pointed out for other Phoenician cities , privateers with warships played a significant role besides trade , even when the Roman Empire was fully established and officially controlled all coasts . In this case it is not clear whether the treaty included private warships . The only reference to Carthaginian privateers comes from the First Punic War : one such privateer , Hanno the Rhodian , owned a quinquereme ( faster than the serial production models that the Romans had copied ) , manned with about 500 men and then among the heaviest warships in use . Later pirates in Roman waters are all reported with much smaller vessels , which could outrun naval vessels , but operated with lower personnel costs . Thus piracy was probably highly developed in Carthage and the state did not have a monopoly of military forces . Pirates probably played an important role in capturing slaves , one of the most profitable trade - goods , but merchant ships with tradeable goods and a crew were also their targets . No surviving source reports the fate of Carthaginian privateers in the periods between and after the Punic Wars . Hannibal became a businessman for several years and later enjoyed a leadership role in Carthage . However , the Carthaginian nobility , upset by his policy of democratisation and his struggle against corruption , persuaded the Romans to force him into exile in Asia Minor , where he again led armies against the Romans and their allies on the battlefield . He eventually committed suicide ( ca . 182 BC ) to avoid capture . Carthage and Numidia after the war ( edit ) Constant low - level warfare persisted between Carthage and Numidia , but , by the time of the Third Punic War ( 149 -- 146 BC ) , Carthage had lost most of her African territories and the Numidians traded independently with the Greeks . Intelligence ( edit ) In this conflict , intelligence played an important role on both sides . Hannibal mastered an intelligence service that enabled him to achieve outstanding victories . Likewise , Scipio Africanus Major 's victories depended on information . In 217 BC , a Carthaginian resident spy in Rome -- probably a Roman citizen -- was caught and had his hands cut off as a punishment . Opinions on the war ( edit ) Livy portrayed the Punic War as `` the most memorable of all wars that were ever waged : the war which the Carthaginians , under the conduct of Hannibal , maintained with the Roman people . For never did any states and nations more efficient in their resources engage in contest ; nor had they themselves at any other period so great a degree of power and energy . They brought into action too no arts of war unknown to each other , but those which had been tried in the first Punic war ; and so various was the fortune of the conflict , and so doubtful the victory , that they who conquered were more exposed to danger . The hatred with which they fought also was almost greater than their resources . '' In popular culture ( edit ) G.A. Henty 's 1887 historical novel The Young Carthaginian tells the story of Hannibal and the Second Punic War from the perspective of the fictional character Malchus , a cousin of Hannibal . Hannibal 's exploits , as well as Archimedes and the Siege of Syracuse , are dramatically reenacted in the classic early Italian silent film Cabiria ( 1914 ) . In the BBC TV Series On Hannibal 's Trail ( 2009 ) See also ( edit ) Socii Equestrian order Carthaginian peace Hannibal Scipio Africanus Major War elephant Barcid List of battles of the Second Punic War Polybius wrote a detailed history , showing contemporary insight into the political process of this time . Silius Italicus , who dramatised the war in his poem Punica Petrarch , who wrote an epic on the war entitled Africa Plutarch 's Lives for lives of two of the Roman generals , Fabius Maximus and Gaius Flaminius . Plutarch 's life of Scipio Africanus is lost . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bagnell , p. vii . ^ Jump up to : Livy . The History of Rome by Titus Livius : Books Nine to Twenty - Six , trans . D. Spillan and Cyrus Edmonds . London : Henry G. Bohn , 1868 . ^ Jump up to : Mahaney , W.C. , 2008 , Hannibal 's Odyssey : Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia . Gorgias Press , Piscataway , N.J. , 221 pp. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59333 - 951 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 3.35. 1 Jump up ^ Polybius , 3.35. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Lazenby 41 ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 321 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 139 Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , Adrian . The Fall of Carthage . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 36642 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart , B.H. , Strategy , New York City , New York , Penguin Group , 1967 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy ( 2000 ) 49 , 52 ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polybius , 3.114 Jump up ^ Dodge , Theodore Ayrault ( 1891 ) . Hannibal . Cambridge , Massachusetts , Da Capo Press . p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81362 - 9 Jump up ^ Polybius , 3.95 Jump up ^ Dodge , Theodore Ayrault ( 1891 ) . Hannibal . Cambridge , Massachusetts , Da Capo Press . p. 403 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81362 - 9 Jump up ^ Healy , Mark , Cannae : Hannibal Smashes Rome 's Army , Steerling Heights , Missouri , Osprey Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 122f Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 132 Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 312 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 328 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 329 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 301 -- 302 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyos 2011 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Livy , XXVI. 40 . According to F.W. Walbank , p. 84 , note 2 , `` Livy accidentally omits Messenia and erroneously describes Pleuratus as king of Thrace . '' Jump up ^ Livy . The History of Rome by Titus Livius : Books Twenty - Seven to Thirty - Six , trans . Cyrus Edmonds . London : 1850 . Jump up ^ Hoyos 2011 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Valerius Maximus vii. 2 . § 3 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Cato Jump up ^ Zlattner 1997 Jump up ^ Austin&Rankov 1995 , p. 93 Primary sources ( edit ) Livy Polybius Appian Secondary sources ( edit ) Ameling , Walter ( 1993 ) . Karthago : Studien zu Militär , Staat und Gesellschaft ( in German ) . Munich . ISBN 3 - 406 - 37490 - 5 . Barceló , Pedro A. ( 1988 ) . Karthago und die iberische Halbinsel vor den Barkiden : Studien zur karthagischen Präsenz im westlichen Mittelmeerraum von der Gründung von Ebusus bis zum Übergang Hamilkars nach Hispanien ( in German ) . Bonn . ISBN 3 - 7749 - 2354 - X . Bagnall , Nigel ( 1990 ) . The Punic Wars . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34214 - 4 . Dodge , Theodore Ayrault ( 1891 ) . Hannibal . Reprinted by Da Capo Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts ISBN 0 - 306 - 81362 - 9 Hoyos , Dexter ; Ameling , Walter ; Barceló , Pedro ; Beck , Hans ; Bleckmann , Bruno ; Brizzi , Giovanni ( 2011 ) . A Companion to the Punic Wars . Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 405 - 17600 - 2 . Lazenby , John Francis ( 1978 ) . Hannibal 's War . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3004 - 0 . Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2006 ) . The Fall of Carthage . ISBN 978 - 03043 - 6642 - 2 . Lancel , Serge ( 1995 ) . Hannibal ( in French ) . Mahaney , W.C , 2008 . `` Hannibal 's Odyssey , Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia , '' Gorgias Press , Piscataway , N.J , 221 pp . Palmer , Robert E.A. ( 1997 ) . Rome and Carthage at Peace . Stuttgart . Zlattner , Max ( 1997 ) . Hannibals Geheimdienst im Zweiten Punischen Krieg ( in German ) . Konstanz . ISBN 3 - 87940 - 546 - 8 . Library resources about Second Punic War Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading ( edit ) Austin , N.J.E. , and N.B. Rankov. 1995 . Exploratio : Military and Political Intelligence In the Roman World From the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople . London : Routledge . Bellón , Juan Pedro , Carmen Rueda , Miguel Ángel Lechuga , and María Isabel Moreno. 2016 . `` An Archaeological Analysis of a Battlefield of the Second Punic War : the Camps of the Battle of Baecula . '' Journal of Roman Archaeology 29 : 73 -- 104 . doi : 10.1017 / S1047759400072056 . Daly , Gregory . 2002 . Cannae : The experience of battle in the Second Punic War . New York : Routledge . Dodge , Theodore Ayrault. 2004 . Hannibal : A History of the Art of War Among the Carthaginians and Romans Down to the Battle of Pydna , 168 B.C. , with a Detailed Account of the Second Punic War . New York : Da Capo Press . Fronda , Michael P. 2010 . Between Rome and Carthage : Southern Italy During the Second Punic War . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . -- -- -- -- . 2011 . `` Hannibal : Tactics , strategy and geostrategy . '' In A companion to the Punic wars . Edited by Dexter Hoyos , 242 -- 59 . Malden , MA : Wiley - Blackwell . Goldsworthy , Adrian. 2000 . The Punic Wars . London : Cassell . Hoyos , Dexter. 1998 . Unplanned wars : The origins of the First and Second Punic Wars . Berlin : de Gruyter . -- -- -- -- . 2003 . Hannibal 's dynasty : Power and politics in the western Mediterranean 247 -- 183 BC . New York : Routledge . -- -- -- -- , ed. 2011 . A companion to the Punic Wars . Malden , MA : Wiley - Blackwell . Lazenby , J.F. 1998 . Hannibal 's war : A military history of the Second Punic War . Norman : Univ. of Oklahoma Press . Rich , John . 1996 . `` The origins of the Second Punic War . '' In The Second Punic War : A reappraisal . Edited by Tim Cornell , Boris Rankov , and Philip Sabin , 27 -- 54 . London : Univ. of London , Institute of Classical Studies . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Second Punic War ( category ) Second Punic War -- Ancient History Encyclopedia Polybius History hide Punic Wars First Punic War Messana Agrigentum Lipari Islands Mylae Sulci Tyndaris Cape Ecnomus Aspis Adys Tunis Cape Hermaeum Panormus 1st Drepana 1st Lilybaeum 2nd Drepana Mount Ercte 1st Mt . Eryx 2nd Mt . Eryx Aegates Mercenary War Utica Bagradas River Hamilcar 's victory with Naravas Carthage `` The Saw '' Tunis Second Punic War Saguntum Crossing of the Alps Lilybaeum Rhone Ticinus Trebia Cissa Lake Trasimene Ebro River Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae 1st Nola Dertosa 2nd Nola Decimomannu 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum Syracuse 1st Tarentum 1st Capua 2nd Beneventum Silarus 1st Herdonia Upper Baetis 2nd Capua 2nd Herdonia Numistro Asculum 2nd Tarentum Baecula Grumentum Metaurus New Carthage Ilipa Guadalquivir Carteia Crotona Utica Great Plains Cirta Po Valley Zama Third Punic War Lake Tunis 1st Nepheris Port of Carthage 2nd Nepheris Carthage Military history Ancient Roman wars Wars of the Roman Republic Roman -- Etruscan Wars Roman - Aequian wars Roman -- Latin wars Roman -- Hernician wars Roman - Volscian wars Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Punic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Illyrian Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Macedonian Wars ( First , Second , Third , Fourth ) Roman -- Seleucid War Aetolian War Galatian War Roman conquest of Hispania ( First Celtiberian War , Lusitanian War , Numantine War , Sertorian War , Cantabrian Wars ) Achaean War Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Servile Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Social War Sulla 's civil wars ( First , Second ) Mithridatic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Gallic Wars Caesar 's invasions of Britain Caesar 's Civil War End of the Republic ( Post-Caesarian , Liberators ' , Sicilian , Perusine , Final ) Wars of the Roman Empire Germanic Wars ( Teutoburg , Marcomannic , Alemannic , Gothic , Visigothic ) Wars in Britain Wars of Boudica Armenian War Civil War of 69 Jewish -- Roman wars Domitian 's Dacian War Trajan 's Dacian Wars Parthian Wars Persian Wars Civil Wars of the Third Century Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire Military history of ancient Rome GND : 4124004 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&oldid=846570225 '' Categories : Second Punic War 200s BC conflicts 210s BC conflicts 3rd century BC in the Roman Republic 3rd century BC Hannibal Punic Wars Wars involving Carthage Wars involving the Roman Republic Third Punic War Malta in the Roman era Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Alemannisch Ænglisc Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 15 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the skilled general who led his troops over the alps into rome during the second punic war	[ "The war began with the Carthaginian general Hannibal's conquest and destruction of the Roman-allied Iberian city of Saguntum in 219 BC, prompting a Roman declaration of war on Carthage in 218. Hannibal surprised the Romans by marching his army overland from Iberia to cross the Alps and invade Roman Italy, followed by his reinforcement by Gallic allies and crushing victories over Roman armies at Trebia in 218 and on the shores of Lake Trasimene in 217. Moving to southern Italy in 216, Hannibal at Cannae annihilated the largest army the Romans had ever assembled, killing or capturing more than 67,000 Roman soldiers. After the death or imprisonment of 130,000 Roman troops in two years, 40% of Rome's Italian allies defected to Carthage, giving her control over most of southern Italy. Macedon and Syracuse joined the Carthaginian side after Cannae and the conflict spread to Greece and Sicily. The Carthaginian navy was built up in the early years of the war, and from 215–210 the Carthaginian army and navy launched amphibious assaults to capture Roman Sicily and Sardinia but were ultimately repulsed." ]	[ "Carthaginian general Hannibal" ]
6888880496665030558	Major League Baseball rosters	Major League Baseball rosters - wikipedia Major League Baseball rosters This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Major League Baseball roster is a roster of players allowed by league agreement to play for their respective Major League Baseball team . There are two types of rosters in general , the `` active roster '' of 25 players and the `` expanded roster '' of 40 players . Contents 1 Active roster 2 Expanded roster 2.1 September call - ups 3 Postseason roster 4 Non-roster players 5 All - Star roster 6 See also 7 References 8 Current Major League rosters Active roster ( edit ) Since 1910 , when teams were first allowed to carry players under contract in excess of those allowed to participate in regular season games , the latter has been called the `` active roster . '' With exceptions through the years for varying economic conditions ( primarily during World War I , the Great Depression , post-World War II , and from 1986 to 1989 when the limit was set at 24 because of rising player salaries ) , the active roster has allowed up to 25 players to participate for a Major League team within specified dates , currently Opening Day to September 1 . In 1968 , the 25 - player maximum for active rosters was made a part of the first collective bargaining agreement between the major leagues and the Major League Baseball Players Association . Since 1977 , teams have been required to carry a minimum of 24 players on their active rosters as well . Active rosters include the starting eight ( National League ) or nine ( American League ) position players , pitchers , and reserve players on the team . Players on the active roster are also on the 40 - man roster . These players are generally the only ones who dress in uniform and are the only ones who may take the field in a game at any time . Typically , in modern - day play , an active roster will consist of five starting pitchers , seven relief pitchers , two catchers , six infielders , and five outfielders . Teams can vary this somewhat according to preference and circumstance , and indeed the `` typical '' roster makeup has changed somewhat over the years . ( Starting rotations used to consist of four pitchers , not five , well into the 1970s ; third - string catchers used to be much more common ; many other minor variations exist . ) In the American League , a full - time designated hitter ( DH ) is usually classified as either an infielder or an outfielder , not a DH , because most DHs do play defensive positions from time to time . Since the 2012 season , teams have been allowed 26 - player active rosters for `` day - night '' doubleheaders -- two games scheduled on the same day , but with the stadium cleared between games , and separate tickets sold for each game -- as long as the doubleheaders have been scheduled with at least 48 hours notice . Expanded roster ( edit ) Also called the `` 40 - man roster '' , the expanded roster is composed of all the players in a Major League club 's organization who are signed to a major - league contract . The 40 - man roster limit has been in effect since 1921 , except for 1945 and 1946 when it was raised to 48 to accommodate veterans returning from military service in World War II , from 1962 to 1965 when it was raised to 41 to add a reserve spot for first - year players acquired before implementation of a player draft was approved prior to the 1965 season , and in 1994 due to a strike that canceled the remainder of the 1994 season . The expanded roster includes all players who are eligible for call - up to the active roster at any given time . Also on the 40 - man are any players on the 10 - day disabled list ( DL ) and minor league players who are signed to a major - league contract but are on an `` optional assignment '' to the minors . ( Each player has three `` option years '' to be sent to the minors once on the expanded roster before they must be placed on waivers to be sent there . ) A player who is on the 40 - man roster but is later placed on the 60 - day disabled list is removed from the 40 - man roster until his time on the DL is over . The same applies to players who are suspended . Because players on the 60 - day DL are taken off the 40 - man roster with no risk of losing the player , MLB teams often transfer injured players from the 10 - day DL to the 60 - day DL so that the team can add another player to the 40 - man roster without having to designate a player for assignment . Designating for assignment ( `` DFA '' ) is the removal of a player from the expanded roster ; the team has seven days to trade the player , release him , or send him to the minors . September call - ups ( edit ) On September 1 , the Major League team 's roster expands from the 25 - man active roster to the entire 40 - man roster . At this point , any player on the expanded roster on August 31 may play for the Major League team . September call - ups are players from the minors who are playing in September to get Major League experience and , especially for teams in contention , to provide reinforcements down the stretch . In practice , once the roster expands , teams will seldom make more than about six of the fifteen available September call - ups . Postseason roster ( edit ) A postseason roster takes effect only if a team clinches a playoff berth . Players who are part of the team 's final roster at the end of the regular season are eligible to participate in the postseason . Any player who has been traded from a different team , spent time in the Minor Leagues , or signed later in the season with the team ( no later than August 31 ) is eligible to participate in the postseason . A postseason roster is allowed up to 25 active players . Other players who are not on the 25 - man active roster will be assigned to the postseason secondary squad . Players who are on the disabled list or any other non-active transaction by the end of the regular season will have their transactions passed on in the postseason . Rosters for a series are set at the beginning of the series and no changes to the 25 - man active roster are allowed except when a player is moved to the disabled list or any other inactive transaction . If a player is moved to the disabled list or another inactive transaction during a series , he then becomes ineligible to be returned to the 25 - man active roster for the remainder of the series as well as the next series if applicable . If any player goes on any inactive transaction , any player from the 40 - man roster can be promoted to the 25 - man active roster for the remainder of the series if applicable . For a player to be eligible for the postseason active roster , he must have either been on his club 's expanded roster or disabled list as of midnight ET on August 31 of that year and not placed on the 60 day disabled list after August 1 . The one exception is for replacing players on the disabled list . Since the 2014 season , an injured player eligible for postseason play may be replaced by any player within his club 's organization , including players assigned to the club 's minor league affiliates who are not on the major league 40 - man roster . Prior to 2014 , only players who were on a club 's 40 - man roster ( including those added to the expanded roster after August 31 , who would not otherwise be eligible for the postseason ) at the conclusion of the regular season were eligible to replace injured players on postseason rosters . The 2015 Kansas City Royals were the first club to exploit this new provision when they added Adalberto Mondesí -- who at the time was assigned to the Royals ' Double - A affiliate and was not on the 40 - man roster -- to their World Series roster . Non-roster players ( edit ) All other professional players affiliated with Major League Baseball are signed to minor - league contracts . They can receive an invitation to spring training with their organization 's Major League team without being on the 40 - man roster . Two types of players generally receive a non-roster invitation : prospect players who are there to gain experience and face tougher competition as well as receive instruction from the Major League team 's coaching staff ; and veteran players who were not offered any major league contract by a club . The veteran player is usually signed to a `` two - way '' salary option -- one for their time in the minors and another if they are placed on the 40 - man during the season . All spring training invitees are under some sort of contract , to avoid liability if an injury were to occur to the player . All - Star roster ( edit ) Since 1933 , an annual Major League Baseball All - Star Game has been played at approximately the mid-point of each season , except for 1945 . The game features an American League team versus a National League team . The number of players on All - Star rosters has varied ; since 2010 , there are 34 players on each league 's roster . See also ( edit ) Bonus rule Phantom ballplayer Major League Baseball transactions List of current Major League Baseball team rosters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` How the new CBA changes baseball '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/glossary/transactions/designate-for-assignment Jump up ^ `` Major League Rule 40 ( a ) , ( 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Rule 40 ( a ) , ( 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Current Major League rosters ( edit ) Major League Baseball current rosters Arizona Diamondbacks current roster Active roster 1 Jarrod Dyson 4 Ketel Marte 5 Alex Avila 6 David Peralta 13 Nick Ahmed 14 Eduardo Escobar 15 Ildemaro Vargas 16 Chris Owings 19 Socrates Brito 21 Zack Greinke 22 Jake Lamb 25 Archie Bradley 26 Shelby Miller 28 Steven Souza Jr . 30 T.J. McFarland 31 Brad Boxberger 33 Jake Barrett 34 Braden Shipley 35 Matt Andriese 36 John Ryan Murphy 38 Robbie Ray 40 Andrew Chafin 44 Paul Goldschmidt 50 Yoan López 52 Zack Godley 53 Christian Walker 54 Jimmie Sherfy 55 Matt Koch 61 Silvino Bracho 63 Jared Miller 65 Joey Krehbiel 66 Yoshihisa Hirano 74 Domingo Leyba 99 Taijuan Walker -- Artie Lewicki Coaching staff Manager 17 Torey Lovullo Hitting -- Vacant Pitching 23 Mike Butcher First base 39 Dave McKay Third base 8 Tony Perezchica Bench coach 12 Jerry Narron Bullpen 43 Mike Fetters Assistant Hitting 59 Tim Laker Quality Control / Catching 7 Robby Hammock Bullpen catcher 83 Mark Reed Bullpen catcher 84 Humberto Quintero Atlanta Braves current roster Active roster 1 Ozzie Albies 5 Freddie Freeman 7 Dansby Swanson 8 Preston Tucker 11 Ender Inciarte 13 Ronald Acuña Jr . 14 Rio Ruiz 15 Sean Newcomb 16 Charlie Culberson 17 Johan Camargo 18 Lane Adams 23 Adam Duvall 25 Tyler Flowers 26 Mike Foltynewicz 33 A.J. Minter 36 Kolby Allard 38 Arodys Vizcaíno 39 Sam Freeman 40 Mike Soroka 45 Kevin Gausman 48 Jonny Venters 49 Julio Teherán 51 Shane Carle 52 José Ramírez 53 Luiz Gohara 54 Max Fried 57 Michael Reed 58 Daniel Winkler 61 Chad Sobotka 62 Touki Toussaint 63 Jesse Biddle 64 Luke Jackson 65 Ricardo Sánchez 67 Wes Parsons 68 Adam McCreery 72 Bryse Wilson 73 Kyle Wright 75 Grant Dayton -- Jacob Lindgren -- Darren O'Day Coaching staff Manager 43 Brian Snitker Hitting 28 Kevin Seitzer Pitching -- Vacant Bench 4 Walt Weiss First base 2 Eric Young Third base 37 Ron Washington Bullpen 34 Marty Reed Assistant hitting 59 José Castro Bullpen catcher 98 José Yepez Catching 60 Sal Fasano Baltimore Orioles current roster Active roster 1 Tim Beckham 2 Jonathan Villar 3 Cedric Mullins 12 Steve Wilkerson 15 Chance Sisco 16 Trey Mancini 17 Alex Cobb 18 Austin Hays 19 Chris Davis 23 Joey Rickard 25 Anthony Santander 27 Andrew Susac 28 Breyvic Valera 29 Jace Peterson 31 Jimmy Yacabonis 32 Yefry Ramírez 34 John Andreoli 36 Caleb Joseph 37 Dylan Bundy 38 Pedro Araújo 39 Renato Núñez 41 David Hess 43 Mike Wright 45 Mark Trumbo 48 Richard Bleier 49 Gabriel Ynoa 49 Cody Carroll 50 Miguel Castro 51 Paul Fry 52 Ryan Meisinger 54 Andrew Cashner 57 Donnie Hart 58 Evan Phillips 59 Luis Ortiz 60 Mychal Givens 61 Austin Wynns 62 DJ Stewart 63 Sean Gilmartin 64 Corban Joseph 65 Josh Rogers 66 Tanner Scott 67 John Means -- Hunter Harvey -- Branden Kline -- Engelb Vielma Coaching staff Manager Vacant Bench 77 John Russell First base 21 Wayne Kirby Third base 11 Bobby Dickerson Hitting 47 Scott Coolbaugh Assistant hitting 88 Howie Clark Pitching 40 Roger McDowell Bullpen 75 Alan Mills Assistant 55 Einar Díaz Bullpen catcher 82 Jett Ruiz Boston Red Sox current roster Active roster 2 Xander Bogaerts 3 Sandy León 7 Christian Vázquez 11 Rafael Devers 12 Brock Holt 15 Dustin Pedroia 16 Andrew Benintendi 18 Mitch Moreland 19 Jackie Bradley Jr . 22 Rick Porcello 23 Blake Swihart 24 David Price 28 J.D. Martinez 30 Tzu - Wei Lin 32 Matt Barnes 35 Steven Wright 36 Eduardo Núñez 37 Heath Hembree 38 Tony Renda 39 Carson Smith 40 Marco Hernández 41 Chris Sale 44 Brandon Workman 47 Tyler Thornburg 50 Mookie Betts 57 Eduardo Rodríguez 59 Sam Travis 61 Brian Johnson 62 Austin Maddox 63 Robby Scott 64 Marcus Walden 65 Justin Haley 66 Bobby Poyner 67 William Cuevas 70 Ryan Brasier 76 Héctor Velázquez -- Chandler Shepherd Coaching staff Manager 20 Alex Cora Bench 10 Ron Roenicke First base 82 Tom Goodwin Third base 52 Carlos Febles Pitching 60 Dana LeVangie Hitting 51 Tim Hyers Asst . hitting 58 Andy Barkett Bullpen 53 Craig Bjornson Asst . pitching 86 Brian Bannister Chicago Cubs current roster Active roster 1 Terrance Gore 2 Tommy La Stella 4 Mike Freeman 5 Albert Almora 6 Carl Edwards Jr . 7 Víctor Caratini 8 Ian Happ 9 Javier Báez 11 Yu Darvish 12 Kyle Schwarber 13 David Bote 15 Brandon Morrow 17 Kris Bryant 18 Ben Zobrist 20 Brandon Kintzler 21 Tyler Chatwood 22 Jason Heyward 24 Alec Mills 27 Addison Russell 28 Kyle Hendricks 32 Brian Duensing 34 Jon Lester 35 Cole Hamels 36 Dillon Maples 38 Mike Montgomery 39 Drew Smyly 40 Willson Contreras 41 Steve Cishek 44 Anthony Rizzo 46 Pedro Strop 47 Randy Rosario 51 Duane Underwood Jr . 52 Jen - Ho Tseng 53 Taylor Davis 54 Justin Hancock 57 James Norwood 61 Allen Webster 62 José Quintana 71 Oscar De La Cruz 73 Adbert Alzolay -- Mark Zagunis Coaching staff Manager 70 Joe Maddon Third base 55 Brian Butterfield Bench 16 Brandon Hyde Hitting Vacant First base 25 Will Venable Pitching 48 Jim Hickey Bullpen 00 Lester Strode Catching 58 Mike Borzello Assistant hitting 19 Andy Haines Bullpen catcher 95 Chad Noble Chicago White Sox current roster Active roster 5 Yolmer Sánchez 7 Tim Anderson 10 Yoan Moncada 15 Adam Engel 18 Daniel Palka 20 José Rondón 21 Welington Castillo 22 Charlie Tilson 24 Matt Davidson 26 Avisail García 27 Lucas Giolito 28 Leury García 30 Nicky Delmonico 34 Michael Kopech 37 Juan Minaya 38 Omar Narváez 39 Aaron Bummer 40 Reynaldo López 49 Ryan Cordell 50 Thyago Vieira 51 Carson Fulmer 55 Carlos Rodón 57 Jace Fry 61 Ryan Burr 63 Ian Hamilton 64 Ian Clarkin 65 Nate Jones 66 José Ruiz 67 Caleb Frare 68 Dylan Covey 73 Luis Alexander Basabe 74 Eloy Jiménez 77 Micker Adolfo 79 José Abreu Coaching staff Manager 17 Rick Renteria First base 8 Daryl Boston Hitting 31 Todd Steverson Asst . hitting 46 Greg Sparks Bench 47 Joe McEwing Bullpen catcher 59 Mark Salas Pitching 99 Don Cooper Bullpen 29 Curt Hasler Third base 12 Nick Capra Cincinnati Reds current roster Active roster 2 Alex Blandino 3 Scooter Gennett 4 Brandon Dixon 6 Billy Hamilton 7 Eugenio Suárez 9 José Peraza 15 Dilson Herrera 16 Tucker Barnhart 19 Joey Votto 21 Michael Lorenzen 23 Cody Reed 26 Raisel Iglesias 27 Phillip Ervin 28 Anthony DeSclafani 29 Brandon Finnegan 30 Tyler Mahle 33 Jesse Winker 34 Homer Bailey 36 Keury Mella 37 David Hernandez 38 Curt Casali 39 Lucas Sims 40 Austin Brice 41 Matt Wisler 43 Scott Schebler 44 Tanner Rainey 46 Mason Williams 47 Sal Romano 48 Jared Hughes 50 Amir Garrett 51 Blake Trahan 53 Wandy Peralta 55 Robert Stephenson 57 Jesús Reyes 58 Luis Castillo 62 Jackson Stephens 63 Aristides Aquino 74 Jose Lopez 75 Shed Long 85 José Siri -- Juan Graterol Coaching staff Manager 25 David Bell Third base 22 Billy Hatcher Bench 60 Pat Kelly First base 45 Freddie Benavides Bullpen 56 Ted Power Pitching 52 Danny Darwin Hitting 59 Don Long Assistant hitting 64 Tony Jaramillo Catcher instructor 72 Mike Stefanski Bullpen catcher 87 Dustin Hughes Cleveland Indians current roster Active roster 0 Brandon Barnes 1 Greg Allen 4 Bradley Zimmer 7 Yan Gomes 9 Erik González 10 Edwin Encarnación 11 José Ramírez 12 Francisco Lindor 17 Yonder Alonso 22 Jason Kipnis 28 Corey Kluber 33 Brad Hand 35 Ben Taylor 36 Yandy Díaz 38 Eric Haase 45 Adam Plutko 46 Jon Edwards 47 Trevor Bauer 49 Tyler Olson 52 Mike Clevinger 55 Roberto Pérez 57 Shane Bieber 58 Neil Ramírez 59 Carlos Carrasco 61 Dan Otero 66 Eric Stamets 75 Yu Chang 90 Adam Cimber -- Oscar Mercado Disabled list 13 Leonys Martín 30 Tyler Naquin 31 Danny Salazar 44 Nick Goody 56 Cody Anderson -- James Hoyt Coaching staff Manager 77 Terry Francona Bench / Outfield 2 Brad Mills First base / Catchers 15 Sandy Alomar Jr . Third base / Infield 16 Mike Sarbaugh Hitting 29 Ty Van Burkleo Pitching 51 Carl Willis Bullpen 48 Scott Atchison Assistant hitting 60 Victor Rodriguez Bullpen catcher 64 Armando Camacaro Bullpen catcher 82 Ricky Pacione Replay coordinator 87 Mike Barnett Coach 86 Mark Budzinski Coach 85 Brian Sweeney Colorado Rockies current roster Active roster 1 Garrett Hampson 3 Mike Tauchman 4 Pat Valaika 8 Gerardo Parra 14 Tony Wolters 15 Raimel Tapia 18 Seung - hwan Oh 19 Charlie Blackmon 20 Ian Desmond 21 Kyle Freeland 22 Chris Iannetta 23 Tom Murphy 24 Ryan McMahon 25 Jordan Patterson 26 David Dahl 27 Trevor Story 28 Nolan Arenado 29 Bryan Shaw 34 Jeff Hoffman 35 Chad Bettis 38 Mike Dunn 44 Tyler Anderson 45 Scott Oberg 48 Germán Márquez 49 Antonio Senzatela 51 Jake McGee 52 Chris Rusin 54 Carlos Estévez 55 Jon Gray 56 Noel Cuevas 59 Harrison Musgrave 61 Sam Howard 62 Yency Almonte 63 D.J. Johnson 64 Rayan González 71 Wade Davis 72 Yonathan Daza 74 Jesús Tinoco Coaching staff Manager 10 Bud Black Bench 11 Mike Redmond First base 43 Tony Diaz Third base 39 Stu Cole Hitting 58 Duane Espy Assistant Hitting 41 Jeff Salazar Pitching 36 Steve Foster Bullpen 40 Darren Holmes Coach 53 Ron Gideon Detroit Tigers current roster Active roster 8 Mikie Mahtook 9 Nicholas Castellanos 13 Mike Gerber 14 Christin Stewart 17 Grayson Greiner 18 Dawel Lugo 21 JaCoby Jones 22 Víctor Reyes 24 Miguel Cabrera 26 Zac Reininger 27 Jordan Zimmermann 28 Niko Goodrum 30 Alex Wilson 31 Ryan Carpenter 32 Michael Fulmer 34 James McCann 36 Blaine Hardy 40 Sergio Alcántara 44 Daniel Norris 45 Buck Farmer 46 Jeimer Candelario 48 Matthew Boyd 54 Drew VerHagen 55 John Hicks 56 Spencer Turnbull 58 Victor Alcántara 60 Ronny Rodríguez 61 Shane Greene 62 Sandy Báez 64 Matt Hall 65 Gregory Soto 66 Eduardo Jiménez 68 Daniel Stumpf 77 Joe Jiménez -- Willi Castro -- Dustin Peterson Coaching staff Manager 15 Ron Gardenhire Bench 43 Steve Liddle First base 39 Ramón Santiago Third base 25 Dave Clark Hitting 20 Lloyd McClendon Pitching 38 Rick Anderson Assistant hitting 59 Phil Clark Bullpen A.J. Sager Defensive 88 Matt Martin Quality control 52 Joe Vavra Bullpen catcher 98 John Murrian Bullpen catcher 99 Sam Palace Houston Astros current roster Active roster 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 3 Kyle Tucker 4 George Springer 6 Jake Marisnick 10 Yuli Gurriel 12 Max Stassi 13 Tyler White 16 Brian McCann 18 Tony Kemp 21 Derek Fisher 22 Josh Reddick 23 A.J. Reed 26 Myles Straw 27 José Altuve 28 J.D. Davis 30 Héctor Rondón 31 Collin McHugh 35 Justin Verlander 36 Will Harris 38 Joe Smith 41 Brad Peacock 43 Lance McCullers 45 Gerrit Cole 47 Chris Devenski 54 Roberto Osuna 55 Ryan Pressly 58 Francis Martes 59 Cionel Pérez 61 Jandel Gustave 62 Brady Rodgers 63 Josh James 64 Reymin Guduan 65 Framber Valdez 67 Dean Deetz Coaching staff Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Bench 20 Joe Espada First base 37 Alex Cintrón Third base 8 Gary Pettis Hitting 39 Dave Hudgens Pitching 56 Brent Strom Bullpen catcher 85 Javier Bracamonte Bullpen catcher 96 Carlos Muñoz Kansas City Royals current roster Active roster 4 Alex Gordon 7 Rosell Herrera 11 Bubba Starling 12 Jorge Soler 13 Salvador Pérez 14 Brett Phillips 15 Whit Merrifield 16 Paulo Orlando 17 Hunter Dozier 19 Cheslor Cuthbert 22 Meibrys Viloria 25 Brian Goodwin 27 Adalberto Mondesí 31 Ian Kennedy 32 Jesse Hahn 33 Brian Flynn 34 Trevor Oaks 36 Cam Gallagher 37 Brandon Maurer 38 Jorge Bonifacio 41 Danny Duffy 43 Wily Peralta 46 Ramón Torres 48 Ben Lively 49 Heath Fillmyer 50 Jason Adam 51 Jerry Vasto 52 Jorge López 53 Eric Skoglund 54 Tim Hill 55 Nate Karns 56 Brad Keller 57 Glenn Sparkman 58 Scott Barlow 59 Andrés Machado 61 Kevin McCarthy 64 Burch Smith 65 Jakob Junis 66 Ryan O'Hearn 67 Samir Duenez 68 Jake Newberry -- Kelvin Gutiérrez Coaching staff Manager 3 Ned Yost Bench 26 Dale Sveum First base 35 Mitch Maier Third base 23 Mike Jirschele Hitting 44 Terry Bradshaw Pitching 22 Cal Eldred Bullpen 18 Vance Wilson Catching / Assistant Hitting 28 Pedro Grifol Bullpen catcher 80 Ryan Eigsti Los Angeles Angels current roster Active roster 2 Andrelton Simmons 3 Taylor Ward 5 Albert Pujols 6 David Fletcher 7 Zack Cozart 8 Justin Upton 10 José Briceño 17 Shohei Ohtani 18 Sherman Johnson 19 Jefry Marté 20 José Fernández 22 Kaleb Cowart 23 Alex Meyer 25 Noé Ramirez 27 Mike Trout 28 Andrew Heaney 31 Ty Buttrey 32 Cam Bedrosian 35 Nick Tropeano 36 Williams Jerez 37 Francisco Arcia 38 Justin Anderson 39 Keynan Middleton 40 Odrisamer Despaigne 45 Tyler Skaggs 46 John Lamb 48 José Álvarez 49 Miguel Almonte 51 Jaime Barría 52 Matt Shoemaker 53 Blake Parker 54 Jabari Blash 56 Kole Calhoun 57 Hansel Robles 59 Michael Hermosillo 60 Eduardo Paredes 62 Parker Bridwell 64 Félix Peña 65 Jake Jewell 66 J.C. Ramírez 67 Taylor Cole 68 Deck McGuire 71 Jesús Castillo -- Luke Farrell -- Kevan Smith Coaching staff Manager 12 Brad Ausmus Bench 88 Josh Paul First base 4 Alfredo Griffin Third base 21 Dino Ebel Hitting 77 Eric Hinske Pitching -- Doug White Bullpen 63 Scott Radinsky Assistant hitting 55 Paul Sorrento Catching / information 61 Steve Soliz Bullpen catcher 92 Anel De Los Santos Bullpen catcher 70 Tom Gregorio Los Angeles Dodgers current roster Active roster 3 Chris Taylor 5 Corey Seager 7 Julio Urías 10 Justin Turner 13 Max Muncy 14 Enrique Hernández 15 Austin Barnes 17 Kyle Farmer 18 Kenta Maeda 21 Walker Buehler 22 Clayton Kershaw 25 David Freese 27 Matt Kemp 31 Joc Pederson 35 Cody Bellinger 43 Pat Venditte 44 Rich Hill 46 Josh Fields 47 J.T. Chargois 48 Brock Stewart 51 Dylan Floro 52 Pedro Báez 54 Tony Cingrani 55 Tom Koehler 57 Alex Wood 58 Rocky Gale 59 Zac Rosscup 60 Andrew Toles 61 Alex Verdugo 62 Erik Goeddel 63 Yimi García 64 Caleb Ferguson 66 Yasiel Puig 68 Ross Stripling 70 Tim Locastro 74 Kenley Jansen 75 Scott Alexander 77 Dennis Santana Coaching staff Manager 30 Dave Roberts Bench 16 Bob Geren First base 29 George Lombard Third base 45 Chris Woodward Hitting 12 Turner Ward Pitching 40 Rick Honeycutt Asst . hitting 37 Brant Brown Asst . hitting 28 Luis Ortiz Bullpen 23 Mark Prior Bullpen catcher 82 Steve Cilladi Bullpen catcher 86 Fumimasa Ishibashi Catching 7 Steve Yeager Game Planning and Communications -- Danny Lehman Miami Marlins current roster Active roster 2 Yadiel Rivera 9 Lewis Brinson 10 J.T. Riddle 11 J.T. Realmuto 12 Braxton Lee 13 Starlin Castro 14 Martín Prado 15 Brian Anderson 17 Chad Wallach 19 Miguel Rojas 22 Sandy Alcántara 30 Garrett Cooper 31 Caleb Smith 32 Derek Dietrich 34 Magneuris Sierra 39 Tyler Kinley 43 Jeff Brigham 44 Austin Dean 45 Peter O'Brien 49 Pablo López 51 Ben Meyer 53 Brett Graves 54 Wei - Yin Chen 56 Tayron Guerrero 57 Elieser Hernández 58 Dan Straily 61 Adam Conley 62 José Ureña 63 Trevor Richards 64 Nick Wittgren 66 Jarlin García 71 Drew Steckenrider 76 Dillon Peters 77 Merandy González 79 Isaac Galloway Coaching staff Manager 8 Don Mattingly Assistant Hitting Vacant Hitting 6 Mike Pagliarulo First base Vacant Catching 23 Brian Schneider Bullpen 24 Dean Treanor Third base 33 Fredi González Pitching Vacant Bench 38 Tim Wallach Administrative 59 Ed Lucas Bullpen coordinator 85 Rob Flippo Milwaukee Brewers current roster Active roster 3 Orlando Arcia 5 Jonathan Schoop 6 Lorenzo Cain 7 Eric Thames 8 Ryan Braun 9 Manny Piña 12 Stephen Vogt 13 Tyler Saladino 14 Hernan Perez 15 Erik Kratz 16 Domingo Santana 21 Travis Shaw 22 Christian Yelich 23 Keon Broxton 24 Jesús Aguilar 25 Jordan Lyles 26 Jacob Nottingham 27 Zach Davies 32 Jeremy Jeffress 33 Xavier Cedeño 35 Brent Suter 37 Adrian Houser 38 Dan Jennings 39 Corbin Burnes 41 Junior Guerra 43 Matt Albers 45 Jhoulys Chacín 46 Corey Knebel 50 Jacob Barnes 51 Freddy Peralta 52 Jimmy Nelson 53 Brandon Woodruff 54 Taylor Williams 56 Aaron Wilkerson 57 Chase Anderson 66 Mauricio Dubón 71 Josh Hader 73 Marcos Diplan -- Tyrone Taylor Coaching staff Manager 30 Craig Counsell Bench 49 Pat Murphy First base 31 Carlos Subero Third base 0 Ed Sedar Hitting 11 Darnell Coles Pitching 36 Derek Johnson Assistant hitting 40 Jason Lane Bullpen 58 Lee Tunnell Bullpen catcher 55 Marcus Hanel Bullpen catcher -- Robinzon Díaz Minnesota Twins current roster Active roster 8 Zack Granite 11 Jorge Polanco 12 Jake Odorizzi 15 Jason Castro 16 Ehire Adrianza 17 José Berríos 20 Eddie Rosario 21 Tyler Duffey 22 Miguel Sanó 23 Mitch Garver 25 Byron Buxton 26 Max Kepler 27 John Curtiss 31 Tyler Austin 32 Oliver Drake 35 Michael Pineda 36 Robbie Grossman 39 Trevor Hildenberger 43 Addison Reed 44 Kyle Gibson 49 Adalberto Mejía 50 Aaron Slegers 51 Johnny Field 52 Zack Littell 53 Kohl Stewart 55 Taylor Rogers 58 Gabriel Moya 59 Stephen Gonsalves 60 Jake Cave 61 Chase De Jong 62 Andrew Vasquez 64 Willians Astudillo 65 Trevor May 67 Alan Busenitz 68 Matt Magill 71 Lewis Thorpe 77 Fernando Romero Coaching staff Manager 5 Rocco Baldelli Bench 9 Derek Shelton First base 37 Jeff Smith Third base 13 Gene Glynn Hitting 33 James Rowson Pitching 41 Garvin Alston Assistant hitting 63 Rudy Hernández Coach 30 Jeff Pickler Bullpen 18 Eddie Guardado Bullpen catcher 75 Nate Dammann New York Mets current roster Active roster 1 Amed Rosario 2 Gavin Cecchini 3 Tomás Nido 4 Wilmer Flores 5 David Wright 9 Brandon Nimmo 12 Juan Lagares 15 Luis Guillorme 18 Travis d'Arnaud 19 Jay Bruce 21 Todd Frazier 22 Dominic Smith 26 Kevin Plawecki 28 Phillip Evans 30 Michael Conforto 32 Steven Matz 34 Noah Syndergaard 35 Jacob Rhame 38 Anthony Swarzak 40 Jason Vargas 43 Jamie Callahan 45 Zack Wheeler 46 Gerson Bautista 47 Drew Gagnon 48 Jacob deGrom 49 Tyler Bashlor 50 Rafael Montero 51 Paul Sewald 52 Yoenis Céspedes 54 T.J. Rivera 55 Corey Oswalt 60 P.J. Conlon 61 Bobby Wahl 62 Drew Smith 63 Tim Peterson 64 Chris Flexen 65 Robert Gsellman 67 Seth Lugo 68 Jeff McNeil 70 Eric Hanhold 72 Jack Reinheimer 73 Daniel Zamora -- Franklyn Kilome Coaching staff Manager 36 Mickey Callaway Bench 10 Gary DiSarcina First base 20 Rubén Amaro Jr . Third base / Catching instructor 53 Glenn Sherlock Hitting 6 Pat Roessler Asst . hitting 56 Tom Slater Pitching 58 Dave Eiland Bullpen 25 Ricky Bones Bullpen catcher 78 Eric Langill Bullpen catcher 58 Dave Racaniello New York Yankees current roster Active roster 11 Brett Gardner 12 Tyler Wade 18 Didi Gregorius 19 Masahiro Tanaka 22 Jacoby Ellsbury 24 Gary Sánchez 25 Gleyber Torres 27 Giancarlo Stanton 28 Austin Romine 31 Aaron Hicks 33 Greg Bird 38 Jonathan Loáisiga 40 Luis Severino 41 Miguel Andújar 43 Chance Adams 45 Luke Voit 47 Jordan Montgomery 48 Tommy Kahnle 54 Aroldis Chapman 55 Sonny Gray 56 Jonathan Holder 57 Chad Green 61 Justus Sheffield 65 Domingo Germán 66 Kyle Higashioka 67 A.J. Cole 68 Dellin Betances 70 Domingo Acevedo 71 Stephen Tarpley 74 Ronald Torreyes 77 Clint Frazier 85 Luis Cessa 87 Albert Abreu 90 Thairo Estrada 99 Aaron Judge -- Ben Heller Coaching staff Manager 17 Aaron Boone Bench 59 Josh Bard First base 50 Reggie Willits Third base 35 Phil Nevin Hitting 62 Marcus Thames Pitching 58 Larry Rothschild Bullpen 60 Mike Harkey Assistant hitting 63 P.J. Pilittere Quality control 64 Carlos Mendoza Catching -- Jason Brown Oakland Athletics current roster Active roster 1 Franklin Barreto 2 Khris Davis 10 Marcus Semien 11 Dustin Fowler 15 Emilio Pagan 16 Liam Hendriks 18 Chad Pinder 19 Josh Phegley 20 Mark Canha 22 Ramón Laureano 25 Stephen Piscotty 26 Matt Chapman 28 Matt Olson 33 Daniel Mengden 35 Aaron Brooks 36 Yusmeiro Petit 38 Nick Martini 39 Blake Treinen 40 Chris Bassitt 45 Jharel Cotton 46 Beau Taylor 47 Frankie Montas 48 Daniel Gossett 49 Kendall Graveman 50 Mike Fiers 52 Ryan Buchter 55 Sean Manaea 56 Fernando Rodney 57 J.B. Wendelken 58 Paul Blackburn 60 Andrew Triggs 61 Cory Gearrin 62 Lou Trivino 66 Ryan Dull -- Jorge Mateo Coaching staff Manager 6 Bob Melvin Bench 29 Ryan Christenson First base 41 Al Pedrique Third base 4 Matt Williams Hitting 51 Darren Bush Pitching 14 Scott Emerson Bullpen 59 Marcus Jensen Assistant hitting 17 Mike Aldrete Quality control 7 Mark Kotsay Bullpen catcher 88 Philip Pohl Bullpen catcher 90 Jeremy Dowdy Philadelphia Phillies current roster Active roster 2 J.P. Crawford 4 Scott Kingery 5 Nick Williams 7 Maikel Franco 15 Andrew Knapp 16 César Hernández 17 Rhys Hoskins 18 Pedro Florimón 23 Aaron Altherr 24 Roman Quinn 25 Dylan Cozens 27 Aaron Nola 28 Vince Velasquez 29 Mitch Walding 33 Justin Bour 37 Odúbel Herrera 38 Jorge Alfaro 41 Carlos Santana 43 Nick Pivetta 46 Adam Morgan 48 Jerad Eickhoff 49 Jake Arrieta 50 Héctor Neris 51 Enyel De Los Santos 53 Yacksel Ríos 54 Austin Davis 55 Ranger Suárez 56 Zach Eflin 57 Luis García 58 Seranthony Domínguez 61 Edubray Ramos 63 Drew Anderson 64 Víctor Arano 70 Luis Avilán 93 Pat Neshek 96 Tommy Hunter Coaching staff Manager 22 Gabe Kapler Bench 59 Rob Thomson First base 3 Jose Flores Third base 62 Dusty Wathan Hitting 8 John Mallee Pitching 39 Rick Kranitz Assistant Hitting 13 Pedro Guerrero Assistant Pitching 45 Chris Young Bullpen 35 Jim Gott Bullpen catcher 81 Jesús Tiamo Bullpen catcher 82 Bob Stumpo Pittsburgh Pirates current roster Active roster 5 Josh Harrison 6 Starling Marte 12 Corey Dickerson 15 Pablo Reyes 16 Jung - ho Kang 19 Colin Moran 24 Chris Archer 25 Gregory Polanco 26 Adam Frazier 27 Kevin Newman 29 Francisco Cervelli 30 Kyle Crick 32 Elías Díaz 34 Trevor Williams 35 Keone Kela 36 José Osuna 37 Edgar Santana 38 Max Moroff 39 Chad Kuhl 43 Steven Brault 44 Kevin Kramer 45 Michael Feliz 46 Iván Nova 47 Jordan Luplow 48 Richard Rodríguez 49 Nick Kingham 50 Jameson Taillon 51 Alex McRae 52 Tanner Anderson 55 Josh Bell 57 Nick Burdi 58 Jacob Stallings 59 Joe Musgrove 63 Ryan Lavarnway 66 Dovydas Neverauskas 68 Clay Holmes 73 Felipe Vázquez 76 Darío Agrazal 77 Luis Escobar -- Jesús Liranzo Coaching staff Manager 13 Clint Hurdle Hitting -- Vacant Bench 14 Tom Prince First base 18 Kimera Bartee Third base 28 Joey Cora Pitching 54 Ray Searage Bullpen 56 Euclides Rojas Assistant hitting -- Vacant Coach 85 Dave Jauss Bullpen catcher 86 Heberto Andrade Assistant pitching 87 Justin Meccage Bullpen catcher 89 Jordan Comadena St. Louis Cardinals current roster Active roster 3 Jedd Gyorko 4 Yadier Molina 7 Luke Weaver 12 Paul DeJong 13 Matt Carpenter 16 Kolten Wong 18 Carlos Martínez 19 Carson Kelly 21 Patrick Wisdom 23 Marcell Ozuna 25 Dexter Fowler 27 Brett Cecil 28 Adolis García 29 Alex Reyes 30 Tyler Webb 32 Jack Flaherty 34 Yairo Muñoz 35 Greg Garcia 38 José Martínez 39 Miles Mikolas 40 Chasen Shreve 41 Tyler O'Neill 43 Dakota Hudson 44 Luke Gregerson 46 Francisco Peña 48 Harrison Bader 49 Jordan Hicks 50 Adam Wainwright 52 Michael Wacha 53 John Gant 55 Dominic Leone 59 Mike Mayers 60 John Brebbia 62 Daniel Poncedeleon 63 Edmundo Sosa 65 Giovanny Gallegos 67 Matt Bowman 68 Austin Gomber 71 Derian González 90 Conner Greene -- Justin Williams Coaching staff Manager 8 Mike Shildt Third base 11 José Oquendo Pitching 31 Mike Maddux Hitting -- Jeff Albert First base 37 Oliver Marmol Coach 51 Willie McGee Batting 58 Mark Budaska Bullpen 72 Bryan Eversgerd Bench 75 Ron Warner Bullpen catcher 76 Kleininger Teran Bullpen catcher 94 Jamie Pogue San Diego Padres current roster Active roster 0 Raffy Lopez 2 José Pirela 3 Clayton Richard 4 Wil Myers 7 Manuel Margot 8 Javy Guerra 9 Luis Urías 10 Hunter Renfroe 15 Cory Spangenberg 16 Travis Jankowski 18 Austin Hedges 20 Carlos Asuaje 21 Luis Torrens 22 Christian Villanueva 24 Alex Dickerson 27 Francisco Mejía 29 Colin Rea 30 Eric Hosmer 32 Franmil Reyes 33 Franchy Cordero 34 Craig Stammen 37 Joey Lucchesi 39 Kirby Yates 40 Rowan Wick 41 Robbie Erlin 43 Miguel Díaz 46 Eric Lauer 50 Bryan Mitchell 53 Kazuhisa Makita 54 Colten Brewer 55 Matt Strahm 57 Brad Wieck 58 Trey Wingenter 60 Brett Kennedy 61 Luis Perdomo 62 Walker Lockett 63 Jacob Nix 64 Dinelson Lamet 65 José Castillo 66 Robert Stock 88 Phil Maton -- Allen Córdoba Coaching staff Manager 14 Andy Green Pitching 36 Darren Balsley Hitting 47 Matt Stairs Bench 25 Mark McGwire First base 5 Skip Schumaker Third base 26 Glenn Hoffman Assistant hitting 28 Johnny Washington Infield 1 Josh Johnson Bullpen 45 Doug Bochtler Bullpen catcher 48 Justin Hatcher Bullpen catcher 81 Griffin Benedict San Francisco Giants current roster Active roster 6 Steven Duggar 7 Gorkys Hernández 9 Brandon Belt 10 Evan Longoria 12 Joe Panik 13 Will Smith 14 Ryder Jones 16 Aramis Garcia 19 Alen Hanson 26 Chris Shaw 28 Buster Posey 29 Jeff Samardzija 32 Steven Okert 34 Chris Stratton 35 Brandon Crawford 38 Tyler Beede 40 Madison Bumgarner 41 Mark Melancon 46 Abiatal Avelino 47 Johnny Cueto 48 Pablo Sandoval 49 Sam Dyson 50 Ty Blach 51 Mac Williamson 53 Austin Slater 54 Reyes Moronta 56 Tony Watson 57 Dereck Rodríguez 58 Pierce Johnson 59 Andrew Suarez 60 Hunter Strickland 61 Josh Osich 62 Ray Black 64 Derek Law 70 Julián Fernández 86 Chase Johnson Coaching Staff Manager 15 Bruce Bochy Bench 31 Hensley Meulens First base 17 José Alguacil Third base 23 Ron Wotus Hitting 33 Alonzo Powell Assistant hitting 39 Rick Schu Pitching 43 Curt Young Bullpen 77 Matt Herges Bullpen catcher 88 Eli Whiteside Bullpen catcher 99 Taira Uematsu Special assistant 91 Chad Chop Special assistant 21 Shawon Dunston Seattle Mariners current roster Active roster 2 Jean Segura 3 Mike Zunino 4 Denard Span 5 Guillermo Heredia 8 Mike Leake 9 Dee Gordon 12 Juan Nicasio 15 Kyle Seager 16 Ben Gamel 17 Mitch Haniger 20 Dan Vogelbach 22 Robinson Canó 26 Chris Herrmann 27 Ryon Healy 31 Erasmo Ramirez 32 Marco Gonzales 34 Félix Hernández 36 David Freitas 37 Shawn Armstrong 39 Edwin Díaz 44 Max Povse 45 Kristopher Negrón 46 Ryan Cook 47 James Pazos 48 Álex Colomé 49 Wade LeBlanc 50 Nick Vincent 52 Nick Rumbelow 53 Dan Altavilla 55 Roenis Elías 57 Justin Grimm 60 Chasen Bradford 61 Casey Lawrence 62 Sam Tuivailala 65 James Paxton 67 Matt Festa Coaching staff Manager 29 Scott Servais Bench 14 Manny Acta First base 13 Chris Prieto Third base 28 Scott Brosius Hitting Vacant Pitching Vacant Bullpen 40 Brian DeLunas Bullpen catcher 66 Fleming Baez Assistant coach 38 Jim Brower Tampa Bay Rays current roster Active roster 0 Mallex Smith 1 Willy Adames 4 Blake Snell 5 Matt Duffy 9 Jake Bauers 11 Andrew Velazquez 17 Austin Meadows 18 Joey Wendle 19 Nick Ciuffo 20 Tyler Glasnow 21 Christian Arroyo 26 Ji - man Choi 28 Daniel Robertson 29 Tommy Pham 31 Adam Moore 34 Jake Faria 35 Brandon Lowe 36 Andrew Kittredge 38 Vidal Nuño 39 Kevin Kiermaier 43 Michael Perez 44 C.J. Cron 45 Jesús Sucre 46 José Alvarado 48 Ryan Yarbrough 50 Austin Pruitt 52 Chaz Roe 53 Anthony Banda 55 Ryne Stanek 56 Adam Kolarek 57 Jaime Schultz 58 Chih - Wei Hu 59 Brent Honeywell 60 Hoby Milner 61 Hunter Wood 62 Wilmer Font 63 Diego Castillo 65 José Mujica 68 Jalen Beeks 72 Yonny Chirinos 87 José De León -- Andrew Moore Coaching staff Manager 16 Kevin Cash Bench Vacant First base 30 Ozzie Timmons Third base 33 Matt Quatraro Major league field coordinator Vacant Hitting 51 Chad Mottola Bullpen 41 Stan Boroski Pitching 23 Kyle Snyder Bullpen catcher 77 Scott Cursi Bullpen catcher 99 Misha Dworken Texas Rangers current roster Active roster 1 Elvis Andrus 2 Hanser Alberto 3 Delino DeShields Jr . 5 Willie Calhoun 9 Isiah Kiner - Falefa 12 Rougned Odor 13 Joey Gallo 15 Carlos Tocci 16 Ryan Rua 17 Shin - Soo Choo 18 Drew Robinson 19 Jurickson Profar 30 Nomar Mazara 31 Chris Martin 32 Eddie Butler 33 Martín Pérez 36 Mike Minor 38 Doug Fister 44 Brandon Mann 45 Nick Gardewine 47 Clayton Blackburn 50 Zac Curtis 51 Matt Bush 52 Adrian Sampson 54 Jeffrey Springs 55 Matt Moore 56 Austin Bibens - Dirkx 57 Ariel Jurado 58 Alex Claudio 59 Connor Sadzeck 60 Carlos Pérez 61 Robinson Chirinos 62 José Leclerc 63 Ronald Herrera 64 C.D. Pelham 65 Yohander Méndez 67 Ronald Guzmán 68 Ricardo Rodríguez 71 Jose Trevino 72 Jonathan Hernández 74 Brett Martin 75 Joe Palumbo Coaching staff Manager -- Vacant First base 22 Steve Buechele Third base 27 Tony Beasley Hitting -- Vacant Assistant hitting Vacant Pitching 46 Doug Brocail Assistant pitching 39 Dan Warthen Bullpen 4 Héctor Ortiz Bullpen catcher 66 Josh Frasier Toronto Blue Jays current roster Active roster 1 Aledmys Díaz 2 Troy Tulowitzki 6 Marcus Stroman 7 Richard Ureña 8 Kendrys Morales 9 Danny Jansen 10 Brandon Drury 11 Kevin Pillar 13 Lourdes Gurriel Jr . 14 Justin Smoak 15 Randal Grichuk 21 Luke Maile 22 David Paulino 23 Dalton Pompey 24 Danny Barnes 26 Yangervis Solarte 27 Dwight Smith Jr . 28 Billy McKinney 29 Devon Travis 30 Anthony Alford 31 Joe Biagini 37 Teoscar Hernández 39 Jake Petricka 41 Aaron Sanchez 43 Sam Gaviglio 45 Thomas Pannone 50 José Fernández 51 Ken Giles 52 Ryan Tepera 54 Sean Reid - Foley 55 Russell Martin 56 Ryan Borucki 58 Tim Mayza 59 Rhiner Cruz 62 Mark Leiter Jr . 65 Taylor Guerrieri 66 Justin Shafer 67 Jonathan Davis 68 Rowdy Tellez 70 Reese McGuire -- Julian Merryweather Coaching staff Manager 25 Charlie Montoyo Hitting 17 Brook Jacoby Pitching 40 Pete Walker First base 34 Tim Leiper Third base 4 Luis Rivera Bench 16 DeMarlo Hale Bullpen 35 Dane Johnson Bullpen catcher 60 Alex Andreopoulos Bullpen catcher 63 Jason Phillips Quality control 53 Mike Mordecai Washington Nationals current roster Active roster 1 Wilmer Difo 2 Adam Eaton 3 Michael A. Taylor 5 Adrián Sánchez 6 Anthony Rendon 7 Trea Turner 11 Ryan Zimmerman 12 Howie Kendrick 16 Víctor Robles 19 Matt Reynolds 22 Juan Soto 23 Erick Fedde 26 Trevor Gott 29 Pedro Severino 30 Koda Glover 31 Max Scherzer 33 Matt Grace 36 Sammy Solís 37 Stephen Strasburg 41 Joe Ross 45 Andrew Stevenson 50 Austin Voth 51 Wander Suero 52 Jimmy Cordero 53 Austen Williams 57 Tanner Roark 60 Justin Miller 61 Kyle McGowin 62 Sean Doolittle 64 Spencer Kieboom 66 Jhonatan Solano 68 Jefry Rodríguez -- Austin L. Adams -- Kyle Barraclough -- Raudy Read Coaching staff Manager 4 Dave Martinez Bench 10 Chip Hale First base 24 Tim Bogar Third base 13 Bob Henley Hitting 54 Kevin Long Assistant Hitting 25 Joe Dillon Pitching 38 Derek Lilliquist Bullpen 35 Henry Blanco Major League Baseball all - time rosters American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Defunct teams National League Baltimore Orioles ( 19th century ) Buffalo Bisons Cincinnati Reds ( 1876 -- 80 ) Cleveland Blues Cleveland Spiders Detroit Wolverines Hartford Dark Blues Indianapolis Blues Indianapolis Hoosiers ( NL ) Kansas City Cowboys ( NL ) Louisville Colonels Louisville Grays Milwaukee Grays New York Mutuals Philadelphia Athletics Providence Grays St. Louis Brown Stockings Syracuse Stars ( NL ) Troy Trojans Washington Nationals ( 1886 -- 89 ) Washington Senators ( 1891 -- 99 ) Worcester Worcesters American Association Boston Reds ( AA ) Cincinnati Kelly 's Killers Columbus Buckeyes Columbus Solons Indianapolis Hoosiers ( AA ) Kansas City Cowboys Milwaukee Brewers ( AA ) New York Metropolitans Philadelphia Athletics ( 1882 -- 1890 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1891 ) Richmond Virginians Rochester Broncos Syracuse Stars Toledo Blue Stockings Toledo Maumees Washington Nationals ( AA ) Union Association Altoona Mountain City Baltimore Monumentals Boston Reds ( UA ) Chicago Browns / Pittsburgh Stogies Cincinnati Outlaw Reds Kansas City Cowboys ( UA ) Milwaukee Brewers ( UA ) Philadelphia Keystones St. Louis Maroons St. Paul Saints Washington Nationals Wilmington Quicksteps Players ' League Boston Reds ( PL ) Brooklyn Ward 's Wonders Buffalo Bisons ( PL ) Chicago Pirates Cleveland Infants New York Giants ( PL ) Philadelphia Athletics ( PL ) Pittsburgh Burghers Federal League Baltimore Terrapins Brooklyn Tip - Tops Buffalo Blues Chicago Whales Indianapolis Hoosiers / Newark Pepper Kansas City Packers Pittsburgh Rebels St. Louis Terriers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_rosters&oldid=866213636 '' Categories : Major League Baseball team rosters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 00 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how many players on the mlb playoff roster	[ "A postseason roster takes effect only if a team clinches a playoff berth. Players who are part of the team's final roster at the end of the regular season are eligible to participate in the postseason. Any player who has been traded from a different team, spent time in the Minor Leagues, or signed later in the season with the team (no later than August 31) is eligible to participate in the postseason. A postseason roster is allowed up to 25 active players. Other players who are not on the 25-man active roster will be assigned to the postseason secondary squad. Players who are on the disabled list or any other non-active transaction by the end of the regular season will have their transactions passed on in the postseason. Rosters for a series are set at the beginning of the series and no changes to the 25-man active roster are allowed except when a player is moved to the disabled list or any other inactive transaction. If a player is moved to the disabled list or another inactive transaction during a series, he then becomes ineligible to be returned to the 25-man active roster for the remainder of the series as well as the next series if applicable. If any player goes on any inactive transaction, any player from the 40-man roster can be promoted to the 25-man active roster for the remainder of the series if applicable.[3]\n" ]	[ "25 active players" ]
-4203584219889085085	Temperance movement	Temperance movement - Wikipedia Temperance movement 19th - and 20th - century global social movement This article is about the social movement . For the blues rock band , see The Temperance Movement ( band ) . The Drunkard 's Progress : by Nathaniel Currier 1846 , warns that moderate drinking leads , step - by - step , to total disaster . The temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages . Participants in the movement typically criticize alcohol intoxication or promote complete abstinence ( teetotalism ) , leaders emphasizing the sinfulness of drinking as well as the evil effects on personality , family life . Typically the movement demands new laws against the selling of alcohols , or to regulate the availability of alcohol , or completely prohibit it . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , the Temperance Movement became prominent in many countries , particularly English - speaking and Scandinavian ones , and it led to Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933 . Contents 1 Context 2 History 2.1 Origins ( pre-1820 ) 2.2 Promoting moderation ( 1820s -- ' 30s ) 2.2. 1 Latter Day Saints 2.2. 2 Millerites and Seventh - day Adventists 2.3 Teetotalism ( 1830s ) 2.4 Growing radicalism and influence ( 1840s -- ' 50s ) 2.4. 1 The Washingtonian movement 2.4. 2 Gospel temperance 2.5 Transition to a mass movement ( 1860s -- 1900s ) 2.6 Legislative successes and failures ( 1910s ) 2.7 Decline ( 1920s -- ' 60s ) 2.8 1960s -- present 3 Beliefs , principles and culture 3.1 Prevention , treatment and restriction 3.2 Role of women 3.3 Other causes 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Context In the late - seventeenth century , alcohol was a vital part of colonial life as a beverage , medicine , and commodity for men , women , and children . Drinking was widely accepted and completely integrated in society ; however , drunkenness was not . Despite that , drunkenness was common and not often seen as a social problem . The attitudes towards alcohol began to change in the late eighteenth century . One of the reasons for the shifting attitudes was the necessity for sober laborers to operate heavy machinery that had been developed as a result of the Industrial Revolution . Anthony Benezet suggested abstinence from alcohol in 1775 . As early as the 1790s , physician Benjamin Rush researched the danger that drinking alcohol could lead to disease that leads to a lack of self - control and he cited abstinence as the only treatment option . Rush saw benefits in fermented drinks , but condemned the use of distilled spirits . As well as addiction , Rush noticed the correlation that drunkenness had with disease , death , suicide and crime . After the American Revolution , Rush called upon ministers of various churches to act in preaching the messages of temperance . However , abstinence messages were largely ignored by Americans until the 1820s . History Further information : Temperance movement in Australia , Temperance movement in India , Temperance movement in Ireland , Temperance movement in New Zealand , Temperance movement in Sri Lanka , Temperance movement in the United Kingdom , and Temperance movement in the United States Origins ( pre-1820 ) In the eighteenth century , there was a `` Gin Craze '' in the Kingdom of Great Britain . The bourgeoisie became increasingly critical of the widespread drunkenness among the lower classes . Motivated by the bourgeoisie 's desire for order , and amplified by the population growth in the cities , the drinking of gin became the subject of critical national debate . In the early nineteenth - century United States , alcohol was still regarded as a necessary part of the American diet for both practical and social reasons . On the one hand , water supplies were often polluted , milk was not always available , and coffee and tea was expensive . On the other hand , social construct of the time made it impolite for people ( particularly men ) to refuse alcohol . Drunkenness was not a problem , because people would only drink small amounts of alcohol throughout the day , but at the turn of the nineteenth - century , overindulgence and subsequent intoxication became an issue that led to the disintegration of the family . Early temperance societies often associated with churches were located in upstate New York and New England , but only lasted a few years . These early temperance societies called for moderate drinking , but had little influence outside of their geographical areas . In 1743 , John Wesley , the founder of the Methodist Churches , proclaimed `` that buying , selling , and drinking of liquor , unless absolutely necessary , were evils to be avoided '' . In 1810 , Calvinist ministers met with a seminary in Massachusetts to write articles about abstinence from alcohol to use in preaching to their congregations . The Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance ( MSSI ) was formed in 1813 . The organization only accepted men of high social standing and encouraged moderation in alcohol consumption . Its peak of influence was in 1818 , but the MSSI ended in 1820 and made no significant mark on the future of the temperance movement . Other small temperance societies appear in the 1810s , but had little impact outside their immediate regions and they disbanded soon after . Their methods had little effect in implementing temperance and drinking actually increased until after 1830 ; however , their methods of public pledges and meetings as well as handing out pamphlets were implemented by more lasting temperance societies such as the American Temperance Society . Promoting moderation ( 1820s -- ' 30s ) This is the songbook used at the Women 's Temperance Organization from Wilkinsburg , Pennsylvania The temperance movement began at a national level in the 1820s , having been popularized by evangelical temperance reformers and among the middle classes . There was a concentration on advice against hard spirits rather than on abstinence from all alcohol and on moral reform rather than legal measures against alcohol . An early temperance movement began during the American Revolution in Connecticut , Virginia and New York state , with farmers forming associations to ban whiskey distilling . The movement spread to eight states , advocating temperance rather than abstinence and taking positions on religious issues such as observance of the Sabbath . After the American Revolution there was a new emphasis on good citizenship for the new republic . With the Evangelical Protestant religious revival of the 1820s and ' 30s , called the Second Great Awakening , social movements began aiming for a perfect society . This included abolitionism and temperance . The Awakening brought with it an optimism about moral reform , achieved through volunteer organizations . Although the temperance movement was nonsectarian in principle , the movement consisted mostly of church - goers . The temperance movement promoted temperance and emphasized the moral , economical and medical effects of overindulgence . Connecticut born minister Lyman Beecher published a book in 1826 called Six Sermons on ... Intemperance . Beecher described inebriation as a `` national sin '' as well as suggesting legislation to prohibit the sales of alcohol . He believed that it was only possible for drinkers to reform in the early stages of addiction , because anyone in advanced stages of addiction , according to Beecher , had damaged their morality and could not be saved . Early temperance reformers often viewed drunkards as warnings rather than as victims of a disease , leaving the state to take care of them and their conduct . In the same year , the American Temperance Society ( ATS ) was formed in Boston , Massachusetts , within 12 years claiming more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,250,000 members. Presbyterian preacher Charles Grandison Finney , taught abstinence from ardent spirits . In the Rochester , New York revival of 1831 , individuals were required to sign a temperance pledge in order to receive salvation . Finney believed and taught that the body represented the `` temple of God '' and anything that would harm the `` temple '' including alcohol , must be avoided . By 1833 , several thousand groups similar to the ATS were formed in most states . In some of the large communities , temperance almanacs were released which gave information about planting and harvesting as well as current information about the temperance issues . Temperance societies were being organized in England about the same time , many inspired by a Belfast professor of theology , and Presbyterian Church of Ireland Minister John Edgar , who poured his stock of whiskey out of his window in 1829 . He mainly concentrated his fire on the elimination of spirits rather than wine and beer . On August 14 , 1829 he wrote a letter in the Belfast Telegraph publicizing his views on temperance . He also formed the Ulster Temperance Movement with other Presbyterian clergy , initially enduring ridicule from members of his community . The 1830s saw a tremendous growth in temperance groups , not just in England and the United States , but also in British colonies , especially New Zealand and Australia . Out of the religious revival and reform appeared Mormonism and Seventh - day Adventism , new Christian denominations that established criteria for healthy living as a part of their religious teachings , namely temperance . Latter day Saints The Word of Wisdom is a health code followed by the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints and other Latter Day Saint denominations which advises how to maintain good health : what one should do and what one should abstain from . One of the most prominent items in the Word of Wisdom is the complete abstinence from alcohol . When the Word of Wisdom was written , the Latter Day Saints were residing in Kirtland , Ohio and the Kirtland Temperance Society was organized on October 6 , 1830 with 239 members . According to some scholars , the Word of Wisdom was influenced by the temperance movement . In June 1830 , the Millenial Harbinger quoted from a book `` The Simplicity of Health '' which strongly condemned the use of alcohol , tobacco , and the untempered consumption of meat , similar to the provisions in the Word of Wisdom revealed three years later . This gave publicity to the movement and Temperance Societies began to form . On February 1 , 1833 , a few weeks before the Word of Wisdom came forth , all distilleries in the Kirtland area were shut down . During the early history of the Word of Wisdom , temperance and other items in the health code were seen more as wise recommendations than commandments . Although he advocated for temperance , Joseph Smith did not preach complete abstinence from alcohol . According to Paul H. Peterson and Ronald W. Walker , Joseph Smith did not enforce abstinence from alcohol because he believed it would threaten individual choice and agency as well as that forcing the Latter Day Saints to comply would cause separation in the Church . In Harry M. Beardsley 's book Joseph Smith and his Mormon Empire , Beardsley argues that some Mormon historians attempted to portray Joseph Smith as a teetotaler , but according to the testimonies of his contemporaries , Joseph Smith often drank alcohol in his own home or the homes of his friends in Kirtland . In Nauvoo , Illinois Smith was far less discreet with his drinking habits . However , at the end of the nineteenth century , second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Brigham Young said that the Saints could no longer justify disobeying the Word of Wisdom because of the way that it was originally presented . In 1921 , Heber J. Grant , then president of the LDS church , officially called on the Latter - day Saints to strictly adhere to the Word of Wisdom , including complete abstinence from alcohol . Millerites and Seventh - day adventists Founder of the Millerites , William Miller claimed that the Second Coming of Jesus Christ would be in 1843 and that anyone who drank alcohol would be unprepared for the Second Coming . After the Great Disappointment in 1843 , the Seventh - day Adventist denomination was formed by Ellen G. White and her husband , a preacher , James Springer White who did not use alcohol or tobacco . Ellen preached healthful living to her followers , without specifying abstinence from alcohol , as most of her followers were temperance followers , and that would have been implied . Teetotalism ( 1830s ) See also : Blue ribbon badge As a response to rising social problems in urbanized areas , a stricter form of temperance emerged called teetotalism , which promoted the complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages , this time including wine and beer , not just ardent spirits . The name `` teetotaler '' came from the capital `` T '' s that were written next to the names of people who pledged complete abstinence from alcohol . People were instructed to only drink pure water and the teetotalists were known as the `` pure - water army '' . In the US , the American Temperance Union advocated the total abstinence of distilled and fermented liquors . By 1835 , they had gained 1.5 million members . This created conflict between the teetotalists and the more moderate members of the ATS . Even though there were temperance societies in the South , as the movement became more closely tied with the abolitionist movement , people in the South created their own teetotal socities . Considering drinking was an important part of their cultures , German and Irish immigrants resisted the movement . In the UK , teetotalism originated in Preston , in 1833 . The Catholic temperance movement started in 1838 when the Irish priest Theobald Mathew established the Teetotal Abstinence Society in 1838 . In 1838 , the mass working class movement for universal suffrage for men , Chartism , included a current called `` temperance chartism '' . Faced with the refusal of the Parliament of the time to give the right to vote to working people , the temperance chartists saw the campaign against alcohol as a way of proving to the elites that working - class people were responsible enough to be granted the vote . In short , the 1830s was mostly characterized by moral persuasion of workers . Growing radicalism and influence ( 1840s -- ' 50s ) Sons of Temperance procession , Hill End , New South Wales , 1872 The Washingtonian movement In 1840 , a group of artisans in Baltimore , Maryland created their own temperance society that could appeal to hard - drinking men like themselves . Calling themselves the Washingtonians , they pledged complete abstinence , attempting to persuade others through their own experience with alcohol rather than relying on preaching and religious lectures . They argued that sympathy was an overlooked method for helping people with alcohol addictions , citing coercion as an ineffective method . For that reason , they did not support prohibitive legislation of alcohol . They were suspicious of the divisiveness of denominational religion and did not use religion in their discussions , emphasizing personal abstinence . They never set up national organizations , believing that concentration of power and distance from citizens causes corruption . Meetings were public and they encouraged equal participation , appealing to both men and women and northerners and southerners . Unlike early temperance reformers , the Washingtonians did not believe that intemperance destroyed a drinker 's morality . The worked on the platform that abstinence communities could be created through sympathizing with drunkards rather than ostracizing them through the belief that they are sinners or diseased . On February 22 , 1842 in Springfield , Illinois , while a member of the Illinois Legislature , Abraham Lincoln gave an address to the Springfield Washington Temperance Society on the 110th anniversary of the birth of George Washington . In the speech , Lincoln criticized early methods of the temperance movement as overly forceful and advocated reason as the solution to the problem of intemperance , praising the current temperance movement methods of the Washingtonian movement . By 1845 , the Washingtonian movement was no longer as prominent for three reasons . Firstly , the evangelist reformers attacked them for refusing to admit alcoholism was a sin . Secondly , the movement was criticized as unsuccessful due to the number of men who would go back to drinking . Finally , the movement was internally divided by differing views on prohibition legislation . Temperance fraternal societies such as the Sons of Temperance and the Good Samaritans took the place of the Washingtonian movement with largely similar views relating to helping alcoholics by way of sympathy and philanthropy . They , however , differed from the Washingtonians through their closed rather than public meetings , fines , and membership qualifications , believing their methods would be more effective in curbing men 's alcohol addictions . After the 1850s , the temperance movement was characterized more by prevention by means of prohibitions laws , than remedial efforts to facilitate the recovery of alcoholics . Gospel temperance By the mid-1850s , the United States was divided from differing views of slavery and prohibition laws and economic depression . This influenced the Third Great Awakening in the United States . The prayer meeting largely characterized this religious revival . Prayer meetings were devotional meetings run by laypeople rather than clergy and consisted of prayed and testimony by attendees . The meetings were held frequently and pledges of temperance were confessed . Prayer meetings and pledges characterized the post-Civil war `` gospel '' temperance movement . This movement was similar to early temperance movements in that drunkenness was seen as a sin ; however , public testimony was used to convert others and convince them to sign the pledge . New and revitalized organizations emerged including the Young Men 's Christian Association ( YMCA ) and the early Woman 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) . The movement relied on the reformed individuals using local evangelical resources to create institutions to reform drunk men . Reformed men in Massachusetts and Maine formed `` ribbon '' clubs to support men who were interested in stopping drinking . Ribbon reformers traveled throughout the Midwest forming clubs and sharing their experiences with others . Gospel rescue missions or inebriate homes were created that allowed homeless drunkards a safe place to reform and learn to practice total abstinence while receiving food and shelter . These movements emphasized sympathy over coercion , yet unlike the Washingtonian movements , emphasized helplessness as well with relief from their addictions as a result from seeking the grace of God . During the Victorian period , the temperance movement became more political , advocating the legal prohibition of all alcohol , rather than only calling for moderation . Proponents of temperance , teetotalism and prohibition came to be known as the `` drys '' . There was still a focus on the working class , but also their children . The Band of Hope was founded in 1847 in Leeds , UK , by the Reverend Jabez Tunnicliff . It aimed to save working class children from the drinking parents by teaching them the importance and principles of sobriety and teetotalism . In 1855 , a national organisation was formed amidst an explosion of Band of Hope work . Meetings were held in churches throughout the UK and included Christian teaching . The group campaigned politically for the curtailment of the influence of pubs and brewers . The organization became quite radical , organizing rallies , demonstrations and marches to influence as many people as possible to sign the pledge of allegiance to the society and to resolve to abstain `` from all liquors of an intoxicating quality , whether ale , porter , wine or spirits , except as medicine . '' In this period there was local success at restricting or banning the sale of alcohol in many parts of the United States . In 1838 , Massachusetts banned certain sales of spirits . The law was repealed two years later , but it set a precedent . In 1845 , Michigan allowed its municipalities to decide whether they were going to prohibit . In 1846 , a law was passed in Maine which was a full - fledged prohibition , and this was followed by bans in several other states in the next two decades . The movement became more effective , with alcohol consumption in the US being decreased by half between 1830 and 1840 . During this time , prohibition laws came into effect in twelve US states , such as Maine . Maine Law was passed in 1951 by the efforts of Neal Dow . Organized opposition caused five of these states to eliminate or weaken the laws . Transition to a mass movement ( 1860s -- 1900s ) A temperance fountain in Tompkins Square Park , New York City The Temperance movement was a significant mass movement at this time and encouraged a general abstinence from the consumption of alcohol . A general movement to build alternatives to replace the functions of public bars existed , so the Independent Order of Rechabites was formed in England , with a branch later opening in America as a friendly society that did not hold meetings in public bars . There was also a movement to introduce temperance fountains across the United States -- to provide people with reliably safe drinking water rather than saloon alcohol . The National Prohibition Party led by John Russell gradually became more popular , gaining more votes , as they felt that the existing Democrat and Republican parties did not do enough for the temperance cause . The party was associated with the Independent Order of Good Templars , which entertained a universalist orientation , being more open to blacks and repentant alcoholics than most other organizations . Reflecting the teaching on alcohol of their founder John Wesley , Methodist Churches were aligned with the temperance movement . In Great Britain , both Wesleyan Methodists and Primitive Methodists championed the cause of temperance ; the Methodist Board of Temperance , Prohibition , and Public Morals was later established in the United States to further the movement . In 1864 , the Salvation Army , another denomination in the Wesleyan - Arminian tradition , was founded in London with a heavy emphasis on both abstinence from alcohol and ministering to the working class , which led publicans to fund a Skeleton Army to disrupt their meetings . The Salvation Army quickly spread internationally , maintaining an emphasis on abstinence . Many of the most important prohibitionist groups , such as the avowedly prohibitionist United Kingdom Alliance ( 1853 ) and the US - based ( but international ) Woman 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ; 1873 ) , began in the latter half of the nineteenth century , the latter of which was the one of the largest women societies in the world at the time . But the largest and most radical international temperance organization was the Good Templars . In 1862 , the Soldiers Total Abstinence Association was founded in British India by Joseph Gelson Gregson , a Baptist missionary . In 1898 , the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association was formed by James Cullen , an Irish Catholic , which spread to other English - speaking Catholic communities . In 1870 , physicians created the American Association of the Cure of Inebrity ( AACI ) to treat alcohol addiction . The two goals of the organization were to convince the skeptical medical community of the existence and seriousness of the disease of alcoholism and to prove the efficacy of asylum treatments of alcoholics . They argued for more genetic causes of alcohol addictions . Treatment often included restraint of the patient while they reformed both physically and morally . The Anti-Saloon League was an organization that began in 1893 in Ohio . Reacting to urban growth , it was driven by evangelical Protestantism . Furthermore , the League was strongly supported by the WCTU : in some US states alcoholism had become epidemic and domestic violence rates were high . At the time , Americans drank about three times much as they did in the 2010s . The League campaigned for suffrage and temperance simultaneously , with leader Susan B. Anthony stating that `` The only hope of the Anti-Saloon League 's success lies in putting the ballot into the hands of women '' , i.e. it was expected that the first act that women were to take upon themselves after having obtained the right to vote , was to vote for an alcohol ban . Actions of the temperance movement were organizing sobriety lectures and setting up reform clubs for men and children . Some proponents also opened special temperance hotels and lunch wagons , and lobbied for banning liquor during prominent events . The Scientific Temperance Instruction Movement published textbooks , promoted alcohol education and held many lectures . Political action included lobbying local legislators and creating petition campaigns . This new trend of temperance movement would be the last but also prove the most effective . Scholars have estimated that by 1900 , one in ten Americans had signed a pledge to abstain from drinking , as the temperance movement became the most well - organized lobby group of the time . International conferences were held , in which temperance advocacy methods and policies were discussed . By the turn of the century , temperance societies became commonplace in the US . During this time , there was also a growth in non-religious temperance groups linked to left - wing movements , such as the Scottish Prohibition Party . Founded in 1901 , it went on to defeat Winston Churchill in Dundee in the 1922 general election . Legislative successes and failures ( 1910s ) A 1871 American advertisement promoting temperance , styled as a fictitious railroad advertisement A favorite goal of the British Temperance movement was to sharply reduce heavy drinking by closing as many pubs as possible . Advocates were Protestant nonconformists who played a major role in the Liberal Party . The Liberal Party adopted temperance platforms focused on local option . In 1908 , Prime Minister H.H. Asquith -- although a heavy drinker himself -- took the lead by proposing to close about a third of the 100,000 pubs in England and Wales , with the owners compensated through a new tax on surviving pubs . The brewers controlled the pubs and organized a stiff resistance , supported by the Conservatives , who repeatedly defeated the proposal in the House of Lords . However , the People 's Tax of 1910 included a stiff tax on pubs . The movement gained further traction during the First World War , with President Wilson issuing sharp restrictions on the sale of alcohol in many combatant countries . This was done to preserve grain for food production . During this time , prohibitionists used anti-German sentiment related to the war to rally against alcohol sales , since many brewers were of German - American descent . According to alcohol researcher Johan Edman , the first country to issue an alcohol prohibition was Russia , as part of war mobilization policies . This followed after Russia had made significant losses in the war against the sober Japanese in 1905 . In the UK , the Liberal government passed the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 when pub hours were licensed , beer was watered down and was subject to a penny a pint extra tax , and in 1916 a State Management Scheme meant that breweries and pubs in certain areas of Britain were nationalized , especially in places where armaments were made . In 1913 , the ASL began its efforts for national prohibition . Wayne Wheeler , a member of the Anti-Saloon League was integral in the prohibition movement in the United States . He used hard political persuasion called `` Wheelerism '' in the 1920s of legislative bodies . Rather than ask directly for a vote , which Wheeler viewed as weak , Wheeler would cover the desks of legislators in telegrams . He was also accomplished in rallying supporters ; the Cincinnati Enquirer called Wheeler `` the strongest political force of his day '' . His efforts specifically influenced the passing of the eighteenth - amendment . And in 1920 , the Eighteenth Amendment was successfully passed in the United States , introducing prohibition of the manufacture , sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages . The amendment , also called `` the noble experiment '' , was preceded by the National Prohibition Act , which stipulated how the federal government should enforce the amendment . National prohibition was proposed several times in New Zealand as well , and nearly successful . On a similar note , Australian states and New Zealand introduced restrictive early closing times for bars during and immediately after the First World War . In Canada , in 1916 the Ontario Temperance Act was passed , prohibiting the sales of alcoholic beverages with more than 2.5 % alcohol . In the 1920s imports of alcohol were cut off by provincial referendums . Norway introduced partial prohibition in 1917 , which became full prohibition through a referendum in 1919 , although this was overturned in 1926 . Similarly , Finland introduced prohibition in 1919 , but repealed it in 1932 after an upsurge in violent crime associated with criminal opportunism and the illegal liquor trade . Iceland introduced prohibition in 1915 , but liberalized consumption of spirits in 1933 , although beer was still illegal until 1989 . In the 1910s , half of the countries in the world had introduced some form of alcohol control in their laws or policies . Decline ( 1920s -- ' 60s ) In Pushkin , Saint Petersburg , a procession to promote temperance in front of the Tsarskoye Selo Railway station ( 1912 ) The temperance movement started to wane in the 1930s , with prohibition being criticised as creating unhealthy drinking habits , encouraging criminals and discouraging economic activity . Prohibition would not last long : the legislative tide largely moved away from prohibition when President Roosevelt made the decision to repeal prohibition on December 5 , 1933 . The gradual relaxation of licensing laws went on throughout the 20th century , with Mississippi being the last state to end prohibition in 1966 . In Australia , early hotel closing times were reverted in the 1950s and 1960s . Initially , prohibition had some positive effects in some states , with Ford reporting that absenteeism in his companies had decreased by half . Alcohol consumption decreased dramatically . Also , statistical analysis has shown that the temperance movement during this time had a positive , though moderate , effect on later adult educational outcomes through providing a healthy pre-natal environment . However , prohibition had negative effects on the American economy , with thousands of jobs being lost , the catering and entertainment industries losing huge profits . The US and other countries with prohibition saw their tax revenues decrease dramatically , with some estimating this at a loss of 11 billion dollars for the US . Furthermore , enforcement of the alcohol ban was an expensive undertaking for the government . Because the Eighteenth Amendment did not prohibit consumption , but only manufacture , distribution and sale , illegal consumption became commonplace . Illegal production of alcohol rose , and a thousand people per year died of alcohol that was illegally produced with little quality control . Bootlegging was a profitable activity for the mafia , and crime increased rather than decreased as expected and advocated by proponents . The temperance movement itself was in decline as well : fundamentalist and nativist groups had become dominant in the movement , which led moderate members to leave the movement . During this time , in former colonies ( such as Gujarat in India , Sri Lanka and Egypt ) , the temperance movement was associated with anti-colonialism or religious revival . 1960s -- present The temperance movement still exists in many parts of the world , although it is generally less politically influential than it was in the early 20th century . In youth culture in the 1990s , temperance was an important part of the straight edge scene , which also stressed abstinence from other drugs . Prominent temperance organizations active today include the World Woman 's Christian Temperance Union , International Blue Cross , White Ribbon Association , and International Organisation of Good Templars . The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Salvation Army , for example , are Christian Churches that continue to require that their members refrain from drinking alcohol as well as smoking , taking illegal drugs , and gambling . Fitzpatrick 's Herbal Health in Lancashire , England , is thought to be the last original Temperance Bar . Beliefs , principles and Culture Temperance proponents saw the alcohol problem as the most crucial problem of Western civilization . Alcoholism was seen to cause poverty , and all types of social problems : alcohol was the enemy of everything good that modernity and science had to offer . They believed that alcohol would help decrease crime , make families stronger , and improve society as a whole . Although the temperance movement was non-denominational in principle , the movement consisted mostly of church - goers . Temperance advocates tended to use scientific arguments to back up their views , although at the core the temperance philosophy was moral - religious in nature . The alcohol problem was connected with a sense of purpose and modernity of the western nation , and was largely international in nature , in keeping with the international optimism typical for the period preceding the First World War . Historical analysis of conference documents helps create an image of what the temperance movement stood for . The movement believed that alcohol abuse was a threat to scientific progress , as it was believed citizens had to be strong and sober to be ready for the modern age . Progressive themes and causes such as abolition , natural self - determination , worker 's rights , and the importance of women in rearing children to be good citizens were key themes of this citizenship ideology . The movement put itself at service of the state , but was also critical of it . In that sense , it was a radical movement with liberal and socialist aspects , although in some parts of the world , notably the US , allied with conservatism . Alcohol was often associated with oppression : not only oppression in the West , but also in colonies . Temperance advocates saw alcohol as a product that `` ... enables a few to become rich while it impoverishes the very many '' . Temperance advocates worked closely with the labor movement , as well as the women suffrage movement , partly because there was mutual support and benefit , and the causes were seen as connected . Prevention , treatment and restriction Temperance proponents used a variety of means to prevent and treat alcohol abuse and restrict its consumption . At the end of the nineteenth century , medically - oriented treatment of alcohol abuse became more common . In a trend that was preceded by Rush 's writings , alcoholism came to be seen as an illness which could be medically treated . Scientists who were temperance proponents attempted to find the underlying causes of alcohol abuse . At the same time , criticism rose toward use of alcohol in medical care . The notion of alcohol abuse as a disease would only become widely accepted much later , however , until after the Second World War . Nevertheless , restriction of consumption was most emphasized in the movement , though ideas on how to accomplish this were varied and conflicting . Apart from the prohibition by law , there were also ideas to establish state monopoly on all alcohol sales , or through law reform remove profit from the alcohol industry . During the 1900s decade , the ideal of strong citizens was further developed into the hygienism ideology . Through the influence of scientific theories on heredity , temperance proponents came to believe that alcohol problems were not just a personal concern , but would cause later generations of people to `` degenerate '' as well . Public hygiene and improving the population through personal lifestyle were therefore promoted . A variety of temperance halls and coffee palaces were established as replacements for bars . Numerous periodicals devoted to temperance were published and temperance theatre , which had started in the 1820s , became an important part of the American cultural landscape at this time . The temperance movement generated its own popular culture . Popular songwriters such as Susan McFarland Parkhurst , George Frederick Root , Henry Clay Work and Stephen C. Foster composed a number of these songs . At temperance inns puppet plays , minstrel acts , parades and other shows were held . Role of women Much of the temperance movement was based on organized religion , which saw women as responsible for edifying their children to be abstaining citizens . Nevertheless , temperance was tied in with both religious renewal and progressive politics , particularly female suffrage Furthermore , temperance activists were able to promote suffrage more effectively than suffrage activists themselves , because of their wide - ranging experience as activists , and because they argued for a concrete aim of safety at home , rather than an abstract aim of justice as the suffragists did . By 1831 , there were over 24 women 's organizations dedicated to the temperance movement . Women were specifically drawn to the temperance movement , because it represented a fight to end a practice that greatly affected women 's quality of life . Temperance was seen as a feminine , religious and moral duty , and when achieved , it was seen as a way to gain familial and domestic security as well as salvation in a religious sense . Indeed , scholar Ruth Bordin stated that the temperance movement was `` the foremost example of American feminism . '' Prominent women such as Amelia Bloomer , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , and Susan B. Anthony were active in temperance and abolitionist movements in the 1840s . A myriad of factors contributed to women 's interest in the temperance movement . One of the initial contributions was the frequency in which women were victims of alcohol abuse . In a Chicago meeting of the National American Woman Suffrage Association , Susan B. Anthony stated that women suffer the most from drunkenness . The inability for women to control wages , vote , or own property added to a woman 's vulnerability . Another contribution was related to the role of women in the home in the nineteenth century which was largely to preside over the spiritual and physical needs of the home and the family . Because of this , women believed it was their duty to protect their families from the danger of alcohol and to convert their family members to the ideas of abstinence . This new found calling to temperance , however , did not change the widely held viewpoint at the time that women were only responsible for matters regarding their homes . Consequently , women had what Ruth Bordin referred to as the `` maternal struggle '' which was the internal contradiction women felt with the new power to make change they had discovered , but in still believing in their nurturing and domestic roles and they did not yet understand how to use their power . June Sochen called women who joined movements such as women 's temperance organizations `` pragmatic feminists '' , because they took action to solve their grievances , but were not interested in altering traditional sex roles . The missionary organizations of many Protestant denominations gave women avenue to work from ; there were already all - female missionary societies that were easily changed into women 's temperance organizations . In the 1870s and 1880s , the number of women in the middle and upper classes was large enough to support women participation in the temperance movement . Higher class women did not need to work and could rely on their husbands to support their families and consequently had more leisure time to engage in organizations and associations related to the temperance movement . The influx of Irish immigrants filled in the servant jobs left by freed African - Americans after the American Civil War , leaving upper and middle class women with even more time to participate in the community with domestic jobs being taken care of . Moreover , the birth rate had fallen , leaving women with an average of four children in 1880 as compared to seven children at the beginning of the nineteenth - century . The gathering of people in urban areas and the extra leisure time for women contributed to the mass female temperance movement . The Woman 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) grew out of a spontaneous crusade against saloons and liquor stores that began Ohio and spread throughout the Midwestern United States during the winter of 1873 - 1874 . The crusade consisted of over 32,000 women storming into saloons and liquor stores to disrupt business and stop the sales of alcohol . The WCTU was officially organized in late November of 1874 in Cleveland , Ohio . Frances Willard , the organization 's second president , helped grow the organization into the largest women 's religious organization in the 19th century . Willard was interested in suffrage and women 's rights as well as temperance , believing that temperance could improve the quality of life on a family and a community level . The WCTU trained women in skills such as public speaking , leadership , and political thinking , using temperance as a springboard to achieve a higher quality of life for women on many levels . In 1881 , the WCTU began to lobby for the mandation of instruction of temperance in public schools . In 1901 , schools were required to instruct students on temperance ideas , but were accused of perpetuating misinformation , fear mongering , and racist stereotypes . Carrie Nation was one of the most extremist temperance movement workers and was arrested 30 times for the destruction of property at bars , saloons , and even pharmacies , believing that even alcohol used for medicine was unjustified . At the approach of the 20th century , the temperance movement became more interested in legislative reform as the pressure from the Anti-Saloon League increased . Women , having not yet achieved suffrage became less central to the movement in the early 1900s . Other causes Prohibition agendas also became popular among factory owners , who strove for more efficiency during a period of increased industrialization . For this reason , industrial leaders such as Henry Ford and S.S. Kresge supported Prohibition . The cause of the sober factory worker was related to the cause of women temperance leaders : concerned mothers protested against the enslavement of factory workers , as well as the temptation saloons offered to these workers . Efficiency was also an important argument for the government , because they wanted their soldiers to be sober . At the end of the nineteenth century , temperance movement opponents started to criticize the slave trade in Africa . This came during the last period of rapid colonial expansion . Slavery and alcohol trade in colonies were seen as two closely related problems , described as `` the twin oppressors of the people '' . Again , this subject tied in with the ideas of civilization and effectiveness : temperance advocates raised the issue that the `` natives '' could not be properly `` civilized '' and put to work , if they were provided with the vice of alcohol . See also List of Temperance organizations Temperance songs War on Drugs Wedding of the Weddings in Poland Notes Jump up ^ Or , according to some scholars , in the 1790s . Jump up ^ One example was Benjamin Rush 's 1784 pamphlet An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind , which advocated total abstinence of distilled liquors . Jump up ^ Temperance movement focused on Catholics from Irish and German descent for their alleged preference for alcohol . Jump up ^ Referendums were held in 1911 ( 55.8 % for prohibition , 60 % needed ) , 1914 , 49 % in favour ( 50 % needed ) , 1919 49 % in favour ( 50 % needed ) . Jump up ^ The last Australian state to do so was South Australia in 1967 . Jump up ^ Taxes on alcohol was the major source of government funding in a time when the income tax had not yet been approved . Jump up ^ For example in Sydney , the Australian Home Companion and Band of Hope Journal was published between 1856 and 1861 . References ^ Jump up to : Blocker , Jack S. ( 1989 ) . American Temperance Movements : Cycles of Reform . Twayne Publishers . ^ Jump up to : Engs , Ruth Clifford ( 2000 ) . Clean Living Movements : American Cycles of Health Reform . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95994 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Chavigny , Katherine A. ( 2004 ) . `` Reforming Drunkards in Nineteenth - Century America : Religion , Medicine , Therapy '' . In Tracy , Sarah W. ; Acker , Caroline Jean . Altering American Consciousness : The History of Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States , 1800 -- 2000 . Amherst , MA : University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 425 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Norman H. ( 1976 ) . Deliver Us From Evil : An Interpretation of American Prohibition . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393091708 . Jump up ^ Yeomans , Henry ( 2014 ) . Alcohol and Moral Regulation : Public Attitudes , Spirited Measures and Victorian Hangovers . Policy Press . p. 37 . ISBN 9781447309932 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , William Henry ( 1984 ) . The Garden of American Methodism : The Delmarva Peninsula , 1769 - 1820 . Peninsula Conference of the United Methodist Church . p. 151 . ISBN 9780842022279 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hampel , Robert L. ( 1982 ) . Temperance and Prohibition in Massachusetts 1813 - 1852 . Ann Arbor , Michigan : UMI Research Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0835712915 . Jump up ^ Hanson , David J. `` Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance '' . Alcohol Problems and Solutions . Sociology Department : State University of New York . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prohibition '' . History.com . A + E Networks . 2009 . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benowitz , June Melby , ed. ( 2017 ) . `` Temperance Movement '' . Encyclopedia of American Women and Religion . 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 590 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4408 - 3987 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Fryer , Peter ( 1965 ) . Mrs Grundy : Studies in English Prudery . Corgi . pp. 141 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Misiroglu , Gina ( 2015 ) . `` Temperance Movement '' . American Countercultures : An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists , Alternative Lifestyles , and Radical Ideas in U.S. History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 47728 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Fahey , David M. ( 2015 ) , Temperance And Racism : John Bull , Johnny Reb , and the Good Templars , University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 6151 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Woodworth , Jed . `` The Word of Wisdom '' . Revelations in Context . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Cherrington , Ernest H. ( 1920 ) . The Evolution of Prohibition in the United States : A chronological history of the liquor problem and the temperance reform in the United States from the earliest settlements to the consummation of national prohibition . Westerville , Ohio : The American Issue Press . Jump up ^ John Edgar ; Samuel Edgar ; David M. Carson ; Richard Edgar ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Edgar Ministers in the Presbyterian Church in Ireland '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Brian ( 1971 ) . Drink & the Victorians , The Temperance Question in England 1815 -- 1872 . Faber and Faber . Jump up ^ Weston , pp. 74 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hempton , David ( 1992 ) . Evangelical Protestantism in Ulster society 1740 -- 1890 . Myrtle Hill . Jump up ^ A.H. McLintock ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` PROHIBITION : The Movement in New Zealand '' . The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carey , Jane . `` The National Woman 's Christian Temperance Union of Australia ( 1891 - ) '' . The Australian Women 's Register . Australian Women 's Archives Project . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Joseph Lynn Lyon ( 1992 ) . Ludlow , Daniel H. , ed . Encyclopedia of Mormonism ( Vol. 4 ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . pp. 1584 -- 1585 . ISBN 0028796055 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shupe , Paul ( 1983 ) . `` Indulging in Temperance : Prohibition and Political Activism in the RLDS Church '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Mormon History . 10 : 21 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Thomas G. ( Autumn 1981 ) . `` The Word of Wisdom : From Principle to Requirement '' ( PDF ) . Dialogue : A Journal of Mormon Thought. 14 ( 3 ) : 85 -- 86 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Arrington , Leonard J. ( Winter 1959 ) . `` An Economic Interpretation of the `` Word of Wisdom '' `` . BYU Studies . 1 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 49 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoskisson , Paul Y. ( Winter 2012 ) . `` The Word of Wisdom in its First Decade '' . Journal of Mormon History . 38 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 200 . JSTOR 23292682 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ronald W. ; Peterson , Paul H. ( 2003 ) . `` Brigham Young 's Word of Wisdom Legacy '' . BYU Studies Quarterly . 42 ( 3 - 4 ) : 29 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Beardsley , Harry M. ( 1931 ) . Joseph Smith and his Mormon Empire . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Riverside Press . pp. 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Word of Wisdom ' '' . The Latter Day Saints ' Millennial Star ( 47 ) . September 21 , 1885 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Snodgrass , Mary Ellen ( 2015 ) , `` Temperance Movement '' , The Civil War Era and Reconstruction : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural and Economic History , Routledge , pp. 600 -- 3 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 45791 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Pilgrims - The Irish - The Sandwich Islanders '' . The Sailor 's Magazine and Naval Journal . 15 : 270 -- 271 . 1843 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Road to Zion -- British Isles , BYU - TV ; `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2012 ) . `` Teetotal '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Theobald Mathew '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , John F. ( 2010 ) . `` Irish Immigrants and Radical Movements in the West of Scotland in the Early Nineteenth Century '' . The Innes Review . Edinburgh University Press . 39 ( 1 ) : 52 . doi : 10.3366 / inr. 1988.39. 1.46 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Robert ( 2015 ) . `` Artisans and proletarians : Chartism and working class allegiance in Aberdeen , 1838 -- 1842 '' . Northern Scotland . Edinburgh University Press . 4 ( 1 ) : 61 . doi : 10.3366 / nor. 1981.0006 . Jump up ^ `` To the working men of Great Britain '' . Chartist Circular . December 19 , 1840 . p. 1 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Edman , Johan ( September 2015 ) , `` Temperance and Modernity : Alcohol Consumption as a Collective Problem , 1885 -- 1913 '' , Journal of Social History , 49 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 52 , doi : 10.1093 / jsh / shv029 Jump up ^ Morel , Lucas E. ( 1999 ) . `` Lincoln among the Reformers : Tempering the Temperance Movement '' . Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association . 20 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 34 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Nick Brownlee ( 2002 ) This is Alcohol : 99 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , Mickey ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Dry Times : Looking Back 100 Years After Prohibition '' . Hour Detroit . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blocker Jr. , Jack S. ( 1989 ) . American Temperance Movements : Cycles of Reform . Boston : Twayne Publishers . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 0805797270 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 1996 -- 2009 ) . `` WCTU Drinking Fountains -- Then and Now '' . Woman 's Christian Temperance Union . Woman 's Christian Temperance Union . Archived from the original on 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Sigur E. ( 31 March 2011 ) . James Allison : A Biography of the Engine Manufacturer and Indianapolis 500 Cofounder . McFarland . p. 150 . ISBN 9780786486397 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wheeler , Henry ( 1882 ) . Methodism and the Temperance Reformation . Walden and Stowe . p. 278 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fowler , Robert Booth ( 4 April 2018 ) . Religion and Politics in America : Faith , Culture , and Strategic Choices . Taylor & Francis . p. 213 . ISBN 9780429972799 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hare , Chris ( 1988 ) . `` The Skeleton Army and the Bonfire Boys , Worthing , 1884 '' . Folklore. 99 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 231 . JSTOR 1260460 . ^ Jump up to : Blocker , Jack S. ; David , M. Fahey ; Tyrrell , Ian R. , eds. ( 2003 ) , Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History : An International Encyclopedia , p. 542 Jump up ^ Tyrrell , Ian . `` Ackermann , Jessie A. ( 1857 -- 1951 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keating , Joseph ( 1913 ) . `` Temperance Movements '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Lori ( September 12 , 2015 ) . Frances Willard and the Historic Link Between the 19th Century Women 's Temperance and Suffrage Movements . National Archives in Washington . Jump up ^ Redmond , Christopher ( December 19 , 2016 ) . Lives Beyond Baker Street : A Biographical Dictionary of Sherlock Holmes 's Contemporaries . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78092 - 907 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` History of the P.T.A.A. '' PTAA . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : James , Kay ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Drager gives historic bar presentation in Dells '' . Wiscnews . Madison . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( 2015 ) . `` Dining '' . In Smith , Andrew F. Savoring Gotham : A Food Lover 's Companion to New York City . Oxford University Press . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 939702 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Francis - Tan , Andrew ; Tan , Cheryl ; Zhang , Ruhan ( February 2018 ) , `` School Spirit : Exploring the Long - term Effects of the U.S. Temperance Movement on Educational Attainment '' ( PDF ) , Economics of Education Review , 62 , doi : 10.1016 / j. econedurev. 2017.11. 009 Jump up ^ Thorpe , Jaishila Dabhi . `` Radical Temperance : Social Change and Drink , from Teetotalism to Dry January '' . University of Central Lancashire . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Mary Ellen ( 2015 ) . `` Brewing '' . The Civil War Era and Reconstruction : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural and Economic History . Routledge . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 45791 - 6 . Jump up ^ Walker , William M. ( 1973 ) . `` The Scottish Prohibition Party and the Millennium '' . International Review of Social History . 18 : 353 -- 79 -- via Cambridge UP . Jump up ^ David , M. Fahey ( 1979 ) . `` The Politics of Drink : Pressure Groups and the British Liberal Party , 1883 -- 1908 '' . Social Science : 76 -- 85 . JSTOR 41886377 . Jump up ^ Rintala , Marvin ( 1993 ) . `` Taking the Pledge : HH Asquith and Drink '' . Biography. 16 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Read , Donald ( 1972 ) . Edwardian England , 1901 -- 15 : Society and Politics . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cross , Colin ( 1963 ) . The Liberals in Power , 1905 -- 1914 . pp. 69 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Paul ( 2011 ) . `` Liquor Licensing and the Local Historian : The Victorian Public House '' . Local Historian ( 41 ) : 121 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Mary Ellen ( 2015 ) . `` Catholicism '' . The Civil War Era and Reconstruction : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural and Economic History . Routledge . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 45791 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , Nick ( 2002 ) . This is Alcohol . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Robert ( 2010 ) . `` Lord D'Abernon's `` Model Farm '' : The Central Control Board 's Carlisle Experiment `` . Social History of Alcohol & Drugs : An Interdisciplinary Journal . 24 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Christoffel , Paul ( October 2008 ) . `` Prohibition and the Myth of 1919 '' . The Zealand Journal of History . 42 ( 2 ) : 156 -- 7 . Jump up ^ A.H. McLintock ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Prohibition : The Compact '' . The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The first state to introduce early closing was South Australia in 1915 as a war austerity measure . Six o'clock closing was adopted in New South Wales , Victoria and Tasmania in 1916 . New Zealand introduced it in 1917 . Western Australia adopted a 9pm closing time , but Queensland retained the old closing times until it introduced eight o'clock closing in 1923 . Phillips , Walter ( 1980 ) . `` ' Six o'clock swill ' : the introduction of early closing of hotel bars in Australia '' . Historical Studies . University of Melbourne . 19 ( 75 ) : 250 -- 266 . doi : 10.1080 / 10314618008595637 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bradburn , Jamie ( 9 May 2018 ) . `` Booze , Bullying , and Moral Panic : The Temperance Election of 1926 '' . TVOntario . Ontario Educational Communications Authority . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Temperance Movement in Canada '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Per Ole ( 2013 ) . `` The Norwegian Alcohol Prohibition ; A Failure '' . Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention . 14 : 46 -- 63 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wuorinen , John H. ( 1932 ) . `` Finland 's Prohibition Experiment '' . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 163 : 216 -- 226 . JSTOR 1017701 . Jump up ^ Billock , Jennifer . `` Illegal in Iceland : Quirky Bans From the Land of Fire and Ice '' . Smithsonian.com . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why Iceland banned beer '' . BBC . BBC News . March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , John D. ( 1989 ) . `` Cultural nationalism and social reform : The 1904 Temperance Movement in Sri Lanka '' . The Indian Economic and Social History Review . 26 ( 3 ) : 336 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foda , Omar ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` Anna and Ahmad '' . Social Sciences and Missions. 28 ( 1 - 2 ) : passim . doi : 10.1163 / 18748945 - 02801015 . Jump up ^ Haenfler , Ross ( 2006 ) . Straight Edge : Hardcore Punk , Clean Living Youth , and Social Change . Piscataway , NJ : Rutgers University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3851 - 8 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fischer - Tiné , Harald ; Tschurenev , Jana ( 3 January 2014 ) . A History of Alcohol and Drugs in Modern South Asia . Taylor & Francis . p. 36 . ISBN 9781317916819 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection ( Original Allegheny Conference ) . Salem : Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection. 2014 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Articles Of War For Salvation Army Soldiers '' ... salvationarmy.org . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Anson , John ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Rawtenstall : Fitzpatrick 's Temperance Bar '' . Newsquest ( North West ) Ltd . Lancashire Telegraph . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frick , John W. ( 2003 ) . Theatre , Culture and Temperance Reform in Nineteenth - Century America . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81778 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Paul D. ( 2016 ) . `` The Temperance Songs of Stephen C. Foster '' . American Music . 34 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 300 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist History of Prohibition '' . JSTOR Daily . 2016 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bordin , Ruth Birgitta Anderson ( 1981 ) . Woman and temperance : The quest for power and liberty , 1873 - 1900 . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 087722157X . Jump up ^ Sochen , June ( 1973 ) . Movers and Shakers : American Women Thinkers and Activists 1900 - 1970 . New York : Quadrangle / New York Times Book Co. pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 0812903609 . Jump up ^ Smith , Daniel Scott ( 1976 ) . `` Family Limitation , Sexual Control and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America '' . In Hartman , Mary S. ; Banner , Lois W. Clio 's Consciousness Raised : New Perspectives on the History of Women . New York : Octagon Books . p. 123 . ISBN 0374937125 . Jump up ^ Dannenbaum , Jed ( 1981 ) . `` The Origins of Temperance Activism and Militancy among American Women '' . Journal of Social History . 15 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 252 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Elizabeth Putnam ( 1924 ) . Women Torch - Bearers : The Story of the Woman 's Christian Temperance Union . Buffalo , New York : National Woman 's Christian Temperance Union Pub . House . p. 246 . Jump up ^ `` Women Led the Temperance Charge - Prohibition : An Interactive History '' . Prohibition : An Interactive History . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Bibliography Harrison , Brian ( 1971 ) , Drink & the Victorians , the Temperance question in England 1815 -- 1872 , Faber and Faber Heath , Dwight B. ( 1995 ) , International Handbook on Alcohol and Culture James , Gary ( 2009 ) , The Big Book of City , James Ward Jensen , Richard ( 1971 ) , The Winning of the Midwest , Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 1896 , University of Chicago Press `` ' Yours for the Oppressed ' : The Life of Jehiel C. Beman Kathleen Housleyn '' , The Journal of Negro History , 77 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 29 , 1992 McConnell , D.W. ( 1933 ) , `` Temperance Movements '' , in Seligman , Edwin R.A. ; Johnson , Alvin , Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences Odegard , Peter H. ( 1928 ) , Pressure Politics : The Story of the Anti-Saloon League Seabury , Olive ( 2007 ) , The Carlisle State Management Scheme : A 60 year experiment in Regulation of the Liquor Trade , Bookcase Carlisle Sheehan , Nancy M. ( 1981 ) , `` The WCTU and education : Canadian - American illustrations '' , Journal of the Midwest History of Education Society : 115 -- 33 Smith , Rebecca ( 1993 ) , The Temperance Movement and Class Struggle in Victorian England , Loyola University Timberlake , James H. ( 1963 ) , Prohibition and the Progressive Movement , 1900 -- 1920 , Harvard University Press Tyrrell , Ian ( 1991 ) , Woman 's World / Woman 's Empire : The Woman 's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective , 1880 -- 1930 , University of North Carolina Press External links Alliance House Foundation World Woman 's Christian Temperance Union IOGT International Standard encyclopedia of the alcohol problem President Rutherford B. Hayes White House Temperance Shapell Manuscript Foundation Temperance news page -- Alcohol and Drugs History Society Fitzpatricks Herbal Health and Cordials See more images from temperance movement by selecting the `` Alcohol '' subject at the Persuasive Cartography , The PJ Mode Collection , Cornell University Library Benjamin Rush 's An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind ( 1812 ) Alcohol and health Specific interactions Note : see Template : Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses Aging Alcohol - induced mood disorders Brain Cancer breast cancer Sleep Tolerance Weight Substance abuse prevention Sobriety Alcohol - free zone Alcohol detoxification Alcohol rehabilitation Alcoholics Anonymous Sober companion Alcohol limitation 0 - 0 - 1 - 3 Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages Alcohol education Alcohol server training Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages Addiction medicine Alcoholism Disulfiram - like drugs : disulfiram , calcium carbimide , cyanamide Religion and alcohol Christian views on alcohol alcohol in the Bible Islam and alcohol Dionysian Mysteries Social issues Alcohol advertising on college campuses Alcohol - free beverage definition controversy Alcohol self - medication Native Americans Binge drinking 0.08 BAC Blackout ( alcohol - related amnesia ) College student alcoholism Domestic violence Drinking games / pregaming Driving under the influence Drunkorexia Dry January Adult Children of Alcoholics Family systems French paradox High - functioning alcoholic ( HFA ) moonshine contamination Rum - running black market Sex Sin tax / Pigovian tax General Alcohol ( drug ) Short - term effects of alcohol consumption Long - term effects of alcohol consumption Alcohol prohibition By country Canada Finland Iceland India Iran Russia / Soviet Union United States List By topic 18th Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) 21st Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) American Mafia American Temperance Society Anti-Saloon League Association Against the Prohibition Amendment Blaine Act Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Bureau of Prohibition Cullen -- Harrison Act Dry county Islam Jazz Age Local option Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 Molly Pitcher Club Moonshine Neo-prohibitionism Roaring Twenties Rum - running Rum Patrol Rum row Speakeasy Swedish prohibition referendum , 1922 Teetotalism Temperance movement Temperance ( Scotland ) Act 1913 Volstead Act Voluntary Committee of Lawyers Webb -- Kenyon Act Wickersham Commission Willis -- Campbell Act Woman 's Christian Temperance Union People Lyman Beecher Al Capone Mickey Duffy Waxey Gordon Frank Hamer J. Edgar Hoover Clinton N Howard Bumpy Johnson Enoch L. Johnson Meyer Lansky Lucky Luciano Sam Maceo Owney Madden William McCoy Bugs Moran Carrie Nation Eliot Ness Roy Olmstead The LaMontages brothers Lanzetta Brothers The Purple Gang George Remus Arnold Rothstein Howard Hyde Russell Dutch Schultz Eliza Thompson William Harvey Thompson Andrew Volstead Wayne Wheeler Frances Willard Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith Political parties National Prohibition Party ( UK ) Prohibition Party ( PRO ) Prohibition Party ( Canada ) Scottish Prohibition Party Related Prohibition ( 2011 documentary miniseries ) GND : 4450748 - 3 HDS : 16445 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temperance_movement&oldid=853446014 '' Categories : 1813 establishments in Massachusetts 19th - century reform movements 19th century in the United States Temperance movement Civil rights and liberties History of the United States Prohibition Social movements Feminism and history Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use American English from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 21 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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-2447582160057235178	Aerial bombing of cities	Aerial bombing of cities - wikipedia Aerial bombing of cities Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Only ruins left after the aerial Bombing of Guernica by the Condor Legion of Nazi Germany 's Luftwaffe ( 1937 ) . Frampol before ( left ) and after ( right ) the German Luftwaffe bombing raids in September 1939 during early World War II ( the town was almost completely destroyed ) . The remains of German town of Wesel after intensive Allied area bombing in 1945 near the end of World War II ( a destruction percentage of 97 % of all buildings ) . The aerial bombing of cities in warfare is an optional element of strategic bombing which became widespread during World War I . The bombing of cities grew to a vast scale in World War II , and is still practiced today . The development of aerial bombardment marked an increased capacity of armed forces to deliver ordnance from the air against combatants , military bases , and factories , with a greatly reduced risk to its ground forces . Civilian and non-combatant casualties in bombed cities have variously been a purposeful result of the bombings , or unavoidable collateral damage depending on intent and technology . A number of multilateral efforts have been made to restrict the use of aerial bombardment so as to protect non-combatants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before World War I 1.1 First Italian War of Independence 1.2 Italian Invasion of Libya 1.3 Balkan War 1.4 Mexican Revolution 2 World War I 3 Interbellum period 3.1 Iraqi revolt against the British 3.2 Somaliland Campaign 3.3 Cristero War 3.4 Second Italo - Abyssinian War 3.5 Spanish Civil War 3.6 Second Sino - Japanese War 4 World War II 4.1 European theatre 4.2 Pacific theatre 5 Since World War II 5.1 Korean War 5.2 Vietnam War 5.3 Arab - Israeli conflict 5.4 Wars in Afghanistan 5.5 Iran -- Iraq War 5.6 Somalia 's campaign against Isaaq 5.7 Gulf War 5.8 Yugoslav wars 5.9 Chechen wars 5.10 Iraq War 5.11 Syria 5.12 Other conflicts 6 International law 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading Before World War I ( edit ) First Italian War of Independence ( edit ) The first bombs delivered to their targets by air were launched on unmanned balloons , carrying a single bomb , by the Austrians against Venice in 1849 , during the First Italian War of Independence . Italian invasion of Libya ( edit ) The first ever air raid was conducted during the Italo - Turkish War by Italian forces against the Ottoman province of Libya on November 1 , 1911 . Giulio Gavotti dropped 1.5 kg of bombs on Ain Zara , a village 8 km west of the capital Tripoli . Balkan War ( edit ) Adrianople ( presently Edirne ) was bombed by Bulgaria in 1912 in the First Balkan War . Historically , it was the first bombardment of a city from a heavier - than - air aircraft . In the morning of 29 October 1912 at 9 : 30 a.m. the plane Albatros F - 3 took off from an airfield near the village of Mustafa Pasha - present day Svilengrad , Bulgaria . The pilot was captain Radul Mikov with spotter and bombardier Prodan Tarakchiev . The airfield was specially created to carry out the take off and landing . According to the report weather conditions were perfect . The flight lasted for 1 hour and 20 minutes and the altitude was 500m . During the flight the crew flew over the city of Edirne , discovered hidden Ottoman forces in the nearby villages and flew towards to city railroad station , near the village of Karaagach . The plane was equipped with two bombs , which were released at 10 : 00 am over the station . The crew landed successfully at the airfield with 4 holes on the hull . A number of journalists and military attachés attended the site . Mexican revolution ( edit ) In May 1914 , during the revolution of 1910 -- 17 , General Venustiano Carranza , later president , ordered a biplane to bomb Neveria Hill adjacent to the downtown area of Mazatlán in order to take the city . The bomb landed not on target but in a city street and in the process killed two citizens and wounded several others . World War I ( edit ) German airship Schütte Lanz SL2 bombing Warsaw in 1914 . Main article : Strategic bombing during World War I The first civilian target to be bombed from the air was the Belgian city of Antwerp . This city , at that moment the National Redoubt of Belgium , was bombed during the night of 24 -- 25 August 1914 . Instead of targeting the surrounding fortresses , the Zeppelin LZ 25 's intention was to bomb the clearly distinguishable historical centre of the city . After dropping approximately ten bombs , ten people were killed and forty injured . The British Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) undertook the first Entente strategic bombing missions on 22 September 1914 and 8 October , when it bombed the Zeppelin bases in Cologne and Düsseldorf . The aeroplanes carried twenty - pound bombs , and at least one airship was destroyed . On 19 January 1915 two German Zeppelins dropped 24 fifty - kilogram ( 110 lb ) high - explosive bombs and ineffective three - kilogram incendiaries on the English towns of Great Yarmouth , Sheringham , King 's Lynn , and the surrounding villages ; in all , four people were killed , 16 injured , and monetary damage was estimated at £ 7,740 . London was bombed for the first time on 30 May 1915 . In July 1916 , the German government allowed directed raids against urban centers , sparking 23 airship raids in 1916 in which 125 tons of ordnance were dropped , killing 293 people and injuring 691 . Gradually British air defenses improved and the Germans also introduced large bomber aircraft for bombing Britain . In 1917 and 1918 there were only eleven Zeppelin raids against England , and the final raid occurred on 5 August 1918 , which resulted in the death of KK Peter Strasser , commander of the German Naval Airship Department . By the end of the war , 51 raids had been undertaken , in which 5,806 bombs were dropped , killing 557 people and injuring 1,358 . In the course of the Zeppelin raids the Germans lost more than half their airships and 40 % of their crew . It has been argued that the raids were effective far beyond material damage inflicted , in diverting and hampering wartime production , and diverting twelve squadrons and over 10,000 men to air defenses . The British developed an Independent Force of long - range bombers that could bomb Berlin , but the war ended before these raids began . After the war , bombers ' increasing sophistication led to the general belief that aerial bombing would both destroy cities and be impossible to stop ; as Stanley Baldwin stated in a 1932 speech , `` The bomber will always get through '' . Interbellum period ( edit ) Iraqi revolt against the British ( edit ) After World War I , there were protests in Iraq against continued British rule . Many Iraqis across a wide spectrum of opinion opposed the British Mandate for Iraq . The Iraqi revolt against the British began , with peaceful demonstrations in May 1920 . Initial demands were rejected by the British administration , and fighting broke out in June 1920 . This was suppressed , with many deaths , and at very high costs to the Empire . A policy of ' aerial policing ' , an invention of Winston Churchill 's was brought in . This amounted to bombing restive civilians , followed up by pacification by ground troops . This continued up to the mid 1920s . The aerial campaign included Sir Arthur Harris , 1st Baronet , who commanded a Vickers Vernon squadron engaged in the bombing and strafing of recalcitrant civilians . Harris felt that the Arab civilians required this kind of `` heavy hand '' treatment . Somaliland campaign ( edit ) Following the end of World War I , the British stepped up their efforts in their war against the Somali Dervish state , led by the so - called `` Mad Mullah '' , whom they had been fighting for the control the area formerly known as British Somaliland . However , they had been unable to defeat the Dervish state for nearly 25 years . In January 1920 , the British launched a combined aerial and land attack , bombarding Taleeh , the capital of the Dervish State . The Somaliland Campaign has been described as one of the bloodiest and longest - running conflicts in the history of sub-Saharan Africa and the Somali forces are noted for concurrently repelling the invading British , Italian and Abyssinian forces for a period of 25 years . Cristero War ( edit ) Main article : Bombing of Naco During the Cristero War in Mexico in 1929 , Irish pilot and mercenary Patrick Murphy mistakenly dropped several improvised `` suitcase bombs '' on the border town of Naco , Arizona , while bombing government forces in the adjacent town of Naco , Sonora , for the Cristero revolutionaries . The bombing , which caused damage to many buildings and injured several bystanders on the American side of the international border , became the first aerial bombardment of the Continental United States by a foreign power in American history . Second Italo - Abyssinian War ( edit ) The Italians used aircraft against the Ethiopian cities in the Second Italo - Abyssinian War . For example , in February 1936 , the Italian invasion forces in the south prepared for a major thrust towards the city of Harar . On 22 March , the Regia Aeronautica bombed Harar and Jijiga as a prelude . Both cities were reduced to ruins even though Harar had been declared an `` open city '' . Spanish civil War ( edit ) During the Spanish Civil War , the Nationalists under Francisco Franco made extensive use of aerial bombing on civilian targets . Nazi Germany gave aircraft to Franco to support the overthrow of the Spanish Republican government . The first major example of this came in November 1936 , when German and Spanish aircraft bombed Republican - held Madrid ; this bombardment was sustained throughout the Siege of Madrid . Barcelona and Valencia were also targeted in this way . On 26 April 1937 , the German Luftwaffe ( Condor Legion ) bombed the Spanish city of Guernica carrying out the most high - profile aerial attack of the war . This act caused worldwide revulsion and was the subject of a famous painting by Picasso , but by the standards of bombings during World War II , casualties were fairly minor ( estimates ranging from 500 to 1,500 ) . Shortly after , the front - page headlines of the Diario de Almeria , dated June 3 , 1937 , referred to the press in London and Paris carrying the news of the `` criminal bombardment of Almeria by German planes '' . Barcelona was bombarded for three days beginning on 16 March 1938 , at the height of the Spanish Civil War . Under the command of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini , Italian aircraft stationed on the island of Majorca attacked 13 times dropping 44 tons of bombs , aimed at the civil population . These attacks were at the request of General Franco as retribution against the Catalan population . The medieval Cathedral of Barcelona suffered bomb damage and more than one thousand people died , including many children . The number of people injured is estimated to be in the thousands . Many others Spanish towns and cities were bombed by the German Legion Condor and the Italian Aviazione Legionaria among them Jaen , Durango , Granollers and Alicante . Second Sino - Japanese War ( edit ) Casualties of a mass panic during a Japanese air raid in Chongqing ( Chungking ) . During the Manchurian Incident of 1931 , the Japanese widely used airplanes to indiscriminately bomb key targets and cities , such as Mukden . After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service , in conjunction with the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service , began relentlessly bombing Shanghai , Beijing ( Peking ) , Tianjin ( Tientsin ) and several cities on the Chinese coast from the beginning of the Second Sino - Japanese War in 1937 . The bombing campaigns on Nanking and Canton which started in September 1937 evoked protests from the Western powers culminating in a resolution by the Far Eastern Advisory Committee of the League of Nations . An example of the many expressions of indignation came from Lord Cranborne , the British Under - Secretary of State For Foreign Affairs : Words can not express the feelings of profound horror with which the news of these raids had been received by the whole civilized world . They are often directed against places far from the actual area of hostilities . The military objective , where it exists , seems to take a completely second place . The main object seems to be to inspire terror by the indiscriminate slaughter of civilians ... World War II ( edit ) European theatre ( edit ) See also : Strategic bombing during World War II A raid by the 8th Air Force on the Focke Wulf factory at Marienburg , Germany ( 1943 ) . Aftermath of V - 2 bombing at Battersea , London , 27 January 1945 . Results of the US - bombing of the Apollo company industrial plant in Bratislava ( Slovakia ) in September 1944 . At the beginning of World War II , bombing of cities prior to invasion was an integral part of Nazi Germany 's strategy . In the first stages of war , the Germans carried out many bombings of towns and cities in Poland ( 1939 ) , including the capital Warsaw ( also bombed in 1944 ) , with Wieluń being the first city destroyed by 75 % . The Soviet Union also attempted strategic bombing against Poland and Finland , bombing Helsinki . The British bombed the German city of Monchengladbach on 11 May 1940 . While Germany had refrained from aerial bombing of British cities after the British declaration of war on Germany in September 1939 , Britain started aerial bombing of Germany , officially focusing on military and industrial targets , on the night of 15 / 16 May with 78 bombers against oil targets , 9 against steelworks and 9 against marshaling yards . Oil remained the main British objective until the summer of 1941 , although German cities and towns were regularly bombed from May 1940 . After the Fall of France , the Luftwaffe turned its attention to the United Kingdom . The scale of the attack increased greatly in July 1940 , with 258 civilians killed , and again in August with 1,075 dead . During the night of 25 August , British bombers raided targets in and around Greater Berlin for the first time , in response to the accidental bombing of Oxford Street and the West End by the Luftwaffe while it was bombing the London docks . On 4 September 1940 Hitler , frustrated by the RAF 's superiority over the Luftwaffe and enraged by its bombing of German cities , decided to retaliate by bombing London and other cities in the UK . On 7 September the Luftwaffe began massed attacks on London . The bombing campaign was known in the UK as `` the Blitz '' , and ran from September 1940 through to May 1941 . The Coventry Blitz and the Belfast Blitz were two of the heaviest of all bombings by the Luftwaffe , killing 568 - 1,000 civilians of Coventry , killing over 1,100 civilians in Belfast , and destroying much of both city centres . British bombing policy evolved during the war . In the beginning , the RAF was forbidden to attack targets in Germany due to the risk of accidental civilian casualties . Following a German attack on military targets in the Orkney Islands on 16 March 1940 that killed a civilian , the RAF mounted its first attack against a German land target , the seaplane base on the island of Sylt . The RAF began attacking transport targets west of the Rhine on the night of 10 May following the German invasion of the Low Countries , and military targets in the rest of Germany after the bombing of Rotterdam . On 9 September 1940 RAF crews were instructed that due to the `` indiscriminate '' nature of German bombing , if they failed to find their assigned targets they were to attack targets of opportunity rather than bring their bombs home . On the 15 / 16 December the RAF carried out its first area bombing attack ( destroying 45 % of the city of Mannheim ) , officially in response to the raid on Coventry . The bombing of Mannheim has often been described as the first deliberate `` terror bombing '' of the war . In 1942 , the goals of the British attacks were defined : the primary goal was the so - called `` morale bombing '' , to weaken the will of the civil population to resist . Following this directive intensive bombing of highly populated city centers and working class quarters started . On 30 May 1942 , the RAF Bomber Command launched the first `` 1,000 bomber raid '' when 1,046 aircraft bombed Cologne in Operation Millennium , dropping over 2,000 tons of high explosive and incendiaries on the medieval town and burning it from end to end . 411 civilians and 85 combatants were killed , more than 130,000 had to leave the city . Two further 1,000 bomber raids were executed over Essen and Bremen , but to less effect than the destruction at Cologne . The effects of the massive raids using a combination of blockbuster bombs and incendiaries created firestorms in some cites . The most extreme examples were caused by the bombing of Hamburg in Operation Gomorrah ( 45,000 dead ) , and the bombings of Kassel ( 10,000 dead ) , Darmstadt ( 12,500 dead ) , Pforzheim ( 21,200 dead ) , Swinemuende ( 23,000 dead ) , and Dresden ( 25,000 dead ) . The Allies also bombed urban areas in the other countries , including occupied France ( Caen ) and the major industrial cities of northern Italy , like Milan and Turin . Some cities were bombed at the different times by the Luftwaffe and the Allies , for example Belgrade in Yugoslavia and Bucharest in Romania . The Luftwaffe also bombed cities in the Soviet Union , destroying Stalingrad in a massive air raid at the start of the Battle of Stalingrad and bombing Leningrad during the siege of the city of 1941 -- 1943 . The Soviet bombing of the German cities was limited in comparison with the RAF bombing ( destruction caused by the Soviet army was mainly due to the land artillery ) . The Soviet Air Force also bombed Budapest in Hungary . Pacific theatre ( edit ) See also : Air raids on Japan Nagasaki before and after bombing . In the Pacific theater , Japan continued to bomb Chinese cities as well as other Asian cities such as Singapore , Rangoon , and Mandalay . In the first few months of the war with the Western Powers , Japan projected its airpower on cities as distant as Colombo and Darwin . The U.S. firebombed Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , and killed more than 100,000 people in the deadliest conventional bombing in history , known to the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) as Operation Meetinghouse . In a few hours , 100,000 people who were in Tokyo including civilians died either by the bombing or the conflagration that followed the bombing by 325 U.S. B - 29 's night attacks . The fleet included 279 bombers . The bombing was meant to burn wooden buildings and indeed the bombing caused fire that created a 50 m / s wind that is comparable to tornadoes . A total of 381,300 bombs amounting to 1783 tons , were used in the bombing . After the successful Operation Meetinghouse raid , the USAAF then went on to attack other Japanese cities with incendiary and high - explosives bombs in effort to pulverize the enemy 's war industry and shatter the enemy 's civilian morale to contribute to the war effort . From March to August 1945 , the U.S. firebombing of 66 other Japanese cities had killed 350,000 civilians . In addition , the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed 120,000 non-combatants , most of them civilians , and combatants . Since World War II ( edit ) Korean War ( edit ) See also : Bombing of North Korea 1950 - 1953 and Bombing of Pyongyang During the Korean War of 1950 -- 1953 , U.S. - led UN air forces heavily bombed the cities in North Korea and the North - occupied South Korea , including their respective capital cities . There were also plans to use nuclear weapons against North Korea and the People 's Republic of China . Vietnam War ( edit ) From 1965 to 1968 , during the Vietnam War , the United States Air Force conducted an aerial campaign known as Operation Rolling Thunder . The campaign began with interdiction of supply lines in rural areas of southern North Vietnam but incrementally spread northward throughout the country . In 1966 , restrictions against bombing the capital city of Hanoi and the country 's largest port , Haiphong , were lifted , and they were bombed by the USAF and Navy . The bombing of the city centers continued to be prohibited . However , the South Vietnamese cities seized by the communists were bombed , including the former capital of Huế during the 1968 Tet Offensive . The Republic of Vietnam Air Force bombed contested cities in South Vietnam in 1968 , 1972 and 1975 , while the Vietnam People 's Air Force attacked Southern cities ( including the capital city of Saigon ) in 1975 . Arab - Israeli conflict ( edit ) The Lebanese capital of Beirut was attacked by the Israeli aircraft during the Siege of Beirut in 1982 , and during the 2006 Lebanon War ( using guided munitions ) . Israeli cities were bombed by Egyptian , Syrian and Jordanian aircraft during the 1948 Arab - Israeli war and the Six day war . The bombing included attacks on some of Israel 's largest cities , such as Tel Aviv , Jerusalem and Haifa . Israel also conducted air strikes targeting Palestinian targets during the Second Intifada , including against Hamas in Gaza . Wars in Afghanistan ( edit ) In March 1979 , in response to an uprising , the Khalq - control army of Democratic Republic of Afghanistan carpet - bombed the Afghan third - largest city of Herat , causing massive destruction and some 5,000 to 25,000 deaths . Herat was also repeatedly bombed during the following Soviet involvement in the Afghan civil war . Following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the U.S. - led coalition attacked the urban targets in Afghanistan using mainly precision - guided munitions ( or `` smart bombs '' ) . The United States government maintains that it has a policy of striking only significant combatant targets while doing all possible to avoid what it terms `` collateral damage '' to civilians and non-combatants during the U.S. - led war in Afghanistan . Iran -- Iraq War ( edit ) Saddam Hussein 's Iraq attacked civilian targets in Iranian cities in the `` War of the Cities '' during the Iran -- Iraq War in the 1980s , with Iranians retaliating in kind ( both sides soon switched to ballistic missile attacks ) . Iraqi aircraft also bombed the Iraqi Kurdistan city of Halabja with conventional and chemical weapons in 1988 , killing more than 5,000 people in the largest aerial poison gas attack in history . Somalia 's campaign against Isaaq ( edit ) Main article : Isaaq genocide Aftermath of the Somali government 's attack on Hargeisa , 90 per cent of the city was destroyed In 1988 Somali Air Force aircraft conducted intense aerial bombardment of major Isaaq cities targeting civilian Isaaqs during its campaign against Somali National Movement in the north of the country . Civilians were also strafed by Somali Air Force aircraft as they were fleeing the aerial bombardment . The artillery shelling and aerial bombardment caused the deaths of estimated 50,000 - 200,000 Isaaq civilians , as well as the complete destruction of Somalia 's second and third largest cities . It also caused up to 500,000 Somalis ( primarily of the Isaaq clan ) to flee and cross the border into Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees in what was described as `` one of the fastest and largest forced movements of people recorded in Africa '' , and resulted in the creation of the world 's largest refugee camp then ( 1988 ) , with another 400,000 being internally displaced . The scale of destruction led to Hargeisa being known as the ' Dresden of Africa ' . Gulf War ( edit ) The Iraqi Air Force attacked Kuwait City in 1990 and bombed their own cities during the 1991 uprisings in Iraq , targeting civilians with the use of bomb - carrying helicopters ( use of airplanes was banned by the Coalition as part of the ceasefire agreement that ended hostilities of the Gulf War but not the war itself ) . UN-led coalition aircraft attacked targets in Iraqi cities , including in the capital Baghdad and the largest southern city of Basra during Operation Desert Storm in 1991 . Yugoslav Wars ( edit ) At the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars , in Croatia ( 1991 ) , the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) carried out aerial bombing of Dubrovnik and Vukovar . NATO 's aerial bombing of FR Yugoslavia in 1999 , an answer to the conflict in Kosovo , included aerial bombing throughout Serbia , notably of Belgrade , Novi Sad and Niš . There were civilian casualties . Despite that the NATO campaign indeed being a violation of NATO 's own charter , the UNSC rebutted the case on March 24 and March 26 1999 . NATO hit civilian economic infrastructure , the integrated national power grid ( leaving many cities in the dark ) , schools , hospitals , water purification plants , dams , oil refineries fertilizer factories , a petrochemical plant , national parks and marketplaces , and also nearly hit nuclear reactors and waste facilities . The 78 - day bombing campaign is assessed as having been an ' economic catastrophe ' , cutting the Yugoslav economy in half . Chechen Wars ( edit ) Post-Soviet Russia heavily bombed the Chechen capital of Grozny from the air with mostly unguided munitions ( including fuel - air explosives ) as well as bombarding it with a massive artillery barrages ( 1994 -- 1995 , 1996 and 1999 -- 2000 ) , killing thousands of people ( some estimates say 27,000 civilians were killed during the 1994 - 1995 siege alone ) including civilians during the First and Second Chechen Wars . Although the Russian pilots and soldiers were ordered to attack designated targets only , such as the Presidential Palace , due to their inexperience and lack of training , Russian soldiers and pilots bombed and shelled random targets inside the city . In 2003 , the UN still called Grozny the most destroyed city on earth . Iraq War ( edit ) In 2003 Invasion of Iraq , the U.S. - led coalition aircraft again bombed Iraq , including the Shock and Awe campaign of precision bombing of government targets in the city centers . Since then , coalition aircraft attack Iraqi insurgent targets , including in urban locations like Najaf , Fallujah , Basra and Baghdad . There are frequent reports of civilian casualties , though it is often hard to distinguish guerrillas and civilians . Syria ( edit ) Syrian MiG - 23s bombed the city of Aleppo on 24 July 2012 , the first use of aerial bombing in the Syrian civil war . Other conflicts ( edit ) Budapest was attacked by the Soviet air strikes in 1956 during the Hungarian Revolution . In 2008 , the cities of Tskhinvali and Gori were hit by the Georgian and Russian aircraft during the war in Georgia . International law ( edit ) A memorial for victims of aerial bombing in Karlsruhe , Germany . The cenotaph at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . Main article : Aerial bombardment and international law Air warfare , theoretically , must comply with laws and customs of war , including international humanitarian law by protecting the victims of the conflict and refraining from attacks on protected persons . These restraints on aerial warfare are covered by the general laws of war , because unlike war on land and at sea -- which are specifically covered by rules such as the 1907 Hague Convention and Protocol I additional to the Geneva Conventions , which contain pertinent restrictions , prohibitions and guidelines -- there are no treaties specific to aerial warfare . To be legal , aerial operations must comply with the principles of humanitarian law : military necessity , distinction , and proportionality : An attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy ; it must be an attack on a legitimate military objective , and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated . See also ( edit ) Area bombardment Civilian casualties of strategic bombing Roerich Pact Strategic bombing survey Terror bombing V - 2 rocket , the world 's first long - range guided ballistic missile to cross the boundary of space , developed in Nazi Germany as a `` vengeance weapon '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daniel Blatman , Rachel Grossbaum - Pasternak , Abraham Kleban , Shmuel Levin , Wila Orbach , Abraham Wein ( 1999 ) . translation Volume VII , Yad Vashem , pp 406 -- 407 . Jump up ^ `` International Law on the Bombing of Civilians '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Millbrooke , Anne ( 2006 ) . Aviation History . Jeppesen . pp. 1 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88487 - 235 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13294524 Jump up ^ Paris , Michael ( 1992 ) . Winged warfare : the literature and theory of aerial warfare in Britain , 1859 -- 1917 . Manchester u.a. : Manchester Univ . Press . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3694 - 1 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Christopher ; Tremain , Dick ( 1 September 1999 ) . `` Bombs to the Balkans '' . Army Logistician. 31 ( 5 ) : 50 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Madison 2005 , pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Tilford Jr. 1996 , pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Ward 's Book of Days . Pages of interesting anniversaries . What happened on this day in history . 19 January . On this day in history in 1915 , German zeppelins bombed Britain . Jump up ^ Lord Thomson 1924 - Note from Air Ministry , August 14 , 1924 Jump up ^ Longmate , Norman ( 1983 ) . The Bombers : The RAF offensive against Germany 1939 -- 1945 . London : Hutchinson . p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 151580 - 7 . Jump up ^ Corum , James S ; Johnson , Wray R. ( 2003 ) . Airpower in Small Wars : Fighting Insurgents and Terrorists ( Modern War Studies ) . University Press of Kansas . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0700612406 . Jump up ^ Zewde , Bahru ( 2008 ) . Society , state , and identity in African history , pg. 279 . Jump up ^ Shultz R. , H. and Dew A. , J. ( 2006 ) . Insurgents , Terrorists , and Militias : The Warriors of Contemporary Combat . Jump up ^ Ellis , Dolan ; Lowe , Sam ( 2014 ) . Arizona Lens , Lyrics and Lore . Inkwell Productions . ISBN 9781939625601 . Jump up ^ Price , Ethel Jackson ( 2003 ) . Sierra Vista : Young City with a Past . Arcadia . ISBN 0738524344 . Jump up ^ Barker , A.J. , `` The Rape of Ethiopia 1936 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Abella , Rafael La vida cotidiana durante la guerra civil : la España republicana . p. 254 Editorial Planeta 1975 Jump up ^ 1938 Bombardment of Barcelona Jump up ^ The Illustrated London News , Marching to War 1933 -- 1939 . Doubleday. 1989 . p. 135 . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11410633/Dresden-was-a-civilian-town-with-no-military-significance.-Why-did-we-burn-its-people.html Jump up ^ Ellis , Major L.F. , `` The War In France And Flanders 1939 -- 1940 '' Jump up ^ Overy , Richard , `` The Battle of Britain : The Myth and the Reality '' , p91 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/britain_bombs_berlin Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/germany_bombs_london Jump up ^ Cox , Sebastian , `` The Strategic Air War Against Germany , 1939 -- 1945 '' , p1 , 2 Jump up ^ Terraine , John , `` The Right of the Line '' , p112 Jump up ^ Ellis , p57 Jump up ^ Cox p4 Jump up ^ Terraine p268 Jump up ^ Horst Boog ; Germany . Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt ( 1990 ) . Germany and the Second World War : Volume 6 : The Global War . OUP Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822888 - 2 . Jump up ^ Matthias Neutzner ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Abschlussbericht der Historikerkommission zu den Luftangriffen auf Dresden zwischen dem 13 . und 15 . Februar 1945 , p. 70 '' ( PDF ) . Landeshauptstadt Dresden . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PBS -- The War , Firebombing ( Germany & Japan ) -- Tokyo , Air Attack on ( 9 - 10 March 1945 ) '' . pbs.org/thewar . PBS . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Media Monitors Network . Lessons from Japan for the US occupation of Iraq by Yusuf Al - Khabbaz ( Thursday , 2 September 2004 ) Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine ; Harden , Blaine ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) . `` The U.S. war crime North Korea wo n't forget '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ The bomb : a life Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2005 - 08 - 25 . , Jump up ^ Released by the Office of the Historian . Foreign Relations , 1964 -- 1968 , Volume V , Vietnam 1967 , Documents 222 - 239 , Policy Decisions and the McNamara and Clifford - Taylor Missions to South Vietnam June -- August , United States State Department . Accessed 22 May 2008 Jump up ^ ( Urban , Mark ( 1990 ) . War in Afghanistan . London : Palgrave MacMillan . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 51477 - 7 . ) Jump up ^ Escaping the past : the widows of Herat Archived April 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/somaliland-time-for-african-union-leadership.pdf Somaliland : Time for African Union Leadership Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch . Americas Watch . 1987 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Adam , Hussein Mohamed ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . From Tyranny to Anarchy : The Somali Experience . Red Sea Press . ISBN 9781569022887 . Jump up ^ Harper , Mary ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) . Getting Somalia Wrong ? : Faith , War and Hope in a Shattered State . Zed Books Ltd . ISBN 9781780321059 . Jump up ^ Press , Robert M. ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . The New Africa : Dispatches from a Changing Continent . University Press of Florida . ISBN 9780813017044 . Jump up ^ https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf P. 10 Jump up ^ Harper , Mary ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) . Getting Somalia Wrong ? : Faith , War and Hope in a Shattered State . Zed Books Ltd . ISBN 9781780321059 . Jump up ^ Lindley , Anna ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) . The Early Morning Phonecall : Somali Refugees ' Remittances . Berghahn Books . ISBN 9781782383284 . Jump up ^ Gajraj , Priya ( 2005 ) . Conflict in Somalia : Drivers and Dynamics ( PDF ) . World Bank . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Law , Ian ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . Racism and Ethnicity : Global Debates , Dilemmas , Directions . Longman . ISBN 9781405859127 . Jump up ^ `` Africa Watch '' . Volume 5 : 4 . 1993 . Jump up ^ Harper , Mary ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) . Getting Somalia Wrong ? : Faith , War and Hope in a Shattered State . Zed Books Ltd . ISBN 9781780321059 . Jump up ^ US Department of State Dispatch . Office of Public Communication , Bureau of Public Affairs , U.S. Department of State . 1992 . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Raju G.C. Thomas ( 13 October 2003 ) . Yugoslavia Unraveled : Sovereignty , Self - Determination , Intervention . Lexington Books . pp. 177 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 45499 - 3 . Jump up ^ World Court Digest : Volume 3 : 1996 - 2000 . Springer Science & Business Media . 5 August 2002 . pp. 192 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 43588 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Beau Grosscup ( 18 July 2013 ) . Strategic Terror : The Politics and Ethics of Aerial Bombardment . Zed Books Ltd . pp. 88 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84813 - 784 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Battle ( s ) of Grozny Archived July 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Scars remain amid Chechen revival , BBC News , 3 March 2007 Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis : clashes and prison mutiny in Aleppo - Tuesday 24 July 2012 '' . The Guardian . 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aleppo : BBC journalist on Syria warplanes bombing city '' . BBC news . 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Syria 's regime uses fighter jets for first time as it struggles to contain rebellion '' . The Telegraph . 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Russia / Georgia : Investigate Civilian Deaths : High Toll from Attacks on Populated Areas , Human Rights Watch , 14 August 2008 ^ Jump up to : Gómez , Javier Guisández ( 20 June 1998 ) . `` The Law of Air Warfare '' . International Review of the Red Cross . no 323 : 347 -- 63 . Jump up ^ ' Long - range ' in the context of the time . See NASA history article . Jump up ^ Neufeld , Michael J ( 1995 ) . The Rocket and the Reich : Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era . New York : The Free Press . pp. 158,160 -- 2,190 . References ( edit ) Francisco Javier Guisández Gómez , a colonel in the Spanish Air Force ICRC : `` The Law of Air Warfare '' International Review of the Red Cross no 323 , p. 347 -- 363 Jefferson D. Reynolds . `` Collateral Damage on the 21st century battlefield : Enemy exploitation of the law of armed conflict , and the struggle for a moral high ground '' . Air Force Law Review Volume 56 , 2005 ( PDF ) pp. 4 -- 108 Charles Rousseau , Le droit des conflits armés , Editions Pedone , Paris , 1983 Further reading ( edit ) Grayling , A.C. ( 2006 ) . Among the Dead Cities . New York : Walker Publishing Company Inc . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1471 - 4 . Joan T. Phillips . List of documents and web links relating to the law of armed conflict in air and space operations , May 2006 . Bibliographer , Muir S. Poochild Research Information Center Maxwell ( United States ) Air Force Base , Alabama . Hansen , Randall . Fire and Fury : the Allied Bombing of Germany ( Doubleday 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66403 - 5 ( 0 - 385 - 66403 - 6 ) ( hide ) World War II city bombing Area bombardment Aerial bombing of cities Firestorm Strategic bombing V - weapons Acre Akita Aomori Augsburg Baedeker Bahrain Barrow - in - Furness Bath Bangkok Belfast Belgrade Berlin Birmingham Braunschweig Bremen Breslau Brighton Bristol Bucharest Caen Cardiff Chongqing Clydebank Cologne Coventry Darmstadt Darwin Dietzenbach Dresden Dublin Duisburg Essen Foggia Frampol Frankfurt Frascati Freiburg Gibraltar Gorky Greenock Haifa Hamamatsu Hamburg Hanau Heilbronn Helsinki Hildesheim Hiratsuka Hiroshima Hull Innsbruck Jaffa Kassel Kobe Kōfu Königsberg Kure Leeds Leipzig Leningrad Liverpool London Lübeck Malta Manchester Mandalay Mannheim Manila Milan Minsk Nagaoka Nagasaki Nagoya Naha Nanjing Naples Nexø Nijmegen Nottingham Numazu Okazaki Osaka Pearl Harbor Pforzheim Ploiești Plymouth Podgorica Prague Rabaul Allied Rangoon Rome Rønne Rotterdam Schaffhausen Schwäbisch Hall Sendai Shanghai Sheffield Shizuoka Allied Singapore Axis Singapore Sofia Southampton Stalingrad Stuttgart Swansea Taipei Tallinn Tel Aviv Tokyo Toyohashi Toyokawa Treviso Ulm Utsunomiya Vienna Warsaw Wesel Wieluń Wilhelmshaven Wuppertal Würzburg Yawata Zadar Zagreb RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War Overviews Butt Report ( 1941 ) RAF strategic bombing 1942 -- 45 Area Bombing Directive ( 1942 ) Dehousing paper ( 1942 ) Casablanca directive ( 1943 ) Leaders Arthur `` Bomber '' Harris Frederick `` Prof '' Lindemann Sir Charles Portal Sir Archibald Sinclair Arthur W. 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8059569882931062848	Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church	Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church - wikipedia Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church Jump to : navigation , search The Catholic Church historically observes the disciplines of fasting and abstinence at various times each year . For Catholics , fasting is the reduction of one 's intake of food , while abstinence refers to refraining from meat ( or another type of food ) . The Catholic Church teaches that all people are obliged by God to perform some penance for their sins , and that these acts of penance are both personal and corporeal . The purpose of fasting is spiritual focus , self - discipline , imitation of Christ , and performing penance . Regulations ( edit ) Contemporary Vatican legislation , which is followed by Catholics of the Latin Rite ( who comprise most Catholics ) is rooted in the 1966 Apostolic Constitution of Pope Paul VI , Paenitemini , and codified in the 1983 Code of Canon Law ( in Canons 1249 -- 1253 ) . According to Paenitemini and the 1983 Code of Canon Law , on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , both abstinence and fasting are required of Catholics who are not exempted for various reasons . All Fridays of the year are days are bound by the law of abstinence on all Fridays that are not Solemnities , while the law of fasting binds all Catholics who are aged between eighteen and sixty on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday . Nevertheless , both Paenitemini and the 1983 Code of Canon Law permitted the Episcopal Conferences to propose adjustments of the laws on fasting and abstinence for their home territories , and most have done so . For example , in some countries , the Bishops ' Conferences have obtained from Rome the substitution of pious or charitable acts for abstinence from meat on all Fridays of the year ( including Fridays of Lent ) except Good Friday . Others continue to abstain from eating meat on Lenten Fridays , but not on Fridays outside of Lent . Still others voluntarily abstain from meat on however , fasting may be less stringent on Holy Saturday than on Good Friday . Members of the Eastern Catholic Churches are obliged to follow the discipline of their own particular church . While some Eastern Catholics try to follow the stricter rules of their Orthodox counterparts , the actual canonical obligations of Eastern Catholics to fast and abstain are usually much more lenient than those of the Orthodox . The Personal Ordinariates for former Anglicans reconciled to the Catholic Church follow the discipline of the Latin Rite ( of which they are a part ) including the norms established by the Council of Catholic Bishops in whose territories they are erected and of which their Ordinaries are members . Thus in England the norm is abstinence on all Fridays of the year . The Bishop in the United States has emphasized the statements in the USCCB norms `` Friday itself remains a special day of penitential observance throughout the year , '' and `` we give first place to abstinence from flesh meat . '' The Rogation Days have been re-establised in the Calendar of the Ordinariates , and as long as a Solemnity does not take precedence , the Fridays in September and Advent are days of obligatory abstinence . Obligatory abstinence on Ember Friday in Lent is included in the universal Lenten discipline , and abstinence on Ember Friday on Whitsuntide is not required , as all days of the Octave of Pentecost are Solemnities . The Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays popularized the Friday fish fry and inspired the creation of the Filet - O - Fish sandwich at McDonald 's . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regulations 2 Western practice 2.1 History 2.2 Lent 2.3 Sundays of Lent 2.4 Contemporary application 2.5 Eucharistic Fast 2.6 By country 2.6. 1 Australia 2.6. 2 Canada 2.6. 3 England and Wales 2.6. 4 Ireland 2.6. 5 United States 3 Eastern practice 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Western practice ( edit ) History ( edit ) Rules relating to fasting pertain to the quantity of food allowed on days of fasting , while those regulating abstinence refer to the quality or type of food . The Christian tradition of fasts and abstinence developed from Old Testament practices , and were an integral part of the early church community . Louis Duchesne observed that Monday and Thursday were days of fasting among pious Jews . Early Christians practiced regular weekly fasts on Wednesdays and Fridays . There has always been a close connection between fasting and almsgiving ; the money saved on food should be given to the poor . Lent ( edit ) The habit of fasting before Easter developed gradually , and with considerable diversity of practice regarding duration . As late as the latter part of the second century there were differing opinions not only regarding the manner of the paschal fast , but also the proper time for keeping Easter . In 331 St. Athanasius enjoined upon his flock a period of forty days of fasting preliminary to , but not inclusive of , the stricter fast of Holy Week , and in 339 , after having traveled to Rome and over the greater part of Europe , wrote in the strongest terms to urge this observance upon the people of Alexandria as one that was universally practiced , `` to the end that while all the world is fasting , we who are in Egypt should not become a laughing - stock as the only people who do not fast but take our pleasure in those days '' . In the time of Gregory the Great ( 590 -- 604 ) there were apparently at Rome six weeks of six days each , making thirty - six fast days in all , which St. Gregory , who is followed therein by many medieval writers , describes as the spiritual tithing of the year , thirty - six days being approximately the tenth part of three hundred and sixty - five . At a later date the wish to realize the exact number of forty days led to the practice of beginning Lent on Ash Wednesday . The ordinary rule on fasting days was to take but one meal a day and that only in the evening , white meat and , in the early centuries , wine were entirely forbidden . These days were at one time observed with a Black Fast of strictly no more than one meal , without meat , dairy , oil , or wine . This Lenten fast was traditionally broken at sunset . In the 10th century the custom of taking the only meal of the day at three o'clock was introduced . In the 14th century the meal was allowed at mid-day , and soon the practice of an evening collation ( snack ) became common . A morning collation was introduced in the early 19th century . In the early 20th century , Church law prescribed fasting throughout Lent , with abstinence only on Friday and Saturday . Some countries received dispensations : Rome in 1918 allowed the bishops of Ireland to transfer the Saturday obligation to Wednesday ; in the United States , abstinence was not required on Saturday . The other weekdays were simply days of `` fasting without abstinence . '' A similar practice ( common in the United States ) was called `` partial abstinence '' , which allowed meat only once during the day at the main meal . ( There is nothing in current Catholic Canon Law which corresponds to `` partial abstinence '' . ) The countries of the former Spanish empire also had their own extensive dispensations from the Roman rules of fasting and abstinence , based on the `` Crusader privileges '' of the Spanish dominions as codified in the Bull of the Crusade . In some European colonies , the obligation to fast and abstain differed by race , with natives often having more lenient rules than Europeans or mestizos . While the rules of abstinence generally only allow seafood , there are a few exceptions . In parts of South America , especially in Venezuela , capybara meat is popular during Lent and Holy Week ; in response to a question posed by French settlers in Quebec in the 17th century , beaver was classified as an exception ; and the Archbishop of New Orleans said that `` alligator is considered in the fish family '' in 2010 . The legal basis for the classification of beaver as fish probably rests with the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas , which bases animal classification as much on habit as anatomy . Besides Lent , there were other penitential times customarily accompanied by fasting or abstinence . These included Advent , the Ember Days , the Rogation Days , Fridays throughout the year , and vigils of important feast days . Advent is considered a time of special self - examination , humility , and spiritual preparation in anticipation of the birth of Christ . Fridays and Saturdays in Advent were days of abstinence , and until early in the 20th century , the Fridays of Advent were also days of fasting . The vigils observed included the Saturday before Pentecost , October 31 ( the vigil of All Saints ) , December 24 ( Christmas Eve ) , December 7 ( the vigil of the Immaculate Conception ) and August 14 ( the vigil of the Assumption ) . These vigils all required fasting ; some also required abstinence . If any of these fell on a Sunday , the vigil , but not the obligation of fasting , was moved to the Saturday before . ( Some other liturgical days were also known as vigils but neither fasting nor abstinence was required , particularly the vigils of feasts of the Apostles and the Vigil of the Epiphany . ) By 1959 in the United States , the fast for the vigil of Christmas was moved to December 23 . Ember days occurred four times a year . The Wednesday , Friday and Saturday of the ember week were days of fast and abstinence , though the Wednesday and Saturday were often only days of partial abstinence . In addition , Roman Catholics were required to abstain from meat ( but not fast ) on all other Fridays , unless the Friday coincided with a holy day of obligation . The former regulations on abstinence obliged Roman Catholics starting as young as age seven , but there were many exceptions . Large classes of people were considered exempt from fasting and abstinence , not only the sick and those with physically demanding jobs , but also people traveling and students . The regulations were adapted to each nation , and so in most dioceses in America abstinence from meat was not required on the Friday after Thanksgiving , to accommodate any meat left over from that US national holiday . On the eve of Vatican II , fasting and abstinence requirements in numerous Catholic countries were already greatly relaxed compared to the beginning of the 20th century , with fasting often reduced to just 4 days of the year ( Ash Wednesday , Good Friday , the vigil of Christmas or the day before , and the vigil either of the Immaculate Conception or of the Assumption ) . Sundays of Lent ( edit ) Some controversy has arisen over whether Catholics should continue to fast and abstain from the things they voluntarily gave up for Lent on the Sundays of Lent . Questions include whether the `` forty days '' of Lent are limited to weekdays or whether they include Sundays , and if every Sunday is like Easter . The Latin word for Lent is Quadragesima which literally means `` forty '' . The term imitates many biblical images of fasting for forty days ( e.g. Exodus 24 : 18 ; Matthew 4 : 2 ; Luke 4 : 2 ) . While all of this is true , Lenten and Easter practices varied in the East and the West as both traditions developed over time . The various Lenten fasts which developed did not always last forty days . In the fourth century , the council of Nicaea referred to Lent as `` the forty '' before the Paschal feast . Although it is not entirely clear , the grammar of this phrase could be read to imply that one should prepare for forty days for the coming of Easter . One thing that is clear from the council of Nicaea is the fact that whatever the length of this penance , it did not include Sundays , since this council forbade even kneeling on Sunday . Sundays were treated differently by the early Christians and penitential kneeling on Sundays was strictly forbidden . This early discipline later evolved in the Western Church as our understanding of various gestures in worship shifted . Eventually in the Western tradition kneeling became a sign of reverence not of penance . In the history of the development of Lenten traditions in the western Church there were actually two different focuses . One was on the Baptismal liturgy of catechumens who were journeying towards the Easter Vigil to be baptized and received in to the Church . The second tradition involved a rite for reconciling adult penitents . Initially these penitents were those who were excommunicated and were in the process of being reconciled to the Church . In 1091 AD , Pope Urban II changed this and required all the faithful to receive ashes in what became Ash Wednesday . Over time the penitential aspect alone became the focus of Lent . The Second Vatican council wished to restore the original double focus on baptism and penance . The fathers note , `` The season of Lent has a twofold character : primarily by recalling or preparing for baptism and by penance , it disposes the faithful , who more diligently hear the word of God and devote themselves to prayer , to celebrate the paschal mystery . This twofold character is to be brought into greater prominence both in the liturgy and by liturgical catechesis . '' ( Sacrosanctum concilium 109 ) . What are the implications for the Sundays in Lent ? Can we solve this with Math ? According to the modern General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar ( 2011 ) , `` The forty days of Lent run from Ash Wednesday up to but excluding the Mass of the Lord 's Supper exclusive . '' If you get a calendar out you would see that this year there are 20 days of Lent in February but only 24 days ( 23.5 ? ) of Lent in March for a total of 44 days . There are 6 Sundays in Lent . Using these numbers you would not achieve the ' biblical number ' forty by subtracting the six Sundays that occur within Lenten session . Does this prove that we should fast and abstain on Sunday 's ? Or perhaps two of the Sundays ? Several points need to be noted . First the definition of Lent as excluding half of Holy Thursday , the whole of Good Friday and Holy Saturday only came about in 1969 . These three days are now called the Triduum and are no longer considered part of the session of Lent . In other words , the numbers did actually work until this recent change . But now is the number ' forty , ' merely figurative ? Notice that even in the current definition of Lent , Easter waits for us to complete the Triduum , and there are two more days of serious penance in the Triduum which still brings the total to forty days of penance excluding Sundays . The penitential disciple of Lent is still forty days even if the season of Lent is now shorten by the Triduum . We must not confuse the season on Lent with the penitential disciple of Lent . The tradition of the Church did not require equal penances on each day of Lent , and no penance was required on Sunday . Someone might say that the Sundays of Lent are part of the season of Lent and , therefore , must continue to have a penitential meaning . This is certainly partly true . We do worship in a more reserved and sober manner on the Sundays of Lent . But the fact remains that the penitential discipline of Lent always excluded these Sundays . We might also point out that the lectionary readings of the Sundays of Lent all focus on the catechumenal journey towards the Easter Vigil and not exclusively on penance . As was pointed out above , Lenten traditions have developed over time . One consistent feature has been that the penitential discipline of Lent excluded Sundays . This point is especially evident in the writings of St. Augustine . In St. Augustine 's Letter 36 , he refutes a rigorist who insists that Christians should fast on the Sabbath ( Saturday ) . This might initially sound tangential but it leads Augustine to our question . Augustine , by the way , argues that we are free to fast or not fast on the Sabbath , and as Christians we are not bound by the Jewish Sabbath keeping regulations . Augustine also tells us that in his time Christians regularly fasted on Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year and not just in Lent ( 36.30 ) and that some Churches fasted as well on the Sabbath . By comparison , fasting on the Lord 's Day ( Sunday ) `` would be a cause of no small scandal to the Church '' ( 36.2 , cf. 36.10 , 29 ) . He notes , `` For in these questions on which the divine scripture has determined nothing certain , the custom of the people of God or the practices of our ancestors are to be taken as law '' ( 36.2 ) . He makes it clear that not fasting on the Lord 's Day was the standard practice for the Church in Rome , in Africa and in Millan . He also points out that fasting or abstaining on the Lord 's Day was a practice of the followers of the heresy of the Manichees ( 36.27 ) and Priscillianist ( 36.28 ) which the Church universally rejected . Fasting on the Lord 's Day is a ' scandal ' and ' abominable ' ( 36.27 ) though Augustine allows one exception , `` unless perhaps someone might be able to extend a fast beyond a week without taking any meal in order to approximate a fast of forty days '' ( 36.27 ) . He does not seem to have in mind someone who is merely , for example , not eating meat for forty days , but an epic fast of biblical proportions . ( e.g. `` without taking any meal '' ) . Again the point is that the penitential discipline of Lent always excluded Sundays and further St. Augustine says that fasting on Sundays is a scandal and abominable . Finally someone might add one more layer to this discussion . The person who is asking about drinking their latte on Sundays in Lent , is really taking about their own self - imposed private devotion . It is interesting to learn about the history of this practice of private devotion . Prior to Second Vatican Council the 1917 Code of Canon Law , the Roman Pontifical and the approved regulations for the United States ( Uniform Norms 1951 , Modification 1956 ) required a rigorous scheme of fasting by all the faithful 21 - 59 - years - old . Abstinence could be complete or partial , and fasting allowed one full meal plus partial meals . All week days of Lent had either a fast or a fast and abstinence attached to them . It is very clear in these documents that we were discussing the weekdays of Lent , excluding Sundays . During World War II special permission was given to local ordinaries to dispense the faithful from these rigorous daily requirements and this permission was extended again in 1949 . In light of these dispensations the Uniform Norms 1951 , and Modification 1956 for the US included a paragraph which exhorted the faithful to be generous in performing additional voluntary works of Christian perfection . It seems the wide spread custom of taking on voluntary penance began in the 1950s . Prior to this people were satisfied fulfilling the demanding norms of Lent . Since these new voluntary acts are not required , it would seem the faithful can do whatever they want , but choosing to do penance on a Sunday is clearly not in the spirit of Catholic Tradition . Contemporary application ( edit ) Contemporary legislation is rooted in the 1966 Apostolic Constitution of Pope Paul VI , Paenitemini . He recommended that fasting be appropriate to the local economic situation , and that all Catholics voluntarily fast and abstain . He also allowed that fasting and abstinence might be substituted with prayer and works of charity , although the norms for doing so were to be set down by the Episcopal Conferences . Current practice of fast and abstinence is regulated by Canons 1250 -- 1253 of the 1983 code . They specify that all Fridays throughout the year , and the time of Lent are penitential times throughout the entire Church . All adults ( those who have attained the ' age of majority ' , which is 18 years in canon law ) are bound by law to fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday until the beginning of their sixtieth year . All persons who have completed their fourteenth year are bound by the law of abstinence on all Fridays unless they are solemnities , and again on Ash Wednesday ; but in practice this requirement has been greatly reduced by the Episcopal Conferences because under Canon 1253 , it is these Conferences that have the authority to set down the local norms for fasting and abstinence in their territories . ( However , the precept to both fast and abstain on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday is usually not dispensed from . ) Absent any specification of the nature of `` fasting '' in the current Canon Law , the traditional definition is obviously applicable here which is that on the days of mandatory fasting , Catholics may eat only one full meal during the day . Additionally , they may eat up to two small meals or snacks , known as `` collations '' . Church requirements on fasting only relate to solid food , not to drink , so Church law does not restrict the amount of water or other beverages -- even alcoholic drinks -- which may be consumed . In some Western countries , Catholics have been encouraged to adopt non-dietary forms of abstinence during Lent . For example , in 2009 Monsignor Benito Cocchi , Archbishop of Modena , urged young Catholics to give up text messaging for Lent . Eucharistic fast ( edit ) In addition to the fasts mentioned above , Roman Catholics must also observe the Eucharistic Fast , which involves taking nothing but water and medicines into the body for some time before receiving the Eucharist . The earliest recorded regular practice was to eat at home before the Lord 's Supper if one was hungry ( I Corinthians 11 : 34 ) . The next known ancient practice was to fast from midnight until Mass that day . As Masses after noon and in the evening became common in the West , this was soon modified to fasting for three hours . The latest Code of Canon Law reduced the Eucharistic Fast to the current one - hour requirement for the Roman Rite . Particular law in some Eastern Catholic Churches also requires a one - hour Eucharistic fast . By country ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The Australian Catholic Bishops ' Conference decreed on Friday 4 October 1985 that Fridays throughout the year , including in Lent ( other than Good Friday ) are not obligatory days of abstinence from meat , provided an alternative form of penance is practised . Although this remains the case to this day , support for the return of obligatory Friday abstinence has been gradually increasing since England and Wales returned to Friday abstinence in 2011 , with some Australian bishops expressing interest . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops decrees that the days of fast and abstinence in Canada are Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , and specifies that Fridays are days of abstinence . This includes all Fridays year round , not just Fridays of Lent . Catholics , however , can substitute special acts of charity or piety on these days . England and Wales ( edit ) Current norms for England and Wales , issued by the Bishops ' Conference in May 2011 , re-introduced the expectation that all Catholics able to do so should abstain from meat on all Fridays of the year , effective Friday , September 16 , 2011 . Ireland ( edit ) On 25 November 2010 the Irish Bishops ' Conference published the resource leaflet Friday Penance . It followed from the March 2010 Pastoral Letter to the Catholics of Ireland from Pope Benedict XVI suggesting initiatives to support renewal in the Church in Ireland . He asked that Irish Catholics offer their Friday Penances `` for an outpouring of God 's mercy and the Holy Spirit 's gifts of holiness and strength , '' and that fasting , prayer , reading of Scripture and works of mercy be offered in order to obtain healing and renewal for the Church in Ireland . The leaflet states that Penance `` arises from the Lord 's call to conversion and repentance '' and describes that it is an `` essential part of all genuine Christian living '' : in memory of the passion and death of the Lord as a sharing in Christ 's suffering as an expression of inner conversion as a form of reparation for sin Friday Penance also explains why penance is important : `` Declaring some days throughout the year as days of fast and abstinence ( Ash Wednesday and Good Friday ) is meant to intensify penances of the Christian . Lent is the traditional season for renewal and penance but Catholics also observe each Friday of the year as days of penance . The link between Friday and penance is extremely ancient and is even reflected in the Irish language word for Friday : An Aoine ( The Fast ) . '' The leaflet suggests ways of fulfilling Friday penance such as abstaining from meat or alcohol , visiting the Blessed Sacrament or helping the poor , sick and lonely as well as other suggestions . United States ( edit ) The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) produced a statement in 1966 called Pastoral Statement on Penance and Abstinence , which was modified slightly in 1983 . One writer has summarized the U.S. rules as follows : In the United States , the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) has declared that `` the age of fasting is from the completion of the eighteenth year to the beginning of the sixtieth . '' The USCCB also allows the substitution of some other form of penance for abstinence on all of the Fridays of the year , except for those Fridays in Lent . Thus , the rules for fasting and abstinence in the United States are : Every person 14 years of age or older must abstain from meat ( and items made with meat ) on Ash Wednesday , Good Friday , and all the Fridays of Lent . Every person between the age of 18 and 59 ( beginning of 60th year ) must fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday . Every person 14 years of age or older must abstain from meat ( and items made with meat ) on all other Fridays of the year , unless he or she substitutes some other form of penance for abstinence . According to the USCCB : Abstinence laws consider that meat comes only from animals such as chickens , cows , sheep or pigs -- - all of which live on land . Birds are also considered meat . Abstinence does not include meat juices and liquid foods made from meat . Thus , such foods as chicken broth , consomme , soups cooked or flavored with meat , meat gravies or sauces , as well as seasonings or condiments made from animal fat are technically not forbidden . However , moral theologians have traditionally taught that we should abstain from all animal - derived products ( except foods such as gelatin , butter , cheese and eggs , which do not have any meat taste ) . Fish are a different category of animal . Salt and freshwater species of fish , amphibians , reptiles , ( cold - blooded animals ) and shellfish are permitted . Because of this , some Catholic parishes in the United States sponsor a fish fry during Lent . In predominantly Roman Catholic areas , restaurants may adjust their menus during Lent by adding seafood items to the menu in an attempt to appeal to Roman Catholics . However , the same USCCB website says that : While fish , lobster and other shellfish are not considered meat and can be consumed on days of abstinence , indulging in the lavish buffet at your favorite seafood place sort of misses the point . Abstaining from meat and other indulgences during Lent is a penitential practice . The USCCB also states that : Those that are excused from fast and abstinence outside the age limits include the physically or mentally ill including individuals suffering from chronic illnesses such as diabetes . Also excluded are pregnant or nursing women . In all cases , common sense should prevail , and ill persons should not further jeopardize their health by fasting . In 2010 , Archbishop of New Orleans Gregory Michael Aymond clarified that alligator is also considered seafood , saying `` Yes , the alligator 's considered in the fish family , and I agree with you -- God has created a magnificent creature that is important to the state of Louisiana , and it is considered seafood . '' This was in response to a letter from a local alligator wrangler . Eastern practice ( edit ) To fast customarily means to only eat one meal during the day , and to avoid animal products . Eastern Christians view fasting as one part of repentance and supporting a spiritual change of heart . Eastern Christians observe two major times of fasting , the `` Great Fast '' before Easter , and `` Phillip 's Fast '' before the Nativity . During the Great Fast , meat , eggs , dairy products , fish and oil are avoided . The fast period before Christmas is called `` Philip 's Fast '' because it begins after the feast day of St. Philip . Specific practices vary , but on some days during the week meat , dairy products and ( in some countries ) oil are avoided , while on other days there is no restriction . During approximately the last week before the Nativity , typically meat , dairy , eggs and oil are avoided on all days , meals are moderate in quantity , and no food is taken between meals . See also ( edit ) Christian vegetarianism Friday Fast References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Canon 1253 -- Observance of Fast and Abstinence '' . USCCB . October 21 , 1983 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Sacrosanctum Concilium '' . Vatican Secret Archive . December 4 , 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Oddie , William ( 16 May 2011 ) . `` The restoration of the Friday fast is a historic day for English and Welsh Catholics '' . The Catholic Herald . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Pastoral Statement on Penance and Abstinence '' . US Conference of Catholic Bishops . November 18 , 1966 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ 2018 ORDO for the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter : Advent 2017 to Christmastide 2018 , Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter , ISBN 9781982037147 Jump up ^ Walkup , Carolyn ( December 8 , 2003 ) . `` You can take the girl out of Wisconsin , but the lure of its food remains '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , James D. ( 1907 ) . Abstinence . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York City : Robert Appleton Co . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feldmeier , Dr. Peter ; Ozdemir , Dr. Adil . `` Fasting '' . University of St. Thomas . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert ( 1907 ) . Lent . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York City : Robert Appleton Co . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cléir , Síle de ( 5 October 2017 ) . Popular Catholicism in 20th - Century Ireland : Locality , Identity and Culture . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1350020603 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context , stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent , which originally involved just one meal a day , not to be eaten until after sunset . Jump up ^ Guéranger , Prosper ; Fromage , Lucien ( 1912 ) . The Liturgical Year : Lent . New York : Benziger Brothers . pp. 7 -- 8 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . St. Benedict 's rule prescribed a great many fasts , over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent ; but it made this great distinction between the two : that whilst Lent obliged the monks , as well as the rest of the faithful , to abstain from food till sunset , these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None . Jump up ^ O'Neill , James D. ( 1907 ) . The Black Fast . Catholic Encyclopedia . 2 . New York City : Robert Appleton Co . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Angela ( October 14 , 2001 ) . `` '' Oh Unnatural Murderer ! `` : Vegetarian Trends in 18th - Century Europe and America '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lenten Reader Roundup '' . Jimmy Akin.Org . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lacoursière , Jacques ( 1995 ) . Histoire populaire du Québec : Des origines à 1791 ( People 's History of Quebec From the beginning to 1791 ) ( in French ) . Diffusion Dimedia . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 2894480502 . Explains that Bishop François de Laval in the 17th century posed the question to the theologians of the Sorbonne , who ruled in favour of this decision . Jump up ^ Ellsworth , Brian ( March 24 , 2005 ) . `` In Days Before Easter , Venezuelans Tuck Into Rodent - Related Delicacy '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Reilley , Lucas ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` Why Is n't Fish Considered Meat During Lent ? '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas II . 147 : 8 provides legal foundation on which theologians argued in favour of beaver being like fish . Jump up ^ Canon V , Greek text : τῆς τεσσεράκοντῆς , ἵνα πάσῆς , Latin : quadragesimam paschae . In the Greek the word `` day ' is likely implied . The construction of ἵνα with a designation of time see Arndt , W. , Danker , F.W. , & Bauer , W. ( 2000 ) . A Greek - English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature ( 3rd ed. , p. 476 ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . S. B-D-F § 382 , 1 ; 393 . cf . Pl . Ti . 38c : ἐξ οὖν λόγου καὶ διανοίας θεοῦ τοιαύτης πρὸς χρόνου γένεσιν , ἵνα γεννηθῇ χρόνος , ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη καὶ πέντε ἄλλα ἄστρα , ἐπίκλην ἔχοντα πλανητά , εἰς διορισμὸν καὶ φυλακὴν ἀριθμῶν χρόνου γέγονεν . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Code of Canon Law '' . The Holy See . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Donovan , STL , Colin B . `` The Holy Season of Lent '' . EWTN . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` To text is to sin '' . New Zealand Herald . 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Complementary Legislation for Australia '' . Australian Catholic Bishops Conference . 4 October 1985 . Jump up ^ Biddle , Matthew ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Some Australian bishops suggest restoring year - round Friday abstinence '' . National Catholic Reporter . Kansas City . Catholic News Service . Jump up ^ `` Appetite for Friday abstinence returns '' . The Catholic Leader . Brisbane. 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Friday '' . Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops . September 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Penance '' ( PDF ) . Irish Catholic Bishops ' Conference . 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Richert , Scott P. ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Connection Between Lent and Fasting '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers about Lent and Lenten Practices '' . United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Mabin , Connie ( March 2 , 2007 ) . `` For Lent , Parishes Lighten Up Fish Fry '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Carlino , Bill ( February 19 , 1990 ) . `` Seafood promos aimed to ' lure ' Lenten observers '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Antolini , Tina ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Forget Fish Fridays : In Louisiana , Gator Is On The Lenten Menu '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip 's Fast '' . Our Lady of Fatima Byzantine Catholic Church . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Further reading JD O'Neill ( 1913 ) . `` Fast '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Pope Paul VI. ( 1966 ) . `` Paenitemini '' . The Vatican . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Women for Faith & Family -- includes texts of Canon law Duffy , Eamon . `` To Fast Again '' , The Tablet , January 31 , 2004 Structure of the Mass of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church Forms Pre-Tridentine Mass Tridentine Mass Extraordinary form Mass of Paul VI Types Low Mass Missa Cantata Solemn Mass Pontifical High Mass Papal Mass Ritual Masses Blue Mass Chapter and Conventual Mass Coronation Mass Nuptial Mass Red Mass Requiem Mass sine populo Votive Mass Order of Mass Pre-Mass Vesting prayers in the sacristy Asperges me Vidi aquam in Eastertide Liturgy of the Word Sign of the Cross Psalm 43 Entrance Antiphon Penitential Rite Confiteor / Kyrie Gloria Dominus vobiscum Collect Oremus First Reading Responsorial Psalm or Gradual Epistle Alleluia Gospel verse / sequence Gospel Homily Credo Niceno - Constantinopolitan Creed or Apostles ' Creed General Intercessions Liturgy of the Eucharist Offertory Orate fratres / prayer over the gifts Preface Sursum corda / Sanctus / Hosanna Eucharistic Prayer / Canon of the Mass oblation / epiclesis / Words of Institution / elevation / anamnesis texts and rubrics Roman Canon history Eucharistic Prayer II Memorial Acclamation Lord 's Prayer embolism / doxology Pax Sign of peace Agnus Dei Fraction Holy Communion Communion antiphon Ablutions Postcommunion Dismissal Ite , missa est / Benedicamus Domino Last Gospel Post-Mass Leonine Prayers Recessional hymn Participants Acolyte Altar server female Bishop Boat boy Cantor Choir Crucifer Deacon Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion Laity Eucharistic Congress Lector Priest Subdeacon Usher Parts of the Sanctuary / Altar Altar crucifix Altar rails Ambo Communion bench Credence table Kneeler Lavabo Misericord Piscina Tabernacle Altar cloths Altar linens Antependium Burse Chalice veil Corporal Lavabo towel Pall Purificator Candles and lamps Altar candle Altar candlestick Paschal candle Sanctuary lamp Triple candlestick Votive candle Liturgical objects Altar bell Aspergillum Censer Chalice Ciborium Collection basket Cruet Flabellum Funghellino Holy water Incense use Manuterge Paten Processional cross Pyx Sacramental bread wafer Sacramental wine ( or must ) Thurible Water Liturgical books of the Roman Rite Ceremonial of Bishops Evangeliary Gospel Book Graduale Lectionary Roman Missal Vestments Alb Amice Chasuble Dalmatic Episcopal sandals Liturgical colours Headcover Humeral veil Pallium Pontifical Stole Surplice Tunicle Vimpa Liturgical year ( Roman Calendar ) Advent Christmastide Ordinary Time Septuagesima Lent Passiontide Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Ascensiontide Eucharistic discipline Abstemius Anima Christi Concelebration Church etiquette Closed communion Communion and the developmentally disabled Communion under both kinds Denial of Communion Canon 915 Eucharistic fast First Communion Frequent Communion Genuflection Host desecration Infant communion Intinction Reserved sacrament Thanksgiving after Communion Viaticum Eucharistic theology Body and Blood of Christ Corpus Christi ( feast ) Crucifixion of Jesus and substitutionary atonement Epiousios Grace ex opere operato In persona Christi Historical roots of Catholic Eucharistic theology Koinonia Last Supper Mirae caritatis Mysterium fidei ( encyclical ) Origin of the Eucharist Real presence Transubstantiation Year of the Eucharist Stercoranism Regulations and concepts Ad orientem and versus populum Calendar of saints Canon law Code of Rubrics Commemoration Ecclesiastical Latin General Instruction of the Roman Missal Holy day of obligation Intercession of saints Ordinary and propers Pro multis Sunday Lord 's Day Vernacular Related Agape feast Catholic liturgy Christian prayer effects of prayer Congregation for Divine Worship Council of Trent Ecclesia de Eucharistia Eucharistic adoration and benediction Dominicae Cenae / Holy Hour Eucharistic miracle Fermentum Fourth Council of the Lateran Gelineau psalmody Gregorian chant History of the Roman Canon Lex orandi , lex credendi Liturgical Movement Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII Mediator Dei Missale Romanum ( apostolic constitution ) Pope Paul VI Catholic theology Sacraments of the Catholic Church Second Vatican Council Sacrosanctum concilium Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=839946795 '' Categories : Catholic spirituality Catholic liturgy Catholic penitential practices Christian fasting Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 CS1 French - 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-3065987872064512433	Noise pollution	Noise pollution - wikipedia Noise pollution Jump to : navigation , search Traffic is the main source of noise pollution in cities . A Qantas Airways Boeing 747 - 400 passes close to houses shortly before landing at London Heathrow Airport . Noise pollution is the disturbing noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal life . The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines and transportation systems , motor vehicles engines and trains . Outdoor noise is summarized by the word environmental noise . Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution , side - by - side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas . Documented problems associated with urban environment noise go back as far as Ancient Rome . Noise from roadways and other urban factors can be mitigated by urban planning and better design of roads . Outdoor noise can be caused by machines , construction activities , and music performances , especially in some workplaces . Noise - induced hearing loss can be caused by outside ( e.g. trains ) or inside ( e.g. music ) noise . High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease . In animals , noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance , interfere with reproduction and navigation , and contribute to permanent hearing loss . Contents ( hide ) 1 Health 1.1 Humans 1.2 Wildlife 2 Noise mitigation 3 Legal status 3.1 India 3.2 United Kingdom 3.3 United States 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Health ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) A sound level meter , a basic tool in measuring sound . Main article : Health effects from noise Noise pollution affects both health and behavior . Unwanted sound ( noise ) can damage psychological health . Noise pollution can cause hypertension , high stress levels , tinnitus , hearing loss , sleep disturbances , and other harmful effects . Reaction to noise Sound becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as sleeping , conversation , or disrupts or diminishes one 's quality of life . Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise - induced hearing loss . Older males exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate more significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers , though differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by age 79 . A comparison of Maaban tribesmen , who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or industrial noise , to a typical U.S. population showed that chronic exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss . High noise levels can result in cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels during a single eight - hour period causes a statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten points and an increase in stress , and vasoconstriction leading to the increased blood pressure noted above , as well as to increased incidence of coronary artery disease . Less addressed is how humans adapt to noise subjectively . Indeed , tolerance for noise is frequently independent of decibel levels . However , Murray Schafer 's soundscape research was groundbreaking in this regard . In his eponymous work , he makes compelling arguments about how humans relate to noise on a subjective level , and how such subjectivity is conditioned by culture . He also notes that sound is an expression of power , and as such , material culture ( e.g. , fast cars or Harley Davidson motorcycles with aftermarket pipes ) tend to have louder engines not only for safety reasons , but for expressions of power by dominating the soundscape with a particular sound . Other key research in this area can be seen in Fong 's comparative analysis of soundscape differences between Bangkok , Thailand and Los Angeles , California , US . Fong 's research methodology was modeled after Schafer , and the research findings show how not only do soundscapes differ , but they also rather explicitly point to the level of urban development in the area ; that is , cities in the periphery - in Immanuel Wallerstein - speak - will have different soundscapes than that of cities in the core . Fong 's important findings tie not only soundscape appreciation to our subjective views of sound , but also demonstrates how different sounds of the soundscape are indicative of class differences in urban environments . Wildlife ( edit ) Noise can have a detrimental effect on wild animals , increasing the risk of death by changing the delicate balance in predator or prey detection and avoidance , and interfering the use of the sounds in communication , especially in relation to reproduction and in navigation . Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing . An impact of noise on wild animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy areas may cause , which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path to extinction . Noise pollution may have caused the death of certain species of whales that beached themselves after being exposed to the loud sound of military sonar . ( see also Marine mammals and sonar ) Noise also makes species communicate more loudly , which is called Lombard vocal response . Scientists and researchers have conducted experiments that show whales ' song length is longer when submarine - detectors are on . If creatures do not `` speak '' loudly enough , their voice will be masked by anthropogenic sounds . These unheard voices might be warnings , finding of prey , or preparations of net - bubbling . When one species begins speaking more loudly , it will mask other species ' voice , causing the whole ecosystem eventually to speak more loudly . Marine invertebrates , such as crabs ( Carcinus maenas ) , have also been shown to be negatively affected by ship noise . Larger crabs were noted to be negatively affected more by the sounds than smaller crabs . Repeated exposure to the sounds did lead to acclimatization . European robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high levels of noise pollution during the day , suggesting that they sing at night because it is quieter , and their message can propagate through the environment more clearly . The same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of nocturnal singing than night - time light pollution , to which the phenomenon often is attributed . Zebra finches become less faithful to their partners when exposed to traffic noise . This could alter a population 's evolutionary trajectory by selecting traits , sapping resources normally devoted to other activities and thus leading to profound genetic and evolutionary consequences . Noise mitigation ( edit ) The sound tube in Melbourne , Australia is designed to reduce roadway noise without detracting from the area 's aesthetics A man wears ear muffs for protection against noise pollution , 1973 . Main article : Noise mitigation Roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise barriers , limitation of vehicle speeds , alteration of roadway surface texture , limitation of heavy vehicles , use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration , and tire design . An important factor in applying these strategies is a computer model for roadway noise , that is capable of addressing local topography , meteorology , traffic operations , and hypothetical mitigation . Costs of building - in mitigation can be modest , provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a roadway project . Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet engines . Altering flight paths and time of day runway has benefitted residents near airports . Industrial noise has been addressed since the 1930s via redesign of industrial equipment , shock mounted assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace . In recent years , Buy Quiet programs and initiatives have arisen in an effort to combat occupational noise exposures . These programs promote the purchase of quieter tools and equipment and encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment . The US National Institute for Occupational Health has created a database of industrial equipment with decibel levels noted . Legal status ( edit ) Main article : Noise regulation Up until the 1970s governments tended to view noise as a `` nuisance '' rather than an environmental problem . Many conflicts over noise pollution are handled by negotiation between the emitter and the receiver . Escalation procedures vary by country , and may include action in conjunction with local authorities , in particular the police . India ( edit ) Noise pollution is a major problem in India . The government of India has rules & regulations against firecrackers and loudspeakers , but enforcement is extremely lax . Awaaz Foundation is an Indian NGO working to control noise pollution from various sources through advocacy , public interest litigation , awareness , and educational campaigns since 2003 . Despite increased enforcement and stringency of laws now being practised in urban areas , rural areas are still affected . United kingdom ( edit ) Figures compiled by rockwool , the mineral wool insulation manufacturer , based on responses from local authorities to a Freedom of Information Act ( FOI ) request reveal in the period April 2008 -- 2009 UK councils received 315,838 complaints about noise pollution from private residences . This resulted in environmental health officers across the UK serving 8,069 noise abatement notices or citations under the terms of the Anti-Social Behaviour ( Scotland ) Act . In the last 12 months , 524 confiscations of equipment have been authorized involving the removal of powerful speakers , stereos and televisions . Westminster City Council has received more complaints per head of population than any other district in the UK with 9,814 grievances about noise , which equates to 42.32 complaints per thousand residents . Eight of the top 10 councils ranked by complaints per 1,000 residents are located in London . United states ( edit ) There are federal standards for highway and aircraft noise ; states and local governments typically have very specific statutes on building codes , urban planning , and roadway development . Noise laws and ordinances vary widely among municipalities and indeed do not even exist in some cities . An ordinance may contain a general prohibition against making noise that is a nuisance , or it may set out specific guidelines for the level of noise allowable at certain times of the day and for certain activities . The Environmental Protection Agency retains authority to investigate and study noise and its effect , disseminate information to the public regarding noise pollution and its adverse health effects , respond to inquiries on matters related to noise , and evaluate the effectiveness of existing regulations for protecting the public health and welfare , pursuant to the Noise Control Act of 1972 and the Quiet Communities Act of 1978 . New York City instituted the first comprehensive noise code in 1985 . The Portland Noise Code includes potential fines of up to $5000 per infraction and is the basis for other major U.S. and Canadian city noise ordinances . See also ( edit ) Acoustical engineering Environmental noise Industrial noise Buy Quiet International Noise Awareness Day Noise Abatement Society Noise calculation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Senate Public Works Committee , Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972 , S. Rep. No. 1160 , 92nd Cong . 2nd session Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan and Gary L. Latshaw , `` The relationship between highway planning and urban noise '' , Proceedings of the ASCE , Urban Transportation , May 21 -- 23 , 1973 , Chicago , Illinois . By American Society of Civil Engineers . Urban Transportation Division Jump up ^ `` Medscape Log In '' . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Barbara ; Moebus , Susanne ; Stang , Andreas ; Beck , Eva - Maria ; Dragano , Nico ; Möhlenkamp , Stephan ; Schmermund , Axel ; Memmesheimer , Michael ; Mann , Klaus ( 2006 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Residence close to high traffic and prevalence of coronary heart disease '' . European Heart Journal . 27 ( 22 ) : 2696 -- 2702 . ISSN 0195 - 668X . PMID 17003049 . doi : 10.1093 / eurheartj / ehl278 . Jump up ^ `` Results and Discussion - Effects - Noise Effect On Wildlife - Noise - Environment - FHWA '' . www.fhwa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : S. Rosen and P. Olin , Hearing Loss and Coronary Heart Disease , Archives of Otolaryngology , 82 : 236 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ J.M. Field , Effect of personal and situational variables upon noise annoyance in residential areas , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 93 : 2753 - 2763 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Noise Pollution '' . World Health Organisation . Jump up ^ `` Road noise link to blood pressure '' . BBC News . 2009 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Catrice . `` Noise Pollution '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Rosenhall U , Pedersen K , Svanborg A ( 1990 ) . `` Presbycusis and noise - induced hearing loss '' . Ear Hear . 11 ( 4 ) : 257 -- 63 . PMID 2210099 . doi : 10.1097 / 00003446 - 199008000 - 00002 . Jump up ^ Schafer , Murray ( 1977 ) . The Soundscape . Destiny Books . Jump up ^ Fong , Jack ( 2016 ) . `` Making Operative Concepts from Murray Schafer 's Soundscapes Typology : A Qualitative and Comparative Analysis of Noise Pollution in Bangkok , Thailand and Los Angeles , California . '' . Urban Studies . 53 ( 1 ) : 173 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Bahamas Marine Mammal Stranding Event of 15 -- 16 March 2000 Jump up ^ ( NULL ) . `` DOSITS : Page Not Found '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Variation in humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) song length in relation to '' . Bibcode : 2003ASAJ ... 113.3411 F. Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ McClain , Craig . `` Loud Noise Makes Crabs Even More Crabby '' . Deep Sea News . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Wale , M.A. ; Simpson , S.D. ; Radford , A.N. ( 2013 ) . `` Size - dependent physiological responses of shore crabs to single and repeated playback of ship noise '' . Biology Letters. 9 ( 2 ) : 20121194 -- 20121194 . ISSN 1744 - 9561 . PMC 3639773 . PMID 23445945 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2012.1194 . Jump up ^ Fuller RA , Warren PH , Gaston KJ ( 2007 ) . `` Daytime noise predicts nocturnal singing in urban robins '' . Biology Letters. 3 ( 4 ) : 368 -- 70 . PMC 2390663 . PMID 17456449 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0134 . Jump up ^ Milius , S. ( 2007 ) . High Volume , Low Fidelity : Birds are less faithful as sounds blare , Science News vol. 172 , p. 116 . ( references ) Jump up ^ `` CDC - Buy Quiet - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CDC - Buy Quiet : Efforts - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ IANS ( 29 August 2016 ) . `` Freedom from noise pollution will be true independence ( Comment : Special to IANS ) '' -- via Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Central Pollution Control Board : FAQs '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rising festival noise undoing past efforts ' Jump up ^ `` London is home to the noisiest neighbours '' . London Evening Standard . Jump up ^ EPA . `` Noise pollution '' . Environmental protection agency . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ City of Portland , Oregon . Auditor 's Office . Chapter 18.02 Title Noise Control . Retrieved on April 20 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Noise pollution . Noise effects . Beyond annoyance Noise Pollution in U.S. National Parks ASBHelp.co.uk - Report Noise Pollution in the UK Noise pollution at DMOZ World Health Organization - Guidelines for Community Noise The effects of noisy urban environment may cause the loss of memory to elderly person ( abstract published in 1st World Congress of Health and Urban Environment book . ) Clive Thompson on How Man - Made Noise May Be Altering Earth 's Ecology EEA draws the first map of Europe 's noise exposure - All press releases -- EEA Scientific American : How does background noise affect our concentration ? 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Audio Buildings Electronics Environment Government regulation Human health Images Radio Rooms Ships Sound masking Transportation Video Class of noise Additive white Gaussian noise ( AWGN ) Atmospheric noise Background noise Brownian noise Burst noise Cosmic noise Flicker noise Gaussian noise Grey noise Jitter Johnson -- Nyquist noise ( thermal noise ) Pink noise Quantization error ( or q . noise ) Shot noise White noise Coherent noise Value noise Gradient noise Worley noise Engineering terms Channel noise level Circuit noise level Effective input noise temperature Equivalent noise resistance Equivalent pulse code modulation noise Impulse noise ( audio ) Noise figure Noise floor Noise shaping Noise spectral density Noise , vibration , and harshness ( NVH ) Phase noise Pseudorandom noise Statistical noise Ratios Carrier - to - noise ratio ( C / N ) Carrier - to - receiver noise density ( C / kT ) dBrnC E / N ( energy per bit to noise density ) E / N ( energy per symbol to noise density ) Modulation error ratio ( MER ) Signal , noise and distortion ( SINAD ) Signal - to - interference ratio ( S / I ) Signal - to - noise ratio ( S / N , SNR ) Signal - to - noise ratio ( imaging ) Signal to noise plus interference ( SNIR ) Signal - to - quantization - noise ratio ( SQNR ) Contrast - to - noise ratio ( CNR ) Related topics List of noise topics Acoustics Colors of noise Interference ( communication ) Noise generator Radio noise source Spectrum analyzer Thermal radiation GND : 4034046 - 6 NDL : 00571422 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noise_pollution&oldid=801230940 '' Categories : Noise pollution Audiology Sounds by type Hidden categories : Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip සිංහල Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 13 : 49 . 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2210285477766713425	Wonder Woman (2017 film)	Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Woman Theatrical release poster Directed by Patty Jenkins Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Zack Snyder Richard Suckle Screenplay by Allan Heinberg Story by Zack Snyder Allan Heinberg Jason Fuchs Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston Starring Gal Gadot Chris Pine Robin Wright Danny Huston David Thewlis Connie Nielsen Elena Anaya Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Matthew Jensen Edited by Martin Walsh Production company RatPac - Dune Entertainment DC Films Tencent Pictures Wanda Pictures Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) ( Shanghai ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $149 million Box office $819 million Wonder Woman is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Patty Jenkins , with a screenplay by Allan Heinberg , from a story by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs , and stars Gal Gadot , Chris Pine , Robin Wright , Danny Huston , David Thewlis , Connie Nielsen , and Elena Anaya . Wonder Woman is the second live action theatrical film featuring the titular character , following her debut in 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Jenkins 's role as director makes her the first female director of a studio superhero comic book live - action theatrical release film . The film tells the story of Princess Diana , who grows up on the Amazon island of Themyscira . After American pilot Steve Trevor crashes offshore of the island and is rescued by her , he tells the Amazons about the ongoing World War . Diana then leaves her home in order to end the conflict , becoming Wonder Woman in the process . While development for the film began in 1996 , Jenkins signed on to direct in 2015 . Principal photography began on November 21 , 2015 , with filming taking place in the United Kingdom , France , and Italy before wrapping up on May 9 , 2016 , the 123rd anniversary of the birth of the creator , William Moulton Marston . Additional filming took place in November 2016 . Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . It received largely positive reviews from critics , being praised for the direction , performances , action sequences and musical score . The film set numerous box office records , including becoming the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , the biggest domestic opening for a film directed by a woman , the highest - grossing superhero origin film domestically , the largest opening for a female - led comic book film . Wonder Woman is also the fifth highest - grossing superhero film domestically and 20th highest - grossing film in the United States . It has grossed over $819 million worldwide , making it the seventh highest - grossing film of 2017 . It also helped the DCEU to push past $3 billion at the worldwide box office , making it the seventeenth highest - grossing film franchise of all time . A sequel , Wonder Woman 2 , is set to be released on December 13 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Development 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home Media 5.3 Controversies 5.3. 1 Bans 5.3. 2 Women - only screenings 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 International 6.2 Critical response 7 Accolades 8 Sequel 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In present - day Paris , Diana Prince receives a photographic plate of herself during World War I , which prompts her to recall her past . The daughter of Queen Hippolyta , Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira , home to the Amazonian race of warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind . Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana , including how Ares became jealous of humanity and worked to orchestrate its destruction . When the other gods of Mount Olympus attempted to stop him , Ares killed all but Zeus , who managed to hurt Ares enough to force a retreat . Zeus left the Amazons a weapon , the `` Godkiller '' , to prepare them for Ares ' return . Hippolyta forbids Diana to train , then relents by having her sister Antiope train Diana , but so long as her training is more difficult than that received by any other warrior in the army . As a young woman in 1918 , Diana rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themyscira coast . He is pursued by a German cruiser . The Amazons kill the crew . Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana . Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia . He reveals that a war is consuming the outside world , and that he is an Allied spy . He has stolen a notebook of the Spanish chief chemist Isabel Maru , who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas , under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff . Diana believes Ares is responsible for the war . She arms herself with the `` Godkiller '' sword , the lasso and her armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to find and destroy Ares . In London , they deliver Maru 's notebook to the Supreme War Council . Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany . Diana translates Maru 's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the War Front . Although forbidden by his commanders to act , Steve , with secret funding from Sir Patrick , recruits spy Sameer , marksman Charlie , and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released . When the team reaches the Western Front in Belgium , they are halted by the enemy lines . Diana pushes alone through No Man 's Land and captures the enemy trench , allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld . The team briefly celebrates , while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically and spend the night together . The team learns a gala will be held at the nearby German High Command . Steve and Diana each infiltrate the party , he intending to locate the gas and destroy it , she intending to kill Ludendorff , believing he is Ares and that killing him will end the war . Steve stops her to avoid jeopardizing the mission ; Ludendorff then unleashes the gas on Veld , killing its inhabitants . Outraged , and blaming Steve for intervening , Diana pursues Ludendorff to a base where the gas is being loaded into a bomber aircraft bound for London . Diana fights and kills Ludendorff but is confused when his death does not stop the war . Sir Patrick appears and reveals himself as Ares . He tells Diana that although he has subtly given humans ideas and inspirations , it is ultimately their decision to cause violence as they are inherently corrupt . She attempts to kill Ares with the Godkiller sword but he destroys it . Ares reveals Diana to be the `` Godkiller '' , as the daughter of Zeus , but he fails to persuade her to help him destroy humankind to restore paradise on Earth . While the two battle , the others on Steve 's team destroy Maru 's laboratory . Steve pilots the bomber carrying the gas to a safe altitude and detonates it , sacrificing himself . Ares attempts to harness Diana 's rage and grief at Steve 's death by convincing her to kill Maru , but memories of her experience with Steve cause her to decide that humans have good within them . She spares Maru and redirects Ares ' lightning into him , killing him . Later , the team celebrates the end of the war . In the present day , Diana sends an email to Bruce Wayne thanking him for the photographic plate of her and Steve , and reaffirms her mission to protect the world . Cast ( edit ) Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman : An immortal Amazon princess , demigoddess , the daughter of Queen Hippolyta and of Zeus given to the Amazons to raise according to Ares , and the sister of Ares . Describing Wonder Woman and her appeal , Gadot said `` She 's relatable . She has the heart of a human and is very compassionate , but her experiences -- or lack of them , her naivete , really -- make her interested in everything around her and able to view the world in a way that we 'd all like to : with a genuine curiosity . '' On Diana 's relationship with her mother , Gadot said `` Diana is a very opinionated girl . Her mother is very opinionated . Her mother is very protective as well , and they have , you know , the very natural clash that a mother has with her daughter , with their daughters , the first time they want to leave home . '' On taking on the role as Wonder Woman , Gadot stated `` I feel very privileged that I got the opportunity to portray such an iconic , strong female character . I adore this character and everything that she stands for and everything that she symbolizes . '' On Diana going to the world , Gadot stated `` When Diana comes to the real world she 's completely oblivious about gender and society rules , that women are not equal to men . '' Describing Diana 's relationship with her mother and aunts , Jenkins said `` She is the only child they raised together . And their love for her manifests in a different way for each of them . '' On working with Gadot , Jenkins said `` Gal quickly became the person I wanted to talk to about everything . We 'd shoot together all day . And then on weekends , we 'd be like , ' What do you want to do ? ' That 's maybe not totally normal . '' Lilly Aspel was cast as the 8 - year - old Diana and Emily Carey was cast as the 12 - year - old Diana . Chris Pine as Steve Trevor : An American pilot and the love interest of Diana . On his role for the film , Pine said `` I am an American pilot who 's a spy . It 's like a boy 's dream : You 're either a spy or a fighter pilot . The first thing I wanted to be was a fighter pilot a long time ago . I wanted to be Goose ( from Top Gun ) '' . As to how his mortal character would interact with an Amazon , Pine stated `` When I first read the script , it had elements of Romancing the Stone , kind of a very classic fish out of water . Two people that do n't really bond well at first and they 're butting heads and just fun , witty banter '' . When speaking about meeting the director and being cast , Pine said `` Patty is a pretty incredible human being . When we first met about the part of Steve , she sat across from me and essentially acted out the entire film over the course of a two - hour lunch . She was so specific , so articulate , and so ardent . I would 've said yes just for Patty alone . '' Pine went through a workout regime for the film , commenting `` I got in incredible shape for this film '' but also joking `` I was also wearing about 75 pounds of clothing . What I realized is that I made a major mistake , I got in great shape and they just put clothes over all my hard work . '' Robin Wright as Antiope : The sister of Hippolyta , General of the Amazonian army , Diana 's aunt , and mentor . On being cast for the film , Wright said `` It 's two-fold because when Patty Jenkins called me , the director , it was a three minute long conversation . She said , ' I 'm doing a movie about Wonder Woman . Do you want to be her trainer ? ' And I was like , ' Yes . Of course . ' And the general of the Amazonian army . That was pretty cool . '' Describing her character mentoring and training Diana to be a warrior , Wright said `` It 's a sixth sense that it is coming and I think that 's also in the mythological story behind Antiope and Queen Hippolyta . They know it 's coming and it 's her duty as the aunt to her young niece to make sure she is the fiercest warrior of all time . '' On the Amazons fighting style , Wright said `` It 's hand combat . Yes , swords and knives and arrows , but the precision that they have , right , as these warrior women ; it 's so nice to see that disparity between what we had in the day of just raw fighting materials and the guns and how easy that is in comparison . '' On the message of the film , Wright stated `` Is not just female empowerment . It 's about love and justice . That 's what the film 's about . And what a great message to spread to our little ones . '' Commenting about training for the film , Wright said `` The most empowering was to get into that physical shape . So we were doing horseback riding training , weight training , martial arts , and 2,000 to 3,000 calories a day '' . Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff : An ambitious and iron - fisted general of the German Army during World War I. Huston described Ludendorff as a `` pragmatist , realist , patriotic , fighting for his country , '' further explaining , `` he lost his son on the German front lines and was just quite tortured , diabolical , stubborn and believes that what he 's doing is for the betterment of mankind . '' On his character , Huston said `` Ludendorff is a believer that war is a natural habitat for humans . '' Huston stated the film as an anti-war film and `` somebody like Ludendorff would probably think that the idea that love conquers all is quite a naive concept . But finally it 's true and sometimes the best way to examine mankind is from another perspective . '' On the genre of the film , Huston said `` It 's Greek mythology . It 's the origin of story and sometimes we need demigods to look at us to understand what our weaknesses are . It serves the mythological world . '' David Thewlis as Ares : The treacherous son of Zeus and half - brother of Diana , based on the Greek mythological god of War , who masquerades as Sir Patrick Morgan , a speaker for peace on the Imperial War Cabinet as part of his deceptive master plan of conquest and destruction . Describing the Sir Patrick persona of his character , Thewlis said `` Sir Patrick 's entire drive through the other half of the story is to bring about the armistice . That 's his whole intention no matter what 's going on . He meets Diana and see in her somebody who is sympathetic to his cause quite vehemently so . '' Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta : The Amazon Queen of Themyscira and Diana 's mother . On meeting the director for the role , Nielsen said `` Patty and I met in London , and we just hit it off from the get - go . We could n't stop talking . What was supposed to be a one - hour meeting turned into a two - and - a-half - hour lunch and we just really got each other . '' She described Jenkins ' directing style for the film as `` She 's also the kind of director that I really flourish under . She has very strong and particular and specific ideas about what it is she wants to say . She comes from a place of strength always . And so , when you are dealing with someone like that , you feel absolutely free to be vulnerable , to be creative , and I am a big researcher . '' On playing the character , Nielsen said `` It was a complete and utter pleasure and I absolutely loved every second of playing her . '' On her character being Diana 's mother and Amazonian queen , Nielsen stated `` I 'm queen and I 'm preparing my child for a world that entails a lot of responsibility . So it was important to me to bring that into the character . '' She read The Amazons by Adrienne Mayor to familiarize herself with women warriors and said `` I used what I learned in Mayor 's book as a rallying cry for how I approached Hippolyta . And then , of course , what is a leader who is elected by her peers every year and has been doing this for a thousand years ? That too was interesting to think about '' . Nielsen went through a workout regime for the film , saying `` I did six hours a day . You know , two hours of weight training , two hours of swords training , and then two hours of horseback riding '' . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role but was forced to drop due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Previously , Nielsen had been considered for the role of Superman 's mother , Lara Lor - Van , in Man of Steel . Elena Anaya as Isabel Maru / Doctor Poison : A nefarious Spanish chief chemist associated with General Ludendorff who specializes in chemistry and poisons . On her role , Anaya said `` Well , it was a small role in this big ensemble , but it is an important character in the story . I 'm going to be a big nightmare '' for Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor . Describing her character , Anaya said `` Dr. Maru loves rage and enjoys people 's pain . She 's creating terrible weapons , and her purpose in life is to kill as many people as possible , and provoke as much pain as possible '' . She researched World War I and Fritz Haber , the scientist who created mustard gas , to prepare for the role . On the character 's facial scars , Anaya stated `` I went to Patty Jenkins and asked , ' What happened to her ? ' And she said , ' She did it on purpose . ' I was like , ' What ? Patty , you 're going further than I ever imagined . ' She said , ' She wants to provoke painful suffering , so she tested her own gas on her own face . She wanted to know how deep this form of her gas would go , so she put it on her own face . ' You can see half of her face is completely gone . This is the sadistic side of Dr. Maru '' . She also stated her character `` is quite the opposite to the lead role of this movie , one of the strongest characters ever of DC comics , Wonder Woman . I can tell you that Doctor Poison is someone with a capacity to provoke so much pain . '' On Dr. Maru 's relationship with General Ludendorff , Anaya said `` I think that they have a relationship based on loyalty . Ludendorff is a very tormented General that lacks self - confidence . That 's why , in part , he takes these drugs that Dr. Poison gives him . They are from different worlds , but they complement each other '' . Lucy Davis as Etta Candy : Steve Trevor 's comical , loyal , and friendly secretary who befriends Diana . Describing her character , Davis said `` She 's a woman in a man 's world and so being heard and seen are n't the easiest things , but it kind of does n't deter her '' , adding , `` Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that 's the thing that has drawn me to her the most '' . When asked if she was previously familiar with the character , Davis responded `` No . I was n't . It took me a while to know that I was auditioning for Etta because even when I found out it was Wonder Woman , I still had no idea what the role was . It took a little while then I Googled the character '' . On Etta Candy 's relationship with Steve Trevor , Davis said `` One of the great things that Etta gets to work with Steve Trevor is because Steve is not your typical man , in that he does entrust her with things that in 1918 probably would n't have been entrusted to a secretary of somebody who is quite important '' , further explaining , `` So I think that ( Trevor ) needs her just as much as she needs that because now she 's been given responsibility that she would n't have normally be given before , and equally he has somebody who could probably fly under the radar a bit . So he can trust the person who no one 's really looking at '' . Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer : A French Moroccan secret agent who is a master of disguise and an ally of Steve Trevor . On his casting , Taghmaoui stated `` I was among hundreds of potential candidates , and I slowly became the favorite '' , adding , `` It was n't easy . It took me three months . ( I 'll have to go through ) extensive physical training . '' Ewen Bremner as Charlie : A heavy - drinking Scottish sharpshooter who has already had a tour of duty and has post-traumatic stress disorder . He is an ally of Steve Trevor . On his role , Bremner said `` I play a character who 's enlisted by Wonder Woman to help save the world as part of a small , unlikely band '' . Describing his character , Bremner stated `` He 's a shellshocked soldier who 's been discharged from the war and is brought back to help on a secret mission '' . On working with Jenkins , Bremner commented `` Patty Jenkins is a force of nature . She has fantastic vision , strength and enthusiasm , which is completely infectious and motivates a cast and crew of thousands to really go beyond themselves . '' Eugene Brave Rock as Chief Napi : A Blackfoot Native American demi - god , and a smuggler who trades with both sides of the war and knows how to get people across the front lines . On his casting , Brave Rock said `` I had no idea it was for Wonder Woman . I lost it when I showed up and I could n't remember my lines . I did n't take it literally until a month later , I got a call saying I got the role and they wanted me to fly to London for a fitting . '' Brave Rock raised several concerns with Jenkins over the representation of the character in the film , particularly that he was not comfortable playing into stereotypes and that he was not keen on his character being simply known as `` Chief '' . Jenkins responded by giving him some extra creative control over his character which Brave Rock says was `` unprecedented '' . Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe : Antiope 's lieutenant and Diana 's aunt . Describing her character , Kongsli said `` Menalippe is a fearless warrior with a strong justice needs . She lives with the other Amazons on the island Themiscyra and exercising continuous battle to assist man in the fight for the good . '' On filming , Konglsi stated `` It 's a blast . I 've worked damn hard to make this happen , so it 's absolutely absurd and fun all at once . '' Additionally , James Cosmo appears as Field Marshal Haig , Mayling Ng as Orana , Florence Kasumba as Acantha , Madeleine Vall Beijner as Egeria , Hayley Jane Warnes as Aella and Ann Wolfe as Artemis , all of whom are Amazons . Dutch model Doutzen Kroes portrays the Amazon Venelia . Samantha Jo was cast as Amazonian Euboea , and previously played the Kryptonina , Car - Vex , in Man of Steel . Zack Snyder also makes a brief cameo appearance in the film as an unnamed soldier . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Development for a live action Wonder Woman feature film began in 1996 , with Ivan Reitman attached as producer and possible director . In 1999 the project became attached to Jon Cohen , who adapted Wonder Woman for producer Joel Silver , with the hope that Sandra Bullock would star . By 2001 , Todd Alcott was hired to write the screenplay , with Silver Pictures backing the project . At that time , performers such as Mariah Carey and Catherine Zeta - Jones were also rumored to be possible candidates for the role of Wonder Woman . Leonard Goldberg , however , focused on Bullock who said that she was approached for the role . In addition , wrestler Chyna also expressed interest . Lucy Lawless , the star of Xena : Warrior Princess , was also under consideration , though she stated that she would have been more interested if Wonder Woman was portrayed as a `` flawed hero . '' The screenplay went through various drafts written by Alcott , Cohen , Becky Johnston , and Philip Levens , and by August 2003 , Levens had been replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis . In March 2005 , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film , with a reported salary was of $2 to $3 million . Since Whedon was directing Serenity at the time , and required time to research Wonder Woman 's background , he did not begin the screenplay until late 2005 . Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator , a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor 's welfare , and after leaving Themyscira , his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world . Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay however , and left the project in 2007 . Although Whedon stated in May 2005 that he would not cast the part of Wonder Woman until he finished the script , actors such as Kate Beckinsale were linked to the part . A few years later in 2010 however , Whedon admitted that he did have an actress in mind for the part , stating that `` Wonder Woman was basically Angelina Jolie . '' A few years later in May 2017 , Indie Ground Films leaked a version of Whedon 's script in - progress online . Some reacted negatively to it on social media in June 2017 , shortly after the release of Patty Jenkins version of the film . When asked about this response to his script , Jenkins said in a June 2017 interview that she has not read it and that Whedon is `` in the DC universe now , and I do n't think there 's any reason to go there ( ... ) It was what it was . I 'm lucky that I 'm the person who got to do it . But I do n't see what would be beneficial about comparing what he would 've done versus what I would have done . '' A day before Whedon 's departure from Wonder Woman , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland . Set during World War II , the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures . However , Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting ; while stating the script had good ideas , Silver did not want the film to be a period piece . By April 2008 , Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman 's origin , but explore Paradise Island 's history . In November 2008 , Beyoncé met with representatives from DC Comics and Warner Bros. , to discuss her interest in portraying Wonder Woman . In 2010 , Warner Bros. stated that a film was in development , along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman . Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013 . DC Chief Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman `` has been , since I started , one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros . We are still trying right now , but she 's tricky . '' On October 5 , 2013 , WB chairman Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV . Shortly afterward , Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an idea for Wonder Woman as an action - comedy film . The studio then began to search for female directors to direct the film . While Michelle MacLaren was the studio 's initial choice to direct ( and while she initially indicated interest ) , she eventually left the project due to creative differences . Development ( edit ) DC Films ' co-chairman Geoff Johns and director Patty Jenkins at the WonderCon 2017 . In 2015 , Patty Jenkins accepted an offer to direct Wonder Woman , based on a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story co-written by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , Geoff Johns and Jason Fuchs . Of this version , Gadot stated that , for a long time , people did n't know how to approach the story . When Patty and I had our creative conversations about the character , we realized that Diana can still be a normal woman , one with very high values , but still a woman . She can be sensitive . She is smart and independent and emotional . She can be confused . She can lose her confidence . She can have confidence . She is everything . She has a human heart . This version was conceived of as a prequel to the first live - action , theatrical appearance of Wonder Woman , in the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , placing Wonder Woman in the 1910s and World War I ( a decision which differs from her comic book origins as a supporter of the Allies during World War II ) . As for story development , Jenkins credits the stories by the character 's creator William Moulton Marston in the 1940s and George Perez 's seminal stories in the 1980s in which he modernized the character . In addition , it follows some aspects of DC Comics ' origin changes in The New 52 reboot , where Diana is the daughter of Zeus . Jenkins cited Richard Donner 's Superman as an inspiration . Casting ( edit ) `` I remember when I read in the news that Wonder Woman had been cast and my heart sank ( ... ) I 'm sure we would n't have made the same choice . And then I started paying attention to her , and watching her and looking at her and it was just unbelievable . Frankly , I think they did a better job than I could have because I do n't know that I would have scoured the earth as hard to find her ( ... ) They were looking for all the same things I would have looked for -- all the values that Wonder Woman stands for exuding from someone in an honest way , and boy did they find it ( ... ) She shares every quality with Wonder Woman and that 's no joke . It 's one of those rare things . You need someone who can appear to be Wonder Woman on screen ( ... ) Every once in a while , there 's superhero casting that transcends , because that person is so authentic to the character that it becomes identified with them , like Lynda Carter or Christopher Reeve . '' -- Director Patty Jenkins in response to the interview questions : `` Let 's talk a bit about Gal . You inherited her from Zack Snyder . Was it difficult to not get to choose your own Wonder Woman ? '' and `` What is it about Gal that makes her such a good fit ? '' In late 2013 , Zack Snyder cast Gal Gadot in the role of Wonder Woman for the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice over Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko . Some fans initially reacted to this choice by criticizing Gadot 's appearance . Snyder would later comment on his decision to cast Gadot , stating that he tested a bunch of actresses , as you can imagine . But the thing with Gal is that she 's strong , she 's beautiful , and she 's a kind person , which is interesting , but fierce at the same time . It 's that combination of being fierce but kind at the same time that we were looking for . Gadot described Diana as having `` the heart of a human so she can be emotional , she 's curious , she 's compassionate , she loves people . And then she has the powers of a goddess . She 's all for good , she fights for good . '' She also said that Diana has `` many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' . As to how her character is different from her appearance in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Gadot said `` We go back 100 years to when she 's more naive '' , further explaining , `` She 's this young idealist . She 's pure . Very different to the experienced , super-confident , grown - up woman you 've seen '' . Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen , practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role . Gadot was previously offered a different role ( as a villain ) in Man of Steel , which she declined because she was pregnant at the time ; this allowed her to later be cast as Wonder Woman in the film 's follow - up . Gadot signed a three - picture deal . She was only paid a base salary of $300,000 for the film itself . Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor , a character he described as a `` rogue - ish , cynical realist who 's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization '' and added that he is a `` worldly guy , a charming guy '' . He signed a multi-picture deal . Lucy Davis ' performance as Etta Candy is the first live - action cinematic portrayal of the character . As well , Elena Anaya 's performance as Doctor Poison is the cinematic debut of that character . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role of Queen Hippolyta , but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Filming ( edit ) Production began on November 21 , 2015 , under the working title Nightingale . Among the film sets were Lower Halstow , Kent , Australia House , and the Sassi di Matera , Castel del Monte and Camerota in Southern Italy . Matthew Jensen was the director of photography , filming in the United Kingdom , France and Italy . Production in London ended on March 13 , 2016 . On March 20 , 2016 , filming was underway in Italy . In late April , filming took place at a museum in France , where a Wayne Enterprises truck was spotted alongside Gadot . Production ended on May 9 , 2016 . Patty Jenkins and director of photography Matt Jensen revealed that the film 's look was inspired by painter John Singer Sargent . Reshoots took place in November 2016 , while Gadot was five months pregnant . A green cloth was placed over her stomach to edit out her pregnancy during post-production . To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira , the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself , the film 's producers searched all over the world , finally settling on the Amalfi Coast : a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea , located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy . It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day . Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for . Bonetto explained that , `` Italy had beautiful weather , a beautiful blue - green sea , not too much tide , not too much wave . Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production , and it was the perfect way to go '' . Post-production ( edit ) Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film and Martin Walsh served as editor . Music ( edit ) Main article : Wonder Woman ( soundtrack ) On November 3 , 2016 , Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music . He was joined by Evan Jolly , Tom Howe , Paul Mounsey , and Andrew Kawczynski , who provided additional music . The soundtrack was released on CD , digital , and vinyl the same day as the film . Australian musician Sia sang a song for the film , titled `` To Be Human '' , featuring English musician Labrinth . Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels , the track is also featured on the soundtrack . Additional music featured in the film are : `` Another Little Drink Would n't Do Us Any Harm '' by Clifford Grey and Nat Ayer and performed by Edgar Trevor and Cecil Cooper ; `` Molly O'Morgan '' written by Fred Godfrey and Will Letters and performed by Ella Retford ; `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' written by Jack Judge and Harry Williams ; `` Sous les ponts de Paris '' written by Jean Rodor and Vincent Scotto and performed by Lucienne Delyle ; `` I 'll Walk Beside You '' written by Edward Lockton and Alan Murray and performed by Ewen Bremner ; `` Green Grow the Rushes , O '' written by Robert Burns and performed by Ewen Bremner ; and `` Schatzwalzer Op. 4 '' written by Johann Strauss II and performed by the Berlin String Quartet . Also features samples from the movie 's soundtrack `` Is She with You '' from Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice composed by Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL . Release ( edit ) Wonder Woman had its world premiere on May 25 , in Los Angeles . The film 's London premiere , which was scheduled to take place on May 31 , 2017 at the Odeon Leicester Square , was cancelled due to the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . The film had its Latin America premiere in Mexico City on May 27 . It was released in most of the world , including in IMAX , on June 2 , 2017 , after originally being scheduled for June 23 . Belgium , Singapore and South Korea received the film first , with May 31 openings . On April 17 , it was announced that Wonder Woman would be released in China on June 2 , the same day as its North American release . Marketing ( edit ) The success of the superhero television series Supergirl informed the marketing and promotion strategy used for Wonder Woman . According to Time Warner chief marketing officer Kristen O'Hara , they wanted to approach the Wonder Woman marketing campaign in a light manner , similar to how they did with Supergirl . O'Hara elaborated that the modest campaign route they took for Supergirl aided in establishing a large central fanbase among women well in advance of the series , which reportedly generated 5 million female superhero fans in one week . They were then able to model over time , and grow that audience leading up to the 15 months later release of Wonder Woman . Though neither the film nor the series are aimed exclusively at women , the latter 's campaign gave them their first opportunity to begin collecting data about female superhero fans . In May 2017 , a promo for Wonder Woman was released during the season finale of Supergirl , featuring a remix of the song `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' and Supergirl ( Melissa Benoist ) wearing Wonder Woman 's boots . The promo included an appearance by Lynda Carter , star of the 1970s Wonder Woman , who plays the American president on Supergirl . The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad . Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman , whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad . Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017 , according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters , the biggest survey in company history . Separately , Fandango also found that 92 % of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero , and 87 % wished Hollywood would make more women - led superhero films . In May 2017 , NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte . Home media ( edit ) The film was released digitally on August 29 , 2017 and made available on Blu - ray and DVD on September 19 , 2017 . Controversies ( edit ) Bans ( edit ) On May 31 , Wonder Woman was banned in Lebanon after the Campaign to Boycott Supporters of Israel asked the Lebanese government 's Ministry of Economy and Trade to block the film because its star , Gal Gadot , had served in the Israeli military . The Lebanese government did not , however , ban Gadot 's Fast & Furious films which did screen in Lebanon . On June 7 , Variety reported that a Tunisian court suspended the theatrical release of Wonder Woman after a lawsuit brought by the Al - Chaab party and the Tunisian Association of Young Lawyers to have the film blocked due to Gadot 's Israeli citizenship , military service , and public comments in support of the Israeli military during the 2014 war in Gaza . Jordan was reportedly also considering a ban of the film and suspended screenings pending a decision , but on June 11 , Al Bawaba reported that the government decided not to do so , as there was no legal precedent for it . Women - only screenings ( edit ) Some men were unhappy with women - only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin , with some opponents of the gender - restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men . A gay Albany Law School professor initiated a complaint with Austin 's Equal Employment and Fair Housing Office claiming discrimination against male prospective customers and employees of the theater . The chain responded with an online statement saying the event `` may have created confusion -- we want everybody to see this film '' and announced a similar event at their Brooklyn location . Tickets sold out in less than an hour , prompting the chain to schedule additional screenings . On July 18 , Alamo Drafthouse proposed settlement offers of a Wonder Woman DVD to the complainants , stating `` Respondent did not realize that advertising a ' women 's only ' screening was a violation of discrimination laws '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of September 18 , 2017 , Wonder Woman has grossed $411.5 million in the United States and Canada and $407.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $819 million , against a production budget of $149 million . Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million to $460 million . North America ( edit ) In May 2017 , early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65 -- 75 million , and possibly as high as $105 million . The film opened Friday , June 2 , 2017 , across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day , including $3.7 million in IMAX . It was the biggest single - day gross for a woman - directed film , ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke 's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman - led comic book superhero film , ahead of Ghost in the Shell ( $7 million ) . This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews , also the best start for a film directed by a woman , surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey 's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , and the third biggest of the year , behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Of that , $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings . Earning a total of $103.3 million on its opening weekend , the film recorded a number of records : the biggest domestic opening of all - time for a female director ( surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor - Johnson ) , the biggest DC Comics release without Batman or Superman ( ahead of Constantine ) , the sixth - biggest non-sequel comic book superhero debut ever , as well as the sixth - biggest June debut weekend . Its three - day opening alone made it the highest - grossing woman - led comic book superhero film ever ( surpassing Ghost in the Shell ) . It was also the 16th superhero film to cross $100 million in its domestic box office launch . About 9 % ( $9 million ) of the opening weekend came from IMAX screenings from 343 theaters . In its second week the film grossed $58.5 million , again topping the box office . It marked a 43.3 % drop for its second weekend at the box office , better than the average 50 -- 60 % decline superhero films tend to see , and was a better second weekend than Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $51.3 million ) and Suicide Squad ( $43.5 million ) . In its third weekend it grossed $40.8 million , finishing second behind newcomer Cars 3 ( $53.5 million ) . It was the second best third weekend ever for Warner Bros. and was nearly double what Batman v Superman ( $23.3 million ) , Suicide Squad ( $20.9 million ) and Man of Steel ( $20.7 million ) made in their third weekends . It earned $24.9 million and $15.7 million in its fourth and fifth weekends respectively , dropping just 39 % and 36 % despite facing rough competition from opening films Transformers : The Last Knight and Despicable Me 3 . It eventually became the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , surpassing the previous records of Jennifer Yuh Nelson 's Kung Fu Panda 2 and Phyllida Lloyd 's Mamma Mia ! . By August 8 , the film had garnered $400 million in ticket sales , becoming the second female - fueled film ( after Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ) , Warner Bros . ' third - biggest movie ( after Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises ) , holding the record of the highest origin superhero film ; supplanting the previous record held by Spider - Man ( 2002 ) and also becoming the highest - earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings , surpassing Frozen ( 2013 ) . International ( edit ) Internationally , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 55 markets ( 72 % of its total release ) , and was projected to debut with anywhere between $92 -- 118 million . It ended up opening to $125 million , including $38 million in China , $8.5 million in Korea , $8.4 million in Mexico , $8.3 million in Brazil and $7.5 million in the UK . In its second week of release , the film brought in another $60 million , including holding the top spot on France , the UK , Australia and Brazil . As of June 25 , 2017 , the biggest markets of Wonder Woman outside North America are China ( US $90 million ) followed by Brazil ( US $34 million ) , UK ( US $28 million ) and Australia ( US $24 million ) . In the Philippines , it broke 2017 box office record for highest earning non-holiday opening day -- earning $4.7 million and becoming the 6th most successful commercial film of all time as well overtaking the record set by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . The film opened in its last market , Japan , on August 25 and debuted to $3.4 million , helping the international gross cross the $400 million mark . Critical response ( edit ) The performances of Gal Gadot and Chris Pine were praised by critics . Wonder Woman received largely positive reviews , with some critics calling it the best film in the DC Extended Universe , and praising Jenkins ' direction and the performances and chemistry of Gadot and Pine . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 92 % based on 343 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Thrilling , earnest , and buoyed by Gal Gadot 's charismatic performance , Wonder Woman succeeds in spectacular fashion . '' It is the highest - rated superhero film on the site . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Critics commented favorably on Gadot 's performance and Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor . Andrew Barker of Variety found the film to be more lighthearted than recent DC Comics films : `` Never prone to stewing in solitude , and taking more notes from Richard Donner than from Christopher Nolan , Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman provides a welcome respite from DC 's house style of grim darkness -- boisterous , earnest , sometimes sloppy , yet consistently entertaining -- with star Gal Gadot proving an inspired choice for this avatar of truth , justice , and the Amazonian way . '' Vox stated `` Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Gadot , Pine , Huston , and Thewlis while commending the film 's `` different perspective '' and humor . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times described Gadot 's performance as inspirational , heroic , heartfelt and endearing and the most `` real '' Wonder Woman portrayal . A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that it `` briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos . It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like ... what 's the word I 'm looking for ? A movie . A pretty good one , too . '' Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America : The First Avenger , noting that as with `` the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe , DC 's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience . Jenkins and her design team make 1918 - era London ; war - torn Belgium ; the Ottoman Empire ; and other locales look freshly realized , with a strong point of view . There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees , witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana , that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation . '' Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth , explaining that `` Wonder Woman is a war movie . Patty Jenkins ' first -- and we hope not last -- entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I , but while the feature does n't balk at war - time violence , it 's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that , `` Diana 's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they 're meant to stop war , not to foment it ; the idea of a demi - god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract , but Jenkins makes the concept work . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine 's performances as well the film 's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow - motion action sequences to The Matrix . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a `` cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers '' while praising Gadot 's performance as `` charming '' and `` marvelous '' and commending Jenkins ' direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big - budget blockbuster films in Hollywood . Elise Jost of Moviepilot observed that `` Gadot 's take on Wonder Woman is one of those unique cases of an actor merging with their story , similar to Robert Downey Jr. 's Tony Stark . Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman , and Wonder Woman is Gal Gadot . '' Jost praised Gadot 's interpretation of Wonder Woman as the one in which Gadot `` absolutely nails the character 's unwaveringly positive outlook on life . She 's a force of nature who believes in the greater good ; her conviction that she 's meant to save the world is stronger than her bullet - deflecting shield . She 's genuine , she 's fun , she 's the warm source of energy at the heart of the movie . '' The Federalist suggests that Wonder Woman is `` a story of Jesus '' . `` The movie is wrapped up in faux Greek mythology , true , but there 's no mistaking the Christology here . '' `` Perhaps Christ in the form of a beautiful and kick - ass Amazon is all that our contemporary society can handle right now '' , stated M. Hudson , a Christian feminist . On HuffPost cultural critic , G. Roger Denson , who regards the superhero genre as a source of contemporary `` Mainstream Mythopoetics '' ( `` the making of new yet vitally meaningful , if not symbolic , stories filled with imagery reflecting , yet also shaping and advancing , the political , legal , moral and social practices of today '' ) , wrote that the `` No Man 's Land '' scene `` that people are crying over in theaters and raving about afterward happens to be among the most powerfully mythopoetic scenes ever filmed at the same time it is one of the oldest myths to have been utilized by artists and writers after it had been invented by early military strategists and leaders . '' Specifically `` used by director Patty Jenkins '' , the scene raises `` the esteem for powerful yet compassionate women as heroes and leaders to a level equal with that of men for having won over a huge and adoring popular audience around the world '' . Steve Rose in The Guardian criticized the film for failing to explore the material 's potential for `` patriarchy - upending subversion '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the film 's over-reliance on exposition : `` Wonder Woman is hobbled by a slogging origin story and action that only comes in fits and starts . Just when Gadot and director Patty Jenkins ... are ready to kick ass , we get backstory . '' `` Gas was intended to win the war . On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right . '' said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics . Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a `` hydrogen - based '' chemical weapon as a plot device , the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history . `` First off , mustard gas is such a horrible , terrifying weapon , it does n't need to be made more potent . But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces , you would n't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom . You 'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best of Show Wonder Woman Won Best Fantasy / Adventure Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Poster Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Action Movie Choice Action Movie Actor Chris Pine Choice Action Movie Actress Gal Gadot Choice Movie Ship Gal Gadot & Chris Pine Nominated Choice Liplock Chris Pine & Gal Gadot Choice Summer Movie Wonder Woman Choice Summer Movie Actor Chris Pine Choice Summer Movie Actress Gal Gadot Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Wonder Woman Won Sequel ( edit ) Gadot 's third appearance as Wonder Woman is to occur in the film Justice League which is scheduled to be released on November 17 , 2017 . The film will get an IMAX release . While originally signed for three feature films , with Wonder Woman being her second , Gadot has extended her contract beyond that . Jenkins , who was initially signed for only one film , has expressed interest in returning to direct the sequel , and in August 2017 Deadline.com reported she was nearing a `` historic '' deal to return . In an interview with Variety , Geoff Johns revealed that he and Jenkins are writing the treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel and that he has a `` cool idea for the second one '' . On July 22 , 2017 , at San Diego Comic Con , Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13 , 2019 , and would be titled Wonder Woman 2 . On August 19 , 2017 , actress Geena Davis stated that she would like very much to play a role in Wonder Woman 2 and that she is in talks with Jenkins about that matter . On September 11 , 2017 it was reported that Jenkins officially signed the deal to return as director , with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role . Days later , the studio hired Dave Callaham to co-write the film 's script with Jenkins and Johns . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is by an adjusted Tomatometer with at least 20 reviews each that , uses a weighted Bayesian based formula to account for the differences in ratings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Stream Track From Rupert Gregson - Williams ' ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Score , Composer Talks ' Wonder Woman , ' Mel Gibson , More '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . Consumer Protection BC , Canada . May 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot interview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Wonder Woman ' lassoed the first female director of a studio superhero movie '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review roundup -- Critics conclude Patty Jenkins ' film better than Batman v Superman '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Trey ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' passes ' Mamma Mia ! ' as highest - grossing film by female director '' . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Galuppo , Mia ; Shanley , Patrick . `` ' Wonder Woman 2 ' Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McBeth , Susie ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Batman vs Superman : Wonder Woman 's origin revealed for Dawn of Justice film '' . Metro . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Gal Gadot Dishes on the New ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Gal Gadot on Creating a Superhero That Young Girls Can Admire '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNiece , Mia ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot felt ' privileged ' to play Wonder Woman : ' I adore this character ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` What it 's like to be a real - life Amazon on the set of ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot , Robin Wright , Connie Nielsen first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glock , Allison ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` No Small Wonder : Gal Gadot Takes Summer by Storm '' . Marie Claire . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Young Diana Finds Her Power '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Young Wonder Woman Emily Carey Set for ' Anastasia : Once Upon a Time ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pine Closes Deal to Star Opposite Gal Gadot in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Wonder Woman ' Debuts First Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mullally , William ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive interview : Wonder Woman 's Chris Pine talks ' living the dream ' '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Pine Debuts Shocking New Buzz Cut , Spills on Getting in ' Incredible Shape ' for ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deckelmeier , Joe ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright Says Wonder Woman Is About ' Equality and Justice ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright on ' Wonder Woman ' : ' It 's About Love and Justice ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Robin Wright Shares Her Favorite Part Of The Movie '' . DC . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelletiere , Nicole ; Shiro , Faryn ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright on ' Wonder Woman ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hara , Helen ( April 2017 ) . `` Alpha Female '' . Empire . pp. 60 -- 67 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Huston on Making ' Wonder Woman ' , the Superhero Genre and Waltzing with Gal Gadot '' . Collider.com . June 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Danny Huston Describes His ' Fascinating ' Villain '' . Screen Rant . May 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , S.C. ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` David Thewlis Cast As Comic Book Accurate Ares in Wonder Woman '' . moviepilot.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Who Is Really Playing the Villain Ares ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` How Ares Factors into the Wonder Woman Movie '' . comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : David Thewlis Reveals Surprising Details About His Role '' . DC . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Casts Wonder Woman 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen is a Modern Day Wonder Woman '' . Haute Living . May 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen Describes The ' Absolute Pleasure ' of Wonder Woman '' . Screen Rant . June 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` What It Was Like to Play Diana 's Mother in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Casts Superhero 's Mother '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen & Harry Lennix Rumored For Man of Steel '' . Screen Rant . June 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Elena Anaya Confirms She 's Playing a Villain '' . Screen Rant . September 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Elena Anaya reveals the secret motives and tragic history behind her Wonder Woman villain '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galvez , Daniela ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Star Elena Anaya on Female Superheroes in Hollywood '' . Latina . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Anaya Talks WONDER WOMAN in Exclusive Interview '' . DH Movie News . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amaya , Eric ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Etta Candy Spotted in Wonder Woman Set Photos '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Davis Talks Etta Candy In ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Onenewspapge.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Davis on Her Top - Secret ' Wonder Woman ' Audition and Etta Candy 's Future on Screen '' . Cosmopolitan . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Lucy Davis Explains Etta Candy 's Relationship With Steve Trevor '' . DC . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cast : Charlie , Sameer , and Chief '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on Warner Bros. Pictures ' Wonder Woman Feature Film '' . Business Wire . November 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saïd Taghmaoui Talks WONDER WOMAN Role ; Is He Playing A Superhero ? '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's who T2 Trainspotting 's Ewen Bremner is playing in Wonder Woman '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ewen Bremner webchat -- your questions answered on Trainspotting , Wonder Woman and sunglasses '' . The Guardian . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Actor Confirms A Major Character Twist '' . Cinemablend.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Eugene Brave Rock , actor from Kainai First Nation , to appear in DC 's Wonder Woman '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morin , Brandi ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Tribe actor from Alberta stars in Wonder Woman '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Friend , David ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Tribe actor from Alberta on bringing his language to ' Wonder Woman ' '' . National Observer . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vidunderlige Lisa '' . Film Magasinet . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Brekken , Thor ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Norske Lisa om Wonder Woman - rollen : Jeg kunne drept deg ! '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dybfest Dahl , Ingvill ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lisa Loven Kongsli med Hollywood - avtale for fire superhelt - filmer '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grønneberg , Anders ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' med norske Lisa setter rekorder '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chan , Boon ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Singapore 's connection to Wonder Woman '' . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florence Kasumba to Play Senator Acantha in Wonder Woman '' . DCComicsMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coggan , Devon ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : How real - life athletes united to populate the film 's badass Amazon nation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ann Wolfe Confirmed As Artemis '' . MSN . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hu , Tiffany ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Production Had ' Special Moments ' for Actress Samantha Jo '' . NBC . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Zack Snyder 's Wonder Woman Cameo Finally Found '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bur , Ty ( April 19 , 1996 ) . `` Comic movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( October 28 , 1999 ) . `` Hoffman on the ' Radio ' ; Col deal for Cohen '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( January 24 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman Scribe Chosen '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( April 18 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Powers '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( May 3 , 2001 ) . `` Estrogen Explosion '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( May 18 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman : It could be Sandra Bullock , Lucy Lawless or Chyna '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( May 6 , 2003 ) . `` Wonder Woman Scribe '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( August 12 , 2003 ) . `` Wonder Woman '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures Sign Joss Whedon to Write & Direct DC Comics ' Wonder Woman '' ( Press release ) . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins on Being Inspired by Richard Donner 's ' Superman ' '' . Collider.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barna , Daniel ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins Might Finally End Marvel 's Chokehold on Hollywood '' . Playboy . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` New Actresses Test for ' Batman vs. Superman ' ... as Wonder Woman ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros . '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros . '' . Variety . 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Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pine talks ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Finest Hours ' '' . Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Angelique ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` From ' The Office ' to ' Wonder Woman ' : Get to Know Lucy Davis '' . ET Online . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Nicole Kidman in Talks to Join Gal Gadot in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Casts Superhero 's Mother '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roach , Araceli ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman : First Look at Chris Pine as Steve Trevor '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . 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Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman to film in multiple Italian locations '' . TheLocationGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Cinzia ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Neanche la frana ferma Wonder Woman , al via le riprese a Camerota '' ( Not even the landslide stops Wonder Woman , starts filming in Camerota ) . InfoCilento.it ( in Italian ) . Agropoli , Italy : Qwerty Publishing House . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : First Official Image , Full Cast Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot Tweets ' Wonder Woman ' Photo , Signals That Filming Is ' Underway ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Varma , Arjun ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman officially wraps filming in London ; will first trailer release at 2016 Comic Con ? '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Scenic Wonder Woman Filming Locations Across Europe '' . Condé Nast Traveler . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Patty ( @ pattyjenks ) ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` So happy and excited to have wrapped the first Wonder Woman film ! ! And one William Marston 's birthday , no less ! ( WW 's creator ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman movie 's look was inspired by someone very surprising '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot did reshoots for Wonder Woman while pregnant '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Laura ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are the Magical Places the Cast of Wonder Woman Stayed in Italy '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where is Wonder Woman 's idyllic island Themiscyra ? '' . Radio Times . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Gersh , CEC , WPA Book Clients '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Lena ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Gets Hacksaw Ridge Composer '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Tom Howe '' . tomhowe.co.uk . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Paul Mounsey '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Andrew Kawczynski '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rupert Gregson - Williams ( @ RupertGWilliams ) ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Yes it 'll be released on vinyl '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sia 's New Track , ' To Be Human , ' Featured on ' Wonder Woman ' Soundtrack '' . Radio.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . 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Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` DC Comics Movies Announced : ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Justice League , ' ' The Flash , ' ' Aquaman ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman de Patty Jenkins avec Gal Gadot et Chris Pine '' ( in French ) . cinenews.be. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' ( in French ) . CineBel. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Belgium ( @ WarnerBrosBE ) ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` C'est la guerrière la plus redoutable . Gal Gadot est # WonderWoman , dès le 31 mai au cinéma '' ( Tweet ) ( in French ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Sets Release Dates for ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Transformers 5 , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` How Supergirl Influenced Wonder Woman 's Marketing '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' Cast Unites to Promote ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` What 's Going on with Wonder Woman '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman tops Fandango survey of most anticipated summer movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 12 , 2017 ) , ' Wonder Woman ' Tickets on Sale Everywhere ; 92 % Of All Moviegoers Want To See Female Superhero Movie , Deadline.com , archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 , retrieved May 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Maine , D'Arcy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Danica Patrick will have a ' Wonder Woman ' paint scheme for two races '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' is coming soon to a living room near you , with one sweet extra '' . Mashable.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bearak , Max ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon bans ' Wonder Woman ' in protest against Israeli actress Gal Gadot '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman banned in Lebanon due to Israeli lead , Gal Gadot '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AP ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon Seeks to Ban ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Suspended in Tunisia Amid Opposition to Gal Gadot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan bans screening of ' Wonder Woman ' film over controversy '' . Xinhua News Agency . June 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jordan Will Not be Banning Wonder Woman '' . Al Bawaba . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Cara ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Solidarity at an All - Female Screening of ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' women - only screenings cause uproar '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' It 's sexist ' : Men flip out over women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( June 1 , 2017 ) , `` Why a gay law professor is trying to shut down women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' , The Washington Post , archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cheong , Ian Miles ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Alamo Drafthouse 's Women - Only ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Were Illegal '' . DailyCaller.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : All The World Is Waiting For You As Warner Bros. / DC Pic Eyes $175 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Going To Be Bigger at the Box Office Than Estimates '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Tracking for Solid $65 M Box - Office Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Wonder Woman ' Flies Onto Tracking With Projected $65 M+ Opening , On Par With ' Thor ' & ' Captain America ' , Deadline.com , May 12 , 2017 , archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman ' : Early Tracking for Debut All Over the Map , From $65 Million to $105 Million '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Box Office : How Big Is Big Enough ? '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Soars To Record - Breaking $39 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Nabs Marvel - ous $11 M Thursday '' . Forbes . 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Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On ' Iron Man ' With $100.5 M Debut -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Soars on Saturday ; ' Mummy ' Still Crummy -- Sunday AM Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez on Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Wonder Woman ' Crosses $400 M in North America '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Now the Top Female - Helmed Film at the Domestic Box Office '' . Blog.womenandhollywood.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Lassos $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' now biggest Warner Bros. film in PH '' . ABS - CBN News . July 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' grosses P48. 39M on PH opening day '' . Rappler . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Valerian ' Tops China ; ' Wonder Woman ' Hits $400 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' delivers action , humor , thrills '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Wonder Woman finally gives DC a superhero story that soars '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jost , Elise ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` # WonderWoman : Why Gal Gadot Was The Perfect Choice To Play Wonder Woman '' . Moviepilot . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors With $97 M+ Debut ; Earns ' A ' CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman is the smart , satisfying DC movie you 've been waiting for '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . Vox . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' gives different perspective to an action movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Heartfelt ' Wonder Woman ' finally gives a brave superhero her due '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' Is a Blockbuster That Lets Itself Have Fun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' review : Finally , a DC Comics movie that works '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Katie ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is the DC Universe 's Best Superhero Movie Yet , Proving the Future Is Very Much Female -- Review '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot 's Amazon Warrior Conquers Superhero Doldrums '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' saves the day , in more ways than one '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Can We Build a Better Blockbuster ? Wonder Woman Points a Way Forward '' . Time . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , M. ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Wonder Woman ' Is Really A Story About Jesus '' . The Federalist . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Woman ' No Man 's Land ' Scene Is Rooted in History , Myth and Art '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review -- glass ceiling still intact as Gal Gadot reduced to weaponised Smurfette '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot Brings Comics ' Original Riot Girl to Life '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hambling , David ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` How Realistic Is the WWI Warfare of ' Wonder Woman ' ? '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Rachel ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's chemical weapon makes no scientific sense , but it evokes real and horrifying history '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Reveals Full List of Nominees '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . August 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` DC Comics Movies Announced : ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Justice League , ' ' The Flash , ' ' Aquaman ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IMAX and Warner Bros. Extend Deal to Include 12 More Films '' . ComingSoon.net . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Sequel Details Emerge , and More Movie News '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Bory ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Not Signed for Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 2 Setting Will Take Diana To America '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Patty Jenkins in Final Negotiations on Historic Deal For ' Wonder Woman 2 ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Officially Announces Wonder Woman Sequel '' . Screen Rant . July 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' sequel title revealed '' . Fox News . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terror , Jude ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Geena Davis Available For Wonder Woman 2 Role , Says Geena Davis '' . Bleeding Cool News And Rumors . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Patty Jenkins Closes Deal to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' The Expendables ' Writer Joins Patty Jenkins , Geoff Johns to Write ' Wonder Woman 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . ( The Hollywood Reporter ) ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) . Official website Official Final Trailer -- Warner Bros. Pictures Wonder Woman on IMDb Wonder Woman at the TCM Movie Database `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Talks Gal Gadot , Sequel Hopes '' . Forbes , June 28 , 2017 . ( Video clip -- Forbes interview with director Patty Jenkins ) . Related topic navboxes Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. 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-7272840203822434976	Mathematics education in the United States	Mathematics education in the United States - wikipedia Mathematics education in the United States Jump to : navigation , search From kindergarten through high school , the mathematics education in public schools in the United States has historically varied widely from state to state , and often even varies considerably within individual states . With the recent adoption of the Common Core Standards by 45 states , mathematics content across the country is moving into closer agreement for each grade level . Contents ( hide ) 1 Curricular content 2 Recent controversy 3 Conferences 4 See also 5 References Curricular content ( edit ) Each state sets its own curricular standards and details are usually set by each local school district . Although there are no federal standards , 45 states have agreed to base their curricula on the Common Core State Standards in mathematics beginning in 2015 . The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics published educational recommendations in mathematics education in 1991 and 2000 which have been highly influential , describing mathematical knowledge , skills and pedagogical emphases from kindergarten through high school . The 2006 NCTM Curriculum Focal Points have also been influential for its recommendations of the most important mathematical topics for each grade level through grade 8 . The United States differs from most other countries in that mathematics is generally separated by topic at the high - school level . Two years are devoted entirely to algebra and one year entirely to geometry . ( A few localities follow an integrated curriculum , as in other countries . ) The algebra - geometry - algebra sequence is followed by a course often called pre-calculus for college - bound students . Pre-calculus usually combines advanced algebra ( or `` Algebra 3 '' ) and geometry with trigonometry and other topics in preparation for a course in calculus , which is taken in the 12th grade at high school or the first year of university studies . The age at which the algebra - geometry - algebra sequence begins varies according to locality and student ability . Other optional mathematics courses may be offered , such as statistics or business math . Sometimes , a college level calculus course is offered via Advanced Placement courses . This is known as AP Calculus . Recent controversy ( edit ) Main articles : Math wars and NCTM Near the end of the 20th century , diverse and changing ideas about the goals and methods of mathematical education led to wide adoption of reform - based standards and curricula funded by the US federal government , and also adopted by other national curriculum standards . These were based on research emphasizing the importance of conceptual learning , student - centered learning methods and equity in mathematics as the centerpieces of the standards based education reform movement . The goals for educators in the 1990s expanded in the context of systemic standards based education reform in the United States and other nations to promote increased learning for all students . It is a goal to achieve equity and success for all groups in society , as it is no longer acceptable to many in the education community that some have been historically excluded from the full range of opportunities that are open to those who have access to the most advanced mathematics . With the adoption of reform standards and the development of federally funded curricula during the 1990s , mathematics education became a hotly debated subject . The reform movement was met with opposition from traditionalists outside the mathematics education research arena , calling for a return to traditional direct instruction of standard arithmetic methods . As a result , after initial adoption of standards - based curricula , some schools and districts supplemented or replaced standards - based curricula in the late 1990s and early 2000s . The reform movement had its origins in the 1980s , when research began to support an emphasis on problem solving , mathematical reasoning , conceptual understanding and student - centered learning . About the same time as the development of a number of controversial standards across reading , science and history , NCTM produced the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics in 1989 . These standards included new goals such as equity and conceptual understanding and encouraged a de-emphasis on rote learning . However , in spite of widespread adoption of standards - based curricula , research indicates that the instructional practices of teachers changed very little in the United States during the 1990s . In standards based education reform all students , not only the college - bound , must take substantive mathematics . In some large school districts , this came to mean requiring some algebra of all students by ninth grade , compared to the tradition of tracking only the college - bound and the most advanced junior high school students to take algebra . A challenge with implementing the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards was that no curricular materials at the time were designed to meet the intent of the Standards . In the 1990s , the National Science Foundation funded the development of curricula such as the Core - Plus Mathematics Project . In the late 1990s and early 2000s the so - called math wars erupted in communities that were opposed to some of the more radical changes to mathematics instruction . Some students complained that their new math courses placed them into remedial math in college . However , data provided by the University of Michigan registrar at this same time indicate that in collegiate mathematics courses at the University of Michigan , graduates of Core - Plus did as well as or better than graduates of a traditional mathematics curriculum , and students taking traditional courses were also placed in remedial mathematics courses . In 2001 and 2009 , NCTM released the Principles and Standards for School Mathematics ( PSSM ) and the Curriculum Focal Points which expanded on the work of the previous standards documents . Particularly , the PSSM reiterated the 1989 standards , but in a more balanced way , while the Focal Points suggested three areas of emphasis for each grade level . Refuting reports and editorials that it was repudiating the earlier standards , the NCTM claimed that the Focal Points were largely re-emphazing the need for instruction that builds skills and deepens student mathematical understanding . NCTM spokespeople maintained that it provided more grade band specificity on key areas of study for the coherent and consistent development of mathematical understanding and skill . These documents repeated the criticism that American mathematics curricula are a `` mile wide and an inch deep '' in comparison to the mathematics of most other nations , a finding from the Second and Third International Mathematics and Science Studies . Beginning in 2011 , most states have adopted the Common Core Standards for mathematics , which were partially based on NCTM 's previous work . Controversy still continues as critics point out that Common Core standards does not fully prepare students for college and as some parents continue to complain that they do not understand the mathematics their children are learning . Another issue with mathematics education has been integration with science education . This is difficult for the public schools to do because science and math are taught independently . The value of the integration is that science can provide authentic contexts for the math concepts being taught and further , if mathematics is taught in synchrony with science , then the students benefit from this correlation . Conferences ( edit ) Mathematics education research and practitioner conferences include : NCTM 's Regional Conference and Exposition and Annual Meeting and Exposition ; The Psychology of Mathematics Education 's North American Chapter annual conference ; and numerous smaller regional conferences . See also ( edit ) Embodied design ( mathematics education ) Foundation for Science and Mathematics Education Mathematics education in New York References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hiebert , James ; Stigler , James W. ( September ) . `` A proposal for improving classroom teaching : Lessons from the TIMSS video study '' . The Elementary School Journal . 101 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 20 . doi : 10.1086 / 499656 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christian Science Monitor Archived 2008 - 05 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions About the Core - Plus Mathematics Project Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal , New York Times , Chicago Sun Times Jump up ^ Furner , Joseph M. and Kumar , David D. ( 1 ) , `` The Mathematics and Science Integration Argument : A Stand for Teacher Education , '' Eurasia Journal of Mathematics , Science & Technology Education , Vol. 3 , Num. 3 , August , 2007 , accessed on 15 December 2013 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathematics_education_in_the_United_States&oldid=829320448 '' Categories : Mathematics education in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 22 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did algebra begin to be taught in schools	[]	[]
2244941352696741897	Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960	Multiple - use sustained - yield Act of 1960 - Wikipedia Multiple - use sustained - yield Act of 1960 Multiple - Use Sustained - Yield Act of 1960 Long title An Act to authorize and direct that the national forests be managed under principles of multiple use and to produce a sustained yield of products and services , and for other purposes . Acronyms ( colloquial ) MUSYA Nicknames Sustained Yield Act of 1960 Enacted by the 86th United States Congress Effective June 12 , 1960 Citations Public law 86 - 517 Statutes at Large 74 Stat. 215 Codification Titles amended 16 U.S.C. : Conservation U.S.C. sections amended 16 U.S.C. ch. 3 , subch. IV § 583 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 10572 by George M. Grant ( D - AL ) on April 25 , 1960 Committee consideration by House Agriculture , Senate Agriculture and Forestry Passed the House on June 2 , 1960 ( Passed ) Passed the Senate on June 8 , 1960 , in lieu of S. 3044 ( Passed ) Signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on June 12 , 1960 The Multiple Use - Sustained Yield Act of 1960 ( or MUSYA ) ( Public Law 86 - 517 ) is a federal law passed by the United States Congress on June 12 , 1960 . This law authorizes and directs the Secretary of Agriculture to develop and administer the renewable resources of timber , range , water , recreation and wildlife on the national forests for multiple use and sustained yield of the products and services . This is the first law to have the five major uses of national forests contained in one law equally , with no use greater than any other . By the 1950s , the national forests no longer held enough resources to meet the growing needs of an increasing population and expanding economy . The U.S. Forest Service had operated within broad authorities since Gifford Pinchot 's time as Chief Forester . Now , for the first time the agency had a specific congressional directive which stipulated that timber sales were not in all cases to be the limiting factor . MUSYA defines the terms `` multiple use '' and `` sustained yield '' as follows : Multiple use - the `` management of all the various renewable surface resources of the national forests so that they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the needs of the American people ... '' Sustained yield - `` the achievement and maintenance in perpetuity of a high - level annual or regular periodic output of the various renewable resources of the national forests without impairment of the productivity of the land . '' The 1960 law was amended by the Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act of 1996 . See also ( edit ) Multiple use Sustained yield References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Godfrey , Anthony The Ever - Changing View - A History of the National Forests in California USDA Forest Service Publishers , 2005 p. 399 Jump up ^ Steen , Harold K . The United States Forest Service , A History University of Washington Press 1976 pp. 199 - 200 Jump up ^ Multiple - Use and Sustained Yield Act of 1960 , Public Law 86 - 517 , 86th Congress ( June 12 , 1960 ) , § 4 ( a ) Jump up ^ Multiple - Use and Sustained Yield Act of 1960 , Public Law 86 - 517 , 86th Congress ( June 12 , 1960 ) , § 4 ( b ) Jump up ^ `` Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act of 1996 ~ P.L. 104 - 333 '' ( PDF ) . 110 Stat. 4093 ~ House Bill 4236 . U.S. Government Printing Office . November 12 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` William J. Clinton : `` Statement on Signing the Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act of 1996 , '' November 12 , 1996 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Forestry Outline Index Forest areas Ministries Research institutes Colleges Journals Arbor Day Types Agroforestry dehesa Analog forestry Bamboo forestry Close to nature forestry Community forestry Ecoforestry Energy forestry Mycoforestry Permaforestry Plantation forestry Social forestry Sustainable forestry Urban forestry Ecology and management Arboriculture Controlled burn Dendrology Ecological thinning Even - aged management Fire ecology Forest informatics IPM inventory governance law old - growth pathology protection restoration secondary transition Forest certification ATFS CFS FSC PEFC SFI SmartWood Woodland Carbon Code Forestation afforestation reforestation Growth and yield modelling Horticulture GM trees i - Tree urban Silviculture Sustainable management Tree allometry breeding Tree measurement crown girth height volume Environmental topics Acid rain Carbon sequestration Clearcutting Deforestation Ecosystem services Forest dieback Forest fragmentation High grading Illegal logging Invasive species wilding REDD Shifting cultivation chitemene slash - and - burn slash - and - char svedjebruk Timber recycling Wildfire Industries Coppicing Forest farming Forest gardening Logging Manufacturing lumber plywood pulp and paper sawmilling Products biochar biomass charcoal non-timber palm oil rayon rubber tanbark Rail transport Tree farm Christmas trees Wood engineered fuel mahogany teak Woodworking Occupations Forester Arborist Bucker Choker setter Ecologist Feller Firefighter handcrew hotshot lookout smokejumper River driver Truck driver Log scaler Lumberjack Ranger Resin tapper Rubber tapper Shingle weaver Timber cruiser Tree planter Wood process engineer Portal This article about forestry is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiple-Use_Sustained-Yield_Act_of_1960&oldid=848261534 '' Categories : 1960 in the environment United States federal environmental legislation Forestry in the United States Forest law Forestry stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 20 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what uses of national forests were directed under the multiple-use sustained yield act of 1960	[]	[]
623614490017385844	List of The Little Mermaid characters	List of the Little Mermaid characters - wikipedia List of the Little Mermaid characters Jump to : navigation , search This article lists information of animated and was made by Hans Christian Anderson original characters from Disney 's The Little Mermaid franchise , covering the 1989 film , its prequel TV series , its direct - to - video sequel and prequel films , and the stage musical adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Little Mermaid 1.1 Ariel 1.2 Eric 1.3 Sebastian 1.4 Flounder 1.5 Scuttle 1.6 Ursula 1.7 Triton 1.8 Ariel 's sisters 1.9 Flotsam and Jetsam 1.10 Grimsby 1.11 Max 1.12 Louie 1.13 Carlotta 2 Television series 2.1 Urchin 2.2 Gabriella 2.3 Ollie 2.4 Pearl 2.5 Spot 2.6 Simon 2.7 Dudley 2.8 Archimedes 2.9 Hans Christian Andersen 2.10 Manta 3 The Little Mermaid II : Return To The Sea 3.1 Melody 3.2 Morgana 3.3 Tip and Dash 3.4 Undertow 3.5 Cloak and Dagger 4 The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning 4.1 Athena 4.2 Marina Del Rey 4.3 Benjamin 4.4 Catfish Club Band 5 Others 5.1 Gertrude 6 References The Little Mermaid ( edit ) Ariel ( edit ) Main article : Ariel ( The Little Mermaid ) Ariel is the title character of the franchise , save the second film in which she is a secondary character . Ariel is voiced by Jodi Benson and designed by Glen Keane . Ariel is the seventh - born and the youngest daughter of king Triton and queen Athena of the merfolk , and over the course of the original film becomes human and marries Eric , a human prince . She is the only Disney Princess to reach parenthood in Disney 's animated film canon . Eric ( edit ) Eric First appearance The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Last appearance The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) Created by Hans Christian Andersen ( original story ) Ron Clements and John Musker ( adaptation ) Portrayed by Gil McKinney ( Once Upon a Time ) Voiced by C.D. Barnes ( 1989 film and Kingdom Hearts II ) Jeff Bennett ( TV series ) Rob Paulsen ( The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ) Information Aliases Prince Eric King Eric Family Princess Ariel ( wife ) Princess Melody ( daughter ) King Triton ( father - in - law ) Queen Athena ( mother - in - law ; deceased ) Princess Ariel 's sisters ( sisters - in - law ) Nationality Danish Eric is based on the `` prince '' character of Hans Christian Andersen 's story `` The Little Mermaid '' but adapted by the writer - directors Ron Clements and John Musker for the film adaptation . According to the film 's official novelization , Eric had just turned 18 in the film , which would make him two years older than Ariel . Eric is voiced by Christopher Daniel Barnes in the original film and Kingdom Hearts II , by Jeff Bennett in the prequel television series , and by Rob Paulsen in the direct - to - video sequel . For the original film , Joshua Finkel acted opposite Sherri Stoner as Ariel in providing live - action references for the animators . Prince Eric is the only prince in the `` Disney Princess '' franchise that does not sing in the original movie . Eric is a human prince who is rescued by Ariel when he almost drowns in a storm at sea . Ariel drags him to shore and sings to him , but before he can fully regain consciousness , Max and his servant Grimsby arrive , forcing Ariel to dive underwater . Eric is haunted by Ariel 's voice , and searches the kingdom for her to no avail . When he crosses paths with Ariel again , she has traded her voice for legs , and though he initially finds her familiar , her lack of a voice makes him think that she can not be the girl who rescued him . However , he brings her back to his palace and they spend time together . Eric develops feelings for Ariel , but before he can approach her about them , Ursula , disguised as a human girl named Vanessa , arrives and magically hypnotizes Eric into forgetting about Ariel and believing that she Vanessa is the one who saved his life . Eric almost marries Vanessa , but Ariel and her friends intervene , breaking Ursula 's spell and restoring Ariel 's voice to her . Eric realizes that Ariel is the girl he has been looking for , but before they can kiss , the sun sets and Ursula claims Ariel . Eric goes after them , diving into the sea to help Ariel . In the battle that follows , Eric climbs on to a ship and charges it towards Ursula , plunging the splintered prow into her belly . Eric manages to reach the shore , and when he wakes , he sees Ariel , transformed back into a human , and the two embrace . The film ends with their wedding . Eric makes cameo appearances in three episodes of the prequel television series : Thingamajigger ( a non-speaking appearance ) Scuttle and Ariel 's Treasures . In the 2000 direct - to - video sequel , Eric is a supporting character . Although he and Ariel are happily married and they become king and queen of his land , they are threatened by the sea witch Morgana , who wishes to avenge her dead sister , Ursula . He and Ariel decide to raise their daughter Melody away from the sea , and keep her merfolk heritage secret . In the 2007 Broadway musical , the role of Eric was originated by Sean Palmer . It is explained through dialogue that Eric 's father has died , and it is Grimsby 's duty to help Eric find a bride so he can return to the throne properly , despite Eric 's affinity for exploring the seas . Eric contributes singing vocals to the opening song `` Fathoms Below '' , and performs two solo songs : `` Her Voice '' , a song about Eric 's obsession with Ariel 's voice that had been written for the original film but discarded , and `` One Step Closer '' , a new song where Eric helps Ariel express herself through dance . Eric also provides vocals in the quartet `` If Only '' , where he expresses confusion over his attraction to Ariel , and his fear that if he finds the girl with the right voice , he might lose Ariel . A new subplot in the stage musical is a singing competition where the eligible princesses in all the land are invited to sing for Eric . The princesses perform in the song `` The Contest '' , which is set to the tune of Ariel 's song `` Part of Your World '' . At the end of the performance , Ariel dances for Eric , and he chooses her . The role was also performed by Drew Seeley . Prince Eric appears in season three of the ABC series Once Upon A Time , where is played by actor Gil McKinney . He first appears in the episode `` Ariel '' in which he was rescued by Ariel from drowning , and Ariel has used her once - in - a-year ability to gain legs to see him at his ball . Eric is enchanted by Ariel at the ball , commenting that she appears familiar to him . Eric invites Ariel to join him on an expedition around the world which is leaving the following morning . He waits for her as long as he is able , but she does n't come to him due to events beyond her control . It is later revealed that Eric was transported to the town of Storybrooke after The Evil Queen / Regina Mills cast a curse over his land . Ariel , who now has the ability to become human whenever she wants , later finds Eric working as a fisherman in Storybrooke and the two of them reunite . Sebastian ( edit ) Main article : Sebastian ( The Little Mermaid ) Sebastian is a red Jamaican crab and a servant of king Triton , and also his main musical composer . His main song is `` Under The Sea '' . He is voiced by Samuel E. Wright . Flounder ( edit ) Flounder First appearance The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Last appearance The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Created by Ron Clements & John Musker Voiced by Jason Marin ( 1989 film & Sebastian From The Little Mermaid album ) Edan Gross ( TV series ; Season 1 ) Bradley Pierce ( TV series ; Seasons 2 -- 3 ) Cam Clarke ( sequel ) Anthony Skillman ( Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey ) Parker Goris ( prequel film , Kingdom Hearts series ) Flounder is a bright yellow and blue colored tropical fish ( despite the name , he is not a flounder ) and Ariel 's best friend , voiced by Jason Marin in the 1989 film , who also provided vocals in - character for the tie - in music album Sebastian From The Little Mermaid . Flounder scares easily , and is prone to panicking under stressful situations like a single shark breaching the sunken ship , but when Ariel is in trouble , he comes through for her without hesitation . In the film he is the only character to give unconditional support for Ariel 's fascination with human things , and at one point gives Ariel a statue of Eric as a gift . Flounder appears in all the episodes of the prequel television series , sharing constant adventures with Ariel and in the episode `` The Evil Manta '' , shown how he first met Ariel when they were children . According to the television series , Flounder 's real name is `` Guppy Number 35 '' . In the series , he is voiced by Edan Gross and Bradley Pierce . Flounder also appears in Jim Henson 's Little Mermaid 's Island where he has a twin sister named Sandy and is voiced by Veronica Taylor . Flounder has a small role in The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea , where he is reunited with a grown - up Ariel and takes part in the search for Ariel and Eric 's daughter Melody . He grew up and became a father himself , with five children of his own and he first meets Melody in Morgana 's lair . In this film , he is voiced by Cam Clarke . He has a larger role in The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , which shows an alternate version of how he first meets Ariel and later unknowingly leads her to the Catfish Club . His characterization is notably different in this movie ; he does not scare as easily and is much more carefree and high - spirited . He performs beatboxing that kicks off a reprise of `` Jump In The Line ( Shake , Senora ) '' when he , Ariel , Sebastian and the Catfish Club Band are on the run from Atlantica . In this film , he is voiced by Parker Goris . Flounder appears in the Kingdom Hearts series , where his role as Ariel 's friend remains . His biggest role in the series is in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , where Ursula kidnapped him to force Ariel to give her the trident . He also sings his part in the song called `` A New Day is Dawning '' . He also appears in Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey as Ariel 's sidekick and is voiced by Anthony Skillman . He is also a remote - controlled playable character in the same game seen holding a big conch shell on his head with your help to catch the voice orbs . At the Disney theme parks , Flounder makes cameo appearances in the Mickey 's Philharmagic 3D show and in the Hong Kong Disneyland version of `` It 's a Small World '' . He has also appeared in the parks as a walk - around character , but mostly in parades , shows and special events such as `` Mickey 's Pirate & Princess Party '' . Flounder appears in the stage adaptation of The Little Mermaid . His supporting role is similar as in the film , but he does not give Ariel the statue of Eric , and does not help Ariel reach Eric 's wedding barge , as the Vanessa subplot has been removed . However , Flounder performs a new song titled `` She 's in Love '' , which he sings with Ariel 's sisters when they notice that Ariel has been acting `` fishy lately '' . The stage role was originated by Cody Hanford and J.J. Singleton , but the two actors had to leave the show when their height overshot that of Sierra Boggess , who originated Ariel . The role was taken over by Trevor Braun and Brian D'Addario . On the Original Broadway Cast Recording , Brian D'Addario performs as Flounder . Scuttle ( edit ) Scuttle First appearance The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Last appearance The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Created by Ron Clements and John Musker Voiced by Buddy Hackett ( film , sequel & The Little Mermaid : Songs from the Sea ) Maurice LaMarche ( all other appearances except ride ) Chris Edgerly ( The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Undersea Adventure ) Scuttle ( scully ) is a seagull and friend of Ariel , voiced by Buddy Hackett in the 1989 film and 2000 sequel . He appears as an expert on human objects with whom Ariel consults about items she salvages , though his identifications consist of nonsense . He wrongly names a fork a `` dinglehopper '' and says that it is used as a comb , and a smoking pipe a `` snarfblatt '' while claiming it works like a trumpet . Despite his erroneous information on human things , Scuttle provides support and advice when he learns that Ariel has to win Eric 's heart in three days . On the third day , Scuttle is the one who discovers that Vanessa , the woman Eric has decided to marry instead , is actually Ursula . He immediately tells Ariel this information , and helps stall the wedding with help from other marine creatures so to allow Ariel to arrive and confront Eric ( as well as smashing Ursula 's shell that held Ariel 's voice , thus restoring it and freeing Eric from Ursula 's spell ) . Scuttle appears in a small role in The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea , where he helps Ariel find her daughter Melody , who has run away . Scuttle appears in two episodes of the third season of the prequel television series in which he is voiced by Maurice LaMarche . The episodes he appears in are `` Scuttle '' , where Ariel , Flounder and Sebastian meet him for the first time ( in which he claims his name was originally `` Scuttlebutt '' but he changed it `` for obvious reasons '' ) , and `` The Island of Fear '' . In these episodes , Scuttle 's explanation of human things is a mixture of correct and erroneous . Scuttle also made a cameo appearance in an episode of Quack Pack . In The Little Mermaid : Songs from the Sea , Scuttle performs a song called `` The Scuttle Strut '' on track 3 . Scuttle appears in the stage adaptation of the original film , where he sings two songs : `` Human Stuff '' , where he explains the human things Ariel has brought to him , and `` Positoovity '' , where he encourages a now - human Ariel to be positive in achieving her goal of winning Eric . The role is originated by Eddie Korbich . In the stage musical , Scuttle has a group of seagull friends , and together they perform a tap dance during the `` Positoovity '' number . Scuttle has a non-speaking cameo in The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , appearing when Marina is on a rock at the surface ( animated the same way with Ariel when she sings a reprise for `` Part of Your World '' ) and is splashed by a wave . Ursula ( edit ) Main article : Ursula ( The Little Mermaid ) Ursula appears in the 1989 film . She is voiced by Pat Carroll , who also provides her vocals for all the canonical animated media . Ursula is based on the `` sea witch / sorceress '' character in Hans Christian Andersen 's story `` The Little Mermaid '' . Triton ( edit ) Triton First appearance The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Last appearance The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Created by Hans Christian Andersen ( original story ) Ron Clements & John Musker ( adaptation ) Voiced by Kenneth Mars ( 1989 film , TV series , sequel , Kingdom Hearts series ) Jim Cummings ( prequel film ) Aliases King Triton Sea King Red Triton is the king of Atlantica and Ariel 's father . In the Hans Christian Andersen version , the sea king is unnamed and is not prejudiced towards humans . In the first two films , the TV series and the Kingdom Hearts games , he was voiced by Kenneth Mars ; in the prequel film , he is voiced by Jim Cummings . According to the film 's directors Ron Clements and John Musker , the clashes of personality between him and Ariel is because they are both strong - willed and independent , and it is revealed in the television series that Triton and Ariel are stubborn . Triton wields a powerful trident , which is the source of his supposedly unlimited power . The character is inspired by the son of the Greek sea god Poseidon , although the actual Triton is from Greek mythology and has two finned feet . In The Little Mermaid , Triton is prejudiced towards humans , believing them to be nothing but savage fish eaters , and Ariel 's fascination with humans has caused their relationship to become very strained . According to Triton , it is illegal to make contact between humans and merpeople ; and he orders his servant , Sebastian , to look after Ariel . When Triton discovers that Ariel saved the life of and has fallen in love with a human , he loses his temper and destroys most of her grotto filled with her collection of human artifacts despite his daughter 's objections ; this action of his ultimately damages their relationship . Devastated by his recent actions , Triton orders a search for Ariel to apologize , not knowing that she has accepted Ursula 's deal and become a human . Triton is distraught over his daughter 's disappearance , and when Sebastian arrives with news of Ursula 's scheme , Triton goes to Ursula , offering to take his daughter 's place . He is transformed into a polyp , but when Ursula is killed by Eric , he is restored to his original form and regains his crown and trident . Realizing that Ariel truly loves Eric and that all his beliefs about all humans in general being bad ; were completely wrong , Triton willingly transforms his daughter back into a human . Triton is a regular character in the prequel television series , in which he is explicitly called the son of Poseidon . A number of episodes show him getting into conflict with Ariel , but it is always resolved in a positive manner , showing a close relationship between father and daughter ; for example , in the episode Charmed , when Ariel gets a human charm bracelet locked around her wrist , she could not return because Triton would lose his temper again after he destroyed a magnifying glass she discovered earlier . However , after Ariel gets lost , Triton eventually finds her and uses the key to unlock the bracelet and feels apologetic for his actions . In the episode `` Red '' , Triton regresses into a young merboy , reversing the role as Ariel has to worry and take care of him instead . As a young boy , his nickname is `` Red '' , for his red hair . Coincidentally , as a boy , Triton himself is fascinated with humans and human objects ; complete reversal of his prejudice towards humans as an adult . He sometimes agrees with Ariel in some episodes like `` Land of the Dinosaurs '' , in which he understands that the dinosaurs are good after they have been thawed . Triton appears in the sequel The Little Mermaid II : Return To The Sea , in which he has learned to trust humans and interact with them . His weakness is his love for his granddaughter Melody , which is exploited by Morgana . However , when Triton regains his trident , he traps Morgana in a massive ice cube . In the 2008 direct - to - DVD prequel The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , the prologue shows Triton with his wife Athena . Athena is accidentally crushed to death by a pirate ship , and a distraught Triton bans music from Atlantica and forces everyone to follow a strict daily schedule . Ariel 's free - spirited personality causes a strain on their relationship . He eventually comes to realize his mistakes , pardons Sebastian , lifts the ban on music and appoints Sebastian as his court composer . Jim Cummings replaces Kenneth Mars as the voice of King Triton , due to Mars 's pancreatic cancer diagnosis . In the stage musical , Triton is Ursula 's older brother , and reveals that a reason he is overprotective of Ariel is because she reminds him of her late mother . In this version , Triton and Ursula are equals , and when their father died , they were each given equal share of the sea and one magical item each ; Triton received the trident and Ursula received a magic Nautilus shell . When Ursula began to abuse her power , Triton exiled her , though he did not take away her Nautilus shell . The musical contains new songs that were written for his character ; `` That World Above ( reprise ) '' in which he confronts Ariel in her grotto and destroys it , `` If Only ( quartet ) '' in which he expresses regret over his behavior towards Ariel , and `` If Only ( reprise ) '' in which he lets Ariel go to be with Eric . The stage role is originated by Norm Lewis . In the Kingdom Hearts series of video games , Triton still plays the role of over-protective father and king of Atlantica . In the first game , his relationship with Ariel becomes strained due to his daughter 's desire to see other worlds , and he initially distrusts Sora , Donald and Goofy when they first arrive in Atlantica , having somehow heard of the negative part of the Keyblade legend , but eventually respects Sora when Ursula is defeated and locks the world 's keyhole . In Kingdom Hearts II , Triton 's relationship with Ariel is strained , this time thanks to Ariel 's fascination with the human world . He asks Sora , Donald and Goofy to take part in the music concert with Ariel , but Sora ignores Triton 's request and helps Ariel become human to find and fall in love with Eric . He is also part of the song called `` A New Day is Dawning '' . After Ursula is defeated once again , he respectfully bids a final farewell to Sora . He also appears in The Princess and the Frog as a parade float . Ariel 's sisters ( edit ) Aquata , Andrina , Arista , Attina , Adella and Alana First appearance The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Last appearance The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Created by Hans Christian Andersen ( original story ) Ron Clements & John Musker ( adaptation ) Voiced by Attina : Caroline Vasicek ( first film ) Kath Soucie ( TV episodes ) Christie Houser ( Kingdom Hearts II ) Kari Wahlgren ( prequel film ) Alana : Kimmy Robertson ( TV episodes and first film ) Jennifer Hale ( prequel film ) Adella : Kimmy Robertson ( first film ) Sherry Lynn ( TV episodes ) Tara Strong ( prequel film ) Aquata : Caroline Vasicek ( first film ) Mona Marshall ( TV episodes ) Grey DeLisle ( prequel film ) Arista : Kimmy Robertson ( first film ) Mary Kay Bergman ( TV episodes ) Grey DeLisle ( prequel film ) Andrina : Kimmy Robertson ( first film ) Catherine Cavadini ( TV episodes ) Susan Stevens Logan ( Kingdom Hearts II ) Tara Strong ( prequel film ) Aliases Mersisters Ariel has six older sisters named Aquata , Andrina , Arista , Attina , Adella and Alana . They are the maternal aunts of Melody and the sisters - in - law of Eric . In the 1989 film , they are voiced by Kimmy Robertson and Caroline Vasicek , and perform the song `` Daughters of Triton . '' Later on in the film , Andrina , Attina , Adella and Aquata make a brief appearance together with Ariel in what appears to be the palace dressing room intended for all the sisters . In that scene , Ariel emerges from behind a curtain of seaweed swimming dreamily and humming a few lines from `` Part of Your World '' . The sisters notice the change in Ariel 's conduct and conclude in front of their father that Ariel is in love . All six sisters appear again in the end of the film together with King Triton , smiling and waving to Ariel after she gets married to Eric . In the second film , the sisters play a minor role with only Attina , Andrina , Aquata and Adella having dialogue , and Arista appearing in a non-speaking role . The age order of the sisters is debatable . In the original film , they sing `` Daughter of Triton '' and announce themselves in this order : Aquata , Andrina , Arista , Attina , Adella , Alana . This had led many to believe that was the proper birth order . Various official Disney media that was released from 1989 onward alsoseemed to use this as their birth order . The comic `` Serpent Teen '' stated that Aquata is the eldest and the future ruler , but the comic `` Underwater Wedding , '' clearly stated that Attina was the eldest . The 2008 film The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning also made it clear that Attina was the oldest . Also , the DVD 's Vanity Game feature states that the age order is Attina - 21 , Alana - 20 , Adella - 19 , Aquata - 18 , Arista - 17 , Andrina - 16 and Ariel - 15 . However , in the same film , Adella states that she is two years older than Ariel , meaning she would only be 17 . Aquata has a blue tail and a matching seashell bra . She has brown eyes and wears her brown hair in a ponytail with white pearl decorations . In the prequel film she 's the fourth - born sister . She has a little pink seahorse doll named Mr. Fuzzyfinkle ; she argues with Arista because she steals her things and is hysterical and a very bad dancer . She is a minor character in the first and second film and the TV series and is a main character in the prequel . She is voiced by Caroline Vasicek in the first film , Mona Marshall in the TV series , and Grey DeLisle in the prequel . Andrina has a purple tail and a magenta seashell bra . She has hazel eyes and wears her blonde hair in a bun topped with a pink shell decoration . In the prequel film she 's the sixth - born sister and is a humorous genius who likes jokes and sarcasm . She is a minor character in the first and second film and the TV series and is a main character in the prequel . She 's voiced by Kimmy Robertson in the first film , Cathy Cavadini in the TV series , and Tara Strong in the prequel . Arista has a red tail and a matching seashell bra . She has ice blue eyes and wears her pale blonde hair in a ponytail with dark pink decorations . In the television series , it is revealed that Arista and Ariel have a troublesome relationship and Arista admits she 's jealous of Ariel 's free spirit and envies her adventures . She is vain , ironical , selfish yet kind and helps her sisters in need . She 's also athletic . In the prequel film she 's the fifth - born sister and is a ditzy , sweet - natured kleptomaniac who borrows Aquata 's personal belongings without permission and argues with her every time . She also has a love of music ( possibly because she was named after Arista Records ) , and quickly masters the trombone when she and her sisters watch Sabastian and his band perform . She is a minor character in the first film and makes a very brief cameo in the second film and is also a minor character in the TV series and is a main character in the prequel . She 's voiced by Kimmy Robertson in the first film , Mary Kay Bergman in the TV series , and Grey DeLisle in the prequel . Attina has an orange tail and a matching seashell bra . She has green eyes and wears her light brown hair in an up - do with a thorny orange crown . In the prequel film , Attina is the first - born sister . She 's a bookworm and the most clever of her sisters . She 's the voice of the conscience and gives advice to her sisters , especially Ariel . Attina has the motherly role of the family and blames herself for her mother 's death because her tail fins were stuck in a rock when the pirate ship bore down on the kingdom , and her mother swam out into the open to free her , causing Athena to be crushed by the bow of the ship . She is responsible and loves her sisters and cares for them as their mother . Aside from Ariel herself , she appears to be the sister who was closest to Athena ; she even keeps a picture of her mother and father on her vanity and writes in her diary that she wants to be just like her mother when she becomes queen . She is a minor character in the first and second film and the TV series and is a main character in the prequel . She 's voiced by Caroline Vasicek in the first film , Kath Soucie in the TV series , and Kari Wahlgren in the prequel . Adella has a yellow tail and a chartreuse green seashell bra . Apart from Ariel , she 's the only sister whose tail does n't match her shell bra . She has teal eyes and wears her dark brown hair in a ponytail with golden pearl decorations . She is chubby in the TV series , but in the third and original films , she has the same elegant , slim figure as her sisters . In the third film 's extra content , she 's the third - born sister and is 19 ; however , she states in the film that she is two years older than Aril - making her 17 and presumably the fifth - born sister . In this film , she is boy crazy who loves to kiss boys and flirts with them . She is a minor character in the first and second film and the TV series and is a main character in the prequel . She 's voiced by Kimmy Robertson in the first film , Sherry Lynn in the TV series , and Tara Strong in the prequel . Alana has a pink tail and a purple seashell bra . She has violet eyes and wears her black hair with a small pink crown . In the prequel film she 's the second - born sister and is also the glamorous one who makes her own beauty products . She 's a minor character in the first film and TV series ( she makes only a cameo appearance in the second film ) and is a main character in the prequel . She 's voiced by Kimmy Robertson in the first film and TV series , and by Jennifer Hale in the prequel . The sisters appear in the Broadway stage musical version , in which they perform the song `` She 's in Love '' with Flounder to describe Ariel 's new behavior after saving Eric . The sisters also make in - character appearances on the music albums `` Songs from the Sea '' . Flotsam and Jetsam ( edit ) Flotsam and Jetsam First appearance The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Created by Hans Christian Andersen ( original story ) Ron Clements & John Musker ( film adaptation ) Voiced by Paddi Edwards ( original ) Corey Burton ( Kingdom Hearts series and Disney parks ) Flotsam and Jetsam are Ursula 's green moray eel minions , voiced by Paddi Edwards in the 1989 film . They do Ursula 's bidding and act as her spies , keeping their eye on the events unfolding in and around Atlantica . They are tasked with following Ariel and reporting her actions back to Ursula . They eventually manipulate Ariel into visiting Ursula in order to gain human legs . They are ultimately killed in the film 's climax when Ursula accidentally destroys them with King Triton 's trident after Ariel sabotages Ursula 's attempt to kill Eric . Out of remorse for killing her minions , Ursula mourns for them before turning her rage towards Ariel and Eric . Flotsam and Jetsam appear in the prequel television series alongside Ursula . They also appear in the Broadway stage musical , where the roles were originated by Tyler Maynard and Derrick Baskin . Grimsby ( edit ) Grimsby First appearance The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Last appearance The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) Voiced by Ben Wright ( 1989 film Brian Cummings ( TV series ) Kay E. Kuter ( The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ) Information Aliases Grim Nationality Danish Grimsby is Eric 's manservant and confidant . He is voiced by Ben Wright in the original film . In the opening scene , Grimsby is shown as not having the stomach for the sea , and dismisses the sailors ' stories about merpeople living under the sea . Through dialogue , Grimsby reveals that he worries for Eric , and has been hoping that the prince will settle down with the right girl . For Eric 's birthday , Grimsby presents a statue he had commissioned of Eric in a dramatic pose . Though Eric and Max disapprove of the statue , Grimsby is proud of it . Later , when Ariel has become human , Grimsby grows fond of her and encourages Eric to give up his dream girl for one `` of flesh and blood '' . Grimsby appears briefly in the sequel , in which he is voiced by Kay E. Kuter . In the 2007 stage musical adaptation , Grimsby says that the reason he wants Eric to marry is because he ( Grimsby ) had made a promise to Eric 's late father to ensure it . Though Grimsby is reluctant to believe Eric 's story of being saved from drowning by a girl , he comes up with the idea of holding a contest in which the princesses of the land are to sing for Eric , in the hopes that one of them will be the right girl . In the stage musical , the role is originated by Jonathan Freeman . Max ( edit ) Max is an Old English Sheepdog and Eric 's pet . Unlike all the other animals in the film , Max is minimally anthropomorphic and does not speak in the human language . Max 's barking and growling is provided by Frank Welker throughout his animated incarnations . During Eric 's birthday celebration , Max catches Ariel 's scent and tracks her down , licking her on the cheek in an apparent show of affection . When the ship catches fire , the sailors escape safely , but Max is left behind . Seeing this , Eric dives out of his lifeboat and climbs back on board , grabbing Max and tossing him to safety . Later , when Eric is brought to shore safely by Ariel , Max smells out his master and rushes out to greet him . Max is also able to smell Ariel who is hidden off - shore behind rocks , but Eric does not understand his barking . After Ariel has made her deal with Ursula and is brought to shore as a human , Max leads Eric to her , recognizing her as the same person , though Eric can not . Eventually , Ursula herself appears in the guise of a human girl named Vanessa to distract Eric from kissing Ariel before the third day is up , but Max is the only character in the human world who can fully see Vanessa for who she really is and is seen growling furiously at her , and during her and Eric 's wedding , she kicks him directly in the face . When Scuttle and the sea animals try to stop the wedding , Max assists and gets his revenge by biting her in her rear end , giving Scuttle the leverage to break the conch shell containing Ariel 's voice . At Eric and Ariel 's wedding , Max gives affection licks on their faces . Max makes a few brief appearances in the prequel television series and the direct - to - video sequel , and is the only named character of the original film ( other than Vanessa ) who does not appear in the 2007 stage musical . Louie ( edit ) Louie is the chef in Eric 's castle , voiced by René Auberjonois . His accent implies that he is French , and he performs the song `` Les Poissons '' in which he happily cooks seafood in the castle kitchen . According to dialogue by Carlotta the house maid , Louie 's specialty is stuffed crab . This puts him at odds with Sebastian , who accidentally ends up in his kitchen and frantically tries to get away from him . This rivalry is extended to the wedding in the finale , where the chef again chases Sebastian in an attempt to cut him up . Sebastian defeats him by knocking him out with a wooden plank shattering his teeth . The rivalry is shown again in the sequel The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea , with no change between the two . He also stars in one of the episodes of Disney 's Marsupilami and Raw Toonage as a noise hating hotel guest with his victim , Sebastian as the hotel manager . Louie also makes an appearance in the episode `` Ariel 's Treasures '' where he accidentally steps on a whisk called a `` whirly twirly '' by Ariel and it slips into the water when he is making recipes . In the 2007 stage musical , Louie is head of a group of chefs that work in Eric 's castle . He performs the song `` Les Poissons '' . A reprise is performed by Louie and all the other chefs as they present their fish masterpieces to Ariel , Eric and Grimsby . Carlotta ( edit ) Carlotta works in Eric 's castle in a role suggested to be similar to a housekeeper , though it is not stated outright . She reappears in the sequel , apparently continuing her role after Eric and Ariel are married and have a daughter of their own . She is voiced by Edie McClurg . In the 2007 stage musical , Carlotta develops an affectionate maternal relationship with Ariel , whom she grows fond of . Carlotta sings in the musical number `` Beyond My Wildest Dreams '' , where Carlotta berates the other servants who gossip about Ariel . Near the end of the musical there is a contest where the princesses of the land are to sing for Eric , in the hope that one of them will have the voice of the girl who saved his life . Carlotta is the one who encourages Ariel to step forward and dance for him in order to show her love for him . Television series ( edit ) Urchin ( edit ) Urchin is an orphaned merboy with an olive - green tail and is one of the main characters of the prequel television series , in which he is a close friend of Ariel , Sebastian and Flounder , and often goes on adventures with them . He is voiced by Danny Cooksey . Urchin first appears in the fourth episode of the series , `` Urchin '' . In it , Urchin is seen to be an orphan who lives by himself and wants badly to have friends . He is approached by small - time villains Lobster Mobster and Da Shrimp , who bring him into their gang and use him to steal food for them . Urchin manages to steal food from the palace , but in doing so is confronted by Ariel . Ariel tries to befriend Urchin , who at first rebuffs her . Urchin shows his true colors when he helps Ariel escape after she is kidnapped by Lobster Mobster and Da Shrimp . He even stops Crab Louie from stealing from the royal treasury . This earns him a kiss from Ariel . A friendship is forged when Urchin follows Ariel 's advice and apologises to King Triton for his behavior . In the episode `` Trident True '' , Urchin plays pranks on Ariel 's sisters Arista , Attina and Adella and buys a Father 's Day present for King Triton , implying his closeness with the royal family , and Ariel 's sisters admit that they look on him as their own little brother . Gabriella ( edit ) Gabriella is one of Ariel 's friends . She is a deaf mermaid with a pink tail and matching shells who communicates with sign language . She appears in two episodes : `` Wish Upon A Starfish '' and `` Ariel 's Treasures '' . In her first appearance , before she meets Ariel , she sees her singing the first part of a song called `` Daring To Dance '' and sees her twirling about a music box with a figure of a ballerina on top of it . Ariel stops abruptly upon seeing her , but Gabriella encourages her to continue . She wishes to be able to sing as beautifully as Ariel , and she identifies with Ariel 's desire to dance . She decides to journey with Ariel to visit the Magical Wishing Starfish , passing through many dangers along the way . She is saddened when the Magical Wishing Starfish proves to be a fraud , but Ariel reassures her that she can express her feelings just as well through sign language . She joins Ariel in the second part of `` Daring to Dance '' . In her second appearance , she returns to Atlantica for a visit . She and Ariel gush over Ariel 's new additions to her collection of human objects , as well as the music box that Ariel found when they first met . Unbeknownst to either of them , Ursula has launched another scheme to take over Atlantica , this time casting a spell that causes Ariel 's treasures to come to life and terrorize people . She is confused and shocked when the treasures come alive , but she works with Ariel to break Ursula 's spell . Ollie ( edit ) Ollie is a blue vocal octopus who appears in two episodes : `` Wish Upon A Starfish '' and `` Ariel 's Treasures '' . He is the close friend and interpreter of Gabriella , a mute mermaid . He has spots on the sides of his head and a patch on his left eye . In his first appearance , he is shown with Gabriella , watching Ariel sing . After Ariel notices them , he explains Gabriella 's disability and introduces himself . He is also the one to tell the tale of the Magical Wishing Starfish , and he accompanies them along the way . In his second appearance , he is visiting Atlantica with Gabriella and helps her stop Ursula 's plot to take over the kingdom . He is voiced by Gabriel Damon . Pearl ( edit ) Pearl is a fun - loving mermaid with a blue tail and matching shells who is familiar with Ariel and Alana . She is blonde , with a blue tail and blue , ruffle - edged shells . She makes her first appearance in episode `` Red '' at a party held by Ariel , arriving with a crowd of friends on `` squid - cycles '' . She is apparently very popular and seems friendly , if a bit snobbish . She comments that the party is a bit dull , and Ariel requests that the live band play louder , against her father 's instructions . She leaves with the other guests when Triton puts a halt to the party . In her second appearance in episode `` Eel - ectric City '' , she shows up at the palace to pick up Alana , who has been invited to a party at her house . Ariel is shocked and impressed when Pearl comments that her parents allow her to do as she pleases , and is invited to join them . As they are leaving , Pearl spies Triton 's new chariot and coerces Ariel into driving the three mermaids in it while she gives directions . After a few minutes , Alana notes that they are not heading for Pearl 's house ; they are instead going to Eel - ectric City , a party town reminiscent of Las Vegas , where Pearl is going to meet a few friends . They arrive and are having a fairly good time until a gang known as the `` Orange Roughies '' shows up . Pearl taunts them , then challenges them to a chariot race . Ariel and Alana try to reason with Pearl , but she wants to see the race through to the end . They start the race , but quickly lose control of the chariot in the rush of the current . It is only Ariel 's quick thinking and the timely appearance of Triton that saves them . Pearl is shocked that her parents bothered coming , but happy that they cared about her . Her mother states that she will be keeping a closer eye on her daughter from now on . She is voiced by Cree Summer . Spot ( edit ) Spot is a fun loving orca calf whose name is based on a single white spot which is birthmarked on his tail . In the episode called `` Whale Of A Tale '' , when the human poachers get nearby , he frightenedly swims away from his real family until Ariel encounters him with a little love . She cares for him until she lets him go to be with his real family . He returns in `` Save The Whale '' as a grown - up whale and , as Sebastian announces him , he excitedly begins to perform for the citizens of Atlantica until he gets caught . Simon ( edit ) Simon is a sea dragon . Imprisoned in cave and looking to be rescued . Simon writes a message and puts it in a bottle and with some luck , Ariel , Sebastian , and Flounder find the letter , brave danger in route to the cave , and then they face a giant sea dragon . The dragon turns out to be Simon himself , the writer of the message , who 's looking to have a party with some new friends . Bringing Simon home to King Triton poses another challenge until Simon helps King Triton to save Atlantica and its merpeople from an invasion of evil sea anemones . He is voiced by Brian Cummings . Dudley ( edit ) Dudley is an elderly sea turtle who also serves somewhat of an assistant to King Triton besides Sebastian . Dudley mumbles when he speaks and does not swim like other sea turtles in this show , instead he walks slowly along the sea floor like a land turtle and keeps important documents within his shell when he retracts his head . His conversation is always interrupted by his employer as he understands what the former is about to say . He is voiced by Dave Coulier . Archimedes ( edit ) Archimedes is a merman scholar , explorer and adventurer who is fascinated with humans , particularly human objects , like Ariel , he wants to know as much about the human world as possible , because of his fascination with humans , he is ostracized and disliked by his own people , as his only friend is Ariel . Because Archimedes goes to the surface very often , his knowledge on human culture is far more accurate than Ariel 's ; prior to the latter becoming human herself and her marriage to Eric . Due to Archimedes being ostracized by the merpeople , he lives in an abandoned sunken ship , in the wilderness outside of Atlantica , is also where he keeps his collection of human objects , initially , unlike Ariel , he has directly met humans , he has even interacted with them . He is voiced by Rod McKuen . Hans Christian Andersen ( edit ) A character based on Hans Christian Andersen , the author of the original Little Mermaid fairy tale appears in the episode `` Metal Fish '' . He is voiced by Mark Hamill . Based on rumors he hears from other sailors about the existence of merfolk , he attempts verify these claims by exploring the undersea world with the invention of his primitive submarine . While exploring the undersea world , his sub springs a leak and his steering controls are affected causing his sub to lose control and eventually sink to the bottom . However , to his surprise he encounters Ariel , to which his claims are verified . Later on , Archimedes , Sebastian , Flounder , The Crabscouts , and even King Triton appear to assist Andersen 's damaged vessel back to the surface . At the end of this episode , the character is inspired by the encounter to `` write '' the story of The Little Mermaid . This encounter contradicts the idea that Ariel 's first face to face contact with humans is with Prince Eric , and forces Ariel to confront her father with the fact that she , Triton , and all merfolk are half human when she appeals to Triton for help in saving Andersen 's life . Manta ( edit ) Manta is a recurring villain in the TV series . Although his exact age is unknown , he appears to be potentially ageless as an individual is referenced in a legend as nearly destroying Atlantica who was imprisoned in an undersea volcano many years before the time of the series . As it so happens , the character is discovered imprisoned within and freed from an undersea volcano by a well - meaning Ariel , whom the Manta dupes into releasing him . He then begins spreading hatred and discord amongst the population of Atlantica , nearly causing the kingdom to self - destruct from his actions . During this initial appearance the Manta appeared to have the power of mental hypnosis or else some form of telepathy . Ariel manages , with the help of Flounder and their friends to defeat the Manta . He then became a recurring character , intent on taking control of Atlantica for himself . He later has a son , `` Little Evil '' , who ironically enough , has no true evil or malevolent aspects to his personality and becomes a friend of Ariel 's , which also results in his father 's redemption . He is voiced by Tim Curry . The Little Mermaid II : Return to the sea ( edit ) Melody ( edit ) Melody First appearance The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Created by Elizabeth Anderson & Temple Mathews ( screenplay ) Voiced by Tara Strong Melody is the daughter of Eric and Ariel . The celebration of her birth opens the film , during which her parents sail out to sea to present her to King Triton and the merfolk . The celebration is interrupted by Morgana , who threatens to hurt Melody if Triton does not hand over the trident . Eric and Ariel manage to save Melody , but because Morgana escapes , Ariel decides that the sea is too dangerous for her daughter . Until Morgana is found , Ariel vows to keep all knowledge of the sea from her , including her mermaid heritage . A magical locket that King Triton had made for Melody for the occasion is reluctantly thrown into the sea . Melody grows up banned from entering the sea and is not told why , but by her 12th birthday has been regularly sneaking out of the palace to swim in secret . On said birthday , Melody finds the locket with her name , and questions Ariel about it . Ariel and Melody argue , and before Ariel can apologize and explain , Melody runs away from the castle in a boat . Melody is discovered by Undertow and convinced to meet Morgana , who uses Melody 's love of the sea against her . Morgana transforms Melody into a mermaid , promising her that the transformation will last forever if Melody retrieves the trident from Triton , claiming that he stole it from Morgana . Wanting to be a mermaid forever , Melody agrees . While searching for the trident , Melody befriends a penguin named Tip and a walrus named Dash , and they join her in her search . Melody succeeds in stealing the trident , and returns to Morgana at the same time that her mother Ariel , who has been turned back into a mermaid in order to find Melody , also arrives . Melody is angered by Ariel 's decision to lie to her , and gives Morgana the trident . Morgana takes Ariel hostage and reveals her true intentions to Melody , and traps her in a cave by sealing the entrance with a thick layer of ice . Soon afterward , Morgana 's spell on Melody wears off , causing her to revert into a human and nearly drowning . Tip and Dash manage to free her and drag her to the shore . Morgana uses the trident to subjugate the merfolk , but Melody , no longer a mermaid , is unaffected and steals the trident back . She gives the trident to Triton , who turns the tables on Morgana and encases her in ice . In the aftermath , Melody apologizes to Eric and Ariel for her actions , and Ariel apologizes for not telling Melody the truth . Triton offers Melody the option of becoming a mermaid permanently but Melody declines . Instead she uses the trident to disintegrate the wall between the palace and the sea , thus reuniting both sides of her family . She is voiced by Tara Strong . Melody performs one song in the film , `` For a Moment '' , in which Ariel , voiced by Jodi Benson , also provides vocals . The character `` Melody '' is also a playable character in the PlayStation game , The Little Mermaid 2 , which is based on the two movies . She becomes playable after Ariel 's story arc has finished and the player is prompted to play as Melody in the chapter called `` A New Beginning '' . Morgana ( edit ) Morgana First appearance The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Created by Elizabeth Anderson & Temple Mathews ( screenplay ) Voiced by Pat Carroll Morgana is the younger sister of the deceased Ursula . Like Ursula , Morgana is half octopus , having tentacles instead of a tail , but unlike Ursula , Morgana has 8 tentacles instead of 6 , which , in addition to her thin stature , make Morgana 's appearance more squid - like . Also , her skin is greenish - gray , unlike Ursula , who has light lavender skin . Morgana has three minions ; a tiger shark named Undertow , and a pair of manta rays called Cloak and Dagger . Her voice is provided by Pat Carroll . Morgana 's prime motivation is to prove her superiority over Ursula , who was the favored child of their mother . She also wanted to avenge Ursula 's death . However , she is not as powerful as Ursula and lacks her subtlety and deviousness , though she is highly cunning in her own right . She openly attacks Melody 's birthday party and uses her as a hostage to gain Triton 's trident , a ploy that fails due to Ariel 's quick thinking . Morgana escapes , and for twelve years eludes Triton 's efforts to find her . Morgana eventually meets twelve - year - old Melody , who has rebelled against her mother 's overprotective ways . Morgana lures Melody with the promise of becoming a mermaid , using the last of Ursula 's magic potion to transform Melody temporarily into a mermaid . Morgana asks Melody to get the trident for her , claiming herself to be its rightful owner . Morgana succeeds in getting the trident thanks to Melody , and proclaims herself as the new ruler of the seven seas . She is eventually stopped by Melody , who steals the trident back and gives it to King Triton . Triton then encases Morgana in an iceberg , and she is left to sink to the bottom of the ocean . Tip and Dash ( edit ) Tip and Dash First appearance The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Created by Elizabeth Anderson & Temple Mathews ( screenplay ) Voiced by Max Casella ( Tip ) Stephen Furst ( Dash ) Tip and Dash are supporting characters in The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea and friends of Melody . Tip is an emperor penguin voiced by Max Casella , and Dash is a walrus voiced by Stephen Furst . Their names are derived from the convention of Morse Code which uses dots ( or `` tips '' ) and dashes to communicate messages . In the film , Tip and Dash are established odd couple best friends whom Melody encounters when she has been transformed into a mermaid . She learns that the duo want to be `` heroes '' but find it difficult to do so when Tip is a braggart who exaggerates his accomplishments and Dash is openly a coward . With a big help to save the baby penguin for her mother , Tip and Dash join the other penguins to extend the form of a ladder just before the red - eyed hammerhead shark scares them all into a big pile . Rejected by other penguins , Tip and Dash join Melody on her journey to retrieve the trident for Morgana . In the final battle , both characters find their inner courage and help to save the day . The duo perform the song `` Tip and Dash '' with Melody . Undertow ( edit ) Undertow First appearance The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Created by Elizabeth Anderson & Temple Mathews ( screenplay ) Voiced by Clancy Brown Undertow , voiced by Clancy Brown , is a minion of Morgana . When the film opens , Undertow is a large purple and black colored tiger shark , but during the opening fight , he is zapped by the magic of King Triton 's trident and transformed into a small , piranha - like fish so he ca n't eat or harm Melody . Undertow spends the next twelve years as a piranha . After Melody rebels against her mother , Undertow convinces Melody to visit Morgana , who manipulates her into fetching the trident . When Melody retrieves the trident , Morgana uses its magic to restore Undertow to his original form . During the final fight , Undertow battles Melody 's friends Tip and Dash , and crashes into a wall of ice and all his teeth fall out . He is not seen again afterwards but was most likely killed upon impact with the ice wall . Cloak and Dagger ( edit ) Cloak and Dagger First appearance The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Created by Elizabeth Anderson & Temple Mathews ( screenplay ) Cloak and Dagger are dark blue manta rays and Morgana 's henchmen . Unlike most of the animals in the film , they do n't speak , and perform mostly physical duties for Morgana , either by pulling her or someone of interest to her . The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( edit ) Athena ( edit ) Athena First appearance The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Voiced by Lorelei Hill Butters ( Speaking ) Andrea Robinson ( Singing ) Athena was Triton 's wife , queen of Atlantica , and the mother of Ariel , Aquata , Andrina , Arista , Attina , Adella and Alana , Eric 's mother - in - law and Melody 's maternal grandmother . Her speaking voice is provided by Lorelei Hill Butters , and her singing voice is provided by Andrea Robinson . She appears in the opening prologue of the prequel , in which she is at first shown singing her and Triton 's special song ( Athena 's song ) to the girls before bedtime . She is then seen relaxing in a cove on the ocean surface with her husband , children and other merfolk . Triton gives her a music box that plays their song as an anniversary present . The fun ceases when a pirate ship appears and attacks the merpeople , during which Athena is crushed to death by the ship , whilst trying to save the music box . Triton responds to this tragedy by banning music from Atlantica . Prior to this film , Ariel 's mother had been mentioned before in the prequel television series , but had then remained nameless . It is never actually stated , but it is quite likely that it was Athena 's death , at the hands of humans , that caused Triton 's prejudice towards them . Marina Del Rey ( edit ) Marina Del Rey First appearance The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Voiced by Sally Field as Marina Del Rey Marina Del Rey , voiced by Sally Field , is a mermaid and the governess of King Triton 's seven daughters , in charge of enforcing Triton 's distant and formal parenting style . She feels she has been stuck as the governess for too long , and her primary motivation is to take over Sebastian 's job as the king 's attaché . She temporarily succeeds after getting Sebastian , Flounder , and their secret music band sent to prison ( as music was forbidden from Atlantica at the time ) but upon learning of the gang 's escape with Ariel , Marina resolves to kill them all by sending her electric eels after them . Marina is eventually caught , and Triton sends her to prison for her crimes . Benjamin ( edit ) Benjamin First appearance The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Voiced by Jeff Bennett as Benjamin Benjamin is a light green manatee and Marina 's sidekick . Unlike Marina , Benjamin is a softy who loves Ariel and her sisters , and wishes Marina would be nice . He is voiced by Jeff Bennett . Catfish Club band ( edit ) Ray - Ray , Cheeks , Ink Spot , and Shelbow First appearance The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson as Ray - Ray and Cheeks Rob Paulsen as Ink Spot Jim Cummings as Shelbow The Catfish Club Band are a quartet house band in the Catfish Club , the underground music club in Atlantica that exists in opposition to King Triton 's ban on music . Their bandleader and vocalist is Sebastian , who also plays maracas . Other members are Ray - Ray , a sky - blue manta ray who plays the bass , voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ; Cheeks , a green blowfish who plays the saxophone , voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ; Ink Spot , a violet octopus who plays the piano , voiced by Rob Paulsen ; Shelbow , a teal sea turtle who plays the drums , voiced by Jim Cummings . Others ( edit ) Gertrude ( edit ) Gertrude is mentioned by one of the maids who are washing clothes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Singer , A.L. ( 1997 ) . Disney 's The Little Mermaid : Official Novelisation . Disney Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 4202 - 5 . Jump up ^ Disney 's The Little Mermaid ( 1989 film ) Platinum Edition DVD , commentary by Ron Clements and John Musker Jump up ^ Disney 's The Little Mermaid : Tales from Under the Sea . Disney Press . 1991 . ISBN 1 - 56282 - 014 - 1 . Jump up ^ David , Peter ( 1992 ) . Disney 's The Little Mermaid : Ariel and Sebastian . Walt Disney Magazine Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 56115 - 266 - 8 . ( hide ) Hans Christian Andersen 's `` The Little Mermaid '' Films The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1968 ) Hans Christian Andersen 's The Little Mermaid ( 1975 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1976 Czech film ) The Little Mermaid ( 1976 Russian film ) Mermaid ( 2007 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2018 ) Television Mahō no Mako - chan ( 1970 ) Adventures of the Little Mermaid ( 1991 ) The Idle Mermaid ( 2014 ) Other The Little Mermaid ( statue ) Mermaids The Lure Disney franchise Films The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Series The Little Mermaid ( 1992 -- 1994 ) episodes Characters Ariel Ursula Sebastian Music Albums The Little Mermaid Sebastian from The Little Mermaid Sebastian : Party Gras ! Songs from the Sea Splash Hits Songs `` Fathoms Below '' `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' `` Les Poissons '' `` Kiss the Girl '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Adaptations Musical Once Upon a Time `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' Attractions Ariel 's Grotto Ariel 's Undersea Adventure King Triton 's Carousel of the Sea Mermaid Lagoon Scuttle 's Scooters Voyage of the Little Mermaid Video games The Little Mermaid Ariel the Little Mermaid Ariel 's Story Studio Disney 's The Little Mermaid Print Studio Disney 's The Little Mermaid Activity Center The Little Mermaid II : Pinball Frenzy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Little_Mermaid_characters&oldid=843459895 '' Categories : The Little Mermaid ( franchise ) characters Kingdom Hearts characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Lists of characters in American television animation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 08 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the seagull in little mermaid	[ "Scuttle (scully) is a seagull and friend of Ariel, voiced by Buddy Hackett in the 1989 film and 2000 sequel. He appears as an expert on human objects with whom Ariel consults about items she salvages, though his identifications consist of nonsense. He wrongly names a fork a \"dinglehopper\" and says that it is used as a comb, and a smoking pipe a \"snarfblatt\" while claiming it works like a trumpet. Despite his erroneous information on human things, Scuttle provides support and advice when he learns that Ariel has to win Eric's heart in three days. On the third day, Scuttle is the one who discovers that Vanessa, the woman Eric has decided to marry instead, is actually Ursula. He immediately tells Ariel this information, and helps stall the wedding with help from other marine creatures so to allow Ariel to arrive and confront Eric (as well as smashing Ursula's shell that held Ariel's voice, thus restoring it and freeing Eric from Ursula's spell)." ]	[ "Scuttle" ]
-7755226340079106293	American entry into World War I	American entry into World war I - wikipedia American entry into World war I President Woodrow Wilson before Congress , announcing the break in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917 The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans , and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American citizens increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe . As U.S. president , it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs : while the country was at peace , the domestic economy ran on a laissez - faire basis , with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France -- funds that were in large part used to buy munitions , raw materials , and food from across the Atlantic . Until 1917 , Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing , despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness . He did however expand the United States Navy . In 1917 , with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war , and with Britain and France low on credit , Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe , while Germany 's ally , the Ottoman Empire , clung stubbornly to its possessions in the Middle East . In the same year , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters ; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war . Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican -- American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram , which was intercepted by British Intelligence . Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic . Wilson then asked Congress for `` a war to end all wars '' that would `` make the world safe for democracy '' , and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 . On December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war on Austria - Hungary . U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918 . Contents 1 Main issues 1.1 Naval blockade 1.1. 1 The strategy behind the blockade 1.2 Business considerations 1.3 Views of the elites 2 Public opinion 2.1 Parties 2.2 Workers , farmers , and African Americans 2.3 South 2.4 German Americans 2.5 Christian churches and pacifists 2.6 Jewish Americans 2.7 Irish - Americans 2.8 Pro-Allied immigrants 2.9 Popular pacifism 2.10 German agents 3 Preparedness movement 3.1 Size of military 3.2 Navy 4 Decision for war 4.1 Decision making 4.2 Zimmermann Telegram 4.3 Sinking of American merchant ships 5 Public opinion , moralism , and national interest 6 Declaration of war 6.1 Germany 6.2 Austria - Hungary 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Bibliography 9.1 Historiography 10 Primary sources 11 External links Main issues ( edit ) Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I § American entry in 1917 , and Presidency of Woodrow Wilson Naval blockade ( edit ) Britain used its large navy to prevent cargo vessels entering German ports , mainly by intercepting them in the North Sea between the coasts of Scotland and Norway . The wider sea approaches to Britain and France , their distance from German harbours and the smaller size of the German surface fleet all made it harder for Germany to reciprocate . Instead , Germany used submarines to lie in wait for , and then sink , merchant ships heading for enemy ports . The United States insisted on maintaining the traditional rights of ships registered in neutral countries and protested strongly against American ships being intercepted or sunk : the British seized American ships for supposed violations , while the Germans sank them -- often without warning , in violation of international law that said sailors must be allowed an opportunity to reach their lifeboats . After several violations , Germany stopped this practice but in early 1917 she decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare , in the hope that this would starve out the British before the Americans could make any effective military retaliation . The Strategy behind the blockade ( edit ) The British Royal Navy successfully stopped the shipment of most war supplies and food to Germany . Neutral American ships that tried to trade with Germany were seized or turned back by the Royal Navy who viewed such trade as in direct conflict with the Allies ' war efforts . The strangulation came about very slowly , because Germany and its allies controlled extensive farmlands and raw materials . It was eventually successful because Germany and Austria - Hungary had decimated their agricultural production by taking so many farmers into their armies . By 1918 , German cities were on the verge of starvation ; the front - line soldiers were on short rations and were running out of essential supplies . Germany also considered a blockade . `` England wants to starve us '' , said Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the man who built the German fleet and who remained a key advisor to the Kaiser Wilhelm II . `` We can play the same game . We can bottle her up and destroy every ship that endeavors to break the blockade '' . Unable to challenge the more powerful Royal Navy on the surface , Tirpitz wanted to scare off merchant and passenger ships en route to Britain . He reasoned that since the island of Britain depended on imports of food , raw materials , and manufactured goods , scaring off a substantial number of the ships would effectively undercut its long - term ability to maintain an army on the Western Front . While Germany had only nine long - range U-boats at the start of the war , it had ample shipyard capacity to build the hundreds needed . However , the United States demanded that Germany respect the international agreements upon `` freedom of the seas '' , which protected neutral American ships on the high seas from seizure or sinking by either belligerent . Furthermore , Americans insisted that the drowning of innocent civilians was barbaric and grounds for a declaration of war . The British frequently violated America 's neutral rights by seizing ships . Wilson 's top advisor , Colonel Edward M. House commented that , `` The British have gone as far as they possibly could in violating neutral rights , though they have done it in the most courteous way '' . When Wilson protested British violations of American neutrality , the British backed down . German submarines torpedoed ships without warning , causing sailors and passengers to drown . Berlin explained that submarines were so vulnerable that they dared not surface near merchant ships that might be carrying guns and which were too small to rescue submarine crews . Britain armed most of its merchant ships with medium calibre guns that could sink a submarine , making above - water attacks too risky . In February 1915 , the United States warned Germany about misuse of submarines . On April 22 , the German Imperial Embassy warned U.S. citizens against boarding vessels to Britain , which would have to face German attack . On May 7 , Germany torpedoed the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania , sinking her . This act of aggression caused the loss of 1,198 civilian lives , including 128 Americans . The sinking of a large , unarmed passenger ship , combined with the previous stories of atrocities in Belgium , shocked Americans and turned public opinion hostile to Germany , although not yet to the point of war . Wilson issued a warning to Germany that it would face `` strict accountability '' if it sank more neutral U.S. passenger ships . Berlin acquiesced , ordering its submarines to avoid passenger ships . By January 1917 , however , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff decided that an unrestricted submarine blockade was the only way to achieve a decisive victory . They demanded that Kaiser Wilhelm order unrestricted submarine warfare be resumed . Germany knew this decision meant war with the United States , but they gambled that they could win before America 's potential strength could be mobilized . However , they overestimated how many ships they could sink and thus the extent Britain would be weakened . Finally , they did not foresee that convoys could and would be used to defeat their efforts . They believed that the United States was so weak militarily that it could not be a factor on the Western Front for more than a year . The civilian government in Berlin objected , but the Kaiser sided with his military . Business considerations ( edit ) The beginning of war in Europe coincided with the end of the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 in America . Exports to belligerent nations rose rapidly over the first four years of the War from $824.8 million in 1913 to $2.25 billion in 1917 . Loans from American financial institutions to the Allied nations in Europe also increased dramatically over the same period . Economic activity towards the end of this period boomed as government resources aided the production of the private sector . Between 1914 and 1917 , industrial production increased 32 % and GNP increased by almost 20 % . The improvements to industrial production in the United States outlasted the war . The capital build - up that had allowed American companies to supply belligerents and the American army resulted in a greater long - run rate of production even after the war had ended in 1918 . In 1913 , J.P. Morgan , Jr. took over the House of Morgan , an American - based investment bank consisting of separate banking operations in New York , London , and Paris , after the death of his father , J. Pierpont Morgan . The House of Morgan offered assistance in the wartime financing of Britain and France from the earliest stages of the war in 1914 through America 's entrance in 1917 . J.P. Morgan & Co. , the House of Morgan 's bank in New York , was designated as the primary financial agent to the British government in 1914 after successful lobbying by the British ambassador , Sir Cecil Spring Rice . The same bank would later take a similar role in France and would offer extensive financial assistance to both warring nations . J.P. Morgan &Co . became the primary issuer of loans to the French government by raising money from American investors . Morgan , Harjes , the House of Morgan 's French affiliated bank , controlled the majority of the wartime financial dealings between the House of Morgan and the French government after primary issuances of debt in American markets . Relations between the House of Morgan and the French government became tense as the war raged on with no end in sight . France 's ability to borrow from other sources diminished , leading to greater lending rates and a depressing of the value of the franc . After the war , in 1918 , J.P. Morgan & Co. continued to aid the French government financially through monetary stabilization and debt relief . Because America was still a declared neutral state , the financial dealings of American banks in Europe caused a great deal of contention between Wall Street and the U.S. government . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan strictly opposed financial support of warring nations and wanted to ban loans to the belligerents in August 1914 . He told President Wilson that `` refusal to loan to any belligerent would naturally tend to hasten a conclusion of the war . '' Wilson at first agreed , but then reversed himself when France argued that if it was legal to buy American goods then it was legal to take out credits on the purchase . J.P. Morgan issued loans to France including one in March 1915 and , following negotiations with the Anglo - French Financial Commission , another joint loan to Britain and France in October 1915 , the latter amounting to US $500,000,000 . Although the stance of the U.S. government was that stopping such financial assistance could hasten the end of the war and therefore save lives , little was done to insure adherence to the ban on loans , in part due to pressure from Allied governments and American business interests . The American steel industry had faced difficulties and declining profits during the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 . As war began in Europe , however , the increased demand for tools of war began a period of heightened productivity that alleviated many U.S. industrial companies from the low - growth environment of the recession . Bethlehem Steel took particular advantage of the increased demand for armaments abroad . Prior to American entrance into the War , these companies benefitted from unrestricted commerce with sovereign customers abroad . After President Wilson issued his declaration of war , the companies were subjected to price controls created by the U.S. Trade Commission in order to insure that the U.S. military would have access to the necessary armaments . By the end of the war in 1918 , Bethlehem Steel had produced 65,000 pounds of forged military products and 70 million pounds of armor plate , 1.1 billion pounds of steel for shells , and 20.1 million rounds of artillery ammunition for Britain and France . Bethlehem Steel took advantage of the domestic armaments market and produced 60 % of the American weaponry and 40 % of the artillery shells used in the War . Even with price controls and a lower profit margin on manufactured goods , the profits resulting from wartime sales expanded the company into the third largest manufacturing company in the country . Bethlehem Steel became the primary arms supplier for the United States and other allied powers again in 1939 . Views of the elites ( edit ) Historians divide the views of American political and social leaders into four distinct groupings -- the camps were mostly informal : The first of these were the Non-Interventionists , a loosely affiliated and politically diverse anti-war movement which sought to keep the United States out of the war altogether . Members of this group tended to view the war as a clash between British imperialism and German militarism , both of which they regarded as equally corrupt . Others were pacifists , who objected on moral grounds . Prominent leaders included Democrats like former Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan , industrialist Henry Ford and publisher William Randolph Hearst ; Republicans Robert M. La Follette , Senator from Wisconsin and George W. Norris , Senator from Nebraska ; and Progressive Party activist Jane Addams . At the far - left end of the political spectrum the Socialists , led by their perennial candidate for President Eugene V. Debs and movement veterans like Victor L. Berger and Morris Hillquit , were staunch anti-militarists and opposed to any US intervention , branding the conflict as a `` capitalist war '' that American workers should avoid . However , after the US did join the war in April , 1917 a schism developed between the anti-war Party majority and a pro-war faction of Socialist writers , journalists and intellectuals led by John Spargo , William English Walling and E. Haldeman - Julius . This group founded the rival Social Democratic League of America to promote the war effort among their fellow Socialists . Next were the more moderate Liberal - Internationalists . This bipartisan group reluctantly supported a declaration of war against Germany with the postwar goal of establishing collective international security institutions designed to peacefully resolve future conflicts between nations and to promote liberal democratic values more broadly . This groups 's views were advocated by interest groups such as the League to Enforce Peace . Adherents included US President Woodrow Wilson , his influential advisor Edward M. House , former President William Howard Taft , famed inventor Alexander Graham Bell , Wall Street financier Bernard Baruch and Harvard University President Abbott Lawrence Lowell . Finally , there were the so - called Atlanticists . Ardently pro-Entente , they had strongly championed American intervention in the war since 1915 . Their primary political motivation was to both prepare the US for war with Germany and to forge an enduring military alliance with Great Britain . This group actively supported the Preparedness Movement and was strong among the Anglophile political establishment of the northeast , boasting such luminaries as former President Theodore Roosevelt , Major General Leonard Wood , prominent attorney and diplomat Joseph Hodges Choate , former Secretary of War Henry Stimson , journalist Walter Lippman and Senators Henry Cabot Lodge , Sr. of Massachusetts and Elihu Root of New York . Public opinion ( edit ) A cosmopolitan group of upper and upper - middle class businessmen based in the largest cities took the lead in promoting military preparedness and in defining how far America could be pushed around before it would fight back . Many public figures hated war -- Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was the most prominent , and he resigned when he thought Wilson had become too bellicose . Grassroots opposition to American entry came especially from German and Irish elements . Parties ( edit ) A surprising factor in the development of American public opinion was how little the political parties became involved . Wilson and the Democrats in 1916 campaigned on the slogan `` He kept us out of war ! '' , saying a Republican victory would mean war with both Mexico and Germany . His position probably was critical in winning the Western states . Charles Evans Hughes , the GOP candidate , insisted on downplaying the war issue . The Socialist party talked peace . Socialist rhetoric declared the European conflict to be `` an imperialist war '' . It won 2 % of the 1916 vote for Eugene V. Debs , blamed the war on capitalism and pledged total opposition . `` A bayonet '' , its propaganda said , `` was a weapon with a worker at each end '' . When war began , however , about half the Socialists , typified by Congressman Meyer London , supported the decision and sided with the pro-Allied efforts . The rest , led by Debs , remained ideological and die - hard opponents . Many socialists came under investigation from the Espionage Act of 1917 and many suspected of treason were arrested , including Debs . This would only increase the Socialist 's anti-war groups in resentment toward the American government . Workers , farmers , and African Americans ( edit ) The working class was relatively quiet , and tended to divide along ethnic lines . At the beginning of the war , neither working men nor farmers took a large interest in the debates on war preparation . Samuel Gompers , head of the AFL labor movement , denounced the war in 1914 as `` unnatural , unjustified , and unholy '' , but by 1916 he was supporting Wilson 's limited preparedness program , against the objections of Socialist union activists . In 1916 the labor unions supported Wilson on domestic issues and ignored the war question . The war at first disrupted the cotton market ; Britain blockaded shipments to Germany , and prices fell from 11 cents a pound to only 4 cents . By 1916 , however , the British decided to bolster the price to 10 cents to avoid losing Southern support . The cotton growers seem to have moved from neutrality to intervention at about the same pace as the rest of the nation . Midwestern farmers generally opposed the war , especially those of German and Scandinavian descent . The Midwest became the stronghold of isolationism ; other remote rural areas also saw no need for war . The African - American community did not take a strong position one way or the other . A month after congress declared war , W.E.B. Du Bois called on African - Americans to `` fight shoulder to shoulder with the world to gain a world where war shall be no more '' . Once war began and black men were drafted , they worked to achieve equality . Many had hoped the community 's help in the war efforts abroad would earn civil rights at home . When such civil liberties were still not granted , many African - Americans grew tired of waiting for recognition of their rights as American citizens . South ( edit ) There was a strong antiwar element in the white South and border states . In rural Missouri for example , distrust of powerful Eastern influences focused on the risk that Wall Street would lead America into war . Across the South poor white farmers warned each other that `` a rich man 's war meant a poor man 's fight , '' and they wanted nothing of it . Congressman James Hay , Democrat of Virginia was the powerful chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs . He repeatedly blocked prewar efforts to modernize and enlarge the army . Preparedness was not needed because Americans were already safe , he insisted in January 1915 : Isolated as we are , safe in our vastness , protected by a great navy , and possessed of an army sufficient for any emergency that may arise , we may disregard the lamentations and predictions of the militarists . German Americans ( edit ) German Americans by this time usually had only weak ties to Germany ; however , they were fearful of negative treatment they might receive if the United States entered the war ( such mistreatment was already happening to German - descent citizens in Canada and Australia ) . Almost none called for intervening on Germany 's side , instead calling for neutrality and speaking of the superiority of German culture . As more nations were drawn into the conflict , however , the English - languages press increasingly supporting Britain , while the German - American media called for neutrality while also defending Germany 's position . Chicago 's Germans worked to secure a complete embargo on all arms shipments to Europe . In 1916 , large crowds in Chicago 's Germania celebrated the Kaiser 's birthday , something they had not done before the war . German Americans in early 1917 still called for neutrality , but proclaimed that if a war came they would be loyal to the United States . By this point , they had been excluded almost entirely from national discourse on the subject . Once war started , they were harassed in so many ways that historian Carl Wittke noted in 1936 , it was `` one of the most difficult and humiliating experiences suffered by an ethnic group in American history . '' German - American Socialists in Milwaukee , Wisconsin actively campaigned against entry into the war . Christian Churches and pacifists ( edit ) Come on in , America , the Blood 's Fine ! ( 1917 ) by M.A. Kempf . Leaders of most religious groups ( except the Episcopalians ) tended to pacifism , as did leaders of the woman 's movement . The Methodists and Quakers among others were vocal opponents of the war . President Wilson , who was a devout Presbyterian , would often frame the war in terms of good and evil in an appeal for religious support of the war . A concerted effort was made by pacifists including Jane Addams , Oswald Garrison Villard , David Starr Jordan , Henry Ford , Lillian Wald , and Carrie Chapman Catt . Their goal was to encourage Wilson 's efforts to mediate an end of the war by bringing the belligerents to the conference table . Finally in 1917 Wilson convinced some of them that to be truly anti-war they needed to support what he promised would be `` a war to end all wars '' . Once war was declared , the more liberal denominations , which had endorsed the Social Gospel , called for a war for righteousness that would help uplift all mankind . The theme -- an aspect of American exceptionalism -- was that God had chosen America as his tool to bring redemption to the world . American Catholic bishops maintained a general silence toward the issue of intervention . Millions of Catholics lived in both warring camps , and Catholic Americans tended to split on ethnic lines in their opinions toward American involvement in the war . At the time , heavily Catholic towns and cities in the East and Midwest often contained multiple parishes , each serving a single ethnic group , such as Irish , German , Italian , Polish , or English . American Catholics of Irish and German descent opposed intervention most strongly . Pope Benedict XV made several attempts to negotiate a peace . All of his efforts were rebuffed by both the Allies and the Germans , and throughout the war the Vatican maintained a policy of strict neutrality . Jewish Americans ( edit ) Jewish American sympathies likewise broke along ethnic lines , with recently arrived Yiddish speaking Jews inclined to Zionism , and the established German - American Jewish community largely opposed to it . In 1914 -- 1916 , there were few Jewish forces in favor of American entry into the war . Many regarded Britain as hostile to Jewish interests . New York City , with its well - organized element numbering 1.5 million Jews , was the center of antiwar activism . The different Jewish communities worked together during the war years to provide relief to Jewish communities in Eastern Europe . Of greatest concern to Jews was the tsarist regime in Russia because it was notorious for tolerating pogroms and following anti-Semitic policies . As historian Joseph Rappaport reported through his study of Yiddish press during the war , `` The pro-Germanism of America 's immigrant Jews was an inevitable consequence of their Russophobia '' . The fall of the tsarist regime in March 1917 removed a major obstacle for many Jews who refused to support tsarism . The draft went smoothly in New York City , and left - wing opposition to the war largely collapsed when Zionists saw the possibility of using the war to demand a state of Israel . Irish - Americans ( edit ) The most effective domestic opponents of the war were Irish - American Catholics . They had little interest in the continent , but were neutral about helping the United Kingdom because it had recently enacted the Government of Ireland Act 1914 , allowing Irish Home Rule . However , the Act was suspended until the war ended . John Redmond and the Irish Parliamentary Party ( IPP ) declared that Irish Volunteers should support America 's pro-Allied war efforts first ; his political opponents argued that it was not the time to support Britain in its attempt to `` strengthen and expand her empire '' . The attacks on the IPP and pro-Allied press showed a firm belief that a German victory would hasten the achievement of Irish independence . Yet rather than proposing intervention on behalf of the Germans , Irish American leaders and organizations focused on demanding American neutrality . But the increased contact between militant Irish nationalists and German agents in the United States only fueled concerns of where the primary loyalties of Irish Americans lay . Nevertheless , close to 1,000 Irish - born Americans died fighting with the U.S. armed forces in WWI . The Easter Rising in Dublin in April 1916 was crushed within a week and its leaders executed by firing squad . The mainstream American press treated the uprising as foolish and misguided , and theorized it was largely inspired by the Germans . Overall public opinion remained faithfully pro-British . Irish - Americans dominated the Democratic party in many large cities so Wilson had to take account of their views . They did not prevent him from being hostile to Germany , but they did force him to keep his distance from Britain . Indeed , Irish - American pressure influenced the United States into not accepting Britain 's war aims as its own and define its own objectives , primarily self - determination . The Irish - American community thought they had Wilson 's promise to promote Irish independence in exchange for their support of his war policies , but after the war they were bitterly disappointed by his refusal to support them in 1919 . Wilson saw the Irish situation purely as an internal UK matter and did not perceive the dispute and the unrest in Ireland as comparable to the plight of the various nationalities in Europe as a fall - out from World War I . The progress of the Irish Race Conventions give a flavour of the differing and changing opinions during the war . Pro-Allied immigrants ( edit ) Some British immigrants worked actively for intervention . London - born Samuel Insull , Chicago 's leading industrialist , for example , enthusiastically provided money , propaganda , and means for volunteers to enter the British or Canadian armies . After the United States ' entry , Insull directed the Illinois State Council of Defense , with responsibility for organizing the state 's mobilization . Immigrants from eastern Europe usually cared more about politics in their homeland than politics in the United States . Spokesmen for Slavic immigrants hoped that an Allied victory would bring independence for their homelands . Large numbers of Hungarian immigrants who were liberal and nationalist in sentiment , and sought an independent Hungary , separate from the Austro - Hungarian Empire lobbied in favor of the war and allied themselves with the Atlanticist or Anglophile portion of the population . This community was largely pro-British and anti-German in sentiment . Albanian - Americans in communities such as Boston also campaigned for entry into the war and were overwhelmingly pro-British and anti-German , as well as hopeful the war would lead to an independent Albania which would be free from the Ottoman Empire . Polish , Slovak , and Czech immigrants were enthusiastically pro-war and generally pro-British . Popular pacifism ( edit ) The song `` I Did n't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier '' was a hit in 1915 , selling 650,000 copies . Its expression of popular pacifist sentiment `` helped make the pacifist movement a hard , quantifiable political reality to be reckoned with . '' Henry Ford supported the pacifist cause by sponsoring a large - scale private peace mission , with numerous activists and intellectuals aboard the `` Peace Ship ' ( the ocean liner Oscar II ) . Ford chartered the ship in 1915 and invited prominent peace activists to join him to meet with leaders on both sides in Europe . He hoped to create enough publicity to prompt the belligerent nations to convene a peace conference and mediate an end to the war . The mission was widely mocked by the press , which wrote about the `` Ship of Fools . '' Infighting between the activists , mockery by the press contingent aboard , and an outbreak of influenza marred the voyage . Four days after the ship arrived in neutral Norway , a beleaguered and physically ill Ford abandoned the mission and returned to the United States ; he had demonstrated that independent small efforts accomplished nothing . German agents ( edit ) On July 24 , 1915 , the German embassy 's commercial attaché , Heinrich Albert , left his briefcase on a train in New York City , where an alert Secret Service agent , Frank Burke , snatched it up . Wilson let the newspapers publish the contents , which indicated a systematic effort by Berlin to subsidize friendly newspapers and block British purchases of war materials . Berlin 's top espionage agent , debonnaire Franz Rintelen von Kleist was spending millions to finance sabotage in Canada , stir up trouble between the United States and Mexico and to incite labor strikes . The British were engaged in propaganda too , though not illegal espionage , but they did not get caught . Germany took the blame as Americans grew ever more worried about the vulnerability of a free society to subversion . Indeed , one of the main fears Americans of all stations had in 1916 -- 1919 was that spies and saboteurs were everywhere . This sentiment played a major role in arousing fear of Germany , and suspicions regarding everyone of German descent who could not `` prove '' 100 % loyalty . Preparedness movement ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Preparedness Movement By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania had a strong effect on public opinion because of the deaths of American civilians . That year , a strong `` Preparedness '' movement emerged . Proponents argued that the United States needed to immediately build up strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . General Leonard Wood ( still on active duty after serving a term as Chief of Staff of the Army ) , former president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson were the driving forces behind Preparedness , along with many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism . Representative was Paul D. Cravath , one of New York 's foremost corporation lawyers . For Cravath , in his mid-fifties when the war began , the conflict served as an epiphany , sparking an interest in international affairs that dominated his remaining career . Fiercely Anglophile , he strongly supported American intervention in the war and hoped that close Anglo - American cooperation would be the guiding principle of postwar international organization . The advertisement of The Battle Cry of Peace film The Preparedness movement had a `` realistic '' philosophy of world affairs -- they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self - determination . Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defenses , they showed that America 's 100,000 - man Army even augmented by the 112,000 National Guardsmen , was outnumbered 20 to one by Germany 's army , which was drawn from a smaller population . Similarly in 1915 , the armed forces of Great Britain and the British empire ( the world 's most powerful military and economic power at the time ) , France , Russia , the Austro - Hungarian empire , Ottoman empire , Italy , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Belgium , Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military , in many cases significantly so . Reform to them meant UMT or `` universal military training '' . They proposed a national service program under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training , and afterwards be assigned to reserve units . The small regular army would primarily be a training agency . Antimilitarists complained the plan would make America resemble Germany ( which required two years ' active duty ) . Advocates retorted that military `` service '' was an essential duty of citizenship , and that without the commonality provided by such service the nation would splinter into antagonistic ethnic groups . One spokesman promised that UMT would become `` a real melting pot , under which the fire is hot enough to fuse the elements into one common mass of Americanism '' . Furthermore , they promised , the discipline and training would make for a better paid work force . Hostility to military service was strong at the time , and the program failed to win approval . In World War II , when Stimson as Secretary of War proposed a similar program of universal peacetime service , he was defeated . Underscoring its commitment , the Preparedness movement set up and funded its own summer training camps at Plattsburgh , New York , and other sites , where 40,000 college alumni became physically fit , learned to march and shoot , and ultimately provided the cadre of a wartime officer corps . Suggestions by labor unions that talented working - class youth be invited to Plattsburgh were ignored . The Preparedness movement was distant not only from the working classes but also from the middle - class leadership of most of small - town America . It had had little use for the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , localistic , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of American society . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted blacks on an equal footing . The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape . In fact , neither the Army nor Navy was in shape for war . The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico , and the fleet 's readiness had suffered . The crews of the Texas and the New York , the two newest and largest battleships , had never fired a gun , and the morale of the sailors was low . In addition , it was outnumbered and outgunned by the British , German , French , and Italian navies . The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size . Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled by the British , Germans , French , Austro - Hungarians , Italians , and others in the war in Europe , the Army was paying scant attention . For example , it was making no studies of trench warfare , poison gas , heavy artillery , or tanks and was utterly unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare . The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915 . The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the Lusitania in May 1915 , forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces . Wilson , less fearful of the Navy , embraced a long - term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s , although this would not be achieved until World War II . `` Realism '' was at work here ; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none -- that is , equal to Britain . The facts of submarine warfare ( which necessitated destroyers , not battleships ) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany ( or with Britain , for that matter ) , were simply ignored . Wilson 's program for the Army touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserve and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the localistic politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement . They felt that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( like J.P. Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( like Bethlehem Steel , which made armor , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament , reiterated Bryan . Garrison 's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals . In peacetime , War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses , including warships , artillery , naval guns , and shells . Items available on the civilian market , such as food , horses , saddles , wagons , and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors . Armor plate ( and after 1918 , airplanes ) was an exception that has caused unremitting controversy for a century . After World War II , the arsenals and Navy yards were much less important than giant civilian aircraft and electronics firms , which became the second half of the `` military - industrial complex '' Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford redoubled their efforts , and now turned their voices against the president because he was `` sowing the seeds of militarism , raising up a military and naval caste '' . Many ministers , professors , farm spokesmen , and labor union leaders joined in , with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee . Wilson , in deep trouble , took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916 , a warmup for his reelection campaign that fall . Wilson seems to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness ( Garrison kept quiet , but felt Wilson was `` a man of high ideals but no principles '' ) . The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored . The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserve , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . America would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) was used by the navalists to argue for the primacy of seapower ; they then took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armor plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the U.S. Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 . Size of military ( edit ) Americans felt an increasing need for a military that could command respect . As one editor put it , `` The best thing about a large army and a strong navy is that they make it so much easier to say just what we want to say in our diplomatic correspondence . '' Berlin thus far had backed down and apologized when Washington was angry , thus boosting American self - confidence . America 's rights and America 's honor increasingly came into focus . The slogan `` Peace '' gave way to `` Peace with Honor '' . The Army remained unpopular , however . A recruiter in Indianapolis noted that , `` The people here do not take the right attitude towards army life as a career , and if a man joins from here he often tries to go out on the quiet '' . The Preparedness movement used its easy access to the mass media to demonstrate that the War Department had no plans , no equipment , little training , no reserve , a laughable National Guard , and a wholly inadequate organization for war . Motion pictures like The Battle Cry of Peace ( 1915 ) depicted invasions of the American homeland that demanded action . Navy ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Navy § Preparing for war 1914 -- 1917 The readiness and capability of the U.S. Navy was a matter of controversy . The press at the time reported that the only thing the military was ready for was an enemy fleet attempting to seize New York harbor -- at a time when the German battle fleet was penned up by the Royal Navy . The Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels was a journalist with pacifist leanings . He had built up the educational resources of the Navy and made its Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island an essential experience for would - be admirals . However , he alienated the officer corps with his moralistic reforms , including no wine in the officers ' mess , no hazing at the Naval Academy , and more chaplains and YMCAs . Daniels , as a newspaperman , knew the value of publicity . In 1915 he set up the Naval Consulting Board headed by Thomas Edison to obtain the advice and expertise of leading scientists , engineers , and industrialists . It popularized technology , naval expansion , and military preparedness , and was well covered in the media . But according to Coletta he ignored the nation 's strategic needs , and disdaining the advice of its experts , Daniels suspended meetings of the Joint Army and Navy Board for two years because it was giving unwelcome advice , chopped in half the General Board 's recommendations for new ships , reduced the authority of officers in the Navy yards where ships were built and repaired , and ignored the administrative chaos in his department . Bradley Fiske , one of the most innovative admirals in American naval history , in 1914 was Daniels ' top aide ; he recommended a reorganization that would prepare for war , but Daniels refused . Instead he replaced Fiske in 1915 and brought in for the new post of Chief of Naval Operations an unknown captain , William Benson . Chosen for his compliance , Benson proved a wily bureaucrat who was more interested in preparing for an eventual showdown with Britain than an immediate one with Germany . Benson told Sims he `` would as soon fight the British as the Germans '' . Proposals to send observers to Europe were blocked , leaving the Navy in the dark about the success of the German submarine campaign . Admiral William Sims charged after the war that in April 1917 , only ten percent of the Navy 's warships were fully manned ; the rest lacked 43 % of their seamen . Light antisubmarine ships were few in number , as if Daniels had been unaware of the German submarine menace that had been the focus of foreign policy for two years . The Navy 's only warfighting plan , the `` Black Plan '' assumed the Royal Navy did not exist and that German battleships were moving freely about the Atlantic and the Caribbean and threatening the Panama Canal . Daniels ' tenure would have been even less successful save for the energetic efforts of Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , who effectively ran the Department . His most recent biographer concludes that , `` it is true that Daniels had not prepared the navy for the war it would have to fight . '' Decision for war ( edit ) `` Hurting Their Feelings '' : Political cartoon from November 9 , 1915 , shows the British lion and John Bull reading a newspaper about American war protests and crying , while American ships and cargo appear in the harbor behind them By 1916 a new factor was emerging -- a sense of national self - interest and American nationalism . The unbelievable casualty figures in Europe were sobering -- two vast battles caused over one million casualties each . Clearly this war would be a decisive episode in the history of the world . Every American effort to find a peaceful solution was frustrated . Decision making ( edit ) Kendrick Clements claims bureaucratic decision - making was one of the main sources pushing the United States to declaring war on Germany and aligning itself with the Allies . He cites the State Department 's demand that Germany 's submarines obey outdated , 18th century sailing laws as one of the first missteps by the United States bureaucracy regarding the war . By doing so , the United States had essentially given Germany the choice of whether or not the U.S. would enter the war . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan spent most of the fall of 1914 out of contact with the State Department , leaving the more conservative Robert Lansing with the ability to shape American foreign policy at the time . One of these decisions was made in response to British protests that the Germans were using U.S. radio towers to send messages to their warships . Immediately prior to the war starting in 1914 , Britain had cut all cable communications leading out of Germany , including the trans - Atlantic cable . The US Government permitted German embassies to use the US cable lines for `` proper '' diplomatic business . Germany argued that usage of the towers was necessary to allow efficient contact between the U.S. and Germany . Lansing responded by requiring both sides to give the U.S. Navy copies of the messages they sent over the towers . The French and British were still able to use the cables , forcing Germany to be the only belligerent required to provide the U.S. with their messages . This and other seemingly small decisions made by Lansing during this time would eventually stack up , shifting American support towards the Allies . Zimmermann Telegram ( edit ) Main article : Zimmermann Telegram Once Germany had decided on unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 , and knowing it would be attacking all American ships in the North Atlantic , it tried to line up new allies , especially Mexico . Arthur Zimmermann , the German foreign minister , sent the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico on January 16 , 1917 . Zimmermann invited Mexico ( knowing their resentment towards America since the 1848 Mexican Cession ) to join in a war against the United States . Germany promised to pay for Mexico 's costs and to help it recover the territory annexed by the U.S. in 1848 . These territories included the present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico and a quarter of Colorado . British intelligence intercepted and decoded the telegram and passed it to the Wilson administration . The White House would release it to the press on March 1 . Anger grew further as the Germans began sinking American ships , even as isolationists in the Senate launched a filibuster to block legislation for arming American merchant ships to defend themselves . Sinking of American merchant ships ( edit ) In early 1917 Berlin forced the issue . Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war - zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war . Five American merchant ships went down in March . Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2 , 1917 . Public opinion , moralism , and national interest ( edit ) Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years ' time . In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality , seeing the war a dreadful mistake and were determined to stay out . By 1917 the same public felt just as strongly that going to war was both necessary and wise . Military leaders had little to say during this debate , and military considerations were seldom raised . The decisive questions dealt with morality and visions of the future . The prevailing attitude was that America possessed a superior moral position as the only great nation devoted to the principles of freedom and democracy . By staying aloof from the squabbles of reactionary empires , it could preserve those ideals -- sooner or later the rest of the world would come to appreciate and adopt them . In 1917 this very long - run program faced the severe danger that in the short run powerful forces adverse to democracy and freedom would triumph . Strong support for moralism came from religious leaders , women ( led by Jane Addams ) , and from public figures like long - time Democratic leader William Jennings Bryan , the Secretary of State from 1913 to 1916 . The most important moralist of all was President Woodrow Wilson -- the man who dominated decision making so totally that the war has been labelled , from an American perspective , `` Wilson 's War '' . In 1917 Wilson won the support of most of the moralists by proclaiming `` a war to make the world safe for democracy . '' If they truly believed in their ideals , he explained , now was the time to fight . The question then became whether Americans would fight for what they deeply believed in , and the answer turned out to be a resounding `` Yes '' . Antiwar activists at the time and in the 1930s , alleged that beneath the veneer of moralism and idealism there must have been ulterior motives . Some suggested a conspiracy on the part of New York City bankers holding $3 billion of war loans to the Allies , or steel and chemical firms selling munitions to the Allies . The interpretation was popular among left - wing Progressives ( led by Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin ) and among the `` agrarian '' wing of the Democratic party -- including the chairman of the tax - writing Ways and Means Committee of the House . He strenuously opposed war , and when it came he rewrote the tax laws to make sure the rich paid the most . ( In the 1930s neutrality laws were passed to prevent financial entanglements from dragging the nation into a war . ) In 1915 , Bryan thought that Wilson 's pro-British sentiments had distorted his policies , so he became the first Secretary of State ever to resign in protest . However , historian Harold C. Syrett argues that business supported neutrality . Other historians state that the pro-war element was animated not by profit but by disgust with what Germany actually did , especially in Belgium , and the threat it represented to American ideals . Belgium kept the public 's sympathy as the Germans executed civilians , and English nurse Edith Cavell . American engineer Herbert Hoover led a private relief effort that won wide support . Compounding the Belgium atrocities were new weapons that Americans found repugnant , like poison gas and the aerial bombardment of innocent civilians as Zeppelins dropped bombs on London . Even anti-war spokesmen did not claim that Germany was innocent , and pro-German scripts were poorly received . Randolph Bourne criticized the moralist philosophy claiming it was a justification by American intellectual and power elites , like President Wilson , for going to war unnecessarily . He argues that the push for war started with the Preparedness movement , fueled by big business . While big business would not push much further than Preparedness , benefitting the most from neutrality , the movement would eventually evolve into a war - cry , led by war - hawk intellectuals under the guise of moralism . Bourne believes elites knew full well what going to war would entail and the price in American lives it would cost . If American elites could portray the United States ' role in the war as noble , they could convince the generally isolationist American public war would be acceptable . Above all , American attitudes towards Germany focused on the U-boats ( submarines ) , which sank the Lusitania in 1915 and other passenger ships `` without warning '' . That appeared to Americans as an unacceptable challenge to America 's rights as a neutral country , and as an unforgivable affront to humanity . After repeated diplomatic protests , Germany agreed to stop . But in 1917 the Germany military leadership decided that `` military necessity '' dictated the unrestricted use of their submarines . The Kaiser 's advisors felt America was enormously powerful economically but too weak militarily to make a difference . Declaration of war ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) On April 2 , 1917 , Wilson asked a special joint session of Congress to declare war on the German Empire , stating , `` We have no selfish ends to serve '' . To make the conflict seem like a better idea , he painted the conflict idealistically , stating that the war would `` make the world safe for democracy '' and later that it would be a `` war to end war '' . The United States had a moral responsibility to enter the war , Wilson proclaimed . The future of the world was being determined on the battlefield , and American national interest demanded a voice . Wilson 's definition of the situation won wide acclaim , and , indeed , has shaped America 's role in world and military affairs ever since . Wilson believed that if the Central Powers won , the consequences would be bad for the United States . Germany would have dominated the continent and perhaps would gain control of the seas as well . Latin America could well have fallen under Berlin 's control . The dream of spreading democracy , liberalism , and independence would have been shattered . On the other hand , if the Allies had won without help , there was a danger they would carve up the world without regard to American commercial interests . They were already planning to use government subsidies , tariff walls , and controlled markets to counter the competition posed by American businessmen . The solution was a third route , a `` peace without victory '' , according to Wilson . On April 6 , 1917 , Congress declared war . In the Senate , the resolution passed 82 to 6 , with Senators Harry Lane , William J. Stone , James Vardaman , Asle Gronna , Robert M. La Follette , Sr. , and George W. Norris voting against it . In the House , the declaration passed 373 to 50 , with Claude Kitchin , a senior Democrat , notably opposing it . Another opponent was Jeannette Rankin , who alone voted against entry into both World War I and World War II . Nearly all of the opposition came from the West and the Midwest . Austria - Hungary ( edit ) The United States Senate , in a 74 to 0 vote , declared war on Austria - Hungary on December 7 , 1917 , citing Austria - Hungary 's severing of diplomatic relations with the United States , its use of unrestricted submarine warfare and its alliance with Germany . The declaration passed in the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 365 to 1 . President Wilson also came under pressure from Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , and from former President Theodore Roosevelt , who demanded a declaration of war on Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria , as Germany 's allies . President Wilson drafted a statement to Congress in December 1917 which said `` I ... recommend that Congress immediately declare the United States in a state of war with Austria - Hungary , with Turkey and with Bulgaria '' . But after further consultations decision on war against Germany 's other allies was postponed . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Causes of World War I Diplomatic history of World War I United States in World War I United States home front during World War I Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7589 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Harry Elmer . The Genesis of the World War ( 1925 ) pp. 590 -- 591 Jump up ^ `` World War One '' . BBC History . Jump up ^ Link , Arthur S. ( 1972 ) . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 252 -- 282 . ^ Jump up to : H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate ^ Jump up to : Jennifer K. Elsea ; Matthew C. Weed ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Osborne , Britain 's economic blockade of Germany , 1914 -- 1919 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 115 quote from Dec 1914 . Jump up ^ C.R.M.F. Cruttwell , A history of the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) p. 191 Jump up ^ Edward House , The intimate papers of Colonel House : Vol 2 ( 1928 ) p. 73 Jump up ^ Duffy , Michael ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. ' Strict Accountability ' Warning to Germany , 10 February 1915 '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , The Great War , 1914 -- 18 ( 1997 ) p. 133 Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 414 Jump up ^ Krakow , Ira . `` World War I - The Most Unpopular War In Our History '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Horn , Martin ( Spring 2000 ) . `` A Private Bank at War : J.P. Morgan &Co. and France , 1914 -- 1918 '' . Business History Review . 1 . 74 : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.2307 / 3116353 . Jump up ^ Global Financial Data . `` Industrial Output 1909 -- 1930 '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , John W. ( 1961 ) . `` Productivity Trends in the United States '' . National Bureau of Economic Research : 1 -- 50 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2003 ) . Woodrow Wilson : The American Presidents Series : The 28th President , 1913 -- 1921 . Henry Holt . pp. 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Cuff , Robert D. ; Urofsky , Melvin I. ( Autumn 1970 ) . `` The Steel Industry and Price - Fixing during World War I '' . The Business History Review . 3 . 44 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 306 . doi : 10.2307 / 3112615 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Lance E. ( November 2006 ) . `` Bethlehem Steel : The Rise and Fall of An Industrial Giant '' . Pennsylvania Legacies. 6 ( 2 ) : 10 -- 15 . Jump up ^ James Weinstein , `` Anti-War Sentiment and the Socialist Party , 1917 -- 1918 . '' Political Science Quarterly 74 # 2 ( 1959 ) : 215 -- 239 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ross A. Kennedy , The Will to Believe : Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( Kent State University Press , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Charles Chatfield , For peace and justice : pacifism in America , 1914 -- 1941 ( 1973 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Nicole Anderson Yanoso ( 2016 ) . The Irish and the American Presidency . Transaction Publishers . pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - American and World War I ( Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson ( 2009 ) pp. 341 -- 2 , 352 , 360 Jump up ^ Merlo J. Pusey , Charles Evans Hughes ( 1951 ) vol 1 , p. 356 Jump up ^ Bernard J. Brommel , `` The pacifist speechmaking of Eugene V. Debs . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 52.2 ( 1966 ) : 146 - 154 . Jump up ^ Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks , It did n't happen here : why socialism failed in the United States ( 2001 ) p. 184 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford UP . p. 203 . Jump up ^ Lawrence O. Christensen , `` World War I in Missouri , '' Missouri Historical Review , 90 ( 1996 ) , 330 - 354 , 410 - 428 . Jump up ^ Edwin Costrell , How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ John C. Crighton , Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Joseph A. McCartin , Labor 's Great War : The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations , 1912 -- 1921 ( 1998 ) pp. 34 , 57 Jump up ^ McCorkle , James L. , Jr. ( 1981 ) . `` Mississippi from Neutrality to War ( 1914 -- 1917 ) '' . Journal of Mississippi History . 43 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era ( 1954 ) pp. 169 -- 72 Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , The great silent majority : Missouri 's resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World War '' ( 1992 ) p. 170 Jump up ^ Mark Ellis , `` America 's Black Press , 1914 -- 18 , '' History Today , Sept 1991 , Vol. 41 , Issue 9 Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World Wars '' ( 1992 ) p. 171 Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South During the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . p. 85 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 quote , p. 386 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Leslie V. Tischauser , The Burden of Ethnicity : The German Question in Chicago , 1914 -- 1941 ( Garland , 1990 ) pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I ( 1974 ) pp. 200 -- 207 Jump up ^ Carl Wittke , German - Americans and the World War ( with Special Emphasis on Ohio 's German - Language Press ) ( Columbus , Ohio , 1936 ) , p. 209 Jump up ^ See Wisconsin Historical Society , `` World War I , at home and in the trenches '' Jump up ^ John F. Piper , The American Churches in World War I ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Samuel S. Hill , Charles H. Lippy , and Charles Reagan Wilson , Encyclopedia of Religion in the South ( 2005 ) p. 297 Jump up ^ Patterson , David S. ( 1971 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson and the Mediation Movement 1914 -- 1917 '' . The Historian. 33 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 556 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1971. tb01164. x . Jump up ^ Piper , John F. , Jr. ( 1970 ) . `` The American Churches in World War I '' . Journal of the American Academy of Religion . 38 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 155 . doi : 10.1093 / jaarel / XXXVIII. 2.147 . JSTOR 1461171 . Jump up ^ Gamble , Richard M. ( 2003 ) . The War for Righteousness : Progressive Christianity , the Great War , and the Rise of the Messianic Nation . Wilmington : ISI Books . ISBN 1 - 932236 - 16 - 3 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War ( 2003 ) , 61 -- 63 Jump up ^ Mary Ann Irwin , and Ann Marie Wilson ; `` ' The Air is Becoming Full of War ' : Jewish San Francisco and World War I , '' Pacific Historical Review 74 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 331 - 66 Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , `` Private and Organized American Jewish Overseas Relief ( 1914 -- 1938 ) , '' American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57 # 1 ( 1967 ) 52 -- 106 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , Jews , Wars , and Communism . Vol . I : The Attitude of American Jews to World War I , the Russian Revolutions of 1917 , and Communism ( 1914 -- 1945 ) ( New York : KTAV , 1973 ) includes a great deal of undigested information . Jump up ^ Joseph Rappaport , Jewish Immigrants and World War I : A Study of Yiddish Attitudes ( 1951 ) , p. 78 Jump up ^ Henry L. Feingold ( 2007 ) . `` Silent No More '' : Saving the Jews of Russia , the American Jewish Effort , 1967 -- 1989 . Syracuse UP . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Sterba , Good Americans ( 2003 ) , 68 -- 69 , 76 , 79 , 167 - 69 Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 164 Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 174 Jump up ^ Smolenyak , Megan . `` How Many Irish - Born Died in Service to the U.S. in WWI ? '' . Irish America . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 170 Jump up ^ Leary , William M. , Jr. ( 1967 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson , Irish Americans , and the Election of 1916 '' . Journal of American History . 54 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 1900319 . JSTOR 1900319 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Billy . `` Woodrow Wilson '' . Ulstervirginia.com . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 ... Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 2004 ) . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon . Washington : Beard Books . pp. 162 -- 187 . ISBN 1 - 58798 - 243 - 9 . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Joseph ( 1967 ) . The Immigrants ' Influence on Wilson 's Peace Policies . Lexington : University of Kentucky Press . Jump up ^ The Hungarian - Americans by Steven Béla Várdy ; Twayne Publishers , 1985 page 87 -- 99 Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War , ( 2003 ) p. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Michael T. Urbanski , `` Money , War , and Recruiting an Army : The Activities of Connecticut Polonia During World War I , '' Connecticut History ( 2007 ) 46 # 1 pp. 45 -- 69 . Jump up ^ The Albanian - American Odyssey : A Pilot Study of the Albanian Community of Boston , Massachusetts Front Cover Dennis L. Nagi AMS Press , Jan 1 , 1989 , pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Mark W. van Wienen ( 1997 ) . Partisans and Poets : The Political Work of American Poetry in the Great War . Cambridge UP . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Barbara S. Kraft , The Peace Ship : Henry Ford 's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War ( 1978 ) p. 81 Jump up ^ Max Wallace , The American Axis ( New York , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2003 ) , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ H.C. Peterson , Propaganda for war : The campaign against American neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Link 3 : 556ff Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Roberts , Priscilla ( 2005 ) . `` Paul D. Cravath , the First World War , and the Anglophile Internationalist Tradition '' . Australian Journal of Politics and History . 51 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 215 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2005. 00370. x . Jump up ^ `` World War I facts , information , pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about World War I '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Scott Manning ( 2007 - 01 - 04 ) . `` World War I : Troop Statistics '' . Scottmanning.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chambers 93 ; Weigley Army 345 Jump up ^ Very few young men from wealthy or prominent families considered a career in the Army or Navy then or at any time in American history . The highest social background of cadets , exemplified by George Patton , West Point 1909 , and Lucius Clay , 1918 , was oldest son of a locally prominent family . Jump up ^ Link , Woodrow Wilson , pp. 179ff Jump up ^ Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 , '' p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Paolo Coletta , American Secretaries of the Navy ( 1980 ) 2 : 526 - 41 Jump up ^ Theodore A. Thelander , `` Josephus Daniels and the Publicity Campaign for Naval and Industrial Preparedness before World War I , '' North Carolina Historical Review ( 1966 ) 43 # 3 pp. 316 -- 332 Jump up ^ Lee A. Craig ( 2013 ) . Josephus Daniels : His Life and Times . U. North Carolina Press . pp. 364 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kendrick A. Clements , `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2004 ) 34 # 1 pp. 62 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Woodrow Wilson ( 2011 ) pp. 378 -- 79 Jump up ^ Thomas Boghardt , The Zimmermann Telegram : Intelligence , Diplomacy , and America 's Entry into World War I ( 2012 ) Excerpt and text search , summarized in Thomas Boghardt 's The Zimmermann Telegram : Diplomacy , Intelligence and The American Entry into World War I ( 2003 ) online Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . On January 31 , Ambassador Bernstorff presented ( ... ) Germany 's response to Wilson 's recent ' peace without victory ' plea ( ... ) : his nation was about to launch an unrestricted submarine campaign , thereby declaring total maritime war against all neutrals . After February 1 , the communique noted , German U-boats would sink without warning belligerent and neutral ships found in a designated zone comprising waters around Great Britain , France , and Italy , and in the eastern Mediterranean . The Admiralty made one minor exception : it would permit one American steamer a week to sail between New York and Falmouth ( ... ) . Initially Germany would grant a period of grace , during which its submarines would not harm neutral ships that either were en route to the war zone or had already arrived . Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Several factors led to Wilson 's choice . Germany 's U-boat warfare was paramount . Had it not been for Berlin 's announcement of January 31 , the president probably would not have issued a call to arms . Jump up ^ Justus D. Doenecke , Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) ch 10 ^ Jump up to : May , Ernest R. ( 1966 ) . The World War and American isolation , 1914 -- 1917 . Jump up ^ Knock , Thomas J. ( 1995 ) . To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order . Jump up ^ Syrett , Harold C. ( 1945 ) . `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 32 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 230 . doi : 10.2307 / 1898209 . JSTOR 1898209 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Cherny , A righteous cause : the life of William Jennings Bryan ( 1994 ) p. 144 Jump up ^ Syrett , `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 , '' Jump up ^ The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . New Haven : Yale U.P. ISBN 0 - 300 - 08975 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bonadio , Felice A. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of German Propaganda in the United States , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mid America . 41 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Randolph . `` The War and the Intellectuals . '' N.p. : n.p. , n.d. 133 - 46 . Print . Jump up ^ DISASTER BEARS OUT EMBASSY 'S WARNING ; German Advertisement Practically Foretold Lusitania 's Fate on Day She Sailed . AND IS REPEATED TODAY Passengers Also Said to Have Received Telegrams -- Shipping Men Heard of Threats . Jump up ^ Germany , U-Boats and the Lusitania Jump up ^ The Lusitania Jump up ^ for detailed coverage of the speech see NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 383 -- 89 Jump up ^ Simon Newton Dexter North ; et al. ( 1918 ) . The American Year Book : A Record of Events and Progress . Thomas Nelson & Sons . pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Petkov 1991 , p. 44 . Bibliography ( edit ) After war was declared war bond posters demonized Germany Ambrosius , Lloyd E. `` Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush : Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies , '' Diplomatic History , 30 ( June 2006 ) , 509 -- 43 . Arnett , Alex Mathews . Claude Kitchin and the Wilson War Policies. 1937 . OCLC 1278853 Kitchen was an antiwar Democrat in the House Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition Brands , H.W. Theodore Roosevelt ( 2001 ) OCLC 50431515 , full biography online edition Clements , Kendrick A. `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 : 1 ( 2004 ) . pp. 62 +. online edition Clifford , J. Garry . Citizen Soldiers : The Plattsburgh Training Camp Movement , 1913 -- 1920 ( 1972 ) Cooper , John Milton . The vanity of power : American isolationism and the First World War , 1914 - 1917 ( 1969 ) . Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson . A Biography ( 2009 ) , Major scholarly biography . Costrell , Edwin . How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1940 ) OCLC 475605726 Crighton , John C. Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( University of Missouri , 1947 ) OCLC 831309569 Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0955 - 8 OCLC 38842092 Cummins , Cedric Clisten . Indiana public opinion and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1945 ) Davis , Allen F. American Heroine : The Life and Legend of Jane Addams . ( Oxford University Press , 1973 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 501694 - 7 OCLC 714527 Doenecke , Justus D. Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) 433 pages ; comprehensive history online ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 OCLC 682895305 Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography Early , Frances H. A World without War : How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I. ( Syracuse University Press , 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2764 - 5 OCLC 36800616 Esposito , David M. The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson : American War Aims in World War I. ( Praeger , 1996 ) 159pp online edition ISBN 0 - 275 - 95493 - 5 OCLC 33244422 Finnegan , John P. Against the Specter of a Dragon : The Campaign for American Military Preparedness , 1914 -- 1917 . ( 1975 ) . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7376 - 0 OCLC 983933 Floyd , M. Ryan ( 2013 ) . Abandoning American Neutrality : Woodrow Wilson and the Beginning of the Great War , August 1914 - December 1915 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 33411 - 4 OCLC 836748335 Fordham , Benjamin O. `` Revisionism reconsidered : exports and American intervention in World War I . '' International Organization 61 # 2 ( 2007 ) : 277 - 310 . Gibbs , Christopher C. The Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I. 1988 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 0683 - 2 OCLC 17676727 Grubbs , Frank L. The Struggle for Labor Loyalty : Gompers , the A.F. of L. , and the Pacifists , 1917 -- 1920 . 1968 . OCLC 640024383 Hannigan , Robert E. The Great War and American Foreign Policy , 1914 - 24 ( 2016 ) excerpt ; online at Questia Herman , Sondra . Eleven Against War : Studies in American Internationalist Thought , 1898 -- 1921 . 1969 . OCLC 23333 Higham , Robin and Dennis E. Showalter , eds . Researching World War I : A Handbook . 2003 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28850 - X OCLC 51922814 , 475pp ; highly detailed historiography , online edition Hodgson , Godfrey . Woodrow Wilson 's Right Hand : The Life of Colonel Edward M. House . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09269 - 5 OCLC 61864854 335pp Kazal , Russell A. Becoming Old Stock : The Paradox of German - American Identity. 2004 . 390 , pp. ISBN 0 - 691 - 05015 - 5 OCLC 52509620 German Americans in Philadelphia ponder the war . Kazin , Michael . War Against War : The American Fight for Peace , 1914 - 1918 ( 2017 ) . Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . Keene , Jennifer D. `` Americans Respond : Perspectives on the Global War , 1914 - 1917 . '' Geschichte und Gesellschaft 40.2 ( 2014 ) : 266 - 286 . online Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) , covers politics & economics & society online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 502729 - 9 OCLC 6085939 Kennedy , Ross A. `` Preparedness , '' in Ross A. Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson 2013 . pp. 270 -- 86 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3737 - 2 OCLC 808244737 Kennedy , Ross A. Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( 2009 ) . Koistinen , Paul . Mobilizing for Modern War : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1865 -- 1919 Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1997 . Knock , Thomas J. To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order New York : Oxford University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507501 - 3 OCLC 25317305 Lemnitzer , Jan Martin . `` Woodrow Wilson 's Neutrality , the Freedom of the Seas , and the Myth of the ' Civil War Precedents ' . '' Diplomacy & Statecraft 27.4 ( 2016 ) : 615 - 638 . Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . 1972 . Link , Arthur S. Wilson : The Struggle for Neutrality : 1914 -- 1915 ( 1960 ) ; Wilson : Confusions and Crises : 1915 -- 1916 ( 1964 ) ; Wilson : Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace : 1916 -- 1917 ( 1965 ) all 3 volumes are online at ACLS e-books Link , Arthur S. Wilson the Diplomatist : A Look at His Major Foreign Policies Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1957 . online edition OCLC 475072 Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World , 1913 -- 1921 . 1982 . online edition Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson : Revolution , War , and Peace . Arlington Heights , IL : AHM Pub . Corp. , 1979 . online edition ISBN 0 - 88295 - 798 - 8 OCLC 5244770 Livermore , Seward W. Politics Is Adjourned : Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress , 1916 -- 1918 . 1966 . Luebke , Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I. Dekalb : Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 87580 - 045 - 9 OCLC 865969 McCallum , Jack . Leonard Wood : Rough Rider , Surgeon , Architect of American Imperialism . New York : New York University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5699 - 7 OCLC 60402000 McDonald , Forrest . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon ( 2004 ) May , Ernest R . The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) online at ACLS e-books , highly influential study Nash , George H. Life of Herbert Hoover : The Humanitarian , 1914 -- 1917 ( Life of Herbert Hoover , Vol. 2 ) ( 1988 ) O'Toole , Patricia . When Trumpets Call : Theodore Roosevelt after the White House . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86477 - 0 OCLC 56921011 Perkins , Bradford . The Great Rapprochement : England and the United States , 1895 -- 1914 1968 . Peterson , H.C. Propaganda for War : The Campaign Against American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 1968 . Petkov , Petko M. ( 1991 ) . The United States and Bulgaria in World War I. Boulder : Eastern European Monographs . Rothwell , V.H. British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy , 1914 -- 1918 . 1971 . Safford , Jeffrey J. Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy , 1913 -- 1921 . 1978 . Smith , Daniel . The Great Departure : The United States and World War I , 1914 -- 1920 . 1965 . Sterba , Christopher M. Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants during the First World War . 2003 . 288 pp. online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 514754 - 5 OCLC 49576532 Tuchman , Barbara W. ( 1985 ) . The Zimmermann Telegram . ISBN 0 - 345 - 32425 - 0 . Tucker , Robert W. Woodrow Wilson and the Great War : Reconsidering America 's Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2629 - 2 Unger , Nancy C. Fighting Bob La Follette : The Righteous Reformer Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2545 - X OCLC 42861557 Venzon , Anne Cipriano , ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia New York : Garland Pub. , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7055 - 0 OCLC 32013365 Ward , Robert D . `` The Origin and Activities of the National Security League , 1914 -- 1919 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 47 ( 1960 ) : 51 -- 65 . online at JSTOR Witcover , Jules . Sabotage at Black Tom : Imperial Germany 's Secret War in America . Chapel Hill , NC : Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 912697 - 98 - 9 OCLC 18379558 Historiography ( edit ) Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . Primary sources ( edit ) The Papers of Woodrow Wilson edited by Arthur S. Link complete in 69 vol , at major academic libraries . Annotated edition of all of WW 's letters , speeches and writings plus many letters written to him Wilson , Woodrow . Why We Are at War ( 1917 ) six war messages to Congress , Jan - April 1917 External links ( edit ) Keene , Jennifer D. : United States of America , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Ford , Nancy Gentile : Civilian and Military Power ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Strauss , Lon : Social Conflict and Control , Protest and Repression ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Little , Branden : Making Sense of the War ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Miller , Alisa : Press / Journalism ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Wells , Robert A. : Propaganda at Home ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes President Wilson 's War Address Map of Europe at the time of the US declaration of war on Germany at omniatlas.com World War I : Declarations of War from Around the Globe - How America Entered the Great War Today in History : U.S. Enters World War I Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Presidency 1913 inauguration Suffrage Parade 1917 inauguration The New Freedom Clayton Antitrust Act Farm Loan Act Federal Employees ' Compensation Act Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Income Tax amendment Federal Trade Commission Act Federal Trade Commission Revenue Act of 1913 Flag Day National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Occupation of Haiti Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty Philippine Autonomy Act World War I entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Espionage Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Four Minute Men Sedition Act of 1918 National War Labor Board The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Fourteen Points League of Nations charter 1919 Nobel Peace Prize Wilsonian Armenia Silent Sentinels Women 's Suffrage amendment Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House ( Harlakenden Shadow Lawn ) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government When a Man Comes to Himself The New Freedom ( 1913 ) Elections New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S. Currency Popular culture Wilson ( 1944 film ) Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) Wilson ( 2013 book ) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) Family Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_entry_into_World_War_I&oldid=852203077 '' Categories : United States in World War I United States home front during World War I Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 09 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which weapon was a primary cause of the u.s. entry into world war i	[ "In 1917, with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war, and with Britain and France low on credit, Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe,[3] while Germany's ally, the Ottoman Empire, clung stubbornly to its possessions in the Middle East. In the same year, Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war. Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican–American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram, which was intercepted by British Intelligence. Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson then asked Congress for \"a war to end all wars\" that would \"make the world safe for democracy\", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917.[4]\n" ]	[ "unrestricted submarine warfare" ]
-5327929930184957615	Japanese occupation of Malaya	Japanese occupation of Malaya - wikipedia Japanese occupation of Malaya For the occupation in East Malaysia , see Japanese occupation of British Borneo . Japanese - occupied Malaya Malai ( マライ , Marai ) 1941 -- 1945 Flag Imperial Japanese Army war flag Anthem : `` Kimigayo '' Japanese possessions in British Malaya on 1942 . Status Military occupation by the Empire of Japan Capital Kuala Lumpur ( de facto ) Government Military occupation Historical era World War II Pacific War begins 8 December 1941 Japanese troops land on Kota Bharu 8 December 1941 British troops retreat to Singapore 31 January 1942 Four states to Thailand 18 October 1943 Surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 British Military Administration set up 12 September 1945 Formation of Malayan Union 1 April 1946 Currency Japanese - issued dollar ( `` Banana money '' ) Preceded by Succeeded by Federated Malay States Straits Settlements Perlis Kedah Kelantan Terengganu Johor British Military Administration ( Malaya ) Today part of Malaysia The Pacific War started on 8 December 1941 in Asian time zones , but is often referred to as starting on 7 December , as that was the date in European and American time zones ( such as for the attack on Pearl Harbor in the United States ' Territory of Hawaii ) . Part of a series on the History of Malaysia Prehistoric Malaysia ( show ) Prehistoric Malaysia 100 -- 6th century Early kingdoms ( show ) Gangga Negara 2nd -- 11th century Langkasuka 2nd -- 14th century Chi Tu 2nd -- 6th century Pan Pan 3rd -- 5th century Kedah Tua 5th -- 9th century Pahang Tua 5th -- 15th century Melayu 6th century Kota Gelanggi 7th -- 9th century Srivijaya 650 -- 1377 Majapahit 1293 -- 1500 Rise of Muslim states ( show ) Kedah Sultanate 1136 -- present Brunei Sultanate 1368 -- present Malacca Sultanate 1402 -- 1511 Sulu Sultanate 1450 -- 1899 Pahang Sultanate 1470 -- 1623 Aceh Sultanate 1496 -- 1903 Pattani Sultanate 1516 -- 1902 Johor Sultanate 1528 -- present Sarawak Sultanate 1599 -- 1641 Besut Kingdom 1780 -- 1899 Setul Kingdom 1808 -- 1916 Reman Kingdom 1810 -- 1902 Kubang Pasu Kingdom 1839 -- 1864 House of Jamalullail 1843 -- present Colonial era ( show ) Portuguese Malacca 1511 -- 1641 Dutch -- Portuguese War 1601 -- 1661 Dutch Malacca 1641 -- 1824 Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821 -- 1826 Anglo - Dutch Treaty 1824 Burney Treaty 1826 Straits Settlements 1826 -- 1946 Kingdom of Sarawak 1841 -- 1946 Crown Colony of Labuan 1848 -- 1946 Klang War 1867 -- 1874 Pangkor Treaty 1874 British Malaya / Borneo 1874 -- 1946 North Borneo 1882 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1895 -- 1946 Anglo - Siamese Treaty 1909 Unfederated Malay States 1909 -- 1946 Battle of Penang 1914 World War II ( show ) Japanese occupation of Malaya / of Borneo 1941 -- 1945 Malayan Campaign 1941 -- 1942 Battle of Muar 1942 Parit Sulong Massacre 1942 Battle of Singapore 1942 Syburi 1942 Si Rat Malai 1943 -- 1945 Sandakan Death Marches 1942 Formation of Malaysia ( show ) British Military Administration of Malaya / of Borneo 1945 -- 1946 Crown Colony of N. Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Crown Colony of Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Malayan Union 1946 -- 1948 Federation of Malaya 1948 -- 1963 Independence of Malaya 1957 Self - government of Singapore 1959 Self - government of North Borneo 1963 Self - government of Sarawak 1963 Formation of Malaysia 1963 Singapore in Malaysia 1963 -- 1965 Federal Territory of KL Federal Territory of Labuan 1984 Federal Territory of Putrajaya Incidents ( show ) Anti-cession movement 1946 -- 1963 Malayan Emergency 1948 -- 1960 Batang Kali massacre 1948 Bukit Kepong incident 1950 Baling Talks 1956 Brunei revolt 1962 -- 1966 Sarawak Communist Insurgency 1962 -- 1990 North Borneo dispute ( Philippine militant attacks ) 1962 -- present Confrontation with Indonesia 1963 -- 1966 Singapore race riots 1964 ASEAN Declaration ( ASEAN ) 1967 Brunei 's claim over Limbang 1967 -- 2009 Second communist insurgency 1968 -- 1989 13 May Incident 1969 Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969 -- 2002 New Economic Policy 1971 -- 1990 Malaysian haze crisis 1972 -- 2016 Pedra Branca dispute 1979 -- present South China Sea islands dispute ( Spratly Islands ) 1980 -- present 1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1985 Memali Incident 1985 Operation Lalang Constitutional crisis 1987 -- 1988 1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia Financial crisis 1997 -- 1998 Al - Ma'unah Incident 2000 Murder of Altantuyaa 2006 Bersih rally 2007 -- 2016 HINDRAF rally 2007 Anti ISA rally 2009 Lahad Datu standoff 2013 Black - Out rally 2013 MAS MH370 Incident 2014 MAS MH17 Incident 2014 AirasiaQZ8501 Incident 2014 Malay Dignity Rally 2015 Southeast Asian Haze 2015 Movida Bar grenade attack 2016 Assassination of Kim Jong - nam 2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire 2017 2018 General Election - Change of government 2018 By topic ( show ) Communications Economic Military Malaysia portal Malaya was gradually occupied by the Japanese between 8 December 1941 and the Allied surrender at Singapore on 16 February 1942 . The Japanese remained in occupation until their surrender to the Allies in 1945 . The first Japanese garrison in Malaya to lay down their arms was in Penang on 2 September 1945 aboard HMS Nelson . Contents 1 Prelude 2 Preparation 3 Conquest 4 Occupation 4.1 Japanese policy 4.2 Cultural and geographic changes 4.3 Propaganda 4.4 Newspapers 4.5 Garrisons 4.6 Penang Submarine Base -- Japanese submarines , German U-boats and Italian BETASOM transports 4.7 Civil service 4.8 Thai annexation of northern Malay states 4.9 Living conditions 4.9. 1 Recruiting campaigns 4.9. 1.1 Indian Independence League 4.9. 1.2 Kesatuan Melayu Muda 4.9. 2 Atrocities 4.9. 3 Hardships 4.10 Resistance movements 4.11 Allied action in Malaya during occupation 4.11. 1 Allied strategic doctrine 4.11. 2 Strategic bombing 4.11. 3 Action in Malaya and the Straits of Malacca 5 Surrender 6 Aftermath 6.1 Repatriation 6.2 War crimes 6.3 War graves and memorials 6.4 Independence movement 7 See also 8 References Prelude ( edit ) Further information : Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere The concept of a unified East Asia took form based on an Imperial Japanese Army concept that originated with General Hachirō Arita , an army ideologist who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1936 to 1940 . The Japanese Army said the new Japanese empire was an Asian equivalent of the Monroe Doctrine , especially with the Roosevelt Corollary . The regions of Asia , it was argued , were as essential to Japan as Latin America was to the U.S. The Japanese Foreign Minister Yōsuke Matsuoka formally announced the idea of the Co-Prosperity Sphere on 1 August 1940 , in a press interview , but it had existed in other forms for many years . Leaders in Japan had long had an interest in the idea . The outbreak of World War II fighting in Europe had given the Japanese an opportunity to demand the withdrawal of support from China in the name of `` Asia for Asiatics '' , with the European powers unable to effectively retaliate . Many of the other nations within the boundaries of the sphere were under colonial rule and elements of their population were sympathetic to Japan ( as in the case of Indonesia ) , occupied by Japan in the early phases of the war and reformed under puppet governments , or already under Japan 's control at the outset ( as in the case of Manchukuo ) . These factors helped make the formation of the sphere , while lacking any real authority or joint power , come together without much difficulty . The sphere would , according to imperial propaganda , establish a new international order seeking `` co prosperity '' for Asian countries which would share prosperity and peace , free from Western colonialism and domination under the umbrella of a benevolent Japan . Preparation ( edit ) See also : F Kikan Japanese Military Affairs Bureau Unit 82 was formed in 1939 or 1940 and based in Taiwan to bring this about . In its final planning stages , the unit was under the then - Colonel Yoshihide Hayashi . Intelligence on Malaya was gathered through a network of agents which included Japanese embassy staff ; disaffected Malayans ( particularly members of the Japanese established Tortoise Society ) ; and Japanese , Korean , and Taiwanese business people and tourists . Japanese spies , which included a British intelligence officer , Captain Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan and Lord Sempill also provided intelligence and assistance . Heenan 's intelligence enabled the Japanese to destroy much of the Allied air forces on the ground . Prior to hostilities Japanese intelligence officers like Iwaichi Fujiwara had established covert intelligence offices ( or Kikans ) that linked up with the Malay and Indian pro-independence organisations such as Kesatuan Melayu Muda in Malaya and the Indian Independence League . The Japanese gave these movements financial support in return for their members providing intelligence and later assistance in determining Allied troop movements , strengths , and dispositions prior to the invasion . By 1941 the Japanese had been engaged for four years in trying to subjugate China . They were heavily reliant on imported materials for their military forces , particularly oil from the United States . From 1940 to 1941 , the United States , the United Kingdom , and the Netherlands imposed embargoes on supplying oil and war materials to Japan . The object of the embargoes was to assist the Chinese and encourage the Japanese to halt military action in China . The Japanese considered that pulling out of China would result in a loss of face and decided instead to take military action against US , British and Dutch territories in South East Asia . The Japanese forces for the invasion were assembled in 1941 on Hainan Island and in French Indochina . The troop build - up in Indo - China and Hainan was noticed by the Allies and , when asked , the Japanese advised that it related to its operations in China . Conquest ( edit ) Main article : Malayan Campaign HMS Prince of Wales sinking after being hit by Japanese bombs and torpedoes on 10 December 1941 . Japanese troops take cover behind steam engines at the Johor railway station in January 1942 The occupation commenced with Imperial Japanese Army landings at Padang Pak Amat beach Kota Bharu just after midnight on 8 December 1941 , triggering a ferocious battle with the British Indian Army an hour before the attack on Pearl Harbor . This battle marked the official start of the Pacific War and the start of the Japanese occupation of Malaya . Kota Bharu airport was occupied in the morning . Sungai Patani , Butterworth , and Alor Star airports were captured on 9 December 1941 . Japanese soldiers landing at Kota Bharu divided into two separate forces , with one moving down the east coast towards Kuantan , and the other southwards towards the Perak River . On 11 December 1941 , the Japanese started bombing Penang . Jitra and then Alor Star fell into Japanese hands on 12 December 1941 . The British had to retreat to the south . On 16 December 1941 , the British left Penang to the Japanese , who occupied it on 19 December . The Japanese continued to advance southwards , capturing Ipoh on 26 December . Fierce resistance to Japanese progress in the Battle of Kampar lasted three days and three nights between 30 December 1941 and 2 January 1942 , before the British had to retreat once again . On 7 January 1942 , two brigades of the 11th Indian Infantry Division were defeated in the Battle of Slim River , giving the Japanese army easy passage to Kuala Lumpur , the capital of Malaya . On 9 January , the British position was becoming more desperate and the ABDACOM Supreme Commander , General Wavell , decided to withdraw all the British and Commonwealth forces south to Johor , thus abandoning Kuala Lumpur ( which was captured by the Japanese on 13 January ) . The British defensive line was established in north Johor , from Muar in the west , through Segamat , and then to Mersing in the east . The 45th Indian Infantry Brigade were placed along the western part of the line between Muar and Segamat . The Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) were concentrated in the middle , from where they advanced north from Segamat , clashing with the advancing Japanese army at Gemas on 14 January . The 15th Division ( forming the main Japanese force ) arrived on 15 January , and forced the Australians back to Segamat . The Japanese then proceeded west towards the inexperienced 45th Indian Brigade , easily defeating them . The Allied command directed the Australian 2 / 19th and 2 / 29th Battalions to the west ; the 2 / 19th Battalion engaged the Japanese on 17 January 1942 to the south of Muar . Fighting continued until 18 January , and despite efforts by the 2 / 19th and 2 / 29th Battalions , the Johor defensive line collapsed . The Allies had to retreat across the Johor Causeway to Singapore . As 31 January 1942 approached , the whole of Malaya had fallen into Japanese hands . Occupation ( edit ) Japanese policy ( edit ) Japanese policy for the administration of occupied territories was developed in February 1941 by Colonel Obata Nobuyoshi ( Section Chief of Intelligence -- Southern Army ) , and Lt Colonels Otoji Nishimura and Seijiro Tofuku of the General Staff . These set out five principles : acquisition of vital materials for national defence , restoration of law and order , self - sufficiency for the troops in the occupied territories , respect for established local organisations and customs , and no hasty discussion of future status of sovereignty . Administrative-wise , the Straits Settlements were to be placed directly under the Japanese Army , the Federated Malay States and Johor will remain as autonomous protectorates under their sultans , while the four northern states were to eventually revert to Thai rule . Once occupied Malaya was placed under the Malay Military Administration ( Malai Gunsei Kumbu ) of the Imperial Japanese Army . The 25th Army 's Chief of Staff was the Superintendent and its Chief of General Affairs Department Colonel Watanabe Wataru its executive officer . It was Wataru that implemented the occupation policies . He had a particularly hard line view , treating the Chinese particularly harshly because of their support for mainland China against Japanese . Malays and Indians were dealt with more moderately because of their cooperation . Wataru strongly believed British rule had introduced a hedonistic and materialistic way of life to the indigenous people . He considered that they needed to be taught to endure hardship with physical and spiritual training and education . Wataru also believed that they must also be ready to give their lives if necessary to establish Hakkō ichiu ( the whole world under one roof ) and the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . When Wataru was replaced in March 1943 by Major - General Masuzo Fujimuro , the Japanese war position had deteriorated and they recognized that they needed the co-operation of the entire population . Gradually the more repressive policies towards the Chinese were lifted and advisory councils were formed . In March 1944 Colonel Hamada Hiroshi established a public reading room to engage in discussion with the Chinese community leaders and youth . Cultural and geographic changes ( edit ) The Japanese sought to change the common language of Malaya to Japanese . Its initial moves were to change shop signs and street names . Penang was renamed Tojo To and Malaya renamed Malai . The time zone was also moved to align with Japan . The Japanese custom of bowing was also introduced with the populace expected to bow to Japanese soldiers on guard duty . Malay was considered a dialect and the Japanese wanted it to be standardised with Sumatran . Propaganda ( edit ) Japanese stamps as issued in Tandjoengpinang , Riow ( present - day Tanjung Pinang , Riau Islands , Indonesia ) in 1943 . During the Japanese occupation , the archipelago was incorporated under the territorial jurisdiction of Malaya . The invading Japanese forces used slogans such as `` Asia untuk orang Asia '' ( translation : Asia for Asians ) to win support from the local Malays . The Japanese worked hard to convince the local population that they were the actual saviours of Malaya while Britain was portrayed as an imperialist force that wished to exploit Malaya 's resources . However , in November 1943 , when the Japanese held the Greater East Asia Conference , both Malaya and Indonesia were excluded as the Japanese Military wanted to annex both regions . Newspapers ( edit ) The Japanese news agency , Dōmei Tsushin , was granted a monopoly covering Malaya , Singapore , and British Borneo . All news publications in this region fell under its control . An exception may have been The Perak Times which was published by John Victor Morais in Ipoh from 1942 to 1943 . In Penang on 8 December 1942 the Penang Malay , Chinese , and English newspapers were combined in the Penang Shimbun . Abdullah Ariff , a pioneer Malay watercolourist , drew cartoons for the newspaper . Ariff became an active member of the pro-independence UMNO after the war and eventually a Penang City Councillor from 1955 to 1957 . The Malai Sinpo replaced the Malay Mail on 1 January 1943 and was published in Kuala Lumpur . The Jawi script Warta Malaya , owned by Ibrahim Yaacob and financed by the Japanese , ceased publication prior to the Japanese invasion and resumed for a short period from mid 1942 until 14 August 1942 . During that brief period it was managed by the Japanese . Garrisons ( edit ) The 25th Army Headquartered at Singapore provided garrison duty in Malaya until January 1944 . It was replaced by the 29th Army 's , 94th Infantry Division , under Lieutenant General Teizo Ishiguro , which was Headquartered in Taiping , Perak until the end of the war . The Second ( with the 25th Army ) and later the Third ( with the 29th Army ) Field Kempeitai Units of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group provided military police and maintained public order in the same manner as the German SS . These units were able , at will , to arrest and interrogate , with torture , both military and civilians . The civilian police force was subservient to them . The Commander of the 2nd Field Kempeitai unit was Lieutenant Colonel Oishi Masayuki . No 3 Kempeitai was commanded by Major - General Masanori Kojima . By the end of the war there were 758 Kempeitai stationed in Malaya , with more in the Thai occupied Malay states . Penang submarine base -- Japanese submarines , German U-boats and Italian BETASOM transports ( edit ) Main articles : Monsun Gruppe and 8th Submarine Squadron ( Imperial Japanese Navy ) U-848 sailing to join the Monsun Gruppe During the occupation Penang was used as a submarine port by the Japanese , Italian , and German navies . The Imperial Japanese Navy 's 6th fleet Submarine Squadron 8 was based at Penang from February 1942 under Rear - Admiral Ishizaki Noboru . The base was used as a refuelling depot for submarines bound for German occupied Europe and for operations in the Indian Ocean . In early 1943 the first German and Italian submarines began to call at Penang . In April 1943 U-178 under Kapitanleutnant Wilhelm Dommes was sent to set up and command the German U-boat base at Penang . This base was the only operational base used by all three Axis navies . Japanese submarines from Penang participated in the Battle of Madagascar on 29 May 1942 attacking shipping in Diego Suarez harbour . Seven Italian BETASOM submarines were adapted to carry critical matériel from the Far East ( Bagnolin , Barbarigo , Comandante Cappellini , Giuseppe Finzi , Reginaldo Giuliani , Enrico Tazzoli , and Luigi Torelli ) of which two were sunk by the Allies , two were captured at Penang by the Germans after the September 1943 Italian surrender and used by them , and a fifth was captured in Bordeaux by the Germans , but not used . Of the first 11 U-boats assigned to the Monsun Gruppe at the base , only U-168 , U-183 , U-188 , and U-532 arrived between October and November 1943 . Of the second group sent in late 1943 only U-510 made it through the Allied held oceans . It arrived in April 1944 at a time when the focus had changed from combat missions to transport between Europe and Asia . These cargo missions were to transport much needed war supplies between Germany and Japan . By March 1944 the base was running short of supplies , was under a growing threat from Allied anti-submarine patrols . It lacked air support and reconnaissance . The Japanese had pulled their submarines out of Penang before the end on 1944 because the base had fallen within Allied bombing range . The Germans remained until December 1944 before withdrawing to Singapore . When Germany surrendered the surviving submarines were taken by the Japanese and the German sailors moved to Batu Pahat . When the British returned in 1945 the sailors were imprisoned at Changi , with the last , Fregattenkapitän Wilhelm Dommes , being repatriated to Germany in 1947 . Civil service ( edit ) Overall control and administration was the responsibility of the 25th Army . The transfer of the northern Malay states to Thailand moved them to Thai control . With the transfer of Malaya from the 25th to the 29th Army , Johore was placed under control of the Southern Army based at Singapore . Japanese and Taiwanese civilians headed the Malayan civil service and police during the occupation . The structure remained similar to that of Malaya 's pre-war civil service with many for Civil Servants being reappointed . Many of the laws and regulations of the British administration continued in use . The Sultan 's were initially allowed to continue as nominal rulers , with the intent that they would eventually be completely removed from power . Thai annexation of northern Malay States ( edit ) States occupied by Thailand Main article : Sirat Malai See also : Burney Treaty and Anglo - Siamese Treaty of 1909 Up until 1909 Kedah , Perlis , Kelantan , and Terengganu were Thai territory . As part of an agreement in 1909 Thailand transferred them to British control . In July 1943 , Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo announced that Kedah , Perlis , Kelantan , and Terengganu were to be returned to Thailand as part of the military alliance signed between Thailand and Japan on 21 December 1941 . Thailand administered the states as Syburi , Palit , Kalantan and Trangkanu provinces from 18 October 1943 until the surrender of the Japanese at the end of the war . Japanese troops and Kempeitai continued to be stationed at the aforementioned states . Living conditions ( edit ) Recruiting campaigns ( edit ) The Japanese undertook recruiting , particularly with the Indian and Malay populations , both prior to and after the occupation . Indian independence League ( edit ) Captain Mohan Singh ( in turban ) of the Indian National Army being greeted by the Japanese Major Fujiwara Iwaichi , April 1942 Prior to the invasion of Malaya , Japanese intelligence officer Major Iwaichi Fujiwara had formed links with Pritam Singh Dhillon of the Indian Independence League . Fujiwara and Dhillon convinced Major Mohan Singh to form the Indian National Army ( INA ) with disaffected Indian soldiers captured during the Malayan Campaign . Singh was on officer in 1 Battalion of the 14th Punjab Regiment and had been captured after the Battle of Jitra . As the Japanese campaign progressed more Indian troops were captured with significant numbers being convinced to join the new force under Singh . After the fall of Singapore the army came into being . By 1 September 1942 it numbered 40,000 volunteers drawn from both former soldiers and civilians in Malaya and Singapore . Singh , now designated a general , was to command it . Already in a conference held at Bangkok during 15 -- 23 June 1942 , the Indian Independence League under the leadership of Rash Behari Bose , had appointed Singh its commander - in - chief . Though Singh had a good relationship with Fujiwara he became disenchanted with some orders from the Imperial Japanese Army . This led to arrest on 29 December 1942 by the Kempeitai . With the return of Subhas Chandra Bose , from Germany in June 1943 the Indian National Army was revived in the form of Azad Hind Fauj . Bose organised finance and manpower under the cause for Indian independence among the expatriate Indian population . The INA had a separate women 's unit , the Rani of Jhansi Regiment ( named after Rani Lakshmi Bai ) headed by Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan , which was seen as a first of its kind in Asia . Even when faced with military reverses in the later stages of the war , Bose was able to maintain support for the Azad Hind movement . Kesatuan Melayu Muda ( edit ) Another link forged by Fujiwara was with Ibrahim Yaacob of Kesatuan Melayu Muda a pro-independence Malay organisation . On the eve of World War II , Yaacob and the members of Kesatuan Melayu Muda actively encouraged anti-British sentiment . With Japanese aid the organisation purchased the influential Singapore - based Malay publication Warta Malaya . Close to the time of the Japanese invasion Yaacob , Ishak Muhammad and a number of Kesatuan Melayu Muda leaders were arrested and imprisoned by the British . During the Battle of Malaya , Kesatuan Melayu Muda members assisted the Japanese as they believed that the Japanese would give Malaya independence . When the Japanese captured Singapore the arrested members released by the Japanese . Mustapha Hussain , the organisations Vice-President , and the others requested the Japanese grant Malaya independence but request was turned down . The Japanese instead disbanded Kesatuan Melayu Musa and established the Pembela Tanah Ayer ( also known as the Malai Giyu Gun or by its Malay acronym PETA ) militia instead . Yaacob was given the rank of lieutenant colonel in charge of the 2,000 man militia . Atrocities ( edit ) Main article : Sook Ching Lieutenant - General Tomoyuki Yamashita Once the Japanese had taken Malaya and Singapore from the British their attention turned to consolidating their position . Of primary concern were the ethnic Chinese who were known to financially support both Nationalist and Communist forces in China fighting the Japanese . In December 1941 a list of key elements to eliminate within the Chinese population had been drawn up . On 17 February 1942 Lieutenant - General Tomoyuki Yamashita , commander of the 25th Army , ordered anti-Japanese elements within the Chinese be eliminated . The method employed had been used by the occupying divisions ; the 5th , 18th , and Imperial Guards in earlier actions in China , whereby suspects were executed without trial . That same day 70 surviving soldiers of the Malay Regiment were taken out of the prisoner of war holding area at Farrer Park , Singapore by the Japanese to the battlefield at Pasir Panjang and shot . Some Malay Regiment officers were beheaded by the Japanese . An explanation given in a proclamation by Yamashita on 23 February 1942 was that they were dealing with rebellious Chinese . This message was elaborated on in a Syonan Times article of 28 February 1942 titled Sword that kills one and saves many . Commencing in February in Singapore and then throughout Malaya a process of rounding up and executing those Chinese perceived as being threats began . This was the start of the Sook Ching massacres in which an estimated 50,000 or more ethnic Chinese were killed , predominantly by the Kempeitai . Liberated Penangite Malay and Chinese women at the Andaman Islands , forcefully taken by the Japanese to serve as comfort women . Specific incidents include Kota Tinggi , Johore on 28 February 1942 ( 2,000 killed ) ; Gelang Patah , Johore on 4 March ( 300 killed ) ; Benut , Johore on 6 March ( number unknown ) ; Johore Baharu , Senai , Kulai , Sedenak , Pulai , Rengam , Kluang , Yong Peng , Batu Pahat , Senggarang , Parit Bakau , and Muar between February and March ) ( estimated up to 25,000 Chinese were killed in Johore ) ; Tanjong Kling , Malacca on 16 March ( 142 killed ) ; Kuala Pilah , Negeri Sembilan on 15 March ( 76 killed ) ; Parit Tinggi , Negeri Sembilan on 16 March ( more than 100 killed , the entire village ) ; Joo Loong Loong ( now known as Titi ) on 18 March ( 990 killed , entire village eliminated by Major Yokokoji Kyomi and his troops ) ; and Penang in April ( several thousand killed by Major Higashigawa Yoshinura ) . With increased guerilla activity more massacres occurred , including Sungei Lui , a village of 400 in Jempol District , Negeri Sembilan , that was wiped out on 31 July 1942 by troops under a Corporal Hashimoto . News of the Sook Ching massacres reached the west by February 1943 , with Chinese sources stating that 97,000 suspected anti-Japanese Chinese had been imprisoned or killed by the Japanese in Singapore and Malaya . The same article also stated that the Japanese had set up mutual guarantee units whereby a group of 30 Chinese families would guarantee that none of their members would oppose the Japanese . If they did then the whole group was executed . As is with the Changi Prison in Singapore , major civilian prisons throughout Malaya ( such as the Pudu Prison and Taiping Prison ) were reconstituted by the Japanese for use as detention and execution grounds . Various schools , including the Malay College at Kuala Kangsar , were also repurposed as interrogation facilities for the Japanese . The Japanese were also accused of conducting medical experiments on Malayans , and were known to have taken Malay and Chinese girls and women to serve as comfort women . Hardships ( edit ) Malay Tamils working on the Thai - Burma railway Further information : Japanese government - issued dollar in Malaya and Borneo and Allied submarines in the Pacific War The Japanese required the Chinese community through the Japanese controlled Overseas Chinese Organisation to raise Malay $50 million as atonement for its support of the Chinese war effort . When the organisation only raised $28 million , the organisation was required to take out a loan for the balance . Initially Malaya 's two other major ethnic groups , the Indians and Malays , escaped the worst of Japanese maltreatment . The Japanese wanted the support of the Indian community to free India from British rule . They also considered the Malay 's not to be threat . All three races were encouraged to assist Japanese war efforts by providing finance and labour . Some 73,000 Malayans were thought to have been coerced into work on the Thai - Burma Railway , with an estimated 25,000 dying . The Japanese also took the railway track from Malacca and other branch lines for construction of the Siam - Burma railway . About 150,000 tons of rubber was taken by the Japanese , but this was considerably less than Malaya had exported prior to the occupation . Because Malaya produced more rubber and tin than Japan was able to utilize Malaya 's export income fell as it no longer had access to world markets . Real per capita income fell to about half its 1941 level in 1944 and less than half the 1938 level in 1945 . Prior to the war Malaya produced 40 % of the world 's rubber and a high proportion of the world 's tin . It imported more than 50 % of its rice requirements , a staple food for its population . The Allied blockade meant that both imports and the limited exports to Japan were dramatically reduced . A ten dollar Japanese government - issued note used in Malaya and Borneo During the occupation the Japanese replaced the Malayan dollar with their own version . Prior to occupation , in 1941 , there was about Malaya $219 million in circulation . Japanese currency officials estimated that they had put $7,000 to $8,000 million into circulation during occupation . Some Japanese army units had mobile currency printing presses and no record was kept of the quantity or value of notes printed . When Malaya was liberated there was $500 million of uncirculated currency held by the Japanese in Kuala Lumpur . The unrestrained printing of banknotes in the final months of the war created hyperinflation with the Japanese money becoming valueless at the end of the war . During the war the Allies dropped propaganda leaflets stressing that the Japanese issued money would be valueless when Japan surrendered . This tactic was suggested by Japanese policy makers as one the reasons for the currencies falling value as Japanese defeats increased . Although a price freeze was put in place in February 1942 , by the end of the war prices in Malaya were 11,000 times higher than at the start of the war . Monthly inflation reached over 40 % in August 1945 . Counterfeiting of the currency was also rife with both the British Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) printing $10 notes and $1 notes and the American Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) printing $10 notes . As the war progressed all three ethnic communities began to suffer deprivations from increasingly severe rationing , hyper - inflation , and a lack of resources . A blockade by Allied forces on the Japanese occupied territories coupled with a submarine campaign reduced the ability of the Japanese to move supplies between its occupied countries . Both the Malay and Indian communities gradually came into more conflict with the occupying Japanese prompting more joining the resistance movement , including Abdul Razak bin Hussein , and Abdul Rahman bin Hajih Tiab . Yeop Mahidin Bin Mohamed Shariff , a former Royal Malay Regiment officer , founded a Malay - based resistance group immediately after the fall of Singapore in February 1942 . Resistance movements ( edit ) See also : Anti-Japanese movement in Malaya , Force 136 , Malayan Communist Party , Chin Peng , Lim Bo Seng , Sybil Kathigasu , Albert Kwok , Freddie Spencer Chapman , and Rejimen Askar Wataniah Following the Japanese invasion of Malaya on 8 December 1941 , the British colonial authorities accepted the Malayan Communist Party 's ( MCP ) standing offer of military co-operation and on 15 December , all left - wing political prisoners were released . From 20 December , the British military began to train party members in guerilla warfare at the hastily established 101st Special Training School ( 101st STS ) in Singapore . About 165 MCP members were trained before the fall of Singapore to the Japanese . These fighters , scantily armed and equipped by the hard - pressed British , hurriedly dispersed and attempted to harass the occupying army . Just before Singapore fell on 15 February 1942 , the party began organise armed resistance in Johor. 4 armed groups , which became known as ' Regiments ' , were formed , with the 101st Special Training School 's ( 101st STS ) trainees serving as nuclei . In March , this force was dubbed the Malayan Peoples ' Anti-Japanese Army ( MPAJA ) and began sabotage and ambushes against the Japanese . The Japanese responded with reprisals against Chinese civilians . These reprisals , coupled with increasing economic hardship , caused large numbers of Malayan Chinese to flee the cities . They became squatters at the forest margins , where they became the main source of recruits , food , and other assistance for the MPAJA . The MPAJA consolidated this support by providing protection . In February 1942 , Lai Teck , an alleged British agent who had infiltrated the Malayan Communist Party ( MCP ) was arrested by the Japanese . He became a double agent providing information to the Japanese on the MCP and MPAJA . Acting on information he provided the Japanese attacked a secret conference of more than 100 MCP and MPAJA leaders on 1 September 1942 at the Batu Caves , north of Kuala Lumpur , killing most of them . The loss of personnel forced the MPAJA to abandon its political commissar system , and the military commanders became the heads of the regiments . Following this setback and under the leadership of Lai Teck , the MPAJA avoided engagements and concentrated on consolidation , amassing 4,500 soldiers by early 1943 . Lai Teck was not suspected as being a traitor until after the war . He was eventually tracked down and assassinated by Viet Minh operatives . From May onward , British commandos from Force 136 infiltrated Malaya and made contact with the guerrillas . In 1944 , an agreement was reached whereby the MPAJA would accept some direction from the Allied South East Asia Command ( SEAC ) , and the Allies would give the MPAJA weapons and supplies . It was not until the spring of 1945 , however , that significant amounts of material began to arrive by air drop . Also operating at the same time as the MPAJA was the Pahang Wataniah , a resistance group formed by Yeop Mahidin . Mahadin had formed the group with consent of the Sultan of Pahang and set up a training camp at Batu Malim . The unit had an initial strength of 254 men and was assisted by Force 136 , which assigned Major Richardson to help train the unit . Mahidin earned him the nickname `` Singa Melayu '' ( Malay Lion ) for his bravery and exploits . Between the Japanese surrender announcement and the return of the British the Wataniah provided protection for the Sultan from the MPAJA . After the war ended the MPAJA was banned due to their communist ideologies and the Pahang Wataniah was reorganised , becoming the Rejimen Askar Wataniah , a territorial army . Allied action in Malaya during occupation ( edit ) Roosevelt and Churchill in 1943 Allied strategic doctrine ( edit ) The principles of Allied strategic doctrine in the event of Japan entering the war were established at a secret conference between 29 January 1941 and 27 March 1941 . The strategy set forth the principle of Europe first , with the Far East being a defensive war . After the attack on Pearl Harbor , the British prime minister , Winston Churchill , and the American president , Franklin D. Roosevelt , met at the First Washington Conference . This conference reaffirmed the doctrine of Europe first . At the third Washington Conference in May 1943 alleviating pressure on China was discussed , in particular through the Burma Campaign . At the Quebec Conference in August intensifying the war against Japan was decided and South East Asia Command reorganised . The Second Quebec Conference in September 1944 discussed the involvement of the British Navy against the Japanese . Strategic bombing ( edit ) RAF B - 24 Liberators The first strategic bombing raid was carried out by American Flying Fortresses on 2 February 1942 against Kuantan and Kuala Lumpar 's airfields . These may have been planes from the 7th Bombardment Group operating out of Java . Missions did not resume against Malaya until 27 October 1944 when B - 24 Liberators of No. 159 Squadron RAF flying from Khargpur mined the Penang Strait causing its eventual abandonment by Japanese submarine forces . They laid more mines on 26 November and 23 January 1945 . On 11 January 1945 B - 29 's of the 20th Air Force attacked Penang . A further attack on Penang occurred on 24 February . This was followed by an attack on the marshaling yards in Kuala Lumpar plus Alor Star airfield on 10 March . The Royal Selangor museum was hit by bombs on 15 March . The bombs were intended for the Kuala Lumpar marshaling yards . On 28 March mines were dropped in several harbours and the last Malaya mission by the 20th Air Force took place on 29 March when attack was made on a mix of targets . Attacks on the ports ceased around this time as Mountbatten intended to use the ports during the proposed invasion of Malaya . Attacks continued against rail , coastal shipping , and other targets . Action in Malaya and the Straits of Malacca ( edit ) HMS Nelson led the task force preparing for Operation Zipper After the defeat by the Japanese , a number of Allied personnel retreated into the jungle . Some joined the MPAJA and others , such as Freddie Spencer Chapman , were Force 136 operatives who sought to begin a sabotage campaign against the occupying Japanese forces . In August 1943 the Allies set up South East Asia Command to oversee the war in South East Asia , including Malaya . As the war progressed further Allied operatives were landed either from submarine or be parachuted in to provide assistance to the resistance movements . Allied navy units , particularly submarines , attacked Japanese shipping throughout the occupation . Air action was primarily confined to B - 24 Liberators or Navy PB4Y Privateers supplying the resistance with arms and supplies , until late 1944 when B - 29 's of the US Twentieth Air Force carried out raids on installations at Penang and Kuala Lumpur . In May 1945 a British task force sank the Japanese cruiser Haguro in the Battle of the Malacca Strait . Tun Ibrahim Ismail landed in Malaya in October 1944 as part of a Force 136 operation to convince the Japanese that the Allies were planning landings on the Isthmus of Kra , 650 miles to the north to establish a beachhead in Malaya under Operation Zipper . This was to be followed by a drive south to liberate Singapore , Operation Mailfist , and an offensive to retake northern Malaya designated Operation Broadsword . In preparation for the landings , a British task force sailed through the Straits of Malacca in July 1945 clearing mines and attacking Japanese facilities . British carrier borne aircraft attacked targets along the West Coast of Malaya and aircraft of the United States Seventh Fleet attacked targets on the East Coast as a prelude to Operation Zipper . Before the Operation could commence the war ended . Surrender ( edit ) Main article : Surrender of Japan Signing the Penang surrender document on HMS Nelson as part of Operation Jurist On 15 August 1945 Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address to the Empire announcing acceptance the terms for ending the war that the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration . British B - 24 and Mosquito bombers then undertook reconnaissance and leaflet drops over Malayan cities after the surrender announcement . One Mosquito bomber developed engine problems and was forced to land at the Japanese held Sungai Besi aerodrome near Kuala Lumpur . The Japanese provided assistance to the aircrews until they were picked up by another Mosquito . In the period between the Emperor 's announcement and the arrival of Allied forces in Malaya sporadic fighting broke out between the Chinese and Malay communities , particularly in Perak . The MPAJA launched reprisals against collaborators in the Malay police force and the civilian population and began to forcibly raise funds . Many in the rank and file advocated revolution . The cautious approach prevailed among the majority of the leadership at Lai Teck 's instigation , a decision which would later be viewed as a major missed opportunity . A few of the Japanese occupation troops also came under attack from civilians during this period as they withdrew from outlying areas . The third surrender ceremony on 22 February 1946 -- General Itagaki , commander of the Japanese 7 Area Army , and his Chief of Staff , General Ayabe Under Operation Jurist , Penang became the first state in Malaya to be liberated from Japanese rule . The Japanese garrison in Penang surrendered on 2 September 1945 aboard the HMS Nelson and a party of the Royal Marines retook Penang Island the following day . The British subsequently recaptured Singapore , with the Japanese garrison on the island surrendering on 12 September . After the Singapore surrender , British forces reached Kuala Lumpur , where the Commander of the 29th Army surrendered on 13 September 1945 . Another surrender ceremony was held in Kuala Lumpur on 22 February 1946 for General Itagaki , the Commander of the 7th Area Army . On 12 September 1945 , the British Military Administration ( BMA ) was installed in Kuala Lumpur . This was followed by the signing of the Malaya surrender document at Kuala Lumpur by Lieutenant - General Teizo Ishiguro , commander of the 29th Army ; with Major - General Naoichi Kawahara , Chief of Staff ; and Colonel Oguri as witnesses . Later that year , the MPAJA reluctantly agreed to disband . Weapons were handed in at ceremonies where the wartime role of the army was praised . Aftermath ( edit ) Repatriation ( edit ) Japanese troops who remained in Malaya , Java , Sumatra , and Burma at the end of the war were transferred to Rempang and Galang Islands from October 1945 on to await repatriation to Japan . Galang was renamed Sakae by the troops . Lieutenant - General Ishiguro was put in charge of the island by the Allies under supervision of five British officers . More than 200,000 Japanese troops passed through the island under Operation Exodus . A newspaper reported that Kempeitai troops were mistreated by their compatriots . The last troops left the islands in July 1946 . In addition to Japanese troops , some 7,000 Japanese civilians who had lived in Malaya prior to or during the occupation were also repatriated to Japan . War crimes ( edit ) War crimes trial at Singapore Members of the Kempeitai and camp guards were treated as prisoners of war because of their treatment of military and civilians . There were a number of war crimes trials . One held in 1947 found 7 Japanese officers guilty . Two were executed : Lieutenant Colonel Masayuki Oishi , commander of 2 Field Kempeitai and Lieutenant General Saburo Kawamura on 26 June 1947 . Lieutenant General Takuma Nishimura , one of the five given life sentences , was later found guilty of the Parit Sulong Massacre by an Australian court and executed . Captain Higashikawa , head of the Penang Branch of the Kempeitai , was executed . Higashikawa 's actions were brutal enough for Captain S Hidaka , Penang Chief of Staff for the Imperial Japanese Navy , to raise the matter with Lieutenant - General Ishiguro . Ishiguro had Higashikawa transferred and replaced by Captain Terata . Sergeant Eiko Yoshimura , the Head of Kempeitai in Ipoh , was sentenced to death by hanging for the torture and abuse of civilians , including Sybil Kathigasu . Malay author Ahmad Murad Nasaruddin wrote a book , Nyawa di - hujong pědang , about her families incarceration . Others executed were Colonel Watanabe Tsunahiko , commander of the 11th Regiment by firing squad for his part in the Kuala Pilah massacre ; and Captain Iwata Mitsugi , Second Lieutenant Goba Itsuto , and Second Lieutenant Hashimoto Tadashi by hanging at Pudu Jail on 3 January 1948 . War Graves and memorials ( edit ) Taiping War Cemetery Main articles : Commonwealth War Graves Commission and National Monument ( Malaysia ) Cemeteries for Malayan and Allied military personnel were created at Kranji War Cemetery in Singapore and Taiping War Cemetery in Bukit Larut ( Maxwell Hill ) , Taiping , Perak . An expedition was mounted October 1946 by the Number 46 War Graves Unit to recover and rebury all personnel they could locate . The main national war memorial is the National Monument in Kuala Lumpur . This memorial commemorates those who served in both World War Two and the Malayan Emergency that followed the war . Independence movement ( edit ) Further information : Early Malay nationalism and Malayan Races Liberation Army See also ( edit ) Battle of Malaya Battle of Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) Borneo campaign ( 1945 ) Battle of North Borneo Japanese invasion of Malaya Japanese occupation of Singapore Japanese occupation of British Borneo Sook Ching massacre Weeratunge Edward Perera British Military Administration ( Malaya ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p. 252 -- 3 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy at War : America 's Fight at Home and Abroad in World War II , p 53 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ James L. McClain , Japan : A Modern History p 470 ISBN 0 - 393 - 04156 - 5 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy at War : America 's Fight at Home and Abroad in World War II , p. 62 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Iriye , Akira. ( 1999 ) . Pearl Harbor and the coming of the Pacific War : a Brief History with Documents and Essays , p. 6 . Jump up ^ New Perspectives on the Japanese Occupation in Malaya and Singapore 1941 -- 1945 , Yōji Akashi and Mako Yoshimura , NUS Press , 2008 , p. 30 , ISBN 9971692996 , 9789971692995 ^ Jump up to : Maechling , Charles . Pearl Harbor : The First Energy War . History Today . Dec. 2000 Jump up ^ 1942 : Singapore forced to surrender . 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Comando Supremo . Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 7 Jan 2009 . Jump up ^ U-boat Base -- Penang , Khoo Salma Nasution , More Than Merchants , Areca Books , pp. 104 -- 116 Jump up ^ 33 Japanese are sought , The Singapore Free Press , 24 June 1947 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Gave water torture : man goaled , The Straits Times , 27 April 1947 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Malaya before the war , The Japanese Occupation of Malaya : A Social and Economic History , Paul H Kratoska , C. Hurst & Co . Publishers , 1998 ISBN 1850652848 , 9781850652847 Jump up ^ `` The Malay Soldier In War And Peace '' , The Straits Times , 30 December 1947 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` The Perak War 1875 -- 1876 '' . The Kaisers 's Cross . 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Jump up ^ War crimes to question 27 Japs , The Singapore Free Press , 29 May 1947 , Page 5 Jump up ^ Red star over Malaya , 4th edition , p. 24 -- 24 ^ Jump up to : Financing Japan 's World War II Occupation of Southeast Asia , Gregg Huff and Shinobu Majima , Pembroke College -- University of Oxford and Faculty of Economics -- Gakushuin University , pp. 7 -- 19 Jump up ^ Currency replacement and price freeze , Syonan Shimbun , 23 February 1942 , Page 3 Jump up ^ 300 Tons of ' Banana ' notes in Kuala Lumpar , The Straits Times , 10 October 1945 , p. 3 Jump up ^ http://www.psywarrior.com/WWIIAlliedBanknotes.html retrieved 20 August 2016 Jump up ^ Japan needs ships , The Decatur Daily Review , Decatur , Illinois , Saturday , July 31 , 1943 -- p. 4 Jump up ^ Wataniah , Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to Timor . R-Z . volume three , Editor : Ooi Keat Gin , ABC - CLIO , 2004 , p. 1418 , ISBN 1576077705 , 9781576077702 Jump up ^ The Second World War just one year ago today , The News - Herald , Franklin , Pennsylvania , Tuesday , February 2 , 1943 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Edmonds , Walter . They Fought With They Had . 1951 , pp. 1 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Form 540 , October 1944 , retrieved 8 August 2016 Jump up ^ Form 541 , November 1944 and January 1945 , retrieved 8 August 2016 ^ Jump up to : http://www.pacificwrecks.com/date/1945/1-45.html#11 Thursday , 11 January 1945 -- HQ AAF ) , retrieved 8 August 2016 Jump up ^ Jap shipping bombed , The Decatur Herald , Decatur , Illinois , Thursday , April 19 , 1945 -- p. 2 Jump up ^ Forgotten air war of Malaya , Gok K Loon , retrieved 23 March 2018 Jump up ^ Japs to leave Rempang Prison Isle , The Singapore Free Press , 18 June 1946 , p. 5 Jump up ^ A Sime Roader Looks At Rempang , The Straits Times , 8 July 1946 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Denker , Mehmet Sami ( 1998 ) , `` Ties That Bind : Japan - Malaysian Economic Relations in Historical Perspective '' ( PDF ) , İktisadi ve idari bilimler fakültesi dergisi , 8 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 Jump up ^ Ah -- so sorry , The Straits Times , 1 May 1957 , p. 5 Jump up ^ They died for Malaya , The Straits Times , 10 August 1947 , p. 6 Countries and territories occupied by Imperial Japan during World War II British Empire Burma Christmas Island Hong Kong India : Andaman Islands Malaya Nauru New Guinea Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan and British North Borneo Singapore Solomon Islands United States Attu Guam Kiska Philippines Wake Island Other China Mengkiang France Cambodia Laos Vietnam Netherlands Indonesia Portugal East Timor 1870 -- 1937 Karafuto Korea Manchukuo South Pacific Mandate : Northern Marianas Taiwan States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II State of Burma Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1945 ) Provisional Government of China Reformed Government of China Occupied Hong Kong Shanghai Great Way Government East Hebei Autonomous Council Provisional Government of Free India Karafuto Prefecture Korea under Japanese rule South Pacific Mandate Kingdom of Laos ( 1945 ) Manchukuo Mengjiang Second Philippine Republic Taiwan under Japanese rule Kingdom of Thailand Empire of Vietnam Reorganized National Government of China Occupied Guam French Indochina ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Occupied Dutch East Indies Occupied Malaya Occupied Nauru Occupied Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan and British North Borneo Occupied Singapore Portuguese Timor Greater East Asia Conference Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Pacific War Empire of Japan Overview Agriculture Censorship Demographics Economy Economic history Education Eugenics Foreign commerce and shipping Industrial production Militarism Nationalism Statism Internal politics State Shinto Kazoku Emperors Meiji ( Mutsuhito ) Taishō ( Yoshihito ) Shōwa ( Hirohito ) Symbols Flag of Japan Rising Sun Flag Imperial Seal of Japan Government Seal of Japan State Seal of Japan Privy Seal of Japan Kimigayo Policies Constitution Charter Oath Foreign relations Imperial Rescript on Education Imperial Rule Assistance Association Kokutai National Spiritual Mobilization Movement Peace Preservation Law Political parties Supreme Court of Judicature Tokkō Tonarigumi Greater East Asia Conference Government Administration ( Ministries ) Imperial Household Home Ministry War Army Navy Treasury Foreign Affairs Agriculture and Commerce Commerce and Industry Munitions Colonial Affairs Greater East Asia East Asia Development Board ( Kōain ) Legislative & Deliberative Bodies Daijō - 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-6764939080933458779	Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You	Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You - wikipedia Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' Single by George Benson from the album 20 / 20 B - side `` Beyond The Sea ( La Mer ) '' Released 1985 ( only in Europe ) Format 7 '' Single Recorded 1984 Genre R&B soul Length 4 : 04 ( Album and Single ) Label Warner Bros. Records Songwriter ( s ) Michael Masser , Gerry Goffin Producer ( s ) Michael Masser George Benson singles chronology `` I Just Wanna Hang Around You '' ( 1985 ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( 1985 ) `` Kisses in the Moonlight '' ( 1986 ) `` I Just Wanna Hang Around You '' ( 1985 ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( 1985 ) `` Kisses in the Moonlight '' ( 1986 ) Music video `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( TopPop , 1985 ) on YouTube `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' is a song written by composers Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin . It was originally recorded in 1984 by American singer and guitarist George Benson , and released in 1985 on his studio album 20 / 20 , by Warner Bros. Records . This original version was produced by its own author Michael Masser , and was released as a single only in Europe in 1985 . The song was not released as a single in the United States , but nevertheless , Benson recorded two video clips in the U.S. the same year , which were displayed on television programs . Two years later , the song became even more well known for a re-recording by Hawaiian singer Glenn Medeiros , whose 1987 cover eventually topped the charts in several countries . Contents 1 George Benson version 1.1 Chart positions 1.2 Track listing 1.3 Music videos 1.4 Personnel 1.5 B - side 2 Glenn Medeiros version 2.1 Background and release 2.2 Music video 2.3 Track listings 2.4 Certifications 2.5 Chart performance 2.5. 1 Weekly charts 2.5. 2 Year - end charts 3 Other cover versions 4 External links 5 References George Benson version ( edit ) Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop ) 29 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 43 Track listing ( edit ) This is the track list of the original single by George Benson released in 1985 in Europe : Year Side Song Length Interpreter Writer / Composer Producer Album 1985 A-side `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' 4 : 04 George Benson Michael Masser , Gerry Goffin Michael Masser 20 / 20 1985 B - side `` Beyond The Sea ( La Mer ) '' 4 : 10 George Benson Charles Trenet , Jack Lawrence Russ Titelman 20 / 20 The length of 4 : 04 for `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' and 4 : 10 for `` Beyond The Sea ( La Mer ) '' , are the same in both the single and the album 20 / 20 . Music videos ( edit ) The original version of `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' by George Benson has two video clips recorded by him in 1985 in the United States : The first music video shows a field where are Benson , a woman , a chauffeur , a car and an airplane . The video suggests that the coachman brought Benson with a woman in a car to this field and that one of them is about to board a plane , which is already connected with their propellers . Benson and women are side by side throughout the video , and he remains connected to her by their right hands . When the song starts , Benson sings looking at the camera and looking at the woman alternately . The chauffeur who brought the two car appears throughout the video a little behind the two and looking for them . At the beginning and end of the video , Benson and the woman kiss . This first music video of the song is available to be watched by clicking on : `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' , George Benson ( video 1 ) on YouTube In the second music video , Benson sings `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' on a small stage lit by purple lights and whose backdrop shows large buildings with bright windows . Without looking at the camera , Benson sings showing his feelings through gestures with his hands and face , walking on the small stage . Several cameras film Benson from different angles of the stage , but he sings without looking at them . At the end , Benson is darkened , but the purple lights on stage remain . This second music video of the song is available to be watched by clicking on : `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' , George Benson ( video 2 ) on YouTube Personnel ( edit ) Written by -- Michael Masser , Gerry Goffin Produced by -- Michael Masser Arranged by -- Robbie Buchanan Programmed by ( Synthesizer ) -- Robbie Buchanan Lead Vocal -- George Benson Guitar Soloist -- George Benson Backing Vocals -- Deborah Thomas , Richard Marx Guitar -- Dann Huff , Paul Jackson , Jr . Keyboards -- Robbie Buchanan Bass -- Nathan East Drums -- Carlos Vega B - side ( edit ) The B - side of single `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' released in Europe brought George Benson 's cover of the classic `` Beyond The Sea ( La Mer ) '' , which , although not an original song Benson , also it was released as a single in the USA and the UK , where peaked position # 60 and remained on the UK Singles Chart for four weeks . `` Beyond The Sea '' is an English version of the French song `` La Mer '' by Charles Trenet , recorded in 1946 . The letter was written in English by American Jack Lawrence and his version titled `` Beyond The Sea '' was recorded by numerous artists to over the years . The Benson 's cover was also released on the album 20 / 20 in 1985 . Glenn Medeiros version ( edit ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' Single by Glenn Medeiros from the album Glenn Medeiros B - side `` ( Instrumental ) '' Released February 1987 ( US ) August 17 , 1987 ( Australia ) June 1988 ( UK ) Format 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded 1986 Genre Pop , pop rock Length 3 : 46 Label Amherst ( USA ) A&M ( Canada ) London ( UK ) Mercury ( Australia / Netherlands ) Songwriter ( s ) Michael Masser Gerry Goffin Producer ( s ) Jay Stone Glenn Medeiros singles chronology `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( 1987 ) Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You1987 `` Lonely Wo n't Leave Me Alone '' ( 1988 ) Lonely Wo n't Leave Me Alone 1988 Nick Carter singles chronology `` Get Over Me '' ( 2015 ) Get Over Me 2015 `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( 2016 ) Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You2016 `` 19 in 99 '' ( 2016 ) 19 in 99 2016 A 1987 cover version by American singer Glenn Medeiros reached number 12 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and topped the charts in Canada and the United Kingdom . It also topped the charts in a further four countries in Europe . Medeiros also recorded the song in Spanish under the title `` Nada cambiará mi amor por ti '' . Background and release ( edit ) Medeiros originally released the song on a small independent label at the age of 16 , after winning a local radio talent contest in Hawaii . A visiting radio executive from KZZP in Phoenix , Arizona heard the song and took the record back to Phoenix , where it became a national hit through word of mouth . The song was featured in a late 1987 episode of the US daytime soap opera Days Of Our Lives as well as 1988 episodes of As The World Turns , The Bold And The Beautiful , and General Hospital . In 2009 , the song was used in France in a television advert for Spontex sponges . The song was additionally used in a commercial for Thinkbox in the UK in 2015 . During the same year the song was used in an episode of British soap opera Coronation Street , where characters Beth Tinker and Kirk Sutherland got married . Music video ( edit ) The music video features Medeiros strolling around a beach with a girl in a pink dress . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' -- 3 : 46 `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( instrumental ) -- 5 : 11 12 '' single `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 09 `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( seven inch version ) -- 3 : 46 `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( instrumental version ) -- 5 : 20 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Canada Gold 9 July 1987 50,000 France Gold 1988 500,000 Netherlands Gold 1988 40,000 UK Gold 1 August 1988 400,000 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 89 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Rank Canada 10 US Billboard Hot 100 85 Chart ( 1988 ) Rank Australian Singles Chart 36 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Dutch Top 40 UK 6 Chart ( 1989 ) Rank South Africa 8 Other cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Argentine singer - songwriter Sergio Denis also recorded a cover version for his album Afectos ( 1985 ) , with Spanish lyrics written by Rolando J. Hernández . David Lui ( zh : 呂方 ) sings the Cantonese version of this song as 求你講清楚 ( 1986 ) . Engelbert Humperdinck released a version on his album Remember - I Love You ( 1987 ) . The Shadows released an instrumental version on their album Steppin ' to the Shadows ( 1989 ) . Irish boyband Westlife released a version on their album The Love Album ( 2006 ) . Khalil Fong covered this song on his album Timeless ( 2009 ) . Richard Clayderman released an instrumental version on his album A Little Romance ( 1994 ) . John McCook released a cover on his album John McCook Sings Bold and Beautiful Songs . Nick Carter released a version on his album All American ( 2015 ) as a duet with Japanese singer Nissy ( 2016 ) . Oli P. also released a cover version featuring Tina Frank sung partially in English and German . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics . Music video 1 of this song by George Benson on YouTube . Music video 2 of this song by George Benson on YouTube . Page of this song by Benson at 45cat . Page of this song by Benson at Discogs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 45cat ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson - `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( 1985 ) `` . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson -- 20 / 20 ( 1985 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson - `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( 1985 ) `` . ^ Jump up to : YouTube ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson - `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( 1985 ) - Vídeo 1 `` . ^ Jump up to : YouTube ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson - `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( 1985 ) - Vídeo 2 `` . Jump up ^ `` GEORGE BENSON - NOTHING 'S GONNA CHANGE MY LOVE FOR YOU '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GEORGE BENSON - NOTHING 'S GONNA CHANGE MY LOVE FOR YOU '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson -- 20 / 20 ( 1985 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : The Official UK Charts Company ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson - Chart History ( UK Charts Songs ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Charles Trenet -- La Mer ( 1946 ) '' . Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/am311 Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/8886107au Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/lon184 Jump up ^ `` Musique de pub Spontex , love story entre hérisson et éponge ... '' ( in French ) . Musique de Pub. 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Gold & Platinum Certification Archived April 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) ( Retrieved 3 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Les certifications depuis 1973 , database '' ( in French ) . Infodisc . Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Goud / Platina Archived 2010 - 01 - 13 at WebCite NVPI - de branchevereniging van de entertainmentindustrie ( Retrieved 9 December 2008 ) Jump up ^ Certified Awards Search Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . BPI - The British Recorded Music Industry ( Retrieved 3 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-t op - 50 - singles - 1988. htm Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda ( 2000 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Mississauga , Ontario : Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896 - 594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ Canadian peak Jump up ^ Canada RPM Adult Contemporary , July 11 , 1987 Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Glenn Medeiros Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 ( 19 . ágúst 1988 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Glenn Medeiros '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 -- March 1989 '' . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Medeiros : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Medeiros Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Medeiros Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.0920&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=mtdql22v41iqvv3eau7no1kqh3 Jump up ^ http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1987.htm Jump up ^ 1988 Australian Singles Chart ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1988 Archived February 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Australian Recording Industry Association ( Retrieved 3 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` 1988 Belgian Flanders Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1988 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Scaping , Peter , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Top 100 Singles : 1988 '' . BPI YearBook 1989 / 90 . London , England : British Phonographic Industry . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9061 - 5410 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Hit Singles of 1989 '' . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . George Benson Discography Studio albums The New Boss Guitar of George Benson It 's Uptown The George Benson Cookbook Giblet Gravy Shape of Things to Come Goodies Tell It Like It Is The Other Side of Abbey Road Beyond the Blue Horizon White Rabbit Body Talk Bad Benson Good King Bad Benson & Farrell Breezin ' In Flight Livin ' Inside Your Love Give Me the Night In Your Eyes Pacific Fire I Got a Woman and Some Blues 20 / 20 While the City Sleeps ... Collaboration Twice the Love Big Boss Band That 's Right Standing Together Absolute Benson Irreplaceable Givin ' It Up Songs and Stories Guitar Man Inspiration : A Tribute to Nat King Cole Live albums In Concert - Carnegie Hall Weekend in L.A. Compilations Space The George Benson Collection The Greatest Hits of All The Very Best of George Benson : The Greatest Hits of All Main Singles `` This Masquerade '' ( 1976 ) `` Breezin ' '' ( 1976 ) `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( 1977 ) `` On Broadway '' ( 1978 ) `` Love Ballad '' ( 1979 ) `` Give Me the Night '' ( 1980 ) `` Love X Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Never Give Up on a Good Thing '' ( 1981 ) `` Turn Your Love Around '' ( 1981 ) `` Inside Love ( So Personal ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Lady Love Me ( One More Time ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' ( 1983 ) `` In Your Eyes '' ( 1983 ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( 1985 ) `` Shiver '' ( 1986 ) `` Teaser '' ( 1986 ) `` Let 's Do It Again ( 1988 ) Book : George Benson Glenn Medeiros Studio albums Glenn Medeiros ( 1987 ) Not Me Glenn Medeiros ( 1990 ) Singles `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' `` Lonely Wo n't Leave Me Alone '' `` Un roman d'amitié '' `` She Ai n't Worth It Related articles Discography Nick Carter Discography Studio albums Now or Never I 'm Taking Off Nick & Knight All American Compilation albums Before the Backstreet Boys 1989 -- 1993 Singles `` Help Me '' `` Do I Have to Cry for You '' `` I Got You '' `` Just One Kiss '' `` Love Ca n't Wait '' `` I Will Wait '' `` Get Over Me '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' `` 19 in 99 '' Featured songs `` Oh Aaron '' `` Not Too Young , Not Too Old '' `` Beautiful Lie '' Related topics Backstreet Boys House of Carters I Heart Nick Carter Aaron Carter Leslie Carter Westlife singles and songs Discography Unreleased songs Westlife `` Swear It Again '' `` If I Let You Go '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Fool Again '' `` More Than Words '' `` Miss You '' `` Forever '' Coast to Coast `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` My Love '' `` What Makes a Man '' `` I Lay My Love on You '' ( `` En Ti Deje Mi Amor '' ) `` Uptown Girl '' `` When You 're Looking Like That '' ( `` Con Lo Bien Que Te Ves '' ) `` Soledad '' `` No Place That Far '' `` My Girl '' `` What Becomes of the Broken Hearted '' `` I 'll Be There '' World of Our Own `` Queen of My Heart '' `` World of Our Own '' `` Bop Bop Baby '' `` Evergreen '' `` Angel '' `` I Wanna Grow Old With You '' Unbreakable `` Unbreakable '' `` Tonight / Miss You Nights '' `` Written in the Stars '' Turnaround `` Hey Whatever '' `` Mandy '' `` Obvious '' `` To Be With You '' `` Lost in You '' `` Grease Lightning '' Allow Us to Be Frank `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' `` Smile '' `` Beyond the Sea '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Come Fly With Me '' `` Mack the Knife '' `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' `` Summer Wind '' `` Clementine '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Moon River '' `` That 's Life '' Face to Face `` You Raise Me Up '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Amazing '' `` Desperado '' `` In This Life '' `` White Christmas '' The Love Album `` The Rose '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` All Out of Love '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' `` Butterfly Kisses '' `` Easy '' `` You Light Up My Life '' `` You Are So Beautiful ( To Me ) '' `` The Dance '' `` All or Nothing '' `` You 've Lost That Loving Feeling '' `` If '' `` Solitaire '' Back Home `` Home '' `` Us Against the World '' `` Something Right '' `` I 'm Already There '' `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' `` Have You Ever '' Where We Are `` What About Now '' Gravity `` Safe '' `` I Will Reach You '' `` The Reason '' `` Please Stay '' Greatest Hits `` Lighthouse '' `` Beautiful World '' Other songs `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Beautiful in White '' `` If I Had Words '' `` Back at One '' `` Daytime Friends , Nighttime Lovers '' `` No More Tears ( Enough is Enough ) '' Book Template Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothing%27s_Gonna_Change_My_Love_for_You&oldid=863098555 '' Categories : 1985 songs 1985 singles 1987 singles George Benson songs Glenn Medeiros songs Debut singles Songs written by Michael Masser Songs with lyrics by Gerry Goffin Warner Bros. Records singles Mercury Records singles Contemporary R&B ballads Pop ballads UK Singles Chart number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart used with missing parameters Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 18 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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-6743257067212129984	United States presidential election, 1824	United states presidential election , 1824 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1824 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1824 ← 1820 October 26 -- December 2 , 1824 1828 → All 261 electoral votes of the Electoral College 131 electoral votes needed to win Nominee John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Party Democratic - Republican Democratic - Republican Home state Massachusetts Tennessee Running mate John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun Electoral vote 84 99 States carried 7 ( in EC ) 13 ( in HR ) 11 ( in EC ) 7 ( in HR ) Popular vote 113,122 151,271 Percentage 30.9 % 41.4 % Nominee William H. Crawford Henry Clay Party Democratic - Republican Democratic - Republican Home state Georgia Kentucky Running mate Nathaniel Macon ( replacing Albert Gallatin ) Nathan Sanford Electoral vote 41 37 States carried 3 ( in EC ) 4 ( in HR ) 3 ( in EC ) Popular vote 40,856 47,531 Percentage 11.2 % 13.0 % Presidential election results map . Blue denotes states won by Jackson , orange denotes those won by Crawford , green denotes those won by Adams , light yellow denotes those won by Clay . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . President before election James Monroe Democratic - Republican Elected President John Quincy Adams Democratic - Republican The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election , held from Tuesday , October 26 , to Thursday , December 2 , 1824 . In an election contested by four members of the Democratic - Republican Party , no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote , necessitating a contingent election in the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution . On February 9 , 1825 , the House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams as president . The 1824 presidential election was the first election in which the winner of the election lost the popular vote . Prior to the election , the Democratic - Republican Party had won six consecutive presidential elections , and by 1824 the opposition Federalist Party had collapsed as a national party . Secretary of State Adams , General Andrew Jackson , Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford , and Speaker of the House Henry Clay all sought the presidency as members of the Democratic - Republican Party . A fifth candidate , John C. Calhoun , also sought the presidency before dropping out to successfully run for vice president . The 1824 Democratic - Republican congressional nominating caucus nominated Crawford for president , but the other candidates disregarded this nomination and continued to seek the presidency . In the election , Adams won New England , Jackson and Adams split the mid-Atlantic states , Jackson and Clay split the Western states , and Jackson and Crawford split the Southern states . Jackson finished with a plurality of the electoral and popular vote , while the other three candidates each finished with a significant share of the electoral and popular vote . As no one had won a majority of the electoral vote , the 1824 election became the first ( and , so far , only ) election to be decided in the House of Representatives under the terms of the 12th Amendment . The 12th Amendment specified that only the three top finishers in the electoral vote were eligible to be selected by the House , thus eliminating Clay , who was influential within that chamber . In the contingent election , Clay threw his support behind Adams , who shared many of his positions on the major issues . With Clay 's backing , Adams won the contingent election on the first ballot . After Adams took office , he appointed Clay as Secretary of State , and supporters of Jackson accused Clay and Adams of having agreed to a `` corrupt bargain '' in which Clay supported Adams in return for his appointment to the most prestigious Cabinet position . Later , the faction led by Jackson would evolve into the modern Democratic Party , while supporters of Adams and Henry Clay would form the National Republican Party and then the Whig Party . Adams 's 1824 election victory thus represents the last of seven consecutive wins by the Democratic - Republican Party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 General election 2.1 Campaign 2.2 Candidates 2.3 Candidates who withdrew before election 3 Nomination process 3.1 Results 4 Results by state 4.1 Breakdown by ticket 5 1825 contingent election 5.1 Results by state in House of Representatives 6 Electoral College selection 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) The Era of Good Feelings , closely associated with the administration of President James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) , was characterized by the dissolution of national political identities . With the discredited Federalists in decline nationally , the `` amalgamated '' or hybridized Republicans adopted key Federalist economic programs and institutions , further erasing party identities and consolidating their victory . The economic nationalism of the Era of Good Feelings that would authorize the Tariff of 1816 and incorporate the Second Bank of the United States portended an abandonment of the Jeffersonian political formula for strict construction of the constitution , limited central government and commitments to the primacy of Southern agrarian interests . The end of opposition parties also meant the end of party discipline and the means to suppress internecine factional animosities . Rather than produce political harmony , as President James Monroe had hoped , amalgamation had led to intense rivalries among Republicans . Bereft of any party apparatus to contain these outbursts , Monroe attempted to enlist the leading statesmen of his day into his cabinet so as to commit them to advancing his policies . Of the five politicians who would run for president in 1824 , three were in Monroe 's cabinet : Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts , Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford of Georgia , and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina . General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee , a commander in the regular US Army , was tapped for high - profile military assignments . Only Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky held political power independent of the Monroe administration . Monroe 's efforts to bring Clay into his cabinet failed , and the Speaker remained a persistent critic of the Monroe administration . Amid these reconfigured political landscapes arose two pivotal events : the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri crisis of 1820 . Both the alarming economic disaster , which fell heavily upon both agrarian and industrial workers , and the distressing sectional disputes over slavery expansion , produced widespread social unrest and calls for increased democratic control over the future of the American republic . From these disaffected social groups would be assembled the popular base on which political parties would be revived , though these were only beginning to take shape at the time of the 1824 presidential election . General election ( edit ) Campaign ( edit ) The previous competition between the Federalist Party and the Democratic - Republican Party collapsed after the War of 1812 due to the disintegration of the Federalists ' popular appeal , and U.S. President James Monroe of the Democratic - Republican Party was able to run without opposition in the election of 1820 . Like previous presidents who had been elected to two terms , James Monroe declined to seek re-nomination for a third term . Monroe 's vice president , Daniel D. Tompkins , was considered unelectable due to his overwhelming unpopularity and major health problems ( Tompkins died in June 1825 , a little over three months after he left office ) . The presidential nomination was thus left wide open within the Democratic - Republican Party , the only major national political entity remaining in the United States . Candidates ( edit ) Secretary of State John Quincy Adams House Speaker Henry Clay from Kentucky Senator Andrew Jackson from Tennessee Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford Andrew Jackson was recruited to run for the office of the president by the state legislature of Tennessee . Jackson did not seek the task of running for president . Instead , he wished to retire to his estate on the outskirts of Nashville called the Hermitage . However , Andrew Jackson was not one to decline such request . Candidates who withdrew before election ( edit ) Secretary of War John C. Calhoun Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson Nomination process ( edit ) Congressional caucus balloting Presidential candidate Ballot Vice Presidential candidate Ballot William H. Crawford 64 Albert Gallatin 57 Henry Clay Erastus Root John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson William Eustis William Rufus King William Lowndes Richard Rush Samuel Smith John Tod The traditional Congressional caucus nominated Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice-president , but it was sparsely attended and was widely attacked as undemocratic . With the breakdown of the congressional nominating caucus , legislatures convened state caucuses to nominate candidates . Gallatin later withdrew from the contest for the vice presidency , after quickly becoming disillusioned by repeated attacks on his credibility made by the other candidates . He was replaced by North Carolina senator Nathaniel Macon . A serious impediment to Crawford 's candidacy was created by the effects of a stroke he suffered in 1823 . Among other candidates , John Quincy Adams had more support than Henry Clay because of his huge popularity among the old Federalist voters in New England . By this time , even the traditionally Federalist Adams family had come to terms with the Democratic - Republican Party . The election was as much a contest of favorite sons as it was a conflict over policy , although positions on tariffs and internal improvements did create some significant disagreements . In general , the candidates were favored by different sections of the country : Adams was strong in the Northeast ; Jackson in the South , West and mid-Atlantic ; Clay in parts of the West ; and Crawford in parts of the South . Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina , who was a fifth candidate in the early stages of consideration , declined to run for president , but did decide to seek the vice presidency . For president , he backed Jackson , whose political beliefs he considered more compatible with those of most voters in the southern states . Both Adams and Jackson supporters backed Calhoun 's candidacy as vice president ; thus , he easily secured the majority of electoral votes he needed to secure that office . In reality , Calhoun was vehemently opposed to nearly all of Adams 's policies , but he did nothing to dissuade Adams supporters from voting for him for vice president . Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county . Shades of blue are for Jackson ( Democratic - Republican ) , shades of red are for Adams ( Democratic - Republican ) , shades of yellow are for Clay ( Democratic - Republican ) , and shades of green are for Crawford ( Democratic - Republican ) . The campaigning for presidential election of 1824 took many forms . Contrafacta , or well known songs and tunes whose lyrics have been altered , were used to promote political agendas and presidential candidates . Below can be found a sound clip featuring `` Hunters of Kentucky '' , a tune written by Samuel Woodsworth in 1815 under the title `` The Unfortunate Miss Bailey '' . Contrafacta such as this one , which promoted Andrew Jackson as a national hero , have been a long - standing tradition in presidential elections . Another form of campaigning during this election was through newsprint . Political cartoons and partisan writings were best circulated among the voting public through newspapers . Presidential candidate John C. Calhoun was one of the candidates most directly involved through his participation in the publishing of the newspaper The Patriot as a member of the editorial staff . This was a sure way to promote his own political agendas and campaign . In contrast , most candidates involved in early 19th century elections did not run their own political campaigns . Instead it was left to volunteer citizens and partisans to speak on their behalf . Hunters of Kentucky Jackson supporters used this Battle of New Orleans anthem as their campaign song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Results ( edit ) The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican - Federalist political framework . Considering the large numbers of candidates and strong regional preferences , it is not surprising that the results of the election of 1824 were inconclusive . The electoral map confirmed the candidates ' sectional support , with Adams winning outright in the New England states , Jackson gleaning success in states throughout the nation , Clay attracting votes from the West , and Crawford attracting votes from the eastern South . Andrew Jackson received more electoral and popular votes than any other candidate , but not the majority of 131 electoral votes needed to win the election . Since no candidate received the required majority of electoral votes , the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives ( see `` Contingent election '' below ) . Meanwhile , John C. Calhoun easily defeated his rivals in the race for the vice presidency , as the support of both the Adams and Jackson camps quickly gave him an unassailable lead over the other candidates . This means that 1824 marks the only election in U.S. history where only the vice presidential candidate had been successfully elected to an executive office by Electoral College . Despite Clay himself finishing last in the electoral college , his running - mate , Nathan Sanford actually finished second behind Calhoun in the vice presidential vote , mostly because nearly half of the electors pledged to Crawford voted for candidates other than his designated running - mate , Nathaniel Macon , with New York senator Martin Van Buren being the main beneficiary . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Count Percentage Andrew Jackson Democratic - Republican Tennessee 151,271 41.4 % 99 John Quincy Adams Democratic - Republican Massachusetts 113,122 30.9 % 84 William Harris Crawford Democratic - Republican Georgia 40,856 11.2 % 41 Henry Clay Democratic - Republican Kentucky 47,531 13.0 % 37 ( Massachusetts unpledged electors ) None Massachusetts 6,616 1.8 % 0 Other 6,437 1.8 % 0 Total 365,833 100.0 % 261 Needed to win 131 Vice Presidential candidate Party State Electoral vote John C. Calhoun Democratic - Republican South Carolina 182 Nathan Sanford Democratic - Republican New York 30 Nathaniel Macon Democratic - Republican North Carolina 24 Andrew Jackson Democratic - Republican Tennessee 13 Martin Van Buren Democratic - Republican New York 9 Henry Clay Democratic - Republican Kentucky Total 260 Needed to win 131 Results by state ( edit ) Andrew Jackson Democratic - Republican John Quincy Adams Democratic - Republican Henry Clay Democratic - Republican William Crawford Democratic - Republican State total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # Alabama 5 00013618 9,429 69.32 5 00013618 2,422 17.80 - 00048669 96 0.71 - 00048669 1,656 12.17 - 13,603 AL Connecticut 8 no ballots 7,494 70.39 8 no ballots 1,965 18.46 - 10,647 CT Delaware no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote - DE Georgia 9 no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote 9 - GA Illinois 1,272 27.23 1,516 32.46 1,036 22.18 - 847 18.13 - 4,671 IL Indiana 5 7,343 46.61 5 3,095 19.65 - 5,315 33.74 - no ballots 15,753 IN Kentucky 14 6,356 27.23 - no ballots 16,982 72.77 14 no ballots 23,338 KY Louisiana 5 no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote - LA Maine 9 no ballots 10,289 81.50 9 no ballots 2,336 18.50 - 12,625 ME Maryland 11 14,523 43.73 7 14,632 44.05 695 2.09 - 3,364 10.13 33,214 MD Massachusetts 15 no ballots 30,687 72.97 15 no ballots no ballots 42,056 MA Mississippi 3,121 63.77 1,654 33.80 - no ballots 119 2.43 - 4,894 MS Missouri 1,166 33.97 - 159 4.63 - 2,042 59.50 32 0.93 - 3,432 MO New Hampshire 8 no ballots 9,389 93.59 8 no ballots 643 6.41 - 10,032 NH New Jersey 8 10,332 52.08 8 8,309 41.89 - no ballots 1,196 6.03 - 19,837 NJ New York 36 no popular vote no popular vote 26 no popular vote no popular vote 5 - NY North Carolina 15 20,231 56.03 15 no ballots no ballots 15,622 43.26 - 36,109 NC Ohio 16 18,489 36.96 - 12,280 24.55 - 19,255 38.49 16 no ballots 50,024 OH Pennsylvania 28 35,929 76.04 28 5,436 11.50 - 1,705 3.61 - 4,182 8.85 - 47,252 PA Rhode Island no ballots 2,145 91.47 no ballots 200 8.53 - 2,345 RI South Carolina 11 no popular vote 11 no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote - SC Tennessee 11 20,197 97.45 11 216 1.04 - no ballots 312 1.51 - 20,725 TN Vermont 7 no popular vote no popular vote 7 no popular vote no popular vote 35,031 VT Virginia 24 2,975 19.35 - 3,419 22.24 - 419 2.73 - 8,558 55.68 24 15,371 VA TOTALS : 261 151,363 41.36 99 113,142 30.92 84 47,545 12.99 37 41,032 11.21 41 365,928 US TO WIN : 131 Breakdown by ticket ( edit ) Total Andrew Jackson John Q . Adams William H . Crawford Henry Clay Electoral votes for President : 261 99 84 40 38 For Vice President , John C. Calhoun 182 99 74 7 For Vice President , Nathan Sanford 30 28 For Vice President , Nathaniel Macon 24 24 For Vice President , Andrew Jackson 13 9 For Vice President , Martin Van Buren 9 9 For Vice President , Henry Clay ( No vote for Vice President ) 1825 contingent election ( edit ) The voting by state in the House of Representatives . States in orange voted for Adams , states in green for Crawford , and states in blue for Jackson . Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes , the presidential election was thrown into a contingent election in the U.S. House of Representatives . Following the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment , only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates in the House : Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams , and William Harris Crawford . Henry Clay , who happened to be Speaker of the House at the time , was left out . Clay detested Jackson and had said of him , `` I can not believe that killing 2,500 Englishmen at New Orleans qualifies for the various , difficult , and complicated duties of the Chief Magistracy . '' Moreover , Clay 's American System was far closer to Adams ' position on tariffs and internal improvements than Jackson 's or Crawford 's , so Clay threw his support to Adams . Thus Adams was elected President on February 9 , 1825 , on the first ballot , with 13 states , followed by Jackson with 7 , and Crawford with 4 . Adams ' victory shocked Jackson , who , as the winner of a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes , expected to be elected president . Not long before the results of the House election , an anonymous statement appeared in a Philadelphia paper , called the Columbian Observer . The statement , said to be from a member of Congress , essentially accused Clay of selling Adams his support for the office of Secretary of State . No formal investigation was conducted , so the matter was neither confirmed nor denied . When Clay was indeed offered the position after Adams was victorious , he opted to accept and continue to support the administration he voted for , knowing that declining the position would not have helped to dispel the rumors brought against him . By appointing Clay his Secretary of State , President Adams essentially declared him heir to the Presidency , as Adams and his three predecessors had all served as Secretary of State . Jackson and his followers accused Adams and Clay of striking a `` corrupt bargain '' . The Jacksonians would campaign on this claim for the next four years , ultimately attaining Jackson 's victory in the Adams - Jackson rematch in 1828 . Results by state in House of Representatives ( edit ) Delegation winner Adams vote Jackson vote Crawford vote Maine Adams 7 0 0 New Hampshire Adams 6 0 0 Vermont Adams 5 0 0 Massachusetts Adams 12 0 Rhode Island Adams 0 0 Connecticut Adams 6 0 0 New York Adams 18 14 New Jersey Jackson 5 0 Pennsylvania Jackson 25 0 Delaware Crawford 0 0 Maryland Adams 5 Virginia Crawford 19 North Carolina Crawford 10 South Carolina Jackson 0 9 0 Georgia Crawford 0 0 7 Alabama Jackson 0 0 Mississippi Jackson 0 0 Louisiana Adams 0 Kentucky Adams 8 0 Tennessee Jackson 0 9 0 Missouri Adams 0 0 Ohio Adams 10 Indiana Jackson 0 0 Illinois Adams 0 0 Total votes Adams 87 ( 41 % ) 71 ( 33 % ) 54 ( 25 % ) Votes by state Adams 13 ( 54 % ) 7 ( 29 % ) 4 ( 17 % ) Electoral College selection ( edit ) Caucus curs in full yell , by James Akin , 1824 ( critique of `` the press 's treatment of Andrew Jackson , and on the practice of nominating candidates by caucus '' ) . Method of choosing electors State ( s ) Each Elector chosen by voters statewide Alabama Connecticut Indiana Massachusetts Mississippi New Hampshire New Jersey North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Virginia Each Elector appointed by state legislature Delaware Georgia Louisiana New York South Carolina Vermont State is divided into electoral districts , with one Elector chosen per district by the voters of that district Illinois Kentucky Maryland Missouri Tennessee Two Electors chosen by voters statewide One Elector chosen per Congressional district by the voters of that district Maine See also ( edit ) Corrupt bargain Electoral college History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Inauguration of John Quincy Adams Realigning election Second Party System Smoke - filled room United States House elections , 1824 United States Senate elections , 1824 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The popular vote figures exclude Delaware , Georgia , Louisiana , New York , South Carolina , and Vermont . In all of these states , the Electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote . Jump up ^ Jackson was nominated by the Tennessee state legislature and by the Democratic Party of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ Adams was nominated by the Massachusetts state legislature . Jump up ^ Crawford was nominated by a caucus of 66 congressmen that called itself the `` Democratic members of Congress '' . Jump up ^ Clay was nominated by the Kentucky state legislature . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ammon , 1958 , p. 4 : `` The phrase ' Era of Good Feelings '' , so inextricably associated with the administration of James Monroe ... '' Jump up ^ Ammon , 1958 , p. 5 : `` Most Republicans like former President ( James ) Madison readily acknowledged the shift that had taken place within the Republican party towards Federalist principles and viewed the process without qualms . '' And p. 4 : `` The Republicans had taken over ( as they saw it ) that which was of permanent value in the Federal program . '' And p. 10 : `` Federalists had vanished '' from national politics . Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 23 : `` a new theory of party amalgamation preached the doctrine that party division was bad and that a one - party system best served the national interest '' and `` After 1815 , stirred by the nationalism of the post-war era , and with the Federalists in decline , the Republicans took up the Federalist positions on a number of the great public issues of the day , sweeping all before them as they did . The Federalists gave up the ghost . '' Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 23 : The amalgamated Republicans , `` as a party of the whole nation ... ceased to be responsive to any particular elements in its constituency . It ceased to be responsive to the South . '' And `` The insistence that slavery was uniquely a Southern concern , not to be touched by outsiders , had been from the outset a sine qua non for Southern participation in national politics . It underlay the Constitution and its creation of a government of limited powers ... '' Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 24 : `` Not only did the Missouri crisis make these matters clear ( the need to revive strict constructionist principles and quiet anti-slavery agitation ) , but ' it gave marked impetus to a reaction against nationalism and amalgamation of postwar Republicanism ' '' and the rise of the Old Republicans . Jump up ^ Ammon , 1971 ( James Monroe bio ) p. 463 : `` The problems presented by the ( consequences of promoting Federalist economic nationalism ) gave an opportunity to the older , more conservative ( Old ) Republicans to reassert themselves by attributing the economic dislocation to a departure from the principles of the Jeffersonian era . '' Jump up ^ Parsons , 2009 , p. 56 : `` Animosity between Federalists and Republicans had been replaced by animosity between Republicans themselves , often over the same issues that had once separated them from the Federalists . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 251 -- 252 : `` The panic ... was pivotal ... the hard times of 1819 and early 1820s revive ( d ) ... fundamental questions about the nationalist economic policies of the new - style Republicans under Madison and Monroe , and focused inchoate popular resentments on the banks , especially the Second BUS . '' p. 252 : `` The Missouri controversy ... proved for more important than the ( incidental ) outbursts . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 252 : `` Both the panic and the Missouri debates underscored in different ways the overriding question of democracy as Americans perceived it . In economic matters , the questions arose primarily as a matter of privilege . Should unelected private interests , well connected to government , be permitted to control , to their own benefit , the economic destiny of the entire nation ? '' Jump up ^ Hofstadter , 1947 , p. 51 : The `` general mass of the disaffection to the Government was not sufficiently concentrated to prevent re-election , unopposed , of President Monroe in 1820 in the absence of a national opposition party ; but it soon transformed politics in many states . Debtors rushed into politics to defend themselves , and secured moratoriums and relief laws from the legislatures of several Western states ... A popular demand arose for laws to prevent imprisonment for debt , for a national bankruptcy law , and for a new tariff and public land policies . For the first time Americans thought of politics as having an intimate relation to their welfare . '' Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Donald ( 2015 ) . The One - Party Presidential Contest : Adams , Jackson , and 1824 's Five - Horse Race . Jump up ^ Bradley , Harold . `` Andrew Jackson '' . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Encyclopaedia Britannica , inc . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press . p. 93 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Liane ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` Songs Along The Campaign Trail '' . Election 2008 : On The Campaign Trail ( Radio series episode ) . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ Hay , Thomas R. ( October 1934 ) . `` John C. Calhoun and the Presidential Campaign of 1824 , Some Unpublished Calhoun Letters '' . The American Historical Review . 40 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1086 / ahr / 40.1. 82 . JSTOR 1838676 . Jump up ^ McNamara , R. ( September 2007 ) . `` The Election of 1824 Was Decided in the House of Representatives '' . About.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schimler , Stuart ( February 12 , 2002 ) . `` Singing to the Oval Office : A Written History of the Political Campaign Song '' . President Elect Articles . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` 1824 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Henry Clay to Francis Preston Blair , January 29 , 1825 . Jump up ^ Adams , John Quincy ; Adams , Charles Francis ( 1874 ) . Memoirs of John Quincy Adams : Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848 . J.B. Lippincott & Co. pp. 501 -- 505 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5021 - 6 . Retrieved August 2 , 2006 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ United States Congress ( 1825 ) . House Journal . 18th Congress , 2nd Session , February 9 . pp. 219 -- 222 . Retrieved August 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Meier ; Israel , Fred L. ( 1971 ) . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 1968 , Volume I , 1789 -- 1844 . New York : Chelsea House . pp. 379 -- 381 . ISBN 0070797862 . Retrieved November 19 , 2008 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ McMaster , J.B. ( 1900 ) . History of the People of the United States ... vol . V. New York : D. Appleton and Company . p. 81 . Reprinted in Bemis , Samuel Flagg ( 1965 ) . John Quincy Adams and the Union . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Akin ( 1824 ) . `` Caucus curs in full yell , or a war whoop , to saddle on the people , a pappoose president / J ( ames ) Akin , Aquafortis '' . Library of Congress , Prints and Photographs Division . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Ammons , Harry . 1959 . `` James Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings '' . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , LXVI , No. 4 ( October 1958 ) , pp. 387 -- 398 , in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 . Brown , Richard H. 1966 . `` The Missouri Crisis , Slavery , and the Politics of Jacksonianism '' . South Atlantic Quarterly , pp. 55 -- 72 , in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 . Dangerfield , George . 1965 . The Awakening of American Nationalism : 1815 - 1828 . New York : Harper & Row . Wilentz , Sean . 2008 . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln . New York : Horton . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Everett S. ( 1925 ) . `` The Presidential Election of 1824 -- 1825 '' . Political Science Quarterly : 384 -- 403 . JSTOR 2142211 . Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency : A Journal of Capital Studies . 23 ( 2 ) . Nagel , Paul C. ( 1960 ) . `` The Election of 1824 : A Reconsideration Based on Newspaper Opinion '' . Journal of Southern History : 315 -- 329 . JSTOR 2204522 . Ratcliffe , Donald J. The One - Party Presidential Contest : Adams , Jackson , and 1824 's Five - Horse Race ( University Press of Kansas , 2015 ) xiv , 354 pp . Murphy , Sharon Ann . `` A Not - So - Corrupt Bargain '' . Review of The One - Party Presidential Contest : Adams , Jackson and 1824 's Five - Horse Race by Donald Ratcliffe . Common - place , Vol. 16 , No. 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 1824 . United States presidential election of 1824 at Encyclopædia Britannica `` A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved March 20 , 2005 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the most popular votes but not enough electoral votes in the presidential election of 1824	[ "The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political framework. Considering the large numbers of candidates and strong regional preferences, it is not surprising that the results of the election of 1824 were inconclusive. The electoral map confirmed the candidates' sectional support, with Adams winning outright in the New England states, Jackson gleaning success in states throughout the nation, Clay attracting votes from the West, and Crawford attracting votes from the eastern South. Andrew Jackson received more electoral and popular votes than any other candidate, but not the majority of 131 electoral votes needed to win the election. Since no candidate received the required majority of electoral votes, the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives (see \"Contingent election\" below). Meanwhile, John C. Calhoun easily defeated his rivals in the race for the vice presidency, as the support of both the Adams and Jackson camps quickly gave him an unassailable lead over the other candidates. This means that 1824 marks the only election in U.S. history where only the vice presidential candidate had been successfully elected to an executive office by Electoral College. Despite Clay himself finishing last in the electoral college, his running-mate, Nathan Sanford actually finished second behind Calhoun in the vice presidential vote, mostly because nearly half of the electors pledged to Crawford voted for candidates other than his designated running-mate, Nathaniel Macon, with New York senator Martin Van Buren being the main beneficiary." ]	[ "Andrew Jackson" ]
-2099299431447243531	Time in Germany	Time in Germany - wikipedia Time in Germany Jump to : navigation , search Time in Europe : light blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ) blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ) Western European Summer Time / British Summer Time / Irish Standard Time ( UTC + 1 ) red Central European Time ( UTC + 1 ) Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 2 ) yellow Eastern European Time / Kaliningrad Time ( UTC + 2 ) golden Eastern European Time ( UTC + 2 ) Eastern European Summer Time ( UTC + 3 ) light green Further - eastern European Time / Moscow Time / Turkey Time ( UTC + 3 ) Light colours indicate where standard time is observed all year ; dark colours indicate where a summer time is observed . The time zone in Germany is Central European Time ( Mitteleuropäische Zeit , MEZ ; UTC + 01 : 00 ) and Central European Summer Time ( Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit , MESZ ; UTC + 02 : 00 ) . Daylight saving time is observed from the last Sunday in March ( 02 : 00 CET ) to the last Sunday in October ( 03 : 00 CEST ) . The doubled hour during the switch back to standard time is named 2A ( 02 : 00 to 03 : 00 CEST ) and 2B ( 02 : 00 to 03 : 00 CET ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 IANA time zone database 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External links IANA time zone database ( edit ) The IANA time zone database contains two zones for Germany , `` Europe / Berlin '' and `` Europe / Busingen '' , although in 1945 , the Trizone did not follow Berlin 's switch to midsummer time . Germany has been politically divided into East Germany and West Germany even after the start of the unix epoch , which is the date from which the tz database wants to record correct information . The database aims to include at least one zone for every ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 2 country code . This list was first issued in 1997 , after the reunification of Germany in 1990 . Hence only the unified Germany is listed . The zone Europe / Busingen was created in the 2013a release of the tz database , because since the Unix time epoch in 1970 , Busingen has shared clocks with Zurich . Busingen did not observe DST in 1980 like the rest of Germany , but did so in 1981 after Switzerland adopted DST . Data for Germany directly from zone. tab of the IANA time zone database . Columns marked with * are the columns from zone. tab itself . c.c. * Coordinates * TZ * Comments * UTC offset UTC DST offset DE + 5230 + 01322 Europe / Berlin Berlin time + 01 : 00 + 02 : 00 DE + 4742 + 00841 Europe / Busingen Busingen + 01 : 00 + 02 : 00 History ( edit ) Daylight saving time was first introduced during World War I by the German Empire in the years 1916 to 1918 . After the end of the war and the proclamation of the Weimar Republic in November 1918 , daylight saving time ceased to be observed in peace time . It was then introduced and abolished several times . In 1996 , daylight saving time was harmonized throughout the European Union by Directive 2000 / 84 / EC , which moved the end of DST to the last Sunday in October . In 1980 the exclave Büsingen did not use DST in order to keep to the same time as Switzerland . See also ( edit ) List of time zones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lennox , Jonathan ( 2008 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Re : FW : FW : Corrections to historic German timezone information '' . gmane.comp.time.tz . Jump up ^ Eggert , Paul ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) . `` tzcode2013a and tzdata2013a available '' . tz - announce . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Olson , Arthur David ( 2012 - 03 - 03 ) . `` New zone for DE , split from Europe / Berlin '' . gmane.comp.time.tz . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Zeit in Büsingen '' . Schweizer Fernsehen : SF Videoportal . External links ( edit ) Physikalisch - Technische Bundesanstalt - Legal Time ( in German ) Gesetz über die Einheiten im Messwesen und die Zeitbestimmung § 4 ( EinhZeitG , Units and Time Act ) ( in German ) Sommerzeitverordnung ( Summer Time Ordinance ) ( in German ) German Time Act ( in English ) ( hide ) Time in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_in_Germany&oldid=842441136 '' Categories : Time in Germany Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 13 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does germany move to daylight savings time	[ "The time zone in Germany is Central European Time (Mitteleuropäische Zeit, MEZ; UTC+01:00) and Central European Summer Time (Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit, MESZ; UTC+02:00). Daylight saving time is observed from the last Sunday in March (02:00 CET) to the last Sunday in October (03:00 CEST). The doubled hour during the switch back to standard time is named 2A (02:00 to 03:00 CEST) and 2B (02:00 to 03:00 CET)." ]	[ "the last Sunday in March" ]
-9088776589218783371	Colorado River	Colorado River - wikipedia Colorado River For other uses , see Colorado River ( disambiguation ) . Colorado River The Colorado River at Horseshoe Bend , Arizona , a few miles below Glen Canyon Dam Countries United States , Mexico States Colorado , Utah , Arizona , Nevada , California , Baja California , Sonora Tributaries - left Fraser River , Blue River , Eagle River , Roaring Fork River , Gunnison River , Dolores River , San Juan River , Little Colorado River , Bill Williams River , Gila River - right Green River , Dirty Devil River , Escalante River , Kanab River , Virgin River , Hardy River Cities Glenwood Springs , CO , Grand Junction , CO , Moab , UT , Page , AZ , Bullhead City , AZ , Lake Havasu City , AZ , Blythe , CA , Yuma , AZ , Laughlin , NV , San Luis Rio Colorado , SON Source La Poudre Pass - location Rocky Mountains , Colorado , United States - elevation 10,184 ft ( 3,104 m ) - coordinates 40 ° 28 ′ 20 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 34 '' W / 40.47222 ° N 105.82611 ° W / 40.47222 ; - 105.82611 Mouth Gulf of California - location Colorado River Delta , Baja California -- Sonora , Mexico - elevation 100 ft ( 30 m ) - coordinates 31 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 114 ° 57 ′ 03 '' W / 31.90000 ° N 114.95083 ° W / 31.90000 ; - 114.95083 Coordinates : 31 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 114 ° 57 ′ 03 '' W / 31.90000 ° N 114.95083 ° W / 31.90000 ; - 114.95083 Length 1,450 mi ( 2,334 km ) Basin 246,000 sq mi ( 637,137 km ) Discharge for mouth ( average virgin flow ) , max and min at Topock , AZ , 300 mi ( 480 km ) from the mouth - average 22,500 cu ft / s ( 637 m / s ) - max 384,000 cu ft / s ( 10,900 m / s ) - min 422 cu ft / s ( 12 m / s ) Map of the Colorado River basin Wikimedia Commons : Colorado River The Colorado River is one of the principal rivers of the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico ( the other being the Rio Grande ) . The 1,450 - mile - long ( 2,330 km ) river drains an expansive , arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. and two Mexican states . Starting in the central Rocky Mountains of Colorado , the river flows generally southwest across the Colorado Plateau and through the Grand Canyon before reaching Lake Mead on the Arizona -- Nevada border , where it turns south toward the international border . After entering Mexico , the Colorado approaches the mostly dry Colorado River Delta at the tip of the Gulf of California between Baja California and Sonora . Known for its dramatic canyons , whitewater rapids , and eleven U.S. National Parks , the Colorado River and its tributaries are a vital source of water for 40 million people . The river and its tributaries are controlled by an extensive system of dams , reservoirs , and aqueducts , which in most years divert its entire flow for agricultural irrigation and domestic water supply . Its large flow and steep gradient are used for generating hydroelectric power , and its major dams regulate peaking power demands in much of the Intermountain West . Intensive water consumption has dried up the lower 100 miles ( 160 km ) of the river , which has rarely reached the sea since the 1960s . Beginning with small bands of nomadic hunter - gatherers , Native Americans have inhabited the Colorado River basin for at least 8,000 years . Between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago , the watershed was home to large agricultural civilizations -- considered some of the most sophisticated indigenous North American cultures -- which eventually declined due to a combination of severe drought and poor land use practices . Most native peoples that inhabit the region today are descended from other groups that settled there beginning about 1,000 years ago . Europeans first entered the Colorado Basin in the 16th century , when explorers from Spain began mapping and claiming the area , which became part of Mexico upon its independence in 1821 . Early contact between Europeans and Native Americans was generally limited to the fur trade in the headwaters and sporadic trade interactions along the lower river . After most of the Colorado River basin became part of the U.S. in 1846 , much of the river 's course was still the subject of myths and speculation . Several expeditions charted the Colorado in the mid-19th century -- one of which , led by John Wesley Powell , was the first to run the rapids of the Grand Canyon . American explorers collected valuable information that was later used to develop the river for navigation and water supply . Large - scale settlement of the lower basin began in the mid - to late - 19th century , with steamboats providing transportation from the Gulf of California to landings along the river that linked to wagon roads to the interior . Starting in the 1860s , gold and silver strikes drew prospectors to parts of the upper Colorado River basin . Large engineering works began around the start of the 20th century , with major guidelines established in a series of international and U.S. interstate treaties known as the `` Law of the River '' . The U.S. federal government was the main driving force behind the construction of dams and aqueducts , although many state and local water agencies were also involved . Most of the major dams were built between 1910 and 1970 ; the system keystone , Hoover Dam , was completed in 1935 . The Colorado is now considered among the most controlled and litigated rivers in the world , with every drop of its water fully allocated . The environmental movement in the American Southwest has opposed the damming and diversion of the Colorado River system because of detrimental effects on the ecology and natural beauty of the river and its tributaries . During the construction of Glen Canyon Dam , environmental organizations vowed to block any further development of the river , and a number of later dam and aqueduct proposals were defeated by citizen opposition . As demands for Colorado River water continue to rise , the level of human development and control of the river continues to generate controversy . Contents 1 Course 1.1 Major tributaries 2 Discharge 3 Watershed 4 Geology 5 History 5.1 Indigenous peoples 5.2 Early explorers 5.3 Exploration and navigation below Fort Yuma , 1850 -- 54 5.4 Exploration and navigation above Fort Yuma , 1851 -- 1887 5.5 Powell 's expeditions , 1869 -- 1871 5.6 American settlement 5.6. 1 Naming of the upper Colorado River and controversy 6 Engineering and development 6.1 Lower Basin development , 1930s -- 50s 6.2 Upper Basin development , 1950s -- 1970s 6.3 Pacific Southwest Water Plan 6.4 Environmental impacts 6.4. 1 Minute 319 6.5 Uncertain future 7 Wildlife and plants 8 Recreation 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Works cited 13 Further reading 14 External links Course ( edit ) Main article : Course of the Colorado River The Kawuneeche Valley , near the headwaters of the Colorado River in Rocky Mountain National Park The Colorado begins at La Poudre Pass in the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado , at just under 2 miles ( 3 km ) above sea level . After a short run south , the river turns west below Grand Lake , the largest natural lake in the state . For the first 250 miles ( 400 km ) of its course , the Colorado carves its way through the mountainous Western Slope , a sparsely populated region defined by the portion of the state west of the Continental Divide . As it flows southwest , it gains strength from many small tributaries , as well as larger ones including the Blue , Eagle and Roaring Fork rivers . After passing through De Beque Canyon , the Colorado emerges from the Rockies into the Grand Valley , a major farming and ranching region where it meets one of its largest tributaries , the Gunnison River , at Grand Junction . Most of the upper river is a swift whitewater stream ranging from 200 to 500 feet ( 60 to 150 m ) wide , the depth ranging from 6 to 30 feet ( 2 to 9 m ) , with a few notable exceptions , such as the Blackrocks reach where the river is nearly 100 feet ( 30 m ) deep . In a few areas , such as the marshy Kawuneeche Valley near the headwaters and the Grand Valley , it exhibits braided characteristics . Arcing northwest , the Colorado begins to cut across the eponymous Colorado Plateau , a vast area of high desert centered at the Four Corners of the southwestern United States . Here , the climate becomes significantly drier than that in the Rocky Mountains , and the river becomes entrenched in progressively deeper gorges of bare rock , beginning with Ruby Canyon and then Westwater Canyon as it enters Utah , now once again heading southwest . Farther downstream it receives the Dolores River and defines the southern border of Arches National Park , before passing Moab and flowing through `` The Portal '' , where it exits the Moab Valley between a pair of 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) sandstone cliffs . In Utah , the Colorado flows primarily through the `` slickrock '' country , which is characterized by its narrow canyons and unique `` folds '' created by the tilting of sedimentary rock layers along faults . This is one of the most inaccessible regions of the continental United States . Below the confluence with the Green River , its largest tributary , in Canyonlands National Park , the Colorado enters Cataract Canyon , named for its dangerous rapids , and then Glen Canyon , known for its arches and erosion - sculpted Navajo sandstone formations . Here , the San Juan River , carrying runoff from the southern slope of Colorado 's San Juan Mountains , joins the Colorado from the east . The Colorado then enters northern Arizona , where since the 1960s Glen Canyon Dam near Page has flooded the Glen Canyon reach of the river , forming Lake Powell for water supply and hydroelectricity generation . Colorado River in the Grand Canyon seen from Pima Point , near Hermit 's Rest In Arizona , the river passes Lee 's Ferry , an important crossing for early explorers and settlers and since the early 20th century the principal point where Colorado River flows are measured for apportionment to the seven U.S. and two Mexican states in the basin . Downstream , the river enters Marble Canyon , the beginning of the Grand Canyon , passing under the Navajo Bridges on a now southward course . Below the confluence with the Little Colorado River , the river swings west into Granite Gorge , the most dramatic portion of the Grand Canyon , where the river cuts up to one mile ( 1.6 km ) into the Colorado Plateau , exposing some of the oldest visible rocks on Earth , dating as long ago as 2 billion years . The 277 miles ( 446 km ) of the river that flow through the Grand Canyon are largely encompassed by Grand Canyon National Park and are known for their difficult whitewater , separated by pools that reach up to 110 feet ( 34 m ) in depth . At the lower end of Grand Canyon , the Colorado widens into Lake Mead , the largest reservoir in the continental United States , formed by Hoover Dam on the border of Arizona and Nevada . Situated southeast of metropolitan Las Vegas , the dam is an integral component for management of the Colorado River , controlling floods and storing water for farms and cities in the lower Colorado River basin . Below the dam the river passes under the Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge -- which at nearly 900 feet ( 270 m ) above the water is the highest concrete arch bridge in the Western Hemisphere -- and then turns due south towards Mexico , defining the Arizona -- Nevada and Arizona -- California borders . Satellite view of the Colorado River valley near Yuma , Arizona ; the Mexico -- United States border runs from left to right just below center . After leaving the confines of the Black Canyon , the river emerges from the Colorado Plateau into the Lower Colorado River Valley ( LCRV ) , a desert region dependent on irrigation agriculture and tourism and also home to several major Indian reservations . The river widens here to a broad , moderately deep waterway averaging 500 to 1,000 feet ( 150 to 300 m ) wide and reaching up to ⁄ mile ( 400 m ) across , with depths ranging from 8 to 60 feet ( 2 to 20 m ) . Before channelization of the Colorado in the 20th century , the lower river was subject to frequent course changes caused by seasonal flow variations . Joseph C. Ives , who surveyed the lower river in 1861 , wrote that `` the shifting of the channel , the banks , the islands , the bars is so continual and rapid that a detailed description , derived from the experiences of one trip , would be found incorrect , not only during the subsequent year , but perhaps in the course of a week , or even a day . '' The LCRV is one of the most densely populated areas along the river , and there are numerous towns including Bullhead City , Arizona , Needles , California , and Lake Havasu City , Arizona . Here , many diversions draw from the river , providing water for both local uses and distant regions including the Salt River Valley of Arizona and metropolitan Southern California . The last major U.S. diversion is at Imperial Dam , where over 90 percent of the river 's remaining flow is moved into the All - American Canal to irrigate California 's Imperial Valley , the most productive winter agricultural region in the United States . Colorado River as it exits the United States into Mexico beneath the San Luis Colorado - Colonia Miguel Aléman Bridge ( September 2009 ) Below Imperial Dam , only a small portion of the Colorado River makes it beyond Yuma , Arizona , and the confluence with the intermittent Gila River -- which carries runoff from western New Mexico and most of Arizona -- before defining about 24 miles ( 39 km ) of the Mexico -- United States border . At Morelos Dam , the entire remaining flow of the Colorado is diverted to irrigate the Mexicali Valley , among Mexico 's most fertile agricultural lands . Below San Luis Río Colorado , the Colorado passes entirely into Mexico , defining the Baja California -- Sonora border ; in most years , the stretch of the Colorado between here and the Gulf of California is dry or a trickle formed by irrigation return flows . The Hardy River provides most of the flow into the Colorado River Delta , a vast alluvial floodplain covering about 3,000 square miles ( 7,800 km ) of northwestern Mexico . A large estuary is formed here before the Colorado empties into the Gulf about 75 miles ( 120 km ) south of Yuma . Before 20th - century development dewatered the lower Colorado , a major tidal bore was present in the delta and estuary ; the first historical record was made by the Croatian missionary in Spanish service Father Ferdinand Konščak on July 18 , 1746 . During spring tide conditions , the tidal bore -- locally called El Burro -- formed in the estuary about Montague Island in Baja California and propagated upstream . Major tributaries ( edit ) The San Juan River near Mexican Hat , Utah The Green River at Mineral Bottom , just north of Canyonlands National Park Main article : List of tributaries of the Colorado River The Colorado is joined by over 25 significant tributaries , of which the Green River is the largest by both length and discharge . The Green River takes drainage from the Wind River Range of west - central Wyoming , from Utah 's Uinta Mountains , and from the Rockies of northwestern Colorado . The Gila River is the second longest and drains a greater area than the Green , but has a significantly lower flow because of a more arid climate and larger diversions for irrigation and cities . Both the Gunnison and San Juan rivers , which derive most of their water from Rocky Mountains snowmelt , contribute more water than the Gila contributed naturally . Statistics of the Colorado 's longest tributaries Name State Length Watershed Discharge References mi km mi km cfs m / s Green River UT 730 1,170 48,100 125,000 6,048 171.3 Gila River AZ 649 1,044 58,200 151,000 247 7.0 San Juan River UT 383 616 24,600 64,000 2,192 62.1 Little Colorado River AZ 356 573 26,500 69,000 424 12.0 Dolores River UT 250 400 4,574 11,850 633 17.9 Gunnison River CO 164 264 7,930 20,500 2,570 73 Virgin River NV 160 260 13,020 33,700 239 6.8 Discharge ( edit ) In its natural state , the Colorado River poured about 16.3 million acre feet ( 20.1 km ) into the Gulf of California each year , amounting to an average flow rate of 22,500 cubic feet per second ( 640 m / s ) . Its flow regime was not at all steady -- indeed , `` prior to the construction of federal dams and reservoirs , the Colorado was a river of extremes like no other in the United States . '' Once , the river reached peaks of more than 100,000 cubic feet per second ( 2,800 m / s ) in the summer and low flows of less than 2,500 cubic feet per second ( 71 m / s ) in the winter annually . At Topock , Arizona , about 300 miles ( 480 km ) upstream from the Gulf , a maximum historical discharge of 384,000 cubic feet per second ( 10,900 m / s ) was recorded in 1884 and a minimum of 422 cubic feet per second ( 11.9 m / s ) was recorded in 1935 . In contrast , the regulated discharge rates on the lower Colorado River below Hoover Dam rarely exceed 35,000 cubic feet per second ( 990 m / s ) or drop below 4,000 cubic feet per second ( 110 m / s ) . Annual runoff volume has ranged from a high of 22.2 million acre feet ( 27.4 km ) in 1984 to a low of 3.8 million acre feet ( 4.7 km ) in 2002 , although in most years only a small portion of this flow , if any , reaches the Gulf . Annual Colorado River discharge volumes at Lee 's Ferry between 1895 and 2004 Between 85 and 90 percent of the Colorado River 's discharge originates in snowmelt , mostly from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming . The three major upper tributaries of the Colorado -- the Gunnison , Green , and San Juan -- alone deliver almost 9 million acre feet ( 11 km ) per year to the main stem , mostly from snowmelt . The remaining 10 to 15 percent comes from a variety of sources , principally groundwater base flow and summer monsoon storms . The latter often produces heavy , highly localized floods on lower tributaries of the river , but does not often contribute significant volumes of runoff . Most of the annual runoff in the basin occurs with the melting of Rocky Mountains snowpack , which begins in April and peaks during May and June before exhausting in late July or early August . Flows at the mouth of the river have steadily declined since the beginning of the 20th century , and in most years after 1960 the Colorado River has run dry before reaching the Pacific Ocean . Irrigation , industrial , and municipal diversions , evaporation from reservoirs , natural runoff , and likely climate change , have all contributed to this substantial reduction in flow , threatening the water supply for the future . For example , the Gila River -- formerly one of the Colorado 's largest tributaries -- contributes little more than a trickle in most years due to use of its water by cities and farms in central Arizona . The average flow rate of the Colorado at the northernmost point of the Mexico -- United States border ( NIB , or Northerly International Boundary ) is about 2,060 cubic feet per second ( 58 m / s ) , 1.49 million acre feet ( 1.84 km ) per year -- less than a tenth of the natural flow -- due to upstream water use . Below this point , the remaining flow is diverted to irrigate the Mexicali Valley , leaving a dry riverbed from Morelos Dam to the sea that is supplemented by intermittent flows of irrigation drainage water . There have been exceptions , however , namely in the early to mid-1980s , when the Colorado once again reached the sea during several consecutive years of record - breaking precipitation and snowmelt . In 1984 , so much excess runoff occurred that some 16.5 million acre feet ( 20.4 km ) , or 22,860 cubic feet per second ( 647 m / s ) , poured into the sea . show Discharge of the Colorado River at selected locations Gage Discharge ( average ) Discharge ( max ) Drainage area Period of record Ref cfs m / s cfs m / s mi km Grand Lake , CO 62.7 1.78 976 27.6 63.9 166 1953 -- 2010 Dotsero , CO 2,095 59.3 22,200 630 4,390 11,400 1941 -- 2011 Cisco , UT 7,181 203.3 125,000 3,500 24,100 62,000 1895 -- 2010 Lee 's Ferry , AZ 14,800 420 300,000 8,500 107,800 279,000 1895 -- 2010 Davis Dam , AZ -- NV 14,180 402 116,000 3,300 169,300 438,000 1905 -- 2010 Parker Dam , AZ -- CA 11,990 340 42,400 1,200 178,500 462,000 1935 -- 2010 Laguna Dam , AZ -- CA 1,693 47.9 30,900 870 184,600 478,000 1971 -- 2010 NIB ( near Andrade , CA ) 2,059 58.3 40,600 1,150 238,700 618,000 1950 -- 2010 show Monthly discharge of the Colorado at Lee 's Ferry Month Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May Jun . Jul . Aug . Sep . Oct . Nov . Dec . Discharge cfs 9,650 9,740 10,500 16,000 28,000 32,800 18,300 13,200 10,900 9,530 9,620 9,440 m / s 273.3 275.8 297.3 453.1 792.9 928.8 518.2 373.8 308.7 269.9 272.4 267.3 The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) operates or has operated 46 stream gauges to measure the discharge of the Colorado River , ranging from the headwaters near Grand Lake to the Mexico -- U.S. border . The tables at right list data associated with eight of these gauges . River flows as gauged at Lee 's Ferry , Arizona , about halfway along the length of the Colorado and 16 miles ( 26 km ) below Glen Canyon Dam , are used to determine water allocations in the Colorado River basin . The average discharge recorded there was approximately 14,800 cubic feet per second ( 420 m / s ) , 10.72 million acre feet ( 13.22 km ) per year , from 1921 to 2010 . This figure has been heavily affected by upstream diversions and reservoir evaporation , especially after the completion of the Colorado River Storage Project in the 1970s . Prior to the completion of Glen Canyon Dam in 1964 , the average discharge recorded between 1912 and 1962 was 17,850 cubic feet per second ( 505 m / s ) , 12.93 million acre feet ( 15.95 km ) per year . Watershed ( edit ) Colorado River at the Coyote Valley Trail head , Kawuneeche Valley The drainage basin or watershed of the Colorado River encompasses 246,000 square miles ( 640,000 km ) of southwestern North America , making it the seventh largest on the continent . About 238,600 square miles ( 618,000 km ) , or 97 percent of the watershed , is in the United States . The river and its tributaries drain most of western Colorado and New Mexico , southwestern Wyoming , eastern and southern Utah , southeastern Nevada and California , and nearly all of Arizona . The areas drained within Baja California and Sonora are very small and do not contribute measurable runoff . Most of the basin is arid , defined by the Sonoran and Mojave deserts and the expanse of the Colorado Plateau , although significant expanses of forest are found in the Rocky Mountains ; the Kaibab , Aquarius , and Markagunt plateaus in southern Utah and northern Arizona ; the Mogollon Rim through central Arizona ; and other smaller mountain ranges and sky islands . Elevations range from sea level at the Gulf of California to 14,321 feet ( 4,365 m ) at the summit of Uncompahgre Peak in Colorado , with an average of 5,500 feet ( 1,700 m ) across the entire basin . Climate varies widely across the watershed . Mean monthly high temperatures are 25.3 ° C ( 77.5 ° F ) in the upper basin and 33.4 ° C ( 92.1 ° F ) in the lower basin , and lows average − 3.6 and 8.9 ° C ( 25.5 and 48.0 ° F ) , respectively . Annual precipitation averages 6.5 inches ( 164 mm ) , ranging from over 40 inches ( 1,000 mm ) in some areas of the Rockies to just 0.6 inches ( 15 mm ) along the Mexican reach of the river . The upper basin generally receives snow and rain during the winter and early spring , while precipitation in the lower basin falls mainly during intense but infrequent summer thunderstorms brought on by the North American Monsoon . The river in western Colorado , with the California Zephyr running alongside As of 2010 , approximately 12.7 million people lived in the Colorado River basin . Phoenix in Arizona and Las Vegas in Nevada are the largest metropolitan areas in the watershed . Population densities are also high along the lower Colorado River below Davis Dam , which includes Bullhead City , Lake Havasu City , and Yuma . Other significant population centers in the basin include Tucson , Arizona ; St. George , Utah ; and Grand Junction , Colorado . Colorado River basin states are among the fastest - growing in the U.S. ; the population of Nevada alone increased by about 66 percent between 1990 and 2000 as Arizona grew by some 40 percent . The Colorado River basin shares drainage boundaries with many other major watersheds of North America . The Continental Divide of the Americas forms a large portion of the eastern boundary of the watershed , separating it from the basins of the Yellowstone River and the Platte River -- both tributaries of the Missouri River -- on the northeast , and from the headwaters of the Arkansas River on the east . Both the Missouri and Arkansas rivers are part of the Mississippi River system . Further south , the Colorado River basin borders on the Rio Grande drainage , which along with the Mississippi flows to the Gulf of Mexico , as well as a series of endorheic ( closed ) drainage basins in southwestern New Mexico and extreme southeastern Arizona . For a short stretch , the Colorado watershed meets the drainage basin of the Snake River , a tributary of the Columbia River , in the Wind River Range of western Wyoming . Southwest of there , the northern divide of the Colorado watershed skirts the edge of the Great Basin , bordering on the closed drainage basins of the Great Salt Lake and the Sevier River in central Utah , and other closed basins in southern Utah and Nevada . To the west in California , the Colorado River watershed borders on those of small closed basins in the Mojave Desert , the largest of which is the Salton Sea drainage north of the Colorado River Delta . On the south , the watersheds of the Sonoyta , Concepción , and Yaqui rivers , all of which drain to the Gulf of California , border that of the Colorado . Geology ( edit ) As recently as the Cretaceous period about 100 million years ago , much of western North America was still part of the Pacific Ocean . Tectonic forces from the collision of the Farallon Plate with the North American Plate pushed up the Rocky Mountains between 50 and 75 million years ago in a mountain - building episode known as the Laramide orogeny . The Colorado River first formed as a west - flowing stream draining the southwestern portion of the range , and the uplift also diverted the Green River , once a tributary of the Mississippi River , west towards the Colorado . About 30 to 20 million years ago , volcanic activity related to the orogeny led to the Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare - up , which created smaller formations such as the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona and deposited massive amounts of volcanic ash and debris over the watershed . The Colorado Plateau first began to rise during the Eocene , between about 55 and 34 million years ago , but did not attain its present height until about 5 million years ago , about when the Colorado River established its present course into the Gulf of California . The time scale and sequence over which the river 's present course and the Grand Canyon were formed is uncertain . Before the Gulf of California was formed around 12 to 5 million years ago by faulting processes along the boundary of the North American and Pacific plates , the Colorado flowed west to an outlet on the Pacific Ocean -- possibly Monterey Bay on the Central California coast , and may have played a role in the formation of the Monterey submarine canyon . Crustal extension in the Basin and Range Province began about 20 million years ago and the modern Sierra Nevada began forming about 10 million years ago , eventually diverting the Colorado southwards towards the Gulf . As the Colorado Plateau continued to rise between 5 and 2.5 million years ago , the river maintained its ancestral course ( as an antecedent stream ) and began to cut the Grand Canyon . Antecedence played a major part in shaping other peculiar geographic features in the watershed , including the Dolores River 's bisection of Paradox Valley in Colorado and the Green River 's cut through the Uinta Mountains in Utah . Remnants of basalt flows from the Uinkaret volcanic field are seen here descending into the Grand Canyon , where they dammed the Colorado over 10 times in the past 2 million years . Sediments carried from the plateau by the Colorado River created a vast delta made of more than 10,000 cubic miles ( 42,000 km ) of material that walled off the northernmost part of the gulf in approximately 1 million years . Cut off from the ocean , the portion of the gulf north of the delta eventually evaporated and formed the Salton Sink , which reached about 260 feet ( 79 m ) below sea level . Since then the river has changed course into the Salton Sink at least three times , transforming it into Lake Cahuilla , which at maximum size flooded up the valley to present - day Indio , California . The lake took about 50 years to evaporate after the Colorado resumed flowing to the Gulf . The present - day Salton Sea can be considered the most recent incarnation of Lake Cahuilla , though on a much smaller scale . Between 1.8 million and 10,000 years ago , massive flows of basalt from the Uinkaret volcanic field in northern Arizona dammed the Colorado River within the Grand Canyon . At least 13 lava dams were formed , the largest of which was more than 2,300 feet ( 700 m ) high , backing the river up for nearly 500 miles ( 800 km ) to present - day Moab , Utah . The lack of associated sediment deposits along this stretch of the Colorado River , which would have accumulated in the impounded lakes over time , suggests that most of these dams did not survive for more than a few decades before collapsing or being washed away . Failure of the lava dams caused by erosion , leaks and cavitation caused catastrophic floods , which may have been some of the largest ever to occur in North America , rivaling the late - Pleistocene Missoula Floods of the northwestern United States . Mapping of flood deposits indicate that crests as high as 700 feet ( 210 m ) passed through the Grand Canyon , reaching peak discharges as great as 17 million cubic feet per second ( 480,000 m / s ) . History ( edit ) Indigenous peoples ( edit ) Navajo woman and child , photographed by Ansel Adams , c. 1944 Pueblos and cliff dwellings such as this one in New Mexico were inhabited by people of the Colorado River basin between 2,000 and 700 years ago . The first humans of the Colorado River basin were likely Paleo - Indians of the Clovis and Folsom cultures , who first arrived on the Colorado Plateau about 12,000 years ago . Very little human activity occurred in the watershed until the rise of the Desert Archaic Culture , which from 8,000 to 2,000 years ago constituted most of the region 's human population . These prehistoric inhabitants led a generally nomadic lifestyle , gathering plants and hunting small animals ( though some of the earliest peoples hunted larger mammals that became extinct in North America after the end of the Pleistocene epoch ) . Another notable early group was the Fremont culture , whose peoples inhabited the Colorado Plateau from 2,000 to 700 years ago . The Fremont were likely the first peoples of the Colorado River basin to domesticate crops and construct masonry dwellings ; they also left behind a large amount of rock art and petroglyphs , many of which have survived to the present day . Beginning in the early centuries A.D. , Colorado River basin peoples began to form large agriculture - based societies , some of which lasted hundreds of years and grew into well - organized civilizations encompassing tens of thousands of inhabitants . The Ancient Puebloan ( also known as Anasazi or Hisatsinom ) people of the Four Corners region were descended from the Desert Archaic culture . The Puebloan people developed a complex distribution system to supply drinking and irrigation water in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico . The Puebloans dominated the basin of the San Juan River , and the center of their civilization was in Chaco Canyon . In Chaco Canyon and the surrounding lands , they built more than 150 multi-story pueblos or `` great houses '' , the largest of which , Pueblo Bonito , is composed of more than 600 rooms . The Hohokam culture was present along the middle Gila River beginning around 1 A.D. Between 600 and 700 A.D. they began to employ irrigation on a large scale , and did so more prolifically than any other native group in the Colorado River basin . An extensive system of irrigation canals was constructed on the Gila and Salt rivers , with various estimates of a total length ranging from 180 to 300 miles ( 290 to 480 km ) and capable of irrigating 25,000 to 250,000 acres ( 10,000 to 101,000 ha ) . Both civilizations supported large populations at their height ; the Chaco Canyon Puebloans numbered between 6,000 and 15,000 and estimates for the Hohokam range between 30,000 and 200,000 . These sedentary peoples heavily exploited their surroundings , practicing logging and harvesting of other resources on a large scale . The construction of irrigation canals may have led to a significant change in the morphology of many waterways in the Colorado River basin . Prior to human contact , rivers such as the Gila , Salt and Chaco were shallow perennial streams with low , vegetated banks and large floodplains . In time , flash floods caused significant downcutting on irrigation canals , which in turn led to the entrenchment of the original streams into arroyos , making agriculture difficult . A variety of methods were employed to combat these problems , including the construction of large dams , but when a megadrought hit the region in the 14th century A.D. the ancient civilizations of the Colorado River basin abruptly collapsed . Some Puebloans migrated to the Rio Grande Valley of central New Mexico and south - central Colorado , becoming the predecessors of the Hopi , Zuni , Laguna and Acoma people in western New Mexico . Many of the tribes that inhabited the Colorado River basin at the time of European contact were descended from Puebloan and Hohokam survivors , while others already had a long history of living in the region or migrated in from bordering lands . Native American names for the Colorado River Maricopa : ' Xakxwet Mohave : ' Aha Kwahwat Havasupai : Ha Ŧay Gʼam / Sil Gsvgov Yavapai : ʼHakhwata The Navajo were an Athabaskan people who migrated from the north into the Colorado River basin around 1025 A.D. They soon established themselves as the dominant Native American tribe in the Colorado River basin , and their territory stretched over parts of present - day Arizona , New Mexico , Utah and Colorado -- in the original homelands of the Puebloans . In fact , the Navajo acquired agricultural skills from the Puebloans before the collapse of the Pueblo civilization in the 14th century . A profusion of other tribes have made a continued , lasting presence along the Colorado River . The Mohave have lived along the rich bottomlands of the lower Colorado below Black Canyon since 1200 A.D. They were fishermen -- navigating the river on rafts made of reeds to catch Gila trout and Colorado pikeminnow -- and farmers , relying on the annual floods of the river rather than irrigation to water their crops . Ute peoples have inhabited the northern Colorado River basin , mainly in present - day Colorado , Wyoming and Utah , for at least 2,000 years , but did not become well established in the Four Corners area until 1500 A.D. The Apache , Cocopah , Halchidhoma , Havasupai , Hualapai , Maricopa , Pima , and Quechan are among many other groups that live along or had territories bordering on the Colorado River and its tributaries . Beginning in the 17th century , contact with Europeans brought significant changes to the lifestyles of Native Americans in the Colorado River basin . Missionaries sought to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity -- an effort sometimes successful , such as in Father Eusebio Francisco Kino 's 1694 encounter with the `` docile Pimas of the Gila Valley ( who ) readily accepted Kino and his Christian teachings '' . From 1694 to 1702 Kino would explore the Gila and Colorado Rivers to determine if California was an island or peninsula . The Spanish introduced sheep and goats to the Navajo , who came to rely heavily on them for meat , milk and wool . By the mid-16th century , the Utes , having acquired horses from the Spanish , introduced them to the Colorado River basin . The use of horses spread through the basin via trade between the various tribes and greatly facilitated hunting , communications and travel for indigenous peoples . More warlike groups such as the Utes and Navajos often used horses to their advantage in raids against tribes that were slower to adopt them , such as the Goshutes and Southern Paiutes . Two Mohave warriors beside the Colorado River in 1871 The gradual influx of European and American explorers , fortune seekers and settlers into the region eventually led to conflicts that forced many Native Americans off their traditional lands . After the acquisition of the Colorado River basin from Mexico in the Mexican -- American War in 1846 , U.S. military forces commanded by Kit Carson forced more than 8,000 Navajo men , women and children from their homes after a series of unsuccessful attempts to confine their territory , many of which were met with violent resistance . In what is now known as the Long Walk of the Navajo , the captives were marched from Arizona to Fort Sumner in New Mexico , and many died along the route . Four years later , the Navajo signed a treaty that moved them onto a reservation in the Four Corners region that is now known as the Navajo Nation . It is the largest Native American reservation in the United States , encompassing 27,000 square miles ( 70,000 km ) with a population of over 180,000 as of 2000 . The Mohave were expelled from their territory after a series of minor skirmishes and raids on wagon trains passing through the area in the late 1850s , culminating in an 1859 battle with American forces that concluded the Mohave War . In 1870 , the Mohave were relocated to a reservation at Fort Mojave , which spans the borders of Arizona , California and Nevada . Some Mohave were also moved to the 432 - square - mile ( 1,120 km ) Colorado River Indian Reservation on the Arizona -- California border , originally established for the Mohave and Chemehuevi people in 1865 . In the 1940s , some Hopi and Navajo people were also relocated to this reservation . The four tribes now form a geopolitical body known as the Colorado River Indian Tribes . Water rights of Native Americans in the Colorado River basin were largely ignored during the extensive water resources development carried out on the river and its tributaries in the 19th and 20th centuries . The construction of dams has often had negative impacts on tribal peoples , such as the Chemehuevi when their riverside lands were flooded after the completion of Parker Dam in 1938 . Ten Native American tribes in the basin now hold or continue to claim water rights to the Colorado River . The U.S. government has taken some actions to help quantify and develop the water resources of Native American reservations . The first federally funded irrigation project in the U.S. was the construction of an irrigation canal on the Colorado River Indian Reservation in 1867 . Other water projects include the Navajo Indian Irrigation Project , authorized in 1962 for the irrigation of lands in part of the Navajo Nation in north - central New Mexico . The Navajo continue to seek expansion of their water rights because of difficulties with the water supply on their reservation ; about 40 percent of its inhabitants must haul water by truck many miles to their homes . In the 21st century , they have filed legal claims against the governments of Arizona , New Mexico and Utah for increased water rights . Some of these claims have been successful for the Navajo , such as a 2004 settlement in which they received a 326,000 - acre - foot ( 402,000 ML ) allotment from New Mexico . Early explorers ( edit ) During the 16th century , the Spanish began to explore and colonize western North America . An early motive was the search for the Seven Cities of Gold , or `` Cibola '' , rumored to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest . According to a United States Geological Survey publication , it is likely that Francisco de Ulloa was the first European to see the Colorado River when in 1536 he sailed to the head of the Gulf of California . Francisco Vásquez de Coronado 's 1540 -- 1542 expedition began as a search for the fabled Cities of Gold , but after learning from natives in New Mexico of a large river to the west , he sent García López de Cárdenas to lead a small contingent to find it . With the guidance of Hopi Indians , Cárdenas and his men became the first outsiders to see the Grand Canyon . Cárdenas was reportedly unimpressed with the canyon , assuming the width of the Colorado River at 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) and estimating 300 - foot ( 91 m ) - tall rock formations to be the size of a man . After failing at an attempt to descend to the river , they left the area , defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather . Coronado Sets Out To The North , by Frederic Remington , c. 1905 In 1540 , Hernando de Alarcón and his fleet reached the mouth of the river , intending to provide additional supplies to Coronado 's expedition . Alarcón may have sailed the Colorado as far upstream as the present - day California -- Arizona border . Coronado never reached the Gulf of California , and Alarcón eventually gave up and left . Melchior Díaz reached the delta in the same year , intending to establish contact with Alarcón , but the latter was already gone by the time of Díaz 's arrival . Díaz named the Colorado River Rio del Tizon ( `` Firebrand River '' ) after seeing a practice used by the local natives for warming themselves . The name Tizon lasted for the next 200 years . The name Rio Colorado ( `` Red River '' ) was first was first applied to the Colorado by Father Eusebio Francisco Kino in his maps and written reports resulting from his explorations to the Colorado River Delta and his discovery that California was not an island but a peninsula ( 1700 - 1702 ) . Kino 's 1701 map , `` Paso por Tierra a la California , '' is the first known map to label the river as the Colorado . During the 18th and early 19th centuries , many Americans and Spanish believed in the existence of the Buenaventura River , purported to run from the Rocky Mountains in Utah or Colorado to the Pacific Ocean . The name Buenaventura was given to the Green River by Silvestre Vélez de Escalante as early as 1776 , but Escalante did not know that the Green drained to the Colorado . Many later maps showed the headwaters of the Green and Colorado rivers connecting with the Sevier River ( Rio San Ysabel ) and Utah Lake ( Lake Timpanogos ) before flowing west through the Sierra Nevada into California . Mountain man Jedediah Smith reached the lower Colorado by way of the Virgin River canyon in 1826 . Smith called the Colorado the `` Seedskeedee '' , as the Green River in Wyoming was known to fur trappers , correctly believing it to be a continuation of the Green and not a separate river as others believed under the Buenaventura myth . John C. Frémont 's 1843 Great Basin expedition proved that no river traversed the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada , officially debunking the Buenaventura myth . Exploration and navigation below Fort Yuma , 1850 -- 54 ( edit ) Between 1850 and 1854 the U.S. Army explored the lower reach of the Colorado River from the Gulf of California , looking for the river to provide a less expensive route to supply the remote post of Fort Yuma . First in November 1850 to January 1851 , by its transport schooner , Invincible under Captain Alfred H. Wilcox and then by its longboat commanded by Lieutenant George Derby . Later Lieutenant Derby , in his expedition report , recommended that a shallow draft sternwheel steamboat would be the way to send supplies up river to the fort . The next contractors George Alonzo Johnson with his partner Benjamin M. Hartshorne , brought two barges and 250 tons of supplies arriving at the river 's mouth in February 1852 , on the United States transport schooner Sierra Nevada under Captain Wilcox . Poling the barges up the Colorado , the first barge sank with its cargo a total loss . The second was finally , after a long struggle poled up to Fort Yuma , but what little it carried was soon consumed by the garrison . Subsequently , wagons again were sent from the fort to haul the balance of the supplies overland from the estuary through the marshes and woodlands of the Delta . At last Derby 's recommendation was heeded and in November 1852 , the Uncle Sam , a 65 - foot long side - wheel paddle steamer , built by Domingo Marcucci , became the first steamboat on the Colorado River . It was brought by the schooner Capacity from San Francisco to the delta by the next contractor to supply the fort , Captain James Turnbull . It was assembled and launched in the estuary , 30 miles above the mouth of the Colorado River . Equipped with only a 20 - horsepower engine , the Uncle Sam could only carry 35 tons of supplies , taking 15 days to make the first 120 - mile trip . It made many trips up and down the river , taking four months to finish carrying the supplies for the fort , improving its time up river to 12 days . Negligence caused it to sink at its dock below Fort Yuma , and was then washed away before it could be raised , in the spring flood of 1853 . Turnbull in financial difficulty , disappeared . Nevertheless , he had shown the worth of steamboats to solve Fort Yuma 's supply problem . George Alonzo Johnson with his partner Hartshorne and a new partner Captain Alfred H. Wilcox ( formerly of the Invincible and Sierra Nevada ) , formed George A. Johnson & Company and obtained the next contract to supply the fort . Johnson and his partners , all having learned lessons from their failed attempts ascending the Colorado and with the example of the Uncle Sam , brought the parts of a more powerful side - wheel steamboat , the General Jesup , with them to the mouth of the Colorado from San Francisco . There it was reassembled at a landing in the upper tidewater of the river and reached Fort Yuma , January 18 , 1854 . This new boat , capable of carrying 50 tons of cargo , was very successful making round trips from the estuary to the fort in only four or five days . Costs were cut from $200 to $75 per ton . Exploration and navigation above Fort Yuma , 1851 -- 1887 ( edit ) Lithograph of Fort Yuma , c. 1875 Lorenzo Sitgreaves led the first Corps of Topographical Engineers mission across northern Arizona to the Colorado River ( near modern Bullhead City , Arizona ) , and down its east bank to the river crossings of the Southern Immigrant Trail at Fort Yuma in 1851 . The second Corps of Topographical Engineers expedition passed along and crossed the Colorado was the 1853 - 1854 Pacific Railroad Survey expedition along the 35th parallel north from Oklahoma to Los Angeles , led by Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple . George A. Johnson was instrumental in getting the support for Congressional funding a military expedition up the river . With those funds Johnson expected to provide the transportation for the expedition but was angry and disappointed when the commander of the expedition Lt. Joseph Christmas Ives rejected his offer of one of his steamboats . Before Ives could finish reassembling his steamer in the delta , George A. Johnson set off from Fort Yuma on December 31 , 1857 , conducting his own exploration of the river above the fort in his steamboat General Jesup . He ascended the river in twenty one days as far as the first rapids in Pyramid Canyon , over 300 miles ( 480 km ) above Fort Yuma and 8 miles ( 13 km ) above the modern site of Davis Dam . Running low on food he turned back . He as he returned he encountered Lieutenant Ives , Whipple 's assistant , who was leading an expedition to explore the feasibility of using the Colorado River as a navigation route in the Southwest . Ives and his men used a specially built steamboat , the shallow - draft U.S.S. Explorer , and traveled up the river as far as Black Canyon . He then took a small boat up beyond the canyon to Fortification Rock and Las Vegas Wash . After experiencing numerous groundings and accidents and having been inhibited by low water in the river , Ives declared : `` Ours has been the first , and will doubtless be the last , party of whites to visit this profitless locality . It seems intended by nature that the Colorado River , along the greater portion of its lonely and majestic way , shall be forever unvisited and undisturbed . '' Until 1866 , El Dorado Canyon was the actual head of navigation on the Colorado River . In that year Captain Robert T. Rogers , commanding the steamer Esmeralda with a barge and ninety tons of freight , reached Callville , Nevada , on October 8 , 1866 . Callville remained the head of navigation on the river until July 7 , 1879 , when Captain J.A. Mellon in the Gila left El Dorado Canyon landing , steamed up through the rapids in Black Canyon , making record time to Callville and tied up overnight . Next morning he to steamed up through the rapids in Boulder Canyon to reach the mouth of the Virgin River at Rioville July 8 , 1879 . From 1879 to 1887 , Rioville , Nevada was the high water Head of Navigation for the steamboats and the mining company sloop Sou'Wester that carried the salt needed for the reduction of silver ore from there to the mills at El Dorado Canyon . Powell 's expeditions , 1869 -- 1871 ( edit ) Up until the mid-19th century , long stretches of the Colorado and Green rivers between Wyoming and Nevada remained largely unexplored due to their remote location and dangers of navigation . Because of the dramatic drop in elevation of the two rivers , there were rumors of huge waterfalls and violent rapids , and Native American tales strengthened their credibility . In 1869 , one - armed Civil War veteran John Wesley Powell led an expedition from Green River Station in Wyoming , aiming to run the two rivers all the way down to St. Thomas , Nevada , near present - day Hoover Dam. Powell and nine men -- none of whom had prior whitewater experience -- set out in May . After braving the rapids of the Gates of Lodore , Cataract Canyon and other gorges along the Colorado , the party arrived at the mouth of the Little Colorado River , where Powell noted down arguably the most famous words ever written about the Grand Canyon of the Colorado : Marble Canyon , one of the many gorges that Powell 's expedition traversed We are now ready to start on our way down the Great Unknown . Our boats , tied to a common stake , are chafing each other , as they are tossed by the fretful river . They ride high and buoyant , for their loads are lighter than we could desire . We have but a month 's rations remaining . The flour has been re-sifted through the mosquito net sieve ; the spoiled bacon has been dried , and the worst of it boiled ; the few pounds of dried apples have been spread in the sun , and re-shrunken to their normal bulk ; the sugar has all melted , and gone on its way down the river ; but we have a large sack of coffee . The lighting of the boats has this advantage : they will ride the waves better , and we shall have little to carry when we make a portage . We are three - quarters of a mile in the depths of the earth , and the great river shrinks into insignificance , as it dashes its angry waves against the walls and cliffs , that rise to the world above ; they are but puny ripples , and we but pigmies , running up and down the sands , or lost among the boulders . We have an unknown distance yet to run ; an unknown river yet to explore . What falls there are , we know not ; what rocks beset the channel , we know not ; what walls rise over the river , we know not ; Ah , well ! we may conjecture many things . The men talk as cheerfully as ever ; jests are bandied about freely this morning ; but to me the cheer is somber and the jests are ghastly . -- John Wesley Powell 's journal , August 1869 On August 28 , 1869 , three men deserted the expedition , convinced that they could not possibly survive the trip through the Grand Canyon . They were killed by Native Americans after making it to the rim of the canyon ; two days later , the expedition ran the last of the Grand Canyon rapids and reached St. Thomas . Powell led a second expedition in 1871 , this time with financial backing from the U.S. government . The explorers named many features along the Colorado and Green rivers , including Glen Canyon , the Dirty Devil River , Flaming Gorge , and the Gates of Lodore . In what is perhaps a twist of irony , modern - day Lake Powell , which floods Glen Canyon , is also named for their leader . American settlement ( edit ) The steamboat Mohave No. 2 at Yuma , c. 1876 Starting in the latter half of the 19th century , the lower Colorado below Black Canyon became an important waterway for steamboat commerce . In 1852 , the Uncle Sam was launched to provide supplies to the U.S. Army outpost at Fort Yuma . Although this vessel accidentally foundered and sank early in its career , commercial traffic quickly proliferated because river transport was much cheaper than hauling freight over land . Navigation on the Colorado River was dangerous because of the shallow channel and flow variations , so the first sternwheeler on the river , the Colorado of 1855 , was designed to carry 60 short tons ( 54 t ) while drawing less than 2 feet ( 0.6 m ) of water . The tidal bore of the lower Colorado also presented a major hazard ; in 1922 , a 15 - foot ( 4.6 m ) - high wave swamped a ship bound for Yuma , killing between 86 and 130 people . Steamboats quickly became the principal source of communication and trade along the river until competition from railroads began in the 1870s , and finally the construction of dams along the lower river in 1909 , none of which had locks to allow the passage of ships . During the Manifest Destiny era of the mid-19th century , American pioneers settled many western states but generally avoided the Colorado River basin until the 1850s . Under Brigham Young 's grand vision for a `` vast empire in the desert '' , ( the State of Deseret ) Mormon settlers were among the first whites to establish a permanent presence in the watershed , Fort Clara or Fort Santa Clara , in the winter of 1855 - 1856 along the Santa Clara River , tributary of the Virgin River . In the lower Colorado mining was the primary spur to economic development , copper mining in southwestern New Mexico Territory the 1850s then the Mohave War and a gold rush on the Gila River in 1859 , the El Dorado Canyon Rush in 1860 and Colorado River Gold Rush in 1862 . In 1860 , anticipating the American Civil War , the Mormons established a number of settlements to grow cotton along the Virgin River in Washington County , Utah . From 1863 to 1865 , Mormon colonists founded St. Thomas and other colonies on the Muddy and Virgin rivers in northwestern Arizona Territory , ( now Clark County , Nevada ) . Stone 's Ferry was established by these colonists on the Colorado at the mouth of the Virgin River to carry their produce on a wagon road to the mining districts of Mohave County , Arizona to the south . Also , in 1866 , a steamboat landing was established at Callville , intended as an outlet to the Pacific Ocean via the Colorado River , for Mormon settlements in the Great Basin . These settlements reached a peak population of about 600 before being abandoned in 1871 , and for nearly a decade these valleys became a haven for outlaws and cattle rustlers . One Mormon settler Daniel Bonelli , remained , operating the ferry and began mining salt in nearby mines , bring it in barges , down river to El Dorado Canyon where it was used to process silver ore . From 1879 to 1887 , Colorado Steam Navigation Company steamboats carried the salt , operating up river in the high spring flood waters , through Boulder Canyon , to the landing at Rioville at the mouth of the Virgin River . From 1879 to 1882 the Southwestern Mining Company , largest in El Dorado Canyon , brought in a 56 - foot sloop the Sou'Wester that sailed up and down river carrying the salt in the low water time of year until it was wrecked in the Quick and Dirty Rapids of Black Canyon . John D. Lee , date and photographer unknown . He established a permanent ferry across the Colorado . Mormons founded settlements along the Duchesne River Valley in the 1870s , and populated the Little Colorado River valley later in the century , settling in towns such as St. Johns , Arizona . They also established settlements along the Gila River in central Arizona beginning in 1871 . These early settlers were impressed by the extensive ruins of the Hohokam civilization that previously occupied the Gila River valley , and are said to have `` envisioned their new agricultural civilization rising as the mythical phoenix bird from the ashes of Hohokam society '' . The Mormons were the first whites to develop the water resources of the basin on a large scale , and built complex networks of dams and canals to irrigate wheat , oats and barley in addition to establishing extensive sheep and cattle ranches . One of the main reasons the Mormons were able to colonize Arizona was the existence of Jacob Hamblin 's ferry across the Colorado at Lee 's Ferry ( then known as Pahreah Crossing ) , which began running in March 1864 . This location was the only section of river for hundreds of miles in both directions where the canyon walls dropped away , allowing for the development of a transport route . John Doyle Lee established a more permanent ferry system at the site in 1870 . One reason Lee chose to run the ferry was to flee from Mormon leaders who held him responsible for the Mountain Meadows Massacre , in which 120 emigrants in a wagon train were killed by a local militia disguised as Native Americans . Even though it was located along a major travel route , Lee 's Ferry was very isolated , and there Lee and his family established the aptly named Lonely Dell Ranch . In 1928 , the ferry sank , resulting in the deaths of three men . Later that year , the Navajo Bridge was completed at a point 5 miles ( 8 km ) downstream , rendering the ferry obsolete . Gold strikes from the mid-19th to early 20th centuries played a major role in attracting settlers to the upper Colorado River basin . In 1859 , a group of adventurers from Georgia discovered gold along the Blue River in Colorado and established the mining boomtown of Breckenridge . During 1875 , even bigger strikes were made along the Uncompahgre and San Miguel rivers , also in Colorado , and these led to the creation of Ouray and Telluride , respectively . Because most gold deposits along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries occur in lode deposits , extensive mining systems and heavy machinery were required to extract them . Mining remains a substantial contributor to the economy of the upper basin and has led to acid mine drainage problems in some regional streams and rivers . Naming of the upper Colorado River and controversy ( edit ) Prior to 1921 , the upper Colorado River above the confluence with the Green River in Utah had assumed various names . Fathers Dominguez and Escalante named it Rio San Rafael in 1776 . Through the mid-1800s , the river between Green River and the Gunnison River was most commonly known as the Grand River . The river above the junction with the Gunnison River , however , was known variously as the Bunkara River , the North Fork of the Grand River , the Blue River , and the Grand River . The latter name did not become consistently applied until the 1870s . In 1921 , U.S. Representative Edward T. Taylor of Colorado petitioned the Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to rename the Grand River as the Colorado River . Taylor saw the fact that the Colorado River started outside the border of his state as an `` abomination '' . On July 25 , the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress , over the objections of representatives from Wyoming , Utah , and the USGS , which noted that the Green River was much longer and had a larger drainage basin above its confluence with the Grand River , although the Grand contributed a greater flow of water . Engineering and development ( edit ) Glen Canyon Dam ( right ) forms Lake Powell , the second - largest reservoir on the Colorado River with a capacity of more than 24.3 million acre feet ( 3.00 × 10 m ) . The Colorado River is the sole source of water for the Imperial Valley in southern California , one of the most productive agricultural regions in the U.S. The Colorado River flowing into Lake Mead See also : International Boundary and Water Commission , Dams in the Colorado River system , and Colorado River Compact Today , between 36 and 40 million people depend on the Colorado River 's water for agricultural , industrial and domestic needs . Southern Nevada Water Authority called the Colorado River one of the `` most controlled , controversial and litigated rivers in the world '' . Over 29 major dams and hundreds of miles of canals serve to supply thirsty cities , provide irrigation water to some 4 million acres ( 1.6 million hectares ) , and meet peaking power demands in the Southwest , generating more than 12 billion kWh of hydroelectricity each year . Often called `` America 's Nile '' , the Colorado is so carefully managed -- with basin reservoirs capable of holding four times the river 's annual flow -- that each drop of its water is used an average of 17 times in a single year . One of the earliest water projects in the Colorado River basin was the Grand Ditch , a 16 - mile ( 26 km ) diversion canal that sends water from the Never Summer Mountains , which would naturally have drained into the headwaters of the Colorado River , to bolster supplies in Colorado 's Front Range Urban Corridor . Constructed primarily by Japanese and Mexican laborers , the ditch was considered an engineering marvel when completed in 1890 , delivering 17,700 acre feet ( 21,800 ML ) across the Continental Divide each year . Because roughly 75 percent of Colorado 's precipitation falls west of the Rocky Mountains while 80 percent of the population lives east of the range , more of these interbasin water transfers , locally known as transmountain diversions , followed . While first envisioned in the late 19th century , construction on the Colorado - Big Thompson Project ( C - BT ) did not begin until the 1930s . The C - BT now delivers more than 11 times the Grand Ditch 's flow from the Colorado River watershed to cities along the Front Range . Meanwhile , large - scale development was also beginning on the opposite end of the Colorado River . In 1900 , entrepreneurs of the California Development Company ( CDC ) looked to the Imperial Valley of southern California as an excellent location to develop agriculture irrigated by the waters of the river . Engineer George Chaffey was hired to design the Alamo Canal , which split off from the Colorado River near Pilot Knob , curved south into Mexico , and dumped into the Alamo River , a dry arroyo which had historically carried flood flows of the Colorado into the Salton Sink . With a stable year - round flow in the Alamo River , irrigators in the Imperial Valley were able to begin large - scale farming , and small towns in the region started to expand with the influx of job - seeking migrants . By 1903 , more than 100,000 acres ( 40,000 ha ) in the valley were under cultivation , supporting a growing population of 4,000 . It was not long before the Colorado River began to wreak havoc with its erratic flows . In autumn , the river would drop below the level of the canal inlet , and temporary brush diversion dams had to be constructed . In early 1905 , heavy floods destroyed the headworks of the canal , and water began to flow uncontrolled down the canal towards the Salton Sink . On August 9 , the entire flow of the Colorado swerved into the canal and began to flood the bottom of the Imperial Valley . In a desperate gamble to close the breach , crews of the Southern Pacific Railroad , whose tracks ran through the valley , attempted to dam the Colorado above the canal , only to see their work demolished by a flash flood . It took seven attempts , more than $3 million , and two years for the railroad , the CDC , and the federal government to permanently block the breach and send the Colorado on its natural course to the gulf -- but not before part of the Imperial Valley was flooded under a 45 - mile - long ( 72 km ) lake , today 's Salton Sea . After the immediate flooding threat passed , it was realized that a more permanent solution would be needed to rein in the Colorado . Lower basin development , 1930s -- 50s ( edit ) In 1922 , six U.S. states in the Colorado River basin signed the Colorado River Compact , which divided half of the river 's flow to both the Upper Basin ( the drainage area above Lee 's Ferry , comprising parts of Colorado , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming and a small portion of Arizona ) and the Lower Basin ( Arizona , California , Nevada , and parts of New Mexico and Utah ) . Each was given rights to 7.5 million acre feet ( 9.3 km ) of water per year , a figure believed to represent half of the river 's minimum flow at Lee 's Ferry . This was followed by a U.S. -- Mexico treaty in 1944 , allocating 1.5 million acre feet ( 1.9 km ) of Colorado River water to the latter country per annum . Arizona refused to ratify the Colorado River Compact in 1922 because it feared that California would take too much of the lower basin allotment ; in 1944 a compromise was reached in which Arizona would get a firm allocation of 2.8 million acre feet ( 3.5 km ) , but only if California 's 4.4 - million - acre - foot ( 5.4 km ) allocation was prioritized during drought years . These and nine other decisions , compacts , federal acts and agreements made between 1922 and 1973 form what is now known as the Law of the River . Hoover Dam releasing water in 1998 On September 30 , 1935 , the United States Bureau of Reclamation ( USBR ) completed Hoover Dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River . Behind the dam rose Lake Mead , the largest artificial lake in the U.S. , capable of holding more than two years of the Colorado 's flow . The construction of Hoover was a major step towards stabilizing the lower channel of the Colorado River , storing water for irrigation in times of drought , and providing much - needed flood control as part of a program known as the Boulder Canyon Project . Hoover was the tallest dam in the world at the time of construction and also had the world 's largest hydroelectric power plant . Flow regulation from Hoover Dam opened the doors for rapid development on the lower Colorado River ; Imperial and Parker dams followed in 1938 , and Davis Dam was completed in 1950 . Completed in 1938 some 20 miles ( 32 km ) above Yuma , Imperial Dam diverts nearly all of the Colorado 's flow into two irrigation canals . The All - American Canal , built as a permanent replacement for the Alamo Canal , is so named because it lies completely within the U.S. , unlike its ill -- fated predecessor . With a capacity of over 26,000 cubic feet per second ( 740 m / s ) , the All - American is the largest irrigation canal in the world , supplying water to 500,000 acres ( 2,000 km ) of California 's Imperial Valley . Because the valley 's warm and sunny climate lends to a year - round growing season in addition to the large water supply furnished by the Colorado , the Imperial Valley is now one of the most productive agricultural regions in North America . In 1957 , the USBR completed a second canal , the Gila Gravity Main Canal , to irrigate about 110,000 acres ( 450 km ) in southwestern Arizona with Colorado River water as part of the Gila Project . Colorado River water allocations Amount ( MAF ) Share United States 15.0 90.9 % CA 4.4 26.7 % CO 3.88 23.5 % AZ 2.8 17.0 % UT 1.72 10.4 % WY 1.05 6.4 % NM 0.84 5.1 % NV 0.3 1.8 % Mexico 1.5 9.1 % Total 16.5 100 % The Lower Basin states also sought to develop the Colorado for municipal supplies . Central Arizona initially relied on the Gila River and its tributaries through projects such as the Theodore Roosevelt and Coolidge Dams -- completed in 1911 and 1928 , respectively . Roosevelt was the first large dam constructed by the USBR and provided the water needed to start large - scale agricultural and urban development in the region . The Colorado River Aqueduct , which delivers water nearly 250 miles ( 400 km ) from near Parker Dam to 10 million people in the Los Angeles metropolitan area , was completed in 1941 . The San Diego Aqueduct branch , whose initial phase was complete by 1947 , furnishes water to nearly 3 million people in San Diego and its suburbs . The Las Vegas Valley of Nevada experienced rapid growth in part due to Hoover Dam construction , and Las Vegas had tapped a pipeline into Lake Mead by 1937 . Nevada officials , believing that groundwater resources in the southern part of the state were sufficient for future growth , were more concerned with securing a large amount of the dam 's power supply than water from the Colorado ; thus they settled for the smallest allocation of all the states in the Colorado River Compact . Upper basin development , 1950s -- 1970s ( edit ) Through the early decades of the 20th century , the Upper Basin states , with the exception of Colorado , remained relatively undeveloped and used little of the water allowed to them under the Colorado River Compact . Water use had increased significantly by the 1950s , and more water was being diverted out of the Colorado River basin to the Front Range corridor , the Salt Lake City area in Utah , and the Rio Grande basin in New Mexico . Such projects included the Roberts Tunnel , completed in 1956 , which diverts 63,000 acre feet ( 78,000 ML ) per year from the Blue River to the city of Denver , and the Fryingpan - Arkansas Project , which delivers 69,200 acre feet ( 85,400 ML ) from the Fryingpan River to the Arkansas River basin each year . Without the addition of surface water storage in the upper basin , there was no guarantee that the upper basin states would be able to use the full amount of water given to them by the compact . There was also the concern that drought could impair the upper basin 's ability to deliver the required 7.5 million acre feet ( 9.3 × 10 m ) past Lee 's Ferry per year as stipulated by the compact . A 1956 act of Congress cleared the way for the USBR 's Colorado River Storage Project ( CRSP ) , which entailed the construction of large dams on the Colorado , Green , Gunnison and San Juan Rivers . The initial blueprints for the CRSP included two dams on the Green River within Dinosaur National Monument 's Echo Park Canyon , a move criticized by both the U.S. National Park Service and environmentalist groups such as the Sierra Club . Controversy reached a nationwide scale , and the USBR dropped its plans for the Dinosaur dams in exchange for a dam at Flaming Gorge and a raise to an already - proposed dam at Glen Canyon . The famed opposition to Glen Canyon Dam , the primary feature of the CRSP , did not build momentum until construction was well underway . This was primarily because of Glen Canyon 's remote location and the result that most of the American public did not even know of the existence of the impressive gorge ; the few who did contended that it had much greater scenic value than Echo Park . Sierra Club leader David Brower fought the dam both during the construction and for many years afterwards until his death in 2000 . Brower strongly believed that he was personally responsible for the failure to prevent Glen Canyon 's flooding , calling it his `` greatest mistake , greatest sin '' . Pacific Southwest water Plan ( edit ) Agricultural and urban growth in Arizona eventually outstripped the capacity of local rivers ; these concerns were reflected in the creation of a Pacific Southwest Water Plan in the 1950s , which aimed to build a project that would permit Arizona to fully utilize its 2.8 - million - acre - foot ( 3.5 km ) allotment of the river . The Pacific Southwest Water Plan was the first major proposal to divert water to the Colorado Basin from other river basins -- namely , from the wetter northwestern United States . It was intended to boost supplies for the Lower Basin states of Arizona , California and Nevada as well as Mexico , thus allowing the Upper Basin states to retain native Colorado River flows for their own use . Although there was still a surplus of water in the Colorado Basin during the mid-20th century , the Bureau of Reclamation predicted , correctly , that eventually population growth would outstrip the available supply and require the transfer of water from other sources . The original version of the plan proposed to divert water from the Trinity River in northern California to reduce Southern California 's dependence on the Colorado , allowing more water to be pumped , by exchange , to central Arizona . Because of the large amount of power that would be required to pump Colorado River water to Arizona , the CAP originally included provisions for hydroelectric dams at Bridge Canyon and Marble Canyon , which would have flooded large portions of the Colorado within the Grand Canyon and dewatered much of the remainder . When these plans were publicized , the environmental movement -- still reeling from the Glen Canyon controversy -- successfully lobbied against the project . As a result , the Grand Canyon dams were removed from the CAP agenda , the boundaries of Grand Canyon National Park were extended to preclude any further development in the area , and the pumping power was replaced by the building of the coal - fired Navajo Generating Station near Page , Arizona , in 1976 . The resulting Central Arizona Project ( CAP ) irrigates more than 830,000 acres ( 3,400 km ) and provides municipal supplies to over 5 million people from Phoenix to Tucson using water from the Colorado River . Environmental Impacts ( edit ) The Colorado was named for the reddish color caused by its natural sediment loads , but damming the river has caused it to acquire a clear green hue as seen here in lower Glen Canyon . Historically , the Colorado transported from 85 to 100 million short tons ( 77,000,000 to 91,000,000 t ) of sediment or silt to the Gulf of California each year -- second only to the Mississippi among North American rivers . This sediment nourished wetlands and riparian areas along the river 's lower course , particularly in its 3,000 - square - mile ( 7,800 km ) delta , once the largest desert estuary on the continent . Currently , the majority of sediments carried by the Colorado River are deposited at the upper end of Lake Powell , and most of the remainder ends up in Lake Mead . Various estimates place the time it would take for Powell to completely fill with silt at 300 to 700 years . Dams trapping sediment not only pose damage to river habitat but also threaten future operations of the Colorado River reservoir system . Reduction in flow caused by dams , diversions , water for thermoelectric power stations , and evaporation losses from reservoirs -- the latter of which consumes more than 15 percent of the river 's natural runoff -- has had severe ecological consequences in the Colorado River Delta and the Gulf of California . Historically , the delta with its large freshwater outflow and extensive salt marshes provided an important breeding ground for aquatic species in the Gulf . Today 's desiccated delta , at only a fraction of its former size , no longer provides suitable habitat , and populations of fish , shrimp and sea mammals in the gulf have seen a dramatic decline . Since 1963 , the only times when the Colorado River has reached the ocean have been during El Niño events in the 1980s and 1990s . Reduced flows have led to increases in the concentration of certain substances in the lower river that have impacted water quality . Salinity is one of the major issues and also leads to the corrosion of pipelines in agricultural and urban areas . The lower Colorado 's salt content was about 50 parts per million ( ppm ) in its natural state , but by the 1960s , it had increased to well over 2000 ppm . By the early 1970s , there was also serious concern about salinity caused by salts leached from local soils by irrigation drainage water , which were estimated to add 10 million short tons ( 9,100,000 t ) of excess salt to the river per year . The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act was passed in 1974 , mandating conservation practices including the reduction of saline drainage . The program reduced the annual load by about 1.2 million short tons ( 1,100,000 t ) , but salinity remains an ongoing issue . In 1997 , the USBR estimated that saline irrigation water caused crop damages exceeding $500 million in the U.S. and $100 million in Mexico . Further efforts have been made to combat the salt issue in the lower Colorado , including the construction of a desalination plant at Yuma . In 2011 , the seven U.S. states agreed upon a `` Plan of Implementation '' , which aims to reduce salinity by 644,000 short tons ( 584,000 t ) per year by 2030 . In 2013 , the Bureau of Reclamation estimated that around $32 million was spent each year to prevent around 1.2 million tons of salt from entering and damaging the Colorado River . Agricultural runoff containing pesticide residues has also been concentrated in the lower river in greater amounts . Toxins derived from pesticides have led to fish kills ; six of these events were recorded between 1964 and 1968 alone . The pesticide issue is even greater in streams and water bodies near agricultural lands irrigated by the Imperial Irrigation District with Colorado River water . In the Imperial Valley , Colorado River water used for irrigation overflows into the New and Alamo rivers and into the Salton Sea . Both rivers and the sea are among the most polluted bodies of water in the United States , posing dangers not only to aquatic life but to contact by humans and migrating birds . Pollution from agricultural runoff is not limited to the lower river ; the issue is also significant in upstream reaches such as Colorado 's Grand Valley , also a major center of irrigated agriculture . Large dams such as Hoover and Glen Canyon typically release water from lower levels of their reservoirs , resulting in stable and relatively cold year - round temperatures in long reaches of the river . The Colorado 's average temperature once ranged from 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) at the height of summer to near freezing in winter , but modern flows through the Grand Canyon , for example , rarely deviate significantly from 46 ° F ( 8 ° C ) . Changes in temperature regime have caused declines of native fish populations , and stable flows have enabled increased vegetation growth , obstructing riverside habitat . These flow patterns have also made the Colorado more dangerous to recreational boaters ; people are more likely to die of hypothermia in the colder water , and the general lack of flooding allows rockslides to build up , making the river more difficult to navigate . Minute 319 ( edit ) In the 21st century , there has been renewed interest in restoring a limited water flow to the delta . In November 2012 , the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement , known as Minute 319 , permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years , thus increasing the efficiency with which the water can be used . In addition to renovating irrigation canals in the Mexicali Valley to reduce leakage , this will make about 45,000 acre feet ( 56,000,000 m ) per year available for release to the delta on average . The water will be used to provide both an annual base flow and a spring `` pulse flow '' to mimic the river 's original snowmelt - driven regime . The first pulse flow , an eight - week release of 105,000 acre feet ( 130,000,000 m ) , was initiated on March 21 , 2014 , with the aim of revitalising 2,350 acres ( 950 hectares ) of wetland . This pulse reached the sea on May 16 , 2014 , marking the first time in 16 years that any water from the Colorado flowed into the ocean , and was hailed as `` an experiment of historic political and ecological significance '' and a landmark in U.S. -- Mexican cooperation in conservation . The pulse will be followed by the steady release of 52,000 acre feet ( 64,000,000 m ) over the following three years , just a small fraction of its average flow before damming . Uncertain Future ( edit ) `` ( The Colorado is ) a ' deficit ' river , as if the river were somehow at fault for its overuse . '' -- Marc Reisner , in Cadillac Desert When the Colorado River Compact was drafted in the 1920s , it was based on barely 30 years of streamflow records that suggested an average annual flow of 17.5 million acre feet ( 21.6 km ) past Lee 's Ferry . Modern studies of tree rings revealed that those three decades were probably the wettest in the past 500 to 1,200 years and that the natural long - term annual flow past Lee 's Ferry is probably closer to 13.5 million acre feet ( 16.7 km ) , as compared to the natural flow at the mouth of 16.3 million acre feet ( 20.1 km ) . This has resulted in more water being allocated to river users than actually flows through the Colorado . Droughts have exacerbated the issue of water over-allocation , including the Texas drought of the 1950s , which saw several consecutive years of notably low water and has often been used in planning for `` a worst - case scenario '' . Lake Mead in 2010 , showing the `` bathtub ring '' left behind by low water levels The most severe drought on record began in the early 21st century , in which the river basin produced normal or above - average runoff in only four years between 2000 and 2012 . Major reservoirs in the basin dropped to historic lows , with Lake Powell falling to just one - third of capacity in early 2005 , the lowest level on record since 1969 , when the reservoir was still in the process of filling . The watershed is experiencing a warming trend , which is accompanied by earlier snowmelt and a general reduction in precipitation . A 2004 study showed that a 1 -- 6 percent decrease of precipitation would lead to runoff declining by as much as 18 percent by 2050 . Average reservoir storage declined by at least 32 percent , further crippling the region 's water supply and hydropower generation . A study by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 2008 predicted that both Lake Mead and Lake Powell stand an even chance of dropping to useless levels or `` dead pool '' by 2021 if current drying trends and water usage rates continue . In late 2010 , Lake Mead dropped to just 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) above the first `` drought trigger '' elevation , a level at which Arizona and Nevada would have to begin rationing water as delineated by the Colorado River Compact . Despite above - average runoff in 2011 that raised the immense reservoir more than 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) , record drought conditions returned in 2012 and 2013 . Reservoir levels were low enough at the beginning of water year 2014 that the Bureau of Reclamation cut releases from Lake Powell by 750,000 acre feet ( 930,000,000 m ) -- the first such reduction since the 1960s , when Lake Powell was being filled for the first time . This resulted in Lake Mead dropping to its lowest recorded level since 1937 , when it was first being filled . Rapid development and economic growth further complicate the issue of a secure water supply , particularly in the case of California 's senior water rights over those of Nevada and Arizona : in case of a reduction in water supply , Nevada and Arizona would have to endure severe cuts before any reduction in the California allocation , which is also larger than the other two combined . Although stringent water conservation measures have been implemented , the threat of severe shortfalls in the Colorado River basin continues to increase each year . After a much lower - than - average snowpack in the 2018 water year , Bureau of Reclamation officials projected the odds of an official shortage declaration in 2020 at 52 percent , in 2021 at 64 percent , and in 2022 at 68 percent . Wildlife and plants ( edit ) Further information : List of flora of the Lower Colorado River Valley The Colorado River and its tributaries often nourish extensive corridors of riparian growth as they traverse the arid desert regions of the watershed . Although riparian zones represent a relatively small proportion of the basin and have been affected by engineering projects and river diversion in many places , they have the greatest biodiversity of any habitat in the basin . The most prominent riparian zones along the river occur along the lower Colorado below Davis Dam , especially in the Colorado River Delta , where riparian areas support 358 species of birds despite the reduction in freshwater flow and invasive plants such as tamarisk ( salt cedar ) . Reduction of the delta 's size has also threatened animals such as jaguars and the vaquita porpoise , which is endemic to the gulf . Human development of the Colorado River has also helped to create new riparian zones by smoothing the river 's seasonal flow , notably through the Grand Canyon . Heavily forested banks of the Colorado River near Topock , Arizona More than 1,600 species of plants grow in the Colorado River watershed , ranging from the creosote bush , saguaro cactus , and Joshua trees of the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts to the forests of the Rocky Mountains and other uplands , composed mainly of ponderosa pine , subalpine fir , Douglas - fir and Engelmann spruce . Before logging in the 19th century , forests were abundant in high elevations as far south as the Mexico -- U.S. border , and runoff from these areas nourished abundant grassland communities in river valleys . Some arid regions of the watershed , such as the upper Green River valley in Wyoming , Canyonlands National Park in Utah and the San Pedro River valley in Arizona and Sonora , supported extensive reaches of grassland roamed by large mammals such as buffalo and antelope as late as the 1860s . Near Tucson , Arizona , `` where now there is only powder - dry desert , the grass once reached as high as the head of a man on horse back '' . Rivers and streams in the Colorado basin were once home to 49 species of native fish , of which 42 were endemic . Engineering projects and river regulation have led to the extinction of four species and severe declines in the populations of 40 species . Bonytail chub , razorback sucker , Colorado pikeminnow , and humpback chub are among those considered the most at risk ; all are unique to the Colorado River system and well adapted to the river 's natural silty conditions and flow variations . Clear , cold water released by dams has significantly changed characteristics of habitat for these and other Colorado River basin fishes . A further 40 species that occur in the river today , notably the brown trout , were introduced during the 19th and 20th centuries , mainly for sport fishing . Recreation ( edit ) A rafting party on the Colorado River Famed for its dramatic rapids and canyons , the Colorado is one of the most desirable whitewater rivers in the United States , and its Grand Canyon section -- run by more than 22,000 people annually -- has been called the `` granddaddy of rafting trips '' . Grand Canyon trips typically begin at Lee 's Ferry and take out at Diamond Creek or Lake Mead ; they range from one to eighteen days for commercial trips and from two to twenty - five days for private trips . Private ( noncommercial ) trips are extremely difficult to arrange because the National Park Service limits river traffic for environmental purposes ; people who desire such a trip often have to wait more than 10 years for the opportunity . Several other sections of the river and its tributaries are popular whitewater runs , and many of these are also served by commercial outfitters . The Colorado 's Cataract Canyon and many reaches in the Colorado headwaters are even more heavily used than the Grand Canyon , and about 60,000 boaters run a single 4.5 - mile ( 7.2 km ) section above Radium , Colorado , each year . The upper Colorado also includes many of the river 's most challenging rapids , including those in Gore Canyon , which is considered so dangerous that `` boating is not recommended '' . Another section of the river above Moab , known as the Colorado `` Daily '' or `` Fisher Towers Section '' , is the most visited whitewater run in Utah , with more than 77,000 visitors in 2011 alone . The rapids of the Green River 's Gray and Desolation Canyons and the less difficult `` Goosenecks '' section of the lower San Juan River are also frequently traversed by boaters . Eleven U.S. national parks -- Arches , Black Canyon of the Gunnison , Bryce Canyon , Canyonlands , Capitol Reef , Grand Canyon , Mesa Verde , Petrified Forest , Rocky Mountain , Saguaro , and Zion -- are in the watershed , in addition to many national forests , state parks , and recreation areas . Hiking , backpacking , camping , skiing , and fishing are among the multiple recreation opportunities offered by these areas . Fisheries have declined in many streams in the watershed , especially in the Rocky Mountains , because of polluted runoff from mining and agricultural activities . The Colorado 's major reservoirs are also heavily traveled summer destinations . Houseboating and water - skiing are popular activities on Lakes Mead , Powell , Havasu , and Mojave , as well as Flaming Gorge Reservoir in Utah and Wyoming , and Navajo Reservoir in New Mexico and Colorado . Lake Powell and surrounding Glen Canyon National Recreation Area received more than two million visitors per year in 2007 , while nearly 7.9 million people visited Lake Mead and the Lake Mead National Recreation Area in 2008 . Colorado River recreation employs some 250,000 people and contributes $26 billion each year to the Southwest economy . See also ( edit ) Arizona portal California portal Colorado portal Mexico portal Nevada portal New Mexico portal Utah portal Wyoming portal Colorado River Delta Colorado Desert List of Colorado River rapids and features List of largest reservoirs in the United States List of longest rivers of Mexico List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) London Bridge ( Lake Havasu City ) Moab uranium mill tailings pile Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Discharge data is for Green River , Utah , 117.6 miles ( 189.3 km ) upstream from the mouth . The stream gauge here measures flow from an area of 44,850 square miles ( 116,200 km ) , representing about 93.2 percent of the basin . Jump up ^ Before large irrigation and municipal diversions , the Gila River discharged about 1.3 million acre feet ( 1.6 × 10 m ) per year , equating a flow of nearly 2,000 cubic feet per second ( 57 m / s ) . Jump up ^ Discharge data is for Bluff , Utah , located about 113.5 miles ( 182.7 km ) above the confluence with the Colorado . The gauge measures flow from an area of 23,000 square miles ( 60,000 km ) , about 93.5 percent of the basin . Jump up ^ Discharge data is for Littlefield , Arizona , about 66 miles ( 106 km ) from the confluence with the Colorado , and also upstream of the confluence with its major tributary , the Muddy River . The gauge measures flow from an area of 5,090 square miles ( 13,200 km ) , about 39.1 percent of the total basin . Jump up ^ NIB = `` Northerly International Boundary '' , or the point at which the Colorado begins to form the Mexico -- U.S. border , south of Yuma . Also note that the SIB ( `` Southerly International Boundary '' ) is the point at which the Colorado ceases to form the border and passes entirely into Mexico . Jump up ^ American population ( 9.7 million ) calculated from statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau and the State of Colorado . The population in Mexico is about 3 million . Jump up ^ The average discharge of the Colorado ( Grand ) River at Cisco , Utah , about 97 miles ( 156 km ) upstream from the Green River confluence , is 7,181 cubic feet per second ( 203.3 m / s ) ; between here and the confluence , only a few small , intermittent tributaries join the river . The Green River has an average discharge of 6,048 cubic feet per second ( 171.3 m / s ) as measured at Green River , Utah , about 117.6 miles ( 189.3 km ) above the confluence ; below here the only major tributary is the San Rafael River , which contributes an average of 131 cubic feet per second ( 3.7 m / s ) , resulting in a total of 6,169 cubic feet per second ( 174.7 m / s ) , still significantly lower than the discharge of the Colorado at their confluence . Jump up ^ 1 MAF = 1 million acre feet ( 1.2 km ) Jump up ^ The discrepancy between the natural flow at Lee 's Ferry ( 13.5 million acre - feet / 16.65 km ) and the gauged flow between 1921 and 2010 ( 10.7 million acre - feet / 13.22 km ) is mostly due to water diversions above Lee 's Ferry and evaporation from reservoirs , especially Lake Powell . Jump up ^ Dead pool refers to the lowest lake level at which water can be released through the dam . For example , Lake Mead 's `` dead '' capacity is about 2 million acre feet ( 2.5 km ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado River '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . February 8 , 1980 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kammerer , J.C. ( May 1990 ) . `` Largest Rivers in the United States '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nowak , Kenneth C. ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Stochastic Streamflow Simulation at Interdecadal Time Scales and Implications to Water Resources Management in the Colorado River Basin '' ( PDF ) . Center for Advanced Decision Support for Water and Environmental Systems . University of Colorado . p. 114 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiltshire , Gilbert & Rogers 2010 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09424000 on the Colorado River near Topock , AZ -- Daily Data '' . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . February 14 , 1935 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Compact and Lees Ferry '' . Colorado River Streamflow : A Paleo Perspective . Western Water Assessment . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Waterman , Jonathan ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` Where the Colorado Runs Dry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Valley '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1995 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Henry F. ; Anderson , Craig A. ( November 28 , 2003 ) . `` Precipitation Trends and Water Consumption in the Southwestern United States '' . Impact of Climate Change and Land Use in the Southwestern United States . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Postel , Sandra ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` A Sacred Reunion : The Colorado River Returns to the Sea '' . National Geographic . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` La Poudre Pass '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . October 13 , 1978 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lindberg 2009 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Benke & Cushing 2005 , p. 490 . ^ Jump up to : Pitlick , John ; Cress , Robert ( March 2000 ) . `` Longitudinal Trends in Channel Characteristics of the Colorado River and Implications for Food - Web Dynamics '' ( PDF ) . University of Colorado . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . `` United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps : Fall River Pass , Colorado quad '' . TopoQuest . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . `` United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps : Westwater , Utah quad '' . TopoQuest . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Affected Environment '' ( PDF ) . Remediation of the Moab Uranium Mill Tailings , Grand and San Juan Counties , Utah Final Environmental Impact Statement . Moab , Utah , UMTRA Project . p. 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rigby , J. Keith ; Hamblin , W. Kenneth ; Matheny , Ray ; Welsh , Stanley L. ( 1971 ) . `` Guidebook to the Colorado River Part 3 : Moab to Hite , Utah through Canyonlands National Park '' ( PDF ) . Brigham Young University Geology Studies Volume 18 -- Part 2 . Brigham Young University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Van Cott 1990 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Van Cott 1990 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers '' . Canyonlands National Park . U.S. National Park Service . June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Powell '' . Colorado River Storage Project . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . November 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rusho , W.L. ( 1992 ) . `` Lee 's Ferry , Arizona '' . Utah History Encyclopedia . University of Utah . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon National Park , Arizona : Geology Fieldnotes '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leopold , Luna B . `` The Rapids and the Pools -- Grand Canyon '' ( PDF ) . Geological Survey Professional Paper 669 -- D. U.S. Geological Survey . p. 133 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hoover Dam Frequently Asked Questions and Answers : Lake Mead '' . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . December 2008 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hoover Dam Bypass Is 2012 OCEA Winner ; OPAL Lifetime Achievement Recipients Honored ; Pankow , Michel Awards Presented '' . American Society of Civil Engineers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Colorado River Indian Tribes Reservation ( C.R.I.T. ) Quick Facts '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Cooperative Extension . University of Arizona . August 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix J : Mainstem Impacts Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Draft Environmental Impact Statement : Allocation of Water Supply and Long - Term Contract Execution , Central Arizona Project . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . `` United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps : Blythe NE , California quad '' . 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The Press - Enterprise . San Diego State University . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bauch , Nancy J. ; Spahr , Norman E. ( 2000 ) . `` Pesticides in Surface Waters of the Upper Colorado River Basin , Colorado , 1996 -- 98 '' ( PDF ) . Water - Resources Investigation Report 00 - 4005 . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon '' . Glen Canyon Institute . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Robert W. ; Childs , Michael R. ( May 8 , 2000 ) . `` Temperature Effects of Hypolimnial - Release Dams on Early Life Stages of Colorado River Basin Big - River Fishes '' . Copeia. 2000 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 ( 2000 ) 000 ( 0402 : teohrd ) 2.0.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ Ghiglieri & Myers 2001 , pp. 194 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Margolis , Jason ; Mullins , Lisa ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Colorado River Agreement to Help Restore Vanished Wetlands in Mexico '' . The World . Public Radio International . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minute 319 : Building on the Past to Provide for the Future '' ( PDF ) . River Report . Water Education Foundation . 2012 -- 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hodson , Hal ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Huge water pulse to bring Colorado river back from dead '' . New Scientist . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodson , Hal ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Colorado river reaches sea for first time in decades '' . New Scientist . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Galvan , Astrid ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Colorado River Reaches Gulf '' . ABC and Associated Press . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reisner 1993 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Reisner 1993 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Stahle , David W. ; Fye , Falko K. ; Therrell , Matthew D. ( 2003 ) . `` Interannual to Decadal Climate and Streamflow Variability Estimated from Tree Rings '' . 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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . pp. 9 , 12 , 14 . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , S.A. ; Nelson , S.M. ; Van Dooremolen , D.M. ; Eckberg , J.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Restoring Habitat for Riparian Birds in the Lower Colorado River Watershed : An Example from the Las Vegas Wash , Nevada '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Arid Environments. 75 : 1182 -- 1190 . Bibcode : 2011JArEn ... 75.1182 S . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaridenv. 2011.06. 017 . Jump up ^ Alles , David L. ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` The Delta of the Colorado River '' ( PDF ) . Western Washington University . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schell , Robert ; King , Morgan E. `` Riparian Vegetation : Structural Diversity Benefits Birds '' ( PDF ) . University of California , Davis . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Plant and Animal Life '' . A Survey of the Recreational Resources of the Colorado River Basin . U.S. National Park Service . 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U.S. Bureau of Land Management . September 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recreation Fee Account Accomplishments : Colorado River ( Moab ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Land Management . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Powell 2003 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Armstead 1997 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ `` National Parks of the Colorado River Basin : Water Resources , Threats and Economics '' ( PDF ) . National Parks Conservation Association . April 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Driver , Nancy E. ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Effects of Mining on Water Quality in Upper Colorado River Basin '' . National Water - Quality Assessment Program -- Upper Colorado River Basin Study Unit . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 3570 - 5 . Brown , Robert Leaman ( 1972 ) . Colorado Ghost Towns -- Past and Present . Caxton Press . ISBN 0 - 87004 - 218 - 1 . Casey , Robert L. ( 2007 ) . Journey to the High Southwest : A Traveler 's Guide to Santa Fe and the Four Corners of Arizona , Colorado , New Mexico , and Utah . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 4064 - 7 . Dellenbaugh , Frederick Samuel ( 1909 ) . The Romance of the Colorado River : The Story of its Discovery in 1540 , With an Account of the Later Explorations , and with Special Reference to the Voyages of Powell Through The Line of the Great Canyons . G.P. Putnam 's Sons . OCLC 645167127 . Dolnick , Edward ( 2002 ) . Down the Great Unknown : John Wesley Powell 's Journey of Discovery and Tragedy Through the Grand Canyon . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 095586 - 4 . Felger , Richard Stephen ; Broyles , Bill ( 2007 ) . Dry borders : great natural reserves of the Sonoran desert . University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 818 - 9 . Fielder , John ( 2002 ) . John Fielder 's Best of Colorado . Big Earth Publishing . ISBN 1 - 56579 - 429 - X . Fradkin , Philip L. ( 1996 ) . A River No More : The Colorado River and the West ( 2 ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20564 - 2 . Glass , Mary Ellen ; Glass , Al ( 1983 ) . Touring Nevada : A Historic and Scenic Guide . University of Nevada Press . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 074 - 5 . Gudde , Erwin G. ; Bright , William ( 2004 ) . California Place Names : The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24217 - 3 . Gupta , Avijit ( 2007 ) . Large Rivers : Geomorphology and Management . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 470 - 84987 - 8 . Gupta , S.K. ( 2010 ) . Modern Hydrology and Sustainable Water Development . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 1 - 4443 - 2397 - 0 . Ghiglieri , Michael P. ; Myers , Thomas M. ( 2001 ) . Over the Edge : Death in Grand Canyon ( 1st , tenth revision ed . ) . Flagstaff : Puma Press . ISBN 0 - 9700973 - 1 - X . Hopkins , Ralph Lee ( 2002 ) . Hiking the Southwest 's Geology : Four Corners Region . The Mountaineers Books . ISBN 1 - 59485 - 169 - 7 . Kessel , William B. ; Wooster , Robert ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3337 - 4 . Lankford , Andrea ( 2010 ) . Ranger Confidential : Living , Working , and Dying in the National Parks . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 5263 - 7 . Leuchtenburg , William Edward ( 2000 ) . American Places : Encounters with History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513026 - X . Leopold , Luna Bergere ( 1994 ) . A View of the River . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 93732 - 5 . Lindberg , Eric ( 2009 ) . Colorado Off the Beaten Path : A Guide to Unique Places . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 5024 - 3 . Lingenfelter , Richard E. ( 1978 ) . Steamboats on the Colorado River , 1852 -- 1916 . University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 0650 - 7 . Logan , Michael F. ( 2006 ) . Desert Cities : The Environmental History of Phoenix and Tucson . University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 4294 - 1 . National Research Council ( U.S. ) , Committee to Review the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies ( 1996 ) . River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon . National Academy Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 05448 - 6 . Nobles , Gregory H. ( 1998 ) . American Frontiers : Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 1602 - 8 . Powell , Allan Kent ( 2003 ) . The Utah Guide ( 3 ed . ) . Fulcrum Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55591 - 114 - 5 . Prisciantelli , Tom ( 2002 ) . Spirit of the American Southwest : Geology , Ancient Eras and Prehistoric People , Hiking Through Time . Sunstone Press . ISBN 0 - 86534 - 354 - 3 . Pritzker , Barry ( 1998 ) . Native Americans : An Encyclopedia of History , Culture , and Peoples . 1 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 836 - 7 . Reisner , Marc ( 1993 ) . Cadillac Desert . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017824 - 4 . Rolle , Andrew ( 1999 ) . John Charles Fremont : Character As Destiny . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3135 - 7 . Schmidt , Jeremy ( 1993 ) . Grand Canyon National Park : A Natural History Guide . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 395 - 59932 - 6 . Van Cott , John W. ( 1990 ) . Utah Place Names : A Comprehensive Guide to the Origins of Geographic Names . University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 345 - 4 . Wildfang , Frederic B. ( 2005 ) . Lake Havasu City . Images of America . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 3012 - 3 . Wiltshire , Richard L. ; Gilbert , David R. ; Rogers , Jerry R. , eds. ( 2010 ) . Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium : Proceedings of the Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium , October 21 -- 22 , 2010 , Las Vegas , Nevada . ASCE Publications . ISBN 0 - 7844 - 1141 - 7 . Young , Richard A. ; Spamer , Earle E. ( 2001 ) . The Colorado River : Origin and Evolution . Grand Canyon Association . ISBN 0 - 938216 - 79 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Darrah , William Culp , Ralph V. Chamberlin , and Charles Kelly , editors . ( 2009 ) . The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869 and 1871 -- 1872 : Biographical Sketches and Original Documents of the First Powell Expedition of 1869 and the Second Powell Expedition of 1871 -- 1872 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 963 - 3 . DeBuys , William ( 2011 ) . A Great Aridness : Climate Change and the Future of the American Southwest . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 977892 - 8 . Fleck , Richard F. , editor . ( 2000 ) . A Colorado River Reader . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 647 - 2 . Fowler , Don D. , editor . ( 2012 ) . Cleaving an Unknown World : The Powell Expeditions and the Scientific Exploration of the Colorado Plateau . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60781 - 146 - 6 . Gregory , Herbert E. , William Culp Darrah , and Charles Kelly , editors . ( 2009 ) . The Exploration of the Colorado River and the High Plateaus of Utah by the Second Powell Expedition of 1871 -- 1872 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 964 - 0 . Martin , Russell ( 1990 ) . A Story That Stands Like A Dam : Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West ( 1 ed . ) . Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 0822 - 5 . Summitt , April R. ( 2013 ) . Contested Waters : An Environmental History of the Colorado River . Boulder : University Press of Colorado . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60732 - 201 - 6 . Summitt , April R. ( 2013 ) Contested Waters : An Environmental History of the Colorado River External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colorado River . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Colorado River Agriculture in the Colorado River Basin : Colorado River Water Users Association Colorado River Water Allocations by State : GOOD Infographics Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin : U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Irrigation Water Withdrawals in the Colorado River Basin : Pacific Institute Living Rivers : Colorado Riverkeeper Water Level Data for Major Colorado River Reservoirs : water-data.com Where the Colorado Runs Dry : The New York Times 1854 report from the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers : Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers Killing the Colorado -- ProPublica Colorado River system Jurisdictions United States Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Mexico Baja California Sonora Canyons Byers Canyon Gore Canyon Red Gorge Glenwood Canyon De Beque Canyon Horsethief Canyon Ruby Canyon Westwater Canyon Cataract Canyon Narrow Canyon Glen Canyon Grand Canyon Marble Canyon Granite Gorge Middle Granite Gorge Lower Granite Gorge Grand Wash Canyon Iceberg Canyon Virgin Canyon Boulder Canyon Black Canyon Pyramid Canyon Mohave Canyon Natural features River course Rocky Mountains Colorado River Basin Colorado Plateau Grand Lake Horseshoe Bend Sonoran Desert Mojave Desert Lower Colorado River Valley Mohave Valley Parker Valley Palo Verde Valley Colorado Desert Alamo River New River Salton Sea Imperial Valley Delta Montague Island Gulf of California / Sea of Cortez Tributaries Blue River Dirty Devil River Dolores River Escalante River Eagle River Fraser River Gila River Green River Gunnison River Kanab Creek Little Colorado River Paria River Roaring Fork River San Juan River Thunder River / Tapeats Creek Virgin River Las Vegas Wash Williams Fork Río Hardy Engineering Mainstem dams Shadow Mountain Granby Windy Gap Grand Valley Price - Stubb Glen Canyon Hoover Davis Parker Headgate Rock Palo Verde Imperial Laguna Morelos Major reservoirs Fontenelle Reservoir Flaming Gorge Reservoir Blue Mesa Reservoir Navajo Lake Lake Powell Lake Mead Lake Mohave Lake Havasu Imperial Reservoir Theodore Roosevelt Lake San Carlos Lake Aqueducts and canals Grand Ditch Colorado River Aqueduct San Diego Aqueduct Central Arizona Project All - American Canal Coachella Canal Water projects Boulder Canyon Project Colorado - Big Thompson Project Colorado River Storage Project Grand Valley AVA Yuma Project Designated areas Arches National Park Canyonlands National Park Colorado National Monument Dead Horse Point State Park Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Grand Canyon National Park Lake Mead National Recreation Area Rocky Mountain National Park Related topics Arizona v. 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4342451022178245256	Northern Europe	Northern Europe - wikipedia Northern Europe Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Nordic countries . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Satellite photograph of most of Northern Europe Language branches in Northern Europe North Germanic ( Iceland and Scandinavia ) Finnic ( Finland , Estonia ) Baltic ( Latvia , Lithuania ) Northern Europe is the general term for the geographical region in Europe that is approximately north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea . Nations usually included within this region are Iceland , the Faroe Islands , Denmark , Norway , Sweden , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and occasionally United Kingdom , Ireland , northern Germany , northern Belarus and northwest Russia . Narrower definitions may be based on other geographical factors such as climate and ecology . A broader definition would include the area north of the Alps . Countries which are central - western ( such as Belgium ) , central ( such as Austria ) or central - eastern ( such as Poland ) are not usually considered part of either Northern or Southern Europe . Historically , when Europe was dominated by the Roman Empire , everything not near the Mediterranean region was termed Northern Europe , including southern Germany , all of the Low Countries , and Austria . This meaning is still used today in some contexts , for example , discussions of the Northern Renaissance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 See also 4 References Geography ( edit ) European sub-regions according to EuroVoc : Blue -- Northern Europe Green -- Western Europe Red -- Eastern Europe Yellow -- Southern Europe Grey -- Territories not considered part of Europe Northern Europe consists roughly of Fennoscandia , the peninsula of Jutland , the Baltic plain that lies to the east and the many islands that lie offshore from mainland Northern Europe , Greenland , and the main European continent . The area is defined by the volcanic islands of the far northwest , notably Iceland and Jan Mayen , the mountainous western seaboard , extending from the mountainous sections of Great Britain and Ireland to the Scandinavian mountains peaking in Norway , the central north mountains and hills of Sweden ( which are the foothills of the Scandinavian mountains ) and the large eastern plain , which contains , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia and Finland . The region has a south west extreme of around 50 degrees north and a northern extreme of 81 degrees north . The entire region 's climate is mildly affected by the Gulf Stream . From the west climates vary from maritime and maritime subarctic climates . In the north and central climates are generally subarctic or Arctic and to the east climates are mostly subarctic and temperate / continental . Just as both climate and relief are variable across the region , so too is vegetation also extremely variable , with sparse tundra in the north and high mountains , boreal forest on the north - eastern and central regions temperate coniferous forests ( formerly of which a majority was in the Scottish Highlands and south west Norway ) and temperate broadleaf forests growing in the south , west and temperate east . With the exception of the United Kingdom and Ireland , which are warmed by the Gulf Stream and south - westerly winds from the Rocky Mountains , Northern European countries are known for harsh winters with temperatures reaching as low as minus 50 degrees Celsius in some parts . Demographics ( edit ) Countries in Northern Europe have large , developed economies and some of the highest standards of living in the world . They often score highly on surveys measuring quality of life , such as the Human Development Index . Aside from the United Kingdom , they generally have a small population relative to their size , most of which live in cities . Most peoples living in Northern Europe are Protestant Christians , although many are non-practicing . There is also a growing number of irreligious peoples and Muslims , the latter of which is due to immigration . The United Kingdom is an outlier in this regard , as heavy immigration from its former colony , the British Raj , particularly modern - day India , has also added Hindus , a religion found in minuscule numbers in all other Northern European countries . The quality of education in Northern Europe is rated highly in international rankings , with Estonia and Finland topping the list among the OECD countries in Europe . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northern Europe . Baltic region Baltic states Nordic Estonia Baltoscandia British Isles Caucasus Central Europe Eastern Europe Arctic Circle Germanic languages NB8 Northern Future Forum Nordic Council Nordic countries Southern Europe Western Europe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Forget about the Gulf Stream : Britain is really kept warm in winter by the Rocky Mountains '' . Independent.co.uk. 2003 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norway Climate '' . Visit Norway . 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . 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-1365085518212389259	Dil Se Dil Tak (TV series)	Dil Se Dil Tak ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Dil Se Dil Tak ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Dil Se Dil Tak Genre Drama Romance Created by Shashi Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Written by Shashi Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Starring Jasmin Bhasin Rashami Desai Siddharth Shukla Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 163 as on 13 September 2017 Production Producer ( s ) Shashi Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Location ( s ) Gujarat , India Cinematography Sudesh Kotian Production company ( s ) Shashi Sumeet Productions Distributor Viacom 18 Release Original network Colors TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 30 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) -- present External links Website colors.in.com/in/shows/dil-se-dil-tak-3751.html Dil Se Dil Tak ( English : From Heart To Heart ) is an Indian Hindi drama romantic television series , which premiered in 30 January 2017 and broadcasts on Colors TV . The series airs Monday to Friday at 10pm . The series is produced by Shashi Sumeet Productions of Shashi Mittal and Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal . This show is also Dubbed in Tamil as Ennarukil Nee Irunthal and airs on Polimer TV . Since August 2017 , the show is also running on Pakistani Channel Filmazia with the same title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Crossover episodes 4 References Plot ( edit ) Parth Bhanushali is the grandson of the rich Bhanushali Gujarati family in which rich culture and traditions have knitted the family close for generations . Parth meets Shorvori , a beautiful Bengali girl , and falls in love with her . Even after the rejection of his family for Shorvori , Parth marries her . After two years , Parth and Shorvori are seen living in the Bhanushali property but still separated from their close family . Parth 's family refused to accept Shorvori even after two years of marriage and they tell them to leave the house . They both are madly in love with each other and get to know that Shorvori is pregnant and Dadaji allows them to stay in the house till the baby is born . With a minor incident , Shorvori loses her child. They learn that Shorvori is infertile . Shorvari and Parth are unable to tell the family the truth of Shorvari being declared infertile . On learning the truth , Parth 's mother , Indu tells them to conceal it to the whole family otherwise Dadaji would again intend to send Parth abroad . The couple thus decides to go through the procedure of surrogacy . For that , they select Teni , a bubbly , Gujarati girl whose ambition is to earn money and go to the United States . She gets pregnant through insemination , however , the family thinks that Shorvari is pregnant and they have to hide the truth as well as take care of Teni , thus they plan to go to America . Shorvari tells that Teni is her cousin . Teni lives in Bhanushali house . Parth 's aunt Poyni and his sister Sejal doubt that Teni is hiding something . Sejal tries to defame Teni in front of the family but in vain . Later , Aman ( Parth 's friend ) comes from the US on Dadaji 's insistence as Teni has introduced Aman as her lover . After knowing that Teni is Shorvori 's child 's surrogate mother , he apologizes to Teni and proposes her to marry him . He leaves from there after Teni refuses . Parth 's family conduct a ritual for his and Shorvori 's welfare but Shorvori insists Teni to sit in the puja instead of her . Teni starts falling in love with Parth much to the disappointment of Shorvori . Parth realised Teni is in love with him but does n't tell Shovori . But Shovori knows about it and tells Parth that his and Teni 's relationship has crossed the limit . One day , Parth rescued Teni when her room was on fire . Shovori misunderstands the situation and leave the house . But she ca n't as Parth , Teni , Indu and other family members stopped her ... Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Siddharth Shukla as Parth Banushali Rashami Desai as Shorvori Parth Bhanushali Jasmin Bhasin as Teni Recurring cast ( edit ) Tej Sapru as Pushrottam Bhanushali / Dadaji ( Parth 's grandfather ) Dolly Minhas as Ambika Pushrottam Bhanushali / Dadi ( Parth 's grandmother ) Kunal Verma as Aman Patel ( Parth 's friend and Teni 's ex fiancé ) Sachin Parikh as Ramnik Bhanushali ( Parth 's father ) Vaishnavi Mahant as Indu Ramnik Bhanushali ( Parth 's mother ) Urvashi Upaddhyay as Mohini Bhanushali ( Aunt ) Karan Goddwani as Suyog Bhanushali ( Parth 's cousin brother ) Pooja Singh as Forum Suyog Bhanushali ( Parth 's sister - in - law ) Himani Sharma as Sejal Bhanushali ( Parth 's cousin sister ) Khyati Keswani as Dr. Jalpa ( Aunt ) Jignesh Joshi as Dr. Bharat ( Uncle ) Crossover episodes ( edit ) Ek Shringaar -- Swabhimaan on June 16 & 19 , 2017 -- Parth and Naina are trapped in fire . Shorvori , Teni and Karan saves them . Ek Shringaar -- Swabhimaan on July 3 , 2017 , Meghna , Kunal , Shorvori , Parth , Teni and Aman decides to meet at a resort in Chittorgarh . Sandhya asks a man to do n't let them go there but do n't harm anyone . The man tries to harm them for some personal reasons . Teni and Kunal saves Meghna from get drown in the water . Ek Shringaar -- Swabhimaan on July 14 & 17 , 2017 -- Meghna invites Shorvori and her family to her house for Haryali Teej . Meghna , Naina , Shorvori , Teni , Kunal , Karan , Parth and Aman tries to clear all the misunderstandings between Sujan and Purshottam . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dil Se Dil Tak episodes '' . Dil Se Dil Tak. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chhavi Pandey to feature opposite Mishal Raheja in her next ? '' . The Times of India . 2 August 2016 . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ishq Ka Rang Safed ' actor Mishal Raheja bags new show ' Sangharsh ; ' Colors ' shows to undergo major changes ? '' . International Business Times . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ APP ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Pemra to challenge SHC order allowing telecast of Indian dramas in Pakistan '' . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by Colors Reality show Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi Pain In Spain Weekly drama Chandrakanta Dev Mahakali -- Anth Hi Aarambh Hai Soap opera Bhaag Bakool Bhaag Devanshi Dil Se Dil Tak Swabhimaan Karamafal Daata Shani Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Sasural Simar Ka Savitri Devi College & Hospital Shakti Udaan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dil_Se_Dil_Tak_(TV_series)&oldid=800643049 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series 2017 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian drama television series Indian television soap operas Colors ( TV channel ) series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 20 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	dil se dil tak serial all cast name	[]	[]
2676685573874938651	Mains electricity	Mains electricity - wikipedia Mains electricity Jump to : navigation , search A table lamp connected to a wall socket ( the mains ) Mains electricity is the general - purpose alternating - current ( AC ) electric power supply . Mains electricity is the form of electrical power that is delivered to homes and businesses , and it is the form of electrical power that consumers use when they plug kitchen appliances , televisions and electric lamps into wall sockets . The two principal properties of the electric power supply , voltage and frequency , differ between regions . A voltage of ( nominally ) 230 V and a frequency of 50 Hz is used in Europe , most of Africa , most of Asia , much of South America and Australia . In North America , the most common combination is 120 V and a frequency of 60 Hz . Other voltages exist , and some countries may have , for example , 230 V but 60 Hz . This is a concern to travelers , since portable appliances designed for one voltage and frequency combination may not operate with , or may even be destroyed by another . The use of different and incompatible plugs and sockets in different regions and countries provides some protection from accidental use of appliances with incompatible voltage and frequency requirements . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Power systems 3 Common uses of electricity 4 Building wiring 5 Voltage levels 5.1 Measuring voltage 5.2 Choice of voltage 5.3 Standardisation 6 History of voltage and frequency 7 Voltage regulation 8 Power quality 9 See also 10 References Terminology ( edit ) In the US , mains electric power is referred to by several names including `` household power '' , `` household electricity '' , `` house current '' , `` powerline '' , `` domestic power '' , `` wall power '' , `` line power '' , `` AC power '' , `` city power '' , `` street power '' , and `` electrical grid '' . In the UK , mains electric power is generally referred to as `` the mains '' . Power systems ( edit ) For a list of voltages , frequencies , and wall plugs by country , see Mains electricity by country Worldwide , many different mains power systems are found for the operation of household and light commercial electrical appliances and lighting . The different systems are primarily characterized by their Voltage Frequency Plugs and sockets ( receptacles or outlets ) Earthing system ( grounding ) Protection against overcurrent damage ( e.g. , due to short circuit ) , electric shock , and fire hazards Parameter tolerances . All these parameters vary among regions . The voltages are generally in the range 100 -- 240 V ( always expressed as root - mean - square voltage ) . The two commonly used frequencies are 50 Hz and 60 Hz . Single - phase or three - phase power is most commonly used today , although two - phase systems were used early in the 20th century . Foreign enclaves , such as large industrial plants or overseas military bases , may have a different standard voltage or frequency from the surrounding areas . Some city areas may use standards different from that of the surrounding countryside ( e.g. in Libya ) . Regions in an effective state of anarchy may have no central electrical authority , with electric power provided by incompatible private sources . Many other combinations of voltage and utility frequency were formerly used , with frequencies between 25 Hz and 133 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 250 V. Direct current ( DC ) has been almost completely displaced by alternating current ( AC ) in public power systems , but DC was used especially in some city areas to the end of the 20th century . The modern combinations of 230 V / 50 Hz and 120 V / 60 Hz , listed in IEC 60038 , did not apply in the first few decades of the 20th century and are still not universal . Industrial plants with three - phase power will have different , higher voltages installed for large equipment ( and different sockets and plugs ) , but the common voltages listed here would still be found for lighting and portable equipment . Common uses of electricity ( edit ) Electricity is used for lighting , heating , cooling , electric motors and electronic equipment . The U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) has published : Estimated U.S. residential electricity consumption by end use , for the year 2016 End use Billion kilowatthours Share of total Space cooling 247 18 % Water heating 134 9 % Lighting 129 9 % Refrigeration 103 7 % Space heating 96 7 % Televisions and related equipment 83 6 % Clothes dryers 61 4 % Furnace fans and boiler circulation pumps 32 2 % Computers and related equipment 32 2 % Cooking 32 2 % Dishwashers 28 2 % Freezers 22 2 % Clothes washers 8 1 % Other uses 405 29 % Total consumption 1,410 Includes televisions , set - top boxes , home theater systems , DVD players , and video game consoles Includes desktop and laptop computers , monitors , and networking equipment . Does not include water heating . Includes small electric devices , heating elements , exterior lights , outdoor grills , pool and spa heaters , backup electricity generators , and motors not listed above . Does not include electric vehicle charging . Electronic appliances ( such as those included within the televisions , computer and related equipment categories above , representing 9 % of the total ) , typically use an AC to DC converter to power the device , this is often capable of operation over the approximate range of 100 V to 250 V and at 50 Hz to 60 Hz . The other categories are typically AC applications and usually have much more restricted input ranges . A study by the Building Research Establishment in the UK states that `` The existing 230 V system is well suited to the future of electricity whether through design or Darwinian processes . Any current perceived weakness is generally a result of cost reduction and market forces rather than any fundamental technical difficulties . Questions as to whether there are alternatives to the existing 230 V AC system are often overshadowed by legacy issues , the future smart agenda and cost in all but specific situations . Where opportunities do exist they are often for specific parts of the overall load and often small parts in terms of total demand . '' Building wiring ( edit ) See also : Electrical wiring In many countries , household power is single - phase electric power , with two or three wired contacts at each outlet . Neutral and line wires carry current and are defined as live parts . The line wire ( also known as phase , hot or active contact , and commonly , but technically incorrectly , as live ) , carries alternating current between the power grid and the household . The neutral wire completes the electrical circuit -- remaining at a voltage in proximity to 0 V -- by also carrying alternating current between the power grid and the household . The neutral is connected to the ground ( Earth ) , and therefore has nearly the same electrical potential as the earth . This prevents the power circuits from increasing beyond earth voltage , such as when they are struck by lightning or become otherwise charged . The earth wire or ground connects the chassis of equipment to earth ground as a protection against faults ( electric shock ) , such as if the insulation on a `` hot '' wire becomes damaged and the bare wire comes into contact with the metal chassis or case of the equipment . For more details on this topic , see Ground and neutral . Mixed 230 V / 400 V three - phase ( common in northern and central Europe ) or 230 V single - phase based household wiring In northern and central Europe , residential electrical supply is commonly 400 V three - phase electric power , which gives 230 V between any single phase and neutral ; house wiring may be a mix of three - phase and single - phase circuits , but three - phase residential use is rare in the UK . High - power appliances such as kitchen stoves , water heaters and maybe household power heavy tools like log splitters may be supplied from the 400 V three - phase power supply . Various earthing systems are used to ensure that the ground and neutral wires have zero voltage with respect to earth , to prevent shocks when touching grounded electrical equipment . In some installations , there may be two line conductors which carry alternating currents in a single - phase three - wire . Small portable electrical equipment is connected to the power supply through flexible cables ( these exist with either two or three insulated conductors ) terminated in a plug , which is inserted into a fixed receptacle ( socket ) . Larger household electrical equipment and industrial equipment may be permanently wired to the fixed wiring of the building . For example , in North American homes a window - mounted self - contained air conditioner unit would be connected to a wall plug , whereas the central air conditioning for a whole home would be permanently wired . Larger plug and socket combinations are used for industrial equipment carrying larger currents , higher voltages , or three phase electric power . These are often constructed with tougher plastics and possess inherent weather - resistant properties needed in some applications . Circuit breakers and fuses are used to detect short circuits between the line and neutral or ground wires or the drawing of more current than the wires are rated to handle ( overload protection ) to prevent overheating and possible fire . These protective devices are usually mounted in a central panel -- most commonly a distribution board or consumer unit -- in a building , but some wiring systems also provide a protection device at the socket or within the plug . Residual - current devices , also known as ground - fault circuit interrupters and appliance leakage current interrupters , are used to detect ground faults - flow of current in other than the neutral and line wires ( like the ground wire or a person ) . When a ground fault is detected , the device quickly cuts off the circuit . Voltage levels ( edit ) Most of Europe , Africa , Asia , Australia , New Zealand and most of South America use a supply that is within 6 % of 230 V. In the UK and Australia the nominal supply voltage is 230 V + 10 % / − 6 % to accommodate the fact that most supplies are in fact still 240 V. Japan , Taiwan , Saudi Arabia , North America , Central America and some parts of northern South America use a voltage between 100 V and 127 V . The 230 V standard has become widespread so that 230 V equipment can be used in most parts of the world with the aid of an adapter or a change to the equipment 's connection plug for the specific country . Measuring voltage ( edit ) A distinction should be made between the voltage at the point of supply ( nominal system voltage ) and the voltage rating of the equipment ( utilization voltage ) . Typically the utilization voltage is 3 % to 5 % lower than the nominal system voltage ; for example , a nominal 208 V supply system will be connected to motors with `` 200 V '' on their nameplates . This allows for the voltage drop between equipment and supply . Voltages in this article are the nominal supply voltages and equipment used on these systems will carry slightly lower nameplate voltages. Power distribution system voltage is nearly sinusoidal in nature . Voltages are expressed as root mean square ( RMS ) voltage . Voltage tolerances are for steady - state operation . Momentary heavy loads , or switching operations in the power distribution network , may cause short - term deviations out of the tolerance band . In general , power supplies derived from large networks with many sources are more stable than those supplied to an isolated community with perhaps only a single generator . Choice of voltage ( edit ) Main article : Mains electricity by country The choice of supply voltage is due more to historical reasons than optimization of the electric power distribution system -- once a voltage is in use and equipment using this voltage is widespread , changing voltage is a drastic and expensive measure . A 230 V distribution system will use less conductor material than a 120 V system to deliver a given amount of power because the current , and consequently the resistive loss , is lower . While large heating appliances can use smaller conductors at 230 V for the same output rating , few household appliances use anything like the full capacity of the outlet to which they are connected . Minimum wire size for hand - held or portable equipment is usually restricted by the mechanical strength of the conductors . Electrical appliances are used extensively in homes in both 230 V and 120 V system countries . National electrical codes prescribe wiring methods intended to minimize the risk of electric shock and fire . Many areas , such as the USA , which use ( nominally ) 120 V make use of three - wire , split - phase 240 V systems to supply large appliances . In this system a 240 V supply has a centre - tapped neutral to give two 120 V supplies which can also supply 240 V to loads connected between the two line wires . Three - phase systems can be connected to give various combinations of voltage , suitable for use by different classes of equipment . Where both single - phase and three - phase loads are served by an electrical system , the system may be labelled with both voltages such as 120 / 208 or 230 / 400 V , to show the line - to - neutral voltage and the line - to - line voltage . Large loads are connected for the higher voltage . Other three - phase voltages , up to 830 volts , are occasionally used for special - purpose systems such as oil well pumps . Large industrial motors ( say , more than 250 hp or 150 kW ) may operate on medium voltage . On 60 Hz systems a standard for medium voltage equipment is 2400 / 4160 V ( 2300 / 4000 V in USA ) whereas 3300 V is the common standard for 50 Hz systems . Standardisation ( edit ) Following voltage harmonisation , electricity supplies within the European Union are now nominally 230 V ± 10 % at 50 Hz . For a transition period ( 1995 -- 2008 ) , countries that had previously used 220 V changed to a narrower asymmetric tolerance range of 230 V + 6 % / − 10 % and those ( like the UK ) that had previously used 240 V changed to 230 V + 10 % / − 6 % . No change in voltage is required by either system as both 220 V and 240 V fall within the lower 230 V tolerance bands ( 230 V ± 10 % ) . Some areas of the UK still have 250 volts for legacy reasons , but these also fall within the 10 % tolerance band of 230 volts . In practice , this allows countries to continue to supply the same voltage ( 220 or 240 V ) , at least until existing supply transformers are replaced . Equipment ( with the exception of filament bulbs ) used in these countries is designed to accept any voltage within the specified range . In the United States and Canada , national standards specify that the nominal voltage at the source should be 120 V and allow a range of 114 V to 126 V ( RMS ) ( − 5 % to + 5 % ) . Historically 110 V , 115 V and 117 V have been used at different times and places in North America . Mains power is sometimes spoken of as 110 V ; however , 120 V is the nominal voltage . In 2000 , Australia converted to 230 V as the nominal standard with a tolerance of + 10 % / − 6 % , this superseding the old 240 V standard , AS2926 - 1987 . As in the UK , 240 V is within the allowable limits and `` 240 volt '' is a synonym for mains in Australian and British English . In Japan , the electrical power supply to households is at 100 V. Eastern and northern parts of Honshū ( including Tokyo ) and Hokkaidō have a frequency of 50 Hz , whereas western Honshū ( including Nagoya , Osaka , and Hiroshima ) , Shikoku , Kyūshū and Okinawa operate at 60 Hz . The boundary between the two regions contains four back - to - back high - voltage direct - current ( HVDC ) substations which interconnect the power between the two grid systems ; these are Shin Shinano , Sakuma Dam , Minami - Fukumitsu , and the Higashi - Shimizu Frequency Converter . To accommodate the difference , frequency - sensitive appliances marketed in Japan can often be switched between the two frequencies . History of voltage and frequency ( edit ) See also : Utility frequency A 50 Hz ± 5 Hz vibrating - reed mains frequency meter for 220 V The first electric utilities built by Thomas Edison in the early 1880s ran on direct current ( DC ) at 110 V , considered to be a `` safe '' voltage for consumers . Alternating current systems that started appearing mid decade used a high distribution voltage but stepped that down via transformers to the same 110 volt customer utilization voltage that Edison used . In 1883 Edison patented a three wire distribution system to allow DC generation plants to serve a wider radius of customers to save on copper costs . By connecting two groups of 110 volt lamps in series , more load could be served by the same size conductors run with 220 volts between them ; a neutral conductor carried any imbalance of current between the two sub-circuits . AC circuits adopted the same form during the War of Currents , allowing lamps to be run at around 110 volts and major appliances to be connected to 220 volts . Voltages gradually crept upward to 112V and 115V , or even 117V . After WW2 the standard voltage in the U.S. became 117V , but many areas lagged behind even into the 1960 's . In 1967 , the standard voltage rose to 120V , but conversion of appliances was slow . Today , virtually all American homes and businesses have access to 120 and 240 volts at 60 hertz . Both voltages are available on the three wires ( two `` hot '' legs of opposite phase and one `` neutral '' leg ) . In 1899 , the Berliner Elektrizitäts - Werke ( BEW ) , a Berlin electrical utility , decided to greatly increase its distribution capacity by switching to 220 volt nominal distribution , taking advantage of the higher voltage capability of newly developed metal filament lamps . The company was able to offset the cost of converting the customer 's equipment by the resulting saving in distribution conductors cost . This became the model for electrical distribution in Germany and the rest of Europe and the 220 - volt system became common . North American practice remained with voltages near 110 volts for lamps . In the first decade after the introduction of alternating current in the U.S. ( early 1880 's to about 1893 ) , a variety of different frequencies were used , with each electric provider setting their own , so that no single one prevailed . The most common frequency was 133 - 1 / 3hz . The rotation speed of induction generators and motors , the efficiency of transformers , and flickering of carbon arc lamps all played a role in frequency setting . Around 1893 , Westinghouse decided on 60 Hz and AEG in Germany decided on 50 Hz eventually leading to the world being mostly divided into two frequency camps . Interestingly , southern California remained on 50hz mains well into the 20th century ; it was the impetus of building synchronous clocks that finally tipped the balance in favor of 60hz . Most 60 Hz systems are nominally 120 / 240 volts and most 50 Hz nominally 230 V . The significant exception is Brazil , which has a synchronized 60 Hz grid , with both 127 V and 220 V as standard voltages in different regions ; and Japan , which has two frequencies , 50 Hz for East Japan and 60 Hz for West Japan . Voltage regulation ( edit ) To maintain the voltage at the customer 's service within the acceptable range , electrical distribution utilities use regulating equipment at electrical substations or along the distribution line . At a substation , the step - down transformer will have an automatic on - load tap changer , allowing the ratio between transmission voltage and distribution voltage to be adjusted in steps . For long ( several kilometres ) rural distribution circuits , automatic voltage regulators may be mounted on poles of the distribution line . These are autotransformers , again , with on - load tapchangers to adjust the ratio depending on the observed voltage changes . At each customer 's service , the step - down transformer has up to five taps to allow some range of adjustment , usually ± 5 % of the nominal voltage . Since these taps are not automatically controlled , they are used only to adjust the long - term average voltage at the service and not to regulate the voltage seen by the utility customer . Power quality ( edit ) Main article : Power quality The stability of the voltage and frequency supplied to customers varies among countries and regions . `` Power quality '' is a term describing the degree of deviation from the nominal supply voltage and frequency . Short - term surges and drop - outs affect sensitive electronic equipment such as computers and flat panel displays . Longer - term power outages , brown - outs and black outs and low reliability of supply generally increase costs to customers , who may have to invest in uninterruptible power supply or stand - by generator sets to provide power when the utility supply is unavailable or unusable . Erratic power supply may be a severe economic handicap to businesses and public services which rely on electrical machinery , illumination , climate control and computers . Even the best quality power system may have breakdowns or require servicing . As such , companies , governments and other organizations sometimes have backup generators at sensitive facilities , to ensure that power will be available even in the event of a power outage or black out . Power quality can also be affected by distortions of the current or voltage waveform in the form of harmonics of the fundamental ( supply ) frequency , or non-harmonic ( inter ) modulation distortion such as that caused by RFI or EMI interference . In contrast , harmonic distortion is usually caused by conditions of the load or generator . In multi-phase power , phase shift distortions caused by imbalanced loads can occur . See also ( edit ) Energy portal Energy meter Three - phase electric power References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , How is electricity used in U.S. homes ? , U.S. Energy Information Administration , April 21 , 2015 , ( retrieved 26 July 2015 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , The Future of Electricity in Domestic Buildings -- a review , Andrew Williams , November 28 , 2015 , ( retrieved 26 July 2015 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Electrical Inspection Manual , 2011 Edition ) , Noel Williams & Jeffrey S Sargent , Jones & Bartlett Publishers , 2012 , p. 249 ( retrieved 3 March 2013 from Google Books ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) 17th Edition IEE Wiring Regulations : Explained and Illustrated ) , Brian Scaddan , Routledge , 2011 , p. 18 ( retrieved 6 March 2013 from Google Books ) Jump up ^ Halliday , Chris ; Urquhart , Dave . `` Voltage and Equipment Standard Misalignment '' ( PDF ) . powerlogic.com . Jump up ^ CENELEC Harmonisation Document HD 472 S1 : 1988 Jump up ^ British Standard BS 7697 : Nominal voltages for low voltage public electricity supply systems -- ( Implementation of HD 472 S1 ) Jump up ^ ANSI C84. 1 : American National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment -- Voltage Ratings ( 60 Hertz ) Archived 2007 - 07 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , NEMA ( costs $95 for access ) Jump up ^ CSA CAN3 - C235 - 83 : Preferred Voltage Levels for AC Systems , 0 to 50 000 V Jump up ^ AS60038 - 2000 Standards Australia - Standard Voltages Jump up ^ `` SAI Global '' . SAI Global . 2000 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Thomas P. Hughes , Networks of Power : Electrification in Western Society 1880 - 1930 , The Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore 1983 ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2873 - 2 pg. 193 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mains_electricity&oldid=809261505 '' Categories : Electric power Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 01 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is electricity in a house ac or dc	[ "Mains electricity is the general-purpose alternating-current (AC) electric power supply. Mains electricity is the form of electrical power that is delivered to homes and businesses, and it is the form of electrical power that consumers use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions and electric lamps into wall sockets." ]	[ "AC" ]
2926801431065332445	Christian monasticism	Christian monasticism - wikipedia Christian monasticism Jump to : navigation , search ' St. Paul the Hermit Fed by the Raven ' , after Il Guercino , Dayton Art Institute Christian monasticism is the devotional practice of individuals who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship . It began to develop early in the history of the Christian Church , modeled upon scriptural examples and ideals , including those in the Old Testament , but not mandated as an institution in the scriptures . It has come to be regulated by religious rules ( e.g. the Rule of Saint Augustine , Anthony the Great , St Pachomius , the Rule of St Basil , the Rule of St Benedict , ) and , in modern times , the Canon law of the respective Christian denominations that have forms of monastic living . Those living the monastic life are known by the generic terms monks ( men ) and nuns ( women ) . The word monk originated from the Greek monachos `` monk '' , itself from monos meaning `` alone '' . Monks did not live in monasteries at first , rather , they began by living alone , as the word monos might suggest . As more people took on the lives of monks , living alone in the wilderness , they started to come together and model themselves after the original monks nearby . Quickly , the monks formed communities to further their ability to observe an ascetic life . According to Christianity historian Robert Louis Wilken , `` By creating an alternate social structure within the Church they laid the foundations for one of the most enduring Christian institutions ... '' Monastics generally dwell in a monastery , whether they live there in community ( cenobites ) , or in seclusion ( recluses ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 History 2.1 Biblical precedent 2.2 Early Christianity 2.2. 1 Eremitic Monasticism 2.2. 2 Cenobitic Monasticism 3 Eastern Orthodox Tradition 3.1 Historical development 3.2 Present 3.3 Types of monks 4 Western Christian monasticism 4.1 History 4.1. 1 Celtic monasticism 4.1. 1.1 Hermits 4.1. 1.2 Pilgrimage 4.1. 1.3 Women 's communities 4.1. 1.4 Scotland 4.1. 1.5 Wales 4.1. 1.6 Cornwall 4.1. 1.7 Ireland 4.1. 1.8 Brigid of Kildare 4.1. 1.9 Culdees 4.1. 1.10 Hiberno - Scottish mission 4.1. 2 Benedictine monasticism 4.2 Western Christian orders in the Modern Era 4.2. 1 Roman Catholicism 4.2. 2 Lutheran Church 4.2. 3 Anglican Communion 4.2. 4 Methodist Churches 4.2. 5 Presbyterian Churches 4.2. 6 Quakerism and Shakerism 5 Ecumenical expressions 6 Contributions 6.1 Education 6.2 Medicine 7 See also 8 Notes , references and sources 9 External links Life ( edit ) Nun profession ceremony. The profession ceremony for a new nun , admitted to the cloister ( behind the half door ) . The basic idea of monasticism in all its varieties is seclusion or withdrawal from the world or society . The object of this is to achieve a life whose ideal is different from and largely at variance with that pursued by the majority of humanity , and the method adopted , no matter what its precise details may be , is always self - abnegation or organized asceticism . Monastic life is distinct from the `` religious orders '' such as the friars , canons regular , clerks regular , and the more recent religious congregations . The latter have essentially some special work or aim , such as preaching , teaching , liberating captives , etc. , which occupies a large place in their activities . While monks have undertaken labours of the most varied character , in every case this work is extrinsic to the essence of the monastic state . Both ways of living out the Christian life are regulated by the respective church law of those Christian denominations that recognize it ( e.g. , the Roman Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Anglican Church , or the Lutheran Church ) . Christian monastic life does not always involve communal living with like - minded Christians . Christian monasticism has varied greatly in its external forms , but , broadly speaking , it has two main types ( a ) the eremitical or secluded , ( b ) the cenobitical or city life . St. Anthony the Abbot may be called the founder of the first and St. Pachomius of the second . The monastic life is based on Jesus 's amen to `` be perfect , therefore , as your heavenly Father is perfect '' ( Matthew 5 : 48 ) . This ideal , also called the state of perfection , can be seen , for example , in the Philokalia , a book of monastic writings . Their manner of self - renunciation has three elements corresponding to the three evangelical counsels : poverty , chastity and obedience . Monks and friars are two distinct roles . In the thirteenth century `` ... new orders of friars were founded to teach the Christian faith , '' because monasteries had declined . History ( edit ) Biblical precedent ( edit ) First Century groups such as the Essenes and the Therapeutae followed lifestyles that could be seen as precursors to Christian monasticism . Early Christian monasticism drew its inspiration from the examples of the Prophet Elijah and John the Baptist , who both lived alone in the desert , and above all from the story of Jesus ' time in solitary struggle with Satan in the desert , before his public ministry . The Carmelites find inspiration in the old testament prophet Elijah . Early Christianity ( edit ) Icon of Saint Anthony the Great , the founder of Christian monasticism Main article : Christian monasticism before 451 From the earliest times within the Christian Church , there were probably individual hermits who lived a life in isolation in imitation of Jesus 's 40 days in the desert . They have left no confirmed archaeological traces and only hints in the written record . Communities of virgins who had consecrated themselves to Christ are found at least as far back as the 2nd century . There were also individual ascetics , known as the `` devout '' , who usually lived not in the deserts but on the edge of inhabited places , still remaining in the world but practicing asceticism and striving for union with God . Eremitic monasticism ( edit ) Eremitic monasticism , or solitary monasticism , is characterized by a complete withdrawal from society . The word ' eremitic ' comes from the Greek word eremos which means desert . This name was given because of St. Anthony of the Desert , or St. Anthony of Egypt , who left civilization behind to live on a solitary Egyptian mountain in the third century . Though he was probably not the first Christian hermit , he is recognized as such as he was the first known one . Paul the Hermit is the first Christian historically known to have been living as a monk . In the 3rd Century Anthony of Egypt ( 252 - 356 ) lived as a hermit in the desert and gradually gained followers who lived as hermits nearby but not in actual community with him . This type of monasticism is called eremitical or `` hermit - like '' . An early form of `` proto - monasticism '' appeared as well in the 3rd century among Syriac Christians through the `` Sons of the covenant '' movement . Eastern Orthodoxy looks to Basil of Caesarea as a founding monastic legislator , as well to as the example of the Desert Fathers . Another option for becoming a solitary monastic was to become an anchoress . This began because there were women who wanted to live the solitary lifestyle but were not able to live alone in the wild . Thus they would go to the Bishop for permission who would then perform the rite of enclosure . After this was completed the anchoress would live alone in a room that typically had a window that opened into a church so they could receive communion and participate in church services . There were two other windows that allowed food to be passed in and people to come seek advice . The most well known anchoress was Julian of Norwich who was born in England in 1342 . Cenobitic monasticism ( edit ) Main article : Cenobitic monasticism While the earliest Desert Fathers lived as hermits , they were rarely completely isolated , but often lived in proximity to one another , and soon loose - knit communities began to form in such places as the Desert of Nitria and the Desert of Skete . Saint Macarius established individual groups of cells such as those at Kellia ( founded in 328 . ) These monks were anchorites , following the monastic ideal of St. Anthony . They lived by themselves , gathering together for common worship on Saturdays and Sundays only . In 346 St Pachomius established in Egypt the first cenobitic Christian monastery . At Tabenna in Upper Egypt , sometime around 323 AD , Pachomius decided to mold his disciples into a more organized community in which the monks lived in individual huts or rooms ( cellula in Latin , ) but worked , ate , and worshipped in shared space . The intention was to bring together individual ascetics who , although pious , did not , like Saint Anthony , have the physical ability or skills to live a solitary existence in the desert . This method of monastic organization is called cenobitic or `` community - based '' . In Catholic theology , this community - based living is considered superior because of the obedience practiced and the accountability offered . The head of a monastery came to be known by the word for `` Father ; '' - in Syriac , Abba ; in English , `` Abbot '' . Guidelines for daily life were created , and separate monasteries were created for men and women . St Pachomius introduced a monastic Rule of cenobitic life , giving everyone the same food and attire . The monks of the monastery fulfilled the obediences assigned them for the common good of the monastery . Among the various obediences was copying books . St Pachomius considered that an obedience fulfilled with zeal was greater than fasting or prayer . A Pachomian monastery was a collection of buildings surrounded by a wall . The monks were distributed in houses , each house containing about forty monks . There would be thirty to forty houses in a monastery . There was an abbot over each monastery , and provosts with subordinate officials over each house . The monks were divided into houses according to the work they were employed in : thus there would be a house for carpenters , a house for agriculturists , and so forth . But other principles of division seem to have been employed , e.g. , there was a house for the Greeks . On Saturdays and Sundays all the monks assembled in the church for Mass ; on other days the Office and other spiritual exercises were celebrated in the houses . From a secular point of view , a monastery was an industrial community in which almost every kind of trade was practised . This , of course , involved much buying and selling , so the monks had ships of their own on the Nile , which conveyed their agricultural produce and manufactured goods to the market and brought back what the monasteries required . From the spiritual point of view , the Pachomian monk was a religious living under a rule . The community of Pachomius was so successful he was called upon to help organize others , and by one count by the time he died in 346 there were thought to be 3,000 such communities dotting Egypt , especially in the Thebaid . From there monasticism quickly spread out first to Palestine and the Judean Desert , Syria , North Africa and eventually the rest of the Roman Empire . In 370 Basil the Great , monastic founder in Cappadocia , became bishop of Caesarea and wrote principles of ascetic life . Eastern monastic teachings were brought to the western church by Saint John Cassian ( ca . 360 -- ca . 435 ) . As a young adult , he and his friend Germanus entered a monastery in Palestine but then journeyed to Egypt to visit the eremitic groups in Nitria . Many years later , Cassian founded a monastery of monks and probably also one of nuns near Marseilles . He wrote two long works , the Institutes and Conferences . In these books he not only transmitted his Egyptian experience but also gave Christian monasticism a profound evangelical and theological basis . At the time of his conversion in Milan in the years 386 - 387 , Augustine was aware of the life of Saint Anthony in the desert of Egypt . Upon his return to Africa as a Christian in the year 388 , however , Augustine and a few Christian friends founded at Thagaste a lay community . They became cenobites in the countryside rather than in the desert . Saint Benedict ( c. 480 -- 547 AD ) lived for many years as a hermit in a cave near Subiaco , Italy . He was asked to be head over several monks who wished to change to the monastic style of Pachomius by living in community . Between the years 530 and 560 , he wrote the Rule of Saint Benedict as a guideline for monks living in community . Scholars such as Lester K. Little attribute the rise of monasticism at this time to the immense changes in the church brought about by Constantine 's legalization of Christianity . The subsequent transformation of Christianity into the main Roman religion ended the position of Christians as a minority sect . In response a new form of dedication was developed . The long - term `` martyrdom '' of the ascetic replaced the violent physical martyrdom of the persecutions . Eastern Orthodox tradition ( edit ) Analavos worn by Eastern Orthodox Schema - Monks . See also : Monk § Eastern Christianity Main article : Eastern Christian monasticism Orthodox monasticism does not have religious orders as in the West , so there are no formal Monastic Rules ( Regulae ) ; rather , each monk and nun is encouraged to read all of the Holy Fathers and emulate their virtues . There is also no division between the `` active '' and `` contemplative '' life . Orthodox monastic life embraces both active and contemplative aspects . Within the Eastern Orthodox Church , there exist three types of monasticism : eremitic , cenobitic , and the skete . The skete is a very small community , often of two or three ( Matthew 18 : 20 ) , under the direction of an Elder . They pray privately for most of the week , then come together on Sundays and Feast Days for communal prayer , thus combining aspects of both eremitic and coenobitic monasticism . Historical development ( edit ) Even before Saint Anthony the Great ( the `` father of monasticism '' ) went out into the desert , there were Christians who devoted their lives to ascetic discipline and striving to lead an evangelical life ( i.e. , in accordance with the teachings of the Gospel ) . As monasticism spread in the East from the hermits living in the deserts of Egypt to Palestine , Syria , and on up into Asia Minor and beyond , the sayings ( apophthegmata ) and acts ( praxeis ) of the Desert Fathers and Desert Mothers came to be recorded and circulated , first among their fellow monastics and then among the laity as well . Among these earliest recorded accounts was the Paradise , by Palladius of Galatia , Bishop of Helenopolis ( also known as the Lausiac History , after the prefect Lausus , to whom it was addressed ) . Saint Athanasius of Alexandria ( whose Life of Saint Anthony the Great set the pattern for monastic hagiography ) , Saint Jerome , and other anonymous compilers were also responsible for setting down very influential accounts . Also of great importance are the writings surrounding the communities founded by Saint Pachomius , the father of cenobiticism , and his disciple Saint Theodore , the founder of the skete form of monasticism . Among the first to set forth precepts for the monastic life was Saint Basil the Great , a man from a professional family who was educated in Caesarea , Constantinople , and Athens . Saint Basil visited colonies of hermits in Palestine and Egypt but was most strongly impressed by the organized communities developed under the guidance of Saint Pachomius . Saint Basil 's ascetical writings set forth standards for well - disciplined community life and offered lessons in what became the ideal monastic virtue : humility . Saint Basil wrote a series of guides for monastic life ( the Lesser Asketikon the Greater Asketikon the Morals , etc . ) which , while not `` Rules '' in the legalistic sense of later Western rules , provided firm indications of the importance of a single community of monks , living under the same roof , and under the guidance -- and even discipline -- of a strong abbot . His teachings set the model for Greek and Russian monasticism but had less influence in the Latin West . Of great importance to the development of monasticism is the Saint Catherine 's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt . Here the Ladder of Divine Ascent was written by Saint John Climacus ( c. 600 ) , a work of such importance that many Orthodox monasteries to this day read it publicly either during the Divine Services or in Trapeza during Great Lent . At the height of the East Roman Empire , numerous great monasteries were established by the emperors , including the twenty `` sovereign monasteries '' on the Holy Mountain , an actual `` monastic republic '' wherein the entire country is devoted to bringing souls closer to God . In this milieu , the Philokalia was compiled . As the Great Schism between East and West grew , conflict arose over misunderstandings about Hesychasm . Saint Gregory Palamas , bishop of Thessalonica , an experienced Athonite monk , defended Orthodox spirituality against the attacks of Barlaam of Calabria , and left numerous important works on the spiritual life . Konstantin Savitsky , monk 1897 Present ( edit ) Christian monasticism was and continued to be a lay condition -- monks depended on a local parish church for the sacraments . However , if the monastery was isolated in the desert , as were many of the Egyptian examples , that inconvenience compelled monasteries either to take in priest members , to have their abbot or other members ordained . A priest - monk is sometimes called a hieromonk . In many cases in Eastern Orthodoxy , when a bishopric needed to be filled , they would look to nearby monasteries to find suitable candidates , being good sources of men who were spiritually mature and generally possessing the other qualities desired in a bishop . Eventually , among the Orthodox Churches it became established by canon law that all bishops must be monks . Monastic centers thrive to this day in Bulgaria , Ethiopia , Georgia , Greece , Republic of Macedonia , Russia , Romania , Serbia , the Holy Land , and elsewhere in the Orthodox world , the Autonomous Monastic State of Mount Athos remaining the spiritual center of monasticism for the Eastern Orthodox Church . Since the fall of the Iron Curtain , a great renaissance of monasticism has occurred , and many previously empty or destroyed monastic communities have been reopened . Monasticism continues to be very influential in the Eastern Orthodox Church . According to the Sacred Canons , all Bishops must be monks ( not merely celibate ) , and feast days to Glorified monastic saints are an important part of the liturgical tradition of the church . Fasting , Hesychasm , and the pursuit of the spiritual life are strongly encouraged not only among monastics but also among the laity . Types of monks ( edit ) Orthodox monks farming potatoes in Russia , ca . 1910 Main article : Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism There are also three levels of monks : The Rassophore , the Stavrophore , and the Schema - Monk ( or Schema - Nun ) . Each of the three degrees represents an increased level of asceticism . In the early days of monasticism , there was only one level -- the Great Schema -- and even Saint Theodore the Studite argued against the establishment of intermediate grades , but nonetheless the consensus of the church has favored the development of three distinct levels . When a candidate wishes to embrace the monastic life , he will enter the monastery of his choice as a guest and ask to be received by the Hegumen ( Abbot ) . After a period of at least three days the Hegumen may at his discretion clothe the candidate as a novice . There is no formal ceremony for the clothing of a novice ; he ( or she ) would simply be given the Podraznik , belt and skoufos . After a period of about three years , the Hegumen may at his discretion tonsure the novice as a Rassophore monk , giving him the outer garment called the Rassa ( Greek : Rason ) . A monk ( or nun ) may remain in this grade all the rest of his life , if he so chooses . But the Rite of Tonsure for the Rassophore refers to the grade as that of the `` Beginner '' , so it is intended that the monk will advance on to the next level . The Rassophore is also given a klobuk which he wears in church and on formal occasions . In addition , Rassophores will be given a prayer rope at their tonsure . The next rank , Stavrophore , is the grade that most Russian monks remain all their lives . The title Stavrophore means `` cross-bearer '' , because when Tonsured into this grade the monastic is given a cross to wear at all times . This cross is called a Paramand -- a wooden cross attached by ribbons to a square cloth embroidered with the Instruments of the Passion and the words , `` I bear upon my body the marks of the Lord Jesus '' ( Galatians 6 : 17 ) . The Paramand is so called because it is worn under the Mantle ( Greek : Mandyas ; Church Slavonic : Mantya ) , which is a long cape which completely covers the monk from neck to foot . Among the Russians , Stavrophores are also informally referred to as `` mantle monks '' . At his Tonsure , a Stavrophore is given a wooden hand cross and a lit candle , as well as a prayer rope . St. Anthony of Kiev wearing the Great Schema . The highest rank of monasticism is the Great Schema ( Greek : Megaloschemos ; Church Slavonic : Schimnik ) . Attaining the level of Schema monk is much more common among the Greeks than it is among the Russians , for whom it is normally reserved to hermits , or to very advanced monastics . The Schema monk or Schema nun wears the same habit as the Rassophore , but to it is added the Analavos ( Church Slavonic : Analav ) , a garment shaped like a cross , covering the shoulders and coming down to the knees ( or lower ) in front and in back . This garment is roughly reminiscent of the scapular worn by some Roman Catholic orders , but it is finely embroidered with the Cross and instruments of the Passion ( see illustration , above ) . The Klobuk worn by a Schema monk is also embroidered with a red cross and other symbols . the Klobuk may be shaped differently , more rounded at the top , in which case it is referred to as a koukoulion . The skufia worn by a Schema monk is also more intricately embroidered . The religious habit worn by Orthodox monastics is the same for both monks and nuns , except that the nuns wear an additional veil , called an apostolnik . The central and unifying feature of Orthodox monasticism is Hesychasm , the practice of silence , and the concentrated saying of the Jesus Prayer . All ascetic practices and monastic humility is guided towards preparing the heart for theoria or the `` divine vision '' that comes from the union of the soul with God . It should be noted , however , that such union is not accomplished by any human activity . All an ascetic can do is prepare the ground ; it is for God to cause the seed to grow and bear fruit . Western Christian monasticism ( edit ) History ( edit ) The introduction of monasticism into the West may be dated from about A.D. 340 when St. Athanasius visited Rome accompanied by the two Egyptian monks Ammon and Isidore , disciples of St. Anthony . The publication of the `` Vita Antonii '' some years later and its translation into Latin spread the knowledge of Egyptian monachism widely and many were found in Italy to imitate the example thus set forth . The first Italian monks aimed at reproducing exactly what was done in Egypt and not a few -- such as St. Jerome , Rufinus , Paula , Eustochium and the two Melanias -- actually went to live in Egypt or Palestine as being better suited to monastic life than Italy . The earliest phases of monasticism in Western Europe involved figures like Martin of Tours , who after serving in the Roman legions converted to Christianity and established a hermitage near Milan , then moved on to Poitiers where a community gathered around his hermitage . He was called to become Bishop of Tours in 372 , where he established a monastery at Marmoutiers on the opposite bank of the Loire River , a few miles upstream from the city . His cell was a hut of wood , and round it his disciples , who soon numbered eighty , dwelt in caves and huts . His monastery was laid out as a colony of hermits rather than as a single integrated community . The type of life was simply the Antonian monachism of Egypt . Honoratus of Marseilles was a wealthy Gallo - Roman aristocrat , who after a pilgrimage to Egypt , founded the Monastery of Lérins in 410 , on an island lying off the modern city of Cannes . The monastery combined a community with isolated hermitages where older , spiritually - proven monks could live in isolation . Lérins became , in time , a center of monastic culture and learning , and many later monks and bishops would pass through Lérins in the early stages of their career . Honoratus was called to be Bishop of Arles . John Cassian began his monastic career at a monastery in Palestine and Egypt around 385 to study monastic practice there . In Egypt he had been attracted to the isolated life of hermits , which he considered the highest form of monasticism , yet the monasteries he founded were all organized monastic communities . About 415 he established two monasteries near Marseilles , one for men , one for women . In time these attracted a total of 5,000 monks and nuns . Most significant for the future development of monasticism were Cassian 's Institutes , which provided a guide for monastic life and his Conferences , a collection of spiritual reflections . Celtic monasticism ( edit ) It seems that the first Celtic monasteries were merely settlements where the Christians lived together -- priests and laity , men , women , and children alike -- as a kind of religious clan . According to James F. Kenney , every important church was a monastic establishment , with a small walled village of monks and nuns living under ecclesiastical discipline , and ministering to the people of the surrounding area . Monastic spirituality came to Britain and then Ireland from Gaul , by way of Lérins , Tours , and Auxerre . Its spirituality was heavily influenced by the Desert Fathers , with a monastic enclosure surrounding a collection of individual monastic cells . The British church employed an episcopal structure corresponding closely to the model used elsewhere in the Christian world . Illtud , David , Gildas , and Deiniol were leading figures in 6th - century Britain . According to Thomas O'Loughlin , `` Each monastery should be seen , as with most monasteries of the period , as an individual response to the monastic impulse by someone who had experienced monasticism and then went off to establish either a hermitage to which others later came or a cenobitic community . '' The monasteries were organized on a family basis . Next in importance to the abbot was the scribe , in charge of the scriptorium , the teaching function of the monastery , and the keeping of the annals . The role of scribe was often a path to the position of abbot . Hereditary right and relationship to the abbot were factors influencing appointment to monastic offices . Buildings would generally have been of wood , wattle and thatch . Monasteries tended to be cenobitical in that monks lived in separate cells but came together for common prayer , meals , and other functions . Celtic monasticism was characterized by an rigorous asceticism and a love for learning . Hermits ( edit ) Some more austere ascetics became hermits living in remote locations in what came to be called the `` green martyrdom '' . Pilgrimage ( edit ) Women 's communities ( edit ) Women 's communities were normally much smaller and poorer . The nuns had to do everything themselves , unless they had a couple of tenant - farmers to supply food , or pious who made donations . They spun and wove , kept their huts clean , milked their cows , and made their own meals , which could be meager . Scotland ( edit ) Around 397 , Ninian , a Briton probably from the area south of the Firth of Clyde , dedicated his church at Whithorn to St. Martin of Tours . According to Bede , Ninian evangelized the southern Picts . Kentigern was an apostle of the British Kingdom of Strathclyde in the late 6th century , and the founder and patron saint of the city of Glasgow . Due to anti-Christian sentiment he re-located for a time to Wales , where he established a monastery at St. Asaph 's . Here he divided the monks into three groups . The unlettered were assigned to the duty of agriculture , the care of cattle , and the other necessary duties outside the monastery . He assigned 300 to duties within the cloister of the monastery , such as doing the ordinary work , and preparing food , and building workshops . The remaining monks , who were lettered , he appointed to the celebration of Divine service in church by day and by night . Wales ( edit ) Cadoc founded Llancarfan in the latter part of the fifth century . He received the religious habit from an Irish monk , St. Tathai , superior of a small community near Chepstow , in Monmouthshire . Returning to his native county , Cadoc built a church , and monastery , which was called Llancarfan , or the `` Church of the Stags '' . There he also established a college and a hospital . His legend recounts that he daily fed a hundred clergy and a hundred soldiers , a hundred workmen , a hundred poor men , and the same number of widows . When thousands left the world and became monks , they very often did so as clansmen , dutifully following the example of their chief . Bishoprics , canonries , and parochial benefices passed from one to another member of the same family , and frequently from father to son . Their tribal character is a feature which Irish and Welsh monasteries had in common . Illtyd spent the first part of his religious life as a disciple of Cadoc at Llancarfan . He founded the monastery at Llanilltyd Fawr . One of his students was Paul Aurelian , a key figure in Cornish monasticism . Gildas the Wise was also a student at Llanilltyd Fawr , as was Samson of Dol . Samson founded a monastery in an abandoned Roman fort near the river Severn and lived for a time the life of a hermit in a nearby cave before going to Brittany . St David established his monastery on a promontory on the western sea , well placed to be a centre of Insular Christianity . His establishment became known for its austerity and holiness , more than as a centre of learning , although when King Alfred sought a scholar for his court , he summoned Asser of St David 's . Contemporary with David were Teilo , Cadoc , Padarn , Beuno and Tysilio among them . Cornwall ( edit ) Many early medieval settlements in the region were occupied by hermitage chapels which are often dedicated to St Michael as the conventional slayer of pagan demons , as at St Michael 's Mount . Ireland ( edit ) Clonmacnois Round Tower The earliest monastic settlements in Ireland emerged at the end of the fifth century . It was from Illtud and his colleagues that the Irish sought guidance on matters of ritual and discipline . Enda of Aran is called the `` patriarch of Irish monasticism '' . A warrior prince of Oriel , upon the death of his betrothed he decided to study for the priesthood . He first joined St Ailbe at Emly , before travelling to Ninian 's Candida Casa in Scotland , where he was ordained . About 484 he established the first Irish monastery at Killeaney on Aran Mor . Finnian of Clonard is said to have studied under Cadoc at Llancarfan in Glamorganshire . Finnian of Moville studied under Colman of Dromore and Mochae of Noendrum , before he too went to Candida Casa . Ireland was a rural society of chieftains living in the countryside . As in Wales , if a clan chieftain accepted Christianity so did those he ruled . Commonly Irish monasteries were established by grants of land to an abbot or abbess who came from a local noble family . The monastery became the spiritual focus of the tribe or kin group . Successive abbots and abbesses were members of the founder 's family , a policy which kept the monastic lands under the jurisdiction of the family ( and corresponded to Irish legal tradition , which only allowed the transfer of land within a family ) . In Ireland , the abbot was often called `` coarb '' , a term designating the heir of successor of the founder . The abbots of the principal monasteries -- such as Clonard , Armagh , Clonmacnoise , Swords , etc. -- were of the highest rank and held in the greatest esteem . They wielded great power and had vast influence . The abbot usually was only a presbyter , but in the large monasteries there were one or more resident bishops who conferred orders and discharged the other functions of a bishop . The abbot was superior of the house , and all were subject to him . The Irish rule was rigorous . It was more or less a copy of the French rule , as the French was a copy of the Thebaid . The daily routine of monastic life was prayer , study , and manual labor . With regard to food the rule was very strict . Only one meal a day , at 3 o'clock p.m. , was allowed , except on Sundays and Feast days . Wednesdays and Fridays were fast days , except the interval between Easter and Whit Sunday . The food allowed was barley bread , milk , fish , and eggs . Flesh meat was not allowed except on great feasts . In Ireland a distinctive form of penance developed , where confession was made privately to a priest , under the seal of secrecy , and where penance was given privately and ordinarily performed privately as well . Penance was considered therapeutic rather than punitive . Certain handbooks were made , called `` penitentials '' , designed as a guide for confessors and as a means of regularising the penance given for each particular sin . According to Thomas Pollock Oakley , the penitential guides first developed in Wales , probably at St. David 's , and spread by missions to Ireland . Irish monasticism maintained the model of a monastic community while , like John Cassian , marking the contemplative life of the hermit as the highest form of monasticism . Saints ' lives frequently tell of monks ( and abbots ) departing some distance from the monastery to live in isolation from the community . Irish monastic rules specify a stern life of prayer and discipline in which prayer , poverty , and obedience are the central themes . Irish monks needed to learn Latin , the language of the Church . Thus they read Latin texts , both spiritual and secular , with an enthusiasm that their contemporaries on the continent lacked . Subjects taught included Latin , Greek , Hebrew , grammar , rhetoric , poetry , arithmetic , chronology , the Holy Places , hymns , sermons , natural science , history and especially the interpretation of Sacred Scripture . In 544 St Ciarán founded a monastery at Clonmacnoise , which became one of the most important centres of learning and religious life in Ireland . Contrary to common practice , the title of abbot -- which included the title `` Comarba of Saint Ciarán '' -- at the community was not hereditary , which reflected the humble origins of its founder . In 557 St Brendan founded a monastery at Clonfert . By the end of the seventh century , Irish monastic schools were attracting students from England and from Europe . The achievements of insular art , in illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells , high crosses , and metalwork like the Ardagh Chalice , and in the case of manuscript decoration had a profound influence on Western medieval art . The manuscripts were produced by and for monasteries , and evidence suggests that metalwork was produced in both monastic and royal workshops . Brigid of Kildare ( edit ) Main article : Brigit of Kildare The monastery of Saint Brigit , at Kildare was a double monastery , with both men and women ruled by the Abbess , a pattern found in other monastic foundations . Culdees ( edit ) Main article : Culdees Hiberno - Scottish mission ( edit ) Irish monasticism spread widely , first to Scotland and Northern England , then to Gaul and Italy . Columba and his followers established monasteries at Bangor , on the northeastern coast of Ireland , at Iona , an island north - west of Scotland , and at Lindisfarne , which was founded by Aidan , an Irish monk from Iona , at the request of King Oswald of Northumbria . Abbots of Iona were normally appointed from the founders kin , with an abbot often naming hhis successor . Columbanus , an abbot from a Leinster noble family , traveled to Gaul in the late 6th century with twelve companions . Columbanus and his followers spread the Irish model of monastic institutions to the continent . A whole series of new monastic foundations under Irish influence sprang up , starting with Columbanus 's foundations of Luxeuil and Fontaine - lès - Luxeuil and , sponsored by the Frankish King Childebert II . After Childebert 's death Columbanus traveled east to Metz , where Theudebert II allowed him to establish a new monastery among the semi-pagan Alemanni in what is now Switzerland . One of Columbanus 's followers founded the monastery of St. Gall on the shores of Lake Constance , while Columbanus continued onward across the Alps to the kingdom of the Lombards in Italy . There King Agilulf and his wife Theodolinda granted Columbanus land in the mountains between Genoa and Milan , where he established the monastery of Bobbio . From about 698 until the reign of Charlemagne in the 770s , the Hiberno - Scottish efforts in the Frankish Empire were continued by the Anglo - Saxon mission . The rule of St. Columbanus , which was originally followed in most of these monasteries , was eventually superseded by that of St. Benedict . Benedictine monasticism ( edit ) Saint Benedict by Herman Nieg , Heiligenkreuz Abbey , Austria Benedict of Nursia is the most influential of Western monks and is called `` the father of western monasticism '' . He was educated in Rome but soon sought the life of a hermit in a cave at Subiaco , outside the city . He then attracted followers with whom he founded the monastery of Monte Cassino around 520 , between Rome and Naples . He established the Rule , adapting in part the earlier anonymous Rule of the Master ( Regula magistri ) , which was written somewhere south of Rome around 500 , and defined the activities of the monastery , its officers , and their responsibilities . By the ninth century , largely under the inspiration of the Emperor Charlemagne , Benedict 's Rule became the basic guide for Western monasticism . While the Celtic monasteries had a stronger connection to the semi-eremitical tradition of Egypt via Lérins and Tours , Benedict and his followers were more influenced by the cenobitism of St Pachomius and Basil the Great . Early Benedictine monasteries were relatively small and consisted of an oratory , refectory , dormitory , scriptorium , guest accommodation and out - buildings , a group of often quite separate rooms more reminiscent of a decent sized Roman villa than a large medieval abbey . A monastery of about a dozen monks would have been normal during this period . Medieval monastic life consisted of prayer , reading , and manual labor . Prayer was a monk 's first priority . Apart from prayer , monks performed a variety of tasks , such as preparing medicine , lettering , reading , and others . Also , these monks would work in the gardens and on the land . They might also spend time in the Cloister , a covered colonnade around a courtyard , where they would pray or read . Some monasteries held a scriptorium where monks would write or copy books . When the monks wrote , they used very neat handwriting and would draw illustrations in the books . As a part of their unique writing style , they decorated the first letter of each paragraph . The efficiency of Benedict 's cenobitic Rule in addition to the stability of the monasteries made them very productive . The monasteries were the central storehouses and producers of knowledge. Vikings started attacking Irish monasteries famous for learning in 793 . One monk wrote about how he did not mind the bad weather one evening because it kept the Vikings from coming : `` Bitter is the wind tonight , it tosses the ocean 's white hair , I need not fear -- as on a night of calm sea -- the fierce raiders from Lochlann . '' In the eleventh and twelfth centuries the growing pressure of monarchies and the nation states undermined the wealth and power of the orders . Monasticism continued to play a role in Catholicism , but after the Protestant reformation many monasteries in Northern Europe were shut down and their assets seized . Western Christian orders in the modern era ( edit ) Many distinct monastic orders developed within Roman Catholicism and Protestantism . Monastic communities in the West , broadly speaking , are organized into orders and congregations guided by a particular religious rule , such as the Rule of St Augustine or especially Rule of St Benedict . Eastern Orthodoxy does not have a system of orders per se , though some of the Eastern Catholic Churches do . 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They are an order of independent monastic communities . Bridgettines , founded in 1344 by Bridget of Sweden . Camaldolese , founded c. 1000 Carthusians , also known as the Order of Saint Bruno , founded 1084 by St. Bruno of Cologne . Open to both sexes ; combines eremitical and cenobitic life . Celestines , founded in 1244 and originally called Hermits of St Damiano , or Moronites ( or Murronites ) . Became known as Celestines after their founder was elected Pope and took the name Celestine V . Cistercians , also referred to as the Order of St. Bernard , founded in 1098 by Robert of Molesme Cluniacs , a movement with a height c. 950 - c. 1130 Hieronymites , founded in Spain in 1364 , an eremitic community formally known as the Order of Saint Jerome Olivetans or the Order of Our Lady of Mount Olivet , founded in 1313 by Bernardo Tolomei ( born Giovanni Tolomei ) along with two of his friends from the noble families of Siena , Patrizio Patrizi and Ambrogio Piccolomini . Paulines , Founded in Hungary in 1225 by Blessed Eusebius . Trappists , began c. 1664 . Vallombrosans , founded c. 1038 by Saint Gualberto Visdomini . Visitation Sisters . The Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary or the Visitation Order is a Roman Catholic religious order for women . Members of the order are also known as the Salesian Sisters or , more commonly , as the Visitandines . The Order was founded in 1610 by Saint Francis de Sales and Saint Jane Frances de Chantal in Annecy , Haute - Savoie , France . Lutheran Church ( edit ) Loccum Abbey continued as a Lutheran monastery since the 16th century A.D. After the foundation of the Lutheran Churches , some monasteries in Lutheran lands ( such as Amelungsborn Abbey near Negenborn and Loccum Abbey in Rehburg - Loccum ) and convents ( such as Ebstorf Abbey near the town of Uelzen and Bursfelde Abbey in Bursfelde ) adopted the Lutheran Christian faith . Loccum Abbey and Amelungsborn Abbey have the longest traditions as Lutheran monasteries . Since the 19th century there have been a renewal in the monastic life among Protestants . There are many present - day Lutherans who practice the monastic teaching of the Roman Catholic Church . In 1947 Mother Basilea Schlink and Mother Martyria founded the Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary , in Darmstadt , Germany . This movement is largely considered Evangelical or Lutheran in its roots . In 1948 Bavarian Lutheran pastor Walter Hümmer and his wife Hanna founded the Communität Christusbruderschaft Selbitz . In other Lutheran traditions `` The Congregation of the Servants of Christ '' was established at St. Augustine 's House in Oxford , Michigan , in 1958 when some other men joined Father Arthur Kreinheder in observing the monastic life and offices of prayer . These men and others came and went over the years . The community has always remained small ; at times the only member was Father Arthur . During the 35 years of its existence over 25 men tested their vocations to monastic life by living at the house for some time , from a few months to many years , but at Father Arthur 's death in 1989 only one permanent resident remained . At the beginning of 2006 , there are 2 permanent professed members and 2 long - term guests . Strong ties remain with this community and their brothers in Sweden ( Östanbäck monastery ) and in Germany the ( Priory of St. Wigbert ) . In Germany , Communität Casteller Ring is a Lutheran Benedictine community for women . In 2011 , an Augustinian religious order , the Priestly Society of St. Augustine ( Societas Sacerdotalis Sancti Augustini ) was established by the Anglo - Lutheran Catholic Church . It follows the Rule of St. Augustine , its headquarters is at Christ Lutheran Church ALCC . Kent Island , Maryland , and Fr . Jens Bargmann , Ph. D. , is the Grand Prior . In Lutheran Sweden , religious life for women had been established already in 1954 , when Sister Marianne Nordström made her profession through contacts with The Order of the Holy Paraclete and Mother Margaret Cope ( 1886 -- 1961 ) at St Hilda 's Priory , Whitby , Yorkshire . Anglican Communion ( edit ) Main article : Anglican religious order In England , John Wycliffe , organized the Lollard Preacher Order ( the `` Poor Priests '' ) to promote his views , many of which resounded with those held by the later Protestant Reformers . Monastic life in England came to an abrupt end with Dissolution of the Monasteries during the reign of King Henry VIII . The property and lands of the monasteries were confiscated and either retained by the king or sold to catholic landowners or given to loyal protestant nobility . Monks and nuns were pensioned off and retired or some were forced to either flee for the continent or to abandon their vocations . For around 300 years , there were no monastic communities within any of the Anglican churches . Shortly after the Oxford Movement began to advocate restoring catholic faith and practice to the Church of England ( see Anglo - Catholicism ) , there was felt to be a need for a restoration of the monastic life . Anglican priest John Henry Newman established a community of men at Littlemore near Oxford in the 1840s while he was vicar of Church of St Mary and St Nicholas , Littlemore . From then forward , there have been many communities of monks , friars , sisters , and nuns established within the Anglican Communion . In 1848 , Mother Priscilla Lydia Sellon founded the Anglican Sisters of Charity and became the first woman to take religious vows within the Anglican Communion since the Reformation . In October 1850 the first building specifically built for the purpose of housing an Anglican Sisterhood was consecrated at Abbeymere in Plymouth . It housed several schools for the destitute , a laundry , printing press and soup kitchen . From the 1840s and throughout the following one hundred years , religious orders for both men and women proliferated in the UK and the United States , as well as in various countries of Africa , Asia , Canada , India and the Pacific . Some Anglican religious communities are contemplative , some active , but a distinguishing feature of the monastic life among Anglicans is that most practice the so - called `` mixed life '' , a combination of a life of contemplative prayer with active service . Anglican religious life closely mirrors that of Roman Catholicism . Like Roman Catholic religious , Anglican religious also take the three vows of poverty , chastity , and obedience . Religious communities live together under a common rule , reciting the Divine Office and celebrating the Eucharist daily . In the early 20th century when the Anglo - Catholic movement was at its height , the Anglican Communion had hundreds of orders and communities , and thousands of religious . However , since the 1960s there has been a sharp falling off in the numbers of religious in many parts of the Anglican Communion , most notably in the United Kingdom and the United States . Many once large and international communities have been reduced to a single convent or monastery composed of elderly men or women . In the last few decades of the 20th century , novices have for most communities been few and far between . Some orders and communities have already become extinct . There are however , still thousands of Anglican religious working today in religious communities around the world . While vocations remain few in some areas , Anglican religious communities are experiencing exponential growth in Africa , Asia , and Oceania . Around 1964 , Reuben Archer Torrey III , an Episcopal missionary , grandson of R.A. Torrey , founded Jesus Abbey as a missionary community in Korea . It has some links with the Episcopal Church and holds an Evangelical doctrine . Methodist Churches ( edit ) In February 2001 , the United Methodist Church organized the Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery . It is a Methodist - Benedictine residential double monastery in Collegeville , Minnesota . Besides monastic orders , the Order of Saint Luke is a dispersed religious order within Methodism . Presbyterian Churches ( edit ) The Community of the Sisterhood Emmanuel was founded in 1973 in Makak - in the Centre Province by Mother Marie , one of the first female Pastors of the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon . In 1975 she moved the community to the present site - at Agyati in Bafut . It has 10 finally consecrated Sisters , four in simple vows and a handful of others in formation . The Sisters are trained in strong collaboration with the sister Institutes of the Catholic Church . They say that one of their charisms is ecumenism . The Sisterhood Emmanuel is the only Presbyterian Monastery in Cameroon . Quakerism and shakerism ( edit ) The Shakers , who are also known as the `` Shaking Quakers '' , have been characterized as a `` Protestant monastic order providing refuge and otherworldly compensation '' . They practice a celibate and communal lifestyle , pacifism , and their model of equality of the sexes , which they institutionalized in their society in the 1780s . They are also known for their simple living , architecture , and furniture . Sincere newcomers are invited to become Shakers : If someone wants to become a Shaker , and the Shakers assent , the would - be member can move into the dwelling house . If the novices , as they are called , stay a week , they sign an articles of agreement , which protects the colony from being sued for lost wages . After a year , the Shakers will take a vote whether to allow the novice in , but it takes another four years to be granted full Shaker status in sharing in the colony 's finances and administrative and worship decisions . Currently , there are two remaining Shakers , Brother Arnold Hadd and Sister June Carpenter , though they hope that others will join them at the only remaining Shaker community , the Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village . Ecumenical expressions ( edit ) Christian monasticism is experiencing renewal in the form of several new foundations with an ' inter-Christian ' vision for their respective communities . In 1944 Roger Schütz , a pastor of the Swiss Reformed Church , founded a small religious brotherhood in France which became known as the Taizé Community . Although he was partly inspired by the hope of reviving monasticism in the Protestant tradition , the brotherhood was interdenominational , accepting Roman Catholic brothers , and is thus an ecumenical rather than a specifically Protestant community . The Order of Ecumenical Franciscans is a religious order of men and women devoted to following the examples of Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Clare of Assisi in their life and understanding of the Christian gospel : sharing a love for creation and those who have been marginalized . It includes members of many different denominations , including Roman Catholics , Anglicans , and a range of Protestant traditions . The Order understands its charism to include not only ecumenical efforts and the traditional emphases of the Franciscans in general , but also to help to develop relationships between the various Franciscan orders . Additional expressions of ecumenical monasticism can be seen in the Bose Monastic Community and communities of the New Monasticism movement arising from Protestant Evangelicalism . In 1999 an independent Protestant order was founded named The Knights of Prayer Monastic Order . The community maintains several monks in its Portland , Oregon , cloister and has an international network of associated lay people . It is not affiliated with any particular congregation . Contributions ( edit ) A monastery in Hronský Beňadik ( Slovakia ) . In traditional Catholic societies , monastic communities often took charge of social services such as education and healthcare . The legacy of monasteries outside remains an important current in modern society . Max Weber compared the closeted and Puritan societies of the English Dissenters , who sparked much of the industrial revolution , to monastic orders . Many Utopian thinkers ( starting with Thomas More ) felt inspired by the common life of monks to apply it to the whole society ( an example is the phalanstère ) . Modern universities have also attempted to emulate Christian monasticism . Even in the Americas , universities are built in the gothic style of twelfth century monasteries . Communal meals , dormitory residences , elaborate rituals and dress all borrow heavily from the monastic tradition . Today monasticism remains an important part of the Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Anglican faiths . Education ( edit ) The capitulary of 789 reads : `` Let every monastery and every abbey have its school , in which boys may be taught the Psalms , the system of musical notation , singing , arithmetic and grammar '' . There can be no doubt that by boys are meant not only the candidates for the monastery and the wards ( generally the children of nobles ) committed to the care of the monks , but also the children of the village or country district around the monastery , for whom there was usually an external school attached to groups of monastic buildings . In the Middle Ages , monasteries conserved and copied ancient manuscripts in their scriptoria . A prospective monk first learned grammar , logic , and oratory . Later , he would take up mathematics , astronomy , and music . The students would use a stylus on wax . Later , when their handwriting improved , they would be given ink and parchment . Eventually , many of those schools became universities . Monks in scriptoria copied texts of Greece and Rome , as well as religious texts , and kept these manuscripts from being lost during the tumultuous Middle Ages . Medicine ( edit ) The Hospital at Soutra Aisle . Monastic pharmacies stored and studied medicaments . Some of the works that the monks copied were by medical writers , and reading and copying these works helped create a store of medical knowledge . Monasteries had infirmaries to treat the monks , travelers , the poor , old , weak and sick . In 2005 , archeologists uncovered waste at Soutra Aisle which helped scientists figure out how people in the Middle Ages treated certain diseases , such as scurvy ; because of the vitamin C in watercress , patients would eat it to stop their teeth from falling out . The same archeological group discovered hemlock , a known pain killer , in the drains of the hospital . Monasteries also aided in the development of agricultural techniques . The requirement of wine for the Mass led to the development of wine culture , as shown in the discovery of the méthode champenoise by Dom Perignon . Several liquors like Bénédictine and the Trappist beers were also developed in monasteries . Even today many monasteries and convents are locally renowned for their cooking specialties . The consequence of this centralisation of knowledge was that they initially controlled both public administration and education , where the trivium led through the quadrivium to theology . Christian monks cultivated the arts as a way of praising God . Gregorian chant and miniatures are examples of the practical application of quadrivium subjects . The status of monks as apart from secular life ( at least theoretically ) also served a social function . Dethroned Visigothic kings were tonsured and sent to a monastery so that they could not claim the crown back . Monasteries became a place for second sons to live in celibacy so that the family inheritance went to the first son ; in exchange the families donated to the monasteries . Few cities lacked both a St Giles house for lepers outside the walls and a Magdalene house for prostitutes and other women of notoriety within the walls , and some orders were favored by monarchs and rich families to keep and educate their maiden daughters before arranged marriage . The monasteries also provided refuge to those like Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor who retired to Yuste in his late years , and his son Philip II of Spain , who was functionally as close to a monastic as his regal responsibilities permitted . See also ( edit ) Asceticism clasau , the early Welsh monasteries Consensoria Monachorum Coptic monasticism Hermit Intentional community Into Great Silence The award - winning documentary of life within the Carthusian monsastery of ' La Grande Chartreuse ' by Philip Groning . List of monastic houses in England Mount Athos New Monasticism Order of Watchers : A French Protestant fraternity of Hermits . Pachomius -- early example of monastic organizer Poustinia Rule of St Benedict Notes , references and sources ( edit ) References Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` monk '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Corbishley , Mike. Monks lived a very strict and regulated life. Life in a monastery included prayer , manualwork , and this promoted the idea of the dignity and labour . Cultural Atlas for Young People The Middle Ages Revised Edition . New York : Facts On File , Inc. , 2004 , page 38 . Jump up ^ Rowling , Marjorie . Everyday Life in Medieval Times . London : Jarrold and Sons Ltd , 1968 , page 125 . Jump up ^ Wilken , Robert Louis . The First Thousand Years : A Global History of Christianity . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11884 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Huddleston , Gilbert . `` Monasticism . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 10 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 31 May 2013 Jump up ^ `` Early Monasticism '' , Monastery of the Holy Spirit Jump up ^ Macdonald , Fiona . How would you survive in the Middle Ages ? . New York : Franklin Watts , 1995 , page 37 . Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea , in his Ecclesiastical History , describes Philo 's Therapeutae as the first Christian monks , identifying their renunciation of property , chastity , fasting , solitary lives with the cenobitic ideal of the Christian monks . Professor Constantine Scouteris , Source ^ Jump up to : `` Early Christian Monasticism '' , Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance Jump up ^ The Carmelites Jump up ^ `` Idiorrythmic Monasticism '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler , Edward Cuthbert . `` St. Anthony '' . The Catholic Encyclopaedia Vol. 1 . Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anchoress '' . The Middle Ages Website . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Edmund . `` Juliana of Norwich '' . The Catholic Encyclopaedia Vol. 8 . Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monasticism '' , Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church , Nassau , Bahamas Archived 25 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Venerable Pachomius the Great , Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism '' , Orthodox Church in America ^ Jump up to : Bacchus , Francis Joseph . `` Eastern Monasticism Before Chalcedon ( A.D. 451 ) . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 10 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 31 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Monasticism '' , Augnet Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ One may hear Orthodox monks referred to as `` Basilian Monks '' , but this is really an inappropriate application of western categories to Orthodoxy . Jump up ^ Both Mount Sinai and Mount Athos are referred to as `` the Holy Mountain '' in Orthodox literature , ^ Jump up to : Huddleston , Gilbert . `` Western Monasticism . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 10 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 18 December 2015 Jump up ^ Kenney , J.F. , The Sources for the Early History of Ireland , New York , 1929 Jump up ^ `` Celtic Monasteries '' , Orthodox Christian Contact Wales Jump up ^ Corning , Caitlin . The Celtic and Roman Traditions : Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church . Macmillan . ( 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 4039 - 7299 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Celtic Monasticism '' , Encyclopedia of Monasticism , ( William M. Johnston , ed . ) , Routledge , 2013 ISBN 9781136787164 Jump up ^ Hughes , Kathleen . `` The Distribution of Irish Scriptoria and Centres of Learning from 730 to 1111 '' , Studies in the Early British Church , ( N. Chdwick et sl , eds . ) , Cambridge , 1958 Jump up ^ McGonigle , Thomas C. , McGonigle , Thomas D. , and Quigley , James F. , `` A History of the Christian Tradition '' , Paulist Press , 1988 ISBN 9780809129645 ^ Jump up to : Addleshaw , George William Outram . `` The Pastoral Structure of the Celtic Church in Northern Britain '' , Borthwick Publications , 1973 ISBN 9780900701375 ^ Jump up to : Chandlery , Peter . `` Welsh Monastic Foundations . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 18 December 2015 Jump up ^ Newell , E.J. , A History of the Welsh Church to the Dissolution of the Monasteries , Chapter III , Elliot Stock , London , 1895 Jump up ^ Thurston , Herbert . `` Welsh Church . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 15 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 19 Nov. 2013 ^ Jump up to : Woods , Richard J. , Christian Spirituality , Orbis Books , 2015 ISBN 9781608334261 Jump up ^ `` Irish Monasticism '' , Early Christian Sites in Ireland Jump up ^ Grattan - Flood , William . `` St. Finnian of Moville . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 6 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1909 . 19 Jul. 2013 Jump up ^ Duckett , Eleanor Shipley . The Gateway to the Middle Ages : Monasticism , University of Michigan Press , 1988 ISBN 9780472060511 ^ Jump up to : O'Halloran , W. , Early Irish History and Antiquities and the History of West Cork , Chapter XI , 1916 Jump up ^ Medieval Handbooks of Penance , eds . John T. McNeil and Helena M. Gamer ( New York , Columba University Press , 1938 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Hinson , E. Glenn . The Church Triumphant : A History of Christianity Up to 1300 , Mercer University Press , 1995 ISBN 9780865544369 Jump up ^ Oakley , Thomas Pollock . English Penitential Discipline and Anglo - Saxon Law in Their Joint Influence , p. 28 , The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd. , 2003 ISBN 9781584773023 Jump up ^ `` ' The Work of Angels ' , Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork '' , ( Susan Youngs , ed . ) London : British Museum Press . 1989 , ISBN 0 - 7141 - 0554 - 6 Jump up ^ Middle-ages.org.uk Jump up ^ Rowling , Marjorie . Everyday Life in Medieval Times . London : Jarrold and Sons Ltd. , 1968 , page 114 Jump up ^ `` Kloster Ebstorf '' . Medieval Histories. 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . The monastery is mentioned for the first time in 1197 . It belongs to the group of so - called Lüneklöstern ( monasteries of Lüne ) , which became Lutheran convents following the Protestant Reformation . ( ... ) It is currently one of several Lutheran convents maintained by the Monastic Chamber of Hanover ( Klosterkammer Hannover ) , an institution of the former Kingdom of Hanover founded by its Prince - Regent , later King George IV of the United Kingdom , in 1818 , in order to manage and preserve the estates of Lutheran convents . Jump up ^ Saint Augustine 's House Jump up ^ Östanbäck monastery Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Priorat St. Wigberti : Unser Kloster Jump up ^ Communität Casteller Ring Archived 11 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Priestly Society of St. Augustine Jump up ^ Hammond , Phillip E. ( 1985 ) . The Sacred in a Secular Age : Toward Revision in the Scientific Study of Religion . University of California Press . p. 28 . ISBN 9780520053434 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Kevin ( 3 May 2015 ) . `` A few good Shakers wanted '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Constance ( 4 January 2017 ) . `` The only two Shakers left live in Maine community '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Turner , William . `` Carolingian Schools . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1908 . 11 February 2015 Jump up ^ Historymedrend.about.com Jump up ^ `` The medical world of medieval monks '' . BBC News . 6 August 2005 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Sources Ritari , K. ( 2009 ) . Saints and Sinners in Early Christian Ireland : Moral Theology in the Lives of Saints Brigit and Columba . Turnhout : Brepols Publishers . ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 53315 - 5 . Lawrence , C.H. ( 2001 ) . Medieval Monasticism ( 3rd ed . ) . Harlow : Pearson Education . ISBN 0 - 582 - 40427 - 4 . Chitty , D.J. ( 1966 ) . The Desert a City . Oxford : Basil Blackwell . Meyer , R.T. ( 1950 ) . St. Athanasius : The Life of Anthony . ACW 10 . Westminster , Md. : Newman Press . `` Idiorrhythmic Monasticism '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Butler , Edward Cuthbert . `` St. Anthony '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 1 . Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . `` Anchoress '' . The Middle Ages Website . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Gardner , Edmund . `` Juliana of Norwich '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8 . Robert Appleton Company , 1910 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . `` Mendicant Orders in the Medieval World '' . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . 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7120250136673619482	Gal Gadot	Gal Gadot - wikipedia Gal Gadot This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Gal Gadot Gadot at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con promoting Wonder Woman ( 1985 - 04 - 30 ) April 30 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Petah Tikva , Israel Citizenship Israeli Alma mater IDC Herzliya Occupation Actress model Years active 2004 -- present Height 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) Spouse ( s ) Yaron Varsano ( m . 2008 ) Children Awards Miss Israel 2004 Website galgadot.com Gal Gadot - Varsano ( Hebrew : גל גדות ‎ ‎ , pronounced ( ˈɡal ɡaˈdot ) ; born April 30 , 1985 ) is an Israeli actress and model . Gadot is primarily known for her role as Wonder Woman in the DC Extended Universe . She started with Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) , continued again in 2017 as the lead in Wonder Woman , and will reprise the role in Justice League . She previously appeared as Gisele Yashar in three of The Fast and the Furious franchise movies . Gadot was born and raised in Israel . At age 18 she was crowned Miss Israel 2004 . She then served two years as a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces , where she was a combat trainer . She began studying at IDC Herzliya college before pursuing modeling and acting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Military service 2 Career 2.1 Modeling and pageant career 2.2 Acting 3 Other work 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Pageants 6 Awards and nominations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Gal Gadot was born in Petah Tikva , Israel , and raised in its neighbouring city of Rosh HaAyin . In Hebrew , her first name means `` wave '' and her surname means `` riverbanks '' . Her parents are Irit ( née Weiss ) , a teacher , and Michael Gadot , an engineer . Both her parents were born in Israel , and they had Hebraized their surname from `` Greenstein '' . Her father is a sixth - generation Israeli . Her maternal grandparents were born in Europe ; her grandfather , who was imprisoned in the Auschwitz concentration camp , survived the Holocaust , and her grandmother left before the Nazi invasion . Gadot has stated that she was brought up in a `` very Jewish , Israeli family environment '' . Her ancestry is Polish - Jewish , Austrian - Jewish , German - Jewish , and Czech - Jewish . She has one younger sister named Dana . Her high school major was biology . She says that in high school she was good at basketball because of her height . As a teenager , her first jobs were babysitting and at Burger King . As an adult , Gadot studied law and international relations at the IDC Herzliya college . Military service ( edit ) Between the ages of 18 - 20 , Gadot served for two years as an enlisted soldier in the Israel Defense Forces , serving as a combat trainer . She said of her time in the army : `` You give two or three years , and it 's not about you . You learn discipline and respect . '' Gadot says that her background helped her to win the role of Gisele in Fast & Furious : `` I think the main reason was that the director Justin Lin really liked that I was in the military , and he wanted to use my knowledge of weapons . '' Career ( edit ) Modeling and pageant career ( edit ) Gadot at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con panel for Justice League At the age of 18 Gadot won the 2004 Miss Israel beauty pageant , and next competed in the Miss Universe 2004 pageant in Ecuador . She carried out her two - year military service from the age of 20 , then studied law . Gadot has led international campaigns as a model for Miss Sixty , Huawei smartphones , Captain Morgan rum , Gucci fragrances and Vine Vera skincare ranges , and Jaguar Cars . In 2015 , she became the face of Gucci 's Bamboo perfume brand . She has featured as the covergirl on Cosmopolitan , Glamour , Bride Magazine , Entertainment Weekly , UMM , Cleo , Fashion , Lucire , FHM . Gadot has been the main model for fashion brand Castro in 2008 -- 16 . In 2013 , her combined annual modelling and acting salary was estimated at NIS 2.4 million , which was ahead of a number of other famous Israeli models such as Esti Ginzburg and Shlomit Malka , though significantly behind Bar Refaeli . In 2007 , 21 - year - old Gadot was in the Maxim photo shoot , `` Women of the Israeli Army '' , and was then featured on the cover of the New York Post . In April 2012 , Shalom Life ranked her Number 5 on its list of `` the 50 most talented , intelligent , funny , and gorgeous Jewish women in the world '' , behind model Bar Refaeli and actress Eva Green . In 2014 , Gadot was one of two Israeli actresses , along with Odeya Rush , listed as an upcoming leading lady by InStyle magazine . Gadot in 2017 Acting ( edit ) After Gadot had completed her first year of university a casting director contacted her agent to have Gadot audition for the part of Bond girl Camille Montes in the spy film Quantum of Solace . Although the part eluded her , a few months later , Gadot starred in the 2008 Israeli drama Bubot . Three months later , the casting director from her Quantum of Solace audition cast Gadot for the role of Gisele Yashar in the action film Fast & Furious , the fourth film in The Fast & the Furious franchise , having earned the role over six other actresses . Gadot performed her own stuntwork in those films . In 2010 , she had small roles in the action - comedy Date Night and the action - adventure comedy Knight and Day . 2011 brought her back to The Fast & the Furious franchise , reprising her role as Gisele in Fast Five , and in 2013 's Fast & Furious 6 . Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , and Gadot at the San Diego Comic - Con panel for Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice in 2014 Gadot played Wonder Woman in the superhero movie Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) . Gadot received swordsmanship , Kung Fu kickboxing , capoeira and Brazilian jiu - jitsu training in preparation for the role . Gadot 's performance as the superhero , which is the first time for the character on film , was hailed as one of the best parts of the film . Also in 2016 , she had a small role in John Hillcoat 's crime - thriller Triple 9 , where she starred along with Kate Winslet and Aaron Paul . Later that year , she co-starred in the action crime thriller film Criminal , as the wife of Ryan Reynolds ' character , alongside Kevin Costner , Gary Oldman , and Tommy Lee Jones . Her final film of 2016 was the action comedy Keeping Up with the Joneses , in which she played a secret agent , alongside Isla Fisher and Jon Hamm . In 2017 , Gadot starred in a solo film for her character , Wonder Woman . She will reprise the role in the ensemble Justice League film scheduled for release on November 17 , 2017 , which would be her third DC Extended Universe installment . In 2017 Gadot was also invited to become a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Other work ( edit ) Gadot , fellow Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter , DC Entertainment President Diane Nelson , Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins and U.N. Under - Secretary General Cristina Gallach appeared at the United Nations on October 21 , 2016 , the 75th anniversary of the first appearance of Wonder Woman , to mark the character 's designation by the United Nations as its `` Honorary Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls '' . The gesture was intended to raise awareness of UN Sustainable Development Goal No. 5 , which seeks to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls by 2030 . The decision was met with protests from UN staff members who stated in their petition to UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon that the character is `` not culturally encompassing or sensitive '' , and served to objectify women . As a result , the character was stripped of the designation , and the project ended December 16 . Personal Life ( edit ) Gadot married Israeli real estate developer Yaron Versano on September 28 , 2008 . They have two daughters , Alma and Maya . Until 2015 , the couple owned a luxury hotel in Tel Aviv , which Gadot says she helped to run , including changing the bedsheets in the rooms herself . They sold their hotel to Roman Abramovich in 2015 for $ 26 million . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Director ( s ) Notes 2009 Fast & Furious Gisele Yashar Justin Lin Date Night Natanya Shawn Levy Knight and Day Naomi James Mangold 2011 Fast Five Gisele Yashar Justin Lin 2013 Fast & Furious 6 Gisele Yashar 2014 Kicking Out Shoshana Mirit Ben Harush Shay Kanot Israeli film 2015 Furious 7 Gisele Yashar James Wan Credited and appears in a deleted scene 2016 Triple 9 Elena Vlaslov John Hillcoat Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Diana Prince / Wonder Woman Zack Snyder Criminal Jill Pope Ariel Vromen Keeping Up with the Joneses Natalie Jones Greg Mottola 2017 Wonder Woman Diana Prince / Wonder Woman Patty Jenkins Justice League Zack Snyder Completed Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Bubot Miriam `` Merry '' Elkayam Israeli series 2009 Entourage Lisa Episode : `` Amongst Friends '' 2009 The Beautiful Life Olivia 3 episodes 2011 Asfur Kika Israeli series 2012 Kathmandu Yamit Bareli Israeli series 2012 Eretz Nehederet Herself Israeli series 2017 Saturday Night Live Herself ( host ) Episode : `` Gal Gadot / Sam Smith '' Pageants ( edit ) Year Title Status Notes Miss Israel 2004 Herself Winner Miss Universe 2004 Miss Israel Participant Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result Ref . 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Breakout Star Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Nominated Chinese American Film Festival Most Popular US Actress in China Fast & Furious , Batman v Superman and Wonder Woman Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Actress in an Action Movie Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Awards Best Female Action Hero Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action Actress Wonder Woman Won Choice Movie : Comedy Actress Keeping Up with the Joneses Nominated See also ( edit ) Israeli fashion Women in Israel Women in the Israel Defense Forces References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxiL1D4o8rM ^ Jump up to : Sivan Kadmi ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` גל גדות '' ( Gal Gadot ) ( in Hebrew ) . Ynet . Jump up ^ `` גל גדות על פרשת אופק בוכריס : `` איפה הצדק ? '' `` . Jump up ^ IMAX ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot and Chris Pine '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot '' . AllMovie.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` Emerging Star Gal Gadot Set For Wonder Woman In ' Batman Vs. Superman ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot to Play Wonder Woman in ' Batman vs. Superman ' '' . Variety . 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chatting With ' Fast Five ' Star Gal Gadot '' . The Forward. 2 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Halutz , Avshalom ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Who is Gal Gadot , Hollywood 's next Wonder Woman ? '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , Becky ( 30 May 2017 ) . `` Have You Been Pronouncing Gal Gadot Wrong ? '' . The Forward . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Gal Gadot May 29 , 2017 at 8 : 37pm UTC '' . Instagram . ^ Jump up to : http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/features/wonder-woman-gal-gadot-on-becoming-badass-female-action-hero-w498704 Jump up ^ `` יום השואה : מפורסמים משתפים בזכרון אישי -- וואלה ! סלבס '' . Jump up ^ `` מס ' 16 : גל גדות '' . Ynet. 9 February 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Features And Reviews '' . TotallyJewish.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Living in Los Angeles , Actress Gal Gadot Says She Misses Israeli ' Chutzpah ' '' . Algemeiner.com . Jump up ^ Hirschberg , Lynn . `` Gal Gadot Listened to Beyoncé to Prepare for Her Wonder Woman Audition '' . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot Is Wonder Woman : ' She Is Not Relying on a Man , and She 's Not There Because of a Love Story '' . Glamour . March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` סופר ־ גירל -- ידיעות אחרונות '' . Yediot.co.il. 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Chatting With ' Fast Five ' Star Gal Gadot , Curt Schleier , 2 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Star Gal Gadot Dazzled as Miss Israel '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Batman v Superman Dawn of Justice - Gal Gadot Official Interview ( 2016 ) '' . Film Is Now . March 25 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Romeyn , Kathryn ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman Gal Gadot is the Face of Gucci 's New Fragrance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Israeli Fashion Retailer Torn Between Daring Spirit and Need to Please the Masses '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ הדוגמניות המרוויחות ביותר בישראל Forbes Israel , June 2013 Jump up ^ Ashley Baylen ( 12 April 2012 ) . `` Top 50 Hottest Jewish Women ( 10 -- 1 ) -- Page2 '' . Shalom Life . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Berger , Elia ( 8 June 2014 ) , Israel 's Gal Gadot and Odeya Rush get noticed as Hollywood 's newest leading ladies , The Jerusalem Post Jump up ^ `` IGN : New Furious Babe '' . IGN . Newscorp. 4 March 2008 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot : Too fast too furious ? '' . Israelenews.com . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Simone ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman : Israeli badass takes on the boys in ' Batman vs. Superman ' '' . The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . Jump up ^ `` JUF : Teens : Celebrities : Gal Gadot '' . JUF . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Doran , Michael ( 27 December 2013 ) . `` Gal Gadot Responds To Being ' Too Skinny ' for Wonder Woman '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , Scarlett ( 27 March 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman reborn : how she stole limelight from Batman and Superman '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Flemming Jr. , Mike ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Open Road Acquires Domestic On ' Triple Nine ; ' Michael B. Jordan , Aaron Paul , Gal Gadot , Michael Pena Join Killer Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 12 August 2014 ) . `` Wonder Woman Actress Gal Gadot Joins Kevin Costner in ' Criminal ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 4 / 20 / 15 : Michael Bay Starts TMNT Sequel , Gal Gadot Begins Keeping Up With the Joneses , Natalie Dormer Wraps Shooting on Patient Zero '' . ssninsider.com. 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot cast as Wonder Woman : Comics world reacts on Twitter '' . Los Angeles Times . 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Begley , Chris . `` Gal Gadot signed a 3 movie deal as Wonder Woman ( video ) '' . Batman News . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros '' . Variety . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Motion picture academy opens its doors to 774 new members as push for diversity continues '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman named UN Honorary Ambassador for empowerment of women and girls '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder Woman Named the United Nations ' Honorary Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls '' . Business Wire . October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Elizabeth ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` UN drops Wonder Woman as honorary ambassador '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Yaron Varsano - Wonder Woman actress Gal Gadot 's Husband '' . December 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Wonderwall.com Editors 2 : 36 pm PDT , 26 July 2016 ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Gal Gadot daughter Alma Varsano -- Gal Gadot Wonder Woman things to know Gallery '' . Wonderwall.com . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Gal Gadot : My Daughter Made Me Appreciate the Importance of Female Superheroes '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And then we were four '' . Twitter . 20 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Between the sheets with model Israeli '' , Jewish News , June 2 , 2011 , archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 24 Jump up ^ Shlomit Tsur ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Roman Abramovich buys Tel Aviv hotel '' Archived 10 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Globes Jump up ^ `` Watch a Furious 7 Deleted Scene With Letty and Gisele '' . / Film . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 -- Captain America : Civil War Leads Second Wave of Nominations '' . E !. 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Monetti , Sandro ( 4 November 2016 ) . `` Blunder Woman ? Gal Gadot Gets Wrong Gong -- Entity '' . Entity . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Actress -- ' La La Land , ' ' Arrival , ' ' Moonlight ' Top Critics ' Choice Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Women Film Critics Circle Nomination Award Picks For 2016 '' . criticalwomen.blogspot.co.il . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! News . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gal Gadot . Official website Gal Gadot on IMDb Preceded by Sivan Klein Miss Israel Succeeded by Elena Ralph ( hide ) Miss Universe 2004 , national titleholders Jennifer Hawkins Raquel Horton Fabiane Niclotti Venessa Fisher Gabriela Barros Zhang Meng Catherine Daza Lucie Váchová Larimar Fiallo Susana Rivadeneira Shermine Shahrivar Menaye Donkor Valia Kakouti Tanushree Dutta Gal Gadot Andrea Fonseka Rosalva Luna Anita Uwagbale Kathrine Sørland Jessica Rodríguez Yanina González Maricar Balagtas Alba Reyes Katarina Wigander Morakot Kittisara Oleksandra Nikolayenko Shandi Finnessey Ana Karina Áñez Hoàng Khánh Ngọc VIAF : 6147121644526391529 LCCN : no2016106183 ISNI : 0000 0004 5982 037X BNF : cb170963697 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gal_Gadot&oldid=809517487 '' Categories : 1985 births 21st - century Israeli actresses 21st - century military personnel Israeli female models Israeli film actresses Israeli Jews Israeli people of Austrian - Jewish descent Israeli people of Czech - Jewish descent Israeli people of German - Jewish descent Israeli people of Polish - Jewish descent Israeli television actresses Jewish female models Jewish Israeli actresses Living people Miss Israel winners Miss Universe 2004 contestants People from Rosh HaAyin Women in the Israeli military Hidden categories : CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hCards Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Arpetan Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 16 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the actress who played wonder woman	[ "Gal Gadot-Varsano[3] (Hebrew: גל גדות‎‎, pronounced [ˈɡal ɡaˈdot];[4] born April 30, 1985)[5] is an Israeli actress and model. Gadot is primarily known for her role as Wonder Woman in the DC Extended Universe. She started with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), continued again in 2017 as the lead in Wonder Woman, and will reprise the role in Justice League.[6][7]" ]	[ "Gal Gadot-Varsano" ]
7775020007854690042	Chemical weapons in World War I	Chemical weapons in World War I - wikipedia Chemical weapons in World War I British troops blinded by poison gas during the Battle of Estaires , 1918 The use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years , but the first large scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I. They were primarily used to demoralize , injure , and kill entrenched defenders , against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow - moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective . The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals , such as tear gas , to lethal agents like phosgene , chlorine , and mustard gas . This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century . The killing capacity of gas was limited , with about ninety thousand fatalities from a total of 1.3 million casualties caused by gas attacks . Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop countermeasures , such as gas masks . In the later stages of the war , as the use of gas increased , its overall effectiveness diminished . The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare , and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives , gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as `` the chemist 's war '' and also the era where weapons of mass destruction were created . The use of poison gas by all major belligerents throughout World War I constituted war crimes as its use violated the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited the use of `` poison or poisoned weapons '' in warfare . Widespread horror and public revulsion at the use of gas and its consequences led to a nearly - complete refusal by all combatants to use poison gas in World War II . Contents 1 History of poison gas in World War I 1.1 1914 : Tear gas 1.2 1915 : Large - scale use and lethal gases 1.2. 1 Effectiveness and countermeasures 1.2. 2 British gas attacks 1.3 1915 : More deadly gases 1.4 1916 : Austrian use 1.5 1917 : Mustard gas 1.6 Post-war 1.6. 1 Effect on World War II 2 Casualties 2.1 British casualties 2.2 Civilian casualties 3 Countermeasures 4 Delivery systems 5 Unexploded weapons 6 Gases used 7 Long - term health effects 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History of poison gas in World War I ( edit ) See also : Weapons of World War I 1914 : tear gas ( edit ) The most frequently used chemicals during World War I were tear - inducing irritants rather than fatal or disabling poisons . During World War I , the French army was the first to employ gas , using 26 mm grenades filled with tear gas ( ethyl bromoacetate ) in August 1914 . The small quantities of gas delivered , roughly 19 cm3 per cartridge , were not even detected by the Germans . The stocks were rapidly consumed and by November a new order was placed by the French military . As bromine was scarce among the Entente allies , the active ingredient was changed to chloroacetone . In October 1914 , German troops fired fragmentation shells filled with a chemical irritant against British positions at Neuve Chapelle ; the concentration achieved was so small that it too was barely noticed . None of the combatants considered the use of tear gas to be in conflict with the Hague Treaty of 1899 , which prohibited the launching of projectiles containing asphyxiating or poisonous gas . 1915 : large - scale use and lethal gases ( edit ) The first instance of large - scale use of gas as a weapon was on 31 January 1915 , when Germany fired 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas on Russian positions on the Rawka River , west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov . Instead of vaporizing , the chemical froze and failed to have the desired effect . The first killing agent used by the German military was chlorine . Chlorine is a powerful irritant that can inflict damage to the eyes , nose , throat and lungs . At high concentrations and prolonged exposure it can cause death by asphyxiation . German chemical companies BASF , Hoechst and Bayer ( which formed the IG Farben conglomerate in 1925 ) had been making chlorine as a by - product of their dye manufacturing . In cooperation with Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin , they began developing methods of discharging chlorine gas against enemy trenches . According to the fieldpost letter of Major Karl von Zingler , the first chlorine gas attack by German forces took place before 2 January 1915 : `` In other war theatres it does not go better and it has been said that our Chlorine is very effective . 140 English officers have been killed . This is a horrible weapon ... '' . By 22 April 1915 , the German Army had 168 tons of chlorine deployed in 5,730 cylinders from Langemark -- Poelkapelle , north of Ypres . At 17 : 30 , in a slight easterly breeze , the liquid chlorine was siphoned from the tanks , producing gas which formed a grey - green cloud that drifted across positions held by French Colonial troops from Martinique , as well as the 1st Tirailleurs and the 2nd Zouaves from Algeria . Faced with an unfamiliar threat these troops broke ranks , abandoning their trenches and creating an 8,000 - yard ( 7 km ) gap in the Allied line . The German infantry were also wary of the gas and , lacking reinforcements , failed to exploit the break before the 1st Canadian Division and assorted French troops reformed the line in scattered , hastily prepared positions 1,000 -- 3,000 yards ( 910 -- 2,740 m ) apart . The Entente governments claimed the attack was a flagrant violation of international law but Germany argued that the Hague treaty had only banned chemical shells , rather than the use of gas projectors . In what became the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans used gas on three more occasions ; on 24 April against the 1st Canadian Division , on 2 May near Mouse Trap Farm and on 5 May against the British at Hill 60 . The British Official History stated that at Hill 60 , `` 90 men died from gas poisoning in the trenches or before they could be got to a dressing station ; of the 207 brought to the nearest dressing stations , 46 died almost immediately and 12 after long suffering . '' On 6 August , German troops used chlorine gas against Russian troops defending the Fortress of Osowiec . Surviving defenders drove back the attack and retained the fortress . Germany used chemical weapons on the eastern front in an attack at Rawka , south of Warsaw . The Russian army took 9,000 casualties , with more than 1,000 fatalities . In response , the artillery branch of the Russian army organised a commission to study the delivery of poison gas in shells . Effectiveness and countermeasures ( edit ) British emplacement after German gas attack ( probably phosgene ) It quickly became evident that the men who stayed in their places suffered less than those who ran away , as any movement worsened the effects of the gas , and that those who stood up on the fire step suffered less -- indeed they often escaped any serious effects -- than those who lay down or sat at the bottom of a trench . Men who stood on the parapet suffered least , as the gas was denser near the ground . The worst sufferers were the wounded lying on the ground , or on stretchers , and the men who moved back with the cloud . Chlorine was less effective as a weapon than the Germans had hoped , particularly as soon as simple countermeasures were introduced . The gas produced a visible greenish cloud and strong odour , making it easy to detect . It was water - soluble , so the simple expedient of covering the mouth and nose with a damp cloth was effective at reducing the effect of the gas . It was thought to be even more effective to use urine rather than water , as it was known at the time that chlorine reacted with urea ( present in urine ) to form dichloro urea . Chlorine required a concentration of 1,000 parts per million to be fatal , destroying tissue in the lungs , likely through the formation of hydrochloric acid when dissolved in the water in the lungs ( 2Cl + 2H O → 4HCl + O ) . Despite its limitations , chlorine was an effective psychological weapon -- the sight of an oncoming cloud of the gas was a continual source of dread for the infantry . Countermeasures were quickly introduced in response to the use of chlorine . The Germans issued their troops with small gauze pads filled with cotton waste , and bottles of a bicarbonate solution with which to dampen the pads . Immediately following the use of chlorine gas by the Germans , instructions were sent to British and French troops to hold wet handkerchiefs or cloths over their mouths . Simple pad respirators similar to those issued to German troops were soon proposed by Lieutenant - Colonel N.C. Ferguson , the A.D.M.S. of the 28th Division . These pads were intended to be used damp , preferably dipped into a solution of bicarbonate kept in buckets for that purpose ; other liquids were also used . Because such pads could not be expected to arrive at the front for several days , army divisions set about making them for themselves . Locally available muslin , flannel and gauze were used , officers were sent to Paris to buy more and local French women were employed making up rudimentary pads with string ties . Other units used lint bandages manufactured in the convent at Poperinge . Pad respirators were sent up with rations to British troops in the line as early as the evening of 24 April . In Britain the Daily Mail newspaper encouraged women to manufacture cotton pads , and within one month a variety of pad respirators were available to British and French troops , along with motoring goggles to protect the eyes . The response was enormous and a million gas masks were produced in a day . The Mail 's design was useless when dry and caused suffocation when wet -- the respirator was responsible for the deaths of scores of men . By 6 July 1915 , the entire British army was equipped with the more effective `` smoke helmet '' designed by Major Cluny MacPherson , Newfoundland Regiment , which was a flannel bag with a celluloid window , which entirely covered the head . The race was then on between the introduction of new and more effective poison gases and the production of effective countermeasures , which marked gas warfare until the armistice in November 1918 . British gas attacks ( edit ) British infantry advancing through gas at Loos , 25 September 1915 Football team of British soldiers with gas masks , Western front , 1916 A British gas bomb from 1915 The British expressed outrage at Germany 's use of poison gas at Ypres and responded by developing their own gas warfare capability . The commander of II Corps , Lieutenant General Sir Charles Ferguson , said of gas : It is a cowardly form of warfare which does not commend itself to me or other English soldiers ... We can not win this war unless we kill or incapacitate more of our enemies than they do of us , and if this can only be done by our copying the enemy in his choice of weapons , we must not refuse to do so . The first use of gas by the British was at the Battle of Loos , 25 September 1915 , but the attempt was a disaster . Chlorine , codenamed Red Star , was the agent to be used ( 140 tons arrayed in 5,100 cylinders ) , and the attack was dependent on a favourable wind . On this occasion the wind proved fickle , and the gas either lingered in no man 's land or , in places , blew back on the British trenches . This was compounded when the gas could not be released from all the British canisters because the wrong turning keys were sent with them . Subsequent retaliatory German shelling hit some of those unused full cylinders , releasing gas among the British troops . Exacerbating the situation were the primitive flannel gas masks distributed to the British . The masks got hot , and the small eye - pieces misted over , reducing visibility . Some of the troops lifted the masks to get fresh air , causing them to be gassed . 1915 : more deadly gases ( edit ) Plate I , Microscopic section of human lung from phosgene shell poisoning , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 The deficiencies of chlorine were overcome with the introduction of phosgene , which was prepared by a group of French chemists led by Victor Grignard and first used by France in 1915 . Colourless and having an odour likened to `` mouldy hay , '' phosgene was difficult to detect , making it a more effective weapon . Phosgene was sometimes used on its own , but was more often used mixed with an equal volume of chlorine , with the chlorine helping to spread the denser phosgene . The Allies called this combination White Star after the marking painted on shells containing the mixture . Phosgene was a potent killing agent , deadlier than chlorine . It had a potential drawback in that some of the symptoms of exposure took 24 hours or more to manifest . This meant that the victims were initially still capable of putting up a fight ; this could also mean that apparently fit troops would be incapacitated by the effects of the gas on the following day . In the first combined chlorine -- phosgene attack by Germany , against British troops at Wieltje near Ypres , Belgium on 19 December 1915 , 88 tons of the gas were released from cylinders causing 1069 casualties and 69 deaths . The British P gas helmet , issued at the time , was impregnated with sodium phenolate and partially effective against phosgene . The modified PH Gas Helmet , which was impregnated with phenate hexamine and hexamethylene tetramine ( urotropine ) to improve the protection against phosgene , was issued in January 1916 . Around 36,600 tons of phosgene were manufactured during the war , out of a total of 190,000 tons for all chemical weapons , making it second only to chlorine ( 93,800 tons ) in the quantity manufactured : Germany 18,100 tons France 15,700 tons United Kingdom 1,400 tons ( also used French stocks ) United States 1,400 tons ( also used French stocks ) Phosgene was never as notorious in public consciousness as mustard gas , but it killed far more people , about 85 % of the 90,000 deaths caused by chemical weapons during World War I . 1916 : Austrian use ( edit ) Italian dead after the Austrian gas attack on Monte San Michele On 29 June 1916 , Austrian forces attacked the Italian lines on Monte San Michele with a mix of phosgene and chlorine gas . Thousands of Italian soldiers died in this first chemical weapons attack on the Italian Front . 1917 : mustard gas ( edit ) Plate X , Microscopic section of human lung from mustard gas poisoning , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 The most widely reported and , perhaps , the most effective chemical agent of the First World War was sulfur mustard , known as `` mustard gas '' . It is a volatile oily liquid . It was introduced as a vesicant by Germany in July 1917 prior to the Third Battle of Ypres . The Germans marked their shells yellow for mustard gas and green for chlorine and phosgene ; hence they called the new gas Yellow Cross . It was known to the British as HS ( Hun Stuff ) , and the French called it Yperite ( named after Ypres ) . A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns , 1917 / 1918 Mustard gas is not an effective killing agent ( though in high enough doses it is fatal ) but can be used to harass and disable the enemy and pollute the battlefield . Delivered in artillery shells , mustard gas was heavier than air , and it settled to the ground as an oily liquid . Once in the soil , mustard gas remained active for several days , weeks , or even months , depending on the weather conditions . The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered , their eyes became very sore and they began to vomit . Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes , stripping off the mucous membrane . This was extremely painful . Fatally injured victims sometimes took four or five weeks to die of mustard gas exposure . One nurse , Vera Brittain , wrote : `` I wish those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning . Great mustard - coloured blisters , blind eyes , all sticky and stuck together , always fighting for breath , with voices a mere whisper , saying that their throats are closing and they know they will choke . '' The polluting nature of mustard gas meant that it was not always suitable for supporting an attack as the assaulting infantry would be exposed to the gas when they advanced . When Germany launched Operation Michael on 21 March 1918 , they saturated the Flesquières salient with mustard gas instead of attacking it directly , believing that the harassing effect of the gas , coupled with threats to the salient 's flanks , would make the British position untenable . Gas never reproduced the dramatic success of 22 April 1915 ; it became a standard weapon which , combined with conventional artillery , was used to support most attacks in the later stages of the war . Gas was employed primarily on the Western Front -- the static , confined trench system was ideal for achieving an effective concentration . Germany also used gas against Russia on the Eastern Front , where the lack of effective countermeasures resulted in deaths of over 56,000 Russians , while Britain experimented with gas in Palestine during the Second Battle of Gaza . Russia began manufacturing chlorine gas in 1916 , with phosgene being produced later in the year . Most of the manufactured gas was never used . The British Army first used mustard gas in November 1917 at Cambrai , after their armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard gas shells . It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard gas weapon , with production of the chemicals centred on Avonmouth Docks . ( The only option available to the British was the Despretz -- Niemann -- Guthrie process ) . This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of the Hindenburg Line with the Hundred Days ' Offensive . The Allies mounted more gas attacks than the Germans in 1917 and 1918 because of a marked increase in production of gas from the Allied nations . Germany was unable to keep up with this pace despite creating various new gases for use in battle , mostly as a result of very costly methods of production . Entry into the war by the United States allowed the Allies to increase mustard gas production far more than Germany . Also the prevailing wind on the Western Front was blowing from west to east , which meant the British more frequently had favourable conditions for a gas release than did the Germans . When the United States entered the war , it was already mobilizing resources from academic , industry and military sectors for research and development into poison gas . A Subcommittee on Noxious Gases was created by the National Research Committee , a major research centre was established at Camp American University , and the 1st Gas Regiment was recruited . The 1st Gas Regiment eventually served in France , where it used phosgene gas in several attacks . The Artillery used mustard gas with significant effect during the Meuse Argonne Offensive on at least three occasions . The United States began large - scale production of an improved vesicant gas known as Lewisite , for use in an offensive planned for early 1919 . By the time of the armistice on 11 November , a plant near Willoughby , Ohio was producing 10 tons per day of the substance , for a total of about 150 tons . It is uncertain what effect this new chemical would have had on the battlefield , as it degrades in moist conditions . Post-war ( edit ) By the end of the war , chemical weapons had lost much of their effectiveness against well trained and equipped troops . At that time , chemical weapon agents inflicted an estimated 1.3 million casualties . Nevertheless , in the following years , chemical weapons were used in several , mainly colonial , wars where one side had an advantage in equipment over the other . The British used poison gas , possibly adamsite , against Russian revolutionary troops beginning on 27 August 1919 and contemplated using chemical weapons against Iraqi insurgents in the 1920s ; Bolshevik troops used poison gas to suppress the Tambov Rebellion in 1920 , Spain used chemical weapons in Morocco against Rif tribesmen throughout the 1920s and Italy used mustard gas in Libya in 1930 and again during its invasion of Ethiopia in 1936 . In 1925 , a Chinese warlord , Zhang Zuolin , contracted a German company to build him a mustard gas plant in Shenyang , which was completed in 1927 . Public opinion had by then turned against the use of such weapons which led to the Geneva Protocol , an updated and extensive prohibition of poison weapons . The Protocol , which was signed by most First World War combatants in 1925 , bans the use ( but not the stockpiling ) of lethal gas and bacteriological weapons . Most countries that signed ratified it within around five years ; a few took much longer -- Brazil , Japan , Uruguay , and the United States did not do so until the 1970s , and Nicaragua ratified it in 1990 . The signatory nations agreed not to use poison gas in the future , stating `` the use in war of asphyxiating , poisonous or other gases , and of all analogous liquids , materials or devices , has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world . '' Chemical weapons have been used in at least a dozen wars since the end of the First World War ; they were not used in combat on a large scale until Iraq used mustard gas and the more deadly nerve agents in the Halabja chemical attack near the end of the 8 - year Iran -- Iraq War . The full conflict 's use of such weaponry killed around 20,000 Iranian troops ( and injured another 80,000 ) , around a quarter of the number of deaths caused by chemical weapons during the First World War . Effect on World War II ( edit ) All major combatants stockpiled chemical weapons during the Second World War , but the only reports of its use in the conflict were the Japanese use of relatively small amounts of mustard gas and lewisite in China , Italy 's use of gas in Ethiopia ( in what is more often considered to be the Second Italo - Ethiopian War ) , and very rare occurrences in Europe ( for example some mustard gas bombs were dropped on Warsaw on 3 September 1939 , which Germany acknowledged in 1942 but indicated had been accidental ) . Mustard gas was the agent of choice , with the British stockpiling 40,719 tons , the Soviets 77,400 tons , the Americans over 87,000 tons and the Germans 27,597 tons . The destruction of an American cargo ship containing mustard gas led to many casualties in Bari , Italy , in December 1943 . In both Axis and Allied nations , children in school were taught to wear gas masks in case of gas attack . Germany developed the poison gases tabun , sarin , and soman during the war , and used Zyklon B in their extermination camps . Neither Germany nor the Allied nations used any of their war gases in combat , despite maintaining large stockpiles and occasional calls for their use . Poison gas played an important role in the Holocaust . Britain made plans to use mustard gas on the landing beaches in the event of an invasion of the United Kingdom in 1940 . The United States considered using gas to support their planned invasion of Japan . Casualties ( edit ) The contribution of gas weapons to the total casualty figures was relatively minor . British figures , which were accurately maintained from 1916 , recorded that 3 % of gas casualties were fatal , 2 % were permanently invalid and 70 % were fit for duty again within six weeks . It was remarked as a joke that if someone yelled ' Gas ' , everyone in France would put on a mask ... Gas shock was as frequent as shell shock . -- H. Allen , Towards the Flame , 1934 John Singer Sargent 's 1918 painting Gassed Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning . In all my dreams , before my helpless sight , He plunges at me , guttering , choking , drowning . -- Wilfred Owen , `` Dulce et Decorum est '' , 1917 Plate III , Pallid type of asphyxia from phosgene poisoning , with circulatory failure , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 Death by gas was often slow and painful . According to Denis Winter ( Death 's Men , 1978 ) , a fatal dose of phosgene eventually led to `` shallow breathing and retching , pulse up to 120 , an ashen face and the discharge of four pints ( 2 litres ) of yellow liquid from the lungs each hour for the 48 of the drowning spasms . '' A common fate of those exposed to gas was blindness , chlorine gas or mustard gas being the main causes . One of the most famous First World War paintings , Gassed by John Singer Sargent , captures such a scene of mustard gas casualties which he witnessed at a dressing station at Le Bac - du - Sud near Arras in July 1918 . ( The gases used during that battle ( tear gas ) caused temporary blindness and / or a painful stinging in the eyes . These bandages were normally water - soaked to provide a rudimentary form of pain relief to the eyes of casualties before they reached more organized medical help . ) The proportion of mustard gas fatalities to total casualties was low ; 2 % of mustard gas casualties died and many of these succumbed to secondary infections rather than the gas itself . Once it was introduced at the third battle of Ypres , mustard gas produced 90 % of all British gas casualties and 14 % of battle casualties of any type . Estimated gas casualties Nation Fatal Total ( Fatal & non-fatal ) Russia 56,000 419,340 Germany 9,000 200,000 France 8,000 190,000 British Empire ( includes Canada ) 8,109 188,706 Austria - Hungary 3,000 100,000 United States 1,462 72,807 Italy 4,627 60,000 Total 90,198 1,230,853 Mustard gas was a source of extreme dread . In The Anatomy of Courage ( 1945 ) , Lord Moran , who had been a medical officer during the war , wrote : After July 1917 gas partly usurped the role of high explosive in bringing to head a natural unfitness for war . The gassed men were an expression of trench fatigue , a menace when the manhood of the nation had been picked over . Mustard gas did not need to be inhaled to be effective -- any contact with skin was sufficient . Exposure to 0.1 ppm was enough to cause massive blisters . Higher concentrations could burn flesh to the bone . It was particularly effective against the soft skin of the eyes , nose , armpits and groin , since it dissolved in the natural moisture of those areas . Typical exposure would result in swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids , forcing them closed and rendering the victim temporarily blind . Where it contacted the skin , moist red patches would immediately appear which after 24 hours would have formed into blisters . Other symptoms included severe headache , elevated pulse and temperature ( fever ) , and pneumonia ( from blistering in the lungs ) . Many of those who survived a gas attack were scarred for life . Respiratory disease and failing eyesight were common post-war afflictions . Of the Canadians who , without any effective protection , had withstood the first chlorine attacks during Second Ypres , 60 % of the casualties had to be repatriated and half of these were still unfit by the end of the war , over three years later . Many of those who were fairly soon recorded as fit for service were left with scar tissue in their lungs . This tissue was susceptible to tuberculosis attack . It was from this that many of the 1918 casualties died , around the time of the Second World War , shortly before sulfa drugs became widely available for its treatment . British casualties ( edit ) British forces gas casualties on the Western Front Date Agent Casualties ( official ) Fatal Non-fatal April -- May 1915 Chlorine 350 7,000 May 1915 -- June 1916 Lachrymants 0 0 December 1915 -- August 1916 Chlorine 1,013 4,207 July 1916 -- July 1917 Various 532 8,806 July 1917 -- November 1918 Mustard gas 4,086 160,526 April 1915 -- November 1918 Total 5,981 180,539 A British nurse treating mustard gas cases recorded : They can not be bandaged or touched . We cover them with a tent of propped - up sheets . Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain even with the worst wounds but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they can not help crying out . A postmortem account from the British official medical history records one of the British casualties : Case four . Aged 39 years . Gassed 29 July 1917 . Admitted to casualty clearing station the same day . Died about ten days later . Brownish pigmentation present over large surfaces of the body . A white ring of skin where the wrist watch was . Marked superficial burning of the face and scrotum . The larynx much congested . The whole of the trachea was covered by a yellow membrane . The bronchi contained abundant gas . The lungs fairly voluminous . The right lung showing extensive collapse at the base . Liver congested and fatty . Stomach showed numerous submucous haemorrhages . The brain substance was unduly wet and very congested . Civilian casualties ( edit ) The distribution of gas cloud casualties was not limited to the front . Nearby towns were at risk from winds blowing the poison gases through . Civilians rarely had a warning system to alert their neighbours of the danger and often did not have access to effective gas masks . When the gas came to the towns it could easily get into houses through open windows and doors . An estimated 100,000 - 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands ( along with military personnel ) died from scarring of the lungs , skin damage , and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended . Many commanders on both sides knew that such weapons would cause major harm to civilians as wind would blow poison gases into nearby civilian towns but nonetheless continued to use them throughout the war . British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary : `` My officers and I were aware that such weapon would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns , as strong winds were common on the battlefront . However , because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy , none of us were overly concerned at all . '' Countermeasures ( edit ) A Smelling Case to allow officers to identify the gas by smell and thus act appropriately for protection and treatment None of the First World War 's combatants were prepared for the introduction of poison gas as a weapon . Once gas was introduced , development of gas protection began and the process continued for much of the war producing a series of increasingly effective gas masks . Even at Second Ypres , Germany , still unsure of the weapon 's effectiveness , only issued breathing masks to the engineers handling the gas . At Ypres a Canadian medical officer , who was also a chemist , quickly identified the gas as chlorine and recommended that the troops urinate on a cloth and hold it over their mouth and nose . The first official equipment issued was similarly crude ; a pad of material , usually impregnated with a chemical , tied over the lower face . To protect the eyes from tear gas , soldiers were issued with gas goggles . British Vickers machine gun crew wearing PH gas helmets with exhaust tubes The next advance was the introduction of the gas helmet -- basically a bag placed over the head . The fabric of the bag was impregnated with a chemical to neutralize the gas -- the chemical would wash out into the soldier 's eyes whenever it rained . Eye - pieces , which were prone to fog up , were initially made from talc . When going into combat , gas helmets were typically worn rolled up on top of the head , to be pulled down and secured about the neck when the gas alarm was given . The first British version was the Hypo helmet , the fabric of which was soaked in sodium hyposulfite ( commonly known as `` hypo '' ) . The British P gas helmet , partially effective against phosgene and with which all infantry were equipped with at Loos , was impregnated with sodium phenolate . A mouthpiece was added through which the wearer would breathe out to prevent carbon dioxide build - up . The adjutant of the 1 / 23rd Battalion , The London Regiment , recalled his experience of the P helmet at Loos : The goggles rapidly dimmed over , and the air came through in such suffocatingly small quantities as to demand a continuous exercise of will - power on the part of the wearers . A modified version of the P Helmet , called the PH Helmet , was issued in January 1916 , and was impregnated with hexamethylenetetramine to improve the protection against phosgene . Australian infantry wearing Small Box Respirators , Ypres , September 1917 Self - contained box respirators represented the culmination of gas mask development during the First World War . Box respirators used a two - piece design ; a mouthpiece connected via a hose to a box filter . The box filter contained granules of chemicals that neutralised the gas , delivering clean air to the wearer . Separating the filter from the mask enabled a bulky but efficient filter to be supplied . Nevertheless , the first version , known as the Large Box Respirator ( LBR ) or `` Harrison 's Tower '' , was deemed too bulky -- the box canister needed to be carried on the back . The LBR had no mask , just a mouthpiece and nose clip ; separate gas goggles had to be worn . It continued to be issued to the artillery gun crews but the infantry were supplied with the `` Small Box Respirator '' ( SBR ) . The Small Box Respirator featured a single - piece , close - fitting rubberized mask with eye - pieces . The box filter was compact and could be worn around the neck . The SBR could be readily upgraded as more effective filter technology was developed . The British - designed SBR was also adopted for use by the American Expeditionary Force . The SBR was the prized possession of the ordinary infantryman ; when the British were forced to retreat during the German Spring Offensive of 1918 , it was found that while some troops had discarded their rifles , hardly any had left behind their respirators . Horses and mules were important methods of transport that could be endangered if they came into close contact with gas . This was not so much of a problem until it became common to launch gas great distances . This caused researchers to develop masks that could be used on animals such as dogs , horses , mules , and even carrier pigeons . For mustard gas , which could cause severe damage by simply making contact with skin , no effective countermeasure was found during the war . The kilt - wearing Scottish regiments were especially vulnerable to mustard gas injuries due to their bare legs . At Nieuwpoort in Flanders some Scottish battalions took to wearing women 's tights beneath the kilt as a form of protection . Gas alert by Arthur Streeton , 1918 Gas alert procedure became a routine for the front - line soldier . To warn of a gas attack , a bell would be rung , often made from a spent artillery shell . At the noisy batteries of the siege guns , a compressed air strombus horn was used , which could be heard nine miles ( 14 km ) away . Notices would be posted on all approaches to an affected area , warning people to take precautions . Other British attempts at countermeasures were not so effective . An early plan was to use 100,000 fans to disperse the gas . Burning coal or carborundum dust was tried . A proposal was made to equip front - line sentries with diving helmets , air being pumped to them through a 100 ft ( 30 m ) hose . The effectiveness of all countermeasures is apparent . In 1915 , when poison gas was relatively new , less than 3 % of British gas casualties died . In 1916 , the proportion of fatalities jumped to 17 % . By 1918 , the figure was back below 3 % , though the total number of British gas casualties was now nine times the 1915 levels . Various gas masks employed on the Western Front during the war Delivery systems ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A British cylinder release at Montauban on the Somme , June 1916 -- part of the preparation for the Battle of the Somme . The first system employed for the mass delivery of gas involved releasing the gas cylinders in a favourable wind such that it was carried over the enemy 's trenches . The Hague Convention of 1899 prohibited the use of poisons gasses delivered by projectiles . The main advantage of this method was that it was relatively simple and , in suitable atmospheric conditions , produced a concentrated cloud capable of overwhelming the gas mask defences . The disadvantages of cylinder releases were numerous . First and foremost , delivery was at the mercy of the wind . If the wind was fickle , as was the case at Loos , the gas could backfire , causing friendly casualties . Gas clouds gave plenty of warning , allowing the enemy time to protect themselves , though many soldiers found the sight of a creeping gas cloud unnerving . Gas clouds had limited penetration , only capable of affecting the front - line trenches before dissipating . Finally , the cylinders had to be emplaced at the very front of the trench system so that the gas was released directly over no man 's land . This meant that the cylinders had to be manhandled through communication trenches , often clogged and sodden , and stored at the front where there was always the risk that cylinders would be prematurely breached during a bombardment . A leaking cylinder could issue a telltale wisp of gas that , if spotted , would be sure to attract shellfire . German gas attack on the eastern front . A British chlorine cylinder , known as an `` oojah '' , weighed 190 lb ( 86 kg ) , of which 60 lb ( 27 kg ) was chlorine gas , and required two men to carry . Phosgene gas was introduced later in a cylinder , known as a `` mouse '' , that weighed 50 lb ( 23 kg ) . Delivering gas via artillery shell overcame many of the risks of dealing with gas in cylinders . The Germans , for example , used 5.9 - inch ( 150 mm ) artillery shells . Gas shells were independent of the wind and increased the effective range of gas , making anywhere within reach of the guns vulnerable . Gas shells could be delivered without warning , especially the clear , nearly odourless phosgene -- there are numerous accounts of gas shells , landing with a `` plop '' rather than exploding , being initially dismissed as dud HE or shrapnel shells , giving the gas time to work before the soldiers were alerted and took precautions . Loading a battery of Livens gas projectors The main flaw associated with delivering gas via artillery was the difficulty of achieving a killing concentration . Each shell had a small gas payload and an area would have to be subjected to a saturation bombardment to produce a cloud to match cylinder delivery . Mustard gas did not need to form a concentrated cloud and hence artillery was the ideal vehicle for delivery of this battlefield pollutant . The solution to achieving a lethal concentration without releasing from cylinders was the `` gas projector '' , essentially a large - bore mortar that fired the entire cylinder as a missile . The British Livens projector ( invented by Captain W.H. Livens in 1917 ) was a simple device ; an 8 - inch ( 200 mm ) diameter tube sunk into the ground at an angle , a propellant was ignited by an electrical signal , firing the cylinder containing 30 or 40 lb ( 14 or 18 kg ) of gas up to 1,900 metres . By arranging a battery of these projectors and firing them simultaneously , a dense concentration of gas could be achieved . The Livens was first used at Arras on 4 April 1917 . On 31 March 1918 the British conducted their largest ever `` gas shoot '' , firing 3,728 cylinders at Lens . Unexploded weapons ( edit ) Phosgene delivery system unearthed at the Somme , 2006 Over 16,000,000 acres ( 65,000 km ) of France had to be cordoned off at the end of the war because of unexploded ordnance . About 20 % of the chemical shells were duds , and approximately 13 million of these munitions were left in place . This has been a serious problem in former battle areas from immediately after the end of the War until the present . Shells may be , for instance , uncovered when farmers plough their fields ( termed the ' iron harvest ' ) , and are also regularly discovered when public works or construction work is done . Another difficulty is the current stringency of environmental legislation . In the past , a common method of getting rid of unexploded chemical ammunition was to detonate or dump it at sea ; this is currently prohibited in most countries . The problems are especially acute in some northern regions of France . The French government no longer disposes of chemical weapons at sea . For this reason , piles of untreated chemical weapons accumulated . In 2001 , it became evident that the pile stored at a depot in Vimy was unsafe ; the inhabitants of the neighbouring town were evacuated , and the pile moved , using refrigerated trucks and under heavy guard , to a military camp in Suippes . The capacity of the plant is meant to be 25 tons per year ( extensible to 80 tons at the beginning ) , for a lifetime of 30 years . Germany has to deal with unexploded ammunition and polluted lands resulting from the explosion of an ammunition train in 1919 . Aside from unexploded shells , there have been claims that poison residues have remained in the local environment for an extended period , though this is unconfirmed ; well known but unverified anecdotes claim that as late as the 1960s trees in the area retained enough mustard gas residue to injure farmers or construction workers who were clearing them . Gases used ( edit ) Name First use Type Used by Xylyl bromide 1914 Lachrymatory , toxic Both Chlorine 1915 Corrosive . Lung irritant Both Phosgene 1915 Irritant - Skin and mucous membranes . Corrosive , toxic Both Benzyl bromide 1915 Lachrymatory Central Powers Chloromethyl chloroformate 1915 Irritant - Eyes , skin , lungs Both Trichloromethyl chloroformate 1916 Severe irritant , causes burns Both Chloropicrin 1916 Irritant , lachrymatory , toxic Both Stannic chloride 1916 Severe irritant , causes asphyxiating Allies Ethyl iodoacetate 1916 Lachrymatory , toxic Allies Bromoacetone 1916 Lachrymatory , irritant Both Monobromomethyl ethyl ketone 1916 Lachrymatory , irritant Central Powers Acrolein 1916 Lachrymatory , toxic Central Powers Hydrogen cyanide ( Prussic acid ) 1916 Toxic , asphyxiant Allies Hydrogen sulfide ( sulphuretted hydrogen ) 1916 Irritant , toxic Allies Diphenylchloroarsine ( Diphenyl chlorasine ) 1917 Irritant / Sternutatory ( causes sneezing ) Central Powers α - chlorotoluene ( Benzyl chloride ) 1917 Irritant , lachrymatory Central Powers Mustard gas ( Bis ( 2 - chloroethyl ) sulfide ) 1917 Vesicant ( blistering agent ) , lung irritant Both Bis ( chloromethyl ) ether ( dichloromethyl ether ) 1918 Irritant , can blur vision Central Powers Ethyldichloroarsine 1918 Vesicant Central Powers N - Ethylcarbazole 679 1918 Irritant Central Powers Long - term Health effects ( edit ) Soldiers who claimed to have been exposed to chemical warfare have often presented with unusual medical conditions which has led to much controversy . The lack of information has left doctors , patients , and their families in the dark in terms of prognosis and treatment . Nerve agents such as sarin , tabun , and soman are believed to have the most significant long - term health effects . Chronic fatigue and memory loss have been reported to last up to three years after exposure . In the years following World War One , there were many conferences held in attempts to abolish the use of chemical weapons all together , such as the Washington Naval Conference ( 1921 -- 22 ) , Geneva Conference ( 1923 -- 25 ) and the World Disarmament Conference ( 1933 ) . The United States was an original signatory of the Geneva Protocol in 1925 , but the US Senate did not ratify it until 1975 . Although the health effects are generally chronic in nature , the exposures were generally acute . A positive correlation has been proven between exposure to mustard agents and skin cancers , other respiratory and skin conditions , leukemia , several eye conditions , bone marrow depression and subsequent immunosuppression , psychological disorders and sexual dysfunction . Chemicals used in the production of chemical weapons have also left residues in the soil where the weapons were used . The chemicals that have been detected can cause cancer and can affect the brain , blood , liver , kidneys and skin . Despite the evidence in support of long - term health effects , there are studies that show just the opposite . Some US veterans who were closely affected by chemical weapons showed no neurological evidence in the following years . These same studies showed that one single contact with chemical weapons would be enough to cause long - term health effects . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The US reportedly had about 135,000 tons of chemical warfare agents during WW II ; Germany had 70,000 tons , Britain 40,000 and Japan 7,500 tons . The German nerve gases were deadlier than the old - style suffocants ( chlorine , phosgene ) and blistering agents ( mustard gas ) in Allied stockpiles . Churchill , and several American Generals reportedly called for their use against Germany and Japan , respectively ( Weber , 1985 ) . Jump up ^ See the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft and the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adrienne Mayor ( 29 September 2003 ) . Greek Fire , Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs : Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World . Overlook Books . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 348 - X . Jump up ^ Andre Richardt ( 26 December 2012 ) . CBRN Protection : Managing the Threat of Chemical , Biological , Radioactive and Nuclear Weapons . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 32413 - 2 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Chris ( 2 April 2007 ) . `` The Growing Menace of Chemical War '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Saffo , Paul ( 2000 ) . `` Paul Saffo presentation '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Telford Taylor ( 1 November 1993 ) . The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials : A Personal Memoir. Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 83400 - 9 . Jump up ^ Thomas Graham ; Damien J. Lavera ( May 2003 ) . Cornerstones of Security : Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era . University of Washington Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98296 - 9 . Jump up ^ Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1986 ) . The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Oxford University press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 858142 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Charles E ( September 1984 ) . `` Chemical Warfare in World War I : The American Experience , 1917 -- 1918 '' . US Army Command and General Staff College Jump up ^ Taylor , L.B. ; Taylor , C.L. ( 1992 ) . Chemical and Biological Warfare ( Revised ed . ) . Franklin Watts . ISBN 0 - 531 - 13029 - 0 . Jump up ^ Van der Kloot , W. ( 2004 ) . `` April 1915 : Five Future Nobel Prize - winners inaugurate weapons of mass destruction and the academic - industrial - military complex '' . Notes and Records . 58 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Romano , James A. ; Lukey , Brian J. ; Salem , Harry ( 2007 ) . Chemical warfare agents : chemistry , pharmacology , toxicology , and therapeutics ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 4661 - 6 . Jump up ^ Legg , J. ; Parker , G. ( 2002 ) . `` The Germans develop a new weapon : the gas cloud '' . The Great War . Retrieved 6 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fritz Haber '' . Science History Institute . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Abelshauser , Werner ( 2003 ) . German Industry and Global Enterprise , BASF : The History of a Company . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82726 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aksulu , N. Melek ( May 2006 ) . `` Die Feldpostbriefe Karl v. Zinglers aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg '' ( PDF ) . Nobilitas , Zeitschrift für deutsche Adelsforschung Folge . IX ( 41 ) : 57 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . Rousselare 2 Januar 15 ... Auf anderen Kriegsschauplätzen ist es ja auch nicht besser und die Wirkung von unserem Chlor soll ja sehr gut sein . Es sollen 140 englische Offiziere erledigt worden sein . Es ist doch eine furchtbare Waffe ... Jump up ^ General R. Hure , page 283 , L'Armee d'Afrique 1830 - 1962 , Charles - Lavauzelle 1972 Jump up ^ Tucker , Jonathan B. ( 2006 ) . War of Nerves : Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al - Queda . Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42229 - 3 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 29 July 2004 ) . `` On the Western Front , Ypres 1915 '' . Veteran Affairs Canada . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Lefebure , Victor ; Wilson , Henry ( 2004 ) . The Riddle of the Rhine : Chemical Strategy in Peace and War . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 3546 - 4 . Jump up ^ Edmonds and Wynne ( 1927 ) : p. 289 . ^ Jump up to : Kojevnikov , A. ( June 2002 ) . `` The Great War , the Russian Civil War , and the Invention of Big Science '' ( PDF ) . Science in Context. 15 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 275 . doi : 10.1017 / S0269889702000443 . PMID 12467271 . Jump up ^ Edmonds and Wynne ( 1927 ) : pp. 177 -- 8 . Jump up ^ For example , see : Chattaway , Frederick Daniel ( 22 December 1908 ) . `` The Action of Chlorine upon Urea Whereby a Dichloro Urea is Produced '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . 81 ( 549 ) : 381 -- 388 . Bibcode : 1908RSPSA ... 81 ... 381C . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1908.0094 . JSTOR 93011 . Jump up ^ O'Leary , Donal ( 2000 ) . `` Chlorine '' . University College Cork . Retrieved 2 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , E. ; Everitt , B. ; Ironside , S. ; Palmer , I. ; Wessely , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Psychological effects of chemical weapons : a follow - up study of First World War veterans '' . Psychological Medicine . 38 ( 10 ) : 1419 -- 26 . doi : 10.1017 / S003329170800278X . PMID 18237455 . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Edmonds and Wynne ( 1927 ) : p. 217 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tim ( 1999 ) . No Place to Run : The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War . UBC Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0740 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Gas '' . Weaponry . First World War . Jump up ^ Warner , Philip ( 2000 ) . The Battle of Loos . Wordsworth Military Library . Wordsworth Editions . p. 37 . ISBN 1 - 84022 - 229 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nye , Mary Jo ( 1999 ) . Before big science : the pursuit of modern chemistry and physics , 1800 -- 1940 . Harvard University Press . p. 193 . 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( Spring 2015 ) . `` Chemical Warfare : From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory '' . Distillations. 1 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lockwood , John C. ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 3 . The Earth 's Climates '' . In Hewitt , C.N. ; Jackson , A.V. Handbook of Atmospheric Science : Principles and Applications . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 72 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 632 - 05286 - 4 . Jump up ^ Addison , James Thayer ( 1919 ) . The story of the First gas regiment . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin company . pp. 50 , 146 , 158 , 168 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Secretary of War , 1919 , pages 4386 - 87 Jump up ^ D. Hank Ellison ( 24 August 2007 ) . Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents , Second Edition . CRC Press . p. 456 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1434 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hershberg , James G. ( 1993 ) . James B. Conant : Harvard to Hiroshima and the making of the nuclear age . 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ISBN 90 - 411 - 1099 - 2 Jump up ^ J.C. ( 17 April 2001 ) . `` Sécurité . Les 55 tonnes d'obus chimiques sont stockées au camp militaire de Suippes '' ( in French ) . L'Humanité . Archived from the original on 21 September 2006 . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : J.C. ( 17 April 2001 ) . `` Déminage '' ( in French ) . Sénat . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Browne , Malcomb W. ( 22 March 1995 ) . `` Terror in Tokyo : The Poison ; Sarin Just One of Many Deadly Gases Terrorists Could Use '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cowell , E.M. ( October 1939 ) . `` Chemical Warfare and the Doctor '' . The British Medical Journal . 2 ( 4109 ) : 736 -- 738 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.4109. 736 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Adelno ( July 1937 ) . `` Chemical Warfare as Developed During the World War -- Probable Future Development '' . Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine . 13 ( 7 ) : 397 -- 421 . PMC 1966130 . PMID 19312026 . Jump up ^ Glyn Volans , `` Long - term effects of chemical weapons , '' The Lancet , 360 , ( December 2002 ) : 36 . Jump up ^ Mary Fox , Frank Curriero , Kathryn Kulbicki , Beth Resnick , Thomas Burke , `` Evaluating the Community Health Legacy of WWI Chemical Weapons Testing , '' Journal of Community Health , 35 , ( 18 November 2009 ) : 96 . Jump up ^ Mary Fox , Frank Curriero , Kathryn Kulbicki , Beth Resnick , Thomas Burke , `` Evaluating the Community Health Legacy of WWI Chemical Weapons Testing , '' Journal of Community Health , 35 , ( 18 November 2009 ) : 96 - 97 . Jump up ^ James R. Riddle , `` Chemical Warfare and the Gulf War : A Review of the Impact on Gulf Veterans ' Health , '' Military Medicine , 168 , ( August 2003 ) : 607 . Further reading ( edit ) Freemantle , M. ( 2012 ) . Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! How Chemistry Changed the First World War . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6601 - 9 . MacPherson , W.G. ; Herringham , W.P. ; Elliott , T.R. ; Balfour , A. ( 1923 ) . Medical Services : Diseases of the War : Including the Medical Aspects of Aviation and Gas Warfare and Gas Poisoning in Tanks and Mines . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II . London : HMSO . OCLC 769752656 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Faith , Thomas I. : Gas Warfare , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Chemical Weapons in World War I Gas Warfare Gas - Poisoning , by Arthur Hurst , M.A. , MD ( Oxon ) , FRCP 1917 effects of chlorine gas poisoning Understanding Chemical Weapons in the First World War World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials In popular culture Centenary outbreak Portal Weapons History Modern American Civil War World War I Chemical Germany Infantry World War II Germany France Italy Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Korean War Vietnam War Premodern Medieval European Types Aircraft Ancillary Anti-aircraft Anti-ballistic Anti-personnel Anti-tank Area denial Artillery Biological Chemical Ceremonial Combat vehicle Conventional Crew - served Cyber Deadly Directed - energy Explosive Firearm Hunting Improvised Incendiary Martial arts Mass destruction Melee Non-lethal Offensive Personal Pneumatic Practice Ranged Space Tectonic Torpedo Toy Other Arsenal Industry Mount Criminal possession Science fiction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I&oldid=850030647 '' Categories : Chemical warfare by conflict Environmental impact of war Military equipment of World War I World War I crimes World War I crimes by Imperial Germany World War I crimes by the British Empire and Commonwealth United Kingdom chemical weapons program Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use British English from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 03 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was tear gas first used in ww1	[ "The most frequently used chemicals during World War I were tear-inducing irritants rather than fatal or disabling poisons. During World War I, the French army was the first to employ gas, using 26 mm grenades filled with tear gas (ethyl bromoacetate) in August 1914. The small quantities of gas delivered, roughly 19 cm³ per cartridge, were not even detected by the Germans. The stocks were rapidly consumed and by November a new order was placed by the French military. As bromine was scarce among the Entente allies, the active ingredient was changed to chloroacetone.[7]\n" ]	[ "August 1914" ]
-6125459451979499340	Operating system	Operating system - wikipedia Operating system Jump to : navigation , search Operating systems Common features Process management Interrupts Memory management File system Device drivers Networking Security I / O An operating system ( OS ) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs . Time - sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time , mass storage , printing , and other resources . For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation , the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware , although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it . Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer -- from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers . The dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 82.74 % . macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place ( 13.23 % ) , and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place ( 1.57 % ) . In the mobile ( smartphone and tablet combined ) sector , use in 2017 is up to 70 % of Google 's Android and according to third quarter 2016 data , Android on smartphones is dominant with 87.5 percent and a growth rate 10.3 percent per year , followed by Apple 's iOS with 12.1 percent and a per year decrease in market share of 5.2 percent , while other operating systems amount to just 0.3 percent . Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors . Other specialized classes of operating systems , such as embedded and real - time systems , exist for many applications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of operating systems 1.1 Single - and multi-tasking 1.2 Single - and multi-user 1.3 Distributed 1.4 Templated 1.5 Embedded 1.6 Real - time 1.7 Library 2 History 2.1 Mainframes 2.2 Microcomputers 3 Examples of operating systems 3.1 Unix and Unix - like operating systems 3.1. 1 BSD and its descendants 3.1. 1.1 macOS 3.1. 2 Linux 3.2 Microsoft Windows 3.3 Other 4 Components 4.1 Kernel 4.1. 1 Program execution 4.1. 2 Interrupts 4.1. 3 Modes 4.1. 4 Memory management 4.1. 5 Virtual memory 4.1. 6 Multitasking 4.1. 7 Disk access and file systems 4.1. 8 Device drivers 4.2 Networking 4.3 Security 4.4 User interface 4.4. 1 Graphical user interfaces 5 Real - time operating systems 6 Operating system development as a hobby 7 Diversity of operating systems and portability 8 Market share 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Types of operating systems Single - and multitasking A single - tasking system can only run one program at a time , while a multi-tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running in concurrency . This is achieved by time - sharing , dividing the available processor time between multiple processes that are each interrupted repeatedly in time slices by a task - scheduling subsystem of the operating system . Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types . In preemptive multitasking , the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs . Unix - like operating systems , e.g. , Solaris , Linux , as well as AmigaOS support preemptive multitasking . Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner . 16 - bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking. 32 - bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x , used preemptive multi-tasking . Single - and multi-user Single - user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users , but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem . A multi-user operating system extends the basic concept of multi-tasking with facilities that identify processes and resources , such as disk space , belonging to multiple users , and the system permits multiple users to interact with the system at the same time . Time - sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time , mass storage , printing , and other resources to multiple users . Distributed A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer . The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing . Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine . When computers in a group work in cooperation , they form a distributed system . Templated In an OS , distributed and cloud computing context , templating refers to creating a single virtual machine image as a guest operating system , then saving it as a tool for multiple running virtual machines . The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management , and is common in large server warehouses . Embedded Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems . They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy . They are able to operate with a limited number of resources . They are very compact and extremely efficient by design . Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems . Real - time A real - time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time . A real - time operating system may be single - or multi-tasking , but when multitasking , it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature of behavior is achieved . An event - driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events while time - sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts Library A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical operating system provides , such as networking , are provided in the form of libraries and composed with the application and configuration code to construct a unikernel : a specialized , single address space , machine image that can be deployed to cloud or embedded environments . History Main article : History of operating systems See also : Resident monitor Early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks , like a calculator . Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s , such as resident monitor functions that could automatically run different programs in succession to speed up processing . Operating systems did not exist in their modern and more complex forms until the early 1960s . Hardware features were added , that enabled use of runtime libraries , interrupts , and parallel processing . When personal computers became popular in the 1980s , operating systems were made for them similar in concept to those used on larger computers . In the 1940s , the earliest electronic digital systems had no operating systems . Electronic systems of this time were programmed on rows of mechanical switches or by jumper wires on plug boards . These were special - purpose systems that , for example , generated ballistics tables for the military or controlled the printing of payroll checks from data on punched paper cards . After programmable general purpose computers were invented , machine languages ( consisting of strings of the binary digits 0 and 1 on punched paper tape ) were introduced that sped up the programming process ( Stern , 1981 ) . OS / 360 was used on most IBM mainframe computers beginning in 1966 , including computers used by the Apollo program . In the early 1950s , a computer could execute only one program at a time . Each user had sole use of the computer for a limited period of time and would arrive at a scheduled time with program and data on punched paper cards or punched tape . The program would be loaded into the machine , and the machine would be set to work until the program completed or crashed . Programs could generally be debugged via a front panel using toggle switches and panel lights . It is said that Alan Turing was a master of this on the early Manchester Mark 1 machine , and he was already deriving the primitive conception of an operating system from the principles of the universal Turing machine . Later machines came with libraries of programs , which would be linked to a user 's program to assist in operations such as input and output and generating computer code from human - readable symbolic code . This was the genesis of the modern - day operating system . However , machines still ran a single job at a time . At Cambridge University in England the job queue was at one time a washing line ( clothes line ) from which tapes were hung with different colored clothes - pegs to indicate job - priority . An improvement was the Atlas Supervisor introduced with the Manchester Atlas commissioned in 1962 , `` considered by many to be the first recognisable modern operating system '' . Brinch Hansen described it as `` the most significant breakthrough in the history of operating systems . '' Mainframes Main article : History of IBM mainframe operating systems Through the 1950s , many major features were pioneered in the field of operating systems on mainframe computers , including batch processing , input / output interrupt , buffering , multitasking , spooling , runtime libraries , link - loading , and programs for sorting records in files . These features were included or not included in application software at the option of application programmers , rather than in a separate operating system used by all applications . In 1959 , the SHARE Operating System was released as an integrated utility for the IBM 704 , and later in the 709 and 7090 mainframes , although it was quickly supplanted by IBSYS / IBJOB on the 709 , 7090 and 7094 . During the 1960s , IBM 's OS / 360 introduced the concept of a single OS spanning an entire product line , which was crucial for the success of the System / 360 machines . IBM 's current mainframe operating systems are distant descendants of this original system and applications written for OS / 360 can still be run on modern machines . OS / 360 also pioneered the concept that the operating system keeps track of all of the system resources that are used , including program and data space allocation in main memory and file space in secondary storage , and file locking during update . When the process is terminated for any reason , all of these resources are re-claimed by the operating system . The alternative CP - 67 system for the S / 360 - 67 started a whole line of IBM operating systems focused on the concept of virtual machines . Other operating systems used on IBM S / 360 series mainframes included systems developed by IBM : COS / 360 ( Compatibility Operating System ) , DOS / 360 ( Disk Operating System ) , TSS / 360 ( Time Sharing System ) , TOS / 360 ( Tape Operating System ) , BOS / 360 ( Basic Operating System ) , and ACP ( Airline Control Program ) , as well as a few non-IBM systems : MTS ( Michigan Terminal System ) , MUSIC ( Multi-User System for Interactive Computing ) , and ORVYL ( Stanford Timesharing System ) . Control Data Corporation developed the SCOPE operating system in the 1960s , for batch processing . In cooperation with the University of Minnesota , the Kronos and later the NOS operating systems were developed during the 1970s , which supported simultaneous batch and timesharing use . Like many commercial timesharing systems , its interface was an extension of the Dartmouth BASIC operating systems , one of the pioneering efforts in timesharing and programming languages . In the late 1970s , Control Data and the University of Illinois developed the PLATO operating system , which used plasma panel displays and long - distance time sharing networks . Plato was remarkably innovative for its time , featuring real - time chat , and multi-user graphical games . In 1961 , Burroughs Corporation introduced the B5000 with the MCP , ( Master Control Program ) operating system . The B5000 was a stack machine designed to exclusively support high - level languages with no machine language or assembler , and indeed the MCP was the first OS to be written exclusively in a high - level language -- ESPOL , a dialect of ALGOL . MCP also introduced many other ground - breaking innovations , such as being the first commercial implementation of virtual memory . During development of the AS / 400 , IBM made an approach to Burroughs to license MCP to run on the AS / 400 hardware . This proposal was declined by Burroughs management to protect its existing hardware production . MCP is still in use today in the Unisys ClearPath / MCP line of computers . UNIVAC , the first commercial computer manufacturer , produced a series of EXEC operating systems . Like all early main - frame systems , this batch - oriented system managed magnetic drums , disks , card readers and line printers . In the 1970s , UNIVAC produced the Real - Time Basic ( RTB ) system to support large - scale time sharing , also patterned after the Dartmouth BC system . General Electric and MIT developed General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor ( GECOS ) , which introduced the concept of ringed security privilege levels . After acquisition by Honeywell it was renamed General Comprehensive Operating System ( GCOS ) . Digital Equipment Corporation developed many operating systems for its various computer lines , including TOPS - 10 and TOPS - 20 time sharing systems for the 36 - bit PDP - 10 class systems . Before the widespread use of UNIX , TOPS - 10 was a particularly popular system in universities , and in the early ARPANET community . From the late 1960s through the late 1970s , several hardware capabilities evolved that allowed similar or ported software to run on more than one system . Early systems had utilized microprogramming to implement features on their systems in order to permit different underlying computer architectures to appear to be the same as others in a series . In fact , most 360s after the 360 / 40 ( except the 360 / 165 and 360 / 168 ) were microprogrammed implementations . The enormous investment in software for these systems made since the 1960s caused most of the original computer manufacturers to continue to develop compatible operating systems along with the hardware . Notable supported mainframe operating systems include : Burroughs MCP -- B5000 , 1961 to Unisys Clearpath / MCP , present IBM OS / 360 -- IBM System / 360 , 1966 to IBM z / OS , present IBM CP - 67 -- IBM System / 360 , 1967 to IBM z / VM UNIVAC EXEC 8 -- UNIVAC 1108 , 1967 , to OS 2200 Unisys Clearpath Dorado , present Microcomputers PC DOS was an early personal computer OS that featured a command line interface . Mac OS by Apple Computer became the first widespread OS to feature a graphical user interface . Many of its features such as windows and icons would later become commonplace in GUIs . The first microcomputers did not have the capacity or need for the elaborate operating systems that had been developed for mainframes and minis ; minimalistic operating systems were developed , often loaded from ROM and known as monitors . One notable early disk operating system was CP / M , which was supported on many early microcomputers and was closely imitated by Microsoft 's MS - DOS , which became widely popular as the operating system chosen for the IBM PC ( IBM 's version of it was called IBM DOS or PC DOS ) . In the 1980s , Apple Computer Inc. ( now Apple Inc . ) abandoned its popular Apple II series of microcomputers to introduce the Apple Macintosh computer with an innovative graphical user interface ( GUI ) to the Mac OS . The introduction of the Intel 80386 CPU chip in October 1985 , with 32 - bit architecture and paging capabilities , provided personal computers with the ability to run multitasking operating systems like those of earlier minicomputers and mainframes . Microsoft responded to this progress by hiring Dave Cutler , who had developed the VMS operating system for Digital Equipment Corporation . He would lead the development of the Windows NT operating system , which continues to serve as the basis for Microsoft 's operating systems line . Steve Jobs , a co-founder of Apple Inc. , started NeXT Computer Inc. , which developed the NEXTSTEP operating system . NEXTSTEP would later be acquired by Apple Inc. and used , along with code from FreeBSD as the core of Mac OS X ( macOS after latest name change ) . The GNU Project was started by activist and programmer Richard Stallman with the goal of creating a complete free software replacement to the proprietary UNIX operating system . While the project was highly successful in duplicating the functionality of various parts of UNIX , development of the GNU Hurd kernel proved to be unproductive . In 1991 , Finnish computer science student Linus Torvalds , with cooperation from volunteers collaborating over the Internet , released the first version of the Linux kernel . It was soon merged with the GNU user space components and system software to form a complete operating system . Since then , the combination of the two major components has usually been referred to as simply `` Linux '' by the software industry , a naming convention that Stallman and the Free Software Foundation remain opposed to , preferring the name GNU / Linux . The Berkeley Software Distribution , known as BSD , is the UNIX derivative distributed by the University of California , Berkeley , starting in the 1970s . Freely distributed and ported to many minicomputers , it eventually also gained a following for use on PCs , mainly as FreeBSD , NetBSD and OpenBSD . Examples of operating systems Unix and Unix - like operating systems Main article : Unix Evolution of Unix systems Unix was originally written in assembly language . Ken Thompson wrote B , mainly based on BCPL , based on his experience in the MULTICS project . B was replaced by C , and Unix , rewritten in C , developed into a large , complex family of inter-related operating systems which have been influential in every modern operating system ( see History ) . The Unix - like family is a diverse group of operating systems , with several major sub-categories including System V , BSD , and Linux . The name `` UNIX '' is a trademark of The Open Group which licenses it for use with any operating system that has been shown to conform to their definitions . `` UNIX - like '' is commonly used to refer to the large set of operating systems which resemble the original UNIX . Unix - like systems run on a wide variety of computer architectures . They are used heavily for servers in business , as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments . Free UNIX variants , such as Linux and BSD , are popular in these areas . Four operating systems are certified by The Open Group ( holder of the Unix trademark ) as Unix . HP 's HP - UX and IBM 's AIX are both descendants of the original System V Unix and are designed to run only on their respective vendor 's hardware . In contrast , Sun Microsystems 's Solaris can run on multiple types of hardware , including x86 and Sparc servers , and PCs . Apple 's macOS , a replacement for Apple 's earlier ( non-Unix ) Mac OS , is a hybrid kernel - based BSD variant derived from NeXTSTEP , Mach , and FreeBSD . Unix interoperability was sought by establishing the POSIX standard . The POSIX standard can be applied to any operating system , although it was originally created for various Unix variants . BSD and its descendants Main article : Berkeley Software Distribution The first server for the World Wide Web ran on NeXTSTEP , based on BSD . A subgroup of the Unix family is the Berkeley Software Distribution family , which includes FreeBSD , NetBSD , and OpenBSD . These operating systems are most commonly found on webservers , although they can also function as a personal computer OS . The Internet owes much of its existence to BSD , as many of the protocols now commonly used by computers to connect , send and receive data over a network were widely implemented and refined in BSD . The World Wide Web was also first demonstrated on a number of computers running an OS based on BSD called NeXTSTEP . In 1974 , University of California , Berkeley installed its first Unix system . Over time , students and staff in the computer science department there began adding new programs to make things easier , such as text editors . When Berkeley received new VAX computers in 1978 with Unix installed , the school 's undergraduates modified Unix even more in order to take advantage of the computer 's hardware possibilities . The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense took interest , and decided to fund the project . Many schools , corporations , and government organizations took notice and started to use Berkeley 's version of Unix instead of the official one distributed by AT&T . Steve Jobs , upon leaving Apple Inc. in 1985 , formed NeXT Inc. , a company that manufactured high - end computers running on a variation of BSD called NeXTSTEP . One of these computers was used by Tim Berners - Lee as the first webserver to create the World Wide Web . Developers like Keith Bostic encouraged the project to replace any non-free code that originated with Bell Labs . Once this was done , however , AT&T sued . After two years of legal disputes , the BSD project spawned a number of free derivatives , such as NetBSD and FreeBSD ( both in 1993 ) , and OpenBSD ( from NetBSD in 1995 ) . MacOS Main article : macOS macOS ( formerly `` Mac OS X '' and later `` OS X '' ) is a line of open core graphical operating systems developed , marketed , and sold by Apple Inc. , the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh computers . macOS is the successor to the original classic Mac OS , which had been Apple 's primary operating system since 1984 . Unlike its predecessor , macOS is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997 . The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0 , followed in March 2001 by a client version ( Mac OS X v10. 0 `` Cheetah '' ) . Since then , six more distinct `` client '' and `` server '' editions of macOS have been released , until the two were merged in OS X 10.7 `` Lion '' . Prior to its merging with macOS , the server edition -- macOS Server -- was architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart and usually ran on Apple 's line of Macintosh server hardware . macOS Server included work group management and administration software tools that provide simplified access to key network services , including a mail transfer agent , a Samba server , an LDAP server , a domain name server , and others . With Mac OS X v10. 7 Lion , all server aspects of Mac OS X Server have been integrated into the client version and the product re-branded as `` OS X '' ( dropping `` Mac '' from the name ) . The server tools are now offered as an application . Linux Main articles : Linux and Linux kernel Ubuntu , desktop Linux distribution The Linux kernel originated in 1991 , as a project of Linus Torvalds , while a university student in Finland . He posted information about his project on a newsgroup for computer students and programmers , and received support and assistance from volunteers who succeeded in creating a complete and functional kernel . Linux is Unix - like , but was developed without any Unix code , unlike BSD and its variants . Because of its open license model , the Linux kernel code is available for study and modification , which resulted in its use on a wide range of computing machinery from supercomputers to smart - watches . Although estimates suggest that Linux is used on only 1.82 % of all `` desktop '' ( or laptop ) PCs , it has been widely adopted for use in servers and embedded systems such as cell phones . Linux has superseded Unix on many platforms and is used on most supercomputers including the top 385 . Many of the same computers are also on Green500 ( but in different order ) , and Linux runs on the top 10 . Linux is also commonly used on other small energy - efficient computers , such as smartphones and smartwatches . The Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions , such as Red Hat , Debian , Ubuntu , Linux Mint and Google 's Android , Chrome OS , and Chromium OS . Microsoft Windows Main article : Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems designed by Microsoft Corporation and primarily targeted to Intel architecture based computers , with an estimated 88.9 percent total usage share on Web connected computers . The latest version is Windows 10 . In 2011 , Windows 7 overtook Windows XP as most common version in use . Microsoft Windows was first released in 1985 , as an operating environment running on top of MS - DOS , which was the standard operating system shipped on most Intel architecture personal computers at the time . In 1995 , Windows 95 was released which only used MS - DOS as a bootstrap . For backwards compatibility , Win9x could run real - mode MS - DOS and 16 - bit Windows 3. x drivers . Windows ME , released in 2000 , was the last version in the Win9x family . Later versions have all been based on the Windows NT kernel . Current client versions of Windows run on IA - 32 , x86 - 64 and 32 - bit ARM microprocessors . In addition Itanium is still supported in older server version Windows Server 2008 R2 . In the past , Windows NT supported additional architectures . Server editions of Windows are widely used . In recent years , Microsoft has expended significant capital in an effort to promote the use of Windows as a server operating system . However , Windows ' usage on servers is not as widespread as on personal computers as Windows competes against Linux and BSD for server market share . ReactOS is a Windows - alternative operating system , which is being developed on the principles of Windows -- without using any of Microsoft 's code . Other There have been many operating systems that were significant in their day but are no longer so , such as AmigaOS ; OS / 2 from IBM and Microsoft ; classic Mac OS , the non-Unix precursor to Apple 's macOS ; BeOS ; XTS - 300 ; RISC OS ; MorphOS ; Haiku ; BareMetal and FreeMint . Some are still used in niche markets and continue to be developed as minority platforms for enthusiast communities and specialist applications . OpenVMS , formerly from DEC , is still under active development by Hewlett - Packard . Yet other operating systems are used almost exclusively in academia , for operating systems education or to do research on operating system concepts . A typical example of a system that fulfills both roles is MINIX , while for example Singularity is used purely for research . Other operating systems have failed to win significant market share , but have introduced innovations that have influenced mainstream operating systems , not least Bell Labs ' Plan 9 . Components The components of an operating system all exist in order to make the different parts of a computer work together . All user software needs to go through the operating system in order to use any of the hardware , whether it be as simple as a mouse or keyboard or as complex as an Internet component . Kernel Main article : Kernel ( computing ) A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer . With the aid of the firmware and device drivers , the kernel provides the most basic level of control over all of the computer 's hardware devices . It manages memory access for programs in the RAM , it determines which programs get access to which hardware resources , it sets up or resets the CPU 's operating states for optimal operation at all times , and it organizes the data for long - term non-volatile storage with file systems on such media as disks , tapes , flash memory , etc . Program execution Main article : Process ( computing ) The operating system provides an interface between an application program and the computer hardware , so that an application program can interact with the hardware only by obeying rules and procedures programmed into the operating system . The operating system is also a set of services which simplify development and execution of application programs . Executing an application program involves the creation of a process by the operating system kernel which assigns memory space and other resources , establishes a priority for the process in multi-tasking systems , loads program binary code into memory , and initiates execution of the application program which then interacts with the user and with hardware devices . Interrupts Main article : Interrupt Interrupts are central to operating systems , as they provide an efficient way for the operating system to interact with and react to its environment . The alternative -- having the operating system `` watch '' the various sources of input for events ( polling ) that require action -- can be found in older systems with very small stacks ( 50 or 60 bytes ) but is unusual in modern systems with large stacks . Interrupt - based programming is directly supported by most modern CPUs . Interrupts provide a computer with a way of automatically saving local register contexts , and running specific code in response to events . Even very basic computers support hardware interrupts , and allow the programmer to specify code which may be run when that event takes place . When an interrupt is received , the computer 's hardware automatically suspends whatever program is currently running , saves its status , and runs computer code previously associated with the interrupt ; this is analogous to placing a bookmark in a book in response to a phone call . In modern operating systems , interrupts are handled by the operating system 's kernel . Interrupts may come from either the computer 's hardware or the running program . When a hardware device triggers an interrupt , the operating system 's kernel decides how to deal with this event , generally by running some processing code . The amount of code being run depends on the priority of the interrupt ( for example : a person usually responds to a smoke detector alarm before answering the phone ) . The processing of hardware interrupts is a task that is usually delegated to software called a device driver , which may be part of the operating system 's kernel , part of another program , or both . Device drivers may then relay information to a running program by various means . A program may also trigger an interrupt to the operating system . If a program wishes to access hardware , for example , it may interrupt the operating system 's kernel , which causes control to be passed back to the kernel . The kernel then processes the request . If a program wishes additional resources ( or wishes to shed resources ) such as memory , it triggers an interrupt to get the kernel 's attention . Modes Main articles : User mode and Supervisor mode Privilege rings for the x86 microprocessor architecture available in protected mode . Operating systems determine which processes run in each mode . Modern microprocessors ( CPU or MPU ) support multiple modes of operation . CPUs with this capability offer at least two modes : user mode and supervisor mode . In general terms , supervisor mode operation allows unrestricted access to all machine resources , including all MPU instructions . User mode operation sets limits on instruction use and typically disallows direct access to machine resources . CPUs might have other modes similar to user mode as well , such as the virtual modes in order to emulate older processor types , such as 16 - bit processors on a 32 - bit one , or 32 - bit processors on a 64 - bit one . At power - on or reset , the system begins in supervisor mode . Once an operating system kernel has been loaded and started , the boundary between user mode and supervisor mode ( also known as kernel mode ) can be established . Supervisor mode is used by the kernel for low level tasks that need unrestricted access to hardware , such as controlling how memory is accessed , and communicating with devices such as disk drives and video display devices . User mode , in contrast , is used for almost everything else . Application programs , such as word processors and database managers , operate within user mode , and can only access machine resources by turning control over to the kernel , a process which causes a switch to supervisor mode . Typically , the transfer of control to the kernel is achieved by executing a software interrupt instruction , such as the Motorola 68000 TRAP instruction . The software interrupt causes the microprocessor to switch from user mode to supervisor mode and begin executing code that allows the kernel to take control . In user mode , programs usually have access to a restricted set of microprocessor instructions , and generally can not execute any instructions that could potentially cause disruption to the system 's operation . In supervisor mode , instruction execution restrictions are typically removed , allowing the kernel unrestricted access to all machine resources . The term `` user mode resource '' generally refers to one or more CPU registers , which contain information that the running program is n't allowed to alter . Attempts to alter these resources generally causes a switch to supervisor mode , where the operating system can deal with the illegal operation the program was attempting , for example , by forceably terminating ( `` killing '' ) the program ) . Memory management Main article : Memory management Among other things , a multiprogramming operating system kernel must be responsible for managing all system memory which is currently in use by programs . This ensures that a program does not interfere with memory already in use by another program . Since programs time share , each program must have independent access to memory . Cooperative memory management , used by many early operating systems , assumes that all programs make voluntary use of the kernel 's memory manager , and do not exceed their allocated memory . This system of memory management is almost never seen any more , since programs often contain bugs which can cause them to exceed their allocated memory . If a program fails , it may cause memory used by one or more other programs to be affected or overwritten . Malicious programs or viruses may purposefully alter another program 's memory , or may affect the operation of the operating system itself . With cooperative memory management , it takes only one misbehaved program to crash the system . Memory protection enables the kernel to limit a process ' access to the computer 's memory . Various methods of memory protection exist , including memory segmentation and paging . All methods require some level of hardware support ( such as the 80286 MMU ) , which does n't exist in all computers . In both segmentation and paging , certain protected mode registers specify to the CPU what memory address it should allow a running program to access . Attempts to access other addresses trigger an interrupt which cause the CPU to re-enter supervisor mode , placing the kernel in charge . This is called a segmentation violation or Seg - V for short , and since it is both difficult to assign a meaningful result to such an operation , and because it is usually a sign of a misbehaving program , the kernel generally resorts to terminating the offending program , and reports the error . Windows versions 3.1 through ME had some level of memory protection , but programs could easily circumvent the need to use it . A general protection fault would be produced , indicating a segmentation violation had occurred ; however , the system would often crash anyway . Virtual memory Main article : Virtual memory Further information : Page fault Many operating systems can `` trick '' programs into using memory scattered around the hard disk and RAM as if it is one continuous chunk of memory , called virtual memory . The use of virtual memory addressing ( such as paging or segmentation ) means that the kernel can choose what memory each program may use at any given time , allowing the operating system to use the same memory locations for multiple tasks . If a program tries to access memory that is n't in its current range of accessible memory , but nonetheless has been allocated to it , the kernel is interrupted in the same way as it would if the program were to exceed its allocated memory . ( See section on memory management . ) Under UNIX this kind of interrupt is referred to as a page fault . When the kernel detects a page fault it generally adjusts the virtual memory range of the program which triggered it , granting it access to the memory requested . This gives the kernel discretionary power over where a particular application 's memory is stored , or even whether or not it has actually been allocated yet . In modern operating systems , memory which is accessed less frequently can be temporarily stored on disk or other media to make that space available for use by other programs . This is called swapping , as an area of memory can be used by multiple programs , and what that memory area contains can be swapped or exchanged on demand . `` Virtual memory '' provides the programmer or the user with the perception that there is a much larger amount of RAM in the computer than is really there . Multitasking Main articles : Computer multitasking and Process management ( computing ) Further information : Context switch , Preemptive multitasking , and Cooperative multitasking Multitasking refers to the running of multiple independent computer programs on the same computer ; giving the appearance that it is performing the tasks at the same time . Since most computers can do at most one or two things at one time , this is generally done via time - sharing , which means that each program uses a share of the computer 's time to execute . An operating system kernel contains a scheduling program which determines how much time each process spends executing , and in which order execution control should be passed to programs . Control is passed to a process by the kernel , which allows the program access to the CPU and memory . Later , control is returned to the kernel through some mechanism , so that another program may be allowed to use the CPU . This so - called passing of control between the kernel and applications is called a context switch . An early model which governed the allocation of time to programs was called cooperative multitasking . In this model , when control is passed to a program by the kernel , it may execute for as long as it wants before explicitly returning control to the kernel . This means that a malicious or malfunctioning program may not only prevent any other programs from using the CPU , but it can hang the entire system if it enters an infinite loop . Modern operating systems extend the concepts of application preemption to device drivers and kernel code , so that the operating system has preemptive control over internal run - times as well . The philosophy governing preemptive multitasking is that of ensuring that all programs are given regular time on the CPU . This implies that all programs must be limited in how much time they are allowed to spend on the CPU without being interrupted . To accomplish this , modern operating system kernels make use of a timed interrupt . A protected mode timer is set by the kernel which triggers a return to supervisor mode after the specified time has elapsed . ( See above sections on Interrupts and Dual Mode Operation . ) On many single user operating systems cooperative multitasking is perfectly adequate , as home computers generally run a small number of well tested programs . The AmigaOS is an exception , having preemptive multitasking from its very first version . Windows NT was the first version of Microsoft Windows which enforced preemptive multitasking , but it did n't reach the home user market until Windows XP ( since Windows NT was targeted at professionals ) . Disk access and file systems Main article : Virtual file system File systems allow users and programs to organize and sort files on a computer , often through the use of directories ( or `` folders '' ) . Access to data stored on disks is a central feature of all operating systems . Computers store data on disks using files , which are structured in specific ways in order to allow for faster access , higher reliability , and to make better use of the drive 's available space . The specific way in which files are stored on a disk is called a file system , and enables files to have names and attributes . It also allows them to be stored in a hierarchy of directories or folders arranged in a directory tree . Early operating systems generally supported a single type of disk drive and only one kind of file system . Early file systems were limited in their capacity , speed , and in the kinds of file names and directory structures they could use . These limitations often reflected limitations in the operating systems they were designed for , making it very difficult for an operating system to support more than one file system . While many simpler operating systems support a limited range of options for accessing storage systems , operating systems like UNIX and Linux support a technology known as a virtual file system or VFS . An operating system such as UNIX supports a wide array of storage devices , regardless of their design or file systems , allowing them to be accessed through a common application programming interface ( API ) . This makes it unnecessary for programs to have any knowledge about the device they are accessing . A VFS allows the operating system to provide programs with access to an unlimited number of devices with an infinite variety of file systems installed on them , through the use of specific device drivers and file system drivers . A connected storage device , such as a hard drive , is accessed through a device driver . The device driver understands the specific language of the drive and is able to translate that language into a standard language used by the operating system to access all disk drives . On UNIX , this is the language of block devices . When the kernel has an appropriate device driver in place , it can then access the contents of the disk drive in raw format , which may contain one or more file systems . A file system driver is used to translate the commands used to access each specific file system into a standard set of commands that the operating system can use to talk to all file systems . Programs can then deal with these file systems on the basis of filenames , and directories / folders , contained within a hierarchical structure . They can create , delete , open , and close files , as well as gather various information about them , including access permissions , size , free space , and creation and modification dates . Various differences between file systems make supporting all file systems difficult . Allowed characters in file names , case sensitivity , and the presence of various kinds of file attributes makes the implementation of a single interface for every file system a daunting task . Operating systems tend to recommend using ( and so support natively ) file systems specifically designed for them ; for example , NTFS in Windows and ext3 and ReiserFS in Linux . However , in practice , third party drivers are usually available to give support for the most widely used file systems in most general - purpose operating systems ( for example , NTFS is available in Linux through NTFS - 3g , and ext2 / 3 and ReiserFS are available in Windows through third - party software ) . Support for file systems is highly varied among modern operating systems , although there are several common file systems which almost all operating systems include support and drivers for . Operating systems vary on file system support and on the disk formats they may be installed on . Under Windows , each file system is usually limited in application to certain media ; for example , CDs must use ISO 9660 or UDF , and as of Windows Vista , NTFS is the only file system which the operating system can be installed on . It is possible to install Linux onto many types of file systems . Unlike other operating systems , Linux and UNIX allow any file system to be used regardless of the media it is stored in , whether it is a hard drive , a disc ( CD , DVD ... ) , a USB flash drive , or even contained within a file located on another file system . Device drivers Main article : Device driver A device driver is a specific type of computer software developed to allow interaction with hardware devices . Typically this constitutes an interface for communicating with the device , through the specific computer bus or communications subsystem that the hardware is connected to , providing commands to and / or receiving data from the device , and on the other end , the requisite interfaces to the operating system and software applications . It is a specialized hardware - dependent computer program which is also operating system specific that enables another program , typically an operating system or applications software package or computer program running under the operating system kernel , to interact transparently with a hardware device , and usually provides the requisite interrupt handling necessary for any necessary asynchronous time - dependent hardware interfacing needs . The key design goal of device drivers is abstraction . Every model of hardware ( even within the same class of device ) is different . Newer models also are released by manufacturers that provide more reliable or better performance and these newer models are often controlled differently . Computers and their operating systems can not be expected to know how to control every device , both now and in the future . To solve this problem , operating systems essentially dictate how every type of device should be controlled . The function of the device driver is then to translate these operating system mandated function calls into device specific calls . In theory a new device , which is controlled in a new manner , should function correctly if a suitable driver is available . This new driver ensures that the device appears to operate as usual from the operating system 's point of view . Under versions of Windows before Vista and versions of Linux before 2.6 , all driver execution was co-operative , meaning that if a driver entered an infinite loop it would freeze the system . More recent revisions of these operating systems incorporate kernel preemption , where the kernel interrupts the driver to give it tasks , and then separates itself from the process until it receives a response from the device driver , or gives it more tasks to do . Networking Main article : Computer network Currently most operating systems support a variety of networking protocols , hardware , and applications for using them . This means that computers running dissimilar operating systems can participate in a common network for sharing resources such as computing , files , printers , and scanners using either wired or wireless connections . Networks can essentially allow a computer 's operating system to access the resources of a remote computer to support the same functions as it could if those resources were connected directly to the local computer . This includes everything from simple communication , to using networked file systems or even sharing another computer 's graphics or sound hardware . Some network services allow the resources of a computer to be accessed transparently , such as SSH which allows networked users direct access to a computer 's command line interface . Client / server networking allows a program on a computer , called a client , to connect via a network to another computer , called a server . Servers offer ( or host ) various services to other network computers and users . These services are usually provided through ports or numbered access points beyond the server 's IP address . Each port number is usually associated with a maximum of one running program , which is responsible for handling requests to that port . A daemon , being a user program , can in turn access the local hardware resources of that computer by passing requests to the operating system kernel . Many operating systems support one or more vendor - specific or open networking protocols as well , for example , SNA on IBM systems , DECnet on systems from Digital Equipment Corporation , and Microsoft - specific protocols ( SMB ) on Windows . Specific protocols for specific tasks may also be supported such as NFS for file access . Protocols like ESound , or esd can be easily extended over the network to provide sound from local applications , on a remote system 's sound hardware . Security Main article : Computer security A computer being secure depends on a number of technologies working properly . A modern operating system provides access to a number of resources , which are available to software running on the system , and to external devices like networks via the kernel . The operating system must be capable of distinguishing between requests which should be allowed to be processed , and others which should not be processed . While some systems may simply distinguish between `` privileged '' and `` non-privileged '' , systems commonly have a form of requester identity , such as a user name . To establish identity there may be a process of authentication . Often a username must be quoted , and each username may have a password . Other methods of authentication , such as magnetic cards or biometric data , might be used instead . In some cases , especially connections from the network , resources may be accessed with no authentication at all ( such as reading files over a network share ) . Also covered by the concept of requester identity is authorization ; the particular services and resources accessible by the requester once logged into a system are tied to either the requester 's user account or to the variously configured groups of users to which the requester belongs . In addition to the allow or disallow model of security , a system with a high level of security also offers auditing options . These would allow tracking of requests for access to resources ( such as , `` who has been reading this file ? '' ) . Internal security , or security from an already running program is only possible if all possibly harmful requests must be carried out through interrupts to the operating system kernel . If programs can directly access hardware and resources , they can not be secured . External security involves a request from outside the computer , such as a login at a connected console or some kind of network connection . External requests are often passed through device drivers to the operating system 's kernel , where they can be passed onto applications , or carried out directly . Security of operating systems has long been a concern because of highly sensitive data held on computers , both of a commercial and military nature . The United States Government Department of Defense ( DoD ) created the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria ( TCSEC ) which is a standard that sets basic requirements for assessing the effectiveness of security . This became of vital importance to operating system makers , because the TCSEC was used to evaluate , classify and select trusted operating systems being considered for the processing , storage and retrieval of sensitive or classified information . Network services include offerings such as file sharing , print services , email , web sites , and file transfer protocols ( FTP ) , most of which can have compromised security . At the front line of security are hardware devices known as firewalls or intrusion detection / prevention systems . At the operating system level , there are a number of software firewalls available , as well as intrusion detection / prevention systems . Most modern operating systems include a software firewall , which is enabled by default . A software firewall can be configured to allow or deny network traffic to or from a service or application running on the operating system . Therefore , one can install and be running an insecure service , such as Telnet or FTP , and not have to be threatened by a security breach because the firewall would deny all traffic trying to connect to the service on that port . An alternative strategy , and the only sandbox strategy available in systems that do not meet the Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements , is where the operating system is not running user programs as native code , but instead either emulates a processor or provides a host for a p - code based system such as Java . Internal security is especially relevant for multi-user systems ; it allows each user of the system to have private files that the other users can not tamper with or read . Internal security is also vital if auditing is to be of any use , since a program can potentially bypass the operating system , inclusive of bypassing auditing . User interface Main article : Operating system user interface A screenshot of the Bash command line . Each command is typed out after the ' prompt ' , and then its output appears below , working its way down the screen . The current command prompt is at the bottom . Every computer that is to be operated by an individual requires a user interface . The user interface is usually referred to as a shell and is essential if human interaction is to be supported . The user interface views the directory structure and requests services from the operating system that will acquire data from input hardware devices , such as a keyboard , mouse or credit card reader , and requests operating system services to display prompts , status messages and such on output hardware devices , such as a video monitor or printer . The two most common forms of a user interface have historically been the command - line interface , where computer commands are typed out line - by - line , and the graphical user interface , where a visual environment ( most commonly a WIMP ) is present . Graphical user interfaces A screenshot of the KDE Plasma 5 graphical user interface . Programs take the form of images on the screen , and the files , folders ( directories ) , and applications take the form of icons and symbols . A mouse is used to navigate the computer . Most of the modern computer systems support graphical user interfaces ( GUI ) , and often include them . In some computer systems , such as the original implementation of the classic Mac OS , the GUI is integrated into the kernel . While technically a graphical user interface is not an operating system service , incorporating support for one into the operating system kernel can allow the GUI to be more responsive by reducing the number of context switches required for the GUI to perform its output functions . Other operating systems are modular , separating the graphics subsystem from the kernel and the Operating System . In the 1980s UNIX , VMS and many others had operating systems that were built this way . Linux and macOS are also built this way . Modern releases of Microsoft Windows such as Windows Vista implement a graphics subsystem that is mostly in user - space ; however the graphics drawing routines of versions between Windows NT 4.0 and Windows Server 2003 exist mostly in kernel space . Windows 9x had very little distinction between the interface and the kernel . Many computer operating systems allow the user to install or create any user interface they desire . The X Window System in conjunction with GNOME or KDE Plasma 5 is a commonly found setup on most Unix and Unix - like ( BSD , Linux , Solaris ) systems . A number of Windows shell replacements have been released for Microsoft Windows , which offer alternatives to the included Windows shell , but the shell itself can not be separated from Windows . Numerous Unix - based GUIs have existed over time , most derived from X11 . Competition among the various vendors of Unix ( HP , IBM , Sun ) led to much fragmentation , though an effort to standardize in the 1990s to COSE and CDE failed for various reasons , and were eventually eclipsed by the widespread adoption of GNOME and K Desktop Environment . Prior to free software - based toolkits and desktop environments , Motif was the prevalent toolkit / desktop combination ( and was the basis upon which CDE was developed ) . Graphical user interfaces evolve over time . For example , Windows has modified its user interface almost every time a new major version of Windows is released , and the Mac OS GUI changed dramatically with the introduction of Mac OS X in 1999 . Real - time operating systems Main article : Real - time operating system A real - time operating system ( RTOS ) is an operating system intended for applications with fixed deadlines ( real - time computing ) . Such applications include some small embedded systems , automobile engine controllers , industrial robots , spacecraft , industrial control , and some large - scale computing systems . An early example of a large - scale real - time operating system was Transaction Processing Facility developed by American Airlines and IBM for the Sabre Airline Reservations System . Embedded systems that have fixed deadlines use a real - time operating system such as VxWorks , PikeOS , eCos , QNX , MontaVista Linux and RTLinux . Windows CE is a real - time operating system that shares similar APIs to desktop Windows but shares none of desktop Windows ' codebase . Symbian OS also has an RTOS kernel ( EKA2 ) starting with version 8.0 b . Some embedded systems use operating systems such as Palm OS , BSD , and Linux , although such operating systems do not support real - time computing . Operating system development as a hobby See also : Hobbyist operating system development Operating system development is one of the most complicated activities in which a computing hobbyist may engage . A hobby operating system may be classified as one whose code has not been directly derived from an existing operating system , and has few users and active developers . In some cases , hobby development is in support of a `` homebrew '' computing device , for example , a simple single - board computer powered by a 6502 microprocessor . Or , development may be for an architecture already in widespread use . Operating system development may come from entirely new concepts , or may commence by modeling an existing operating system . In either case , the hobbyist is his / her own developer , or may interact with a small and sometimes unstructured group of individuals who have like interests . Examples of a hobby operating system include Syllable . Diversity of operating systems and portability Application software is generally written for use on a specific operating system , and sometimes even for specific hardware . When porting the application to run on another OS , the functionality required by that application may be implemented differently by that OS ( the names of functions , meaning of arguments , etc . ) requiring the application to be adapted , changed , or otherwise maintained . Unix was the first operating system not written in assembly language , making it very portable to systems different from its native PDP - 11 . This cost in supporting operating systems diversity can be avoided by instead writing applications against software platforms like Java or Qt . These abstractions have already borne the cost of adaptation to specific operating systems and their system libraries . Another approach is for operating system vendors to adopt standards . For example , POSIX and OS abstraction layers provide commonalities that reduce porting costs . Market share Main article : Usage share of operating systems October 2017 worldwide webbrowsing share Place Mobile system Desktop system Android ( 73 % ) Windows ( 83 % ) iOS ( 20 % ) OS X ( 13 % ) Nokia ( 1 % ) Linux ( 2 % ) Windows ( 1 % ) Chrome OS ( 1 % ) In 2014 , Android was first ( currently not replicated by others , in a single year ) operating system ever to ship on a billion devices , becoming the most popular operating system by installed base . See also Computer Science portal Information technology portal Computer networking portal Antivirus software Comparison of operating systems Hypervisor Interruptible operating system List of important publications in operating systems List of operating systems List of pioneers in computer science Live CD Glossary of operating systems terms Microcontroller Mobile device Mobile operating system Network operating system Object - oriented operating system Operating System Projects System Commander System image Timeline of operating systems Usage share of operating systems References Jump up ^ Stallings ( 2005 ) . Operating Systems , Internals and Design Principles . Pearson : Prentice Hall . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Dhotre , I.A. ( 2009 ) . Operating Systems . Technical Publications . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Desktop Operating System Market Share Worldwide StatCounter Global Stats '' . StatCounter Global Stats . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . 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Jump up ^ `` The History of Unix '' . BYTE . August 1983 . p. 188 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/mobile/worldwide#monthly-201710-201710-bar Archived 2 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/desktop/worldwide#monthly-201710-201710-bar Archived 28 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading Auslander , Marc A. ; Larkin , David C. ; Scherr , Allan L. ( 1981 ) . `` The evolution of the MVS Operating System '' ( PDF ) . IBM J. Research & Development . Deitel , Harvey M. ; Deitel , Paul ; Choffnes , David . Operating Systems . Pearson / Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 092641 - 8 . Bic , Lubomur F. ; Shaw , Alan C. ( 2003 ) . Operating Systems . Pearson : Prentice Hall . Silberschatz , Avi ; Galvin , Peter ; Gagne , Greg ( 2008 ) . Operating Systems Concepts . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 470 - 12872 - 0 . O'Brien , J.A. , & Marakas , G.M. ( 2011 ) . Management Information Systems . 10e . McGraw - Hill Irwin . Leva , Alberto ; Maggio , Martina ; Papadopoulos , Alessandro Vittorio ; Terraneo , Federico ( 2013 ) . Control - based Operating System Design . IET . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84919 - 609 - 3 . Arpaci - Dusseau , Remzi ; Arpaci - Dusseau , Andrea ( 2015 ) . Operating Systems : Three Easy Pieces . External links Look up operating system in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Screenshots of operating systems . 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7221132063699431935	Kantian ethics	Kantian ethics - wikipedia Kantian ethics Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Immanuel Kant Major works Critique of Pure Reason Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics Answering the Question : What is Enlightenment ? Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals Critique of Practical Reason Critique of Judgment Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason Perpetual Peace : A Philosophical Sketch The Metaphysics of Morals Kantianism Kantian ethics Transcendental idealism Critical philosophy Sapere aude Thing - in - itself Schema A priori and a posteriori Analytic -- synthetic distinction Noumenon Categories Categorical imperative Hypothetical imperative `` Kingdom of Ends '' Political philosophy People George Berkeley René Descartes J.G. Fichte F.H. Jacobi G.W.F. Hegel David Hume Arthur Schopenhauer Baruch Spinoza African Spir Johannes Tetens Related topics Schopenhauer 's criticism German idealism Neo-Kantianism Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant . The theory , developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism , is based on the view that the only intrinsically good thing is a good will ; an action can only be good if its maxim -- the principle behind it -- is duty to the moral law . Central to Kant 's construction of the moral law is the categorical imperative , which acts on all people , regardless of their interests or desires . Kant formulated the categorical imperative in various ways . His principle of universalizability requires that , for an action to be permissible , it must be possible to apply it to all people without a contradiction occurring . If a contradiction occurs the act violates Aristotle 's `` Non-contradiction '' concept which states that just actions can not lead to contradictions . Kant 's formulation of humanity , the second section of the Categorical Imperative , states that as an end in itself humans are required never to treat others merely as a means to an end , but always , additionally , as ends in themselves . The formulation of autonomy concludes that rational agents are bound to the moral law by their own will , while Kant 's concept of the Kingdom of Ends requires that people act as if the principles of their actions establish a law for a hypothetical kingdom . Kant also distinguished between perfect and imperfect duties . A perfect duty , such as the duty not to lie , always holds true ; an imperfect duty , such as the duty to give to charity , can be made flexible and applied in particular time and place . American philosopher Louis Pojman has cited Pietism , political philosopher Jean - Jacques Rousseau , the modern debate between rationalism and empiricism , and the influence of natural law as influences on the development of Kant 's ethics . Other philosophers have argued that Kant 's parents and his teacher , Martin Knutzen , influenced his ethics . Those influenced by Kantian ethics include philosopher Jürgen Habermas , political philosopher John Rawls , and psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan . German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel criticised Kant for not providing specific enough detail in his moral theory to affect decision - making and for denying human nature . German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argued that ethics should attempt to describe how people behave and criticised Kant for being prescriptive . Michael Stocker has argued that acting out of duty can diminish other moral motivations such as friendship , while Marcia Baron has defended the theory by arguing that duty does not diminish other motivations . The Catholic Church has criticised Kant 's ethics as contradictory and regards Christian ethics as more compatible with virtue ethics . The claim that all humans are due dignity and respect as autonomous agents means that medical professionals should be happy for their treatments to be performed on anyone and that patients must never be treated merely as useful for society . Kant 's approach to sexual ethics emerged from his view that humans should never be used merely as a means to an end , leading him to regard sexual activity as degrading and to condemn certain specific sexual practices - for example , extramarital sex . Feminist philosophers have used Kantian ethics to condemn practices such as prostitution and pornography because they treat women as ends . Kant also believed that , because animals do not possess rationality , we can not have duties to them except indirect duties not to develop immoral dispositions through cruelty towards them . Kant used the example of lying as an application of his ethics : because there is a perfect duty to tell the truth , we must never lie , even if it seems that lying would bring about better consequences than telling the truth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Outline 1.1 Good will and duty 1.1. 1 Perfect and imperfect duties 1.2 Categorical Imperative 1.2. 1 Universalizability 1.2. 2 Humanity as an end in itself 1.2. 3 Formula of autonomy 1.2. 4 Kingdom of Ends 2 Influences on Kantian ethics 3 Significance of Kantian ethics 3.1 Influenced by Kantian ethics 3.1. 1 Jürgen Habermas 3.1. 2 John Rawls 3.1. 3 Jacques Lacan 3.2 Contemporary Kantian ethicists 3.2. 1 Onora O'Neill 3.2. 2 Marcia Baron 3.3 Critics of Kantian ethics 3.3. 1 G.W. F Hegel 3.3. 2 Arthur Schopenhauer 3.3. 3 Friedrich Nietzsche 3.3. 4 John Stuart Mill 3.3. 5 Virtue ethics 3.3. 6 Autonomy 4 Applications 4.1 Medical ethics 4.2 Sexual ethics 4.3 Animal ethics 4.4 Lying 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Outline ( edit ) Portrait of Immanuel Kant , who developed ethical theory Although all of Kant 's work develops his ethical theory , it is most clearly defined in Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals , Critique of Practical Reason and Metaphysics of Morals . As part of the Enlightenment tradition , Kant based his ethical theory on the belief that reason should be used to determine how people ought to act . He did not attempt to prescribe specific action , but instructed that reason should be used to determine how to behave . Good will and duty ( edit ) In his combined works , Kant constructed the basis for an ethical law from the concept of duty . Kant began his ethical theory by arguing that the only virtue that can be unqualifiedly good is a good will . No other virtue has this status because every other virtue can be used to achieve immoral ends ( the virtue of loyalty is not good if one is loyal to an evil person , for example ) . The good will is unique in that it is always good and maintains its moral value even when it fails to achieve its moral intentions . Kant regarded the good will as a single moral principle which freely chooses to use the other virtues for moral ends . For Kant a good will is a broader conception than a will which acts from duty . A will which acts from duty is distinguishable as a will which overcomes hindrances in order to keep the moral law . A dutiful will is thus a special case of a good will which becomes visible in adverse conditions . Kant argues that only acts performed with regard to duty have moral worth . This is not to say that acts performed merely in accordance with duty are worthless ( these still deserve approval and encouragement ) , but that special esteem is given to acts which are performed out of duty . Kant 's conception of duty does not entail that people perform their duties grudgingly . Although duty often constrains people and prompts them to act against their inclinations , it still comes from an agent 's volition : they desire to keep the moral law . Thus , when an agent performs an action from duty it is because the rational incentives matter to them more than their opposing inclinations . Kant wished to move beyond the conception morality as externally imposed duties and present an ethics of autonomy , when rational agents freely recognise the claims reason makes upon them . Perfect and imperfect duties ( edit ) Applying the categorical imperative , duties arise because failure to fulfil them would either result in a contradiction in conception or in a contradiction in the will . The former are classified as perfect duties , the latter as imperfect . A perfect duty always holds true -- there is a perfect duty to tell the truth , so we must never lie . An imperfect duty allows flexibility -- beneficence is an imperfect duty because we are not obliged to be completely beneficent at all times , but may choose the times and places in which we are . Kant believed that perfect duties are more important than imperfect duties : if a conflict between duties arises , the perfect duty must be followed . Categorical imperative ( edit ) Main Article : Categorical Imperative The primary formulation of Kant 's ethics is the categorical imperative , from which he derived four further formulations . Kant made a distinction between categorical and hypothetical imperatives . A hypothetical imperative is one we must obey if we want to satisfy our desires : ' go to the doctor ' is a hypothetical imperative because we are only obliged to obey it if we want to get well . A categorical imperative binds us regardless of our desires : everyone has a duty to not lie , regardless of circumstances and even if it is in our interest to do so . These imperatives are morally binding because they are based on reason , rather than contingent facts about an agent . Unlike hypothetical imperatives , which bind us insofar as we are part of a group or society which we owe duties to , we can not opt out of the categorical imperative because we can not opt out of being rational agents . We owe a duty to rationality by virtue of being rational agents ; therefore , rational moral principles apply to all rational agents at all times . Universalizability ( edit ) Kant 's first formulation of the Categorical Imperative is that of universalizability : Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law . -- Immanuel Kant , Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ( 1785 ) When someone acts , it is according to a rule , or maxim . For Kant , an act is only permissible if one is willing for the maxim that allows the action to be a universal law by which everyone acts . Maxims fail this test if they produce either a contradiction in conception or a contradiction in the will when universalized . A contradiction in conception happens when , if a maxim were to be universalized , it ceases to make sense because the `` ... maxim would necessarily destroy itself as soon as it was made a universal law . '' For example , if the maxim ' It is permissible to break promises ' was universalized , no one would trust any promises made , so the idea of a promise would become meaningless ; the maxim would be self - contradictory because , when universalized , promises cease to be meaningful . The maxim is not moral because it is logically impossible to universalize -- we could not conceive of a world where this maxim was universalized . A maxim can also be immoral if it creates a contradiction in the will when universalized . This does not mean a logical contradiction , but that universalizing the maxim leads to a state of affairs that no rational being would desire . For example , Driver argues that the maxim ' I will not give to charity ' produces a contradiction in the will when universalized because a world where no one gives to charity would be undesirable for the person who acts by that maxim . Kant believed that morality is the objective law of reason : just as objective physical laws necessitate physical actions ( apples fall down because of gravity , for example ) , objective rational laws necessitate rational actions . He thus believed that a perfectly rational being must also be perfectly moral because a perfectly rational being subjectively finds it necessary to do what is rationally necessary . Because humans are not perfectly rational ( they partly act by instinct ) , Kant believed that humans must conform their subjective will with objective rational laws , which he called conformity obligation . Kant argued that the objective law of reason is a priori , existing externally from rational being . Just as physical laws exist prior to physical beings , rational laws ( morality ) exist prior to rational beings . Therefore , according to Kant , rational morality is universal and can not change depending on circumstance . Humanity as an end in itself ( edit ) Kant 's second formulation of the Categorical Imperative is to treat humanity as an end in itself : Act in such a way that you treat humanity , whether in your own person or in the person of another , always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means . -- Immanuel Kant , Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ( 1785 ) Kant argued that rational beings can never be treated merely as means to ends ; they must always also be treated as ends themselves , requiring that their own reasoned motives must be equally respected . This derives from Kant 's claim that reason motivates morality : it demands that we respect reason as a motive in all beings , including other people . A rational being can not rationally consent to being used merely as a means to an end , so they must always be treated as an end . Kant justified this by arguing that moral obligation is a rational necessity : that which is rationally willed is morally right . Because all rational agents rationally will themselves to be an end and never merely a means , it is morally obligatory that they are treated as such . This does not mean that we can never treat a human as a means to an end , but that when we do , we also treat him as an end in himself . Formula of autonomy ( edit ) Kant 's Formula of Autonomy expresses the idea that an agent is obliged to follow the Categorical Imperative because of their rational will , rather than any outside influence . Kant believed that any moral law motivated by the desire to fulfill some other interest would deny the Categorical Imperative , leading him to argue that the moral law must only arise from a rational will . This principle requires people to recognize the right of others to act autonomously and means that , as moral laws must be universalisable , what is required of one person is required of all . Kingdom of ends ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom of Ends Another formulation of Kant 's Categorical Imperative is the Kingdom of Ends : A rational being must always regard himself as giving laws either as member or as sovereign in a kingdom of ends which is rendered possible by the freedom of will . -- Immanuel Kant , Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ( 1785 ) This formulation requires that actions be considered as if their maxim is to provide a law for a hypothetical Kingdom of Ends . Accordingly , people have an obligation to act upon principles that a community of rational agents would accept as laws . In such a community , each individual would only accept maxims that can govern every member of the community without treating any member merely as a means to an end . Although the Kingdom of Ends is an ideal -- the actions of other people and events of nature ensure that actions with good intentions sometimes result in harm -- we are still required to act categorically , as legislators of this ideal kingdom . Influences on Kantian ethics ( edit ) Louis Pojman has suggested four strong influences on Kant 's ethics . The first is the Lutheran sect Pietism , to which Kant 's parents subscribed . Pietism emphasised honesty and moral living over doctrinal belief , more concerned with feeling than rationality . Kant believed that rationality is required , but that it should be concerned with morality and good will . Second is the political philosopher Jean - Jacques Rousseau , whose work , The Social Contract , influenced Kant 's view on the fundamental worth of human beings . Pojman also cites contemporary ethical debates as influential to the development of Kant 's ethics . Kant favoured rationalism over empiricism , which meant he viewed morality as a form of knowledge , rather than something based on human desire . Natural law ( the belief that the moral law is determined by nature ) and intuitionism ( the belief that humans have intuitive awareness of objective moral truths ) were , according to Pojman , also influential for Kant . Biographer of Kant , Manfred Kuhn , suggested that the values Kant 's parents held , of `` hard work , honesty , cleanliness , and independence '' , set him an example and influenced him more than their Pietism did . In the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Michael Rohlf suggests that Kant was influenced by his teacher , Martin Knutzen , himself influenced by the work of Christian Wolff and John Locke , and who introduced Kant to the work of English physicist Isaac Newton . Significance of Kantian ethics ( edit ) Influenced by Kantian ethics ( edit ) Jürgen Habermas ( edit ) Photograph of Jurgen Habermas , whose theory of discourse ethics was influenced by Kantian ethics German philosopher Jürgen Habermas has proposed a theory of discourse ethics that he claims is a descendant of Kantian ethics . He proposes that action should be based on communication between those involved , in which their interests and intentions are discussed so they can be understood by all . Rejecting any form of coercion or manipulation , Habermas believes that agreement between the parties is crucial for a moral decision to be reached . Like Kantian ethics , discourse ethics is a cognitive ethical theory , in that it supposes that truth and falsity can be attributed to ethical propositions . It also formulates a rule by which ethical actions can be determined and proposes that ethical actions should be universalisable , in a similar way to Kant 's ethics . Habermas argues that his ethical theory is an improvement on Kant 's ethics . He rejects the dualistic framework of Kant 's ethics . Kant distinguished between the phenomena world , which can be sensed and experienced by humans , and the noumena , or spiritual world , which is inaccessible to humans . This dichotomy was necessary for Kant because it could explain the autonomy of a human agent : although a human is bound in the phenomenal world , their actions are free in the intelligible world . For Habermas , morality arises from discourse , which is made necessary by their rationality and needs , rather than their freedom . John Rawls ( edit ) The social contract theory of political philosopher John Rawls , developed in his work A Theory of Justice , was influenced by Kant 's ethics . Rawls argued that a just society would be fair . To achieve this fairness , he proposed a hypothetical moment prior to the existence of a society , at which the society is ordered : this is the original position . This should take place from behind a veil of ignorance , where no one knows what their own position in society will be , preventing people from being biased by their own interests and ensuring a fair result . Rawls ' theory of justice rests on the belief that individuals are free , equal , and moral ; he regarded all human beings as possessing some degree of reasonableness and rationality , which he saw as the constituents of morality and entitling their possessors to equal justice . Rawls dismissed much of Kant 's dualism , arguing that the structure of Kantian ethics , once reformulated , is clearer without it -- he described this as one of the goals of A Theory of Justice . Jacques Lacan ( edit ) French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan linked psychoanalysis with Kantian ethics in his works The Ethics of Psychoanalysis and Kant avec Sade and compared Kant with the Marquis de Sade . Lacan argued that Sade 's maxim of jouissance -- the pursuit of sexual pleasure or enjoyment -- is morally acceptable by Kant 's criteria because it can be universalised . He proposed that , while Kant presented human freedom as critical to the moral law , Sade further argued that human freedom is only fully realised through the maxim of jouissance . Contemporary Kantian ethicists ( edit ) Onora O'Neill ( edit ) Philosopher Onora O'Neill , who studied under John Rawls at Harvard University , is a contemporary Kantian ethicist who supports a Kantian approach to issues of social justice . O'Neill argues that a successful Kantian account of social justice must not rely on any unwarranted idealizations or assumption . She notes that philosophers have previously charged Kant with idealizing humans as autonomous beings , without any social context or life goals , though maintains that Kant 's ethics can be read without such an idealization . O'Neill prefers Kant 's conception of reason as practical and available to be used by humans , rather than as principles attached to every human being . Conceiving of reason as a tool to make decisions with means that the only thing able to restrain the principles we adopt is that they could be adopted by all . If we can not will that everyone adopts a certain principle , then we can not give them reasons to adopt it . To use reason , and to reason with other people , we must reject those principles that can not be universally adopted . In this way , O'Neill reached Kant 's formulation of universalisability without adopting an idealistic view of human autonomy . This model of universalisability does not require that we adopt all universalisable principles , but merely prohibits us from adopting those that are not . From this model of Kantian ethics , O'Neill begins to develop a theory of justice . She argues that the rejection of certain principles , such as deception and coercion , provides a starting point for basic conceptions of justice , which she argues are more determinate for human beings that the more abstract principles of equality or liberty . Nevertheless , she concedes that these principles may seem to be excessively demanding : there are many actions and institutions that do rely on non-universalisable principles , such as injury . Marcia Baron ( edit ) In his paper The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories , philosopher Michael Stocker challenges Kantian ethics ( and all modern ethical theories ) by arguing that actions from duty lack certain moral value . He gives the example of Smith , who visits his friend in hospital out of duty , rather than because of the friendship ; he argues that this visit seems morally lacking because it is motivated by the wrong thing . Marcia Baron has attempted to defend Kantian ethics on this point . After presenting a number of reasons that we might find acting out of duty objectionable , she argues that these problems only arise when people misconstrue what their duty is . Acting out of duty is not intrinsically wrong , but immoral consequences can occur when people misunderstand what they are duty - bound to do . Duty need not be seen as cold and impersonal : one may have a duty to cultivate their character or improve their personal relationships . Baron further argues that duty should be construed as a secondary motive -- that is , a motive that regulates and sets conditions on what may be done , rather than prompt specific actions . She argues that , seen this way , duty neither reveals a deficiency in one 's natural inclinations to act , nor undermines the motives and feelings that are essential to friendship . For Baron , being governed by duty does not mean that duty is always the primary motivation to act ; rather , it entails that considerations of duty are always action - guiding . A responsible moral agent should take an interest in moral questions , such as questions of character . These should guide moral agents to act from duty . Critics of Kantian ethics ( edit ) G.W. F Hegel ( edit ) Portrait of G.W.F. Hegel German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel presented two main criticisms of Kantian ethics . He first argued that Kantian ethics provides no specific information about what people should do because Kant 's moral law is solely a principle of non-contradiction . He argued that Kant 's ethics lack any content and so can not constitute a supreme principle of morality . To illustrate this point , Hegel and his followers have presented a number of cases in which the Formula of Universal Law either provides no meaningful answer or gives an obviously wrong answer . Hegel used Kant 's example of being trusted with another man 's money to argue that Kant 's Formula of Universal Law can not determine whether a social system of property is a morally good thing , because either answer can entail contradictions . He also used the example of helping the poor : if everyone helped the poor , there would be no poor left to help , so beneficence would be impossible if universalised , making it immoral according to Kant 's model . Hegel 's second criticism was that Kant 's ethics forces humans into an internal conflict between reason and desire . For Hegel , it is unnatural for humans to suppress their desire and subordinate it to reason . This means that , by not addressing the tension between self - interest and morality , Kant 's ethics can not give humans any reason to be moral . Arthur Schopenhauer ( edit ) German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer criticised Kant 's belief that ethics should concern what ought to be done , insisting that the scope of ethics should be to attempt to explain and interpret what actually happens . Whereas Kant presented an idealized version of what ought to be done in a perfect world , Schopenhauer argued that ethics should instead be practical and arrive at conclusions that could work in the real world , capable of being presented as a solution to the world 's problems . Schopenhauer drew a parallel with aesthetics , arguing that in both cases prescriptive rules are not the most important part of the discipline . Because he believed that virtue can not be taught -- a person is either virtuous or is not -- he cast the proper place of morality as restraining and guiding people 's behavior , rather than presenting unattainable universal laws . Friedrich Nietzsche ( edit ) Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche criticised all contemporary moral systems , with a special focus on Christian and Kantian ethics . He argued that all modern ethical systems share two problematic characteristics : first , they make a metaphysical claim about the nature of humanity , which must be accepted for the system to have any normative force ; and second , the system benefits the interests of certain people , often over those of others . Although Nietzsche 's primary objection is not that metaphysical claims about humanity are untenable ( he also objected to ethical theories that do not make such claims ) , his two main targets -- Kantianism and Christianity -- do make metaphysical claims , which therefore feature prominently in Nietzsche 's criticism . Nietzsche rejected fundamental components of Kant 's ethics , particularly his argument that morality , God , and immorality , can be shown through reason . Nietzsche cast suspicion on the use of moral intuition , which Kant used as the foundation of his morality , arguing that it has no normative force in ethics . He further attempted to undermine key concepts in Kant 's moral psychology , such as the will and pure reason . Like Kant , Nietzsche developed a concept of autonomy ; however , he rejected Kant 's idea that valuing our own autonomy requires us to respect the autonomy of others . A naturalist reading of Nietzsche 's moral psychology stands contrary to Kant 's conception of reason and desire . Under the Kantian model , reason is a fundamentally different motive to desire because it has the capacity to stand back from a situation and make an independent decision . Nietzsche conceives of the self as a social structure of all our different drives and motivations ; thus , when it seems that our intellect has made a decision against our drives , it is actually just an alternative drive taking dominance over another . This is in direct contrast with Kant 's view of the intellect as opposed to instinct ; instead , it is just another instinct . There is thus no self - capable of standing back and making a decision ; the decision the self - makes is simply determined by the strongest drive . Kantian commentators have argued that Nietzsche 's practical philosophy requires the existence of a self - capable of standing back in the Kantian sense . For an individual to create values of their own , which is a key idea in Nietzsche 's philosophy , they must be able to conceive of themselves as a unified agent . Even if the agent is influenced by their drives , he must regard them as his own , which undermines Nietzsche 's conception of autonomy . John Stuart Mill ( edit ) Utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill criticised Kant for not realizing that moral laws are justified by a moral intuition based on utilitarian principles ( that the greatest good for the greatest number ought to be sought ) . Mill argued that Kant 's ethics could not explain why certain actions are wrong without appealing to utilitarianism . As basis for morality , Mill believed that his principle of utility has a stronger intuitive grounding than Kant 's reliance on reason , and can better explain why certain actions are right or wrong . Virtue ethics ( edit ) Virtue ethics is a form of ethical theory which emphasizes the character of an agent , rather than specific acts ; many of its proponents have criticised Kant 's deontological approach to ethics . Elizabeth Anscombe criticised modern ethical theories , including Kantian ethics , for their obsession with law and obligation . As well as arguing that theories which rely on a universal moral law are too rigid , Anscombe suggested that , because a moral law implies a moral lawgiver , they are irrelevant in modern secular society . In his work After Virtue , Alasdair MacIntyre criticises Kant 's formulation of universalisability , arguing that various trivial and immoral maxims can pass the test , such as `` Keep all your promises throughout your entire life except one '' . He further challenges Kant 's formulation of humanity as an end in itself by arguing that Kant provided no reason to treat others as means : the maxim `` Let everyone except me be treated as a means '' , though seemingly immoral , can be universalized . Bernard Williams argues that , by abstracting persons from character , Kant misrepresents persons and morality and Philippa Foot identified Kant as one of a select group of philosophers responsible for the neglect of virtue by analytic philosophy . Roman Catholic priest Servais Pinckaers regarded Christian ethics as closer to the virtue ethics of Aristotle than Kant 's ethics . He presented virtue ethics as freedom for excellence , which regards freedom as acting in accordance with nature to develop one 's virtues . Initially , this requires following rules -- but the intention is that the agent develop virtuously , and regard acting morally as a joy . This is in contrast with freedom of indifference , which Pinckaers attributes to William Ockham and likens to Kant . On this view , freedom is set against nature : free actions are those not determined by passions or emotions . There is no development or progress in an agent 's virtue , merely the forming of habit . This is closer to Kant 's view of ethics , because Kant 's conception of autonomy requires that an agent is not merely guided by their emotions , and is set in contrast with Pinckaer 's conception of Christian ethics . Autonomy ( edit ) A number of philosophers , including Elizabeth Anscombe , Jean Bethke Elshtain , Servais Pinckaers , Iris Murdoch , and the Catholic Encyclopedia , have all suggested that the Kantian conception of ethics rooted in autonomy is contradictory in its dual contention that humans are co-legislators of morality and that morality is a priori . They argue that if something is universally a priori ( i.e. , existing unchangingly prior to experience ) , then it can not also be in part dependent upon humans , who have not always existed . On the other hand , if humans truly do legislate morality , then they are not bound by it objectively , because they are always free to change it . This objection seems to rest on a misunderstanding of Kant 's views since Kant argued that morality is dependent upon the concept of a rational will ( and the related concept of a categorical imperative : an imperative which any rational being must necessarily will for itself ) . It is not based on contingent features of any being 's will , nor upon human wills in particular , so there is no sense in which Kant makes ethics `` dependent '' upon anything which has not always existed . Furthermore , the sense in which our wills are subject to the law is precisely that if our wills are rational , we must will in a lawlike fashion ; that is , we must will according to moral judgments we apply to all rational beings , including ourselves . This is more easily understood by parsing the term `` autonomy '' into its Greek roots : auto ( self ) + nomos ( rule or law ) . That is , an autonomous will , according to Kant , is not merely one which follows its own will , but whose will is lawful - that is , conforming to the principle of universalizability , which Kant also identifies with reason . Ironically , in another passage , willing according to immutable reason is precisely the kind of capacity Elshtain ascribes to God as the basis of his moral authority , and she commands this over an inferior voluntarist version of divine command theory , which would make both morality and God 's will contingent . Kant 's theory is a version of the first rather than the second view of autonomy , so neither God nor any human authority , including contingent human institutions , play any unique authoritative role in his moral theory . Kant and Elshtain , that is , both agree God has no choice but to conform his will to the immutable facts of reason , including moral truths ; humans do have such a choice , but otherwise their relationship to morality is the same as that of God 's : they can recognize moral facts , but do not determine their content through contingent acts of will . Applications ( edit ) Medical ethics ( edit ) Kant believed that the shared ability of humans to reason should be the basis of morality , and that it is the ability to reason that makes humans morally significant . He , therefore , believed that all humans should have the right to common dignity and respect . Margaret Eaton argues that , according to Kant 's ethics , a medical professional must be happy for their own practices to be used by and on anyone , even if they were the patient themselves . For example , a researcher who wished to perform tests on patients without their knowledge must be happy for all researchers to do so . She also argues that Kant 's requirement of autonomy would mean that a patient must be able to make a fully informed decision about treatment , making it immoral to perform tests on unknowing patients . Medical research should be motivated out of respect for the patient , so they must be informed of all facts , even if this would be likely to dissuade the patient . Jeremy Sugarman has argued that Kant 's formulation of autonomy requires that patients are never used merely for the benefit of society , but are always treated as rational people with their own goals . Aaron Hinkley notes that a Kantian account of autonomy requires respect for choices that are arrived at rationally , not for choices which are arrived at by idiosyncratic or non-rational means . He argues that there may be some difference between what a purely rational agent would choose and what a patient actually chooses , the difference being the result of non-rational idiosyncrasies . Although a Kantian physician ought not to lie to or coerce a patient , Hinkley suggests that some form of paternalism - such as through withholding information which may prompt a non-rational response - could be acceptable . In her work How Kantian Ethics Should Treat Pregnancy and Abortion , Susan Feldman argues that abortion should be defended according to Kantian ethics . She proposed that a woman should be treated as a dignified autonomous person , with control over their body , as Kant suggested . She believes that the free choice of women would be paramount in Kantian ethics , requiring abortion to be the mother 's decision . Dean Harris has noted that , if Kantian ethics is to be used in the discussion of abortion , it must be decided whether a fetus is an autonomous person . Kantian ethicist Carl Cohen argues that the potential to be rational or participation in a generally rational species is the relevant distinction between humans and inanimate objects or irrational animals . Cohen believes that even when humans are not rational because of age ( such as babies or fetuses ) or mental disability , agents are still morally obligated to treat them as an ends in themselves , equivalent to a rational adult such as a mother seeking an abortion . Sexual ethics ( edit ) Kant viewed humans as being subject to the animalistic desires of self - preservation , species - preservation , and the preservation of enjoyment . He argued that humans have a duty to avoid maxims that harm or degrade themselves , including suicide , sexual degradation , and drunkenness . This led Kant to regard sexual intercourse as degrading because it reduces humans to an object of pleasure . He admitted sex only within marriage , which he regarded as `` a merely animal union '' . He believed that masturbation is worse than suicide , reducing a person 's status to below that of an animal ; he argued that rape should be punished with castration and that bestiality requires expulsion from society . Feminist philosopher Catharine MacKinnon has argued that many contemporary practices would be deemed immoral by Kant 's standards because they dehumanize women . Sexual harassment , prostitution and pornography , she argues , objectify women and do not meet Kant 's standard of human autonomy . Commercial sex has been criticised for turning both parties into objects ( and thus using them as a means to an end ) ; mutual consent is problematic because in consenting , people choose to objectify themselves . Alan Soble has noted that more liberal Kantian ethicists believe that , depending on other contextual factors , the consent of women can vindicate their participation in pornography and prostitution . Animal ethics ( edit ) Because Kant viewed rationality as the basis for being a moral patient -- one due moral consideration -- he believed that animals have no moral rights . Animals , according to Kant , are not rational , thus one can not behave immorally towards them . Although he did not believe we have any duties towards animals , Kant did believe being cruel to them was wrong because our behaviour might influence our attitudes toward human beings : if we become accustomed to harming animals , then we are more likely to see harming humans as acceptable . Ethicist Tom Regan rejected Kant 's assessment of the moral worth of animals on three main points : First , he rejected Kant 's claim that animals are not self - conscious . He then challenged Kant 's claim that animals have no intrinsic moral worth because they can not make a moral judgment . Regan argued that , if a being 's moral worth is determined by its ability to make a moral judgment , then we must regard humans who are incapable of moral thought as being equally undue moral consideration . Regan finally argued that Kant 's assertion that animals exist merely as a means to an end is unsupported ; the fact that animals have a life that can go well or badly suggests that , like humans , they have their own ends . Lying ( edit ) Kant believed that the Categorical Imperative provides us with the maxim that we ought not to lie in any circumstances , even if we are trying to bring about good consequences , such as lying to a murderer to prevent them from finding their intended victim . Kant argued that , because we can not fully know what the consequences of any action will be , the result might be unexpectedly harmful . Therefore , we ought to act to avoid the known wrong -- lying -- rather than to avoid a potential wrong . If there are harmful consequences , we are blameless because we acted according to our duty . Driver argues that this might not be a problem if we choose to formulate our maxims differently : the maxim ' I will lie to save an innocent life ' can be universalized . However , this new maxim may still treat the murderer as a means to an end , which we have a duty to avoid doing . Thus we may still be required to tell the truth to the murderer in Kant 's example . 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Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals ( 10 ed . ) . Project Gutenberg . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Kant , Immanuel ( 1785 ) . Thomas Kingsmill Abbott , ed . Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals ( 10 ed . ) . Project Gutenberg . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Driver 2007 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Benn 1998 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Kant , Immanuel ( 1785 ) . Thomas Kingsmill Abbott , ed . Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals ( 10 ed . ) . Project Gutenberg . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Kant , Immanuel ( 1785 ) . Thomas Kingsmill Abbott , ed . Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals ( 10 ed . ) . Project Gutenberg . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Kant , Immanuel ( 1785 ) . Thomas Kingsmill Abbott , ed . Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals ( 10 ed . ) . Project Gutenberg . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Kant & Paton 1991 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Kant 1788 , Book 1 , Ch. 1 , § 1 Jump up ^ Kant 1785 , Section 1 , § 17 Jump up ^ Sullivan 1989 , p. 165 Jump up ^ Kant 1785 , § 2 Jump up ^ Johnson , Robert ( 6 April 2008 ) ( 23 February 2004 ) . `` Kant 's Moral Philosophy '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Atwell 1986 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Korsgaard 1996 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Pojman 2008 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Rohlf , Michael ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` Immanuel Kant '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Payrow Shabani 2003 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Collin 2007 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Payrow Shabani 2003 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Payrow Shabani 2003 , pp. 55 -- 6 Jump up ^ Richardson , Henry ( 18 November 2005 ) . `` John Rawls ( 1921 -- 2002 ) '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Samuel ( 20 December 2008 ) ( 27 February 1996 ) . `` Original Position '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Brooks & Freyenhagen 2005 , pp. 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ Martyn 2003 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Scott Lee 1991 , p. 167 Jump up ^ O'Neill 2000 , p. 75 Jump up ^ O'Neill 2000 , pp. 76 - 77 Jump up ^ O'Neill 2000 , p. 77 Jump up ^ O'Neill 2000 , pp. 78 - 79 Jump up ^ Stocker 1976 , p. 462 Jump up ^ Baron 1999 , pp. 120 -- 123 Jump up ^ Baron 1999 , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Brooks 2012 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Singer 1983 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Manninon 2003 , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Janaway 2002 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Leiter , Briain ( 26 August 2004 ) . `` Nietzsche 's Moral and Political Philosophy '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Janaway & Robertson 2012 , pp. 202 - 204 Jump up ^ Janaway & Robertson 2012 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Janaway & Robertson 2012 , p. 206 Jump up ^ Ellis 1998 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Miller 2013 p. 110 Jump up ^ Athanassoulis , Nafsika ( 7 July 2010 ) . `` Virtue Ethics '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ MacIntyre 2013 , pp. 54 - 55 Jump up ^ Louden 2011 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Pinckaers 2003 , pp. 67 -- 75 Jump up ^ Anscombe , 1958 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Elshtain , 2008 , p258 note 22 Jump up ^ Pinckaers 2003 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Murdoch , 1970 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Knight , Kevin ( 2009 ) . `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Categorical Imperative '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant , 1786 , p. 35 Jump up ^ O'Neill , 2000 , 43 Jump up ^ Elshtain , 2008 , 260 note 75 Jump up ^ Eaton 2004 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Eaton 2004 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Eaton 2004 , pp. 40 -- 1 Jump up ^ Sugarman 2010 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Engelhardt 2011 , pp. 12 - 13 Jump up ^ Kneller & Axinn 1998 , pp. 265 -- 266 Jump up ^ Harris 2011 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Carl Cohen 1986 , p. 865 - 69 Jump up ^ Denis 1999 , p. 225 Jump up ^ Wood 1999 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Soble 2006 , 549 Jump up ^ Driver 2007 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Driver 2007 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Regan 2004 , p. 178 Jump up ^ Rachels 1999 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Driver 2007 , p. 96 Bibliography ( edit ) Atwell , John ( 1986 ) . Ends and principles in Kant 's moral thought . Springer . ISBN 9789024731671 . Axinn , Sidney ; Kneller , Jane ( 1998 ) . Autonomy and Community : Readings in Contemporary Kantian Social Philosophy . SUNY Press . ISBN 9780791437438 . Baron , Marcia ( 1999 ) . Kantian Ethics Almost Without Apology . Cornell University Press . ISBN 9780801486043 . Bergande , Wolfram ( 2017 ) . Kant 's apathology of compassion . Duesseldorf University Press . ISBN 978 - 3957580320 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Benn , Piers ( 1998 ) . Ethics . UCL Press . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 453 - 4 . Blackburn , Simon ( 2008 ) . `` Morality '' . Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy ( Second edition revised ed . ) . Brinton , Crane ( 1967 ) . `` Enlightenment '' . Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2 . Macmillan . Brooks , Thom ( 2012 ) . Hegel 's Philosophy of Right . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781405188135 . Brooks , Thom ; Freyenhagen , Fabian ( 2005 ) . The Legacy of John Rawls . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 9780826478436 . Cohen , Carl ( 1986 ) . `` The Case For the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 315 ( 14 ) : 865 -- 69 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM198610023151405 . Collin , Finn ( 2007 ) . `` Danish yearbook of philosophy '' . 42 . Museum Tusculanum Press . ISSN 0070 - 2749 . Denis , Lara ( April 1999 ) . `` Kant on the Wrongness of `` Unnatural '' Sex `` . History of Philosophy Quarterly . University of Illinois Press . 16 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 248 . Driver , Julia ( 2007 ) . Ethics : The Fundamentals . Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1154 - 6 . Eaton , Margaret ( 2004 ) . Ethics and the Business of Bioscience . Stanford University Press . ISBN 9780804742504 . Ellis , Ralph D. ( 1998 ) . Just Results : Ethical Foundations for Policy Analysis . Georgetown University Press . ISBN 9780878406678 . Elshtain , Jean Bethke ( 2008 ) . Sovereignty : God , State , and Self . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465037599 . Engelhardt , Hugo Tristram ( 2011 ) . Bioethics Critically Reconsidered : Having Second Thoughts . Springer . ISBN 9789400722446 . Guyer , Paul ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Kantian Perfectionism '' . In Jost , Lawrence ; Wuerth , Julian . Perfecting Virtue : New Essays on Kantian Ethics and Virtue Ethics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781139494359 . Hare , John ( 1997 ) . The Moral Gap : Kantian Ethics , Human Limits , and God 's Assistance . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198269571 . Harris , Dean ( 2011 ) . Ethics in Health Services and Policy : A Global Approach . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780470531068 . Hill , Thomas ( 2009 ) . The Blackwell Guide to Kant 's Ethics . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781405125819 . Janaway , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Schopenhaur : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280259 - 3 . Janaway , Christopher ; Robertson , Simon ( 2013 ) . Nietzsche , Naturalism , and Normativity . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199583676 . Johnson , Robert N. ( 2009 ) . `` 1 : Good Will and the Moral Worth of Acting from Duty '' . In Hill Jr , Thomas E. The Blackwell Guide to Kant 's Ethics . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 9781405125826 . Kant , Immanuel ( 1785 ) . Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals . Wikisource . Kant , Immanuel ( 1788 ) . Critique of Practical Reason . Wikisource . Korsgaard , Christine ( 1996 ) . Creating the Kingdom of Ends . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 52149 - 962 - 0 . Loewy , Erich ( 1989 ) . Textbook of Medical Ethics . Springer . ISBN 9780306432804 . Louden , Robert B. ( 2011 ) . Kant 's Human Being : Essays on His Theory of Human Nature . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199911103 . MacIntyre , Alasdair ( 2013 ) . After Virtue . A&C Black . ISBN 9781623565251 . Manninon , Gerard ( 2003 ) . Schopenhauer , religion and morality : the humble path to ethics . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 9780754608233 . Miller , Dale ( 2013 ) . John Stuart Mill . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780745673592 . Murdoch , Iris ( 1970 ) . The Sovereignty of the Good . Routledge & Kegan Paul . ISBN 978 - 0415253994 . O'Neill , Onora ( 2000 ) . Bounds of Justice . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521447447 . Payrow Shabani , Omid ( 2003 ) . Democracy , power and legitimacy : the critical theory of Jürgen Habermas . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 9780802087614 . Picnkaers , Servais ( 2003 ) . Morality : The Catholic View . St. Augustine Press . ISBN 978 - 1587315152 . Pojman , Louis ( 2008 ) . Ethics : Discovering Right and Wrong . Cengage Learning . ISBN 9780495502357 . Rachels , James ( 1999 ) . The Elements of Moral Philosophy ( Third ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 116754 - 4 . Regan , Tom ( 2004 ) . The case for animal rights . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 52024 - 386 - 6 . Riedel , Manfred ( 1984 ) . Between Tradition and Revolution : The Hegelian Transformation of Political Philosophy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521174886 . Singer , Peter ( 1983 ) . Hegel : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780191604416 . Soble , Alan ( 2006 ) . Sex from Plato to Paglia : A Philosophical Encyclopedia . 1 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313334245 . Stocker , Michael ( 12 August 1976 ) . `` The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories '' . The Journal of Philosophy . Journal of Philosophy. 73 ( 14 ) : 453 -- 466 . doi : 10.2307 / 2025782 . JSTOR 2025782 . Sugarman , Jeremy ( 2010 ) . Methods in Medical Ethics . Georgetown University Press . ISBN 9781589017016 . Sullivan , Roger ( 1994 ) . An Introduction to Kant 's Ethics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521467698 . Sullivan , Roger ( 1989 ) . Immanuel Kant 's Moral Theory . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521369084 . Taylor , Robert ( 2011 ) . Reconstructing Rawls : the Kantian foundations of justice as fairness . Penn State Press . ISBN 9780271037714 . Wood , Allen ( 2008 ) . Kantian Ethics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521671149 . Wood , Allen ( 1999 ) . Kant 's Ethical Thought . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521648363 . 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Hare Peter Singer Derek Parfit Thomas Nagel Robert Merrihew Adams Charles Taylor Joxe Azurmendi Christine Korsgaard Martha Nussbaum more ... Applied ethics Bioethics Business ethics Discourse ethics Environmental ethics Legal ethics Media ethics Medical ethics Nursing ethics Professional ethics Sexual ethics Ethics of eating meat Ethics of technology Related articles Christian ethics Descriptive ethics Ethics in religion Evolutionary ethics Feminist ethics History of ethics Ideology Islamic ethics Jewish ethics Normative ethics Philosophy of law Political philosophy Social philosophy Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kantian_ethics&oldid=814299062 '' Categories : Ethical theories Kantianism Deontological ethics Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español فارسی हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 23 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does morality come from according to kant	[ "Kant believed that the shared ability of humans to reason should be the basis of morality, and that it is the ability to reason that makes humans morally significant. He, therefore, believed that all humans should have the right to common dignity and respect.[76] Margaret Eaton argues that, according to Kant's ethics, a medical professional must be happy for their own practices to be used by and on anyone, even if they were the patient themselves. For example, a researcher who wished to perform tests on patients without their knowledge must be happy for all researchers to do so.[77] She also argues that Kant's requirement of autonomy would mean that a patient must be able to make a fully informed decision about treatment, making it immoral to perform tests on unknowing patients. Medical research should be motivated out of respect for the patient, so they must be informed of all facts, even if this would be likely to dissuade the patient.[78] Jeremy Sugarman has argued that Kant's formulation of autonomy requires that patients are never used merely for the benefit of society, but are always treated as rational people with their own goals.[79] Aaron Hinkley notes that a Kantian account of autonomy requires respect for choices that are arrived at rationally, not for choices which are arrived at by idiosyncratic or non-rational means. He argues that there may be some difference between what a purely rational agent would choose and what a patient actually chooses, the difference being the result of non-rational idiosyncrasies. Although a Kantian physician ought not to lie to or coerce a patient, Hinkley suggests that some form of paternalism - such as through withholding information which may prompt a non-rational response - could be acceptable.[80]" ]	[ "the shared ability of humans to reason" ]
-7924876382824278321	It's Like We Never Said Goodbye	It 's Like We Never Said Goodbye - wikipedia It 's Like We Never Said Goodbye This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` It 's Like We Never Said Goodbye '' Single by Crystal Gayle from the album Miss the Mississippi B - side `` Do n't Go My Love '' Released February 1980 Format 7 '' Recorded 1979 Genre Country Length 3 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Roger Greenaway and Geoff Stephens Producer ( s ) Allen Reynolds Crystal Gayle singles chronology `` Half the Way '' ( 1979 ) `` It 's Like We Never Said Goodbye '' ( 1980 ) `` The Blue Side '' ( 1980 ) `` Half the Way '' ( 1979 ) `` It 's Like We Never Said Goodbye '' ( 1980 ) `` The Blue Side '' ( 1980 ) `` It 's Like We Never Said Goodbye '' is a song written by Roger Greenaway and Geoff Stephens , and recorded by American country music singer Crystal Gayle . It was released in February 1980 as the second single from the album Miss the Mississippi . Contents 1 Historic week 2 Personnel 3 Chart performance 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Historic week ( edit ) The song was part of a historic week on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the week it reached number one . That week , all of the top five positions were held by female singers . The Top 5 from that week was : `` It 's Like We Never Said Goodbye '' by Crystal Gayle `` A Lesson in Leavin ' '' by Dottie West `` Are You on the Road to Lovin ' Me Again '' by Debby Boone `` Beneath Still Waters '' by Emmylou Harris `` Two Story House '' by Tammy Wynette ( duet with George Jones ) Personnel ( edit ) Gene Chrisman -- drums Spady Brannan -- bass guitar Bobby Wood -- keyboards Chris Leuzinger -- guitars Billy Puett , Denis Solee -- saxophone Roger Bissell , Dennis Good , Rex Peer , Terry Williams -- trombone Crystal Gayle , Garth Fundis , Allen Reynolds - backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 US Billboard Hot 100 63 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard magazine -- April 19 , 1980 issue . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Gayle Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Gayle Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Gayle Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Bibliography ( edit ) Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Country Songs : 1944 - 2005 , '' 2006 , Record Research , ISBN 978 - 0898201659 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Crystal Gayle singles Albums Singles 1970s `` Wrong Road Again '' `` Somebody Loves You '' 1976 `` I 'll Get Over You '' `` You Never Miss a Real Good Thing ( Till He Says Goodbye ) '' 1977 `` I 'll Do It All Over Again '' `` Do n't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue '' 1978 `` Ready for the Times to Get Better '' `` Talking in Your Sleep '' `` Why Have You Left the One You Left Me For '' 1979 `` When I Dream '' `` Your Kisses Will '' `` Half the Way '' `` Your Old Cold Shoulder '' 1980s 1980 `` It 's Like We Never Said Goodbye '' `` The Blue Side '' `` If You Ever Change Your Mind '' 1981 `` Take It Easy '' `` Too Many Lovers '' `` The Woman in Me '' 1982 `` You Never Gave Up on Me '' `` Livin ' in These Troubled Times '' `` ' Til I Gain Control Again '' You and I '' ( with Eddie Rabbitt ) `` Everything I Own '' `` Our Love Is on the Faultline '' `` Baby , What About You '' `` The Sound of Goodbye '' 1984 `` I Do n't Wanna Lose Your Love '' `` Turning Away '' `` Me Against the Night '' 1985 `` Nobody Wants to Be Alone '' `` A Long and Lasting Love '' `` Makin ' Up for Lost Time ( The Dallas Lovers ' Song ) '' ( with Gary Morris ) 1986 `` Cry '' `` Straight to the Heart '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Another World '' ( with Gary Morris ) `` Nobody Should Have to Love This Way '' `` Only Love Can Save Me Now '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Nobody 's Angel '' 1990s `` Never Ending Song of Love '' 1999 `` Two Sleepy People '' ( with Willie Nelson ) 2000s 2003 `` Hallelujah I Love Him So '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Like_We_Never_Said_Goodbye&oldid=847147571 '' Categories : 1980 singles Crystal Gayle songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Roger Greenaway Songs written by Geoff Stephens Song recordings produced by Allen Reynolds Columbia Records singles 1979 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 07 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	crystal gayle it feels just like we never said goodbye	[]	[]
-6678530281773225031	Cheek (surname)	Cheek ( surname ) - wikipedia Cheek ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Cheek is an old family surname from Anglo - Saxon England that predates the Norman invasion . The Cheek family was among the first to immigrate to the American colonies in the early 17th century . The family crest is a white shield with three red crescents . People with the surname include : Alison Cheek ( born 1927 ) , Australian priest , one of the first women ordained in the Episcopal Church Bob Cheek ( born 1944 ) , Australian politician Chris Cheek ( born 1968 ) , American jazz saxophonist Cordie Cheek ( 1916 -- 1933 ) , falsely accused African - American lynching victim Curtis Cheek ( born 1958 ) , American bridge player and aerospace engineer James E. Cheek ( 1932 -- 2010 ) , President of Howard University James Richard Cheek ( 1936 -- 2011 ) , American diplomat Jan Cheek ( born 1948 ) , Falkland Islands politician Joel Owsley Cheek ( 1852 -- 1935 ) , creator of Maxwell House coffee Joey Cheek ( born 1979 ) , American former speed skater , world and Olympic champion John Cheek ( 1855 -- 1942 ) , Australian politician John Cheke or Cheek ( 1514 -- 1557 ) , English Greek scholar and politician , tutor to the future King Edward VI King Virgil Cheek ( born 1937 ) , former President of Shaw University and Morgan State University Louis Cheek ( born 1964 ) , American former National Football League player Marion Case Cheek ( 1888 -- 1969 ) , US Navy rear admiral Martin Cheek ( born 1960 ) , English botanist and taxonomist Rick Cheek ( born 1977 ) , American kickboxer and mixed martial artist Thomas Cheek ( died 1659 ) , English politician Thomas Cheek ( Australian politician ) ( 1894 -- 1994 ) Tom Cheek ( 1939 -- 2005 ) , American sportscaster See also ( edit ) List of Old English ( Anglo - Saxon ) surnames References ( edit ) This page lists people with the surname Cheek . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheek_(surname)&oldid=797993785 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 10 : 33 . About Wikipedia	where does the last name cheek come from	[ "Cheek is an old family surname from Anglo-Saxon England that predates the Norman invasion[citation needed]. The Cheek family was among the first to immigrate to the American colonies in the early 17th century. The family crest is a white shield with three red crescents." ]	[ "Anglo-Saxon England that predates the Norman invasion" ]
-2435811824612397002	List of Grand Slam women's singles champions	List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions - wikipedia List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions List of Women 's singles Grand Slam tournaments tennis champions . Note that some major changes have taken place over the years that have affected how many titles have been won by various players . Most notable included the elimination of the challenge round in 1922 , the opening of the French national championships to international competition in 1925 , and the admission of professional players in 1968 ( the start of the `` Open '' era ) . Since then , 45 women have won at least one grand slam . Contents 1 Champions by year 2 Statistics 2.1 Winners by decade 2.2 Most Grand Slam tournament singles titles 2.2. 1 All time ( 5 or more ) 2.2. 2 Open Era ( 2 or more ) 2.3 Most singles wins per Grand Slam tournament 2.3. 1 All time 2.3. 2 Open era 2.4 Total winners by country 2.4. 1 All time 2.4. 2 Open era 2.4. 3 Unique winners by country ( Open era ) 2.5 Most consecutive Grand Slam singles titles 2.6 Most consecutive years with at least one Grand Slam title 2.7 Completed the Grand Slam 2.8 Winners of the Career Grand Slam 2.9 Winners of three Grand Slam tournaments in the same calendar year 2.10 Winners of two Grand Slam tournaments in the same calendar year 2.11 Winning a Grand Slam singles tournament without losing a set ( open era ) 2.11. 1 Chronological timeline ( by player ) 2.11. 2 Decade breakdown 2.12 All countrywomen in final ( Open era ) 3 See also 4 Notes Champions by year ( edit ) Flag Icon Key List of National Flags Margaret Court has 24 singles majors , an all - time record . In 1970 , Court became the first woman during the open era to win the singles Grand Slam . Serena Williams is the winner of 23 Major singles titles -- Open Era record . Steffi Graf -- winner of 22 Major singles titles , and the only person to win the Golden Slam ( 1988 ) . Helen Wills Moody -- winner of 19 Major titles , the first woman to win more than 10 titles . Chris Evert has won 18 Major titles , tied for the third most with Martina Navratilova in the Open Era . Martina Navratilova has won 18 Major titles , tied for the third most with Chris Evert in the Open Era . Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open 1884 started in 1922 started in 1897 Maud Watson ( 1 / 2 ) started in 1887 1885 tournament not created tournament not created Maud Watson ( 2 / 2 ) tournament not created 1886 tournament not created tournament not created Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1 / 6 ) tournament not created 1887 tournament not created tournament not created Lottie Dod ( 1 / 5 ) Ellen Hansell 1888 tournament not created tournament not created Lottie Dod ( 2 / 5 ) Bertha Townsend ( 1 / 2 ) 1889 tournament not created tournament not created Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 2 / 6 ) Bertha Townsend ( 2 / 2 ) 1890 tournament not created tournament not created Helen Rice Ellen Roosevelt 1891 tournament not created tournament not created Lottie Dod ( 3 / 5 ) Mabel Cahill ( 1 / 2 ) 1892 tournament not created tournament not created Lottie Dod ( 4 / 5 ) Mabel Cahill ( 2 / 2 ) 1893 tournament not created tournament not created Lottie Dod ( 5 / 5 ) Aline Terry 1894 tournament not created tournament not created Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 3 / 6 ) Helen Hellwig 1895 tournament not created tournament not created Charlotte Cooper Sterry ( 1 / 5 ) Juliette Atkinson ( 1 / 3 ) 1896 tournament not created tournament not created Charlotte Cooper Sterry ( 2 / 5 ) Elisabeth Moore ( 1 / 4 ) 1897 tournament not created Adine Masson * Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 4 / 6 ) Juliette Atkinson ( 2 / 3 ) 1898 tournament not created Adine Masson * Charlotte Cooper Sterry ( 3 / 5 ) Juliette Atkinson ( 3 / 3 ) 1899 tournament not created Adine Masson * Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 5 / 6 ) Marion Jones ( 1 / 2 ) 1900 tournament not created Hélène Prévost * Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 6 / 6 ) Myrtle McAteer 1901 tournament not created P. Girod * Charlotte Cooper Sterry ( 4 / 5 ) Elisabeth Moore ( 2 / 4 ) 1902 tournament not created Adine Masson * Muriel Robb Marion Jones ( 2 / 2 ) 1903 tournament not created Adine Masson * Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1 / 7 ) Elisabeth Moore ( 3 / 4 ) 1904 tournament not created Kate Gillou * Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 2 / 7 ) May Sutton ( 1 / 3 ) 1905 tournament not created Kate Gillou * May Sutton ( 2 / 3 ) Elisabeth Moore ( 4 / 4 ) 1906 tournament not created Kate Gillou - Fenwick * Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 3 / 7 ) Helen Homans 1907 tournament not created Comtesse de Kermel * May Sutton ( 3 / 3 ) Evelyn Sears 1908 tournament not created Kate Gillou - Fenwick * Charlotte Cooper Sterry ( 5 / 5 ) Maud Barger - Wallach 1909 tournament not created Jeanne Matthey * Dora Boothby Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( 1 / 4 ) 1910 tournament not created Jeanne Matthey * Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 4 / 7 ) Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( 2 / 4 ) 1911 tournament not created Jeanne Matthey * Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 5 / 7 ) Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( 3 / 4 ) 1912 tournament not created Jeanne Matthey * Ethel Thomson Larcombe Mary Browne ( 1 / 3 ) 1913 tournament not created Marguerite Broquedis * Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 6 / 7 ) Mary Browne ( 2 / 3 ) 1914 tournament not created Marguerite Broquedis * Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 7 / 7 ) Mary Browne ( 3 / 3 ) 1915 tournament not created no competition no competition Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 1 / 8 ) 1916 tournament not created no competition no competition Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 2 / 8 ) 1917 tournament not created no competition no competition Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 3 / 8 ) 1918 tournament not created no competition no competition Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 4 / 8 ) 1919 tournament not created no competition Suzanne Lenglen ( 1 / 8 ) Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( 4 / 4 ) 1920 tournament not created Suzanne Lenglen * Suzanne Lenglen ( 2 / 8 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 5 / 8 ) 1921 tournament not created Suzanne Lenglen * Suzanne Lenglen ( 3 / 8 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 6 / 8 ) 1922 Margaret Molesworth ( 1 / 2 ) Suzanne Lenglen * Suzanne Lenglen ( 4 / 8 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 7 / 8 ) 1923 Margaret Molesworth ( 2 / 2 ) Suzanne Lenglen * Suzanne Lenglen ( 5 / 8 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1 / 19 ) 1924 Sylvia Lance Harper Julie Vlasto * Kathleen McKane Godfree ( 1 / 2 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 2 / 19 ) 1925 Daphne Akhurst ( 1 / 5 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 6 / 8 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 7 / 8 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 3 / 19 ) 1926 Daphne Akhurst ( 2 / 5 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 8 / 8 ) Kathleen McKane Godfree ( 2 / 2 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 8 / 8 ) 1927 Esna Boyd Robertson Kornelia Bouman Helen Wills Moody ( 4 / 19 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 5 / 19 ) 1928 Daphne Akhurst ( 3 / 5 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 6 / 19 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 7 / 19 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 8 / 19 ) 1929 Daphne Akhurst ( 4 / 5 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 9 / 19 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 10 / 19 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 11 / 19 ) 1930 Daphne Akhurst ( 5 / 5 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 12 / 19 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 13 / 19 ) Betty Nuthall 1931 Coral McInnes Buttsworth ( 1 / 2 ) Cilly Aussem ( 1 / 2 ) Cilly Aussem ( 2 / 2 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 14 / 19 ) 1932 Coral McInnes Buttsworth ( 2 / 2 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 15 / 19 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 16 / 19 ) Helen Jacobs ( 1 / 5 ) 1933 Joan Hartigan ( 1 / 3 ) Margaret Scriven ( 1 / 2 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 17 / 19 ) Helen Jacobs ( 2 / 5 ) 1934 Joan Hartigan ( 2 / 3 ) Margaret Scriven ( 2 / 2 ) Dorothy Round ( 1 / 3 ) Helen Jacobs ( 3 / 5 ) 1935 Dorothy Round ( 2 / 3 ) Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling ( 1 / 3 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 18 / 19 ) Helen Jacobs ( 4 / 5 ) 1936 Joan Hartigan ( 3 / 3 ) Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling ( 2 / 3 ) Helen Jacobs ( 5 / 5 ) Alice Marble ( 1 / 5 ) 1937 Nancye Wynne ( 1 / 6 ) Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling ( 3 / 3 ) Dorothy Round ( 3 / 3 ) Anita Lizana 1938 Dorothy Cheney Simonne Mathieu ( 1 / 2 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 19 / 19 ) Alice Marble ( 2 / 5 ) 1939 Emily Hood Westacott Simonne Mathieu ( 2 / 2 ) Alice Marble ( 3 / 5 ) Alice Marble ( 4 / 5 ) 1940 Nancye Wynne Bolton ( 2 / 6 ) no competition no competition Alice Marble ( 5 / 5 ) 1941 no competition Alice Weiwers no competition Sarah Palfrey Cooke ( 1 / 2 ) 1942 no competition Alice Weiwers no competition Pauline Betz ( 1 / 5 ) 1943 no competition Simone Iribarne Lafargue no competition Pauline Betz ( 2 / 5 ) 1944 no competition Raymonde Veber Jones no competition Pauline Betz ( 3 / 5 ) 1945 no competition Lolette Payot no competition Sarah Palfrey Cooke ( 2 / 2 ) 1946 Nancye Wynne Bolton ( 3 / 6 ) Margaret Osborne ( 1 / 6 ) Pauline Betz ( 4 / 5 ) Pauline Betz ( 5 / 5 ) 1947 Nancye Wynne Bolton ( 4 / 6 ) Patricia Canning Todd Margaret Osborne ( 2 / 6 ) Louise Brough ( 1 / 6 ) 1948 Nancye Wynne Bolton ( 5 / 6 ) Nelly Landry Louise Brough ( 2 / 6 ) Margaret Osborne ( 3 / 6 ) 1949 Doris Hart ( 1 / 6 ) Margaret Osborne ( 4 / 6 ) Louise Brough ( 3 / 6 ) Margaret Osborne ( 5 / 6 ) 1950 Louise Brough ( 4 / 6 ) Doris Hart ( 2 / 6 ) Louise Brough ( 5 / 6 ) Margaret Osborne ( 6 / 6 ) 1951 Nancye Wynne Bolton ( 6 / 6 ) Shirley Fry ( 1 / 4 ) Doris Hart ( 3 / 6 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1 / 9 ) 1952 Thelma Coyne Long ( 1 / 2 ) Doris Hart ( 4 / 6 ) Maureen Connolly ( 2 / 9 ) Maureen Connolly ( 3 / 9 ) 1953 Maureen Connolly ( 4 / 9 ) Maureen Connolly ( 5 / 9 ) Maureen Connolly ( 6 / 9 ) Maureen Connolly ( 7 / 9 ) 1954 Thelma Coyne Long ( 2 / 2 ) Maureen Connolly ( 8 / 9 ) Maureen Connolly ( 9 / 9 ) Doris Hart ( 5 / 6 ) 1955 Beryl Penrose Angela Mortimer ( 1 / 3 ) Louise Brough ( 6 / 6 ) Doris Hart ( 6 / 6 ) 1956 Mary Carter Reitano ( 1 / 2 ) Althea Gibson ( 1 / 5 ) Shirley Fry ( 2 / 4 ) Shirley Fry ( 3 / 4 ) 1957 Shirley Fry ( 4 / 4 ) Shirley Bloomer Althea Gibson ( 2 / 5 ) Althea Gibson ( 3 / 5 ) 1958 Angela Mortimer ( 2 / 3 ) Zsuzsa Körmöczy Althea Gibson ( 4 / 5 ) Althea Gibson ( 5 / 5 ) 1959 Mary Carter Reitano ( 2 / 2 ) Christine Truman Maria Bueno ( 1 / 7 ) Maria Bueno ( 2 / 7 ) 1960 Margaret Court ( 1 / 24 ) Darlene Hard ( 1 / 3 ) Maria Bueno ( 3 / 7 ) Darlene Hard ( 2 / 3 ) 1961 Margaret Court ( 2 / 24 ) Ann Haydon - Jones ( 1 / 3 ) Angela Mortimer ( 3 / 3 ) Darlene Hard ( 3 / 3 ) 1962 Margaret Court ( 3 / 24 ) Margaret Court ( 4 / 24 ) Karen Hantze Susman Margaret Court ( 5 / 24 ) 1963 Margaret Court ( 6 / 24 ) Lesley Turner ( 1 / 2 ) Margaret Court ( 7 / 24 ) Maria Bueno ( 4 / 7 ) 1964 Margaret Court ( 8 / 24 ) Margaret Court ( 9 / 24 ) Maria Bueno ( 5 / 7 ) Maria Bueno ( 6 / 7 ) 1965 Margaret Court ( 10 / 24 ) Lesley Turner ( 2 / 2 ) Margaret Court ( 11 / 24 ) Margaret Court ( 12 / 24 ) 1966 Margaret Court ( 13 / 24 ) Ann Haydon - Jones ( 2 / 3 ) Billie Jean King ( 1 / 12 ) Maria Bueno ( 7 / 7 ) 1967 Nancy Richey ( 1 / 2 ) Françoise Dürr Billie Jean King ( 2 / 12 ) Billie Jean King ( 3 / 12 ) 1968 Billie Jean King ( 4 / 12 ) Amateur era tennis ends Open era tennis begins Nancy Richey ( 2 / 2 ) Billie Jean King ( 5 / 12 ) Virginia Wade ( 1 / 3 ) 1969 Margaret Court ( 14 / 24 ) Margaret Court ( 15 / 24 ) Ann Haydon - Jones ( 3 / 3 ) Margaret Court ( 16 / 24 ) 1970 Margaret Court ( 17 / 24 ) Margaret Court ( 18 / 24 ) Margaret Court ( 19 / 24 ) Margaret Court ( 20 / 24 ) 1971 Margaret Court ( 21 / 24 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1 / 7 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 2 / 7 ) Billie Jean King ( 6 / 12 ) 1972 Virginia Wade ( 2 / 3 ) Billie Jean King ( 7 / 12 ) Billie Jean King ( 8 / 12 ) Billie Jean King ( 9 / 12 ) 1973 Margaret Court ( 22 / 24 ) Margaret Court ( 23 / 24 ) Billie Jean King ( 10 / 12 ) Margaret Court ( 24 / 24 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 3 / 7 ) Chris Evert ( 1 / 18 ) Chris Evert ( 2 / 18 ) Billie Jean King ( 11 / 12 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 4 / 7 ) Chris Evert ( 3 / 18 ) Billie Jean King ( 12 / 12 ) Chris Evert ( 4 / 18 ) 1976 Evonne Goolagong ( 5 / 7 ) Sue Barker Chris Evert ( 5 / 18 ) Chris Evert ( 6 / 18 ) 1977 Kerry Melville Reid Mima Jaušovec Virginia Wade ( 3 / 3 ) Chris Evert ( 7 / 18 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 6 / 7 ) 1978 Chris O'Neil Virginia Ruzici Martina Navratilova ( 1 / 18 ) Chris Evert ( 8 / 18 ) 1979 Barbara Jordan Chris Evert ( 9 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 2 / 18 ) Tracy Austin ( 1 / 2 ) 1980 Hana Mandlíková ( 1 / 4 ) Chris Evert ( 10 / 18 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 7 / 7 ) Chris Evert ( 11 / 18 ) 1981 Martina Navratilova ( 3 / 18 ) Hana Mandlíková ( 2 / 4 ) Chris Evert ( 12 / 18 ) Tracy Austin ( 2 / 2 ) 1982 Chris Evert ( 14 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 4 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 5 / 18 ) Chris Evert ( 13 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 8 / 18 ) Chris Evert ( 15 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 6 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 7 / 18 ) 1984 Chris Evert ( 16 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 9 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 10 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 11 / 18 ) 1985 Martina Navratilova ( 13 / 18 ) Chris Evert ( 17 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 12 / 18 ) Hana Mandlíková ( 3 / 4 ) 1986 no competition Chris Evert ( 18 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 14 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 15 / 18 ) Hana Mandlíková ( 4 / 4 ) Steffi Graf ( 1 / 22 ) Martina Navratilova ( 16 / 18 ) Martina Navratilova ( 17 / 18 ) 1988 Steffi Graf ( 2 / 22 ) Steffi Graf ( 3 / 22 ) Steffi Graf ( 4 / 22 ) Steffi Graf ( 5 / 22 ) 1989 Steffi Graf ( 6 / 22 ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1 / 4 ) Steffi Graf ( 7 / 22 ) Steffi Graf ( 8 / 22 ) 1990 Steffi Graf ( 9 / 22 ) Monica Seles ( 1 / 9 ) Martina Navratilova ( 18 / 18 ) Gabriela Sabatini 1991 Monica Seles ( 2 / 9 ) Monica Seles ( 3 / 9 ) Steffi Graf ( 10 / 22 ) Monica Seles ( 4 / 9 ) 1992 Monica Seles ( 5 / 9 ) YUG Monica Seles ( 6 / 9 ) Steffi Graf ( 11 / 22 ) Monica Seles ( 7 / 9 ) 1993 Monica Seles ( 8 / 9 ) Steffi Graf ( 12 / 22 ) Steffi Graf ( 13 / 22 ) Steffi Graf ( 14 / 22 ) 1994 Steffi Graf ( 15 / 22 ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 2 / 4 ) Conchita Martínez Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 3 / 4 ) 1995 Mary Pierce ( 1 / 2 ) Steffi Graf ( 16 / 22 ) Steffi Graf ( 17 / 22 ) Steffi Graf ( 18 / 22 ) Monica Seles ( 9 / 9 ) Steffi Graf ( 19 / 22 ) Steffi Graf ( 20 / 22 ) Steffi Graf ( 21 / 22 ) 1997 Martina Hingis ( 1 / 5 ) Iva Majoli Martina Hingis ( 2 / 5 ) Martina Hingis ( 3 / 5 ) 1998 Martina Hingis ( 4 / 5 ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 4 / 4 ) Jana Novotná Lindsay Davenport ( 1 / 3 ) 1999 Martina Hingis ( 5 / 5 ) Steffi Graf ( 22 / 22 ) Lindsay Davenport ( 2 / 3 ) Serena Williams ( 1 / 23 ) 2000 Lindsay Davenport ( 3 / 3 ) Mary Pierce ( 2 / 2 ) Venus Williams ( 1 / 7 ) Venus Williams ( 2 / 7 ) 2001 Jennifer Capriati ( 1 / 3 ) Jennifer Capriati ( 2 / 3 ) Venus Williams ( 3 / 7 ) Venus Williams ( 4 / 7 ) 2002 Jennifer Capriati ( 3 / 3 ) Serena Williams ( 2 / 23 ) Serena Williams ( 3 / 23 ) Serena Williams ( 4 / 23 ) 2003 Serena Williams ( 5 / 23 ) Justine Henin ( 1 / 7 ) Serena Williams ( 6 / 23 ) Justine Henin ( 2 / 7 ) Justine Henin ( 3 / 7 ) Anastasia Myskina Maria Sharapova ( 1 / 5 ) Svetlana Kuznetsova ( 1 / 2 ) 2005 Serena Williams ( 7 / 23 ) Justine Henin ( 4 / 7 ) Venus Williams ( 5 / 7 ) Kim Clijsters ( 1 / 4 ) 2006 Amélie Mauresmo ( 1 / 2 ) Justine Henin ( 5 / 7 ) Amélie Mauresmo ( 2 / 2 ) Maria Sharapova ( 2 / 5 ) 2007 Serena Williams ( 8 / 23 ) Justine Henin ( 6 / 7 ) Venus Williams ( 6 / 7 ) Justine Henin ( 7 / 7 ) 2008 Maria Sharapova ( 3 / 5 ) Ana Ivanovic Venus Williams ( 7 / 7 ) Serena Williams ( 9 / 23 ) 2009 Serena Williams ( 10 / 23 ) Svetlana Kuznetsova ( 2 / 2 ) Serena Williams ( 11 / 23 ) Kim Clijsters ( 2 / 4 ) Serena Williams ( 12 / 23 ) Francesca Schiavone Serena Williams ( 13 / 23 ) Kim Clijsters ( 3 / 4 ) 2011 Kim Clijsters ( 4 / 4 ) Li Na ( 1 / 2 ) Petra Kvitová ( 1 / 2 ) Samantha Stosur 2012 Victoria Azarenka ( 1 / 2 ) Maria Sharapova ( 4 / 5 ) Serena Williams ( 14 / 23 ) Serena Williams ( 15 / 23 ) 2013 Victoria Azarenka ( 2 / 2 ) Serena Williams ( 16 / 23 ) Marion Bartoli Serena Williams ( 17 / 23 ) 2014 Li Na ( 2 / 2 ) Maria Sharapova ( 5 / 5 ) Petra Kvitová ( 2 / 2 ) Serena Williams ( 18 / 23 ) 2015 Serena Williams ( 19 / 23 ) Serena Williams ( 20 / 23 ) Serena Williams ( 21 / 23 ) Flavia Pennetta 2016 Angelique Kerber ( 1 / 3 ) Garbiñe Muguruza ( 1 / 2 ) Serena Williams ( 22 / 23 ) Angelique Kerber ( 2 / 3 ) 2017 Serena Williams ( 23 / 23 ) Jeļena Ostapenko Garbiñe Muguruza ( 2 / 2 ) Sloane Stephens 2018 Caroline Wozniacki Simona Halep Angelique Kerber ( 3 / 3 ) Legend Player won all 4 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year Player won 3 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year Player won 2 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year * French club members or citizens only event , thus considered a `` non-slam '' by a majority of authorities ( the French Championships opened itself to international competitors in 1925 when it merged with the World Hard Court Championships ) † Tournaments held during German occupation not recognized by Fédération Française de Tennis ‡ Australian Open was held in December from 1977 through 1985 Statistics ( edit ) Winners by decade ( edit ) 1920s 11 Helen Wills Moody 7 Suzanne Lenglen 4 Daphne Akhurst , Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 2 Kathleen McKane Godfree , Margaret Molesworth 1 Kornelia Bouman , Sylvia Lance Harper , Esna Boyd Robertson 1930s 8 Helen Wills Moody 5 Helen Jacobs 4 Alice Marble 3 Joan Hartigan , Dorothy Round , Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling 2 Cilly Aussem , Coral McInnes Buttsworth , Simonne Mathieu , Margaret Scriven 1 Nancye Wynne Bolton , Dorothy Bundy , Daphne Akhurst , Anita Lizana , Betty Nuthall , Emily Hood Westacott 1940s 5 Pauline Betz , Margaret Osborne 4 Nancye Wynne Bolton 3 Louise Brough 2 Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1 Doris Hart , Alice Marble , Nelly Landry , Patricia Canning Todd 1950s 9 Maureen Connolly 5 Althea Gibson , Doris Hart 4 Shirley Fry 3 Louise Brough 2 Angela Mortimer , Maria Bueno , Thelma Coyne Long , Mary Carter Reitano 1 Nancye Wynne Bolton , Shirley Bloomer , Beryl Penrose Collier , Margaret Osborne , Christine Truman , Zsuzsi Körmöczy 1960s 16 Margaret Court 5 Maria Bueno , Billie Jean King 3 Darlene Hard , Ann Haydon - Jones 2 Lesley Turner Bowrey , Nancy Richey 1 Angela Mortimer , Françoise Dürr , Karen Hantze Susman , Virginia Wade 1970s 9 Chris Evert 8 Margaret Court 7 Billie Jean King 6 Evonne Goolagong 2 Martina Navratilova , Virginia Wade 1 Tracy Austin , Sue Barker , Mima Jaušovec , Barbara Jordan , Chris O'Neil , Kerry Melville Reid , Virginia Ruzici 1980s 15 Martina Navratilova 9 Chris Evert 8 Steffi Graf 4 Hana Mandlíková 1 Tracy Austin , Evonne Goolagong , Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1990s 14 Steffi Graf 9 Monica Seles 5 Martina Hingis 3 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 2 Lindsay Davenport 1 Iva Majoli , Conchita Martínez , Martina Navratilova , Jana Novotná , Mary Pierce , Gabriela Sabatini , Serena Williams 2000s 10 Serena Williams 7 Justine Henin , Venus Williams 3 Jennifer Capriati , Maria Sharapova 2 Amélie Mauresmo , Svetlana Kuznetsova , Kim Clijsters 1 Lindsay Davenport , Anastasia Myskina , Mary Pierce , Ana Ivanovic 2010s 12 Serena Williams 3 Angelique Kerber 2 Kim Clijsters , Victoria Azarenka , Li Na , Maria Sharapova , Petra Kvitová , Garbiñe Muguruza 1 Francesca Schiavone , Samantha Stosur , Marion Bartoli , Flavia Pennetta , Jeļena Ostapenko , Sloane Stephens , Caroline Wozniacki , Simona Halep Most Grand Slam tournament singles titles ( edit ) All time ( 5 or more ) ( edit ) Rank Player Total Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Margaret Court 24 11 5 5 Serena Williams 23 7 7 6 Steffi Graf 22 6 7 5 Helen Wills Moody 19 0 8 7 5 Chris Evert 18 7 6 = Martina Navratilova 18 9 7 Billie Jean King 12 6 8 Maureen Connolly 9 = / / Monica Seles 9 0 10 Suzanne Lenglen 8 0 6 0 = / Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 8 0 0 0 8 12 Dorothea Lambert Chambers 7 0 0 7 0 = Maria Bueno 7 0 0 = Evonne Goolagong 7 0 = Justine Henin 7 0 = Venus Williams 7 0 0 5 17 Blanche Bingley Hillyard 6 0 0 6 0 = Margaret Osborne 6 0 = Nancye Wynne Bolton 6 6 0 0 0 = Louise Brough 6 0 = Doris Hart 6 22 Lottie Dod 5 0 0 5 0 = Charlotte Cooper Sterry 5 0 0 5 0 = Daphne Akhurst 5 5 0 0 0 = Helen Jacobs 5 0 0 = Alice Marble 5 0 0 = Pauline Betz 5 0 0 = Althea Gibson 5 0 = Martina Hingis 5 0 = Maria Sharapova 5 Open Era ( 2 or more ) ( edit ) Rank Player Total Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Serena Williams 23 7 7 6 Steffi Graf 22 6 7 5 Chris Evert 18 7 6 = Martina Navratilova 18 9 5 Margaret Court 11 6 / / Monica Seles 9 0 7 Billie Jean King 8 0 8 Evonne Goolagong 7 0 = Justine Henin 7 0 = Venus Williams 7 0 0 5 11 Martina Hingis 5 0 = Maria Sharapova 5 13 Hana Mandlíková 0 = Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 0 0 = Kim Clijsters 0 0 16 Virginia Wade 0 = Lindsay Davenport 0 = Jennifer Capriati 0 0 = Angelique Kerber 0 20 Tracy Austin 0 0 0 = Mary Pierce 0 0 = Amélie Mauresmo 0 0 = Svetlana Kuznetsova 0 0 = Victoria Azarenka 0 0 0 = Li Na 0 0 = Petra Kvitová 0 0 0 = Garbiñe Muguruza 0 0 Most singles wins per Grand Slam tournament ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Grand Slam Wins # Player ( s ) Australian Open 11 Margaret Court French Open 7 Chris Evert Wimbledon 9 Martina Navratilova US Open 8 / Molla Mallory Open era ( edit ) Grand Slam Wins # Player ( s ) Australian Open 7 Serena Williams French Open 7 Chris Evert Wimbledon 9 Martina Navratilova US Open 6 Chris Evert , Serena Williams Total winners by country ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Rank Country Wins United States 202 Australia 62 United Kingdom 51 Germany ( 21 ) West Germany ( 9 ) 30 5 France 17 6 Belgium 11 7 Yugoslavia ( 6 ) Yugoslavia ( 3 ) Serbia ( 1 ) 10 8 Russia 8 9 Brazil 7 = Czechoslovakia ( 4 ) Czech Republic ( 3 ) 7 = Spain 7 12 Switzerland 5 13 Norway 14 Belarus = China = Italy = Romania 18 Argentina = Chile = Croatia = Denmark = Hungary = Latvia = Netherlands Open era ( edit ) Rank Country Wins United States 86 West Germany ( 9 ) Germany ( 16 ) 25 Australia 21 Belgium 11 5 Yugoslavia ( 6 ) Yugoslavia ( 3 ) Serbia ( 1 ) 10 6 Russia 8 7 Czechoslovakia ( 4 ) Czech Republic ( 3 ) 7 = Spain 7 9 United Kingdom 5 = Switzerland 5 = France 5 12 Belarus = China = Italy = Romania 16 Argentina = Croatia = Denmark = Latvia Unique winners by country ( Open Era ) ( edit ) In the last 50 years , 49 * women have won one or more major singles title . * Monica Seles is listed under United States , FR Yugoslavia & SFR Yugoslavia . Country Players Names Argentina Gabriela Sabatini Australia 5 Margaret Court , Evonne Goolagong , Chris O'Neil , Kerry Melville Reid , Samantha Stosur Belarus Victoria Azarenka Belgium Kim Clijsters , Justine Henin China Li Na Croatia Iva Majoli Czechoslovakia Hana Mandlíková Czech Republic Jana Novotná , Petra Kvitová Denmark Caroline Wozniacki France Marion Bartoli , Amélie Mauresmo , Mary Pierce Germany Steffi Graf , Angelique Kerber Italy Flavia Pennetta , Francesca Schiavone Latvia Jeļena Ostapenko Romania Simona Halep , Virginia Ruzici Russia Svetlana Kuznetsova , Anastasia Myskina , Maria Sharapova Serbia Ana Ivanovic Spain Conchita Martínez , Garbiñe Muguruza , Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Switzerland Martina Hingis United Kingdom Sue Barker , Ann Haydon - Jones , Virginia Wade United States 12 Tracy Austin , Jennifer Capriati , Lindsay Davenport , Chris Evert , Barbara Jordan , Billie Jean King , Martina Navratilova , Nancy Richey , Monica Seles , Sloane Stephens , Serena Williams , Venus Williams SFR Yugoslavia Mima Jaušovec , Monica Seles FR Yugoslavia Monica Seles Most consecutive Grand Slam singles titles ( edit ) Titles Player Years From To 6 Maureen Connolly 1952 -- 53 1952 Wimbledon 1953 U.S Championships Margaret Court 1969 -- 71 1969 US Open 1971 Australian Open Martina Navratilova ‡ 1983 -- 84 1983 Wimbledon 1984 US Open 5 Steffi Graf 1988 -- 89 1988 Australian Open 1989 Australian Open Steffi Graf 1993 -- 94 1993 French Open 1994 Australian Open Serena Williams 2002 -- 03 2002 French Open 2003 Australian Open 2014 -- 15 2014 US Open 2015 Wimbledon Helen Wills Moody 1928 1928 French Championships 1928 U.S Championships 1929 1929 French Championships 1929 U.S Championships Margaret Court 1965 -- 66 1965 Wimbledon 1966 Australian Championships Billie Jean King 1967 -- 68 1967 Wimbledon 1968 Australian Championships 1972 1972 French Open 1972 US Open Chris Evert ‡ 1982 -- 83 1982 US Open 1983 French Open Steffi Graf 1989 -- 90 1989 Wimbledon 1990 Australian Open / Monica Seles 1991 -- 92 1991 US Open 1992 French Open Steffi Graf 1995 1995 French Open 1995 US Open 1996 French Open 1996 US Open Martina Hingis 1997 -- 98 1997 Wimbledon 1998 Australian Open ‡ Australian Open was held in December from 1977 through 1985 Most consecutive years with at least one Grand Slam title ( edit ) Year # Span Player ( s ) 13 1974 -- 1986 Chris Evert 10 1987 -- 1996 Steffi Graf 7 1927 -- 1933 Helen Wills 1960 -- 1966 Margaret Court 1981 -- 1987 Martina Navratilova Completed the Grand Slam ( edit ) Only three players have been able to win all four Majors in a single year . Player Year Maureen Connolly 1953 Margaret Court 1970 Steffi Graf 1988 * Golden Slam ( also won the Olympic Gold medal ) Winners of the Career Grand Slam ( edit ) ( Date listed is the year the player first won each tournament . Last one marked in bold ) Player Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Maureen Connolly 1953 1953 1952 1951 Doris Hart 1949 1950 1951 1954 Shirley Fry 1957 1951 1956 1956 Margaret Court 1960 1962 1963 1962 Billie Jean King 1968 1972 1966 1967 Chris Evert 1982 Martina Navratilova 1981 1982 1978 Steffi Graf 1988 1988 1988 Serena Williams 2003 2002 2002 1999 Maria Sharapova 2008 2012 2006 Winners of three Grand Slam tournaments in the same calendar year ( edit ) Note : players with four titles are not included here . Australian -- French -- Wimbledon 2015 Serena Williams Australian -- French -- U.S. 1962 Margaret Court 1969 1973 1991 / Monica Seles 1992 Australian -- Wimbledon -- U.S. 1965 Margaret Court Martina Navratilova 1989 Steffi Graf 1997 Martina Hingis French -- Wimbledon -- U.S. 1928 Helen Wills Moody 1929 1972 Billie Jean King 1984 Martina Navratilova 1993 Steffi Graf 1995 2002 Serena Williams Winners of two Grand Slam tournaments in the same calendar year ( edit ) Note : players with more than two titles are not included here . Australian -- French 1964 Margaret Court 2001 Jennifer Capriati Australian -- Wimbledon 1950 Louise Brough 1963 Margaret Court 1968 Billie Jean King 1985 Martina Navratilova 2003 Serena Williams 2006 Amélie Mauresmo 2009 Serena Williams Australian -- U.S. 1982 Chris Evert 2016 Angelique Kerber French -- Wimbledon 1925 Suzanne Lenglen 1930 Helen Wills Moody 1932 1954 Maureen Connolly 1971 Evonne Goolagong Chris Evert 1982 Martina Navratilova French -- U.S. 1949 Margaret Osborne 1960 Darlene Hard Chris Evert 1980 1994 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 2003 Justine Henin 2007 2013 Serena Williams Wimbledon -- U.S. 1939 Alice Marble 1946 Pauline Betz 1952 Maureen Connolly 1956 Shirley Fry 1957 Althea Gibson 1958 1959 Maria Bueno 1964 1967 Billie Jean King 1976 Chris Evert 1986 Martina Navratilova 2000 Venus Williams 2001 2012 Serena Williams Winning a Grand Slam singles tournament without losing a set ( open era ) ( edit ) Chronological timeline ( by player ) ( edit ) * Achieved the most number of times # Achieved at three different Grand slam tournaments ^ Years are italicized where a player won more than once in a calendar year Country Player Times Grand Slam Tournaments Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Australia Margaret Court 1970 , 1973 -- -- 1969 Australia Evonne Goolagong 1975 , 1976 , 1977 ( Dec ) * 1971 -- -- United States Billie Jean King -- 1972 ^ -- 1971 , 1972 ^ United States Chris Evert # 5 -- 1981 1976 , 1977 , 1978 * Australia Chris O'Neil 1978 -- -- -- United States Martina Navratilova 6 * -- -- 1983 ^ , 1984 , 1986 , 1990 * 1983 ^ , 1987 Germany Steffi Graf # 5 1988 ^ , 1989 , 1994 * 1988 ^ -- Serbia and Montenegro Monica Seles -- -- -- 1992 Spain Arantxa Sánchez Vicario -- 1994 -- -- France Mary Pierce 1995 -- -- -- Switzerland Martina Hingis 1997 ^ -- -- 1997 ^ United States Lindsay Davenport # 2000 -- 1999 1998 United States Venus Williams -- -- 2008 2001 United States Serena Williams # 6 * 2017 -- 2002 ^ , 2010 2002 ^ , 2008 , 2014 * Belgium Justine Henin -- 2006 , 2007 ^ * -- 2007 ^ Russia Maria Sharapova 2008 -- - - France Marion Bartoli -- -- 2013 -- Total per Grand slam tournaments : 14 7 10 17 Decade breakdown ( edit ) Decades Times Player ( s ) 1960s Margaret Court 1970s 14 Chris Evert ( 4 ) , Evonne Goolagong ( 4 ) , Billie Jean King ( 3 ) , Margaret Court ( 2 ) , Chris O'Neil 1980s 9 Martina Navratilova ( 5 ) , Steffi Graf ( 3 ) , Chris Evert 1990s 10 Lindsay Davenport ( 2 ) , Steffi Graf ( 2 ) , Martina Hingis ( 2 ) , Martina Navratilova , Mary Pierce , / Monica Seles , Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 2000s 10 Justine Henin ( 3 ) , Serena Williams ( 3 ) , Venus Williams ( 2 ) , Lindsay Davenport , Maria Sharapova 2010s Serena Williams ( 3 ) , Marion Bartoli All countrywomen in final ( Open Era ) ( edit ) Only five countries : Australia , United States , Belgium , Russia and Italy , have had two countrywomen play in a Grand Slam final that took place after 1968 . Tournament Winner Runner - up 1970 Australian Open Margaret Court Kerry Melville 1971 Australian Open Margaret Court Evonne Goolagong 1971 French Open Evonne Goolagong Helen Gourlay 1971 Wimbledon Evonne Goolagong Margaret Court 1971 US Open Billie Jean King Rosemary Casals 1973 Australian Open Margaret Court Evonne Goolagong 1973 Wimbledon Billie Jean King Chris Evert 1973 US Open Margaret Court Evonne Goolagong 1977 Australian Open ( January ) Kerry Melville Reid Dianne Fromholtz 1977 Australian Open ( December ) Evonne Goolagong Helen Gourlay 1978 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Chris Evert 1978 US Open Chris Evert Pam Shriver 1979 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Chris Evert 1979 US Open Tracy Austin Chris Evert 1979 Australian Open Barbara Jordan Sharon Walsh 1981 US Open Tracy Austin Martina Navratilova 1983 US Open Martina Navratilova Chris Evert 1984 US Open Martina Navratilova Chris Evert 1981 Australian Open Martina Navratilova Chris Evert 1982 Australian Open Chris Evert Martina Navratilova 1982 French Open Martina Navratilova Andrea Jaeger 1982 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Chris Evert 1983 Australian Open Martina Navratilova Kathy Jordan 1983 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Andrea Jaeger 1984 French Open Martina Navratilova Chris Evert 1984 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Chris Evert 1985 Australian Open Martina Navratilova Chris Evert 1985 French Open Chris Evert Martina Navratilova 1985 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Chris Evert 1986 French Open Chris Evert Martina Navratilova 1990 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Zina Garrison 2000 Wimbledon Venus Williams Lindsay Davenport 2000 US Open Venus Williams Lindsay Davenport 2001 US Open Venus Williams Serena Williams 2002 French Open Serena Williams Venus Williams 2002 Wimbledon Serena Williams Venus Williams 2002 US Open Serena Williams Venus Williams 2003 Australian Open Serena Williams Venus Williams 2003 French Open Justine Henin Kim Clijsters 2003 Wimbledon Serena Williams Venus Williams 2003 US Open Justine Henin Kim Clijsters 2004 Australian Open Justine Henin Kim Clijsters 2004 French Open Anastasia Myskina Elena Dementieva 2004 US Open Svetlana Kuznetsova Elena Dementieva 2005 Australian Open Serena Williams Lindsay Davenport 2005 Wimbledon Venus Williams Lindsay Davenport 2008 Wimbledon Venus Williams Serena Williams 2009 French Open Svetlana Kuznetsova Dinara Safina 2009 Wimbledon Serena Williams Venus Williams 2015 US Open Flavia Pennetta Roberta Vinci 2017 Australian Open Serena Williams Venus Williams 2017 US Open Sloane Stephens Madison Keys See also ( edit ) Chronological list of women 's Grand Slam tennis champions List of Grand Slam women 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' singles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' singles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' doubles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' doubles champions List of Grand Slam and WTA Tour Tier 1 women 's singles champions Tennis statistics World number one women tennis players Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ESPN Sports Almanac 2006 , page 814 Jump up ^ World Book Encyclopedia 2008 T p166a Jump up ^ Compton Encyclopedia 1975 ST p301 Jump up ^ Concord Encyclopedia Jump up ^ CBS Sports `` ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ Top End Sports `` ( 2 ) '' Jump up ^ ( 3 ) '' Jump up ^ Tennis 28 Slams `` ( 4 ) '' Jump up ^ Robertson , Max ( 1974 ) . The Encyclopedia Of Tennis . Viking Press . pp. 375 -- 377 . Jump up ^ http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/2718 Grand Slam tournament champions Grand Slam overall records Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Men 's singles finals Women 's singles finals Age of first title Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Ranking per country Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grand_Slam_women%27s_singles_champions&oldid=857120969 '' Categories : Lists of Grand Slam ( tennis ) women 's champions Grand Slam ( tennis ) champions in women 's singles Lists of female tennis players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski 日本語 Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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370739527144175429	Super Bowl XLVII	Super Bowl XLVII - wikipedia Super Bowl XLVII Super Bowl XLVII Baltimore Ravens ( 4 ) ( AFC ) ( 10 -- 6 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) ( NFC ) ( 11 -- 4 -- 1 ) 34 31 Head coach : John Harbaugh Head coach : Jim Harbaugh Total BAL 7 14 7 6 34 SF 17 8 31 Date February 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 03 ) Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , Louisiana MVP Joe Flacco , QB , Baltimore Favorite 49ers by 4 Referee Jerome Boger Attendance 71,024 Future Hall of Famers Ravens : Ray Lewis 49ers : Randy Moss Ceremonies National anthem Alicia Keys Coin toss Larry Allen , Cris Carter , Curley Culp , Warren Sapp , Bill Parcells , Jonathan Ogden , Dave Robinson Halftime show Beyoncé featuring Kelly Rowland , Michelle Williams TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Jim Nantz ( play - by - play ) Phil Simms ( analyst ) Steve Tasker , Solomon Wilcots ( reporters ) Nielsen ratings 46.3 ( national ) 59.6 ( Baltimore ) 57.1 ( New Orleans ) 49.0 ( San Francisco ) US viewership : 108.69 million est . avg. , 164.1 million est . total Market share 69 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $4 million ← XLVI Super Bowl XLVIII → Super Bowl XLVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2012 season . The Ravens defeated the 49ers by the score of 34 -- 31 , handing the 49ers their first Super Bowl loss in franchise history . The game was played on Sunday , February 3 , 2013 , at Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . This was the tenth Super Bowl to be played in New Orleans , equaling Miami 's record of ten in an individual city . For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game featured two brothers coaching against each other -- Jim and John Harbaugh , head coaches of the San Francisco 49ers and Baltimore Ravens , respectively -- earning it the nickname Harbaugh Bowl . In addition , Super Bowl XLVII was the first to feature two teams that had undefeated records in previous Super Bowl games ( Baltimore , 1 -- 0 ; San Francisco , 5 -- 0 ) . The 49ers , who posted a regular - season record of 11 -- 4 -- 1 , entered the game seeking their sixth Super Bowl win in team history ( and first since Super Bowl XXIX at the end of the 1994 season ) , which would have tied the Pittsburgh Steelers for the most by a franchise . The Ravens , who posted a 10 -- 6 regular - season record , made their second Super Bowl appearance in 12 years , having previously won Super Bowl XXXV . Ray Lewis , the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) from that game , as well as the last remaining member of the inaugural Ravens roster from 1996 , also played in this game , his last before his retirement from professional football . Baltimore built a 28 -- 6 lead early in the third quarter before a partial power outage in the Superdome suspended play for 34 minutes ( earning the game the added nickname of the Blackout Bowl ) . After play resumed , San Francisco scored 17 unanswered third - quarter points to cut the Ravens ' lead to 28 -- 23 , and continued to chip away in the fourth quarter . With the Ravens leading late in the game , 34 -- 29 , the 49ers advanced to the Baltimore 7 - yard line just before the two - minute warning but turned the ball over on downs . The Ravens then took an intentional safety in the waning moments of the game to preserve the victory . Baltimore quarterback Joe Flacco , who completed 22 of 33 passes for 287 yards and three touchdowns , became the fourth quarterback in a row to be named Super Bowl MVP , after Drew Brees at Super Bowl XLIV , Aaron Rodgers at Super Bowl XLV , and Eli Manning at Super Bowl XLVI . CBS broadcast the game in the U.S. , and charged an average of $4 Million for a 30 - second commercial during the game , the highest rate for any Super Bowl . According to Nielsen , Super Bowl XLVII was viewed by an estimated average of 108.69 million people in the United States , with a record 164.1 million tuning into at least six minutes of the game . Beyoncé performed in the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show , which featured a reunion with fellow Destiny 's Child alumnae Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Host - selection process 1.2 Nicknames 1.3 Teams 1.3. 1 Baltimore Ravens 1.3. 2 San Francisco 49ers 1.4 Playoffs 1.5 Pregame notes 2 Broadcasting 2.1 Television 2.1. 1 United States 2.1. 2 International 2.1. 3 Commercials 2.1. 4 International broadcasters 2.2 Radio 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pregame 3.2 Halftime 4 Game summary 4.1 First quarter 4.2 Second quarter 4.3 Third quarter 4.4 Fourth quarter 4.5 Power outage 4.6 Box score 4.7 Statistical overview 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual leaders 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The game marked the first Super Bowl in which both of the teams had appeared in , but had not yet lost a previous Super Bowl ; the 49ers came into the game having won all five of their previous Super Bowl appearances , while the Ravens had won in their lone previous Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXXV against the New York Giants . Currently , this phenomenon can only be repeated if either the Ravens or the New York Jets play against either the Tampa Bay Buccaneers or the New Orleans Saints in a subsequent Super Bowl . Baltimore 's victory made them the only current NFL franchise to have appeared in at least two Super Bowls without ever losing any of their appearances . Host - selection process ( edit ) The Mercedes - Benz Superdome was selected as the host site for Super Bowl XLVII Three cities presented bids for the game : New Orleans , on behalf of Mercedes - Benz Superdome Glendale , Arizona , on behalf of University of Phoenix Stadium Miami Gardens , Florida , on behalf of Sun Life Stadium The league then selected the New Orleans bid during the NFL 's Spring Ownership Meetings in Fort Lauderdale , Florida on May 19 , 2009 . This was the tenth time that the city has hosted the Super Bowl , by far the most by an individual city and once again tying with the Miami area for the most Super Bowls hosted by a metropolitan area . It was the first Super Bowl to be held in New Orleans since the Superdome sustained damage from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , as well as since the naming rights of the Superdome were sold to Mercedes - Benz while it was undergoing a major renovation in 2011 , including the addition of Champions Square . New Orleans artist Ally Burguieres was selected to design the official medallion for Super Bowl XLVII , which was included on beads to commemorate the Mardi Gras tradition . Because of the February 3 date of Super Bowl XLVII , the 2013 Mardi Gras calendar in Orleans Parish was changed . Parades scheduled for February 3 and before were moved ahead one week . The same situation occurred in 2002 when the 9 / 11 attacks caused a one - week delay in the 2001 NFL season , resulting in the Super Bowl XXXVI falling within the Mardi Gras parade calendar . Mercedes - Benz Superdome following Super Bowl XLVII This was the 49ers ' second Super Bowl played at the Superdome -- the first being Super Bowl XXIV when they beat the Denver Broncos 55 -- 10 . The 49ers , Broncos and New England Patriots are the only teams so far to play two or more Super Bowls at the Superdome . The 49ers also joined the Broncos and the Colts in playing two Super Bowls at two different stadiums . The 49ers won Super Bowls XXIII and XXIX in Miami at what is now known as Hard Rock Stadium . Nicknames ( edit ) Super Bowl XLVII earned many nicknames , including the `` Bro Bowl '' , `` Harbaugh Bowl '' , `` HarBowl '' , `` Super Baugh '' , `` Brother Bowl '' , and `` Superbro '' , as this was the first Super Bowl featuring brothers as opposing head coaches : Baltimore 's John Harbaugh and San Francisco 's Jim Harbaugh , whose clubs previously met in a 2011 Thanksgiving Day game , which John Harbaugh 's Ravens won 16 -- 6 , which was also the first time that two brothers had met as rival head coaches in the NFL . Due to a power outage affecting half the stadium during the third quarter , the game has also become known as the `` Blackout Bowl '' . Teams ( edit ) Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Baltimore Ravens season After going 12 -- 4 and reaching the AFC Championship Game in 2011 , only to lose to the New England Patriots when wide receiver Lee Evans dropped a game - winning catch in the end zone and Billy Cundiff missed a potential game - tying 32 - yard field goal , the Ravens advanced further in 2012 to the Super Bowl after recording a 10 -- 6 regular season record . Under head coach John Harbaugh , who was in his fifth season with the team , Baltimore upgraded their roster with players such as defensive backs Sean Considine and Corey Graham , and wide receiver Jacoby Jones . In December 2012 , the Ravens fired offensive coordinator Cam Cameron and promoted quarterbacks coach Jim Caldwell , who was previously the head coach of the Indianapolis Colts from 2009 to 2011 , as the successor . With personnel on both sides of the ball , they finished the season ranked 10th in points per game ( 24.9 ) , and 12th in fewest points allowed ( 21.5 ) In command of the offense was five - year veteran Joe Flacco , who finished the season with a career - high 3,817 passing yards and 22 touchdowns , with only 10 interceptions . ( Super Bowl XLVII would be one of only two years the AFC team 's quarterback would not be either Tom Brady , Ben Roethlisberger or Peyton Manning between Super Bowls XXXVI and LI ; the other was Super Bowl XXXVII ten years prior , when the 2002 Oakland Raiders were helmed by Rich Gannon . ) His top targets were receivers Anquan Boldin ( 65 receptions , 921 yards , 4 touchdowns ) and Torrey Smith ( 49 receptions , 855 yards , 8 touchdowns ) , along with tight end Dennis Pitta ( 61 receptions , 669 yards , 7 touchdowns ) . Their backfield featured two Pro Bowl selections : halfback Ray Rice and fullback Vonta Leach . Rice rushed for 1,143 yards and 9 touchdowns , while also hauling in 61 receptions for 478 yards and another score . Leach served effectively as his lead blocker and a receiver out of the backfield , catching 21 passes . The Ravens ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl guard Marshal Yanda . On special teams , Jones returned 38 kickoffs for 1,116 yards and two touchdowns , giving him a whopping 30.7 yards per return average . He also gained 341 yards and another touchdown returning punts , and caught 30 passes for 406 yards and a score . Rookie kicker Justin Tucker ranked 7th in the NFL in field goal percentage ( 90.9 ) , kicking 30 / 33 field goals and making all 42 of his extra point attempts . Baltimore 's defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive end Haloti Ngata , who compiled 51 tackles and 5 sacks , along with defensive tackle Arthur Jones ( 47 tackles , 4.5 sacks ) . The Ravens also had an excellent set of linebackers , such as Paul Kruger , Dannell Ellerbe , Jameel McClain , Terrell Suggs , and Ray Lewis . Kruger led the team in sacks with 9 , while Ellerbe added 92 tackles and 4.5 sacks . McClain had 79 tackles . Suggs , a ten - year veteran and five - time Pro Bowl selection , who had missed the first half of the regular season with a partially torn Achilles tendon , made a speedy recovery and was key in the Ravens ' win over the Broncos in the divisional round of the playoffs with 2 sacks on Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning . Lewis , a 17 - year veteran and 13 - time Pro Bowl selection , had missed most of the season with an arm injury , but still managed to rack up 57 tackles in just 6 games . Then shortly before returning for the playoffs , he announced his plans to retire after the postseason , and promptly went on to amass 44 tackles in Baltimore 's four playoff games . The Ravens secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Ed Reed , the NFL 's all - time leader in interception return yardage . Reed had another statistically successful season in 2012 , recording 58 tackles and 4 interceptions . Cornerback Cary Williams was also a big contributor with 4 interceptions and 75 tackles . The team dedicated their 2012 season to former owner and founder Art Modell , who died on September 6 , 2012 , four days before the first regular season game . San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) Main article : 2012 San Francisco 49ers season The 49ers had recently emerged as a dominant team after nearly a decade of ineptitude . During the ' 80s and ' 90s , they had been one of the NFL top contenders , playing in ten conference championship games and winning five Super Bowls . But after a strong 2002 season , San Francisco went into a dismal slump in which they failed to make the playoffs for eight consecutive seasons . Following the end of the 2010 season , the 49ers hired Jim Harbaugh as their head coach . Harbaugh , who played 14 years in the NFL , joined the team after an impressive 12 -- 1 season as the coach of Stanford , and in his first season with San Francisco he managed to turn their fortunes around , aided by breakout seasons from quarterback Alex Smith and receiver Michael Crabtree . Smith entered the 2012 season as the starting quarterback , but missed two starts mid-season after suffering a concussion , and second - year backup Colin Kaepernick successfully filled in . A quarterback controversy then began because Smith was ranked third in the NFL in passer rating ( 104.1 ) , led the league in completion percentage ( 70 % ) , and had been 19 -- 5 -- 1 as a starter under Harbaugh , while Kaepernick was considered more dynamic with his scrambling ability and arm strength . After Smith was fully recovered , Harbaugh chose Kaepernick as the starter for the 8 -- 2 -- 1 49ers , but also stated that the assignment was week - to - week and not necessarily permanent . Kaepernick ended up being the starter for the rest of the season and led the team to an 11 -- 4 -- 1 record , throwing for 1,814 yards and 10 touchdowns , with just 3 interceptions and a 98.4 passer rating , while also rushing for 415 yards and 5 touchdowns . San Francisco 's top receiver was Crabtree , who caught 85 passes for a career - high 1,105 yards and 9 touchdowns . Other key contributors to the passing game included tight end Vernon Davis ( 41 receptions for 538 yards and 5 touchdowns ) along with offseason acquired receivers Mario Manningham and Randy Moss . Manningham had been signed away from the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants , while Moss , the NFL 's second all - time leader in receiving yards , had been signed out of retirement after missing the previous season . The 49ers ' backfield featured Pro Bowl running back Frank Gore , who rushed for 1,214 yards and 8 touchdowns , while also catching 28 passes for 234 yards and another score . The team also had a strong offensive line with two Pro Bowl linemen , left tackle Joe Staley and left guard Mike Iupati . On special teams , punter Andy Lee led the NFL in net yards per punt ( 43.2 ) and ranked 5th in gross yards per punt ( 48.1 ) . He planted 36 punts inside the 20 - yard line with just 5 touchbacks . Kicker David Akers had a relatively bad year overall , converting only 69 percent of his field goal attempts , but in the week 1 contest against the Green Bay Packers tied the NFL record for the longest field goal with a successful 63 - yard attempt . The 49ers ' strongest unit was their defense , which ranked 2nd in fewest points allowed per game ( 17.1 ) and sent 6 of their 11 starters to the Pro Bowl . Pro Bowl defensive end Justin Smith led the line with 66 tackles and 3 sacks . Behind him , all four of the team 's starting linebackers -- Aldon Smith , NaVorro Bowman , Patrick Willis and Ahmad Brooks -- were named to the 2012 All - Pro Team , and all but Brooks made the Pro Bowl . Aldon Smith set a franchise record with 19.5 sacks , more than the rest of the team had combined . Willis ranked second on the team with 120 tackles and picked off two passes , while Bowman 's 149 tackles were second most in the NFL . The 49ers secondary featured Pro Bowl safeties Dashon Goldson and Donte Whitner . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2012 -- 13 NFL playoffs Baltimore finished the season as the AFC North champion and the number 4 seed in the American Football Conference . The Ravens began their playoff run at home against the number 5 seed Indianapolis Colts in the Wild - Card round in what would turn out to be Ray Lewis 's final career home game . They defeated the Colts 24 -- 9 , with Flacco throwing for 288 yards and two touchdowns , while their defense held the Colts to just 9 points , 13 below their regular season average . In the divisional round , the Ravens would face the top - seeded Denver Broncos , who came into the game with an 11 - game winning streak . Baltimore fell behind late in the game , but with less than a minute left on the clock , Flacco 's 70 - yard touchdown pass to Jacoby Jones sent it into overtime , a play that is known as the Mile High Miracle . An interception by Corey Graham from Peyton Manning late in the first overtime period set up Tucker 's 47 - yard field goal to win the game 1 : 42 into double overtime . Finally , Baltimore advanced to the Super Bowl by overcoming a 13 - 7 halftime deficit and then beating the second - seeded New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game 28 -- 13 , vindicating the Ravens ' loss against New England in the 2011 AFC Championship game , forcing three turnovers total , intercepting two of Tom Brady 's passes , and keeping the Patriots scoreless in the second half . By winning the game , the Ravens handed Brady his first AFC Championship Game loss at home . As the NFC West champion and the number 2 seed in the National Football Conference , San Francisco earned a first - round bye . The 49ers started their playoff run against the number 3 seed Green Bay Packers in the divisional round . Jim Harbaugh 's decision to start Kaepernick for the playoffs came into immediate question when he threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown by Sam Shields on their opening drive , but this turned out to be the only miscue he would make for the rest of the game , as well as the only interception he would throw until the Super Bowl . By the end of the game , Kaepernick racked up 444 total yards ( more than the entire Packers team ) , including 181 rushing yards , the NFL single game record for rushing yards by a quarterback , as the 49ers went on to win easily , 45 -- 31 . They then faced the top - seeded Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship Game , where they quickly fell behind 17 -- 0 in the first half . No team in NFC Championship Game history had ever overcome a deficit that large , but the 49ers proved up to the challenge , cutting the score to 24 -- 21 going into the final quarter . Late in the game , their comeback hopes suffered a setback when Crabtree lost a fumble on the 1 - yard line as he was going in for the leading score . However , their defense forced a punt , and Ted Ginn Jr. 's 20 - yard return set up a touchdown run by Gore . The defense then held firm , forcing a turnover on downs at their 10 - yard line to secure the victory . Pregame notes ( edit ) This was the first Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXXVII that did not feature the New England Patriots , Indianapolis Colts , or the Pittsburgh Steelers as the AFC representatives . Baltimore defeated the Colts and Patriots during the playoffs while the Steelers failed to make the playoffs . By contrast , the NFC had a different member go to the Super Bowl almost every year during that same span , with the New York Giants ( who won Super Bowls XLII and XLVI ) being the only NFC team to make two appearances during that span . With the 49ers making their first Super Bowl appearance since Super Bowl XXIX , this left the Dallas Cowboys ( last appeared in Super Bowl XXX ) , Detroit Lions ( never appeared in a Super Bowl ) , Minnesota Vikings ( last appeared in Super Bowl XI ) and Washington Redskins ( last appeared in Super Bowl XXVI ) as the only NFC teams not to play in a Super Bowl since 1998 , with only the Vikings ( on three occasions ) even advancing to the NFC Championship Game . The 49ers attempted to follow the 2012 World Series championship victory of Major League Baseball 's San Francisco Giants . The last time a metropolitan area won the World Series and Super Bowl in the same season was when the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series followed by the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXIX . As the 49ers -- who were attempting to join the New York Giants and Green Bay Packers as the only teams to win a Super Bowl in three different decades -- were the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams , San Francisco elected to wear their red jerseys , which they wore in Super Bowls XIX , XXIII , and XXIX ( wearing an alternate throwback red jersey with three - dimensional numerals in XXIX ) , and gold pants ( worn in their first four Super Bowl appearances ) for the first time since Super Bowl XXIV ( having worn white pants in XXIX along with the aforementioned throwback jerseys ) . The Ravens wore white jerseys as they did in Super Bowl XXXV , but with black pants this time instead of white . Due to the Ravens having their Art Modell memorial patch on the left side of their jerseys , the team wore their Super Bowl XLVII patch on the right side . Much of the pregame media hype centered around the Harbaugh brothers , and how their father Jack , a former college football head coach , raised them . On January 24 , Jack , along with his wife Jackie and daughter Joani , conducted a media conference call , answering questions about John and Jim . Jackie jokingly asked if the game could end in a tie , before stating that the family was staying neutral but remain excited that both John and Jim brought their respective teams to the Super Bowl . The Harbaugh brothers then conducted a joint press conference on the Friday before the game , which is unusual for opposing Super Bowl coaches , but it was done because of the historic nature of the game . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The game was carried by CBS in the United States , with Jim Nantz calling play - by - play and Phil Simms as color analyst . For the second consecutive year , a webcast was provided ; this time on CBSSports.com . A special episode of Elementary would be the lead - out program of this Super Bowl . The network 's owned and operated stations in Baltimore and San Francisco , WJZ - TV ( originally an ABC affiliate ) and KPIX - TV respectively , were for many years owned by Westinghouse Broadcasting , which merged with CBS in 1995 . Thus , this became the first CBS - aired Super Bowl to involve two former Westinghouse markets since the merger . Additionally , this Super Bowl gave CBS the distinction of televising both of the Ravens ' appearances ( and victories ) so far ( after Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 ) . The game was later featured as one of the NFL 's Greatest Games under the title `` Change of Momentum '' . International ( edit ) A feed designed for areas less familiar with American football was produced by NFL Network , with Bob Papa ( the regular - season voice of the New York Giants ) calling play - by - play and Joe Theismann as color analyst . The NFL claimed that their feed would go to 180 countries . Commercials ( edit ) According to CBS , the price of a 30 - second advertisement hit a record high US $ 4,000,000 . General Motors announced it would not advertise on the game , citing the advertising costs . Adbowl had a special theme this year for the Super Bowl , called `` Catbowl 2013 '' , which pitted the best commercials by votes with cat videos to see which one is more popular . The advertisers for Super Bowl XLVII included Mercedes - Benz , Gildan , Samsung , BlackBerry , Kraft Foods , Subway , Taco Bell , Procter & Gamble , Best Buy , Coca - Cola , Sodastream , PepsiCo ( including entries in the Doritos Crash the Super Bowl contest ) , Axe , Audi , Kia Motors , Ford Motor Company , Wonderful Pistachios , GoDaddy , and perpetual Super Bowl advertiser Anheuser - Busch . Ram Trucks and the Future Farmers of America ran a two - minute commercial based on the Paul Harvey speech `` So God Made a Farmer . '' Movie studios Paramount Pictures , Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios paying for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl . With Paramount paying for Star Trek Into Darkness and World War Z , Universal paying for the debut trailer for Fast & Furious 6 that followed Monsters vs. Aliens ' footsteps and Disney paying for Iron Man 3 , The Lone Ranger and Oz the Great and Powerful . International broadcasters ( edit ) Australia : Network Ten / One , ESPN on Foxtel . All used CBS commentary and feed Austria : Puls 4 . Brazil : TV Esporte Interativo and ESPN . Canada : CTV simulcast CBS ' coverage in Canada , with simultaneous substitution expected to be invoked . The CTV coverage was simulcast online within Canada by TSN.ca , and in French on RDS . China : Shanghai Media Group controls broadcast rights to the game . Czech Republic : Sport 1 . Denmark : TV3+ . Finland : Nelonen Pro 1 with Finnish commentary and Nelonen Pro 2 with English commentary . France : W9 and BeIN Sport . Germany : ESPN America , Sat. 1 and Sport1 Hungary : Sport 1 . India : STAR Sports and ESPN India . But in reality , at the time of the Super Bowl , STAR Sports televised `` Australian Ironman '' and ESPN India televised `` Football Asia . '' Ireland : BBC and Sky Sports . Israel : Sport 5 Italy : Sportitalia 2 Japan : NHK Mexico : Azteca 7 , Canal 5 and ESPN . Norway : Viasat 4 , Viasat Sport . Philippines : Fox Sports Asia and Solar Sports . Both used the NFL Network feed . Poland : Polsat Sport , ESPN America . Portugal : Sport TV . Romania : Sport 1 . Russia : NTV Plus . South Africa : ESPN America . Sweden : TV10 . United Kingdom : BBC and Sky Sports . Radio ( edit ) In the United States , the game was carried nationwide over the Dial Global radio network , with Kevin Harlan as play - by - play announcer , Boomer Esiason as color analyst , and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters . Univision Radio broadcast the game in Spanish . Each team 's flagship station also carried the game : WIYY and WBAL broadcast the game in Baltimore , with Gerry Sandusky on play - by - play and Stan White and Qadry Ismail on color commentary . In San Francisco , the game was broadcast on KSAN - FM and KNBR , with Ted Robinson on play - by - play , Eric Davis on color commentary , and Rod Brooks reporting from the sidelines . Both WBAL and KNBR are clear - channel stations , which allowed the local commentaries to be heard throughout the Eastern and Western United States , respectively . Per contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the 49ers ' and Ravens ' radio networks carried the Dial Global feed . Internationally , the game was carried on radio as follows : Canada : TSN Radio ( Dial Global simulcast ) United Kingdom : BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra Sirius XM Radio and NFL Audio Pass carried the local , Dial Global , and select international audio feeds . Entertainment ( edit ) Pregame ( edit ) Sandy Hook Elementary School Choir performing before Super Bowl XLVII On January 18 , 2013 , the league announced that Alicia Keys would sing the national anthem . Keys stated that she would not perform the song traditionally and instead would perform it as if it were `` a brand new song . '' Jennifer Hudson and a chorus of several students from Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown , Connecticut , the site of the shooting on December 14 , 2012 , performed `` America the Beautiful '' . The coin toss ceremony featured the recent inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame : Larry Allen , Cris Carter , Curley Culp , Warren Sapp , Bill Parcells , Jonathan Ogden , and Dave Robinson . Halftime ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl XLVII halftime show The halftime show featuring Beyoncé On October 16 , 2012 , Beyoncé was chosen as the headline performer for the Super Bowl halftime show , with a reunited Destiny 's Child also appearing as part of the show . Despite initial reports that mentioned that Beyoncé 's husband , Jay Z , was a potential collaborator on the show , he did not make an appearance . Beyoncé was the second most - watched halftime show in history with 104 million viewers . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) San Francisco was hurt by penalties and turnovers early in the game as the Ravens built a 21 -- 6 first - half lead . On their first play of the opening drive , tight end Vernon Davis 's 20 - yard reception was called back by an illegal formation penalty . The team ended up punting after three more plays , and Jacoby Jones returned the ball 17 yards to the Ravens ' 49 - yard line . Baltimore then drove 51 yards , scoring on Joe Flacco 's 13 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Anquan Boldin . Flacco had previously thrown a third - down incompletion , but an offsides penalty against linebacker Ahmad Brooks gave him a second chance . San Francisco responded on their next possession , moving the ball 62 yards in a 12 - play drive , with quarterback Colin Kaepernick completing a 19 - yard pass to Michael Crabtree and a 24 - yarder to Davis . David Akers finished the drive with a 36 - yard field goal to cut the score to 7 -- 3 . Baltimore responded with a drive to the 49ers ' 37 - yard line , featuring a 30 - yard catch by Boldin , but came up empty after Flacco was sacked on third down for a 5 - yard loss by defensive tackle Ray McDonald , pushing the Ravens out of field goal range . Second quarter ( edit ) Five plays into the 49ers ' next drive , linebacker Courtney Upshaw forced a fumble from running back LaMichael James , and Baltimore 's Arthur Jones recovered it on the Ravens ' 25 - yard line . Baltimore drove 75 yards on 10 plays , 42 of those came from a 23 - yard and a 14 - yard pass to tight end Ed Dickson , the second followed by a 15 - yard facemask penalty on Donte Whitner . Dennis Pitta caught a 1 - yard touchdown catch on the final play of the drive and the extra point made the score 14 -- 3 . Jacoby Jones dives for the end zone during the second quarter . view from the south end zone during 1st half of the game On the first play of the next drive , Ed Reed intercepted a pass by Kaepernick and returned the ball 6 yards to the 49ers ' 38 - yard line . This was the first interception thrown by San Francisco in any of their six Super Bowl appearances . Unnecessary roughness charges were called after the play on players from both teams so the charges offset . Baltimore reached the red zone on their next drive , but was unable to score . Following a one - yard run by Bernard Pierce and two incomplete passes , rookie kicker Justin Tucker was tackled 1 yard short of a first down while running the ball on a fake field goal play . San Francisco was forced to a three - and - out on the drive . Jones muffed the punt , but recovered the ball and returned it 11 yards to the Ravens ' 44 - yard line . Two plays later , Jones made a falling catch deep down the field , then got back up and eluded two 49ers defensive backs en route to a 56 - yard touchdown reception , making the score 21 -- 3 with less than two minutes to go in the first half . On the second play of San Francisco 's next drive , tight end Delanie Walker caught a 14 - yard pass from Kaepernick , which was extended by a 15 - yard roughing the passer penalty against Haloti Ngata . After an incomplete first down attempt , Walker received another 28 - yard pass , putting San Francisco on the Baltimore 17 - yard line . San Francisco reached the 9 - yard line , but were unable to convert on three plays . On the last play of the half , Akers kicked his second field goal to cut their deficit to 21 -- 6 . Third quarter ( edit ) Baltimore Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco attempts a pass to Ray Rice . On the second - half kickoff , Jacoby Jones fielded the kick and promptly returned it 108 yards for the longest play in Super Bowl history . It broke the previous 104 - yard record for the longest kickoff return in the playoffs ( set by Trindon Holliday of the Denver Broncos in the divisional playoff game earlier that year against Baltimore ) , and it tied an NFL record already held by Jones and shared with Ellis Hobbs and Randall Cobb for the longest kickoff return . With the extra point , Baltimore was now leading 28 -- 6 . Shortly into the 49ers ' next drive , a power outage caused the lights to go out in half of the stadium , stopping play for 34 minutes . The outage was caused by equipment failure at the stadium . Further information : § Power outage After play resumed , both teams punted once . Then San Francisco drove 80 yards , with Kaepernick rushing for 15 yards and completing an 18 - yard pass to Davis before finishing the drive with a pass to Crabtree , who broke through two potential Ravens tacklers on the way to a 31 - yard touchdown reception . Then Baltimore was forced to punt from their own 9 - yard line following Brooks ' 8 - yard sack of Flacco on third down , and Ted Ginn Jr. returned the ball 32 yards to the 20 before being shoved out of bounds by punter Sam Koch . Kaepernick completed a 14 - yard pass to Davis on the next play , and Gore followed it up with a 6 - yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 28 -- 20 . On the second play of the fourth quarter , Baltimore committed their first turnover when defensive back Tarell Brown forced and recovered a fumble from Ray Rice on the Ravens ' 25 - yard line . Three plays later , Akers missed ( went wide left ) on a 39 - yard field goal attempt , but Baltimore 's Chykie Brown was penalized for running into the kicker , and Akers ' second attempt was good from 34 yards , trimming the lead to 28 -- 23 . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Ravens responded on their ensuing possession , moving the ball 77 yards and advancing to the San Francisco 1 - yard line , with Boldin catching two passes for 39 yards . But they were unable to reach the end zone and settled for Tucker 's 19 - yard field goal to put them back up by 8 points , 31 -- 23 . San Francisco stormed back , scoring in just five plays . Following a 32 - yard reception by Randy Moss and a 21 - yard burst by Gore , Kaepernick took the ball across the goal line on a 15 - yard run , the longest touchdown run by a quarterback in Super Bowl history . However , the ensuing two - point conversion failed , so the 49ers were unable to break the deficit , still trailing at 31 -- 29 . On the Ravens ' ensuing drive , Boldin caught two passes for 22 yards and Rice rushed for 11 yards as the team moved the ball 55 yards and scored on Tucker 's 38 - yard field goal , making the score 34 -- 29 with 4 : 19 left in regulation . San Francisco used up two timeouts on their next drive , but managed to move the ball to a first and goal on the Ravens ' 7 - yard line following a 24 - yard catch by Crabtree and a 33 - yard run by Gore . Ed Reed celebrates following victory . With four chances to take the lead , San Francisco started out with a 2 - yard run by James to the 5 - yard line . Then Kaepernick threw two incompletions , bringing up fourth down . On their last chance , Kaepernick tried to throw the ball to Crabtree in the end zone , but it was too far ahead and the pass fell incomplete . Defensive back Jimmy Smith and Crabtree both made contact prior to the ball arriving , but no penalty was called and the 49ers turned the ball over on downs with 1 : 46 left in the game . San Francisco managed to force a three - and - out on the Ravens ' next drive , but as they had only one timeout remaining , the Ravens were able to run the clock down to twelve seconds . On fourth down , and after the Ravens then called a timeout of their own , punter Sam Koch fielded the snap in his own end zone . In an effort to kill as much of the twelve remaining seconds on the clock , Koch was instructed not to punt the ball but rather hang on to it and scramble around in the end zone . Koch was able to scramble for eight seconds before giving up an intentional safety by running out of the side of the end zone , leaving just four seconds remaining . On the ensuing free kick , Ginn returned the ball 31 yards , but was tackled at midfield by linebacker Josh Bynes as time expired . Lombardi trophy presentation . Power outage ( edit ) Emergency lights provided some illumination during the power outage . Play was interrupted for 34 minutes because of a 22 - minute partial power outage . The power failed with 13 : 22 remaining in the third quarter with the Ravens leading 28 - 6 . Emergency generators provided backup lighting . The fire department ( NOFD ) rescued people from elevator seven , but other elevators were brought to the ground uneventfully . Attendees used double the usual amount of data for their cell phones . AT&T reported 78 gigabytes ( GB ) downloaded from 8 to 9 PM , about double from the peak the year before . NFL chief security officer Jeffrey Miller attributed fans ' calmness to their preoccupation with their electronics . SMG , the Superdome 's management company , recently upgraded electrical systems at the facility . In an October 15 , 2012 memo , Louisiana officials expressed concern that the equipment bringing electricity into the stadium from utility company Entergy had a `` chance of failure '' . Authorities subsequently spent nearly $1 million on upgrades to the stadium , more than half of that paid to Allstar Electric to upgrade electrical feeder cables . Entergy and SMG both said the problem was in interconnection equipment , and SMG has hired a third party to investigate . Investigations homed in on a newly installed switchgear . Entergy installed a pair of relays made by Rogers Park 's S&C Electric Company of Rogers Park , Chicago to ensure continued power supply in case one supply line failed . One of those relays tripped . Subsequent tests showed one of the relays functioned properly and the other did not . S&C Electric Co. claims the relay 's trip setting was too low , but Entergy claims that the two were set identically . Electricity usage during the game was on par with a regular New Orleans Saints game . The halftime show was powered by a generator that did not impact the stadium 's power . CBS - TV viewers were shown the half - lit Superdome interior . The main broadcast booth was off line ; sideline reporter Steve Tasker informed the audience that `` a click of the lights '' had occurred and play had been halted . Ray Lewis later stated in an interview that he believed the blackout was part of a conspiracy , saying `` You 're a zillion dollar company and your lights go out ? No . No way . '' 49ers CEO Jed York responded to the claim on Twitter in jest , tweeting `` There is no conspiracy . I pulled the plug . '' Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XLVII : Baltimore Ravens 34 , San Francisco 49ers 31 Total Ravens ( AFC ) 7 14 7 6 34 49ers ( NFC ) 17 8 31 at Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana Date : February 3 , 2013 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( dome stadium ) Game attendance : 71,024 Referee : Jerome Boger TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Phil Simms , Steve Tasker , Solomon Wilcots Gamebook hide Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BAL SF 10 : 36 6 51 2 : 29 BAL Anquan Boldin 13 - yard touchdown reception from Joe Flacco , Justin Tucker kick good 7 0 3 : 58 12 62 6 : 38 SF 36 - yard field goal by David Akers 7 7 : 10 10 75 4 : 43 BAL Dennis Pitta 1 - yard touchdown reception from Flacco , Tucker kick good 14 1 : 45 56 0 : 22 BAL Jacoby Jones 56 - yard touchdown reception from Flacco , Tucker kick good 21 0 : 00 8 71 1 : 45 SF 27 - yard field goal by Akers 21 6 14 : 49 -- -- -- BAL J. Jones 108 - yard kickoff return for a touchdown , Tucker kick good 28 6 7 : 20 7 80 3 : 06 SF Michael Crabtree 31 - yard touchdown reception from Colin Kaepernick , Akers kick good 28 13 4 : 59 20 0 : 48 SF Frank Gore 6 - yard touchdown run , Akers kick good 28 20 3 : 10 8 1 : 00 SF 34 - yard field goal by Akers 28 23 12 : 54 12 71 5 : 16 BAL 19 - yard field goal by Tucker 31 23 9 : 57 5 76 2 : 57 SF Kaepernick 15 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass failed 31 29 4 : 19 10 59 5 : 38 BAL 38 - yard field goal by Tucker 34 29 0 : 04 -- -- -- SF Sam Koch − 8 - yard run , out of own end zone for a safety 34 31 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 34 31 Statistical overview ( edit ) Both teams combined for 312 kickoff return yards , a Super Bowl record . The Ravens scored the same amount of points ( 34 ) in both of their Super Bowl appearances . Meanwhile , the 49ers became just the second team to lose the Super Bowl while scoring more than 30 points after the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XIII ; in both cases , the losing team scored 31 points . As such , these two Super Bowls are the only two times in NFL history ( including the pre-Super Bowl era ) in which both teams scored over 30 points in a Championship game . Until Super Bowl 52 , having the New England Patriots being upset by the upstart Philadelphia Eagles ( Final Score 41 - 33 ) . For the Ravens , Anquan Boldin was the leading receiver with 6 receptions for 106 yards and a touchdown . Paul Kruger had three tackles and two sacks , while Ed Reed had five tackles and an interception . Reed 's interception gave him 9 career postseason picks , tying the NFL record . Dannell Ellerbe had nine tackles , while Ray Lewis had seven tackles in the final game of his 17 - season career . Baltimore 's Jacoby Jones returned 5 kickoffs for 208 yards and a touchdown , two punts for 28 yards , and caught a 56 - yard touchdown pass . He tied an NFL league record and set a Super Bowl record for longest kickoff return in a Super Bowl with a 108 - yard return to open up the second half . Jones also set or tied the following records : the record for most combined yards in a Super Bowl game with 290 , tied the record for most touchdown plays of 50 yards or more , with 2 and became the first player to score a receiving touchdown and return touchdown in a Super Bowl . For San Francisco , Colin Kaepernick completed 16 of 28 passes for 302 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for 62 yards and another score , but had 1 interception . His 62 rushing yards were the second highest total by a quarterback in the Super Bowl , behind Tennessee Titans quarterback Steve McNair 's record of 64 in Super Bowl XXXIV . Kaepernick also set a Super Bowl record for the longest rushing touchdown from a quarterback for his 15 - yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter . This beat the previous 6 - yard record held by the 49ers ' Joe Montana achieved in Super Bowl XIX . Frank Gore rushed for 110 yards and a touchdown . Michael Crabtree caught 5 passes for 109 yards and a touchdown , while Davis caught 6 passes for 104 yards . His 104 receiving yards tied Dan Ross 's record for the most ever by a tight end in a Super Bowl . Patrick Willis was the top tackler of the game with 10 , while Brooks had five tackles and a sack . Because of the power outage in the third quarter , the game set a Super Bowl record long running time of 4 hours and 14 minutes . During the presentation of the Vince Lombardi Trophy , Hall of Fame defensive end Richard Dent brought the trophy to the stage . Twitter announced that a record 24.1 million tweets were sent the night of the game . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XLVII , The Football Database Super Bowl XLVII Statistical comparison ( edit ) Baltimore Ravens San Francisco 49ers First downs 21 23 First downs rushing 6 9 First downs passing 13 13 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 9 / 16 2 / 9 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 2 0 / 1 Net yards rushing 93 182 Rushing attempts 35 29 Yards per rush 2.7 6.3 Passing -- Completions - attempts 22 / 33 16 / 28 Times sacked - total yards 2 -- 13 3 -- 16 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 274 286 Total net yards 367 468 Punt returns - total yards 2 -- 28 1 -- 32 Kickoff returns - total yards 5 -- 206 4 -- 106 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 6 0 -- 0 Punts - average yardage 3 -- 47.0 3 -- 53.0 Fumbles - lost 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 Penalties - yards 2 -- 20 5 -- 33 Time of possession 32 : 23 27 : 37 Turnovers Records set Most Combined Yards , Game 290 yards Jacoby Jones , Baltimore Longest Play 108 yard kick return Longest Kick Return 108 yards Longest Kick Return for TD 108 yards Longest TD Run , Quarterback 15 yards Colin Kaepernick , San Francisco Most Kickoff - Return Yards , Both Teams 312 yards Baltimore 206 , San Francisco 106 Longest Time Of Game 4 : 14 Records tied Most TDs , Plays of 50 - or - More Yards , Game Jacoby Jones , Baltimore Most Receiving Yards , Game , Tight End 104 Vernon Davis , San Francisco Most TDs , Kickoff Returns , Game Jacoby Jones , Baltimore Most Safeties , Game Chris Culliver , San Francisco Most TDs , Kickoff Returns , Game , Team Baltimore Most Safeties , Game , Team San Francisco Most Players , 100 - or - More Receiving Yards , Game , Team San Francisco ( Michael Crabtree 109 , Vernon Davis 104 ) Most Points , Third Quarter , Both Teams 24 San Francisco 17 , Baltimore 7 Most Field Goals , Game , Both Teams 5 San Francisco 3 , Baltimore 2 Most Field Goals Without Miss , Game , Both Teams 5 San Francisco 3 , Baltimore 2 Fewest Rushing Touchdowns , Game , Team 0 Baltimore Individual leaders ( edit ) Ravens Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Joe Flacco 22 / 33 287 0 124.2 Ravens Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Ray Rice 20 59 0 12 2.95 Bernard Pierce 12 33 0 8 2.75 Justin Tucker 8 0 8 8.00 Vonta Leach 0 1.00 Sam Koch -- 8 0 -- 8 -- 8.00 Ravens Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Anquan Boldin 6 104 30 10 Dennis Pitta 26 9 5 Ray Rice 19 0 7 Vonta Leach 10 0 8 Ed Dickson 37 0 23 Torrey Smith 35 0 20 6 Jacoby Jones 56 56 49ers Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Colin Kaepernick 16 / 28 302 91.7 49ers Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Frank Gore 19 110 33 5.79 Colin Kaepernick 7 62 15 8.86 LaMichael James 10 0 9 3.33 49ers Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Vernon Davis 6 104 0 29 8 Michael Crabtree 5 109 31 10 Delanie Walker 48 0 28 Randy Moss 41 0 32 5 Ted Ginn Jr . 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ Baltimore Position Position San Francisco Offense Torrey Smith WR Michael Crabtree Bryant McKinnie LT Joe Staley Kelechi Osemele LG Mike Iupati Matt Birk Jonathan Goodwin Marshal Yanda RG Alex Boone Michael Oher RT Anthony Davis Anquan Boldin WR TE Vernon Davis Jacoby Jones WR Randy Moss ‡ Joe Flacco QB Colin Kaepernick Vonta Leach FB TE Delanie Walker Ray Rice RB Frank Gore Defense Haloti Ngata DT LDT Ray McDonald Ma'ake Kemoeatu NT Isaac Sopoaga Arthur Jones DE RDT Justin Smith Terrell Suggs RUSH ROLB Ahmad Brooks Dannell Ellerbe WILL JACK NaVorro Bowman Ray Lewis ‡ MIKE Patrick Willis Courtney Upshaw SAM LOLB Aldon Smith Corey Graham LCB Carlos Rogers Cary Williams RCB Tarell Brown Ed Reed FS Dashon Goldson Bernard Pollard SS Donte Whitner Officials ( edit ) Referee -- Jerome Boger Umpire -- Darrell Jenkins Head Linesman -- Steve Stelljes Line Judge -- Byron Boston Field Judge -- Craig Wrolstad Side Judge -- Joe Larrew Back Judge -- Dino Paganelli Alternate Referee -- Bill Vinovich Alternate Umpire -- Bruce Stritesky Alternate Flank -- Tom Stephan Alternate Deep -- Scott Edwards Alternate Back Judge -- Steve Freeman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco 49ers favored over Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XLVII '' . USA Today . Sports . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Austro , Ben ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` McAulay , Leavy head conference titles '' . FootballZebras.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Erin ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl XLVII Live : Score , Commercials and More '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Morabito , Andrea ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl Viewership Down for First Time Since 2005 '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl Ratings : Baltimore Market Has Big Increase Over Ravens ' 2001 Win '' . Sports Media Watch . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CBS Q4 Profits Soar on Streaming Deals ( Updated ) . The Wrap . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Saints Opponents Announced '' . NewOrleansSaints.com . NFL . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2013 '' . Superbowl-2013.org . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Returns to the Big Easy '' . The Australian . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XLVII : `` The Harbaugh Bowl '' : NFL Full Game on YouTube Jump up ^ Mink , Ryan ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ray Lewis Announces His Retirement '' . Baltimore Ravens . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens ' Lewis says he will retire at end of season '' . TSN.ca . January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Power Fails and 49ers Surge , but Ravens Win '' . New York Times . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens survive 49ers comeback and power failure to win Super Bowl '' . Guardian UK . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers 31 vs. Baltimore Ravens 34 '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Implications Of Joe Flacco 's Super Bowl MVP Award '' . Forbes.com . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heitner , Darren ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Is It Worth Spending $4 Million On A Super Bowl Commercial ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl ratings dip slightly from last year '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans to host 10th Super Bowl in 2013 '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ally Burguieres Designs Official NFL Beads with Courtyard by Marriott for SuperBowl -- WGNO -- YouTube on YouTube Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens dominate Pats , set up ' Harbaugh Bowl ' '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will . `` Sorting the Sunday Pile , Divisional Round : Harbaugh Bowl still lives '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank . `` HarBowl ! Harbaugh brothers Jim and John to square off in Super Bowl '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 21 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` The early odds on Super Baugh I are in '' . NBCSports.com . January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fendrich , Howard ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Harbaugh Brothers take 49ers , Ravens to Super Bowl '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( February 1 , 2013 ) . CBS ' play of Lewis , Harbaugh angles to be judged Archived February 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . `` What 's the over-under on how many times the coaching brothers , Jim ( 49er ) and John Harbaugh ( Ravens ) will be shown on the sidelines ? ( A lot , after all this game is being called the Superbro or Harbowl in some quarters . I predict 50 ) . '' Jump up ^ Ginsburg , David ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` Ravens Beat 49ers : Harbaugh Brothers Duel On Thanksgiving '' . Huffington Post Sports . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Land , Josh ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens surge to 34 -- 31 win in Blackout Bowl '' . MASN.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens fire offensive coordinator Cam Cameron '' . Abc2news.com . December 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mink , Ryan . `` Ravens Dedicate Season To Art Modell '' . Baltimore Ravens . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dodds , Eric ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Examining the 49ers Quarterback Controversy '' . Time Sports . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Reaching back for 49ers QB parallels '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick to start for 49ers '' . ESPN.com . November 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers to wear home reds for Super Bowl '' . Comcast SportsNet . January 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Price , Taylor ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` # SB47 Social : Week 1 Preparation '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Check Out Super Bowl XLVII Jerseys '' . BaltimoreRavens.com . January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harbaugh family is already a winner '' . Fox News . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harbaugh brothers ' concur ' it 's time to focus on players '' . USA Today . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Elementary ' After Super Bowl XLVII -- Sherlock Holmes Drama to Air Post-Game '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aaron Smith ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl ad price hits record $4 million '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ GM Says It 's Passing on $4 Million Super Bowl Ad Rates , Reuters via comcast.net May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Five Ads of 2012 -- CATBOWL TM 2013 '' . Adbowl.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl advertisers walk fine line with teases . CBS News . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce ( January 29 , 2013 ) . Some Super Bowl advertisers return after hiatus . USA Today . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dominic Patten ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl XLVII To Air 6 Studio Film Ads '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klimas , Liz ( February 1 , 2013 ) . Here are 6 Super Bowl commercials you can watch before Sunday 's big game . TheBlaze . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superbowl XLVII Live On ESPN '' . Foxtel . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL : San Francisco 49ers gegen Baltimore Ravens auf PULS 4 '' . Puls 4 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Esporte Interativo estreia NFL completa '' . Meio & Mensagem . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Espn vai transmitir o Super Bowl '' . UOL Televisão . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TSN.ca : Live NFL . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sirius XM : Super Bowl broadcasters . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sport TV 1 '' ( in Czech ) . Sport TV 1 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV3 + '' ( in Danish ) . TV3 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TÄTÄ ON ODOTETTU : NYT ON SUPER BOWLIN AIKA -- NELONEN PROLLA URHEILUDIGGARIN UNELMAVIIKKO ! '' . Nelonen . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EVENEMENT : SUPER BOWL 2013 EN DIRECT LE 3 FEVRIER '' . W9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sat. 1 TV - Programm '' . Sat. 1 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mediencenter TV - Programm '' . Sport1 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Keys énekel a Super Bowlon '' . Sport 1 TV . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` STAR Sports and ESPN to broadcast live Super Bowl XLVII in India '' . Media Vataar . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live NFL coverage on the BBC '' . BBC . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live NFL coverage on Sky Sports '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` איך רואים את הסופרבול עם הפרסומות האמריקאיות ? '' . Haaretz . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Football League : Super Bowl 47 Guide -- Foreign Language Broadcasts '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Azteca 7 , te damos de que hablar '' ( in Spanish ) . Azteca 7 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Televisa.com : : Canal 5 '' ( in Spanish ) . Televisa . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Programacion '' ( in Spanish ) . ESPN Deportes . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL -- the greatest game on earth '' . Viasat . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports to air NFL Super Bowl XLVII live in PH Monday '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SUPER BOWL XLVII '' . Polsat Sport . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SUPER BOWL XLVII '' . Sport TV . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Preview -- Super Bowl 2013 '' ( in Romanian ) . hoinaru.ro . February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Broadcast Schedule : NFL Super Bowl XLVII -- 2 / 3 '' . ActualSchedules.com . January 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superbowl on DSTV '' . DSTV . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Image 1 of 2 Dags för Super Bowl -- så sänder TV10 '' . TV10 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Keys to perform national anthem at Super Bowl '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alicia Keys planning a new version of national anthem for Super Bowl . MSN.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weseling , Chris ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sandy Hook , Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Hudson to Sing with Sandy Hook Chorus Before Super Bowl '' . Rolling Stone . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé Is More Important on Twitter Than the Super Bowl Itself '' . TIME . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Beyonce set for Super Bowl halftime '' . Times - Union . Associated Press . October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Beyonce 's Super Bowl halftime performance preview : A minute - by - minute breakdown '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce half time performance '' . NFL.Com . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce wows at half - time show '' . BBC News . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Draws Estimated 104 Million to Super Bowl Halftime '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Play - by - Play '' . ESPN . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Inman , Cam ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl 2013 : San Francisco 49ers ' furious comeback falls short in 34 -- 31 loss to Baltimore Ravens -- San Jose Mercury News '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jacoby Jones returns kick 108 yards '' . ESPN.com . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Baltimore Ravens vs. Denver Broncos ( 01 / 12 / 2013 ) '' . NFL . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Jacoby Jones ' 108 - yard return TD a Super Bowl record '' . NFL . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lights go out during Super Bowl '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superdome goes dark during Super Bowl XLVII '' . USA Today . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl power outage : What went wrong ? '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SMA Addresses the Super Bowl Power Outage '' . Venues Today . February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deckard , Linda ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Behind the Headlines : Super Bowl Blackout '' . Venues Today . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moritz , Scott ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` AT&T sets Super Bowl mobile traffic record '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin McGill ; Michael Kunzelman ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Superdome Power an Issue Before Big Game , AP Finds '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perlstein , Mike ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Faulty piece of new equipment likely to blame for Super Bowl power outage '' . WWL TV . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bomkamp , Samantha ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Power relay from local supplier at fault in Super Bowl outage '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Power company says Super Bowl blackout was caused by device designed to prevent power outages '' . Washington Post . AP . February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl blackout caused by faulty relay device , report finds '' . NFL.com . AP . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Lewis : Super Bowl XLVII blackout was no accident '' . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVII '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens ' Super Bowl Win , Safety Combine to Deal Las Vegas a Loss '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colin Kaepernick 's touchdown run sets Super Bowl record -- NFL -- Sporting News '' . SportingNews . AOL . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ortutay , Barbara ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` LIVE ACTION : TWITTER GRABS SUPER BOWL SPOTLIGHT '' . AP . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVII '' . Fox Sports . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Boger leads Super Bowl officiating crew '' . SI.com . Associated Press . January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Super Bowl XLVII : Ravens defeat 49ers , 34 -- 31 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XLVII . Official website Super Bowl XLVII Official Site at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 3 , 2013 ) Super Bowl XLVII play - by - play : Ravens 34 , 49ers 31 Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) LVIII ( 2024 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII champions 2 Tyrod Taylor 4 Sam Koch 5 Joe Flacco ( MVP ) 9 Justin Tucker 10 Dennis Dixon 11 Tommy Streeter 12 Jacoby Jones 15 LaQuan Williams 16 David Reed 17 Tandon Doss 20 Ed Reed 21 Lardarius Webb 22 Jimmy Smith 23 Chykie Brown 24 Corey Graham 25 Asa Jackson 26 Emanuel Cook 27 Ray Rice 28 Damien Berry 29 Cary Williams 30 Bernard Pierce 31 Bernard Pollard 32 James Ihedigbo 33 Christian Thompson 34 Bobby Rainey 35 Anthony Allen 37 Sean Considine 38 Omar Brown 39 Chris Johnson 41 Anthony Levine 42 Nigel Carr 44 Vonta Leach 45 Lonyae Miller 46 Morgan Cox 47 Ricky Brown 48 Alex Silvestro 49 D.J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when's the last time the ravens won the superbowl	[]	[]
909399852398044371	Dutch auction	Dutch auction - wikipedia Dutch auction hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 1957 Dutch auction in Germany to sell fruit . A Dutch auction is one of several similar kinds of auctions . Most commonly , it means an auction in which the auctioneer begins with a high asking price , and lowers it until some participant accepts the price , or it reaches a predetermined reserve price . This has also been called a clock auction or open - outcry descending - price auction . This type of auction is good for auctioning goods quickly , since a sale never requires more than one bid . Strategically , it 's similar to a first - price sealed - bid auction . Contents 1 History 2 Auction process 3 Second price auction 4 Public offerings 5 Dutch auction share repurchases 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References History ( edit ) See also : Economic history of the Dutch Republic and Tulip Mania Dutch auction has its roots in the 17th - century Dutch flower market . Auction process ( edit ) A Dutch auction initially offers an item at a price in excess of the amount the seller expects to receive . The price lowers in steps until a bidder accepts the current price . That bidder wins the auction and pays that price for the item . For example , a business might auction a used company car at a starting bid of $15,000 . If nobody accepts the initial bid , the sellers successively reduce the price in $1,000 increments . When the price reaches $10,000 , a particular bidder -- who feels that price is acceptable and that someone else will agree , or might bid first if the price goes to $9,000 -- quickly accepts the bid , and pays $10,000 for the car . Dutch auctions are a competitive alternative to a traditional auction , in which customers make bids of increasing value until nobody is willing to bid higher . Second price auction ( edit ) Some financial commentators and some third - party auction sites use Dutch auction to refer to second - price auctions , which work differently from Dutch auctions . Public offerings ( edit ) The United States Department of the Treasury , through the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ( FRBNY ) , raises funds for the U.S. Government using a Dutch auction . The FRBNY interacts with primary dealers , including large banks and broker - dealers who submit bids on behalf of themselves and their clients using the Trading Room Automated Processing System ( TRAPS ) , and are generally told of winning bids within fifteen minutes . For example , suppose the sponsor of the issuance seeks to raise $10 billion in ten - year notes with a 5.125 % coupon and in aggregate the bids are as follows : $1.00 billion at 5.115 % ( highest bid ) $2.50 billion at 5.120 % $3.50 billion at 5.125 % $4.50 billion at 5.130 % $3.75 billion at 5.135 % $2.75 billion at 5.140 % $1.50 billion at 5.145 % ( lowest bid ) In this example the % at high is 66.66 % , meaning only $3 billion of the $4.5 billion at 5.130 % get bonds . Bids are filled from the lowest yield ( highest price ) until the process raises the entire $10 billion . This auction clears at a yield of 5.130 % , and all bidders pay the same amount . In theory , this feature of the Dutch auction leads to more aggressive bidding , as those who ( in this example ) bid 5.115 % receive the bonds at the higher yield ( lower price ) of 5.130 % . A variation on the Dutch auction , OpenIPO , was developed by WR Hambrecht and has been used for 19 IPOs in the US . Auctions have been used for hundreds of IPOs in more than two dozen countries , but have not been popular with issuers and thus were replaced by other methods . One of the largest uniform price or `` Dutch '' auction IPOs was for Singapore Telecom in 1994 . The 1994 auction IPO of Japan Tobacco was substantially larger ( with proceeds more than double those of Singapore Telecom and triple those of Google ) , but this auction was discriminatory or pay - what - you - bid , not uniform price or `` Dutch '' . SRECTrade.com uses a two - sided Dutch auction to trade Solar Renewable Energy Credits ( SRECs ) . Dutch auction share repurchases ( edit ) The introduction of the Dutch auction share repurchase in 1981 gives firms an alternative to the fixed price tender offer when executing a tender offer share repurchase . The first firm to use the Dutch auction was Todd Shipyards . A Dutch auction offer specifies a price range within which the shares are purchased . Shareholders can choose to tender their stock at any price within the stated range . The firm compiles these responses , creating a supply curve for the stock . The purchase price is the lowest price that allows the firm to buy the number of shares sought in the offer , and the firm pays that price to all investors who tendered at or below that price . If the number of shares tendered exceeds the number sought , the company purchases less than all shares tendered at or below the purchase price pro rata to all who tendered at or below the purchase price . If too few shares are tendered , then the firm either cancels the offer ( provided it had been made conditional on a minimum acceptance ) , or it buys back all tendered shares at the maximum price . See also ( edit ) Chinese auction Auction rate security Bid - to - cover ratio Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dutch Auction Software with Epiq Tech '' . epiqtech.com . Jump up ^ To understand the Dutch auction bidding and outcome from actual shareholder tendering responses , see Bagwell , Laurie Simon ( 1992 ) . `` Dutch auction repurchases : An analysis of shareholder heterogeneity '' . Journal of Finance . 47 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 105 . JSTOR 2329091 . References ( edit ) Carare , O. ; Rothkopf , M.H. ( 2005 ) . `` Slow Dutch auctions '' . Management Science . 51 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 373 . doi : 10.1287 / mnsc. 1040.0328 . Katok , E. ; Kwasnica , A.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Time is money : The effect of clock speed on seller 's revenue in Dutch auctions '' . Experimental Economics . 11 ( 4 ) : 344 -- 357 . doi : 10.1007 / s10683 - 007 - 9169 - x . Adam , M.T.P. ; Krämer , J. ; Weinhardt , C. ( 2012 ) . `` Excitement up ! Price down ! Measuring emotions in Dutch auctions '' . International Journal of Electronic Commerce . 11 ( 4 ) : 7 -- 39 . doi : 10.2753 / JEC1086 - 4415170201 . hide Economic , financial and business history of the Netherlands General Economy of the Netherlands from 1500 -- 1700 Economic history of the Netherlands ( 1500 -- 1815 ) Economic history of the Dutch Republic Financial history of the Dutch Republic Dutch Financial Revolution ( 1580s -- 1700s ) Dutch economic miracle ( 1580s -- ca. 1700 ) Early modern industrialization in the Dutch Republic ( 1580s -- 1700s ) Dutch guilder Amsterdam Entrepôt Tulip mania Whaling in the Netherlands Diamond industry in the Dutch Republic Sugar industry in the Dutch Republic Shipbuilding industry in the Dutch Republic Pulp and paper industry in the Dutch Republic Hollander beater History of the chocolate industry Dutch process chocolate Polder model Key institutions Pre-1815 Amsterdam Stock Exchange ( Beurs van Hendrick de Keyser ) Bank of Amsterdam ( Amsterdamsche Wisselbank ) Brabantsche Compagnie Compagnie van Verre Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) Dutch West India Company ( WIC / GWIC ) New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Post-1815 De Nederlandsche Bank Philips Fokker KLM Stichting Max Havelaar Notable business and financial innovators Louis De Geer Gerard Adriaan Heineken Isaac Le Maire Johan Palmstruch Anton Philips Gerard Philips Nico Roozen Coenraad Johannes van Houten Anthony Fokker Frans van der Hoff Pioneering innovations Multinational corporation Transnational corporation Public company ( publicly traded company , publicly listed company ) Megacorporation Corporate finance Central bank Initial public offering ( IPO ) Stock market Stock exchange Securitization Common stock Corporate bond Perpetual bond Collective investment schemes ( investment funds ) Dividend ( dividend policy ) Dutch auction Fairtrade certification Government debt Financial regulation Investment banking Mutual fund Bear raid Short selling ( naked short selling ) Shareholder activism ( activist shareholder ) Shareholder revolt ( shareholder rebellion ) Technical analysis Tontine Others Dutch disease Economic bubble ( speculative bubble ) Stock market crash History of capitalism Economic miracle Economic boom Economic growth Global economy International trade International business International financial centre Economic globalization ( corporate globalization ) Finance capitalism Financial system Financial revolution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_auction&oldid=853308076 '' Categories : Auctions Auction theory Economic history of the Netherlands 17th - century introductions Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2009 All articles needing additional references Accuracy disputes from October 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 20 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who determines the offer price in a dutch auction	[ "A Dutch auction is one of several similar kinds of auctions. Most commonly, it means an auction in which the auctioneer begins with a high asking price, and lowers it until some participant accepts the price, or it reaches a predetermined reserve price. This has also been called a clock auction or open-outcry descending-price auction. This type of auction is good for auctioning goods quickly, since a sale never requires more than one bid. Strategically, it's similar to a first-price sealed-bid auction.\n" ]	[ "the auctioneer" ]
-9127798964846622571	So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series)	So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search So You Think You Can Dance Created by Simon Fuller Nigel Lythgoe Developed by Simon Fuller Directed by Matthew Diamond Nigel Lythgoe Presented by Lauren Sánchez ( 2005 ) Cat Deeley ( 2006 -- ) Judges Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy ( 2007 -- 09 , 2011 -- 14 , 2017 -- ) Adam Shankman ( 2009 -- 10 ) Mia Michaels ( 2010 ) Paula Abdul ( 2015 -- 16 ) Jason Derulo ( 2015 -- 16 ) Maddie Ziegler ( 2016 ) Vanessa Hudgens ( 2017 -- ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 267 Production Executive producer ( s ) Barry Adelman Simon Fuller Nigel Lythgoe Allen Shapiro ( 2005 -- 06 ) Production company ( s ) 19 Entertainment Dick Clark Productions Conrad Sewell Productions Release Original network Fox Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 720p Original release July 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 20 ) -- present External links Website www.fox.com/dance So You Think You Can Dance is an American televised dance competition show that airs on Fox in the United States and is the flagship series of the international So You Think You Can Dance television franchise . It was created by American Idol producers Simon Fuller and Nigel Lythgoe and is produced by 19 Entertainment , Dick Clark Productions , and Conrad Sewell Productions . The series premiered on July 20 , 2005 with over ten million viewers and ended the summer season as the top - rated show on television . The first season was hosted by American news personality Lauren Sánchez . Since the second season , it has been hosted by former British children 's television personality and game show emcee Cat Deeley . During its second season , the program remained the No. 1 rated summer show ( adults aged 18 -- 49 ) , but it has declined in ratings since . The show features a tiered format wherein dancers trained in a variety of dance genres enter open auditions held in a number of major U.S. cities to showcase their talents and may move forward through successive additional rounds of auditions to test their ability to adapt to different styles . At the end of this process , a small number of dancers are chosen as finalists . These dancers move on to the competition 's main phase , where they perform solo , duet , and group dance numbers on live television , attempting to master a diverse selection of dance styles , including classical , contemporary , ballroom , hip - hop , street , club , jazz , and musical theatre styles , among others . They compete for the votes of the broadcast viewing audience which , combined with the input of a panel of judges , determines which dancers advance to the next stage from week to week . So You Think You Can Dance has won seven Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Choreography and a total of nine Emmy Awards altogether . Licensed variations of the show , produced for broadcast markets in other nations , began airing in August 2005 , and dozens of localized adaptations of the show have been produced since , airing in 37 countries to date . On January 30 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourteenth season , which premiered on June 12 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Show format 1.1 Open auditions 1.2 Callbacks 1.3 Finalist selection and showcase episode 1.4 Finalist Stage 1.5 Judges 1.6 Overview of format and presentation by season 2 Dance styles and choreographers 2.1 Classical styles 2.2 Street and club styles 2.3 Ballroom styles 2.4 Jazz , Broadway , and musical theater styles 2.5 American social styles 2.6 Regional / traditional styles 3 Seasons 3.1 Grand Finalists 3.2 Season 1 3.3 Season 2 3.4 Season 3 3.5 Season 4 3.6 Season 5 3.7 Season 6 3.8 Season 7 3.9 Season 8 3.10 Season 9 3.11 Season 10 3.12 Season 11 3.13 Season 12 3.14 Season 13 3.15 Season 14 4 Special shows 5 Ratings 6 Influence and international franchise 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Emmy Awards 7.2 Teen Choice Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Show format ( edit ) A typical season of So You Think You Can Dance is divided between a selection process , during which expert judges select competitors from a wide pool of applicant dancers , and a competition phase , during which these ' finalists ' ( more typically referred to as the ' Top 20 ' ) compete for votes from home viewers . Though it is produced over the course of months , the selection phase is highly edited and usually constitutes only the first 2 -- 4 weeks of aired episodes , with the competition episodes forming the remaining 8 -- 9 weeks of the season . Open auditions ( edit ) Nigel Lythgoe is co-creator of the So You Think You Can Dance franchise , and has been executive producer and permanent member of the judge 's panel of the U.S. and U.K. productions for their entire runs . The open auditions , the first stage in determining a seasons finalists , take place in 5 -- 6 major U.S. cities each season and are typically open to anyone aged 18 -- 30 at the time of their audition . The cities where auditions are held change from season to season but some , such as Los Angeles and New York , have featured in most seasons . During this stage , dancers perform a brief routine ( typically a solo , but duet and group routines are allowed as well ) before a panel of dance experts , usually headed by series creator and executive producer Nigel Lythgoe . This panel then decides on - the - spot whether the dancer demonstrated enough ability and performance value to proceed further . If the dancer exhibited exceptional ability in their performance , judges award `` a ticket to Vegas '' ( or in more recent seasons `` a ticket to the Academy '' ) , moving them instantly one step forward in the competition . Alternatively , if judges are on the fence about the dancer , they may ask the contestant to wait until the end of that day 's auditions to participate in a short test of their ability to pick up professional choreography . Callbacks ( edit ) The second stage of the selection process is referred to as `` the callbacks '' ( the round has often been held in the city of Las Vegas and also been known as `` Vegas Week '' for much of the show 's run , but has been called Academy Week since season 13 ) . The callbacks consist of a several - day - long process in which the remaining hopefuls are tested for overall well - rounded dance ability , stamina , creativity and their ability to perform under pressure . The dancers are put through a battery of rounds that test their ability to pick up various dance styles ; these are typically some of the more well - represented genres that are later prominent in the competition phase , such as hip - hop , jazz , ballroom , and contemporary . Additionally the dancers may be asked to perform further solos in styles of their choosing and participate in a group choreography round in which small teams of contestants must display their musicality and ability to communicate professionally by choreographing a performance to a randomly selected piece of music -- this challenge is notable as being the only time competitors are asked to choreograph themselves , aside from solos . The Callbacks are often collectively portrayed as one of the most exhausting and stressful stages of the competition ; each successive round sees cuts in which a significant portion of the remaining dancers are eliminated from competition and dancers are given a limited amount of time to adapt to styles they are sometimes wholly unfamiliar with while being physically taxed by the rapid progression of rounds and a limited amount of rest . At the end of this process , usually less than 40 competitors remain in a pool that final contestants are chosen from . Most seasons have featured 20 top finalists for the competition portion of the show , but Season One was represented by a Top 16 , Season Seven saw a Top 11 , and Season Thirteen employed a Top 10 . Finalist selection and showcase episode ( edit ) Following Vegas Week -- - which has , through video vignettes , made many of the dancers increasingly familiar to the audience as it observes their attempts to cope with the challenges of the week - -- the judge 's panel selects their finalists from the remaining dancers , breaking the good or bad news to each dancer . Since Season six , the series has also featured a showcase episode that takes place immediately before the main competition . In this episode , dancers compete for the first time on the main SYTYCD stage in Los Angeles before a live audience , dancing duet or group routines , but only in their own styles . In seasons eight through ten , the finalist announcement episode and the dancer 's showcase were combined into one episode , with groups of dancers taking to the stage for the first time immediately after they are revealed . In seasons six through nine , no dancers were in danger of elimination at this point and the first round of viewer voting and judge eliminations occurred the following week . In the slightly more compact format of the more recent seasons , the dancer showcase is often the first episode to be accompanied by viewer voting and a resulting elimination . Finalist stage ( edit ) Following the finalist selection process , the show transitions into its regular competition phase , which lasts the rest of the season . The competition stage is typically divided into 8 weeks , generally with two contestants eliminated per week . Dancers are paired - up into male - female couples that will sometimes stay paired for half of the remaining competition if neither is eliminated . These couples perform 1 -- 2 duets per week in randomly selected styles . These duets , as with all non-solo performances at this stage in the competition , are choreographed by professional choreographers . Prior to most duet performances , a video packet of clips of the couple preparing to perform the routine is shown ; these packets are intended not only to demonstrate the couple 's efforts to master the routine , but also to give glimpses of the personalities of the dancers as well as to allow the choreographer to give insight as to the thematic , narrative , and artistic intentions of the piece . Following each duet performance , the week 's panel of judges gives critical feedback , often emphasizing the two key areas of technique and performance value . Duets and their accompanying video packets and critiques typically take up the majority of a competition show but may also be supplemented by solos or group numbers . Each competition show ends with a quick recap of the night 's routines accompanied by voting prompts -- traditionally by phone , but increasingly through online voting processes . Performance shows typically last around two hours , commercials included . In seasons 2 - 8 the show 's weekly format was split between two episodes , a performance episode , as described above , and a results show which reveals the outcome of the at - home - viewer voting . Results shows typically aired on the night immediately following that of the performance show of the same week and usually opened with a group routine from the remaining contestants . The main purpose of this show was to determine which of the dancers are eliminated that week , but these episodes generally also featured guest dance performances or guest musical acts , and sometimes further video packets that provide insight on the dancers and their journey on the show . More recent seasons have moved to a one - show - per - week format , combining elements that used to be found in both varieties of show . Regardless of how many shows air per week , a `` bottom three '' couples ( those that garnered the fewest votes from viewers -- in some seasons it is a bottom three of individual dancers rather than couples ) are typically revealed weekly at this stage in the competition . Each of these dancers are then in danger of elimination and must perform a solo for the judges as their last effort to impress and stay in the competition . The judges then retire briefly ( typically during the night 's headlining musical guest performance ) to determine which man and woman ( which are not necessarily from the same couple ) will leave the competition . The eliminated dancers are then announced and given a brief send - off via a video montage . On very rare occasions , the judges have been unwilling to send any of the bottom dancers home on the merits of their performances that week amd have abstained from making an elimination and instead allowed all competitors to proceed to the next week ( often to be followed by a double elimination the following week ) . Since Season 7 , dancers have also been routinely paired with `` All Stars '' , returning dancers from previous seasons who partner with the contestant dancers , but are not themselves competing . The total number of hours shown in a given week during the performance phase of the competition has varied from two to four hours . In season one there was no results show and the dancers ' eliminations were pre-recorded the week they occurred and then broadcast at the beginning of the next week 's episode . Seasons 9 - 14 have also utilized one show per week , but with votes from the previous week being revealed later in the show . Voting has varied by season ( and often within seasons ) with regard to whether the voter selected individuals or couples . There has also been variability in how long couples are kept together and how the at - home - viewer votes are balanced against judge decisions , though ultimately at some point in every season , the judges give up their power to save dancers at this point , and eliminations are determined exclusively by viewer votes , with judges serving in only an advisory capacity . Each season undergoes one final format shake - up in its last week , which typically takes place when the show reaches a Top 4 . In the final performance show , the remaining dancers typically each dance duets with all of their remaining fellow finalists as well as perform solos and participate in group numbers . The following night 's season finale episode is often the most elaborately produced show of a season and features the last performances of the competitors , encore performances of many of the season 's most acclaimed routines , guest dancers ( including returning past season competitors and cast - members from other international versions of the franchise ) , musical performances and multiple video packets chronicling the course of the season 's events , all culminating in the announcement of the winner of the competition , as decided by the previous night 's vote . Some seasons have featured a singular winner , while others have allowed for a male and female winner . Following the closure of the season , the Top Ten dancers often go on tour for several months , performing hit routines from the season amongst other performances . Judges ( edit ) The judging panel has also varied considerably in size and composition over the run of the series . Typically a season has 2 -- 3 permanent judges with an additional 1 -- 2 guest judges for most episodes , with the panel ballooning up to six to nine members for Vegas Week and the finale . Executive producer Nigel Lythgoe is the only permanent judge on the panel for all of the seasons . Other permanent judges have included ballroom specialist Mary Murphy , film director and choreographer Adam Shankman and contemporary choreographer Mia Michaels . Guest judge positions are typically filled by choreographers who work regularly on the show -- though choreographers will never develop routines for an episode on which they judge -- who in rare cases may also be former contestants themselves , and by iconic names from the entertainment industry . Guest judges for the show have included : Debbie Allen , Christina Applegate , Robin Antin , Toni Basil , Cicely Bradley , Kristin Chenoweth , Alex Da Silva , Ellen DeGeneres , Tyce Diorio , Joey Dowling , Napoleon and Tabitha D'umo , Carmen Electra , Brian Friedman , Jean - Marc Généreux , Jason Gilkison , Neil Patrick Harris , Hi - Hat , Katie Holmes , Dan Karaty , Lady Gaga , Carly Rae Jepsen , Lil ' C , Rob Marshall , Mandy Moore , Megan Mullally , Kenny Ortega , Toni Redpath , Debbie Reynolds , Wade Robson , Doriana Sanchez , Shane Sparks , Sonya Tayeh , Olisa Thompson , Stacey Tookey , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , and Travis Wall . In earlier seasons , the judges decided on eliminations until around week five of the competitive phase of the show , but in seasons seven through nine the judges decided the eliminations until week seven . Beginning with the twelfth season , Paula Abdul and Jason Derulo joined Lythgoe as permanent judges . For the thirteenth season , 13 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler joined the panel as a fourth judge . Season Fourteen has seen the departure of Abdul , Derulo , and Ziegler from their season - long positions of the judges panel , but introduction of Vanessa Hudgens and the return of Mary Murphy to her seat . Overview of format and presentation by season ( edit ) Season Dates Host Permanent judges Separate results show ? Dancer showcase episode ? † Number of finalists in first live show Number of contestants eliminated per week Number of contestants remaining in finale No. of winners All - Stars included in format ? Point at which judge eliminations end Voting for individual dancers starting with Summer 2005 ( July -- October ) Lauren Sánchez Nigel Lythgoe No No 16 No Top 8 Top 8 Summer 2006 ( May -- August ) Cat Deeley Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 Summer 2007 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 Summer 2008 ( May -- August ) Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 5 Summer 2009 ( May -- August ) Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 6 Fall 2009 ( September -- December ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Adam Shankman Yes Yes 20 6 No Top 10 Top 10 7 Summer 2010 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Adam Shankman Mia Michaels Yes Yes 11 1 * Yes Top 4 Top 11 8 Summer 2011 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Yes Yes ‡ 20 2 * Yes Top 6 Top 10 9 Summer 2012 ( May -- September ) No Yes ‡ 20 2 * Yes Top 6 Top 20 10 Summer 2013 ( May -- September ) No Yes ‡ 20 Yes Top 6 Top 20 11 Summer 2014 ( May -- September ) No Yes 20 Yes Top 10 Top 20 12 Summer 2015 ( June -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo No Yes 20 2 ⁂ Yes Top 14 Top 20 13 ° Summer 2016 ( May -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo Maddie Ziegler No Yes 10 1 * * Yes Top 8 Top 10 14 Summer 2017 ( June -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Vanessa Hudgens No No 10 Yes Top 6 Top 10 † From its inception in season 6 and through season 10 , the dancer showcase episode represented a non-competitive round with no viewer voting or subsequent eliminations , followed the next week by the first competitive round . In season 11 it was the first episode of the season upon which viewers voted . ‡ For seasons 8 - 10 , the dancer showcase episode was combined with the Top 20 reveal episode , with groups of the dancers performing immediately after being revealed as finalists . * In both seasons 7 and 8 , the judges decided not to eliminate any dancers on the occasion of one results show ; in both cases this event was followed by the elimination of double the normal amount of contestants the following week . Similarly , for format reasons , season 9 featured two shows with double eliminations , with four dancers eliminated instead of two for each of these shows . ⁂ Unlike all previous seasons , season 12 featured the elimination of one `` street '' dancer and one `` stage '' dancer each week , as opposed to one female and one male contestant ( as in all previous seasons which eliminated two dancers per week ) . ° Season 13 ( during which the show was subtitled ' The Next Generation ' ) featured competitors between the ages of 9 ( or as young as 8 at time of application ) and 14 . * * In season 13 , the judges held the audition rounds , but the all - stars , rather than the judges , made the eliminations during Academy week to choose the top 10 . After this , in episodes 7 and 8 , from the two contestants with the lowest viewer votes , the judges made the elimination . In episode 9 , the two contestants with the lowest viewer votes were both eliminated , and in episodes 10 and 11 , the contestant with the lowest viewer votes was eliminated . Dance styles and choreographers ( edit ) Over the course of its eleven seasons , So You Think You Can Dance has featured dozens of distinct dance styles in its choreographed routines . Most of these styles fall into four categories that are regularly showcased and can be found in almost every performance episode : western contemporary / classical styles , ballroom styles , hip - hop / street styles , and Jazz and its related styles . Various other forms of dance that do not especially fall into these broad categories are seen as well , but not as regularly . The following styles have all been seen in a choreographed duet or group routine ; styles featured only in auditions or solos are not listed . Classical styles ( edit ) Routines from the classically derived style of contemporary dance are the most common dances seen on the show , being seen in every performance episode of the series ( and typically at least twice per episode ) . While contemporary , lyrical , and modern dance are typically considered three separate ( if overlapping ) styles , the practice on So You Think You Can Dance has been to refer to all routines in this area as `` contemporary '' , except in the first season where the label `` lyrical '' was used for the same purpose . Ballet routines occur much more rarely , at a rate of one or two per season since their introduction in the fourth season . Genre Styles Western Classical styles Contemporary , Lyrical , Modern , Ballet / Pas de Deux Choreographers Dee Caspary , Tessandra Chavez , Tyce Diorio , Joey Dowling , Justin Giles , Mandy Moore , Mia Michaels , Dwight Rhoden , Desmond Richardson , Garry Stewart , Sonya Tayeh , Stacey Tookey , Travis Wall , Tovaris Wilson , Keith Young , Lindsay Nelko Street and club styles ( edit ) Hip - hop routines are also present in every performance episode . While these routines frequently feature elements from many different subgenres of hip - hop ( locking and popping , for example ) and various `` street '' styles ( such as breaking ) , they are typically all labelled under the umbrella term of hip - hop . An exception is the now frequently featured lyrical hip - hop , which is unique amongst all the styles on SYTYCD in that it is the only one that is held to have become a known distinct style at least in - part as a result of the show ; the style is widely attributed to regular show choreographers Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo and the term itself to judge Adam Shankman . These two broad categories are occasionally supplemented by krump routines , which have been featured a few times a season since their introduction in season 2 . Additionally the styles of breakdancing ( in the sense of a full breaking routine as opposed to a hip - hop routine with a few breaking tricks ) , waacking , and stepping have all been featured in exactly one routine . In Season 12 , there are more street style dances because of the season 's new format where there are 10 street dancers which do only street styles . Genre Styles Street and Contemporary Club Styles Hip - hop ( umbrella term for all Popping , Locking , and New Style / Commercial Hip - Hop styles ) , Lyrical Hip - hop , Breaking / B - boying , Krump , Stepping , Waacking Choreographers Cicely Bradley , Luther Brown , Tessandra Chavez , Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo , Dan Karaty , Marty Kudelka , Lil ' C , Chuck Maldonado , Todd Sams , Christopher Scott , Dave Scott , Shane Sparks , Jamal Sims , Olisa Thompson , Dana Wilson , Pharside and Phoenix , Luam . Ballroom styles ( edit ) Ballroom styles are also seen regularly in every performance episode ; these dances may be traditional European - derived styles or Latin - American styles or a mix of the two . Genre Styles Standard or Smooth Ballroom styles Foxtrot , Tango , Argentine Tango , Quickstep , Waltz ( including Smooth Waltz , Slow Waltz , American Slow Waltz , and Viennese Waltz variants ) Latin / Rhythm Ballroom styles Cha - Cha - Cha , Jive , American Jive , Mambo , Paso Doble , Rumba , Salsa , Street Salsa , Samba , African Samba Choreographers Mark Ballas , Leonardo Barrionuevo , Dmitry Chaplin , Valentin Chmerkovskiy , Alex Da Silva , Sasha Farber , Anya Garnis , Jean - Marc Généreux , Jason Gilkison , Hunter Johnson , Pasha Kovalev , Melanie LaPatin , Miriam Larici , Liz Lira , Michael Mead , Tony Meredith , Tomas Mielnicki , Ron Montez , France Mousseau , Mary Murphy , Jonathan Platero , Oksana Platero , Toni Redpath , Jonathan Roberts , Fabian Sanchez , Edward Simon , Emma Slater , Heather Smith , J.T. Thomas , Louis Van Amstel , Gustavo Vargas , Glenn Weiss Jazz , Broadway , and musical Theater styles ( edit ) Jazz is featured in nearly all performance episodes . While these routines are typically labelled simply `` Jazz '' , the genre is notable as being one of the most fusional featured on the show and various style combinations and sub-categories have been referenced . Descended from Jazz but treated as a separate genre on SYTYCD , `` Broadway '' is analogous to the label `` Musical Theater '' outside the U.S. Genre Styles Jazz Styles Jazz , Contemporary Jazz , Modern Jazz , Lyrical Jazz , African Jazz , Jazz - Funk , Latin Jazz , Pop - Jazz / Pop Broadway / Musical Theatre Styles Broadway , Burlesque , Can - Can , Tap Choreographers Andy Blankenbuehler , Sean Cheesman , Tyce Diorio , Brian Friedman , Laurie Ann Gibson , Derick K. Grant , Charles Klapow , Ray Leeper , Spencer Liff , Mandy Moore , Anthony Morigerato , Amanda Robson , Wade Robson , Sonya Tayeh , Savion Glover American social styles ( edit ) These dance styles are featured less frequently than their ballroom relatives , but have been seen intermittently since the first season . Genre Styles American Social / Traditional Club Styles Charleston , Country - Western Two - Step , Disco , Go - Go , Hustle , Lindy Hop , Rock n ' Roll , Swing , West Coast Swing Choreographers Ronnie DeBenedetta , Carla Heiney , Brandi Tobais , Travis Payne , Doriana Sanchez , Benji Schwimmer , Kristen Sorci , Maria Torres , Nick Williams Regional / traditional styles ( edit ) In addition to the broad categories above , many more styles that are less common in the U.S. are sometimes featured . Most of these are seen only once , but the Bollywood style has been featured several times per season since the fourth season . Genre Styles Regional / Traditional Styles Bollywood , African , Capoeira , Kalinka , Malevos , Tahitian , Tropak Choreographers Lilia Babenko , Leonardo Barrionuevo , Nakul Dev Mahajan , Miriam Larici , Tiana Liufau , Youri Nelzine . Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of So You Think You Can Dance finalists Grand Finalists ( edit ) Season Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Fifth place Sixth place Nick Lazzarini ( Contemporary Jazz ) Melody Lacayanga ( Contemporary ) Jamile McGee ( Popping ) Ashlé Dawson ( Jazz ) Benji Schwimmer ( Swing / Latin ) Travis Wall ( Contemporary ) Donyelle Jones ( Jazz / Hip - Hop ) Heidi Groskreutz ( Ballroom ) Sabra Johnson ( Contemporary ) Danny Tidwell ( Contemporary ) Neil Haskell ( Contemporary ) Lacey Schwimmer ( Swing / Latin ) Joshua Allen ( Hip - Hop ) Stephen `` Twitch '' Boss ( Hip - Hop ) Katee Shean ( Contemporary ) Courtney Galiano ( Contemporary ) 5 Jeanine Mason ( Contemporary ) Brandon Bryant ( Contemporary ) Evan Kasprzak ( Broadway ) Kayla Radomski ( Contemporary ) 6 Russell Ferguson ( Krump ) Jakob Karr ( Contemporary ) Kathryn McCormick ( Contemporary ) Ellenore Scott ( Jazz ) Ashleigh Di Lello ( Ballroom ) Ryan Di Lello ( Ballroom ) 7 Lauren Froderman ( Contemporary ) Kent Boyd ( Contemporary Jazz ) Robert Roldan ( Contemporary Jazz ) 8 Melanie Moore ( Contemporary ) Sasha Mallory ( African Jazz ) Marko Germar ( Contemporary Jazz ) Tadd Gadduang ( Breakdance ) Female winner Male winner Female runner - up Male runner - up 9 Eliana Girard ( Ballet ) Chehon Wespi - Tschopp ( Ballet ) Tiffany Maher ( Jazz ) Cyrus `` Glitch '' Spencer ( Popping / Animation ) 10 Amy Yakima ( Jazz ) Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall ( Hip - Hop ) Jasmine Harper ( Contemporary ) Aaron Turner ( Tap ) Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place 11 Ricky Ubeda ( Contemporary ) Valerie Rockey ( Tap ) Jessica Richens ( Jazz ) Zack Everhart , Jr . ( Tap ) 12 Gaby Diaz ( Tap ) Jaja Vaňková ( Animation / Krump ) Virgil Gadson ( Hip - Hop ) Hailee Payne ( Jazz ) 13 Leon `` Kida '' Burns ( Hip - Hop ) J.T. Church ( Jazz ) Tate McRae ( Contemporary / Ballet ) Emma Hellenkamp ( Tap ) 14 Lex Ishimoto ( Contemporary Hip - Hop ) Koine Iwasaki ( Contemporary ) Taylor Sieve ( Contemporary ) Kiki Nyemchek ( Latin Ballroom ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 1 ) Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 2 ) The second season premiered on May 12 , 2006 . The top 20 finalists were revealed on June 8 , and the winner , Benjamin Schwimmer , was named `` America 's Favorite Dancer '' on August 16 , 2006 after 16 million votes were collected for the season finale . Travis Wall was the first runner - up , and Donyelle Jones was named second runner - up . There were several changes to the show 's format in the second season . This season was the first to feature two episodes per week , splitting the bulk of the performances and the voting results segments between two nights . New styles of dance were also introduced , and the winning prize was increased from US $100,000 to $250,000 and also included a new car and a one - year contract to perform in a Céline Dion show then performing Las Vegas . The season was also the first followed by a live tour for the top ten dancers . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 3 ) Open auditions for season 3 began early October 2006 , held in New York City , Chicago , Los Angeles , and Atlanta . Like the previous season , those that made the cuts moved on to Las Vegas . The taped auditions premiered on the Fox on May 24 , 2007 , and the subsequent shows were taped and broadcast live for a 12 - week season . Cat Deeley returned as host , and Nigel Lythgoe returned as permanent judge . Joining Lythgoe permanently at the judging table was Mary Murphy ; her promotion was reported by TV Guide on March 8 , 2007 . The prize for the winner remained at $250,000 cash . On the performance finale show ( August 16 , 2007 ) , Sabra Johnson was named `` America 's Favorite Dancer , '' while Danny Tidwell ( brother of season 2 runner - up Travis Wall ) was runner - up . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 4 ) Auditions for Season 4 began in Texas on January 17 and took place in six locations through March 2008 . The show kicked off its two - hour season premiere on May 22 , 2008 . Cat Deeley returned as host and Nigel Lythgoe and Mary Murphy as permanent judges . This season saw the introduction of new dance styles , including Bollywood , and new choreographers , including hip - hop duo Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo . The prize for the winner was again $250,000 cash and the title of `` America 's Favorite Dancer '' and additionally included an offer for a role in the dance film Step Up 3D . In the finale , viewers voted Joshua Allen as the overall winner , while Katee Shean was voted the top female dancer and was given a previously unannounced award of $50,000 . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 5 ) Auditions for Season 5 kicked off in New York City on November 13 , 2008 and continued on to Miami , Los Angeles , Denver , Memphis , and Seattle . The premiere aired on May 21 , 2009 . Louis van Amstel joined the show 's cast of choreographers and Shane Sparks returned to choreograph while on break from America 's Best Dance Crew . The prize for the winner was once again $250,000 cash , the chance to be on the November 2009 issue cover of Dance Spirit Magazine , and the title of `` America 's Favorite Dancer . '' On August 6 , 2009 ( the finale ) , Jeanine Mason was given the title . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 6 ) After a low - rated special episode of Dance featuring Lythgoe presenting his and viewer 's favorite dance routines from seasons 1 -- 5 , the sixth season of Dance , premiered on Wednesday , September 9 , 2009 . Auditions were held in Boston , Atlanta , Los Angeles , New Orleans , Phoenix , and Salt Lake City . Adam Shankman joined as the permanent judge for the first time this season . The winner was Russell Ferguson and the runner - up was Jakob Karr . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 7 ) Auditions began in Miami , Florida , on January 18 , 2010 , continuing through New York , Dallas , Nashville , and Chicago , ending in Los Angeles on March 26 . The season premiered on May 27 , 2010 . This season introduced significant format changes to the show , with a Top 11 dancers instead of the traditional Top 20 and `` All - Stars '' , contestants from previous seasons who returned to partner with the Top 11 for a portion of their routines . Lauren Froderman won this season with Kent Boyd as runner - up . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 8 ) Auditions started October 13 , 2010 in Oakland , California and continued through November 15 in Brooklyn , New York . The premiere aired on May 26 , 2011 . This season began a new version of the `` All - Star '' format in which the All - Stars did n't come in until the top 10 . The show returned to a top 20 with couples . This season also marks the first time that the public can cast votes online , in addition to calling in , with a limit of 50 votes per viewer . On August 11 , 2011 , Melanie Moore won season 8 , and Sasha Mallory was named the runner - up . Together they received 79 % of the 11.5 million votes . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 9 ) The ninth season premiered on May 24 , 2012 . Fox discontinued the results show . The two winners selected on September 18 , 2012 were Eliana Girard and Chehon Wespi - Tschopp . Season 10 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 10 ) Season 10 premiered on May 14 , 2013 , in its new Tuesdays at 8 p.m. time slot . The two - part premiere concluded on May 15 , 2013 at 9 p.m. , after the finale of American Idol season 12 . On September 10 , 2013 , Amy Yakima and Du - Shaunt ' Fik - Shun ' Stegall were named the season 10 winners , becoming the first contestants to take the top two positions who had been a couple at the beginning of the live show competition . No music artists or special dance performers appeared on this season except for All - Stars who were former contestants . Season 11 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 11 ) The eleventh season premiered on Wednesday , May 28 , 2014 . The season finale aired on Wednesday , September 3 , 2014 . Contemporary dancer Ricky Ubeda was the winner of the season with Tap dancer Valerie Rockey finishing as the runner - up . Season 12 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 12 ) The twelfth season of the show divided contestants into two equally sized teams , one representing `` stage '' dancers and the other `` street '' styles , with one contestant eliminated from each team weekly until the finale . Auditions began on January 24 , 2015 and took place in five major American cities . Season 12 premiered on Monday , June 1 . Tap dancer Gaby Diaz was the winner of the season , becoming the first tap dancer to win So You Think You Can Dance . Animation dancer Jaja Vankova finished as the runner - up . Season 13 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation ( U.S. TV series ) The thirteenth season of the series premiered on May 30 , 2016 , titled So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . The season features young dancers between the ages of 8 and 13 ( at their date of application ) . After auditions , during Dance Academy episodes , 10 All - Stars eliminated competitors until each selected one contestant to mentor and partner with in performances during the live episodes . One or more finalists were eliminated each week beginning July 18 , 2016 . 13 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler observed the Academy episodes and joined the judging panel for the live shows ( also observing and commenting on rehearsals ) , together with continuing judges Abdul , Derulo and Lythgoe , the three of whom conducted the auditions . Leon `` Kida '' Burns won the top prize of $250,000 . J.T. Church was the runner - up . Season 14 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 14 ) On January 30 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourteenth season , which returned to its former contestant age range of 18 - 30 but keeps the All - Star partnerships . The season premiered on June 12 , 2017 . Contemporary dancer Lex Ishimoto was the winner of the season with contemporary dance Koine Iwasaki finishing as the runner - up and female winner , becoming the first Asian - Americans to take the top two positions of So You Think You Can Dance . Special shows ( edit ) On September 2 , 2009 , as prelude to season 6 , a special show aired featuring judge picks for the top 15 routines from the first five seasons . At the end of the show , show creator and judge Nigel Lythgoe presented his favorite performance , a contemporary piece choreographed by Tyce Diorio and performed by Melissa Sandvig and Ade Obayomi . In March 2014 , Chinese television station CCTV broadcast a promotional episode in which notable all - star dancers from the U.S. and Chinese versions of So You Think You Can Dance competed directly against one - another as teams . Titled Zhōngměi Wǔ Lín Guànjūn Duìkàngsài - Super Dancer Born Tonight , the show was shot in Las Vegas but never aired on U.S. television . Ratings ( edit ) So You Think You Can Dance premiered with over 10 million viewers in 2005 . For Season 1 , it was the No. 1 summer show on television . However , when NBC 's America 's Got Talent premiered in the summer of 2006 , it took the title of `` # 1 summer show '' and , over the following few years , broadened its lead . In summer 2009 , SYTYCD premiered strong with a 3.4 rating in its target demographic , although with the start of America 's Got Talent roughly a month later in the same timeslot , Dance fell to No. 4 on the ratings board . It continued to lose viewers throughout the summer of 2009 and ended up with an average of approximately 8 million viewers . Fox then moved SYTYCD to its fall 2009 schedule where its ratings continued to decline ; hitting an all - time series low of 4.6 million viewers for a `` special '' episode hosted by Nigel Lythgoe on September 2 , 2009 . The move to the fall was short - lived . After dropping to an average of 6 million viewers , Fox moved SYTYCD back to the summer in 2010 . With Mia Michaels replacing Mary Murphy and former contestants termed as `` All - Stars '' being used as partners , the ratings for Dance continued to slide to all - time series lows ; dropping to just 5.6 million viewers on July 15 , 2010 . For Season 7 , So You Think You Can Dance averaged just over 5 million viewers . After season 7 , Mia Michaels was replaced on the judge 's panel by returning personality Mary Murphy . The change appeared to have little effect on the ratings , and the show continued to average just over five million viewers per episode in 2011 's season 8 . Season 9 saw a slight uptick in ratings early on , with each of the season 's first five episodes garnering between six and seven million viewers , but the rise was short - lived and the show 's ratings hit a new low of 4.16 million viewers on August 29 , 2012 . Season 10 maintained similar numbers , averaging about 4 million viewers per episode in 2013 , with a 4.3 million viewership for the last episode of the season , an all - time series low for a finale . In April 2014 , Nigel Lythgoe appealed on Twitter to fans to share information about the show ahead of the 11th season 's May premiere in an attempt to augment the show 's ratings for the upcoming season and bolster its chances of renewal thereafter . The show was renewed for a 12th season , but ratings continued to decline , with an average of around 3.5 million viewers per show . FOX renewed the show for a 13th season , but with a drastically re-worked format focused on child dancers . Ratings declined further for the new version , with only five episodes breaking the 3 million viewer mark ; the finale saw a series low viewership of just 2.27 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` in general '' , Dance `` is more popular in cities , though it hits peak popularity in Utah '' . Influence and international franchise ( edit ) Dance competition had been a part of American television for decades before the premiere of So You Think You Can Dance , but usually in the form of all - around talent searches , ( such as Star Search , Soul Train , or Showtime at the Apollo ) . However , a season - long American Idol - like talent - search show with a sole focus on dance had never been broadcast on American network television . Producers and judges associated with the show have stated on numerous occasions , both within the context of the show and in interviews , that the series was meant to rejuvenate the visibility and appreciation of dance as an art form in the U.S. and to give exposure to struggling dancers . Series judge Mary Murphy says , for example , `` Of course you hope you can make a living at it , because you do n't want to give up on something that you do , but the honest truth is most dancers have to carry one or two jobs and dance as much as they can on the side -- it 's a very lucky dancer who gets a full scholarship . '' A number of dance - themed competition shows have been produced for American television since the premiere of So You Think You Can Dance , including America 's Best Dance Crew , Superstars of Dance , and Live to Dance . Since the premiere of the U.S. version in Summer 2005 , localized adaptations of So You Think You Can Dance have been produced for 37 other countries . In 2009 , Lythgoe came together with fellow SYTYCD judge Adam Shankman as well as Katie Holmes , Carrie Ann Inaba , and others in the dance entertainment industry , in an effort to launch The Dizzyfeet Foundation , with the aim of providing scholarships and training to young dancers of limited means . The foundation has been referenced sporadically on the show since . In 2010 , Lythgoe , with the assistance of other SYTYCD personalities and long - time healthy lifestyles proponent Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton , was successful in getting another of his dance - oriented concepts realized -- an official National Dance Day , held now annually on the last Saturday of July , to promote fitness through movement . This national dance day has been celebrated annually by the show since . Before the end of 2005 , the year the series first premiered , its format had already been licensed for the first of a number foreign adaptations . To date , the resulting So You Think You Can Dance franchise has produced 26 shows representing 37 different countries and comprising more than 80 individual seasons . These adaptations have aired in Armenia , Australia , Belgium , Canada , China , Denmark , Egypt , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Iraq , India , Israel , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Lithuania , Malaysia , Morocco , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Palestinian Territories , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , South Africa , Sudan , Sweden , Syria , Tunisia , Turkey , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom and Vietnam . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Emmy Awards ( edit ) ( hide ) Emmy Awards and nominations Year Result Category Recipient ( s ) / Choreographer ( s ) Style Music 2007 Won Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Pop - Jazz `` Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) '' -- Róisín Murphy Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Calling You '' -- Celine Dion 2008 Won Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Jazz Hummingbird and Flower / `` The Chairman 's Waltz '' from Memoirs of a Geisha Nominated Mandy Moore Jazz Table / `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- Eurythmics Nominated Shane Sparks Hip - hop Transformers / `` Fuego '' -- Pitbull Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) 2009 Won Outstanding Choreography Tyce Diorio Contemporary Adam and Eve / `` Silence '' from Unfaithful Nominated Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - hop `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis Nominated Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Mercy '' -- Duffy Nominated Dmitry Chaplin Argentine tango `` A Los Amigos '' from Forever Tango Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Won Outstanding Costumes For A Variety / Music Program Or A Special Soyon An Won Outstanding Choreography Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Koop Island Blues '' -- Koop feat Ane Brun Contemporary Addiction / `` Gravity '' -- Sara Bareilles Contemporary `` One '' from A Chorus Line Nominated Stacey Tookey Contemporary Fear / `` Two Steps Away '' -- Patti LaBelle Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Won Outstanding Costumes For A Variety / Music Program Or A Special Soyon An Graine O'Sullivan 2011 Won Outstanding Choreography Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - Hop `` Scars '' -- Basement Jaxx ft . Kelis , Meleka , and Chipmunk Lyrical Hip - Hop `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys Hip - Hop `` Outta Your Mind '' ( District 78 Mix ) -- Lil Jon and LMFAO Won Mia Michaels Contemporary Alice in Mia - Land / `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' -- Sting Contemporary `` When We Dance '' -- Sting Contemporary `` This Bitter Earth / On the Nature of Twilight '' -- Max Richter and Dinah Washington Nominated Mandy Moore Pop - Jazz `` Oh Yeah '' -- Yello Jazz `` Boogie Shoes '' -- KC & the Sunshine Band Contemporary `` I Surrender '' -- Celine Dion Nominated Stacey Tookey Contemporary `` Mad World '' ( Alternate Version ) -- Michael Andrews ft . Gary Jules Contemporary `` Sundrenched World '' ( Live Session ) -- Joshua Radin Contemporary `` Heaven is a Place on Earth '' -- Katie Thompson Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Collide '' ( Acoustic Version ) -- Howie Day Contemporary `` How It Ends '' -- DeVotchKa Contemporary `` Fix You '' -- Coldplay Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Won Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety , Music , or Comedy Series Robert Barnhart Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Matt Firestone Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2012 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Stacey Tookey Contemporary `` In This Shirt '' -- The Irrepressibles Contemporary `` Turning Tables '' -- Adele Contemporary `` Heart Asks Pleasure First '' -- Ahn Trio Nominated Christopher Scott Hip - hop `` Misty Blue '' -- Dorothy Moore Hip - hop / Contemporary `` Velocity '' -- Nathan Lanier Nominated Spencer Liff Broadway `` Whatever Lola Wants '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Broadway `` Please Mr. Jailer '' -- Rachel Sweet Broadway `` ( Where Do I Begin ) Love Story ( Away Team Remix ) '' -- Shirley Bassey Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Won Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2013 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Sonya Tayeh Contemporary `` Possibly Maybe '' -- Björk Contemporary `` Turning Page '' -- Sleeping At Last Jazz `` Sail '' -- Awolnation Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` The Power of Love '' -- Celine Dion Contemporary `` Wild Horses '' -- Charlotte Martin Nominated Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Jazz / Hip - hop `` The Circle of Life / Nants Ingonyama ( District 78 Remix ) from The Lion King '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Jazz `` The Lovecats '' -- The Cure Jazz The Beautiful People ( District 78 remix ) `` -- Marilyn Manson Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Where the Light Gets In '' -- Sennen Contemporary `` Without You '' -- Harry Nilsson Contemporary `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2014 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Christopher Scott Hip - hop `` Trigger ( Original Mix ) '' -- Kezwik ft . Mel Presson Jazz `` Sand '' -- Nathan Lanier ft . Karen Whipple Contemporary `` The Gravel Road '' from The Village ( Score from the Motion Picture ) Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' -- Mark Masri Jazz `` Feeling Good '' -- Jennifer Hudson Contemporary `` Edge of Glory ( Live from a Very Gaga Thanksgiving ) '' -- Lady Gaga Won Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - hop `` Gold Rush '' -- Clinton Sparks ft. 2 Chainz , Macklemore , & D.A. Hip - Hop `` Run the World ( Girls ) ( Nappytabs Remix ) '' -- Beyoncé Hip - Hop `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' -- Herb Alpert ft . Lani Hall Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Hangin ' By a Thread '' -- Jann Arden Contemporary `` Medicine '' -- Daughter Contemporary `` Wicked Game ( Live at Kilkenny Arts Festival , Ireland 2011 ) '' -- James Vincent McMorrow Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers Six former contestants have been nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography . Five have been nominated for their work on Dancing with the Stars : Chelsie Hightower in 2010 , Travis Wall and Nick Lazzarini in 2012 ( with Teddy Forance ) , Alison Holker in 2013 ( with Derek Hough ) , and Witney Carson in 2015 . Two have been nominated for their work on So You Think You Can Dance : Dmitry Chaplin in 2009 and Travis Wall in 2011 , 2013 , and 2014 , before winning in 2015 . ^ a : Wade Robson and Mia Michaels were joint - winners along with Rob Marshall and John Deluca from Tony Bennett : An American Classic . Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Year Result Category 2006 Won Choice TV : Breakout Show Choice Summer Series 2007 Nominated Choice Summer TV Show 2008 Nominated Choice Summer TV Show Choice TV : Reality Dance Nominated Choice Personality : Cat Deeley Choice Summer TV Show See also ( edit ) Dance portal So You Think You Can Dance franchise index and overview List of So You Think You Can Dance Finalists Dance on television Similar shows : The Ultimate Dance Battle Live to Dance / Got to Dance America 's Best Dance Crew Superstars of Dance Dance India Dance Se Ela Dança , Eu Danço References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' stays alive with Season 14 pickup from FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` So You Think You Can Dance Replacing Mary Murphy with Paula Abdul , Jason Derulo '' . TV Guide . United States : tvguide.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Caitlin . `` Maddie Finally Judges So You Think You Can Dance & Offers Relatable Feedback to ' The Next Generation ' '' , Bustle.com , July 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` FOX Announces Summer Schedule , ' SYTYCD ' to Premiere in May '' . Buddytv.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Fox Moves Up Two Fall Premieres ; Plus a Glee Video Preview '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions : Get a 2nd Chance as Dance Doubles Down with Summer & Fall Shows ! Details Here . '' . FOX.com . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( 2012 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Lythgoe : Fox axes ' So You Think You Can Dance ' results show '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` FOX Announces Finale Dates for ' Bones ' , ' The Following ' , ' New Girl ' & More + Summer Premiere Dates Including ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' & ' Toxic Office : Does Someone Have to Go ? ' Get Summer Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' FOX Announces Additional 2014 Spring and Summer Premiere Dates ' '' . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance Renewed for Season 12 -- With a Twist ! '' . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 12 Hits the Road ! '' . Jump up ^ `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Kids Edition Confirmed '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : Which Two Dancers are Eliminated ? '' , BuddyTV.com , August 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation : Get your exclusive look at the first promo '' , Entertainment Weekly , April 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 13 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is ... '' , BuddyTV.com , September 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' stays alive with Season 14 pickup from FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yeo , Debra ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nigel Lythgoe asks Twitter followers to save So You Think You Can Dance '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laurel ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Is ' So You Think You Can Dance ' in trouble ? Nigel Lythgoe tweets for support '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Music Examiner - ' ' Catching Up With Mary Murphy at the So You Think You Can Dance L.A. Auditions '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Holmes , Lythgoe team for Dizzy Feet '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Norton Introduces Resolution to Launch Annual National Dance Day ( 7 / 13 / 2010 ) '' . Norton.house.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived June 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Camus , Renee ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Choreographing Couple Tabitha and Napoleon Dumo : Not Just Hip - Hop Anymore '' . Los Angeles Magazine . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . ' That first piece we did was not hip - hop at all , ' Napoleon says about Love Cats . ' Cat ( Deeley , the host ) introduced it as hip - hop . During dress rehearsal , we made it very clear that it 's jazz - fusion . ' Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com ; https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/arts/television/2013-emmy-award-nominees.html External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Official website So You Think You Can Dance episode list at TVGuide.com So You Think You Can Dance on IMDb So You Think You Can Dance at TV.com So You Think You Can Dance Arabia Armenia Australia Benelux Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Greece India Israel Lithuania Malaysia New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Scandinavia South Africa Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Seasons 1 ( 2005 ) 2 ( 2006 ) 3 ( 2007 ) 4 ( 2008 ) 5 ( summer 2009 ) 6 ( fall 2009 ) 7 ( 2010 ) 8 ( 2011 ) 9 ( 2012 ) 10 ( 2013 ) 11 ( 2014 ) 12 ( 2015 ) 13 ( The Next Generation ) ( 2016 ) 14 ( 2017 ) Winners Nick Lazzarini Benji Schwimmer Sabra Johnson Joshua Allen Jeanine Mason Russell Ferguson Lauren Froderman Melanie Moore Eliana Girard & Chehon Wespi - Tschopp Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall & Amy Yakima Ricky Ubeda Gaby Diaz Leon `` Kida '' Burns Lex Ishimoto Other finalists Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Resident ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming The Amazing Race ( 2011 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2012 ) Shark Tank ( 2013 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( 2014 ) The Chair ( 2015 ) Making a Murderer ( 2016 ) Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series Popular ( 2000 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) The O.C. ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 ) Jonas ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) The Voice ( 2011 ) The X Factor ( 2012 ) The Fosters ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) Shadowhunters ( 2016 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=803221202 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series English - language television programs Television series by Dick Clark Productions So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Lietuvių 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 06 : 13 . 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8743206384059879192	One Day at a Time	One Day at a Time - wikipedia One Day at a Time Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see One Day at a Time ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One Day at a Time Genre Sitcom Created by Whitney Blake Allan Manings Developed by Norman Lear Directed by Norman Campbell Herbert Kenwith Sandy Kenyon Howard Morris Noam Pitlik Alan Rafkin Don Richardson Tony Singletary Starring Bonnie Franklin Mackenzie Phillips Richard Masur Valerie Bertinelli Pat Harrington Mary Louise Wilson Michael Lembeck Ron Rifkin Glenn Scarpelli Shelley Fabares Nanette Fabray Howard Hesseman Theme music composer Jeff Barry Nancy Barry Opening theme `` This is It '' performed by Polly Cutter Ending theme `` This is It '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jeff Barry Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 209 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dick Bensfield Jack Elinson Perry Grant Mort Lachman Norman Lear Alan Rafkin Producer ( s ) Dick Bensfield Patricia Fass Palmer Perry Grant Katherine Green Allan Manings Bud Wiser Camera setup Multi-camera setup , videotape Running time 24 minutes Production company ( s ) T.A.T. Communications Company ( 1975 -- 82 ) Embassy Television ( 1982 -- 84 ) Distributor T.A.T. Communications Co. ( 1980 -- 82 ) Embassy Telecommunications ( 1982 -- 86 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 88 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 95 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1995 - 2002 , present ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 - present ) Release Original network CBS Audio format Monaural Original release December 16 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 16 ) -- May 28 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 28 ) One Day at a Time is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from December 16 , 1975 , until May 28 , 1984 . It starred Bonnie Franklin as a divorced mother raising two teenage daughters , played by Mackenzie Phillips and Valerie Bertinelli , in Indianapolis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Production 3.1 Theme song and opening credits 3.2 Casting 3.2. 1 Main cast 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Syndication 7 Cast reunions 8 DVD release 9 Remake 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) The series was created by Whitney Blake and Allan Manings , a husband - and - wife writing duo who were both actors in the 1950s and 1960s . The series was based on Whitney Blake 's own life as a single mother , raising her three children ( Including future actress Meredith Baxter ) after her divorce from her first husband . Plot ( edit ) Ann Romano , a divorced mother , moves from their home in Logansport , Indiana to Indianapolis with her daughters , the rebellious Julie and the wisecracking Barbara . Ann frequently struggles with maintaining her role as mother while affording her daughters the freedom she never had as a young woman . David Kane , Ann 's divorce lawyer and neighbor , takes a romantic interest in her , but she is n't ready to remarry . Dwayne Schneider , the building 's quirky superintendent ( most often referred to only by his last name ) , provides usually unwanted advice to the tenants . After David takes a job in Los Angeles , the focus squarely rests on Ann 's dilemmas as a single mother and career woman as well as the girls ' growing pains , with Schneider becoming a more welcomed part of the family . Ann 's strained relationship with her ex-husband Ed slowly mends , as does the girls ' relationship with his new wife , Vickie . Julie and Barbara advance through high school and into the working world , and Julie eventually marries flight attendant Max Horvath . Alex , the orphaned son of Ann 's deceased boyfriend , moves in , changing the dynamics in the female - dominated apartment . Later in the series run , Julie gives birth to a daughter , `` Little Annie '' Horvath , Barbara marries dental student Mark Royer , and Ann 's mother Katherine moves nearby . In the penultimate episode , Ann decides to take a job in London , leaving her daughters in Indianapolis to raise families of their own . In the series finale , Schneider also leaves town , moving to Florida to take care of his niece and nephew . Production ( edit ) For its entire run , the series was taped in Hollywood before a studio audience . Originally , it was taped at CBS Television City . Shortly after its premiere , the series began taping at Metromedia Square , where it remained until 1982 . From 1982 to 1984 , the series was taped at Universal Studios Hollywood . Like many sitcoms developed by Norman Lear , One Day at a Time often tackled serious issues in life and relationships , particularly those related to second wave feminism . Stories depicting such events as weddings , births , and other important milestones frequently stretched over two - , three - , and four - part episodes . Theme song and opening credits ( edit ) The theme song for One Day at a Time , `` This is It '' , was composed by Brill Building songwriter Jeff Barry and his wife Nancy Barry , and performed by recording artist Polly Cutter . The opening credits were originally seen over a filmed sequence showing Ann , Julie , and Barbara excitedly moving into their new home . Later , the opening credits sequence mostly consisted of clips of each cast member taken from previous episodes . Casting ( edit ) Actors Bonnie Franklin , Pat Harrington , Jr. , and Valerie Bertinelli were the only cast members to remain with the series throughout its entire run . Lead actress Mackenzie Phillips was fired after the fifth season due to growing problems with substance abuse . She later returned in a frequent recurring role . Original cast member Richard Masur was written out early in the second season but returned as a guest star in the sixth - season finale . After Masur 's departure , the producers tried going in a different direction . Instead of Ann Romano being romantically involved with a man , it was decided to give Ann a comedic foil . For that role , producer Norman Lear chose actress and comedienne Mary Louise Wilson , who had just completed a successful run on Broadway as `` Tessie Tura '' in a revival of Gypsy starring Angela Lansbury . Wilson was signed to play Ginny Wroblicki , a cocktail waitress who moves into Schneider 's apartment building , and immediately becomes Ann 's best friend and confidante . According to her memoir , My First Hundred Years in Show Business , prior to being cast as Ginny , Wilson had never seen One Day at a Time and immediately sat down and watched an episode one night in her apartment . She did not find the sitcom funny at all and was not given a script until the first read - through of her first episode . Wilson also did not take to Franklin `` who took her role as arbiter over moral issues very seriously '' and who considered herself `` our foremost authority on Broadway '' . She also thought that Harrington 's character of Schneider was not funny at all , although she admitted Harrington , himself , was hilarious offscreen . Wilson wrote that `` aside from Lear , nobody thought I was funny ... To make matters worse each character , according to the show 's formula , had to have a ' serious ' moral dilemma at some point , and I was given some problem about an illegitimate child to work out in these increasingly sentimental scenes that made my bowels shrink . '' At the end of the second season of One Day at a Time , Wilson begged her agent to ask Lear to release her from her contract . Wilson later admitted , `` I felt terribly wrong to be so miserable . I knew this was the kind of break actors longed for . '' Wilson was also unaccustomed to working on a sitcom with four cameras in front of a live audience where `` you said your line when the red light on the camera went on ... and there follows a pause longer than the river Styx before the light on camera four goes on '' at which the character you 're speaking to says the next line . After the meeting with her agent , Wilson impulsively changed her mind and agreed to stay with the series but it was too late . Her agent had already informed Norman Lear of Wilson 's unhappiness . As a result , Lear released Wilson from the show after she had completed 14 episodes , and Ginny Wroblicki was never seen , referred to , or heard from again except in a fifth - season episode ( `` Retrospective '' ) made up mainly of clips from earlier in the series ... For the next two seasons , the central cast of Ann , Julie , Barbara , and Schneider was supplemented by recurring characters , including William Kirby Cullen as Julie 's boyfriend Chuck Butterfield ; Howard Morton and K Callan as Chuck 's parents ; John Putch as Barbara 's awkward friend Bob Morton ; Scott Colomby as Barbara 's boyfriend Cliff Randall ; and John Hillerman and Charles Siebert as Ann 's bosses , Mr. Connors and Mr. Davenport , respectively . Dick O'Neill and Nedra Volz made three appearances together as Orville and Emily , residents of the retirement home where the main characters put on a semi-regular variety show . Joseph Campanella also made several appearances as Ann 's ex-husband and the girls ' father , Ed Cooper . Michael Lembeck joined the series as Julie 's husband , Max , in the fifth season , but he was written out as a consequence of Phillips ' firing . ( But later returned in Season 7 along with Philips ) A steady stream of regulars was added in the ensuing seasons , including Ron Rifkin as Ann 's boyfriend , Nick ; Glenn Scarpelli as Nick 's son , Alex ; and Boyd Gaines as Barbara 's boyfriend , later husband , Mark . Shelley Fabares , who 'd previously guest starred as Ann 's rival co-worker Francine Webster , appeared more frequently , eventually becoming a regular . Nanette Fabray , who played Ann 's mother , also made more frequent appearances before becoming a regular cast member in the final season . Howard Hesseman joined the series for a short time as Mark 's father , Sam , who would become Ann 's second husband . Notable guest stars throughout the series run include Norman Alden , Robby Benson , Carla Borelli , Charlie Brill , Dennis Burkley , Jack Dodson , Elinor Donahue , David Dukes , Greg Evigan , Conchata Ferrell , Corey Feldman , Alice Ghostley , Lee Grant , Mark Hamill , Terry Kiser , Richard Kline , Christopher Knight , Jay Leno , Robert Mandan , Robert Morse , Denise Nicholas , J. Pat O'Malley , Jo Ann Pflug , Eve Plumb , Susan Richardson , William Schallert , Suzanne Somers , Ellen Travolta , Dick Van Patten , and Keenan Wynn . Main cast ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Bonnie Franklin Ann Romano Main Mackenzie Phillips Julie Cooper Horvath Main Recurring Richard Masur David Kane Main Guest Valerie Bertinelli Barbara Cooper Royer Main Pat Harrington , Jr . Dwayne Schneider Main Mary Louise Wilson Ginny Wroblicki Main Michael Lembeck Max Horvath Main Recurring Main Ron Rifkin Nick Handris Main Glenn Scarpelli Alex Handris Main Boyd Gaines Mark Royer Recurring Main Shelley Fabares Francine Webster Guest Guest Recurring Main Recurring Nanette Fabray Katherine Romano Guest Recurring Main Howard Hesseman Sam Royer Recurring Main Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of One Day at a Time episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 15 December 16 , 1975 March 30 , 1976 24 September 28 , 1976 March 22 , 1977 24 September 27 , 1977 April 3 , 1978 26 September 18 , 1978 April 14 , 1979 5 26 September 30 , 1979 April 13 , 1980 6 21 November 9 , 1980 May 10 , 1981 7 25 October 11 , 1981 May 16 , 1982 8 26 September 26 , 1982 May 23 , 1983 9 22 October 2 , 1983 May 28 , 1984 Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) One Day at a Time was best known in the 1980s as a staple of the CBS Sunday - night lineup , one of the most successful in TV history , along with Archie Bunker 's Place , Alice , and The Jeffersons . The series consistently ranked among the top twenty ( if not the top ten ) programs in the ratings . However , the network moved the show around on the prime time schedule eleven times . By the end of the 1982 -- 83 season , viewership was beginning to slip and the series ended season eight ranking at No. 16 . At this time , Bonnie Franklin and Valerie Bertinelli were anxious to move on , but agreed to do a ninth ( and final ) season . ( Although both were offered contracts for two seasons : a Ninth and a Tenth according to Bertinelli in her autobiography , `` Losing It : And Gaining My Life Back One Pound at a Time '' . ) TV Season Time slot ( ET ) Nielsen ratings Rank Rating 1975 -- 76 Tuesday at 9 : 30 pm 12 23.1 1976 -- 77 8 23.4 ( Tied with The ABC Sunday Night Movie and Baretta ) 1977 -- 78 Tuesday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episodes 1 - 15 ) Monday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episodes 16 - 24 ) 10 23.0 1978 -- 79 Monday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episodes 1 - 13 ) Wednesday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 14 , 16 - 23 ) Wednesday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episode 15 ) Sunday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 24 - 26 ) 18 21.6 1979 -- 80 Sunday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 1 - 17 , 19 - 26 ) Sunday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episode 18 ) 10 23.0 1980 -- 81 Sunday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 1 - 9 , 11 - 16 , 19 - 21 ) Sunday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episode 10 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episode 17 ) Sunday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episode 18 ) 11 22.0 1981 -- 82 Sunday at 8 : 30 pm 10 22.0 1982 -- 83 Sunday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episodes 1 - 18 ) Monday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episodes 19 - 26 ) 16 19.1 1983 -- 84 Sunday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 1 - 6 , 8 - 13 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episode 7 ) Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 14 - 19 ) Monday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 20 - 22 ) N / A N / A Awards and honors ( edit ) 1981 , 1982 : Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film to Valerie Bertinelli 1982 : Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series to Alan Rafkin 1984 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor -- Comedy Series to Pat Harrington Syndication ( edit ) CBS aired daytime reruns of the show for three years . From September 17 , 1979 , to February 1 , 1980 , it aired on the daytime schedule at 3 : 30 pm Eastern time ; with the cancellation of Love of Life to accommodate the expansion of The Young and the Restless to one hour , it was moved on February 4 , 1980 , to 4 pm Eastern due to Guiding Light moving to 3 pm . On September 28 , 1981 , it moved to 10 am Eastern time , and on September 20 , 1982 , it was replaced by The $25,000 Pyramid . Soon after , the show entered off - network syndication , airing on local stations around the country , and nationally on WGN , TBS , and the E ! Network . As of July 23 , 2017 , the series airs Sunday nights on the digital broadcast network Antenna TV . It also can be seen on Logo TV , as well as the satellite service FeTV . Cast reunions ( edit ) The One Day at a Time Reunion was a 60 - minute CBS retrospective special which aired on Tuesday February 22 , 2005 , at 9 : 00 pm ET , reuniting Bonnie Franklin , Mackenzie Phillips , Valerie Bertinelli , and Pat Harrington to reminisce about the series and their characters . Regular cast members Richard Masur , Shelley Fabares , Nanette Fabray , Michael Lembeck , and Glenn Scarpelli shared their feelings about their time on the show in separate interviews . The special was included as a bonus on One Day at a Time : The Complete First Season DVD set . On February 26 , 2008 , Franklin , Phillips , Bertinelli , and Harrington reunited once again to talk about life on the set , Phillips ' drug problems , and the show 's theme song on NBC 's Today Show as part of a week - long segment titled `` Together Again : TV 's Greatest Casts Reunited '' . Bertinelli , Harrington , and ( on tape ) Franklin appeared on the September 10 , 2008 , episode of Rachael Ray to celebrate Ray 's 40th birthday . In 2011 , Franklin reunited again with Bertinelli on an episode of Hot in Cleveland which marked one of Franklin 's last acting roles before her death in 2013 . Mackenzie Phillips and Pat Harrington Jr. also made individual cameos on the series . One Day at a Time was awarded the Innovation Award on the 2012 TV Land Award show on April 29 . Accepting the award were Valerie Bertinelli , Bonnie Franklin , Pat Harrington Jr. , Richard Masur , Mackenzie Phillips , and Glenn Scarpelli . DVD release ( edit ) On April 24 , 2007 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of One Day at a Time on DVD in Region 1 . On September 7 , 2017 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series and will release One Day at a Time - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on December 5 , 2017 . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 15 April 24 , 2007 The Complete Series 209 December 5 , 2017 Remake ( edit ) Main article : One Day at a Time ( 2017 TV series ) Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce developed a new version of the series , with a Latino cast , for Netflix , beginning in 2017 . The ensemble is led by Justina Machado , with Rita Moreno , Stephen Tobolowsky , Isabella Gomez , Marcel Ruiz , and Todd Grinnell in supporting roles . Pam Fryman directed the pilot episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mike Celizic ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Cast of ' One Day at a Time ' reunites on TODAY '' . msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Mary Louise . My First Hundred Years , pp. 133 - 139 . Overlook Press . c. 2015 , 2016 Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1687 -- 1690 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara 's Crisis '' . TV.com . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for `` One Day at a Time '' `` . IMDb . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Schedule - Antenna TV Jump up ^ One Day at a Time - CONFIRMED ! ' The Complete Series ' DVDs in 2017 from Shout ! 27 - disc package with all nine seasons will be at stores in early December Jump up ^ `` Netflix Orders ' One Day At A Time ' Latino Remake Series Co-Starring Rita Moreno '' . Deadline . January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' : Justina Machado To Play The Lead In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Stephen Tobolowsky Cast In Netflix Latino Family Remake '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Todd Grinnell Cast As Schneider In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Pam Fryman Sets 3 Pilot Directing Gigs '' . Deadline . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Day at a Time . One Day at a Time on IMDb One Day at a Time at TV.com One Day at a Time at epguides.com Museum of Broadcast Communications page on One Day at a Time ( hide ) Shows produced or created by Norman Lear The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) Hot l Baltimore ( 1975 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) A Year at the Top ( 1977 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) E / R ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) The Powers That Be ( 1992 -- 93 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Channel Umptee - 3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) One Day at a Time ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Day_at_a_Time&oldid=800192353 '' Categories : 1975 American television series debuts 1984 American television series endings 1970s American comedy television series 1980s American comedy television series 1970s American television series 1980s American television series American television sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Indiana Television shows set in Indianapolis Television series about families Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 00 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote one day at a time theme song	[ "The theme song for One Day at a Time, \"This is It\", was composed by Brill Building songwriter Jeff Barry and his wife Nancy Barry, and performed by recording artist Polly Cutter. The opening credits were originally seen over a filmed sequence showing Ann, Julie, and Barbara excitedly moving into their new home. Later, the opening credits sequence mostly consisted of clips of each cast member taken from previous episodes.", "The theme song for One Day at a Time, \"This is It\", was composed by Brill Building songwriter Jeff Barry and his wife Nancy Barry, and performed by recording artist Polly Cutter. The opening credits were originally seen over a filmed sequence showing Ann, Julie, and Barbara excitedly moving into their new home. Later, the opening credits sequence mostly consisted of clips of each cast member taken from previous episodes." ]	[ "Brill Building songwriter Jeff Barry", "his wife Nancy Barry" ]
702793831011806798	Box (theatre)	Box ( theatre ) - Wikipedia Box ( theatre ) For the Renoir painting ' The Theater Box ' , see La Loge . An 1856 interior view of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow , showing the imperial box In theater , a box ( also known as loge ) is a small , separated seating area in the auditorium for a limited number of people . Boxes are typically placed immediately to the front , side and above the level of the stage . They are often separate rooms with an open viewing area which typically seat five people or fewer . Usually all the seats in a box are taken by members of a single group of people . A state box or royal box is sometimes provided for dignitaries . In theaters without box seating the loge can refer to a separate section at the front of the balcony . Sports venues such as stadiums and racetracks also have royal boxes or enclosures , for example at the All England Club and Ascot Racecourse , where access is limited to royal families or other distinguished personalities . In other countries , sports venues have luxury boxes , where access is open to anyone who can afford tickets . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boxes in theater . Jump up ^ `` Loge '' . Merriam - Webster . Merriam - Webster . 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . See also ( edit ) Balcony Loggia Luxury box This theatre - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Box_(theatre)&oldid=850636021 '' Categories : Parts of a theatre Theatre stubs Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands Português Русский Українська 粵語 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a box seat at a concert	[]	[]
1626486620541680393	String instrument	String instrument - wikipedia String instrument This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Numerous stringed instruments of Chinese make on display in a shop . Part of a series on Musical instruments Woodwinds ( show ) Piccolo Flute Oboe Cor anglais Clarinet Saxophone Bassoon Contrabassoon Bagpipes Recorder Garklein in C ( c ′′′ ) Sopranino in F ( f '' ) Soprano in C ( c '' ) Alto in F ( f ′ ) Voice flute in D ( d ′ ) Tenor in C ( c ′ ) Bass in F ( f ) Great bass in C ( c ) Contrabass in F ( F ) Sub-great bass in C ( C ) Sub-contrabass in F ( FF ) Brass instruments ( show ) Trumpet Trombone Cornet Alto horn Baritone horn Flugelhorn Mellophone Euphonium Helicon Tuba French horn String instruments ( show ) Bowed Banhu ( China ) Baryton Bowed psaltery Cello Electric cello Cizhonghu ( China ) Crwth Dahu ( China ) Đàn gáo ( Vietnam ) Diyingehu ( China ) Double bass Erhu ( China ) Erxian ( China ) Esraj ( India ) Fiddle ( colloquial term for violin ) Gadulka ( Bulgaria ) Gaohu ( China ) Gehu ( China ) Ghaychak ( Iran ) Goje ( Ghana ) Gudok ( Russia ) Gusle Haegeum ( Korea ) Hardanger fiddle ( Norway ) Huluhu ( China ) Huqin ( China ) Hurdy - gurdy Jinghu ( China ) Kemenche ( Turkey ) Kokyū ( Japan ) Laruan ( China ) Leiqin ( China ) Lirone Long - string instrument Maguhu ( China ) Morin khuur ( Mongolia ) Nyckelharpa ( Sweden ) Octobass Psalmodikon Rebec Sarangi ( India ) Sarinda ( India ) Saw sam sai ( Thailand ) Sihu ( China ) Tro ( Cambodia ) Trumpet marine , or tromba marina Vielle Viol ( viola da gamba ) Violone Viola Viola d'amore Viola pomposa Violin Electric violin Kit violin ( dancing master violin ) Stroh violin Violin octet instruments Vertical viola Violotta Yehu ( China ) Zhonghu ( China ) Zhuihu ( China ) Plucked Appalachian dulcimer ( United States ) Autoharp Baglama , or Saz ( Turkey ) Bajo sexto ( Mexico ) Balalaika ( Russia ) Bandura ( Ukraine ) Bandurria Banjo ( American ) Barbat Begena ( Ethiopia ) Bordonua Bouzouki ( Greece ) Bugarija ( Croatia ) Cavaquinho ( Portugal and Brazil ) Çeng ( Turkey ) Charango ( South America ) Chitarrone Cittern Cuatro Cümbüş ( Turkey ) Đàn bầu ( Vietnam ) Đàn nguyệt ( Vietnam ) Đàn tranh ( Vietnam ) Đàn tỳ bà ( Vietnam ) Daruan ( China ) Diddley bow ( United States ) Dombra ( East Europe and Middle Asia ) Domra ( Russia ) Doshpuluur ( Tuva ) Dramyin Dutar Duxianqin ( China ) Electric bass Gayageum ( Korea ) Guitar Bass guitar Acoustic bass guitar Cigar box guitar Electric guitar Harp guitar Dobro ( a.k.a. resonator guitar ) Guitarrón ( Mexico ) Gusli ( Russia ) Guqin ( China ) Guzheng ( China ) Harp Electric harp Irish bouzouki Kacapi Kankles ( Lithuania ) Kantele ( Finland ) Kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Kobza ( Ukraine ) Kokles ( Latvia ) Komungo ( Korea ) Konghou ( China ) Kontigi ( Nigeria ) Kora ( West Africa ) Koto ( Japan ) Krar ( Ethiopia ) Laud Laouto Liuqin ( China ) Lute ( Europe ) Archlute Theorbo Lyre Mandolin Mandobass Mandocello Mandola Mandolin - banjo Mohan veena ( Hawaii / India ) Monochord Musical bow Nyatiti ( Kenya ) Oud ( Middle East , Greece ) Pandura Pipa ( China ) Portuguese guitar Psaltery Qanún / kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Qinqin ( China ) Requinto Rote Rubab Sanxian ( China ) Sarod ( India ) Saung ( Burma ) Shamisen ( Japan ) Sitar ( India ) Surbahar ( India ) Sursingar ( India ) Tambura ( India ) Tamburitza ( Pannonian plain ) Tanbur Tar ( lute ) Tea chest bass Tiple Torban Tres ( Cuba ) Ukulele ( Hawaii ) Valiha ( Madagascar ) Veena ( India ) Vihuela ( Spain ) Ellen Fullman 's and Paul Panhuysen 's string installations Yazh ( India ) Yueqin ( China ) Zhongruan ( China ) Zhu ( China ) Zither Percussion Keyboards Viol , fidel and rebec ( from left to right ) on display at Amakusa Korejiyokan in Amakusa , Kumamoto , Japan String instruments , stringed instruments , or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner . Musicians play some string instruments by plucking the strings with their fingers or a plectrum -- and others by hitting the strings with a light wooden hammer or by rubbing the strings with a bow . In some keyboard instruments , such as the harpsichord , the musician presses a key that plucks the string . With bowed instruments , the player rubs the strings with a horsehair bow , causing them to vibrate . With a hurdy - gurdy , the musician operates a mechanical wheel that rubs the strings . Bowed instruments include the string section instruments of the Classical music orchestra ( violin , viola , cello and double bass ) and a number of other instruments ( e.g. , viols and gambas used in early music from the Baroque music era and fiddles used in many types of folk music ) . All of the bowed string instruments can also be plucked with the fingers , a technique called `` pizzicato '' . A wide variety of techniques are used to sound notes on the electric guitar , including plucking with the fingernails or a plectrum , strumming and even `` tapping '' on the fingerboard and using feedback from a loud , distorted guitar amplifier to produce a sustained sound . Some types of string instrument are mainly plucked , such as the harp and the electric bass . In the Hornbostel - Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification , used in organology , string instruments are called chordophones . Other examples include the sitar , rebab , banjo , mandolin , ukulele , and bouzouki . In most string instruments , the vibrations are transmitted to the body of the instrument , which often incorporates some sort of hollow or enclosed area . The body of the instrument also vibrates , along with the air inside it . The vibration of the body of the instrument and the enclosed hollow or chamber make the vibration of the string more audible to the performer and audience . The body of most string instruments is hollow . Some , however -- such as electric guitar and other instruments that rely on electronic amplification -- may have a solid wood body . Contents 1 History 1.1 Earliest string instruments 1.2 Lutes 1.3 Renaissance to modern 2 Types of instruments 2.1 Construction 2.2 Playing techniques 2.2. 1 Plucking 2.2. 2 Bowing 2.2. 3 Striking 2.2. 4 Other methods 3 Changing the pitch of a vibrating string 3.1 Length 3.2 Tension 3.3 Linear density 4 String length or scale length 5 Contact points along the string 6 Production of multiple notes 7 Sympathetic strings 8 Sound production 8.1 Acoustic instruments 8.2 Electronic amplification 9 Symphonic strings 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Bow Harp or Harp Lute , West Africa Musical bows have survived in some parts of Africa . Earliest string instruments ( edit ) Dating to around c. 13,000 BC , a cave painting in the Trois Frères cave in France depicts what some believe is a musical bow , a hunting bow used as a single - stringed musical instrument . From the musical bow , families of stringed instruments developed ; since each string played a single note , adding strings added new notes , creating bow harps , harps and lyres . In turn , this led to being able to play dyads and chords . Another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a bridge used to lift the strings off the stick - neck , creating the lute . This picture of musical bow to harp bow is theory and has been contested . In 1965 Franz Jahnel wrote his criticism stating that the early ancestors of plucked instruments are not currently known . He felt that the harp bow was a long cry from the sophistication of the 4th - century BC civilization that took the primitive technology and created `` technically and artistically well made harps , lyres , citharas and lutes . '' Archaeological digs have identified some of the earliest stringed instruments in Ancient Mesopotamian sites , like the lyres of Ur , which include artifacts over three thousand years old . The development of lyre instruments required the technology to create a tuning mechanism to tighten and loosen the string tension . Lyres with wooden bodies , and strings used for plucking or playing with a bow represent key instruments that point towards later harps and violin - type instruments ; moreover , Indian instruments from 500 BC have been discovered with anything from 7 to 21 strings . Lutes ( edit ) Hellenistic banquet scene from the 1st century AD , Hadda , Gandhara . Lute player far right . Spanish stele of a boy with a pandura . Musicologists have put forth examples of that 4th - century BC technology , looking at engraved images that have survived . The earliest image showing a lute - like instrument came from Mesopotamia prior to 3000 BC . A cylinder seal from c. 3100 BC or earlier ( now in the possession of the British Museum ) shows what is thought to be a woman playing a stick lute . From the surviving images , theororists have categorized the Mesopotamian lutes , showing that they developed into a long variety and a short . The line of long lutes may have developed into the tamburs and pandura . The line of short lutes was further developed to the east of Mesopotamia , in Bactria , Gandhara , and Northwest India , and shown in sculpture from the 2nd century BC through the 4th or 5th centuries AD . During the medieval era , instrument development varied from country to country . Middle Eastern rebecs represented breakthroughs in terms of shape and strings , with a half a pear shape using three strings . Early versions of the violin and fiddle , by comparison , emerged in Europe through instruments such as the gittern , a four stringed precursor to the guitar , and basic lutes . These instruments typically used catgut ( animal intestine ) and other materials , including silk , for their strings . Renaissance to modern ( edit ) String instrument design refined during the Renaissance and into the Baroque period ( 1600 -- 1750 ) of musical history . Violins and guitars became more consistent in design , and were roughly similar to what we use in the 2000s and into the present day . The violins of the Renaissance featured intricate woodwork and stringing , while more elaborate bass instruments such as the bandora were produced alongside quill - plucked citterns , and Spanish body guitars . In the 19th century , string instruments were made more widely available through mass production , with wood string instruments a key part of orchestras -- cellos , violas , and upright basses , for example , were now standard instruments for chamber and smaller orchestras . At the same time , the 19th century guitar became more typically associated with six string models , rather than traditional five string versions . Major changes to string instruments in the 20th century primarily involved innovations in electronic instrument amplification and electronic music -- electric violins were available by the 1920s , and were an important part of emerging jazz music trends in the United States . The acoustic guitar was widely used in blues and jazz , but as an acoustic instrument , it was not loud enough to be a solo instrument , so these genres mostly used it as an accompaniment rhythm section instrument . In big bands of the 1920s , the acoustic guitar played backing chords , but it was not loud enough to play solos like the saxophone and trumpet . The development of guitar amplifiers , which contained a power amplifier and a loudspeaker in a wooden cabinet , let jazz guitarists play solos and be heard over a big band . The development of the electric guitar provided guitarists with an instrument that was built to connect to guitar amplifiers . Electric guitars have magnetic pickups , volume control knobs and an output jack . In the 1960s , larger , more powerful guitar amplifiers were developed , called `` stacks '' . These powerful amplifiers enabled guitarists to perform in rock bands that played in large venues such as stadiums and outdoor music festivals ( e.g. , Woodstock Music Festival ) . Along with the development of guitar amplifiers , a large range of electronic effects units , many in small stompbox pedals were introduced in the 1960s and 1970s , such as fuzz pedals , flangers and phaser enabling performers to create unique new sounds during the psychedelic rock era . Breakthroughs in electric guitar and basses technologies and playing styles enabled major breakthroughs in pop and rock music in the 1960s and 1970s . The distinctive sound of the amplified electric guitar was the centerpiece of new genres of music such as blues rock and jazz - rock fusion . The sonic power of the loudly amplified , highly distorted electric guitar was to key element of the early heavy metal music , with the distorted guitar being used in lead guitar roles , and with power chords as a rhythm guitar . The ongoing use of electronic amplification and effects units in string instruments , ranging from traditional instruments like the violin to the new electric guitar , added variety to contemporary classical music performances , and enabled experimentation in the dynamic and timbre ( tone colour ) range of orchestras , bands , and solo performances . Types of instruments ( edit ) Construction ( edit ) String instruments can be divided in three groups Lutes Instruments that support the strings via a neck and a bout ( `` gourd '' ) , for instance a guitar , a violin , or a saz Harps Instruments that contain the strings within a frame Zithers Instruments that have the strings mounted on a body , frame or tube , such as a guqin , a cimbalom , an autoharp , harpsichord , a piano , or a valiha It is also possible to divide the instruments into categories focused on how the instrument is played . Playing techniques ( edit ) Further information : List of string instruments An acoustic guitar being strummed . All string instruments produce sound from one or more vibrating strings , transferred to the air by the body of the instrument ( or by a pickup in the case of electronically amplified instruments ) . They are usually categorised by the technique used to make the strings vibrate ( or by the primary technique , in the case of instruments where more than one may apply . ) The three most common techniques are plucking , bowing , and striking . An important difference between bowing and plucking is that in the former the phenomenon is periodic so that the overtones are kept in a strictly harmonic relationship to the fundamental . Plucking ( edit ) Main article : Plucked string instrument Plucking is a method of playing on instruments such as the veena , banjo , ukulele , guitar , harp , lute , mandolin , oud , and sitar , using either a finger , thumb , or quills ( now plastic plectra ) to pluck the strings . Instruments normally played by bowing ( see below ) may also be plucked , a technique referred to by the Italian term pizzicato . Bowing ( edit ) Main article : Bowed string instrument Bowing ( Italian : arco ) is a method used in some string instruments , including the violin , viola , cello , and the double bass ( of the violin family ) , and the old viol family . The bow consists of a stick with a `` ribbon '' of parallel horse tail hairs stretched between its ends . The hair is coated with rosin so it can grip the string ; moving the hair across a string causes a stick - slip phenomenon , making the string vibrate , and prompting the instrument to emit sound . Darker grades of rosin grip well in cool , dry climates , but may be too sticky in warmer , more humid weather . Violin and viola players generally use harder , lighter - colored rosin than players of lower - pitched instruments , who tend to favor darker , softer rosin . The ravanahatha is one of the oldest string instruments . Ancestors of the modern bowed string instruments are the rebab of the Islamic Empires , the Persian kamanche and the Byzantine lira . Other bowed instruments are the rebec , hardingfele , nyckelharpa , kokyū , erhu , igil , sarangi and K'ni . The hurdy - gurdy is bowed by a wheel . Rarely , the guitar has been played with a bow ( rather than plucked ) for unique effects . Striking ( edit ) The third common method of sound production in stringed instruments is to strike the string . The piano and hammered dulcimer use this method of sound production . Even though the piano strikes the strings , the use of felt hammers means that the sound that is produced can nevertheless be mellow and rounded , in contrast to the sharp attack produced when a very hard hammer strikes the strings . Violin family string instrument players are occasionally instructed to strike the string with the stick of the bow , a technique called col legno . This yields a percussive sound along with the pitch of the note . A well - known use of col legno for orchestral strings is Gustav Holst 's `` Mars '' movement from The Planets suite . Other methods ( edit ) The aeolian harp employs a very unusual method of sound production : the strings are excited by the movement of the air . Some instruments that have strings have an attached keyboards that the player presses keys on to trigger a mechanism that sounds the strings , instead of directly manipulating the strings . These include the piano , the clavichord , and the harpsichord . With these keyboard instruments too , strings are occasionally plucked or bowed by hand . Modern composers such as Henry Cowell wrote music that requires that the player reach inside the piano and pluck the strings directly , `` bow '' them with bow hair wrapped around the strings , or play them by rolling the bell of a brass instrument such as a trombone on the array of strings . However , these are relatively rarely used special techniques . Other keyed string instruments , small enough for a strolling musician to play , include the plucked autoharp , the bowed nyckelharpa , and the hurdy - gurdy , which is played by cranking a rosined wheel . Steel - stringed instruments ( such as the guitar , bass , violin , etc . ) can be played using a magnetic field . An E-Bow is a small hand - held battery - powered device that magnetically excites the strings of an electric string instrument to provide a sustained , singing tone reminiscent of a held bowed violin note . Third bridge is a plucking method where the player frets a string and strikes the side opposite the bridge . The technique is mainly used on electric instruments because these have a pickup that amplifies only the local string vibration . It is possible on acoustic instruments as well , but less effective . For instance , a player might press on the seventh fret on a guitar and pluck it at the head side to make a tone resonate at the opposed side . On electric instruments , this technique generates multitone sounds reminiscent of a clock or bell . Electric string instruments , such as the electric guitar , can also be played without touching the strings by using audio feedback . When an electric guitar is plugged into a loud , powerful guitar amplifier with a loudspeaker and a high level of distortion is intentionally used , the guitar produces sustained high - pitched sounds . By changing the proximity of the guitar to the speaker , the guitarist can produce sounds that can not be produced with standard plucking and picking techniques . This technique was popularized by Jimi Hendrix and others in the 1960s . It was widely used in psychedelic rock and heavy metal music . Changing the pitch of a vibrating string ( edit ) Main article : Mersenne 's laws There are three ways to change the pitch of a vibrating string . String instruments are tuned by varying the strings ' tension because adjusting length or mass per unit length is impractical . Instruments with a fingerboard are then played by adjusting the length of the vibrating portion of the strings . The following observations all apply to a string that is infinitely flexible ( a theoretical assumption , because in practical applications , strings are not infinitely flexible ) strung between two fixed supports . Real strings have finite curvature at the bridge and nut , and the bridge , because of its motion , are not exactly nodes of vibration . Hence the following statements about proportionality are approximations . Length ( edit ) String fingering is proportional and not fixed , as on the piano Pitch can be adjusted by varying the length of the string . A longer string results in a lower pitch , while a shorter string results in a higher pitch . The frequency is inversely proportional to the length : f ∝ 1 l ( \ displaystyle f \ propto ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( l ) ) ) A string twice as long produces a tone of half the frequency ( one octave lower ) . Tension ( edit ) Pitch can be adjusted by varying the tension of the string . A string with less tension ( looser ) results in a lower pitch , while a string with greater tension ( tighter ) results in a higher pitch . A homemade washtub bass made out of a length of rope , a broomstick and a washtub can produce different pitches by increasing the tension on the rope ( producing a higher pitch ) or reducing the tension ( producing a lower pitch ) . The frequency is proportional to the square root of the tension : f ∝ T ( \ displaystyle f \ propto ( \ sqrt ( T ) ) ) Linear density ( edit ) The pitch of a string can also be varied by changing the linear density ( mass per unit length ) of the string . In practical applications , such as with double bass strings or bass piano strings , extra weight is added to strings by winding them with metal . A string with a heavier metal winding produces a lower pitch than a string of equal length without a metal winding . This can be seen on a 2016 - era set of gut strings for double bass . The higher - pitched G string is often made of synthetic material , or sometimes animal intestine , with no metal wrapping . To enable the low E string to produce a much lower pitch with a string of the same length , it is wrapped with many wrappings of thin metal wire . This adds to its mass without making it too stiff . The frequency is inversely proportional to the square root of the linear density : f ∝ 1 μ ( \ displaystyle f \ propto ( 1 \ over ( \ sqrt ( \ mu ) ) ) ) Given two strings of equal length and tension , the string with higher mass per unit length produces the lower pitch . String length or scale length ( edit ) The length of the string from nut to bridge on bowed or plucked instruments ultimately determines the distance between different notes on the instrument . For example , a double bass with its low range needs a scale length of around 42 inches ( 110 cm ) , whilst a violin scale is only about 13 inches ( 33 cm ) . On the shorter scale of the violin , the left hand may easily reach a range of slightly more than two octaves without shifting position , while on the bass ' longer scale , a single octave or a ninth is reachable in lower positions . Contact points along the string ( edit ) The strings of a piano In bowed instruments , the bow is normally placed perpendicularly to the string , at a point halfway between the end of the fingerboard and the bridge . However , different bow placements can be selected to change timbre . Application of the bow close to the bridge ( known as sul ponticello ) produces an intense , sometimes harsh sound , which acoustically emphasizes the upper harmonics . Bowing above the fingerboard ( sul tasto ) produces a purer tone with less overtone strength , emphasizing the fundamental , also known as flautando , since it sounds less reedy and more flute - like . Bowed instruments pose a challenge to instrument builders , as compared with instruments that are only plucked ( e.g. , guitar ) , because on bowed instruments , the musician must be able to play one string at a time if they wish . As such , a bowed instrument must have a curved bridge that makes the `` outer '' strings lower in height than the `` inner '' strings . With such a curved bridge , the player can select one string at a time to play . On guitars and lutes , the bridge can be flat , because the strings are played by plucking them with the fingers , fingernails or a pick ; by moving the fingers or pick to different positions , the player can play different strings . On bowed instruments , the need to play strings individually with the bow also limits the number of strings to about six or seven strings ; with more strings , it would be impossible to select individual strings to bow . ( Note : bowed strings can also play two bowed notes on two different strings at the same time , a technique called a double stop . ) Indeed , on the orchestral string section instruments , four strings are the norm , with the exception of five strings used on some double basses . In contrast , with stringed keyboard instruments , 88 courses are used on a piano , and even though these strings are arranged on a flat bridge , the mechanism can play any of the notes individually . Similar timbral distinctions are also possible with plucked string instruments by selecting an appropriate plucking point , although the difference is perhaps more subtle . In keyboard instruments , the contact point along the string ( whether this be hammer , tangent , or plectrum ) is a choice made by the instrument designer . Builders use a combination of experience and acoustic theory to establish the right set of contact points . In harpsichords , often there are two sets of strings of equal length . These `` choirs '' usually differ in their plucking points . One choir has a `` normal '' plucking point , producing a canonical harpsichord sound ; the other has a plucking point close to the bridge , producing a reedier `` nasal '' sound rich in upper harmonics . Production of multiple notes ( edit ) A single string at a certain tension and length only produces one note . To produce multiple notes , string instruments use one of two methods . One is to add enough strings to cover the required range of different notes ( e.g. , as with the piano , which has sets of 88 strings to enable the performer to play 88 different notes ) . The other is to provide a way to stop the strings along their length to shorten the part that vibrates , which is the method used in guitar and violin family instruments to produce different notes from the same string . The piano and harp represent the first method , where each note on the instrument has its own string or course of multiple strings tuned to the same note . ( Many notes on a piano are strung with a `` choir '' of three strings tuned alike , to increase the volume . ) A guitar represents the second method -- the player 's fingers push the string against the fingerboard so that the string is pressed firmly against a metal fret . Pressing the string against a fret while plucking or strumming it shortens the vibrating part and thus produces a different note . Some zithers combine stoppable ( melody ) strings with a greater number of `` open '' harmony or chord strings . On instruments with stoppable strings , such as the violin or guitar , the player can shorten the vibrating length of the string , using their fingers directly ( or more rarely through some mechanical device , as in the nyckelharpa and the hurdy - gurdy ) . Such instruments usually have a fingerboard attached to the neck of the instrument , that provides a hard flat surface the player can stop the strings against . On some string instruments , the fingerboard has frets , raised ridges perpendicular to the strings , that stop the string at precise intervals , in which case the fingerboard is also called a fretboard . Moving frets during performance is usually impractical . The bridges of a koto , on the other hand , may be moved by the player occasionally in the course of a single piece of music . Many modern Western harps include levers , either directly moved by fingers ( on Celtic harps ) or controlled by foot pedals ( on orchestral harps ) , to raise the pitch of individual strings by a fixed amount . The Middle Eastern zither , the qanun , is equipped with small levers called mandal that let each course of multiple strings be incrementally retuned `` on the fly '' while the instrument is being played . These levers raise or lower the pitch of the string course by a microtone , less than a half step . Sympathetic strings ( edit ) Main article : Sympathetic string Some instruments are employed with sympathetic strings -- which are additional strings not meant to be plucked . These strings resonate with the played notes , creating additional tones . Sympathetic strings vibrate naturally when various intervals , such as the unisons or the octaves of the notes of the sympathetic strings are plucked , bowed or struck . This system is used on the sarangi , the grand piano , the hardanger fiddle and the rubab . Sound production ( edit ) Acoustic instruments ( edit ) See also : Musical acoustics A vibrating string strung on a very thick log , as a hypothetical example , would make only a very quiet sound , so string instruments are usually constructed in such a way that the vibrating string is coupled to a hollow resonating chamber , a soundboard , or both . On the violin , for example the four strings pass over a thin wooden bridge resting on a hollow box ( the body of the violin ) . The pressure from the strings is supported in part by a small cylinder of wood called the soundpost . The violin body also has two `` f - holes '' carved on the top . The strings ' vibrations are distributed via the bridge and soundpost to all surfaces of the instrument , and are thus made louder . The correct technical explanation is that they allow a better match to the acoustic impedance of the air . It is sometimes said that the sounding board or soundbox `` amplifies '' the sound of the strings . Technically speaking , no amplification occurs , because all of the energy to produce sound comes from the vibrating string . What really happens is that the sounding board of the instrument provides a larger surface area to create sound waves than that of the string . A larger vibrating surface moves more air , hence produces a louder sound . All lute type instruments traditionally have a bridge , which holds the string at the proper action height from the fret / finger board at one end of the strings . On acoustic instruments , the bridge performs an equally important function of transmitting string energy into the `` sound box '' of the instrument , thereby increasing the sound volume . The specific design , and materials the used in the construction of the bridge of an instrument , have a dramatic impact upon both the sound and responsiveness of the instrument . Achieving a tonal characteristic that is effective and pleasing to the player 's and listener 's ear is something of an art and craft , as well as a science , and the makers of string instruments often seek very high quality woods to this end , particularly spruce ( chosen for its lightness , strength and flexibility ) and maple ( a very hard wood ) . Spruce is used for the sounding boards of instruments from the violin to the piano . Instruments such as the banjo use a drum , covered in natural or synthetic skin as their soundboard . Acoustic instruments can also be made out of artificial materials , such as carbon fiber and fiberglass ( particularly the larger , lower - pitched instruments , such as cellos and basses ) . In the early 20th century , the Stroh violin used a diaphragm - type resonator and a metal horn to project the string sound , much like early mechanical gramophones . Its use declined beginning about 1920 , as electronic amplification through power amplifiers and loudspeakers was developed and came into use . String instrument players can electronically amplify their instruments by connecting them to a PA system or a guitar amplifier . Electronic amplification ( edit ) Most string instruments can be fitted with piezoelectric or magnetic pickups to convert the string 's vibrations into an electrical signal that is amplified and then converted back into sound by loudspeakers . Some players attach a pickup to their traditional string instrument to `` electrify '' it . Another option is to use a solid - bodied instrument , which reduces unwanted feedback howls or squeals . Amplified string instruments can be much louder than their acoustic counterparts , so musicians can play them in relatively loud rock , blues , and jazz ensembles . Amplified instruments can also have their amplified tone modified by using electronic effects such as distortion , reverb , or wah - wah . Bass - register string instruments such as the double bass and the electric bass are amplified with bass instrument amplifiers that are designed to reproduce low - frequency sounds . To modify the tone of amplified bass instruments , a range of electronic bass effects are available , such as distortion and chorus . Symphonic strings ( edit ) The string instruments usually used in the orchestra , and often called the `` symphonic strings '' or string section are : Violins ( divided into two sections -- first violins and second violins ; these sections play exactly the same instruments ; the difference is that the first violins play higher - register lines and the second violins play lower - register parts , accompaniment parts or countermelodies ) Violas Cellos Double basses When orchestral instrumentation specifies `` strings , '' it often means this combination of string parts . Orchestral works rarely omit any of these string parts , but often include additional string instruments , especially the concert harp and piano . In the Baroque orchestra from the 1600s -- 1750 ( or with modern groups playing early music ) harpsichord is almost always used to play the basso continuo part ( the written - out bass line and improvised chords ) , and often a theorbo or lute or a pipe organ . In some classical music , such as the string quartet , the double bass is not typically used ; the cello plays the bass role in this literature . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to String instruments . `` Essay on the fingering of the violoncello and on the conduct of the bow '' List of string instruments Luthier ( maker of stringed instruments ) Musical acoustics Ravanahatha String instrument extended technique String instrument repertoire String orchestra Strings ( music ) Stringed instrument tunings References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Campen , Ank van . `` The music - bow from prehistory till today '' . HarpHistory.info . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . A cave - painting in the `` Trois Frères '' cave in France dating from about 15,000 years ago . The magician - hunter plays the musical bow . Jump up ^ `` Trois Freres Cave '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dumbrill , 1998 & page 179 , 231 , 235 -- 236 , 308 -- 310 Jump up ^ Dumbrill , 1998 & page 308 -- 310 ^ Jump up to : Jahnel , Franz ( 1965 ) . Manual of Guitar Technology : The History and Technology of Plucked String Instruments ( Fachbuchreihe Das Musikinstrument , Bd. 37 ) . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 933224 - 99 - 0 . There have been some uncertain presumptions concerning the `` invention '' of the bowed harp ... The `` musical bow '' conjectured by many music scholars is not definitely recognizable in any cave paintings . The fact that some African negroes held the end of their bow shaped harp in their mouths in order to improve the tone ... should not be taken as proof that the first European bowmen were also conversant with the musical bow . Jump up ^ https://m.flickr.com/#/photos/julio-claudians/8098646683/ Flicker based photo of the museum information sign for the stele . Circa 2nd century A.D memorial stele from Augusta Emerita in modern Spain for a Roman boy , Lutaia Lupata , showing him with his pandurium , the Roman variant of the Greek Pandura . Kept at the Museo Arqueologico , Merida , Spain . ^ Jump up to : Dumbrill , 1998 & page 321 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) British Museum , Cylinder Seal , Culture / period Uruk , Date 3100BC ( circa1 ) , Museum number 41632 . Jump up ^ Dumbrill , 1998 & page 310 Jump up ^ Dumbrill , Richard J. ( 2005 ) . The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East . Victoria , British Columbia : Trafford Publishing . pp. 319 -- 320 . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 5538 - 5 . The long - necked lute in the OED is orthographed as tambura ; tambora , tamera , tumboora ; tambur ( a ) and tanpoora . We have an Arabic Õunbur ; Persian tanbur ; Armenian pandir ; Georgian panturi. and a Serbo - Croat tamburitza . The Greeks called it pandura ; panduros ; phanduros ; panduris or pandurion . The Latin is pandura . It is attested as a Nubian instrument in the third century BC . The earliest literary allusion to lutes in Greece comes from Anaxilas in his play The Lyre - maker as ' trichordos ' ... According to Pollux , the trichordon ( sic ) was Assyrian and they gave it the name pandoura ... These instruments survive today in the form of the various Arabian tunbar ... Jump up ^ `` Encyclopaedia Iranica - Barbat '' . Iranicaonline.org. 1988 - 12 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Five Celestial Musicians '' . LACMA.org . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Views 3 & 4 show a musician playing a 4th - to 5th - century lute - like instrument , excavated in Gandhara , and part of a Los Angeles County Art Museum collection of Five Celestial Musicians Jump up ^ `` Bracket with two musicians 100s , Pakistan , Gandhara , probably Butkara in Swat , Kushan Period ( 1st century - 320 ) '' . The Cleveland Museum of Art . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Chanan ( 1994 ) . Musica Practica : The Social Practice of Western Music from Gregorian Chant to Postmodernism . Verso . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85984 - 005 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oxford Music Online by subscription '' . www.oxfordmusiconline.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://stringsmagazine.com/the-differences-between-dark-and-amber-rosin/ Jump up ^ Piston , Walter ( 1955 ) . Orchestration , p. 5 . Jump up ^ The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music . Oxford University Press . 1964 . p. 412 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 311302 - 3 . External links ( edit ) The physics of the bowed string Instruments in Depth : The Viola , an online feature presented by Bloomingdale School of Music ( 2010 ) Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Stringed instruments '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ( 1 ) Instrument intonation Just intonation in any key Fretless string instrument Pedal steel guitar Trombone Human voice Synthesizer Dynamic intonation adjustment Crook Fretted string instrument Wind instruments Just intonation in one key Bagpipes Natural horn Tromba marina Long - string instrument Harmonica Retunable to a just key Keyboard instruments Split sharp Flageolet tones ( harmonics ) or natural overtone series Guqin Đàn bầu Physical just - intoned string part relation with additional 3rd bridge Monochord Pencilina Moodswinger Musical instruments Strings Acoustic guitar Balalaika Banjo Adungu Bass guitar ( electric bass ) Bass amplifier Cavaquinho Chapman Stick Classical guitar Electric guitar Guitar amplifier Guitar Janzi Harp Hurdy - gurdy Guitarrón Guitarra de golpe Lute Mandolin Musical bow Rajão Sitar Slack - key guitar Steel guitar String section ( Classical strings ) Violin Viola Cello Double bass Theorbo Timple Ukulele Vihuela Viol Washtub bass Zither Brass Trumpet Fanfare trumpet Trombone Cornet Saxhorn Flugelhorn Tenor horn Baritone horn Euphonium Tuba French horn Sousaphone Mellophone Alphorn Buccina Bugle Contrabass bugle Carnyx Cornett Cornu Dord ( instrument ) German horn Horn Nabal Nyele Ophicleide Post horn Serpent Shofar Sringa Tibetan horn Vienna horn Wagner tuba Wazza Woodwind Piccolo Flute Oboe English horn Bassoon Clarinet Saxophone Recorder Bagpipes Musette de cour Nose flute Sring Tárogató Keyboard Accordion Calliope Carillon Celesta Clavichord Harpsichord Mellotron Organ Hammond organ Pipe organ Pump organ Pedal keyboard Piano Digital piano Electric piano Electronic piano Synthesizer Percussion Bell Bell tree Cajón Cymbals Djembe Drum Bass drum Snare drum Tenor drum Drum kit Gong Hammered dulcimer Marimba Tambourine Timpani Triangle Vibraphone Xylophone Friction Cristal baschet Glass harmonica Friction drum Lion 's roar Musical saw Nail violin Verrophone Rhythm section Acoustic guitar Bass guitar Double bass Drum kit Drum machine Electric guitar Guitar amplifier Electric piano Hammond organ Leslie speaker Piano Synthesizer Miscellaneous Didgeridoo Turntables used as instrument Studio as an instrument Harmonica Melodica Experimental musical instrument Musical strings , wires , and instruments ( list / HS list ) Bow Bridge Third bridge Chordophone Course Drone Enharmonicity Fingerboard Fret Fundamental / Harmonics / Overtones / String harmonic Longitudinal wave Long - string instrument Melde 's experiment Mersenne 's laws Monochord Music On A Long Thin Wire Node Re-entry Scale length Soundboard Standing wave String vibration Transverse wave Tuning peg Monochords and musical bows Ahardin Berimbau Bladder fiddle Boom - ba Đàn bầu Diddley bow Duxianqin Ektara Ground bow Ichigenkin Japanese fiddle Jaw harp Genggong Gogona Khomuz Kubing Morsing Mukkuri Langeleik Lesiba Masenqo Onavillu Psalmodicon Tromba marina Tumbi Umuduri Unitar Washtub bass GND : 4129455 - 5 NDL : 00816642 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=String_instrument&oldid=861639964 '' Categories : String instruments Orchestras Rhythm section Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Македонски मराठी مازِرونی Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 Lingua Franca Nova 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018 , at 22 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	all string instruments are played with a bow	[]	[]
-7758902098468800129	The Man Nobody Knows	The Man Nobody Knows - wikipedia The Man Nobody Knows Jump to : navigation , search The Man Nobody Knows Author Bruce Fairchild Barton Country USA Language English Subject Christianity Publisher Bobbs - Merrill Company Publication date 1925 ISBN 0 - 9652894 - 1 - 9 OCLC 41517505 The Man Nobody Knows ( 1925 ) is the second book by the American author and advertising executive Bruce Fairchild Barton . In it , Barton presents Jesus as `` ( t ) he Founder of Modern Business , '' in an effort to make the Christian story accessible to businessmen of the time . When published in 1925 , The Man Nobody Knows topped the nonfiction bestseller list , and was one of the best - selling non-fiction books of the 20th century . Synopsis ( edit ) In this book , Barton paints a picture of a strong Jesus , who worked with his hands , slept outdoors , and travelled on foot . This is very different from what he saw as the `` Sunday School Jesus '' -- a physically weak , moralistic man , and the `` lamb of God '' . Barton describes Jesus as `` the world 's greatest business executive '' , and according to one of the chapter headings , `` The Founder of Modern Business '' , who created a world - conquering organization with a group of twelve men hand - picked from the bottom ranks of business . Controversy ( edit ) Having completed the book in 1924 , Barton initially experienced difficulty getting his work published , as the material was considered to be controversial . It was simply seen by some as wrong to compare Jesus to ordinary men . Since its publication , The Man Nobody Knows has divided readers . Some welcome the portrayal of Jesus as a strong character , whom no one dared oppose , and praise the use of familiar stereotypes to stimulate interest in religion , whilst others ridicule the suggestion that Jesus was a salesman . Critics have suggested that The Man Nobody Knows is a prime example of the materialism and `` glorified Rotarianism '' of the Protestant churches in the 1920s . It was suggested that the book was written as `` an apology for big business '' ; however , in his 2005 biography of Barton , The Man Everybody Knew : Bruce Barton and the Making of Modern America , Richard M. Fried maintains that Barton was no apologist -- his primary motive for writing was religion . Regardless of his motives for publication , Barton found himself the object of humour by some , and his book was lampooned by radio , magazines and in movies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Man Nobody Knows '' . Material History of American Religion Project . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Nobody Knows '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Nobody Knows '' . chapters.indigo.ca . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Man Nobody Knows '' . Powell 's Books . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jesus the Salesman '' . Journal of the American Academy of Religion . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Man Nobody Knows '' . The Restoration Website . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Book Review : The Man Everybody Knew : Bruce Barton and the Making of Modern America '' ( PDF ) . Business History Review . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jesus , the Adman '' . Bruce Barton biography . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Nobody Knows '' . Newsweek : On Faith . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_Nobody_Knows&oldid=800863945 '' Categories : 1925 American novels Christian literature Novelistic portrayals of Jesus Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 04 : 07 . About Wikipedia	who was the main subject in bruce barton's the man nobody knows	[ "The Man Nobody Knows (1925) is the second book by the American author and advertising executive Bruce Fairchild Barton. In it, Barton presents Jesus as \"[t]he Founder of Modern Business,\" in an effort to make the Christian story accessible to businessmen of the time.[1]" ]	[ "Jesus" ]
-2591162986093942896	Vacuole	Vacuole - wikipedia Vacuole Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with vesicle ( biology and chemistry ) . Cell biology The animal cell Components of a typical animal cell : Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome ( little dots ) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ( or `` Golgi body '' ) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol ( fluid that contains organelles , comprising the cytoplasm ) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane Plant cell structure Animal cell structure A vacuole ( / ˈvækjuːoʊl / ) is a membrane - bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist , animal and bacterial cells . Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution , though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed . Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles and are effectively just larger forms of these . The organelle has no basic shape or size ; its structure varies according to the needs of the cell . The function and significance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present , having much greater prominence in the cells of plants , fungi and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria . In general , the functions of the vacuole include : Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell Containing waste products Containing water in plant cells Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell Maintaining an acidic internal pH Containing small molecules Exporting unwanted substances from the cell Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole By increasing in size , allows the germinating plant or its organs ( such as leaves ) to grow very quickly and using up mostly just water . In seeds , stored proteins needed for germination are kept in ' protein bodies ' , which are modified vacuoles . Vacuoles also play a major role in autophagy , maintaining a balance between biogenesis ( production ) and degradation ( or turnover ) , of many substances and cell structures in certain organisms . They also aid in the lysis and recycling of misfolded proteins that have begun to build up within the cell . Thomas Boller and others proposed that the vacuole participates in the destruction of invading bacteria and Robert B Mellor proposed organ - specific forms have a role in ' housing ' symbiotic bacteria . In protists , vacuoles have the additional function of storing food which has been absorbed by the organism and assisting in the digestive and waste management process for the cell . The vacuole probably evolved several times independently , even within the Viridiplantae . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Bacteria 3 Plants 4 Fungi 5 Animals 6 References Discovery Contractile vacuoles ( `` stars '' ) were first observed by Spallanzani ( 1776 ) in protozoa , although mistaken for respiratory organs . Dujardin ( 1841 ) named these `` stars '' as vacuoles . In 1842 , Schleiden applied the term for plant cells , to distinguish the structure with cell sap from the rest of the protoplasm . In 1885 , de Vries named the vacuoule membrane as tonoplast . Bacteria Large vacuoles are found in three genera of filamentous sulfur bacteria , the Thioploca , Beggiatoa and Thiomargarita . The cytosol is extremely reduced in these genera and the vacuole can occupy between 40 -- 98 % of the cell . The vacuole contains high concentrations of nitrate ions and is therefore thought to be a storage organelle . Gas vacuoles , which are freely permeable to gas , are present in some species of Cyanobacteria . They allow the bacteria to control their buoyancy . Plants The anthocyanin - storing vacuoles of Rhoeo spathacea , a spiderwort , in cells that have plasmolyzed Most mature plant cells have one large vacuole that typically occupies more than 30 % of the cell 's volume , and that can occupy as much as 80 % of the volume for certain cell types and conditions . Strands of cytoplasm often run through the vacuole . A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast ( word origin : Gk tón ( os ) + - o - , meaning `` stretching '' , `` tension '' , `` tone '' + comb . form repr . Gk plastós formed , molded ) and filled with cell sap . Also called the vacuolar membrane , the tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole , separating the vacuolar contents from the cell 's cytoplasm . As a membrane , it is mainly involved in regulating the movements of ions around the cell , and isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell . Transport of protons from the cytosol to the vacuole stabilizes cytoplasmic pH , while making the vacuolar interior more acidic creating a proton motive force which the cell can use to transport nutrients into or out of the vacuole . The low pH of the vacuole also allows degradative enzymes to act . Although single large vacuoles are most common , the size and number of vacuoles may vary in different tissues and stages of development . For example , developing cells in the meristems contain small provacuoles and cells of the vascular cambium have many small vacuoles in the winter and one large one in the summer . Aside from storage , the main role of the central vacuole is to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall . Proteins found in the tonoplast ( aquaporins ) control the flow of water into and out of the vacuole through active transport , pumping potassium ( K ) ions into and out of the vacuolar interior . Due to osmosis , water will diffuse into the vacuole , placing pressure on the cell wall . If water loss leads to a significant decline in turgor pressure , the cell will plasmolyze . Turgor pressure exerted by vacuoles is also required for cellular elongation : as the cell wall is partially degraded by the action of expansins , the less rigid wall is expanded by the pressure coming from within the vacuole . Turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole is also essential in supporting plants in an upright position . Another function of a central vacuole is that it pushes all contents of the cell 's cytoplasm against the cellular membrane , and thus keeps the chloroplasts closer to light . Most plants store chemicals in the vacuole that react with chemicals in the cytosol . If the cell is broken , for example by a herbivore , then the two chemicals can react forming toxic chemicals . In garlic , alliin and the enzyme alliinase are normally separated but form allicin if the vacuole is broken . A similar reaction is responsible for the production of syn - propanethial - S - oxide when onions are cut . Fungi Vacuoles in fungal cells perform similar functions to those in plants and there can be more than one vacuole per cell . In yeast cells the vacuole is a dynamic structure that can rapidly modify its morphology . They are involved in many processes including the homeostasis of cell pH and the concentration of ions , osmoregulation , storing amino acids and polyphosphate and degradative processes . Toxic ions , such as strontium ( Sr 2 + ) , cobalt ( II ) ( Co 2 + ) , and lead ( II ) ( Pb 2 + ) are transported into the vacuole to isolate them from the rest of the cell . Animals In animal cells , vacuoles perform mostly subordinate roles , assisting in larger processes of exocytosis and endocytosis . Animal vacuoles are smaller than their plant counterparts but also usually greater in number . There are also animal cells that do not have any vacuoles . Exocytosis is the extrusion process of proteins and lipids from the cell . These materials are absorbed into secretory granules within the Golgi apparatus before being transported to the cell membrane and secreted into the extracellular environment . In this capacity , vacuoles are simply storage vesicles which allow for the containment , transport and disposal of selected proteins and lipids to the extracellular environment of the cell . Endocytosis is the reverse of exocytosis and can occur in a variety of forms . Phagocytosis ( `` cell eating '' ) is the process by which bacteria , dead tissue , or other bits of material visible under the microscope are engulfed by cells . The material makes contact with the cell membrane , which then invaginates . The invagination is pinched off , leaving the engulfed material in the membrane - enclosed vacuole and the cell membrane intact . Pinocytosis ( `` cell drinking '' ) is essentially the same process , the difference being that the substances ingested are in solution and not visible under the microscope . Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both undertaken in association with lysosomes which complete the breakdown of the material which has been engulfed . Salmonella is able to survive and reproduce in the vacuoles of several mammal species after being engulfed . References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vacuole . Jump up ^ Venes , Donald ( 2001 ) . Taber 's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary ( Twentieth Edition ) , ( F.A. Davis Company , Philadelphia ) , p. 2287 ISBN 0 - 9762548 - 3 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Heide N. Schulz - Vogt ( 2006 ) . Vacuoles . Microbiology Monographs. 1 . doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 33774 - 1_10 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 26205 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Robert J , et al. ( 2007 ) . Biology ( First Edition ) , ( McGraw - Hill , New York ) , p. 79 ISBN 0 - 07 - 326807 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/1/151.full.pdf Jump up ^ Matile , Phillipe ( 1993 ) Chapter 18 : Vacuoles , discovery of lysosomal origin in Discoveries in Plant Biology : v. 1 ( World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd ) Jump up ^ Thomas Boller . Plantbiology.unibas.ch . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ For example the food vacuole in Plasmodium . Jump up ^ Jezbera Jan ; Karel Hornak ; Karel Simek ( 2005 ) . `` Food selection by bacterivorous protists : insight from the analysis of the food vacuole by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization '' . FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 52 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 363 . doi : 10.1016 / j. femsec. 2004.12. 001 . PMID 16329920 . ^ Jump up to : Becker B ( 2007 ) . `` Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants ( Viridiplantae ) '' ( PDF ) . International Review of Cytology . International Review of Cytology. 264 : 1 -- 24 . doi : 10.1016 / S0074 - 7696 ( 07 ) 64001 - 7 . ISBN 9780123742636 . PMID 17964920 . Jump up ^ Spallanzani , L. ( 1776 ) . 1920 . Observations et expériences faites sur les Animalicules des Infusions . L ' École Polytechnique , Paris Jump up ^ Dujardin , F. 1841 . Histoire naturelle des zoophytes : Infusoires . Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret , Paris . Jump up ^ Schleiden , M.J. 1842 . Grundzüge der wissenschaftlichen Botanik . W. Engelmann , Leipzig Jump up ^ Wayne , R. 2009 . Plant Cell Biology : From Astronomy to Zoology . Amsterdam : Elsevier / Academic Press , p. 101 . Jump up ^ de Vries , H. 1885 . Plasmolytische Studien über die Wand der Vakuolen . Jahrb . wiss . Bot. 16 , 465 -- 598 Jump up ^ Kalanetra KM , Huston SL , Nelson DC ( December 2004 ) . `` Novel , attached , sulfur - oxidizing bacteria at shallow hydrothermal vents possess vacuoles not involved in respiratory nitrate accumulation '' . Appl . Environ . Microbiol. 70 ( 12 ) : 7487 -- 96 . doi : 10.1128 / AEM. 70.12. 7487 - 7496.2004 . PMC 535177 . PMID 15574952 . Jump up ^ Walsby AE ( 1969 ) . `` The Permeability of Blue - Green Algal Gas - Vacuole Membranes to Gas '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 173 ( 1031 ) : 235 -- 255 . Bibcode : 1969RSPSB. 173 ... 235W . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1969.0049 . ISSN 0080 - 4649 . OCLC 479422015 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce , Johnson , Alexander , Lewis , Julian , Raff , Martin , Roberts , Keith , and Walter , Peter ( 2008 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Fifth Edition ) , ( Garland Science , New York ) , p. 781 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4111 - 6 . Jump up ^ Li , WING - YEN ; FUK - LING WONG ; SAU - NA TSAI ; TSUI - HUNG PHANG ; GUIHUA SHAO ; HON - MING LAM ( June 2006 ) . `` Tonoplast - located GmCLC1 and GmNHX1 from soybean enhance NaCl tolerance in transgenic bright yellow ( BY ) - 2 cells '' . Plant , Cell and Environment. 29 ( 6 ) : 1122 -- 1137 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3040.2005. 01487. x . PMID 17080938 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger Plant Physiology 3rd Edition SINAUER 2002 p. 13 and 14 ISBN 0 - 87893 - 856 - 7 Jump up ^ DJ Klionsky ; PK Herman & SD Emr ( 1990 ) . `` The fungal vacuole : composition , function , and biogenesis '' . Microbiol. Rev. 54 ( 3 ) : 266 -- 292 . PMC 372777 . PMID 2215422 . Jump up ^ Plant cells vs. Animal cells . Biology-Online.org Jump up ^ William F. Ganong , MD ( 2003 ) . Review of medical physiology ( 21st ed . ) . Jump up ^ Reggiori F ( 2006 ) . `` Membrane Origin for Autophagy '' . Current Topics in Developmental Biology . Current Topics in Developmental Biology . 74 : 1 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / S0070 - 2153 ( 06 ) 74001 - 7 . ISBN 9780121531744 . PMID 16860663 . Jump up ^ Leigh A. Knodler ; Olivia Steele - Mortimer ( 2003 ) . `` Taking Possession : Biogenesis of the Salmonella - Containing Vacuole '' . Traffic . 4 ( 9 ) : 587 -- 599 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0854.2003. 00118. x . PMID 12911813 . ( hide ) Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vacuole&oldid=809814868 '' Categories : Vesicles Plant anatomy Cell anatomy Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 16 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the vacuole located in a cell	[]	[]
724002441475976397	2017 World Series	2017 World Series - wikipedia 2017 World Series For other uses , see 2017 World Series ( disambiguation ) . 2017 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) Dave Roberts 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer ( Houston ) Umpires Phil Cuzzi ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner ( Games 3 -- 7 ) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Rolando Nichols , Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta ( Fox Deportes ) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 ( HOU -- English ) FM 94.1 HD3 ( HOU -- Spanish ) AM 570 LA Sports ( LAD -- English ) Univision America 1020 ( LAD -- Spanish ) Radio Korea 1540 ( LAD -- Korean ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández ( ESPN Deportes ) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks ( HOU -- English ) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero ( HOU -- Spanish ) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday ( LAD -- English ) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín ( LAD -- Spanish ) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim ( LAD -- Korean ) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series 2018 → The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was played between October 24 and November 1 . The series was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , also becoming the first team from Texas to do so . It was the first time since 2002 when two consecutive World Series went to seven games . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Chase Utley in 2009 . This was the first World Series in which home - field advantage was decided by the regular season record of the two pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home - field advantage had been determined by coin flips and by alternating between the AL and NL . From 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All - Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . The Dodgers earned home - field advantage over the Astros . The series was played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , with the Dodgers hosting Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 ; and the Astros hosting Games 3 , 4 , and 5 . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Summary 3 Pre-game ceremonies 4 Game summaries 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 4.7 Game 7 4.8 Composite line score 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Ratings 5.2 Radio 6 Sponsorship 7 Impact and aftermath 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) This was the first World Series matchup , and second postseason meeting overall , between the Astros and Dodgers . Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year . The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie - breaker game . This was the first Fall Classic since 1970 , and the eighth overall , in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season . The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season The Dodgers held a 91 -- 36 record through August 25 . They won their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . In the postseason , the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year 's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games . This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988 , the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958 , and the 19th overall . Entering the 2017 World Series , the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings , a postseason record for a bullpen . Additionally , by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48 -- 19 margin , the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third - best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995 . All - Star shortstop Corey Seager , who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury , was included on the Dodgers ' World Series roster . Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series , as well as the fourth African - American manager . Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Houston Astros season The Astros wore a patch during the 2017 World Series in support of Hurricane Harvey victims in Houston With a 101 -- 61 regular season record , the team won its first American League West title , and their first division title since 2001 . In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in seven games . This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League . The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey . The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word `` Strong '' on the bottom of the patch , as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong . Manager A.J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team was n't just playing for a title , but to help boost moral support for the city . On August 31 , just seconds before the midnight deadline , the Astros traded for Detroit Tigers pitcher Justin Verlander . Following the trade , including the regular season and postseason to this point , Verlander had posted a 9 -- 0 win - loss record with a 1.23 earned run average . He was named the ALCS MVP . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 24 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2 : 28 54,253 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 ( 11 ) Dodger Stadium 4 : 19 54,293 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 , Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3 : 46 43,282 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 06 43,322 5 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12 , Houston Astros -- 13 ( 10 ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 17 43,300 6 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3 : 22 54,128 7 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3 : 37 54,124 Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) A F - 16 Fighting Falcon flies past Dodger Stadium during the pre-game ceremonial flyover before Game 2 . Game 1 : The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson 's family , including his widow Rachel . The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson 's death , and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line . Keith Williams Jr. , a gospel singer , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem . Game 2 : Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager ; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully . Country music 's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem . Game 3 : Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt , who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims , threw out the first pitch . The ball was given to him by Astros ' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio . The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris . Game 4 : Hailey Dawson , a seven - year - old girl from Nevada , threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand . The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet . Game 5 : Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch . His father , former President George H.W. Bush handed him the ball . Justin Verlander caught the pitch . Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem . Game 6 : Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda , celebrating the Dodgers ' 1988 World Series title , each threw out the ceremonial first pitch . Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem . Game 7 : The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem . The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax . Rick Monday , Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well . Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Clayton Kershaw pitched seven innings with 11 strikeouts in winning Game 1 . October 24 , 2017 , 5 : 11 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Clayton Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dallas Keuchel ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Alex Bregman ( 1 ) LAD : Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,253 The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded . Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers , while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros . Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel 's first pitch of the game . It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history ( following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ) . Alex Bregman hit a tying home run for the Astros in the fourth inning . In the sixth inning , Justin Turner hit a go - ahead two - run home run for the Dodgers . Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in ( RBIs ) in Dodgers postseason history with 26 . Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 ⁄ innings . Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save . The two - hour , 28 - minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992 . Game 2 ( edit ) George Springer drove in the game - winning run in Game 2 . October 25 , 2017 , 5 : 17 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 WP : Chris Devenski ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brandon McCarthy ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Marwin González ( 1 ) , José Altuve ( 1 ) , Carlos Correa ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,293 The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros . The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning . Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth . Joc Pederson tied the game with a home run in the bottom of the fifth inning , and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two - run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning . Verlander allowed two hits , both home runs , in his six innings pitched . Carlos Correa drove in the Astros ' second run of the game on a single in the eighth , ending the Dodgers bullpen 's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason . Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game . This was only Jansen 's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities , a major league record . The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead . In the bottom of the inning , Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game , with the latter being the Dodgers ' first run that was not driven in by a home run . In the next inning , George Springer hit a two - run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski , who later struck out Puig to end the game . This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth , tenth and eleventh inning . The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight and this was the first time in MLB history , regular season or postseason , that five home runs were hit in extra innings . The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . Game 3 ( edit ) Lance McCullers Jr. earned the win in Game 3 . October 27 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 12 0 WP : Lance McCullers Jr. ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Brad Peacock ( 1 ) Home runs : LAD : None HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,282 The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros . The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman . Darvish left the game after 1 ⁄ innings , which was the shortest outing of his career . The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks . The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5 ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits . Brad Peacock replaced McCullers , completing the final 3 ⁄ innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save . It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor 's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series , and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save , first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS . Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run . He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito , which translates to `` little Chinese Boy '' ; Darvish is from Japan . Gurriel apologized , and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba , although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there . As a result , Rob Manfred , the Commissioner of Baseball , suspended Gurriel for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay , but allowed him to continue playing in the World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Joc Pederson hit a three - run home run in Game 4 . October 28 , 2017 , 7 : 20 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ken Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Joc Pederson ( 2 ) HOU : George Springer ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) Attendance : 43,322 The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros . Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame . It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game . Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh . Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6 ⁄ innings . Bellinger then drove in the go - ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three - run homer by Pederson . Bregman hit a home run off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth inning , but the Dodgers won the game to even up the series . The Astros had two hits in the game ; both were home runs . This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners . After Game 4 , both teams ' pitching coaches , Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros , commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season . Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders . Game 5 ( edit ) Alex Bregman drove in the game - winning run in Game 5 . October 29 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 12 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 WP : Joe Musgrove ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Kenley Jansen ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , George Springer ( 3 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,300 Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5 , in a rematch of the opening game of the series . Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early . A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel . Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe . Keuchel pitched 3 ⁄ innings for the Astros , allowing five hits and four runs ( three earned ) . The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning , followed by a three - run home run by Gurriel to tie the game . Bellinger hit a three - run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three - run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up . Kershaw pitched 4 ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks . A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow , who was pitching for the third consecutive day , to tie the game . Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game , and then Correa hit a two - run home run to extend the lead . Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning , but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning . That was the 21st home run of the series , tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . Down to their last strike , Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single . In the tenth inning , McCann was hit by a pitch to put him on base with two outs . Subsequently , Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base . McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher . On the next pitch , Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run . The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game , the other was the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15 -- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record . This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run ( 14 to date in the World Series ) . With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game , this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14 -- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes , making it the second longest World Series game in history by time . Game 6 ( edit ) Kenley Jansen recorded a two - inning save in Game 6 . October 31 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , overcast Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Justin Verlander ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 4 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) Attendance : 54,128 Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game : Verlander and Hill . Springer hit a home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night . It was Springer 's fourth homer of the series , tied for third all - time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a World Series . Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series . The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning , but did not score . Hill pitched 4 ⁄ innings , struck out five and allowed four hits and one run . In the sixth inning , Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead . Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed . Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save . Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit . Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter , set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game . George Springer hit his fifth home run in Game 7 , tying the World Series record . Game 7 ( edit ) November 1 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Charlie Morton ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) LAD : None Attendance : 54,124 This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium ( and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS , and the Dodgers ' first World Series Game 7 since 1965 ) . It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season . This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back - to - back Fall Classics had a Game 7 . The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game : McCullers and Darvish . Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger , which allowed Bregman to reach second base . Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout . McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers . Springer hit a two - run home run , his fifth of the series , tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series . As in Game 3 , Darvish lasted only 1 ⁄ innings ( tying the shortest outing of his career ) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series , and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series . Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series , joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series . McCullers lasted only 2 ⁄ innings himself ; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters . This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning . The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings . Ethier , pinch hitting , scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers ' only run . They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game . Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game , and in the process , he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout . Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win , as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve , who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game , with the Astros winning their first championship in franchise history , and ending their 56 - year drought . Springer won the World Series MVP Award . After Game 7 , Correa proposed to his girlfriend , 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez , on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal . She accepted . Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston Astros 7 5 34 56 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 9 8 34 47 Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , Marwin González ( 1 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) , Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Total attendance : 346,702 Average attendance : 49,529 Winning player 's share : $438,901.57 . Losing player 's share : $259,722.14 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with Joe Buck serving as the play - by - play announcer , along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . For Fox Deportes , Rolando Nichols provided play - by - play while Carlos Álvarez and Edgar Gonzalez provided color commentary . Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows , joined by analysts Keith Hernandez , David Ortiz , Alex Rodriguez , and Frank Thomas . Outside the United States , MLB International televised the series , with Matt Vasgersian on play - by - play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary . Ratings ( edit ) Downtown Houston skyline during the 2017 World Series Further information : World Series television ratings According to Nielsen ratings , this series was the third highest rated since 2005 , trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series . For the second straight year , a World Series game , Game 5 , beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 8.7 15 14.97 9.2 18 15.48 8.8 17 15.68 8.7 17 15.40 5 10.5 21 18.94 6 12.6 23 22.23 7 15.8 28 28.24 Radio ( edit ) ESPN Radio broadcast the series nationally in English , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network , while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton . The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada , as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app . Spanish - language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio , with Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández announcing . Locally , both teams ' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . Sportstalk 790 aired the English - language broadcast for the Houston area , with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games . In Los Angeles , AM 570 LA Sports aired the English - language broadcast , with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing . In Spanish , Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast , with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call . In Korean , Radio Korea 1540 aired the series , with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth . Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series ; the internet television service YouTube TV is the first - ever presenting sponsor of the World Series . The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV . This sponsorship includes logo branding in - stadium and on official digital properties , as well as commercial inventory during Fox 's telecasts of the games . Impact and aftermath ( edit ) The Astros earned $30,420,155.57 from postseason pool money to split among team personnel ; each share was worth $438,901.57 . The Dodgers received $20,280,103.72 , with shares of $259,722.14 The sportsbooks in Nevada lost $11.4 million in November 2017 , a record for baseball - related betting . The city of Houston held a parade for the Astros on November 3 , 2017 , which Mayor Sylvester Turner proclaimed was `` Houston Astros ' Day '' . An estimated 750,000 to one million attended the parade . Springer and Altuve appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated 's November 13 , 2017 , issue , with Altuve holding the Commissioner 's Trophy and Springer holding a copy of a Sports Illustrated from 2014 that predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Los Angeles portal Houston portal 2017 Korean Series 2017 Japan Series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except 1904 and 1994 , when the World Series was not held Jump up ^ The Astros moved to the American League West from the National League Central before the 2013 season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Davis named chief of World Series ump crew '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube TV Swings for 2017 World Series Hits in MLB Pact '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overview of World Series home - field advantage '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers complete record - setting World Series '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer wins World Series MVP , ties record with five homers '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` 1994 strike most embarrassing moment in MLB history '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` The meaning of home - field advantage : For the first time in World Series history , Game 1 belongs to the team with the best record '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Dayn ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Who has home - field advantage in the World Series ? The Dodgers , and here 's why : The process for determining home - field advantage in the World Series is different in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Whicker : Dodgers , Houston Astros try to rekindle their 80s rivalry '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers , Astros renew rivalry in World Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ; Randhawa , Manny ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers joins 100 - win Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros vs. Dodgers is the first World Series between 100 - win teams in 47 years '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros 2017 World Series snapshot '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Best team ever ? ' Dodgers make Sports Illustrated cover '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Real or not ? Best Dodgers team ever , Yankees in trouble '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers clinch fifth consecutive NL West title with 4 - 2 victory over Giants '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood & Vines : LA wins NLCS at Wrigley ! '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoornstra , J.P. ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers in the World Series : a brief history '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers bullpen sets record for consecutive scoreless innings in a postseason '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers Dominated Like Few Pennant Winners In Recent History '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baer , Bill ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Seager will be included on Dodgers ' World Series roster '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Roberts can join Cito Gaston as the only black managers to win World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Astros clinch first AL West title , first division title overall since 2001 : The Astros have their first division title since moving to the AL in 2013 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves , sends Astros to series '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy , Randy ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` A look back : Astros 2005 World Series run '' . KPRC - TV . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : Four facts that make the Astros - Dodgers clash historic '' . USA Today . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane - ravaged Houston '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers deal Justin Verlander to Astros in last - minute deadline stunner '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 : A look at the pitching matchup between Rich Hill and Justin Verlander '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Verlander named ALCS MVP after superb starts '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 2 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 3 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 6 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family threw out the first pitch for Game 1 of the World Series '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family tosses first pitch as Dodgers take Game 1 of World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Gospel Singer Keith Williams Jr . Sings National Anthem at Game 1 '' . Billboard . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Vin Scully brings Dodgers legends for 1st pitch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beloved Scully delights Dodgers fans at Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Brad Paisley Performs the National Anthem at Game 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( @ brianmctaggart ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` On Friday , Texans DL JJ Watt will throw out ceremonial first pitch and Hall of Famer Craig Biggio will deliver the game ball '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt tosses first pitch at Game 3 '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` National anthem lineup set for World Series games at MMP '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - year - old with 3 - D printed hand to throw out World Series first pitch '' . CBS News . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 first pitch tossed by young girl with prosthetic hand '' . ESPN . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` World Series : George Bush will throw out first pitch for Game 5 in Houston '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodger greats Tommy Lasorda and Orel Hershisher throw out ceremonial first pitch for Game 6 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Mark . `` 2017 World Series National Anthem singers '' . AXS . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sandy Koufax , Don Newcombe , Rick Monday , and Steve Garvey all showed up for Game 7 's ceremonial first pitch '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobo , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` 103 - degree heat shatters World Series record '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varela , Ashley ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 will feature Dallas Keuchel vs. Clayton Kershaw '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 1 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw aces Astros , rewrites October reputation in Dodgers ' Game 1 win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Red hot ! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Astros , Dodgers author a classic Fall Classic thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros : Game 3 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Darvish has shortest outing of career in first World Series start ; Astros top Dodgers 5 - 3 in Game 3 '' . The Dallas Morning News . Associated Press . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Astros rock Darvish , power their way to 2 -- 1 lead over Dodgers '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 3 : Los Angeles Dodgers 3 -- 5 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros use 1 -- 2 punch to take 2 -- 1 WS lead '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Peacock 's relief performance a Series classic : Astros righty delivers 3 2 / 3 hitless , scoreless innings for first career save '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Dylan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Some look askew at Yuli Gurriel 's dugout squint '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Yuli Gurriel Apologizes After a Racist Gesture Aimed at Yu Darvish '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott . `` MLB mulls discipline after Yuli Gurriel 's insensitive gesture '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gurriel suspended for first 5 games in 2018 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Yuli Gurriel wo n't be suspended for any World Series games , MLB rules '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Greg ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 4 pitching foes come from Braves stock '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 4 : Los Angeles Dodgers 6 -- 2 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers break Astros ' home spell , even Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Historic World Series Home Run Rate may be Result of Slicker Baseballs '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` The top Cy Young duels in World Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 5 : Los Angeles Dodgers 12 -- 13 Houston Astros -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk - off fashion to take World Series lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers - Astros Game 5 : What to know about maybe the best World Series game ever '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't make this up ! Astros earn insane W '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game , Combined '' . ESPN . Associates Press . October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : 11 crazy facts from Astros ' insane Game 5 win vs. Dodgers '' . Usatoday.com . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Perspective Game 5 of the 2017 World Series was not the best ever . But it was an instant classic '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs Astros Game 6 : Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info ( @ ESPNStatsInfo ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace ( 1972 ) as the only players to hit 4 game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a # WorldSeries '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ High Heat Stats ( @ HighHeatStats ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Players to homer in 4 games of a single World Series : Hank Bauer 1958 , won series Barry Bonds 2002 , lost series GEORGE SPRINGER 2017 , ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA solves JV ! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA as confident as can be with G7 at home '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers , Astros push their wonderful World Series to Game 7 '' . Fox Sports . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Normandin , Marc ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers World Series heads to decisive Game 7 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 7 : Houston Astros 5 - 1 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Clayton Kershaw sets Dodgers postseason strikeout record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Stefan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Carlos Correa caps World Series with live , post-game proposal to girlfriend '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` World Series schedule 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffarth , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hoffarth on the media : Fox Deportes ' Nichols fills important role in 2017 Serie Mundial '' . Daily News . Orange County Register . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Channel is the World Series ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lucia , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Your 2017 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series draws third - highest viewership since 2005 '' . Awful Announcing . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game 5 of the World Series Beats Sunday Night Football in TV Ratings '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 Second-Most Watched Since 2010 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 2 Third-Most Watched in a Decade '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Posts Second - Best Game 3 Audience Since 2005 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Scores Second - Best Saturday Audience Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Third - Best in Decade Entering Game 6 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers Game 6 Among Top World Series Games Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Over 28 Million For World Series Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN Radio to Provide Comprehensive Coverage of the 113th World Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Astros : Your ' 17 World Series TV Schedule '' . LATF . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry . `` MLB close to selling first World Series presenting sponsorship '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry ; Ourand , John . `` YouTube TV Digital Pay Service Signs On To Be First World Series Presenting Sponsor '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MLB postseason shares : Astros to split record $30.42 million '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros ' title results in $11.4 million baseball loss for Las Vegas sportsbooks in November '' . Espn.com . December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian . `` Houston pays tribute to Astros with parade '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Matt ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Jose Altuve , George Springer make Sports Illustrated cover '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . 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-2267519913370776793	All that glitters is not gold	All that glitters is not gold - wikipedia All that glitters is not gold Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see All That Glitters . `` All that glitters is not gold '' is a well - known saying , meaning that not everything that looks precious or true turns out to be so . This can be applied to the people , places , or things that promise to be more than they really are . While early expressions of the idea are known from at least the 12th century , the current saying is derived from a 16th century line by William Shakespeare . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Glitters or glisters 3 In other languages 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origins ( edit ) The expression , in various forms , originated in or before the 12th century and may date back to Æsop . The Latin is Non omne quod nitet aurum est . The French monk Alain de Lille wrote `` Do not hold everything gold that shines like gold '' in 1175 . Chaucer gave two early versions in English : `` But al thyng which that shyneth as the gold / Nis nat gold , as that I have herd it told '' in `` The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale '' , and `` Hyt is not al golde that glareth '' in `` The House of Fame '' . The popular form of the expression is a derivative of a line in William Shakespeare 's play The Merchant of Venice , which employs the word `` glisters , '' a 17th - century synonym for `` glitters . '' The line comes from a secondary plot of the play , the puzzle of Portia 's boxes ( Act II - Scene VII - Prince of Morocco ) : All that glisters is not gold -- Often have you heard that told . Many a man his life hath sold But my outside to behold . Gilded tombs do worms enfold . Had you been as wise as bold , Young in limbs , in judgment old , Your answer had not been inscrolled Fare you well . Your suit is cold -- Cold , indeed , and labor lost . Panning for gold often results in finding pyrite , nicknamed fool 's gold , which reflects substantially more light than authentic gold does . Gold in its raw form appears dull and lusterless . Glitters or glisters ( edit ) The original version of the saying used the word glisters , but glitters long ago became the predominant form . Poet John Dryden used glitter in his 1687 poem The Hind and the Panther . The words glister and glitter have the same meaning . In other languages ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The expression is also found in Yiddish ( nit als vos glanst iz gold ) , especially amongst Hasidim , and also appears in a Hebrew work of Mendele Mocher Sforim . In popular culture ( edit ) In pop culture , this phrase shows up in Bob Marley 's `` Get Up , Stand Up '' . It is also used as lyrics in the song `` A Guided Masquerade '' by Alesana , in the song `` Domino Rain '' by Antemasque , in the song `` Gold '' by Prince , and in the Kanye West song , `` Family Business '' . Another common formulation with the same meaning is `` All that shines is not gold '' , as seen in the title and refrain of the song `` All That Shines Is Not Gold '' and in the lyrics of `` Next Time You See Me '' as well as Curtis Mayfield 's `` That 's What Mama Say '' . Neil Young uses the saying in his song `` Do n't Be Denied '' ( `` Well , all that glitters is n't gold , I know you 've heard that story told . '' ) from his 1973 album Time Fades Away to express his `` realization that even success would n't make him happy '' , even after he obtained fame and money . The inverse of this expression , `` all that glitters is gold , '' is a lyric in the Led Zeppelin song , `` Stairway to Heaven '' , the Smash Mouth song , `` All Star '' , the Death in Vegas song , `` All That Glitters '' , and in the Future Islands song `` A Dream of You and Me '' followed by the lyric `` Do n't believe what you 've been told '' . `` All that glitters is cold , '' is also a lyric in the song `` Posthuman '' by Marilyn Manson from the album `` Mechanical Animals '' . See also ( edit ) Shakespeare portal `` Gods of the Copybook Headings '' -- a poem reflecting on eternal truths amid human pretensions , by Rudyard Kipling `` All that is gold does not glitter '' -- poem by J.R.R. Tolkien included in his fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings , with a contrasting meaning `` Things are seldom what they seem '' - song in Gilbert and Sullivan 's HMS Pinafore , where Little Buttercup alludes to Captain Corcoran 's low birth by singing of things that may appear as one thing whilst being another , including the line `` All that glitters is not gold '' . `` Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat , Drowned in a Tub of Gold Fishes '' -- poem by Thomas Gray which ends `` Nor all , that glisters , gold '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Phrase Finder ; but see another view Jump up ^ Discussion at Everything2 ^ Jump up to : Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs ( 3rd ed . ) . OUP. 1970 . p. 316 . ISBN 0198691181 . Jump up ^ Flexner , Stuart Berg ( 1993 ) . Wise Words and Wives ' Tales : The Origins , Meanings and Time - honored Wisdom of Proverbs and Folk Sayings , Olde and New . Avon Books . p. 7 . ISBN 9780380762385 . Jump up ^ `` Hyt is not al golde that glareth '' . World of Quotes . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William ( 1823 ) . Measure for measure . Comedy of errors . Merchant of Venice . As you like it . Collins & Hannay . p. 171 . Jump up ^ `` Mining ; Journal of the Northwest Mining Association '' . 3 -- 4 . 1897 : 193 . Jump up ^ Martin , Gary . `` ' All that glitters is not gold ' - the meaning and origin of this phrase '' . Phrasefinder . Jump up ^ Kogos , Fred ( 1970 ) . Book of Yiddish proverbs and slang . Popular Books . p. 121 . ISBN 9780890096185 . Jump up ^ http://www.metrolyrics.com/get-up-stand-up-lyrics-bob-marley.html Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Cox , W. `` All That Shines Is Not Gold '' . Jump up ^ `` Grateful Dead -- Next Time You See Me Lyrics '' . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Greene , Andy . `` The 10 Best Neil Young Deep Cuts : ' Do n't Be Denied ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Context of Shakespeare 's quote at enotes.com ( hide ) William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice Characters Shylock Antonio Portia Jessica Sources Gesta Romanorum ( late 13th century ) Il Pecorone ( late 14th century ) by Giovanni Fiorentino The Jew of Malta ( 1590 ) by Christopher Marlowe On screen 1914 1916 1923 Shylock ( 1941 ) 1961 1969 1980 ( TV ) One Man Band ( unfinished ) Adaptations Le marchand de Venise ( 1935 , opera ) Shylock ( 1987 , musical ) The Merchant of Venice ( 1982 , opera ) Derivative works Serenade to Music ( 1938 ) Shylock ( 1996 ) Yasser ( 2001 ) The Maori Merchant of Venice ( 2002 ) Related `` All that glitters is not gold '' `` All the world 's a stage '' `` Between you and I '' Quibble Letter and spirit of the law `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` The quality of mercy '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_that_glitters_is_not_gold&oldid=830612280 '' Categories : English proverbs Riddles Shakespearean phrases Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Latina Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 22 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	all that glitters is not gold expansion of idea	[]	[]
1600798523854556262	Old Trafford	Old Trafford - wikipedia Old Trafford Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the home of Manchester United F.C. For the cricket ground , see Old Trafford Cricket Ground . For other uses , see Old Trafford ( disambiguation ) . Old Trafford `` The Theatre of Dreams '' The Sir Alex Ferguson Stand ( North Stand ) seen from the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand ( South Stand ) Location Sir Matt Busby Way Old Trafford Greater Manchester England Coordinates 53 ° 27 ′ 47 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 29 '' W / 53.46306 ° N 2.29139 ° W / 53.46306 ; - 2.29139 Coordinates : 53 ° 27 ′ 47 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 29 '' W / 53.46306 ° N 2.29139 ° W / 53.46306 ; - 2.29139 Public transit Manchester United Football Ground railway station and Old Trafford tram stop Owner Manchester United Operator Manchester United Capacity 74,994 Record attendance 76,962 ( Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Grimsby Town , 25 March 1939 ) Field size 105 by 68 metres ( 114.8 yd × 74.4 yd ) Surface Desso GrassMaster Construction Broke ground 1909 Opened 19 February 1910 Construction cost £ 90,000 ( 1909 ) Architect Archibald Leitch ( 1909 ) Tenants Manchester United ( 1910 -- present ) Old Trafford is a football stadium in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , and the home of Manchester United . With a capacity of 74,994 , it is the largest club football stadium ( and second largest overall after Wembley Stadium ) in the United Kingdom , and the eleventh - largest in Europe . It is about 0.5 miles ( 800 m ) from Old Trafford Cricket Ground and the adjacent tram stop . Nicknamed `` The Theatre of Dreams '' by Bobby Charlton , Old Trafford has been United 's home ground since 1910 , although from 1941 to 1949 the club shared Maine Road with local rivals Manchester City as a result of Second World War bomb damage . Old Trafford underwent several expansions in the 1990s , and 2000s , including the addition of extra tiers to the North , West and East Stands , almost returning the stadium to its original capacity of 80,000 . Future expansion is likely to involve the addition of a second tier to the South Stand , which would raise the capacity to around 88,000 . The stadium 's record attendance was recorded in 1939 , when 76,962 spectators watched the FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town . Old Trafford has hosted FA Cup semi-finals , England fixtures , matches at the 1966 World Cup and Euro 96 and the 2003 Champions League Final , as well as rugby league 's annual Super League Grand Final and the final of two Rugby League World Cups . It also hosted football matches at the 2012 Summer Olympics , including women 's international football for the first time in its history . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Construction and early years 1.2 Wartime bombing 1.3 Completion of the master plan 1.4 Conversion to all - seater 1.5 2006 expansion 2 Structure and facilities 2.1 Sir Alex Ferguson Stand 2.2 Sir Bobby Charlton Stand 2.3 West Stand 2.4 East Stand 2.5 Pitch and surroundings 3 Future 4 Other uses 5 Records 6 Transport 7 References 8 External links History Construction and early years The statue of Sir Matt Busby , overlooking the East Stand forecourt Before 1902 , Manchester United were known as Newton Heath , during which time they first played their football matches at North Road and then Bank Street in Clayton . However , both grounds were blighted by wretched conditions , the pitches ranging from gravel to marsh , while Bank Street suffered from clouds of fumes from its neighbouring factories . Therefore , following the club 's rescue from near - bankruptcy and renaming , the new chairman John Henry Davies decided in 1909 that the Bank Street ground was not fit for a team that had recently won the First Division and FA Cup , so he donated funds for the construction of a new stadium . Not one to spend money frivolously , Davies scouted around Manchester for an appropriate site , before settling on a patch of land adjacent to the Bridgewater Canal , just off the north end of the Warwick Road in Old Trafford . Designed by Scottish architect Archibald Leitch , who designed several other stadia , the ground was originally designed with a capacity of 100,000 spectators and featured seating in the south stand under cover , while the remaining three stands were left as terraces and uncovered . Including the purchase of the land , the construction of the stadium was originally to have cost £ 60,000 all told . However , as costs began to rise , to reach the intended capacity would have cost an extra £ 30,000 over the original estimate and , at the suggestion of club secretary J.J. Bentley , the capacity was reduced to approximately 80,000 . Nevertheless , at a time when transfer fees were still around the £ 1,000 mark , the cost of construction only served to reinforce the club 's `` Moneybags United '' epithet , with which they had been tarred since Davies had taken over as chairman . In May 1908 , Archibald Leitch wrote to the Cheshire Lines Committee ( CLC ) -- who had a rail depot adjacent to the proposed site for the football ground -- in an attempt to persuade them to subsidise construction of the grandstand alongside the railway line . The subsidy would have come to the sum of £ 10,000 , to be paid back at the rate of £ 2,000 per annum for five years or half of the gate receipts for the grandstand each year until the loan was repaid . However , despite guarantees for the loan coming from the club itself and two local breweries , both chaired by club chairman John Henry Davies , the Cheshire Lines Committee turned the proposal down . The CLC had planned to build a new station adjacent to the new stadium , with the promise of an anticipated £ 2,750 per annum in fares offsetting the £ 9,800 cost of building the station . The station -- Trafford Park -- was eventually built , but further down the line than originally planned . The CLC later constructed a modest station with one timber - built platform immediately adjacent to the stadium and this opened on 21 August 1935 . It was initially named United Football Ground , but was renamed Old Trafford Football Ground in early 1936 . It was served on match days only by a shuttle service of steam trains from Manchester Central railway station . It is currently known as Manchester United Football Ground . Construction was carried out by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester and development was completed in late 1909 . The stadium hosted its inaugural game on 19 February 1910 , with United playing host to Liverpool . However , the home side were unable to provide their fans with a win to mark the occasion , as Liverpool won 4 -- 3 . A journalist at the game reported the stadium as `` the most handsomest ( sic ) , the most spacious and the most remarkable arena I have ever seen . As a football ground it is unrivalled in the world , it is an honour to Manchester and the home of a team who can do wonders when they are so disposed '' . Before the construction of Wembley Stadium in 1923 , the FA Cup Final was hosted by a number of different grounds around England including Old Trafford . The first of these was the 1911 FA Cup Final replay between Bradford City and Newcastle United , after the original tie at Crystal Palace finished as a no - score draw after extra time . Bradford won 1 -- 0 , the goal scored by Jimmy Speirs , in a match watched by 58,000 people . The ground 's second FA Cup Final was the 1915 final between Sheffield United and Chelsea . Sheffield United won the match 3 -- 0 in front of nearly 50,000 spectators , most of whom were in the military , leading to the final being nicknamed `` the Khaki Cup Final '' . On 27 December 1920 , Old Trafford played host to its largest pre-Second World War attendance for a United league match , as 70,504 spectators watched the Red Devils lose 3 -- 1 to Aston Villa . The ground hosted its first international football match later that decade , when England lost 1 -- 0 to Scotland in front of 49,429 spectators on 17 April 1926 . Unusually , the record attendance at Old Trafford is not for a Manchester United home game . Instead , on 25 March 1939 , 76,962 people watched an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town . Wartime bombing In 1936 , as part of a £ 35,000 refurbishment , an 80 - yard - long roof was added to the United Road stand ( now the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand ) for the first time , while roofs were added to the south corners in 1938 . Upon the outbreak of the Second World War , Old Trafford was requisitioned by the military to be used as a depot . Football continued to be played at the stadium , but a German bombing raid on Trafford Park on 22 December 1940 damaged the stadium to the extent that a Christmas day fixture against Stockport County had to be switched to Stockport 's ground . Football resumed at Old Trafford on 8 March 1941 , but another German raid on 11 March 1941 destroyed much of the stadium , notably the main stand ( now the South Stand ) , forcing the club 's operations to move to Cornbrook Cold Storage , owned by United chairman James W. Gibson . After pressure from Gibson , the War Damage Commission granted Manchester United £ 4,800 to remove the debris and £ 17,478 to rebuild the stands . During the reconstruction of the stadium , Manchester United played their `` home '' games at Maine Road , the home of their cross-town rivals , Manchester City , at a cost of £ 5,000 a year plus a percentage of the gate receipts . The club was now £ 15,000 in debt , not helped by the rental of Maine Road , and the Labour MP for Stoke , Ellis Smith , petitioned the Government to increase the club 's compensation package , but it was in vain . Though Old Trafford was reopened , albeit without cover , in 1949 , it meant that a league game had not been played at the stadium for nearly 10 years . United 's first game back at Old Trafford was played on 24 August 1949 , as 41,748 spectators witnessed a 3 -- 0 victory over Bolton Wanderers . Completion of the master plan A roof was restored to the Main Stand by 1951 and , soon after , the three remaining stands were covered , the operation culminating with the addition of a roof to the Stretford End ( now the West Stand ) in 1959 . The club also invested £ 40,000 in the installation of proper floodlighting , so that they would be able to use the stadium for the European games that were played in the late evening of weekdays , instead of having to play at Maine Road . In order to avoid obtrusive shadows being cast on the pitch , two sections of the Main Stand roof were cut away . The first match to be played under floodlights at Old Trafford was a First Division match between Manchester United and Bolton Wanderers on 25 March 1957 . However , although the spectators would now be able to see the players at night , they still suffered from the problem of obstructed views caused by the pillars that supported the roofs . With the 1966 FIFA World Cup fast approaching , this prompted the United directors to completely redesign the United Road ( north ) stand . The old roof pillars were replaced in 1965 with modern - style cantilevering on top of the roof , allowing every spectator a completely unobstructed view , while it was also expanded to hold 20,000 spectators ( 10,000 seated and 10,000 standing in front ) at a cost of £ 350,000 . The architects of the new stand , Mather and Nutter ( now Atherden Fuller ) , rearranged the organisation of the stand to have terracing at the front , a larger seated area towards the back , and the first private boxes at a British football ground . The east stand -- the only remaining uncovered stand -- was developed in the same style in 1973 . With the first two stands converted to cantilevers , the club 's owners devised a long - term plan to do the same to the other two stands and convert the stadium into a bowl - like arena . Such an undertaking would serve to increase the atmosphere within the ground by containing the crowd 's noise and focusing it onto the pitch , where the players would feel the full effects of a capacity crowd . Meanwhile , the stadium hosted its third FA Cup Final , hosting 62,078 spectators for the replay of the 1970 final between Chelsea and Leeds United ; Chelsea won the match 2 -- 1 . The ground also hosted the second leg of the 1968 Intercontinental Cup , which saw Estudiantes de La Plata win the cup after a 1 -- 1 draw . The 1970s saw the dramatic rise of football hooliganism in Britain , and a knife - throwing incident in 1971 forced the club to erect the country 's first perimeter fence , restricting fans from the Old Trafford pitch . 1973 saw the completion of the roof around the circumference of the stadium , along with the addition of 5,500 seats to the Scoreboard End and the replacement of the old manual scoreboard with an electronic one in the north - east corner . Then , in 1975 , a £ 3 million expansion was begun , starting with the addition of the Executive Suite to the Main Stand . The suite 's restaurant overlooked the pitch , but the view was still obstructed by the roof pillars . Therefore , in kind with the roofs of the United Road Stand and the Scoreboard End , the Main Stand roof was replaced with a cantilever design . The Executive Suite and cantilever roof were then extended to the full length of the stand , allowing for the relocation of the club offices from the south - east corner to the Main Stand . The south - east quadrant was then removed and replaced in 1985 with a seated section bringing the total seating capacity of the stadium to 25,686 ( 56,385 overall ) . The completion of the cantilever roof around three sides of the stadium allowed for the replacement of the old floodlight pylons , and the attachment of a row of floodlights around the inner rim of the roof in 1987 . Conversion to all - seater The Stretford End before its redevelopment in the early 1990s With every subsequent improvement made to the ground since the Second World War , the capacity steadily declined . By the 1980s , the capacity had dropped from the original 80,000 to approximately 60,000 . The capacity dropped still further in 1990 , when the Taylor Report recommended , and the government demanded that all First and Second Division stadia be converted to all - seaters . This meant that £ 3 -- 5 million plans to replace the Stretford End with a brand new stand with an all - standing terrace at the front and a cantilever roof to link with the rest of the ground had to be drastically altered . This forced redevelopment , including the removal of the terraces at the front of the other three stands , not only increased the cost to around £ 10 million , but also reduced the capacity of Old Trafford to an all - time low of around 44,000 . In addition , the club was told in 1992 that they would only receive £ 1.4 million of a possible £ 2 million from the Football Trust to be put towards work related to the Taylor Report . The redeveloped East Stand was opened at the beginning of the 2000 -- 01 season . The club 's resurgence in success and increase in popularity in the early 1990s ensured that further development would have to occur . In 1995 , the 30 - year - old North Stand was demolished and work quickly began on a new stand , to be ready in time for Old Trafford to host three group games , a quarter - final and a semi-final at Euro 96 . The club purchased the Trafford Park trading estate , a 20 - acre ( 81,000 m ) site on the other site of United Road , for £ 9.2 million in March 1995 . Construction began in June 1995 and was completed by May 1996 , with the first two of the three phases of the stand opening during the season . Designed by Atherden Fuller , with Hilstone Laurie as project and construction managers and Campbell Reith Hill as structural engineers , the new three - tiered stand cost a total of £ 18.65 million to build and had a capacity of about 25,500 , raising the capacity of the entire ground to more than 55,000 . The cantilever roof would also be the largest in Europe , measuring 58.5 m ( 192 ft ) from the back wall to the front edge . Further success over the next few years guaranteed yet more development . First , a second tier was added to the East Stand . Opened in January 2000 , the stadium 's capacity was temporarily increased to about 61,000 until the opening of the West Stand 's second tier , which added yet another 7,000 seats , bringing the capacity to 68,217 . It was now not only the biggest club stadium in England but the biggest in all of the United Kingdom . Old Trafford hosted its first major European final three years later , playing host to the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final between Milan and Juventus . From 2001 to 2007 , following the demolition of the old Wembley Stadium , the England national football team was forced to play its games elsewhere . During that time , the team toured the country , playing their matches at various grounds from Villa Park in Birmingham to St James ' Park in Newcastle . From 2003 to 2007 , Old Trafford hosted 12 of England 's 23 home matches , more than any other stadium . The latest international to be held at Old Trafford was England 's 1 -- 0 loss to Spain on 7 February 2007 . The match was played in front of a crowd of 58,207 . 2006 expansion Peter Oldfield - Edwards ' scale model of Old Trafford on display in the club museum in March 2010 Old Trafford 's most recent expansion , which took place between July 2005 and May 2006 , saw an increase of around 8,000 seats with the addition of second tiers to both the north - west and north - east quadrants of the ground . Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006 , when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record . The record continued to be pushed upwards before reaching its current peak on 31 March 2007 , when 76,098 spectators saw United beat Blackburn Rovers 4 -- 1 , meaning that just 114 seats ( 0.15 % of the total capacity of 76,212 ) were left unoccupied . In 2009 , a reorganisation of the seating in the stadium resulted in a reduction of the capacity by 255 to 75,957 , meaning that the club 's home attendance record would stand at least until the next expansion . Old Trafford during a match at the 2012 Summer Olympics Old Trafford celebrated its 100th anniversary on 19 February 2010 . In recognition of the occasion , Manchester United 's official website ran a feature in which a memorable moment from the stadium 's history was highlighted on each of the 100 days leading up to the anniversary . From these 100 moments , the top 10 were chosen by a panel including club statistician Cliff Butler , journalist David Meek , and former players Pat Crerand and Wilf McGuinness . At Old Trafford itself , an art competition was run for pupils from three local schools to create their own depictions of the stadium in the past , present and future . Winning paintings were put on permanent display on the concourse of the Old Trafford family stand , and the winners were presented with awards by artist Harold Riley on 22 February . An exhibition about the stadium at the club museum was opened by former goalkeeper Jack Crompton and chief executive David Gill on 19 February . The exhibition highlighted the history of the stadium and features memorabilia from its past , including a programme from the inaugural match and a 1 : 220 scale model hand - built by model artist Peter Oldfield - Edwards . Finally , at Manchester United 's home match against Fulham on 14 March , fans at the game received a replica copy of the programme from the first Old Trafford match , and half - time saw relatives of the players who took part in the first game -- as well as those of the club chairman John Henry Davies and stadium architect Archibald Leitch -- taking part in the burial of a time capsule of Manchester United memorabilia near the centre tunnel . Only relatives of winger Billy Meredith , wing - half Dick Duckworth and club secretary Ernest Mangnall could not be found . Old Trafford was used as a venue for several matches in the football competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics . The stadium hosted five group games , a quarter - final and a semi-final in the men 's tournament , and one group game and a semi-final in the women 's tournament , the first women 's international matches to be played there . Since 2006 , Old Trafford has also been used as the venue for Soccer Aid , a biennial charity match initially organised by singer Robbie Williams and actor Jonathan Wilkes ; however , in 2008 , the match was played at Wembley Stadium . Structure and facilities A plan of the layout of Old Trafford . The shaded area indicates the section designated for away fans . The Old Trafford pitch is surrounded by four covered all - seater stands , officially known as the Sir Alex Ferguson ( North ) , East , Sir Bobby Charlton ( South ) and West Stands . Each stand has at least two tiers , with the exception of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , which only has one tier due to construction restrictions . The lower tier of each stand is split into Lower and Upper sections , the Lower sections having been converted from terracing in the early 1990s . Sir Alex Ferguson Stand Sir Alex Ferguson statue installed at Old Trafford on 23 November 2012 . The Sir Alex Ferguson Stand , formerly known as the United Road stand and the North Stand , runs over the top of United Road . The stand is three tiers tall , and can hold about 26,000 spectators , the most of the four stands . It can also accommodate a few fans in executive boxes and hospitality suites . It opened in its current state in 1996 , having previously been a single - tiered stand . As the ground 's main stand , it houses many of the ground 's more popular facilities , including the Red Café ( a Manchester United theme restaurant / bar ) and the Manchester United museum and trophy room . Originally opened in 1986 as the first of its kind in the world , the Manchester United museum was in the south - east corner of the ground until it moved to the redeveloped North Stand in 1998 . The museum was opened by Pelé on 11 April 1998 , since when numbers of visitors have jumped from 192,000 in 1998 to more than 300,000 visitors in 2009 . The North Stand was renamed as the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand on 5 November 2011 , in honour of Alex Ferguson 's 25 years as manager of the club . A 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) statue of Ferguson , sculpted by Philip Jackson , was erected outside the stand on 23 November 2012 in recognition of his status as Manchester United 's longest - serving manager . Sir Bobby Charlton Stand Opposite the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand is the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , formerly Old Trafford 's main stand and previously known as the South Stand . Although only a single - tiered stand , the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand contains most of the ground 's executive suites , and also plays host to any VIPs who may come to watch the match . Members of the media are seated in the middle of the Upper South Stand to give them the best view of the match . The television gantry is also in the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , so the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand is the one that gets shown on television least often . Television studios are located at either end of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , with the club 's in - house television station , MUTV , in the East studio and other television stations , such as the BBC and Sky , in the West studio . The dugout is in the centre of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , raised above pitch level to give the manager and his coaches an elevated view of the game . Each team 's dugout flanks the old players ' tunnel , which was used until 1993 . The old tunnel is the only remaining part of the original 1910 stadium , having survived the bombing that destroyed much of the stadium during the Second World War . On 6 February 2008 , the tunnel was renamed the Munich Tunnel , as a memorial for the 50th anniversary of the 1958 Munich air disaster . The current tunnel is in the South - West corner of the ground , and doubles as an entrance for the emergency services . In the event that large vehicles require access , the seating above the tunnel can be raised by up to 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) . The tunnel leads up to the players ' dressing room , via the television interview area , and the players ' lounge . On 3 April 2016 , the South Stand was renamed the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand before kick - off of the Premier League home match against Everton , in honour of Manchester United legend Sir Bobby Charlton who made his Manchester United debut 60 years ago . West Stand See also : Stretford End The West Stand , with its mosaic of seats displaying the stand 's colloquial name Perhaps the best - known stand at Old Trafford is the West Stand , also known as the Stretford End . Traditionally , the stand is where the hard - core United fans are located , and also the ones who make the most noise . Originally designed to hold 20,000 fans , the Stretford End was the last stand to be covered and also the last remaining all - terraced stand at the ground before the forced upgrade to seating in the early 1990s . The reconstruction of the Stretford End , which took place during the 1992 -- 93 season , was carried out by Alfred McAlpine . When the second tier was added to the Stretford End in 2000 , many fans from the old `` K Stand '' moved there , and decided to hang banners and flags from the barrier at the front of the tier . So ingrained in Manchester United culture is the Stretford End , that Denis Law was given the nickname `` King of the Stretford End '' , and there is now a statue of Law on the concourse of the stand 's upper tier . East Stand A plaque at Old Trafford honouring the victims of the Munich air disaster The East Stand at Old Trafford was the second to be converted to a cantilever roof , following the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand . It is also commonly referred to as the Scoreboard End , as it was the location of the scoreboard . The East Stand can currently hold nearly 12,000 fans , and is the location of both the disabled fans section and the away section ; an experiment involving the relocation of away fans to the third tier of the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand was conducted during the 2011 -- 12 season , but the results of the experiments could not be ascertained in time to make the move permanent for the 2012 -- 13 season . The disabled section provides for up to 170 fans , with free seats for carers. Old Trafford was formerly divided into sections , with each section sequentially assigned a letter of the alphabet . Although every section had a letter , it is the K Stand that is the most commonly referred to today . The K Stand fans were renowned for their vocal support for the club , and a large array of chants and songs , though many of them have relocated to the second tier of the West Stand . The East Stand has a tinted glass façade , behind which the club 's administrative centre is located . These offices are the home to the staff of Inside United , the official Manchester United magazine , the club 's official website , and its other administrative departments . Images and advertisements are often emblazoned on the front of the East Stand , most often advertising products and services provided by the club 's sponsors , though a tribute to the Busby Babes was displayed in February 2008 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Munich air disaster . Above the megastore is a statue of Sir Matt Busby , who was Manchester United 's longest - serving manager until he was surpassed by Sir Alex Ferguson in 2010 . There is also a plaque dedicated to the victims of the Munich air disaster on the south end of the East Stand , while the Munich Clock is at the junction of the East and South Stands . On 29 May 2008 , to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Manchester United 's first European Cup title , a statue of the club 's `` holy trinity '' of George Best , Denis Law and Bobby Charlton , entitled `` The United Trinity '' , was unveiled across Sir Matt Busby Way from the East Stand , directly opposite the statue of Busby . The Manchester United club shop has had six different locations since it was first opened . Originally , the shop was a small hut near to the railway line that runs alongside the ground . The shop was then moved along the length of the South Stand , stopping first opposite where away fans enter the ground , and then residing in the building that would later become the club 's merchandising office . A surge in the club 's popularity in the early 1990s led to another move , this time to the forecourt of the West Stand . With this move came a great expansion and the conversion from a small shop to a `` megastore '' . Alex Ferguson opened the new megastore on 3 December 1994 . The most recent moves came in the late 1990s , as the West Stand required room to expand to a second tier , and that meant the demolition of the megastore . The store was moved to a temporary site opposite the East Stand , before taking up a 17,000 square feet ( 1,600 m ) permanent residence in the ground floor of the expanded East Stand in 2000 . The floor space of the megastore was owned by United 's kit sponsors , Nike , who operated the store until the expiry of their sponsorship deal at the end of July 2015 , when ownership reverted to the club . Pitch and surroundings The United Trinity , a statue of Manchester United 's `` holy trinity '' of Best , Law and Charlton The pitch at the ground measures approximately 105 metres ( 115 yd ) long by 68 metres ( 74 yd ) wide , with a few metres of run - off space on each side . The centre of the pitch is about nine inches higher than the edges , allowing surface water to run off more easily . As at many modern grounds , 10 inches ( 25 cm ) under the pitch is an underground heating system , composed of 23 miles ( 37 km ) of plastic pipes . Former club manager Alex Ferguson often requested that the pitch be relaid , most notably half - way through the 1998 -- 99 season , when the team won the Treble , at a cost of about £ 250,000 each time . The grass at Old Trafford is watered regularly , though less on wet days , and mowed three times a week between April and November , and once a week from November to March . The Hublot clock tower in Old Trafford 's car park E1 In the mid-1980s , when Manchester United Football Club owned the Manchester Giants , Manchester 's basketball franchise , there were plans to build a 9,000 - seater indoor arena on the site of what is now Car Park E1 . However , the chairman at the time , Martin Edwards , did not have the funds to take on such a project , and the basketball franchise was eventually sold . In August 2009 , the car park became home to the Hublot clock tower , a 10 - metre ( 32 ft 10 in ) - tall tower in the shape of the Hublot logo , which houses four 2 - metre ( 6 ft 7 in ) - diameter clock faces , the largest ever made by the company . The east side of the stadium is also the site of Hotel Football , a football - themed hotel and fan clubhouse conceived by former Manchester United captain Gary Neville . The building is located on the east side of Sir Matt Busby Way and on the opposite side of the Bridgewater Canal from the stadium , and can accommodate up to 1,500 supporters . It opened in the summer of 2015 . The venture is conducted separately from the club and was funded in part by proceeds from Neville 's testimonial match . Future In 2009 , it was reported that United continued to harbour plans to increase the capacity of the stadium further , with the next stage pointing to a redevelopment of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , which , unlike the rest of the stadium , remains single tier . A replication of the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand development and North - East and North - West Quadrants would see the stadium 's capacity rise to an estimated 95,000 , which would give it a greater capacity than Wembley Stadium ( 90,000 ) . Any such development is likely to cost around £ 100 million , due to the proximity of the railway line that runs adjacent to the stadium , and the corresponding need to build over it and thus purchase up to 50 houses on the other side of the railway . Nevertheless , the Manchester United group property manager confirmed that expansion plans are in the pipeline -- linked to profits made from the club 's property holdings around Manchester -- saying `` There is a strategic plan for the stadium ... It is not our intention to stand still '' . One criticism of the plans , however , is that increasing the height of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand would further reduce the amount of light coming onto the pitch , which has caused problems in similarly large stadia -- such as Wembley Stadium , the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and the San Siro ; according to Alex Ferguson , the developments on the other stands have already caused problems . It was also suggested that , should such an expansion take place , Old Trafford could be used instead of Wembley for big matches such as England internationals -- in order to increase the ability of fans in the north of the country to watch England play ; and FA Cup semi-finals -- to maintain the prestige of the national stadium for the final . In March 2016 ( ten years after the previous redevelopment ) , talk of the redevelopment of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand re-emerged . The stadium 's provision for disabled fans is below standards required by regulations . Increasing capacity for disabled supporters is estimated to reduced overall capacity by 2,300 . Five different solutions have been considered for the summer of 2017 . One option is to increase the capacity up to 80,000 by adding a second tier to the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , bringing it to a similar height to the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand opposite but without a third level . Replication of the corner stands on the other side of the stadium would further increase the stadium 's capacity to 88,000 and increase the number of executive facilities . Housing on Railway Road and the railway line itself have previously impeded improvements to this stand but the demolition of housing and engineering advances mean that the additional tier could now be built at reduced cost . Other uses Leeds Rhinos celebrate their 2008 Super League Grand Final victory over St Helens . Old Trafford has also been used for purposes other than football . Before the Old Trafford football stadium was built , the site was used for games of shinty , the traditional game of the Scottish Highlands . During the First World War , the stadium was used by American soldiers for games of baseball . On 17 September 1981 , the North Section of cricket 's Lambert & Butler Floodlit Competition was played there ; in the semi-finals , Nottinghamshire defeated Derbyshire and Lancashire beat Yorkshire , before Lancashire beat Nottinghamshire by 8 runs in the final to reach the national final , played between the other regional winners at Stamford Bridge the next day . Old Trafford has played host to both codes of rugby football , although league is played there with greater regularity than union . The Super League grand final has been played at Old Trafford every year since the introduction of the playoff system in 1998 , and is set to continue to do so until 2020 ; the first rugby league match to be played at Old Trafford was held during the 1924 -- 25 season , when a Lancashire representative side hosted the New Zealand national team , with Manchester United receiving 20 per cent of the gate receipts . The first league match to be held at Old Trafford came in November 1958 , with Salford playing against Leeds under floodlights in front of 8,000 spectators . The first rugby league Test match played at Old Trafford came in 1986 , when Australia beat Great Britain 38 -- 16 in front of 50,583 spectators in the first test of the 1986 Kangaroo tour . The 1989 World Club Challenge was played at Old Trafford on 4 October 1989 , with 30,768 spectators watching Widnes beat the Canberra Raiders 30 -- 18 . Old Trafford also hosted the second Great Britain vs Australia Ashes tests on both the 1990 and 1994 Kangaroo Tours . The stadium also hosted the semi-final between England and Wales at the 1995 Rugby League World Cup ; England won 25 -- 10 in front of 30,042 fans . The final rugby league international played at Old Trafford in the 1990s saw Great Britain record their only win over Australia at the ground in 1997 in the second test of the Super League Test series in front of 40,324 fans . When the Rugby League World Cup was hosted by Great Britain , Ireland and France in 2000 , Old Trafford was chosen as the venue for the final ; the match was contested by Australia and New Zealand , and resulted in a 40 -- 12 win for Australia , watched by 44,329 spectators . Old Trafford was also chosen to host the 2013 Rugby League World Cup Final . The game , played on 30 November , was won by Australia 34 -- 2 over defending champions New Zealand , and attracted a crowd of 74,468 , a world record for a rugby league international . During the game , Australia winger Brett Morris suffered a heavy crash into the advertising boards at the Stretford End , emphasising questions raised pre-match over the safety of Old Trafford as a rugby league venue , in particular the short in - goal areas and the slope around the perimeter . Old Trafford hosted its first rugby union international in 1997 , when New Zealand defeated England 25 -- 8 . A second match was played at Old Trafford on 6 June 2009 , when England beat Argentina 37 -- 15 . The stadium was one of 12 confirmed venues set to host matches of the 2015 Rugby World Cup ; however , in April 2013 United pulled out of the contract over concerns about pitch quality and not wanting to compromise their relationship with the 13 - man code . In October 1993 , a WBC -- WBO Super-Middleweight unification fight was held at the ground , with around 42,000 people paying to watch WBO champion Chris Eubank fight WBC champion Nigel Benn . Aside from sporting uses , several concerts have been played at Old Trafford , with such big names as Bon Jovi , Genesis , Bruce Springsteen , Status Quo , Rod Stewart and Simply Red playing . An edition of Songs of Praise was recorded there in September 1994 . Old Trafford is also regularly used for private functions , particularly weddings , Christmas parties and business conferences . The first wedding at the ground was held in the Premier Suite in February 1996 . Records A graph of Manchester United 's average attendances over the period from 1949 to 2009 The highest attendance recorded at Old Trafford was 76,962 for an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town on 25 March 1939 . However , this was before the ground was converted to an all - seater stadium , allowing many more people to fit into the stadium . Old Trafford 's record attendance as an all - seater stadium currently stands at 76,098 , set at a Premier League game between Manchester United and Blackburn Rovers on 31 March 2007 . This is also the Premier League 's record attendance . Old Trafford 's record attendance for a non-competitive game is 74,731 , set on 5 August 2011 for a pre-season testimonial between Manchester United and New York Cosmos . The lowest recorded attendance at a competitive game at Old Trafford in the post-War era was 11,968 , as United beat Fulham 3 -- 0 on 29 April 1950 . However , on 7 May 1921 , the ground hosted a Second Division match between Stockport County and Leicester City for which the official attendance was just 13 . This figure is slightly misleading as the ground also contained many of the 10,000 spectators who had stayed behind after watching the match between Manchester United and Derby County earlier that day . The highest average attendance at Old Trafford over a league season was 75,826 , set in the 2006 -- 07 season . The greatest total attendance at Old Trafford came two seasons later , as 2,197,429 people watched Manchester United win the Premier League for the third year in a row , the League Cup , and reach the final of the UEFA Champions League and the semi-finals of the FA Cup . The lowest average attendance at Old Trafford came in the 1930 -- 31 season , when an average of 11,685 spectators watched each game . Transport Adjacent to the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand of the stadium is Manchester United Football Ground railway station . The station is between the Deansgate and Trafford Park stations on the Southern Route of Northern Rail 's Liverpool to Manchester line , and is only open on matchdays . The ground is also serviced by both the Altrincham , Eccles and East Didsbury lines of the Manchester Metrolink network , with the nearest stops being Exchange Quay at nearby Salford Quays , and Old Trafford , which it shares with the Old Trafford Cricket Ground . Both stops are a five - minute walk from the football ground . The Wharfside tram stop , currently under construction on Trafford Wharf Road , which is within close proximity of the stadium , will link the proposed Trafford Park Line to the existing Pomona station , on the Eccles -- Piccadilly Line . Buses 255 and 256 , which are run by Stagecoach Manchester and 263 , which is run by Arriva North West run from Piccadilly Gardens in Manchester to Chester Road , stopping near Sir Matt Busby Way , while Stagecoach 's 250 service stop outside Old Trafford on Wharfside Way and X50 service stops across from Old Trafford on Water 's Reach . There are also additional match buses on the 255 service , which run between Old Trafford and Manchester city centre . Other services that serve Old Trafford are Arriva 's 79 service ( Stretford -- Swinton ) , which stops on Chester Road and 245 ( Altrincham -- Exchange Quay ) , which stops on Trafford Wharf Road , plus First Greater Manchester service 53 ( Cheetham -- Pendleton ) and Stagecoach 's 84 service ( Withington Hospital -- Manchester ) , which stop at nearby Trafford Bar tram stop . The ground also has several car parks , all within walking distance of the stadium ; these are free to park in on non-matchdays . 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-252225385313792473	Excitation table	Excitation table - wikipedia Excitation table Jump to : navigation , search In electronics design , an excitation table shows the minimum inputs that are necessary to generate a particular next state ( in other words , to `` excite '' it to the next state ) when the current state is known . They are similar to truth tables and state tables , but rearrange the data so that the current state and next state are next to each other on the left - hand side of the table , and the inputs needed to make that state change happen are shown on the right side of the table . Contents ( hide ) 1 Flip - flop excitation tables 1.1 T Flip Flop 1.2 SR Flip Flop 1.3 JK Flip Flop 1.4 D Flip Flop 2 References Flip - flop excitation tables ( edit ) In order to obtain the excitation table of a flip - flop , one needs to draw the Q ( t ) and Q ( t + 1 ) for all possible cases ( e.g. , 00 , 01 , 10 and 11 ) , and then make the value of flip - flop such that on giving this value , one shall receive the input as Q ( t + 1 ) as desired . T flip flop ( edit ) States Input Previous Present 0 0 0 0 0 0 The characteristic equation of a T flip - flop is Q ( next ) = T Q ′ + T ′ Q = T ⊕ Q ( \ displaystyle Q ( ( \ text ( next ) ) ) = TQ'+ T'Q = T \ oplus Q ) . SR flip flop ( edit ) ( `` X '' is `` do n't care '' ) States Inputs Previous Present 0 0 0 X 0 0 0 0 X 0 The characteristic equation of a SR flip - flop is Q ( next ) = S + Q R ′ ( \ displaystyle Q ( ( \ text ( next ) ) ) = S + QR ' ) . JK flip flop ( edit ) ( `` X '' is `` do n't care '' ) States Inputs Previous Present J 0 0 0 X 0 X 0 X X 0 The characteristic equation of a JK flip - flop is Q ( next ) = J Q ′ + K ′ Q ( \ displaystyle Q ( ( \ text ( next ) ) ) = JQ'+ K'Q ) . D Flip Flop ( edit ) States Input Previous Present 0 0 0 0 0 0 The characteristic equation of a D flip - flop is Q ( next ) = D ( \ displaystyle Q ( ( \ text ( next ) ) ) = D ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs150/sp98/lectures/week2_2/sld020.htm umd. edu 's explanation - an explanation of excitation tables . Types of Flip - flop Behaviour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excitation_table&oldid=814577306 '' Categories : Electronic design Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 17 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how to draw excitation table for sr flip-flop	[]	[]
-9205514794302612105	Bohemian Rhapsody	Bohemian Rhapsody - wikipedia Bohemian Rhapsody For other uses , see Bohemian Rhapsody ( disambiguation ) . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Original UK and Spain single picture sleeve , also used for some re-releases Single by Queen from the album A Night at the Opera B - side `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' Released 31 October 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 31 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded August -- September 1975 Genre Progressive rock hard rock progressive pop Length 5 : 55 Label EMI ( UK ) Elektra ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Freddie Mercury Producer ( s ) Roy Thomas Baker Queen Queen singles chronology `` Lily of the Valley '' ( 1975 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 1975 ) `` You 're My Best Friend '' ( 1976 ) Music video `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' on YouTube A Night at the Opera track listing 12 tracks Side one `` Death on Two Legs ( Dedicated to ... ) '' `` Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon '' `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' `` You 're My Best Friend '' `` ' 39 '' `` Sweet Lady '' `` Seaside Rendezvous '' Side two `` The Prophet 's Song '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Good Company '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` God Save the Queen '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' is a song by the British rock band Queen . It was written by Freddie Mercury for the band 's 1975 album A Night at the Opera . It is a six - minute suite , consisting of several sections without a chorus : an intro , a ballad segment , an operatic passage , a hard rock part and a reflective coda . The song is a more accessible take on the 1970s progressive rock genre . It was reportedly the most expensive single ever made at the time of its release , although the exact cost of production can not be determined . When it was released as a single , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' became a commercial success , staying at the top of the UK Singles Chart for nine weeks and selling more than a million copies by the end of January 1976 . It reached number one again in 1991 for another five weeks when the same version was re-released following Mercury 's death , eventually becoming the UK 's third - best - selling single of all time . It is also the only song to be the UK Christmas number one twice by the same artist . It topped the charts in several other markets as well , including Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , and The Netherlands , later becoming one of the best - selling singles of all time selling over 6 million copies worldwide . In the United States , the song originally peaked at number nine in 1976 . It returned to the chart at number two in 1992 , behind Kris Kross 's `` Jump '' , and also appeared in the film Wayne 's World , which contributed to the revival of its American popularity . Although critical reaction was initially mixed , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' remains one of Queen 's most popular songs and is frequently considered one of the greatest rock songs of all time . The single was accompanied by a promotional video , which many scholars consider ground - breaking . Rolling Stone stated that its influence `` can not be overstated , practically inventing the music video seven years before MTV went on the air . '' The Guardian ranked the music video for `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' number 31 on their list of the 50 key events in rock music history , adding it ensured `` videos would henceforth be a mandatory tool in the marketing of music '' . In 2004 , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2012 , the song topped the list on an ITV nationwide poll in the UK to find `` The Nation 's Favourite Number One '' over 60 years of music , while Mercury 's vocal performance was chosen as the greatest in rock history by readers of Rolling Stone . Contents 1 History and recording 2 Composition and analysis 2.1 Intro ( 0 : 00 -- 0 : 49 ) 2.2 Ballad ( 0 : 49 -- 2 : 40 ) 2.3 Guitar solo ( 2 : 40 -- 3 : 05 ) 2.4 Opera ( 3 : 05 -- 4 : 07 ) 2.5 Rock ( 4 : 07 -- 4 : 54 ) 2.6 Outro ( 4 : 54 -- 5 : 55 ) 3 Lyrics 4 Release 5 Promotional video 6 Critical reception 7 Legacy 7.1 Accolades 7.2 Wayne 's World 7.3 40th anniversary 8 Live performances 9 Chart performance 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Decade - end charts 9.4 Sales and certifications 10 Queen comments on the record 11 Personnel 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links History and recording ( edit ) Freddie Mercury wrote `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' at his home in London . The song 's producer , Roy Thomas Baker , related how Mercury once played the opening ballad section on the piano for him : `` He played the beginning on the piano , then stopped and said , ' And this is where the opera section comes in ! ' Then we went out to eat dinner . '' Guitarist Brian May says the band thought that Mercury 's blueprint for the song was `` intriguing and original , and worthy of work '' . According to May , much of Queen 's material was written in the studio , but this song `` was all in Freddie 's mind '' before they started . Music scholar Sheila Whiteley suggests that `` the title draws strongly on contemporary rock ideology , the individualism of the bohemian artists ' world , with rhapsody affirming the romantic ideals of art rock '' . Commenting on bohemianism , Judith Peraino said `` Mercury intended ... ( this song ) to be a ' mock opera ' , something outside the norm of rock songs , and it does follow a certain operatic logic : choruses of multi-tracked voices alternate with aria - like solos , the emotions are excessive , the plot confusing . '' According to Mercury 's friend Chris Smith ( a keyboard player in Smile ) , Mercury first started developing `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' in the late 1960s ; Mercury used to play parts of songs he was writing at the piano , and one of his pieces , known simply as `` The Cowboy Song '' , contained lyrics that ended up in the completed version produced years later , in 1975 , specifically , `` Mama ... just killed a man . '' This echoes the opener of a 1962 b - side called Mama by Roy Orbison , which is also on Roy Orbison 's Greatest Hits ( 1962 ) . Recording began on 24 August 1975 at Rockfield Studio 1 near Monmouth , South Wales , after a three - week rehearsal at Penrhos Court , near Kington , Herefordshire . During the making of the track , four additional studios ( Roundhouse , Sarm East Studios , Scorpio Sound , and Wessex Sound Studios ) were used . According to some band members , Mercury mentally prepared the song beforehand and directed the band throughout . Mercury used a Bechstein `` concert grand '' piano , which he played in the promotional video and the UK tour . Due to the elaborate nature of the song , it was recorded in various sections . May , Mercury , and drummer Roger Taylor reportedly sang their vocal parts continually for ten to twelve hours a day . The entire piece took three weeks to record , and in some sections featured 180 separate overdubs . Since the studios of the time only offered 24 - track analog tape , it was necessary for the three to overdub themselves many times and `` bounce '' these down to successive sub-mixes . In the end , eighth - generation tapes were used . The various sections of tape containing the desired sub-mixes had to be spliced ( cut and assembled in the correct sequence ) . May recalled placing a tape in front of the light and being able to see through it , as the tape had been used so many times . Producer Baker recalls that May 's solo was done on only one track , rather than recording multiple tracks . May stated that he wanted to compose `` a little tune that would be a counterpart to the main melody ; I did n't just want to play the melody '' . The guitarist said that his better material stems from this way of working : in which he thought of the tune before playing it : `` the fingers tend to be predictable unless being led by the brain . '' Composition and Analysis ( edit ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' has been affiliated to several genres of music , including progressive rock / symphonic rock , hard rock , and progressive pop . The song is highly unusual for a popular single in featuring no chorus , combining disparate musical styles and containing lyrics which eschew conventional love - based narratives for allusions to murder and nihilism . It consists of sections , beginning with an introduction , then a piano ballad , before a guitar solo leads to an operatic interlude . A hard rock part follows this and it concludes with a coda . The song is in the keys of B ♭ major , E ♭ major , A major and F major , and is predominantly in meter . This musical format of writing a song as a suite with changes in style , tone and tempo throughout was uncommon in most mainstream pop and rock music but common in progressive rock . The genre had reached its artistic and commercial zenith between 1970 and 1975 in the music of British bands such as Jethro Tull , Yes , Genesis , Emerson , Lake & Palmer , Gentle Giant , Van der Graaf Generator and Curved Air . The music of progressive rock was characterised by dramatic contrasts , frequent shifts in tempo and in rhythmic character from one section of a composition to the next . Bands from the genre had blended rock with classical music , its structural features and compositional practices , as well as using classical music instrumentation . Queen had embraced progressive rock as one of their many diverse influences . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' parodies many different elements of opera by using bombastic choruses , sarcastic recitative and distorted Italian operatic phraseology . An embryonic version of this style had already been utilised in Mercury 's earlier compositions for the band `` My Fairy King '' ( 1973 ) and `` The March of the Black Queen '' ( 1974 ) . Intro ( 0 : 00 -- 0 : 49 ) ( edit ) The song begins with a close five - part harmony a cappella introduction in B ♭ major -- as evidenced by the presence of a V-I cadence ( F7 - B ♭ ) multi track recordings of Mercury although the video has all four members lip - syncing this part . The lyrics question whether life is `` real '' or `` just fantasy caught in a landslide '' before concluding that there can be `` no escape from reality '' . After 20 seconds , the grand piano enters , the song modulates briefly to E ♭ major and Mercury 's voice alternates with the other vocal parts . The narrator introduces himself as `` just a poor boy '' but declares that he `` needs no sympathy '' because he is `` easy come , easy go '' and then `` little high , little low '' ( if listening in stereo , the words `` little high '' come from the left speaker whereas the `` little low '' comes from the right ) ; chromatic side - slipping on `` easy come , easy go '' highlights the dream - like atmosphere . The end of this section is marked by the bass entrance and the cross-handed piano vamp in B ♭ . Ballad ( 0 : 49 -- 2 : 40 ) ( edit ) `` Mama , just killed a man '' This sample features the distinctive piano phrase in B ♭ and the first line of the first verse . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The piano begins in B ♭ major along with the entrance of John Deacon 's bass guitar , marking the onset of this section . After it plays twice , Mercury 's vocals enter . Over the course of the section , the vocals evolve from a softly sung harmony to an impassioned solo performance by Mercury . The narrator explains to his mother that he has `` just killed a man , '' with `` a gun against his head '' and in doing so , has thrown his life away . This `` confessional '' section , Whiteley comments , is `` affirmative of the nurturant and life - giving force of the feminine and the need for absolution '' . In the middle of the verse ( 1 : 17 ) , Taylor 's drums enter , and a descending chromatic run leads to a temporary modulation to E ♭ major ( up one fourth ) . The narrator makes the second of several invocations to his `` mama '' in the new key , continuing the original theme . The narrator explains his regret over `` mak ( ing ) you cry '' and urging `` mama '' to `` carry on as if nothing really matters '' . A brief , descending variation of the piano phrase connects to the second verse . As the ballad proceeds into its second verse , the narrator shows how tired and beaten down he is by his actions ( as May enters on guitar and mimics the upper range of the piano at 1 : 50 ) . May imitates a bell tree during the line `` sends shivers down my spine '' , by playing the strings of his guitar on the other side of the bridge . The narrator bids the world goodbye announcing he has `` got to go '' and prepares to `` face the truth '' admitting `` I do n't want to die / I sometimes wish I 'd never been born at all . '' This is where the guitar solo enters . Guitar solo ( 2 : 40 -- 3 : 05 ) ( edit ) Towards the end of the ballad section , the band builds in intensity , incorporating a guitar solo ( in E ♭ major ) played and composed by May . The intensity continues to build , but once the bass line completes its descent establishing modulation to the new key ( A major ) , the entire band cuts out abruptly at 3 : 03 except for quiet , staccato A major quaver ( eighth - note ) chords on the piano , marking the start of the `` Opera '' section . Opera ( 3 : 05 -- 4 : 07 ) ( edit ) `` Scaramouche , Scaramouche , will you do the fandango ? '' The operatic segment enters immediately as May 's solo abruptly concludes . This vast shift in style is just one example of how the song rapidly changes throughout its running time . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A rapid series of rhythmic and harmonic changes introduces a pseudo-operatic midsection , which contains the bulk of the elaborate vocal multi-tracking , depicting the narrator 's descent into hell . While the underlying pulse of the song is maintained , the dynamics vary greatly from bar to bar , from only Mercury 's voice accompanied by a piano to a multi-voice choir supported by drums , bass , piano , and timpani . The choir effect was created by having May , Mercury , and Taylor repeatedly sing their vocal parts , resulting in 180 separate overdubs . These overdubs were then combined into successive submixes . According to Roger Taylor , the voices of May , Mercury and himself combined created a wide vocal range : `` Brian could get down quite low , Freddie had a powerful voice through the middle , and I was good at the high stuff . '' The band wanted to create `` a wall of sound , that starts down and goes all the way up '' . The band used the bell effect for lyrics `` Magnifico '' and `` Let me go '' . Also , on `` Let him go '' , Taylor singing the top section carries his note on further after the rest of the `` choir '' have stopped singing . Lyrical references in this passage include Scaramouche , the fandango , Galileo Galilei , Figaro , Beelzebub and Bismillah , as rival factions fight over the narrator 's soul . The section concludes with a full choral treatment of the lyric `` Beelzebub has a devil put aside for me ! '' , on a block B ♭ major chord . Roger Taylor tops the final chord with a falsetto B ♭ in the fifth octave ( B ♭ 5 ) . Using the 24 - track technology available at the time , the `` opera '' section took about three weeks to finish . Producer Roy Thomas Baker said `` Every time Freddie came up with another ' Galileo ' , I would add another piece of tape to the reel . '' Baker recalls that they kept wearing out the tape , which meant having to do transfers . Rock ( 4 : 07 -- 4 : 54 ) ( edit ) The operatic section leads into a rock interlude with a guitar riff written by Mercury . At 4 : 15 , a quadruple - tracked Mercury ( in stereo , the four parts are panned two on the left and two on the right ) sings angry lyrics addressed to an unspecified `` you '' , accusing them of betrayal and abuse and insisting `` ca n't do this to me , baby '' . Three ascending guitar runs follow . Mercury then plays a similar B ♭ run on the piano , as the song builds up to the finale with a ritardando . Outro ( 4 : 54 -- 5 : 55 ) ( edit ) After Mercury plays ascending octaves of notes from the B ♭ mixolydian mode ( composed of the notes from the E ♭ scale ) , the song then returns to the tempo and form of the introduction , initially in E ♭ major , before quickly modulating to C minor , only to soon go through an abrupt short series of modulations , bringing it back to C minor again in time for the final `` nothing really matters '' section . A guitar accompanies the chorus `` ooh , ooh yeah , ooh yeah . '' A double - tracked twin guitar melody is played through an amplifier designed by John Deacon , affectionately nicknamed the `` Deacy Amp '' . Mercury 's line `` Nothing really matters ... '' appears again , `` cradled by light piano arpeggios suggesting both resignation ( minor tonalities ) and a new sense of freedom in the wide vocal span '' . After the line `` nothing really matters '' is repeated multiple times , the song finally concludes in the key of E ♭ major , but then changes again to F major just before it ends . The final line , `` Any way the wind blows '' , is followed by the quiet sound of a large tam - tam that finally expels the tension built up throughout the song . Lyrics ( edit ) The New York Times commented that `` the song 's most distinct feature is the fatalistic lyrics '' . Mercury refused to explain his composition other than saying it was about relationships ; the band is still protective of the song 's secret . Brian May supports suggestions that the song contained veiled references to Mercury 's personal traumas . He recalls `` Freddie was a very complex person : flippant and funny on the surface , but he concealed insecurities and problems in squaring up his life with his childhood . He never explained the lyrics , but I think he put a lot of himself into that song . '' May , though , says the band had agreed that the core of a lyric was a private issue for the composer . In a BBC Three documentary about the making of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , Roger Taylor maintains that the true meaning of the song is `` fairly self - explanatory with just a bit of nonsense in the middle '' . It 's one of those songs which has such a fantasy feel about it . I think people should just listen to it , think about it , and then make up their own minds as to what it says to them ... `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' did n't just come out of thin air . I did a bit of research although it was tongue - in - cheek and mock opera . Why not ? -- Freddie Mercury When the band released a Greatest Hits cassette in Iran , a leaflet in Persian was included with translation and explanations ( refers to a book published in Iran called The March of the Black Queen by Sarah Sefati and Farhad Arkani , which included the whole biography of the band and complete lyrics with Persian translation ( 2000 ) ) . In the explanation , Queen states that `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' is about a young man who has accidentally killed someone and , like Faust , sold his soul to the devil . On the night before his execution , he calls for God saying , `` Bismillah '' ( `` In the name of God '' in Arabic ) , and with the help of angels , regains his soul from Shaitan ( the devil in Islam ) . Despite this , critics , both journalistic and academic , have speculated over the meaning behind the song 's lyrics . Some believe the lyrics describe a suicidal murderer haunted by demons or depict events just preceding an execution . The latter explanation points to Albert Camus 's novel The Stranger , in which a young man confesses to an impulsive murder and has an epiphany before he is executed , as probable inspiration . Others believe the lyrics were only written to fit with the music , and have no meaning ; Kenny Everett quoted Mercury as claiming the lyrics were simply `` random rhyming nonsense '' . Still others interpreted them as Mercury 's way of dealing with personal issues . Music scholar Sheila Whiteley observes that Mercury reached a turning point in his personal life in the year he wrote `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . He had been living with Mary Austin for seven years but had just embarked on his first love affair with a man . She suggests that the song provides an insight into Mercury 's emotional state at the time , `` living with Mary ( ' Mamma ' , as in Mother Mary ) and wanting to break away ( ' Mamma Mia let me go ' ) '' . Others suggest it as veiled reference to coming out , and dealing with the grave repercussions of the sodomy laws of the time . Release ( edit ) One of Side - A labels of the US single release When the band wanted to release the single in 1975 , various executives suggested to them that , at 5 minutes and 55 seconds , it was too long and would never be a hit . The song was played to other musicians who commented the band had no hope of it ever being played on radio . According to producer Roy Thomas Baker , he and the band bypassed this corporate decision by playing the song for Capital Radio DJ Kenny Everett : `` we had a reel - to - reel copy but we told him he could only have it if he promised not to play it . ' I wo n't play it , ' he said , winking ... '' Their plan worked -- Everett teased his listeners by playing only parts of the song . Audience demand intensified when Everett played the full song on his show 14 times in two days . Hordes of fans attempted to buy the single the following Monday , only to be told by record stores that it had not yet been released . The same weekend , Paul Drew , who ran the RKO stations in the States , heard the track on Everett 's show in London . Drew managed to get a copy of the tape and started to play it in the States , which forced the hand of Queen 's US label , Elektra . In an interview with Sound on Sound , Baker reflects that `` it was a strange situation where radio on both sides of the Atlantic was breaking a record that the record companies said would never get airplay ! '' Eventually the unedited single was released , with `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' as the B - side . Following Everett 's escapade in October 1975 , Eric Hall , a well known record plugger , gave a copy to David `` Diddy '' Hamilton to play on his weekday Radio One show . Eric stated `` Monster , Monster ! This could be a hit ! '' The song became the 1975 UK Christmas number one , holding the top position for nine weeks . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was the first song ever to get to number one in the UK twice with the same version , and is also the only single to have been Christmas number one twice with the same version . The second was upon its re-release ( as a double A-side single with `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ) in 1991 following Mercury 's death , staying at number one for five weeks . In the United States , the single was also a success , although to a lesser extent than in the UK . The single , released in December 1975 , reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of one million copies . A re-release in 1992 ( popularized by the song 's appearance in the hit film Wayne 's World ) reached number two . In a retrospective interview , Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone explains why the song performed less strongly in the US charts by saying that it 's `` the quintessential example of the kind of thing that does n't exactly go over well in America '' . Its chart run of 24 weeks , however , placed it at number 18 on Billboard 's year - end chart , higher than some number ones of the year . In its 1992 chart resurgence , it lasted 17 weeks on the chart and peaked at number two , with a year - end chart position of 39 . It was certified gold by the RIAA a second time on 8 August 2005 for digital download sales over 100,000 , and quadruple platinum on 23 April 2014 for combined digital sales and streams . It has sold 4.4 million digital copies in the US as of September 2017 . With the Canadian record - buying public , the single fared better , reaching number one in the RPM national singles chart for the week ending 1 May 1976 . Promotional video ( edit ) Though some artists had made video clips to accompany songs ( including Queen themselves ; for example , `` Keep Yourself Alive '' , `` Seven Seas of Rhye '' , `` Killer Queen '' and `` Liar '' already had `` pop promos '' , as they were known at the time ) , it was only after the success of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' that it became regular practice for record companies to produce promotional videos for artists ' single releases . These videos could then be shown on television shows , such as the BBC 's Top of the Pops , without the need for the artist to appear in person . A promo video also allowed the artist to have their music broadcast and accompanied by their own choice of visuals , rather than dancers such as Pan 's People . According to May , the video was produced so that the band could avoid miming on Top of the Pops , since they would have looked off miming to such a complex song . He also said that the band knew they would be set to appear at Dundee 's Caird Hall on tour and unable to appear on the programme anyway . The video has been hailed as launching the MTV age . The band used Trillion , a subsidiary of Trident Studios , their former management company and recording studio . They hired one of their trucks and got it to Elstree Studios , where the band were rehearsing for their tour . The video was directed by Bruce Gowers , who had directed a video of the band 's 1974 performance at the Rainbow Theatre in London , and was recorded by cameraman Barry Dodd and assistant director / floor manager Jim McCutcheon . The video was recorded in just four hours on 10 November 1975 , at a cost of £ 4,500 . Gowers reported that the band was involved in the discussion of the video and the end result , and `` was a co-operative to that extent , but there was only one leader . '' The video opens with a shot of the four band members in near darkness as they sing the a cappella part . The lights fade up , and the shots cross-fade into close - ups of Freddie . The composition of the shot is the same as Mick Rock 's cover photograph for their second album Queen II . The photo , inspired by a photograph of actress Marlene Dietrich , was the band 's favourite image of themselves . The video then fades into them playing their instruments . In the opera section of the video , the scene reverts to the Queen II standing positions , after which they perform once again on stage during the hard rock segment . In the closing seconds of the video Roger Taylor is depicted stripped to the waist , striking the tam tam in the manner of the trademark of the Rank Organisation 's Gongman , familiar in the UK as the opening of all Rank film productions . All of the special effects were achieved during the recording , rather than editing . The visual effect of Mercury 's face cascading away ( during the echoed line `` go '' ) was accomplished by pointing the camera at a monitor , giving visual feedback , a glare analogous to audio feedback . The honeycomb illusion was created using a shaped lens . The video was edited within five hours because it was due to be broadcast the same week in which it was taped . The video was sent to the BBC as soon as it was completed and aired for the first time on Top of the Pops in November 1975 . After a few weeks at number one , an edit of the video was created . The most obvious difference is the flames superimposed over the introduction as well as several alternate camera angles . Critical reception ( edit ) Although the song has become one of the most revered in popular music history , the initial critical reaction was mixed . The UK music papers reacted with bemusement , recognising that the song was original and technically accomplished , but they mostly remained indifferent . Pete Erskine of NME observed that , `` It 'll be interesting to see whether it 'll be played in its entirety on the radio . It 's performed extremely well , but more in terms of production than anything else ... Someone somewhere has decided that the boys ' next release must sound ' epic ' . And it does . They sound extremely self - important . '' Allan Jones of the Melody Maker was unimpressed , describing the song as `` a superficially impressive pastiche of incongruous musical styles '' and that Queen `` contrived to approximate the demented fury of the Balham Amateur Operatic Society performing The Pirates of Penzance ... ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' is full of drama , passion and romance and sounds rather like one of those mini-opera affairs that Pete Townsend ( sic ) used to tack on to the end of Who albums '' , before concluding , `` The significance of the composition eludes me totally , though I must admit to finding it horrifically fascinating . It 's likely to be a hit of enormous proportions despite its length . '' Ray Fox - Cumming of Record Mirror was also left unmoved , saying , `` It has no immediate selling point whatsoever : among its many parts . there 's scarcely a shred of a tune and certainly no one line to latch onto . There 's no denying that it 's devilishly clever , encompassing everything from bits of operatic harmonies to snatches that sound like Sparks and David Cassidy , but , in the end the whole adds up to less than the sum of its parts . '' He did , however , admit that it was `` unthinkable '' that it would n't be a hit . The most positive review came from Sounds , which called it `` impossibly disjointed and complex , but a dazzlingly clever epic from the fevered mind of Freddie Mercury '' . Legacy ( edit ) The Queen Extravaganza performing the song at the Fox Theatre , Detroit in 2012 In terms of execution , the song is preceded by the Beach Boys ' 1966 single `` Good Vibrations '' , which was also pieced together using various different sections . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was praised by Beach Boys leader Brian Wilson , who in 1976 called it `` the most competitive thing that 's come along in ages '' and `` a fulfillment and an answer to a teenage prayer -- of artistic music '' . Greg Lake , whose song `` I Believe in Father Christmas '' was kept from number one in the UK by `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' when it was released in 1975 , acknowledged that he was `` beaten by one of the greatest records ever made '' , describing it as `` a once - in - a-lifetime recording '' . Addressing the song 's enduring popularity , author and music lecturer Jochen Eisentraut wrote in 2012 : `` A year before punk made it unfashionable , progressive rock had an astounding success with the theoretically over-length ( nearly 6 - minute ) single ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' which bore many of the hallmarks of the ' prog ' genre '' . He said it was `` unique at this point to hear a hit single in this style '' , it was `` more accessible than other music of the genre '' and was `` able to communicate beyond the usual confines of the style '' . Author and progressive rock historian Stephen Lambe called it a `` remarkable '' single and said it `` provides a neat but coincidental bridge between prog in its prime and the move to more aggressive songwriting '' , suggesting the song `` feels like a grotesque ( although probably unintentional ) parody of progressive rock '' . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide described it as `` either a prog - rock benchmark or the most convoluted novelty song ever recorded '' . Writing for the BBC in 2015 , the Chicago Tribune 's music critic Greg Kot called it a `` prog - rock pocket operetta '' and said the song 's `` reign as a work of wigged - out genius rather than a dated gimmick testifies to its go - for - broke attitude -- one that has resonated across generations '' . In 2009 , The Guardian 's music critic , Tom Service , examined the song 's relationship with the traditions of classical music , describing its popularity as `` one of the strangest musical phenomena out there '' : The precedents of Bohemian Rhapsody are as much in the 19th - century classical traditions of rhapsodic , quasi-improvisational reveries -- like , say , the piano works of Schumann or Chopin or the tone - poems of Strauss or Liszt -- as they are in prog - rock or the contemporary pop of 1975 . That 's because the song manages a sleight of musical hand that only a handful of real master - musicians have managed : the illusion that its huge variety of styles -- from intro , to ballad , to operatic excess , to hard - rock , to reflective coda -- are unified into a single statement , a drama that somehow makes sense . It 's a classic example of the unity in diversity that high - minded musical commentators have heard in the symphonies of Beethoven or the operas of Mozart . And that 's exactly what the piece is : a miniature operatic - rhapsodic - symphonic - tone - poem . Comparison was also made between the song and Led Zeppelin 's 1971 epic `` Stairway to Heaven '' by music writers Pete Prown and HP Newquist . They observed both songs were `` a slow , introspective beginning and gradual climb to a raging metal jam and back again '' , with the notable distinction being `` while Zeppelin meshed folk influences with heavy metal , Queen opted for the light grandeur of the operetta as part of its hard rock '' . They said `` for sheer cleverness alone , not to mention May 's riveting electric work , ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' rightfully became one of the top singles of 1975 and established Queen in the elite of seventies rock bands '' . In 2015 , The Economist described it as `` one of the most innovative pieces of the progressive rock era '' . It wrote `` though Led Zeppelin 's John Paul Jones and The Beatles ' Paul McCartney had experimented with symphonic elements , and Roger Waters of Pink Floyd and Pete Townshend of The Who had created narrative albums with distinct ' movements ' , none had had the audacity to import a miniature opera into rock music . '' Accolades ( edit ) The song has won numerous awards , and has been covered and parodied by many artists . In 1977 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus and Best Arrangement for Voices . In 1977 , only two years after its release , the British Phonographic Industry named `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' as the best British single of the period 1952 -- 77 . It is a regular entry in greatest - songs polls , and it was named by the Guinness Book of Records in 2002 as the top British single of all time . The song is also listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . Robbie Williams on stage in Poland in 2015 performing the song with the Queen image in the background The song also came in tenth in a BBC World Service poll to find the world 's favourite song . In 2000 it came second to `` Imagine '' by John Lennon in a Channel 4 television poll of The 100 Best Number 1s . It has been in the top 5 of the Dutch annual `` Top 100 Aller Tijden '' ( `` All - Time Top 100 ( Singles ) '' ) since 1977 , reaching number one on eight occasions , more than any other artist . In 1999 , the annual `` Top 2000 '' poll commenced to find the best songs ever made , and `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' has been ranked number one in all but four years ( 2005 , 2010 , 2014 and 2015 when it was number two ) . In a 2012 readers poll conducted by Rolling Stone , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was voted the best vocal performance in rock history . In 2010 , the song ranked at 166 on Rolling Stone magazine 's `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' list . In 2004 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . As of 2004 , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' is the second most played song on British radio , in clubs and on jukeboxes collectively , after Procol Harum 's `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' . On 30 September 2007 on the Radio 1 Chart Show , for BBC Radio 1 's 40th birthday , it was revealed that `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was the most played song since Radio 1 's launch . In 2004 , BBC Three featured the song as part of their The Story of ... series of documentaries dedicated to specific songs . First broadcast in December 2004 , the programme charted the history of the song , discussed its credentials , and took Roger Taylor and Brian May of Queen back to one of the studios in which it was recorded . In 2012 , the song topped an ITV poll in the UK to find `` The Nation 's Favourite Number One '' over 60 years of music , ahead of Michael Jackson 's `` Billie Jean '' ( No. 2 ) , Adele 's `` Someone like You '' ( No. 3 ) , Oasis ' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( No. 4 ) and The Beatles ' `` Hey Jude '' ( No. 5 ) . The song was also ranked # 5 in RadioMafia 's list of `` Top 500 Songs '' . The song was also included in the music video games Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock and Rock Band 3 . The song was featured in the second trailer and the ending of the 2016 film Suicide Squad , and appears on the soundtrack album for the film , covered by American band Panic ! at the Disco . Wayne 's World ( edit ) The song enjoyed renewed popularity in 1992 due to its inclusion in the soundtrack to the film Wayne 's World . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was re-released as a double A-side cassette single with `` The Show Must Go On '' in January 1992 to commemorate the death of Freddie Mercury , with proceeds going to the Magic Johnson Foundation for AIDS research . Following the release of the film and soundtrack album in February , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart after 16 years , reaching number two . The film 's director , Penelope Spheeris , was hesitant to use the song , as it did not entirely fit with the lead characters , who were fans of less flamboyant hard rock and heavy metal . Mike Myers insisted that the song fit the scene . According to music scholar Theodore Gracyk , by 1992 , when the film was released , even `` classic rock '' stations had stopped playing the almost - six - minute song . Gracyk suggests that beginning the tape in the middle of the song after `` the lyrics which provide the song 's narrative ... forces the film 's audience to respond to its presence in the scene without the ' commentary ' of the lyrics '' . Helped by the song , the soundtrack album of the film was a major hit . In connection with this , a new video was released , intercutting excerpts from the film with footage from the original Queen video , along with some live footage of the band . Myers was horrified that the record company had mixed clips from Wayne 's World with Queen 's original video , fearing that this would upset the band . He said , `` they 've just whizzed on a Picasso . '' He asked the record company to tell Queen that the video was not his idea , and that he apologised to them . The band , though , sent a reply simply saying , `` Thank you for using our song . '' This shocked Myers , who said it should be more like him telling Queen , `` Thank you for even letting me touch the hem of your garments ! '' The Wayne 's World video version of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' won Queen its only MTV Video Music Award for `` Best Video from a Film '' . When remaining members Brian May and Roger Taylor took the stage to accept the award , Brian May was overcome with emotion and said that `` Freddie would be tickled . '' In the final scene of said video , a pose of the band from the video from the original `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' clip morphs into an identically posed 1985 photo , first featured in the `` One Vision '' video . The song was also featured in the movie Loaded Weapon 1 in a scene parodying Wayne 's World . 40th Anniversary ( edit ) To mark the 40th anniversary of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , the song was released on a limited edition 12 '' vinyl with the original B - side `` I 'm In Love With My Car '' on 27 November 2015 for Record Store Day 2015 . Queen also released A Night At The Odeon , Live At Hammersmith 75 , on CD , DVD & Blu - ray . This includes the first live `` professionally '' recorded performance of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . However , the very first recording and live performance of Bohemian Rhapsody was the performance on 14 November 1975 in Liverpool . Live Performances ( edit ) This Section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' live at Milton Keynes Bowl ( 1982 ) In live performances , the operatic segment would be played from tape as it was too complicated for the band to perform live . As the heavy rock segment followed , the band would return to the stage . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The a cappella opening was too complex to perform live , so Mercury tried various ways of introducing the song . When the song `` Mustapha '' became a live favourite , Mercury would often sub in that song 's a cappella opening , which was easier to reproduce live as it was only one voice . During the Hot Space Tour , and occasionally at other times , Mercury would do a piano improvisation ( generally the introduction to `` Death on Two Legs '' ) that ended with the first notes of the song . Often , the preceding song would end , and Mercury would sit at the piano , say a quick word and start playing the ballad section . From left to right : Deacon , Taylor and May in concert in Hanover in 1979 . Behind the drum kit is the tam - tam used at the end of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Initially following the song 's release , the operatic middle section proved a problem for the band . Because of extensive multi-tracking , it could not be performed on stage . The band did not have enough of a break between the Sheer Heart Attack and A Night at the Opera tours to find a way to make it work live , so they split the song into three sections that were played throughout the night . The opening and closing ballads were played as part of a medley , with `` Killer Queen '' and `` March of the Black Queen '' taking the place of the operatic and hard rock sections . In 1976 concerts where the same medley was played , the operatic section from the album would be played from tape as the introduction to the setlist . During this playback , Mercury would appear briefly to sing live for the line , `` I see a little sillhouetto of a man '' . As the song segued into the hard rock section , the band would emerge on the smoke filled stage -- the playback would end at this point , and the hard rock section would be performed live ( without the final ballad section , which appeared later in the set ) . Starting with the A Day at the Races Tour in 1977 , the band adopted their lasting way of playing the song live . The opening ballad would be played on stage , and after Brian May 's guitar solo , the lights would go down , the band would leave the stage , and the operatic section would be played from tape , while coloured stage lights provided a light show based around the voices of the opera section . A blast of pyrotechnics after Roger Taylor 's high note on the final `` for me '' would announce the band 's return for the hard rock section and closing ballad . Queen played the song in this form all through the Magic Tour of 1986 . This style was also used for the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert , with Elton John singing the opening ballad and then after the taped operatic section , Axl Rose singing the hard rock section . John and Rose sang the closing ballad part together in a duet . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was performed by Queen + Paul Rodgers throughout their tours , accompanied by a video of Mercury . Footage from the Live at Wembley ' 86 was used for the 2005 / 6 tour , and the 1981 Montreal performance used for the Rock the Cosmos Tour . As with the Queen tours , the band went backstage for the operatic section , which was accompanied by a video tribute to Freddie Mercury . When the hard rock section began , the lights came back up to the full band on stage , including Rodgers , who took over lead vocals . Rodgers duetted with the recording of Mercury for the `` outro '' section , allowing the audience to sing the final `` Nothing really matters to me '' , while the taped Mercury took a bow for the crowd . Rodgers would then repeat the line , and the final line ( `` Any way the wind blows '' ) was delivered with one last shot of Mercury smiling at the audience . Commenting upon this staging , Brian May says that they `` had to rise to the challenge of getting Freddie in there in a way which gave him his rightful place , but without demeaning Paul in any way . It also kept us live and ' present ' , although conscious and proud of our past , as we logically should be . '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was performed by Queen + Adam Lambert on Queen & Adam Lambert Rock Big Ben Live , with a different live version which has never been done before -- the opening ballad was shared between Lambert & Mercury , then after May 's guitar solo , instead of the normal light show while the opera section was played from a tape , the band stayed on and performed `` Killer Queen '' instead . At the end of `` Killer Queen '' , the band performed the rock and outro sections of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) 22 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( IFPI ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 18 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Cash Box 6 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) Double A-side with `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Double A-side with `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 18 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 36 France ( SNEP ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Position UK Singles ( BMRB ) 22 Chart ( 1976 ) Position Canada RPM Top 100 6 UK Singles ( BMRB ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Cash Box Singles 52 Chart ( 1991 ) Position UK Singles ( Gallup ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 41 UK Singles ( Gallup ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 39 US Cash Box Singles 22 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 -- 79 ) Position UK Singles ( OCC ) 7 Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position UK Singles 23 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 2,540,604 United States ( RIAA ) ( physical ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( digital ) 6 × Platinum 4,445,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . Queen comments on the record ( edit ) I 'm going to shatter some illusions , it was just one of those pieces I wrote for the album : just writing my batch of songs . In its early stages I almost rejected it , but then it grew . We started deciding on a single about halfway through . There were a few contenders -- we were thinking of `` The Prophet 's Song '' at one point -- but then `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' seemed the one . There was a time when the others wanted to chop it around a bit , but I refused . If it was going to be released , it would be in its entirety . We knew it was very risky , but we had so much confidence in that song -- I did anyway . I felt , underneath it all , that if it was successful it would earn a lot of respect . People were all going , You 're joking , they 'll never play it , you 'll only hear the first few bars and then they 'll fade it out . We had numerous rows . EMI were shocked -- a six - minute single ? You must be joking ! The same in America -- oh , you just got away with it in Britain . -- Freddie Mercury , 1976 When we finished the album , the Night at the Opera album , that was the track on it that we thought we were gon na release as a single in the UK first . And when we released it in Britain we did n't necessarily think it 'd be released in America , cause we know even over here , you know , the AM tastes are even more ( hesitates ) stricter . Anyway we did have thoughts about even in the UK , perhaps editing it down at all , but we listened to it over and over again and there was no way we could edit it . We tried a few ideas , but if you edited it , you always lost some part of the song , so we had to leave it all in . And luckily it took off anyway . -- John Deacon , 1977 The vocal harmonies was something we wanted to do from the beginning , as we are always keen to do that kind of thing . We wanted to be a group that could do the heaviness of hard rock , but also have harmonies swooping around all over the place . We thought there was some real power and emotion in that combination . The guitar solo was pretty much off the cuff , except I think I had plenty of time to think about that one . I remember playing along with it in the studio for a while when other things were being done . I knew what kind of melody I wanted to play . -- Brian May , 1982 Personnel ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freddie Mercury -- lead and backing vocals , piano , operatic vocals ( middle register ) Brian May -- electric guitar , operatic vocals ( low register ) Roger Taylor -- drums , timpani , gong , operatic vocals ( high register ) John Deacon -- bass guitar See also ( edit ) List of Bohemian Rhapsody cover versions List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horton , Matthew ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Queen : 20 Things You Probably Never Knew About ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' '' . NME . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Service , Tom ( 8 December 2009 ) . `` Bohemian Rhapsody : Mamma , we 've killed a song '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eisentraut , Jochen ( 2012 ) . The Accessibility of Music : Participation , Reception , and Contact . Cambridge University Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1107024830 . progressive rock had an astounding success with the theoretically over-length ( nearly 6 minute ) single ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' which bore many of the hallmarks of the ' prog ' genre ^ Jump up to : Cunningham 1995 . Jump up ^ Hodkinson 2004 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Dadds , Kimberley ( 19 July 2007 ) . `` The UK 's longest - running chart toppers '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Corn 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Every Official Christmas Number 1 ever '' . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Heatley 2008 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( 30 October 2015 ) . `` Party On : Queen 's Brian May Remembers ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' on 40th Anniversary '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Hann , Michael ( 12 June 2011 ) . `` Queen herald the age of the music video '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Recording Academy 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen 's Bohemian Rhapsody voted the Nation 's Favourite Number 1 Single '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Reader 's Poll : The Best Vocal Performances in Rock History '' . Rolling Stone . 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : BBC 2004b . ^ Jump up to : Chiu 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Whiteley 2006 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Peraino 2005 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 2011 ) , `` Interview '' , Queen : Days of our Lives ( documentary ) , BBC ^ Jump up to : Hodkinson 2004 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Classic Albums 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kot , Greg ( 24 August 2015 ) . `` The strangest rock classic ever ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . The prog - rock pocket operetta has sold more than 6 million copies worldwide Jump up ^ Fowles , Paul ( 2009 ) . A Concise History of Rock Music . Mel Bay Publications , Inc. p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0786666430 . Bohemian Rhapsody could easily have been dismissed as a fitting farewell to the dying genre of symphonic rock , had it not been for the fact that it was this record alone that elevated a previously middle - ranking commercial rock band to superstar status Jump up ^ de Haan , Jan - Jaap . `` Queen : A Night At The Opera '' . Dutch Progressive Rock Page . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . If you have to explain the concept of symphonic rock to anyone completely unfamiliar with Genesis , Pink Floyd or Marillion ( yes , these people exist ) , you have to mention just one song : Bohemian Rhapsody ^ Jump up to : Pete Prown ; HP Newquist ( 1997 ) . Legends of Rock Guitar : The Essential Reference of Rock 's Greatest Guitarists . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0793540426 . ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' was akin to Led Zeppelin 's ' Stairway to Heaven . ' But while Zeppelin meshed folk influences with heavy metal , Queen opted for the light grandeur of the operetta as part of its hard rock ^ Jump up to : `` Bohemian Rhapsody 's long legacy '' . The Economist. 27 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Breithaupt , Don ; Breithaupt , Jeff ( 2000 ) , Night Moves : Pop Music in the Late ' 70s , St. Martin 's Press , p. 67 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 19821 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Queensongs.info . Jump up ^ Cateforis , Theo ( 2012 ) . The Rock History Reader . Routledge . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0415892131 . Jump up ^ Macan , Edward ( 1997 ) . Rocking the Classics : English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture . Oxford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0195098884 . Jump up ^ John Covach ; Graeme M. Boone , eds. ( 1997 ) . Understanding Rock : Essays in Musical Analysis . Oxford University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0195100051 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Queen biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McLeod , Ken ( May 2001 ) . `` Bohemian Rhapsodies : Operatic Influences on Rock Music '' . Popular Music . Cambridge University Press . 20 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 203 . doi : 10.1017 / s0261143001001404 . JSTOR 853651 . ^ Jump up to : Whiteley 2006 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Black 2002 . Jump up ^ Davis 1993 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ BBC 2004a . Jump up ^ `` Is Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Actually About Coming Out ? - Pitchfork `` . pitchfork.com . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian rhapsody celebrates 40 YEARS : 19 things you did n't know about the queen anthem '' . Express Online . 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lesley - Ann ( 2012 ) . Freddie Mercury : The Definitive Biography . Hodder & Stoughton . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 44473 - 369 - 3 . Jump up ^ BBC 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Gold & Platinum Searchable Database . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Singles '' . Billboard ( `` Billboard 's Talent in Action '' supplement ) . 25 December 1976 . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4125a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ Muikku , Jari ( 1990 ) . `` On the role and tasks of a record producer '' . Popular Music and Society . 14 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 33 . doi : 10.1080 / 03007769008591381 . ^ Jump up to : Lambe , Stephen ( 2013 ) . Citizens of Hope and Glory : The Story of Progressive Rock ( Second ed . ) . The Hill , Stroud : Amberley Publishing . p. 58 . ISBN 9781445607375 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Erskine , Pete ( 1 November 1975 ) . `` Platters '' . NME . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jones , Allan ( 1 November 1975 ) . `` All that glitters is not ... '' . Melody Maker . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Fox - Cumming , Ray ( 1 November 1975 ) . `` Singles '' . Record Mirror & Disc . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Singles '' . Sounds . 1 November 1975 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ McAlpine , Fraser ( 10 October 2015 ) . `` 10 Things You May Not Know About Queen 's ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' '' . BBC America . Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard ( 7 August 1976 ) . `` Pet Sounds & The California Consciousness '' . Sounds . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Garry ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` The Making Of ... Greg Lake 's I Believe In Father Christmas '' . Uncut . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Nathan Brackett ; Christian Hoard , eds. ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster Ltd. p. 668 . ISBN 978 - 0743201698 . Jump up ^ `` Queen -- Artist -- Grammy.com '' . Grammy Awards database search . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gracyk 2007 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC 2002 . Jump up ^ Radio Veronica . Jump up ^ Top 2000 Lijst radio2.nl . Retrieved 18 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` 1 . Queen , ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' -- Readers ' Poll : The Best Vocal Performances in Rock History '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 16 Aug 2018 . Jump up ^ ClashMusic.com 2009 . Jump up ^ Radiomafian Top 500 ( v. 1995 ) Archived 29 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Finnish ) . yle.fi . Accessed on 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 17 June 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Soundtrack : Skrillex & Rick Ross , Panic ! at the Disco Cover ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Gracyk 2007 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Gracyk 2007 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Made in Heaven video documentary `` Champions of the World . '' Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ `` First Performance of Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Jump up ^ `` QUEEN LIVE - information on concerts ; reviews , pictures , and more '' . www.queenlive.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://jonh-ingham.blogspot.ca/2007/02/queen-riot-at-opera.html%7CArticle by John Ingham , published 29 November 1975 Accessed 4 December 2014 Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Queen Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : Q '' . Hit Parade Italia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 2 , 1976 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.nz -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 - 1989 Songs A-B '' . South Africa Rock Lists . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Singles Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 the Week of April 24 , 1976 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Singles '' . 24 April 1976 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Bohemian Rhapsody / The Days of Our Lives '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2123 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2131 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 2 , 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Queen Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles '' . 16 May 1992 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Best Sellers : Singles '' . Record Mirror and Disc . London , England : Spotlight Publications . 10 January 1976 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Lyttle , Brendan ( 8 January 1977 ) . `` Top 200 singles of ' 76 '' . RPM . Vol. 26 no . 14 -- 15 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles of 1976 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications . 25 December 1976 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Nigel , ed. ( 1977 ) . `` Top 100 Singles 1976 '' . BPI Year Book 1977 ( 2nd ed . ) . London , England : The British Phonographic Industry Ltd . pp. 216 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 00 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1976 '' . Cash Box . 25 December 1976 . p. 62 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Top 100 Singles '' . Music Week . 11 January 1992 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles '' . Music Week . 16 January 1993 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard ( `` 1992 : The Year in Music '' supplement ) . 26 December 1992 . p . YE - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Pop Singles '' . Cash Box . 26 December 1992 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Singles of the Seventies '' . Music Week ( `` 1959 -- 2009 : Anniversary Special '' supplement ) . London , England . 19 September 2009 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Queen ; ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Queen -- Bohemian Rhapsody '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Bohemian Rhapsody in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . 9 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Freddie Mercury Interview , January 1976 , Sounds References ( edit ) Hodkinson , Mark ( 2004 ) . Queen : The Early Years . Music Sales Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 012 - 2 . Pope , Rob ( 2002 ) . The English Studies Book : An Introduction to Language , Literature and Culture . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25709 - 3 . `` Smashed Hits : What is a Bohemian Rhapsody ? '' . BBC News . 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Corn , John ( 2005 ) . Britain Since 1948 . Folens Publishers . ISBN 1 - 84303 - 985 - 0 . Heatley , Michael ( 2008 ) . Massive Music Moments . Collins and Brown . ISBN 1 - 84340 - 493 - 1 . Directed by Carl Johnston ( 4 December 2004 ) . The Story of Bohemian Rhapsody ( Television production ) . BBC . Peraino , Judith ( 2005 ) . Listening to the Sirens : Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21587 - 7 . Chiu , David ( 27 December 2005 ) . `` Unconventional Queen Hit Still Rocks After 30 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Allen , Nick ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Muppets ' Bohemian Rhapsody takes YouTube by storm '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 April 2010 . Davis , Andy ( 1993 ) . `` Queen 's Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Record Collector ( 167 ) : 20 . Black , Johnny ( 2002 ) . `` The Greatest Songs Ever ! Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Blender . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . `` Queen album brings rock to Iran '' . BBC News . 24 August 2004 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Gracyk , Theodore ( 2007 ) . Listening to Popular Music : Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Led Zeppelin . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 06983 - 7 . `` Grammy Hall of Fame Award '' . Grammy.com. 2004 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . `` Most Played Song On British Radio '' . ClashMusic.com. 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Cunningham , Mark ( October 1995 ) . `` An Invitation to the Opera '' . Sound on Sound . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Directed by Matthew Longfellow ( 21 March 2006 ) . A Making of ' A Night at the Opera ' ( DVD ) . Classic Albums . `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 2004 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . `` Irish song voted world 's favourite '' . BBC News . 20 December 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . `` Top 100 Aller Tijden '' . Radio Veronica . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Buckley , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Rock . Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 457 - 0 . Whiteley , Sheila ( 2006 ) . Queering the Popular Pitch . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97805 - X . `` Press Release : Queen + The Muppets Single '' . BrianMay.com. 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . BBC Radio 2 . April 2005 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . `` Queen : inducted in 2001 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Chael , David ( 13 October 2008 ) . `` Review : Queen and Paul Rodgers on tour '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . `` Bohemian Rhapsody Chart Entries '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . External links ( edit ) Original music video Queen Brian May Roger Taylor Freddie Mercury John Deacon Studio albums Queen Queen II Sheer Heart Attack A Night at the Opera A Day at the Races News of the World Jazz The Game Flash Gordon Hot Space The Works A Kind of Magic The Miracle Innuendo Made in Heaven Live albums Live Killers Live Magic At the Beeb Live at Wembley ' 86 Queen on Fire -- Live at the Bowl Queen Rock Montreal Hungarian Rhapsody : Queen Live in Budapest Live at the Rainbow ' 74 A Night at the Odeon -- Hammersmith 1975 On Air Soundtracks Flash Gordon Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits II Classic Queen The 12 '' Collection Queen Rocks Greatest Hits III Stone Cold Classics The A -- Z of Queen , Volume 1 Absolute Greatest Deep Cuts , Volume 1 ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Deep Cuts , Volume 2 ( 1977 -- 1982 ) Deep Cuts , Volume 3 ( 1984 -- 1995 ) Icon Queen Forever On Air Additional albums Five Live ( with George Michael ) The Cosmos Rocks ( with Paul Rodgers ) Box sets The Complete Works CD Single Box Box of Tricks Ultimate Queen The Crown Jewels The Platinum Collection The Singles Collection Volume 1 The Singles Collection Volume 2 The Singles Collection Volume 3 The Singles Collection Volume 4 On Air Videography We Will Rock You Live in Rio The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert Greatest Video Hits 1 Queen at Wembley Queen Rocks Greatest Video Hits 2 We Are the Champions : Final Live in Japan Queen on Fire -- Live at the Bowl Queen Rock Montreal Hungarian Rhapsody : Queen Live in Budapest Live at the Rainbow ' 74 A Night at the Odeon -- Hammersmith 1975 Tours Queen II Tour Sheer Heart Attack Tour A Night at the Opera Tour Summer Gigs 1976 A Day at the Races Tour News of the World Tour Jazz Tour Crazy Tour The Game Tour Hot Space Tour The Works Tour The Magic Tour Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour Rock the Cosmos Tour Queen + Adam Lambert Tour 2012 Queen + Adam Lambert Tour 2014 -- 2015 Queen + Adam Lambert 2016 Summer Festival Tour Queen + Adam Lambert Tour 2017 -- 2018 Related Discography Awards Live performances Songs The Story of Bohemian Rhapsody Queen + Paul Rodgers Queen + Adam Lambert Queen & Adam Lambert Rock Big Ben Live Larry Lurex Mike Grose Smile The Cross The Brian May Band One Night of Queen Queen : The eYe We Will Rock You ( musical ) We Will Rock You : 10th Anniversary Tour Queen at the Ballet Deacy Amp Mercury Phoenix Trust Queen Extravaganza Tour Mountain Studios Red Special Spike Edney Jim Beach John Reid List of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' cover versions SingStar Queen Dragon Attack : A Tribute to Queen Stone Cold Queen : A Tribute Killer Queen : A Tribute to Queen A Night at the Hip Hopera Bohemian Rhapsody ( film ) Book Category Portal Queen songs Discography Queen `` Keep Yourself Alive '' `` Liar '' Queen II `` Seven Seas of Rhye '' Sheer Heart Attack `` Killer Queen '' / `` Flick of the Wrist '' `` Now I 'm Here '' `` Lily of the Valley '' `` Stone Cold Crazy '' A Night at the Opera `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` You 're My Best Friend '' `` Love of My Life '' A Day at the Races `` Somebody to Love '' `` Tie Your Mother Down '' `` Teo Torriatte ( Let Us Cling Together ) '' `` Long Away '' `` Good Old - Fashioned Lover Boy '' News of the World `` We Are the Champions '' / `` We Will Rock You '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` It 's Late '' Jazz `` Bicycle Race '' / `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' `` Jealousy '' `` Mustapha '' Live Killers `` Love of My Life '' ( Live ) `` We Will Rock You '' ( Live ) The Game `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' `` Save Me '' `` Play the Game '' `` Another One Bites the Dust '' `` Need Your Loving Tonight '' Flash Gordon `` Flash '' Hot Space `` Under Pressure '' ( with David Bowie ) `` Body Language '' `` Las Palabras de Amor '' `` Calling All Girls '' `` Staying Power '' `` Back Chat '' The Works `` Radio Ga Ga '' `` I Want to Break Free '' `` It 's a Hard Life '' `` Hammer to Fall '' A Kind of Magic `` One Vision '' `` A Kind of Magic '' `` Princes of the Universe '' `` Friends Will Be Friends '' `` Pain Is So Close to Pleasure '' `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' `` One Year of Love '' The Miracle `` I Want It All '' `` Breakthru '' `` The Invisible Man '' `` Scandal '' `` The Miracle '' Innuendo `` Innuendo '' `` I 'm Going Slightly Mad '' `` Headlong '' `` I Ca n't Live with You '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' Made in Heaven `` Heaven for Everyone '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` I Was Born to Love You '' `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' `` Let Me Live '' `` You Do n't Fool Me '' Queen Rocks `` No - One but You ( Only the Good Die Young ) '' / `` Tie Your Mother Down '' Greatest Hits III `` Under Pressure ( Rah Mix ) '' Non-album singles `` Thank God It 's Christmas '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( Small Soldiers Remix ) '' `` We Will Rock You '' ( with Five ) `` We Are the Champions '' ( with Robbie Williams ) `` Flash ( Vanguard Mix ) '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( The Miami Project Remixes ) '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( with The Muppets ) Other songs `` See What a Fool I 've Been '' `` Death on Two Legs '' `` Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon '' `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' `` ' 39 '' `` Sweet Lady '' `` Seaside Rendezvous '' `` The Prophet 's Song '' `` Good Company '' `` Sheer Heart Attack '' `` Is This the World We Created ... ? '' `` Ride the Wild Wind '' `` Delilah '' `` Made in Heaven '' `` Mother Love '' `` Let Me in Your Heart Again '' `` Love Kills '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Category UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1970s `` I Hear You Knocking '' ( Dave Edmunds , 1970 ) `` Ernie ( The Fastest Milkman in the West ) '' ( Benny Hill , 1971 ) `` Long Haired Lover from Liverpool '' ( Jimmy Osmond , 1972 ) `` Merry Xmas Everybody '' ( Slade , 1973 ) `` Lonely This Christmas '' ( Mud , 1974 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( Queen , 1975 ) `` When a Child Is Born '' ( Johnny Mathis , 1976 ) `` Mull of Kintyre '' ( Wings , 1977 ) `` Mary 's Boy Child '' ( Boney M. , 1978 ) `` Another Brick in the Wall '' ( Pink Floyd , 1979 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Works based on Faust Folk legend Faust Johann Georg Faust Deal with the Devil in popular culture Simon Magus Theophilus of Adana Erdgeist Mephistopheles Pan Twardowski Stingy Jack Seminal works Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1587 chapbook ) Cenodoxus ( 1602 , play ) Doctor Faustus ( 1604 play ) Goethe 's Faust ( 1808 play ) Faust , Part One Faust , Part Two Prose `` Bearskin '' `` Daniel and the Devil '' Melmoth the Wanderer ( 1820 ) `` The Devil and Tom Walker '' ( 1824 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1830 ) Auriol ( 1844 ) Chasse - galerie ( 1892 ) The Sorrows of Satan ( 1896 ) Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll , Pataphysician ( 1898 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1929 -- 40 ) Mephisto ( 1936 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1937 ) None but Lucifer ( 1939 ) Doktor Faustus ( 1947 ) The Devil in Velvet ( 1951 ) The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant ( 1954 ) Gimmicks Three ( 1956 ) The Devil to Pay in the Backlands ( 1956 ) That Hell - Bound Train ( 1958 ) For a Breath I Tarry ( 1966 ) The Damnation Game ( 1986 ) Eric ( 1990 ) The Devil 's Own Work ( 1991 ) Jack Faust ( 1997 ) Johannes Cabal the Necromancer ( 2009 ) Plays Gretchen ( 1879 ) Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter ? ( 1955 ) The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon ( 1965 ) Temptation ( 1986 ) Operas Faust ( 1816 , Spohr ) La damnation de Faust ( 1846 , Berlioz ) Faust ( 1859 , Gounod ) Mefistofele ( 1868 , Boito ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1855 , Lutz ) Faust up to Date ( 1888 , Lutz ) Doktor Faust ( 1916 -- 25 , Busoni ) Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights ( 1938 ) The Rake 's Progress ( 1951 , Stravinsky ) Reuben , Reuben ( 1955 ) Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1994 ) Faustus , the Last Night ( 2006 ) Classical music Gretchen am Spinnrade ( 1814 , Schubert ) Faust Overture ( 1840 , Wagner ) Grande sonate ' Les quatre âges ' 2nd movement `` Quasi-Faust '' ( 1847 , Alkan ) Scenes from Goethe 's Faust ( 1853 , Schumann ) Part II of Symphony No. 8 ( 1906 -- 07 , Mahler ) Faust Symphony ( 1854 -- 57 , Liszt ) Mephisto Waltzes ( Liszt ) Gothic Symphony ( Brian ) Bagatelle sans tonalité ( Liszt ) Other music Albums Epica Saga Epica The Black Halo Beethoven 's Last Night The Black Rider Songs `` Mephisto Polka '' ( 1859 -- 85 ) `` Cross Road Blues '' ( 1936 ) `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ( 1968 ) `` Friend of the Devil '' ( 1970 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 1975 ) `` The Devil Went Down to Georgia '' ( 1979 ) `` Faustian Echoes '' ( 2012 ) `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' ( 2015 ) Films Faust and Marguerite ( 1900 ) The Damnation of Faust ( 1903 ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1904 ) The Student of Prague ( 1913 ) Rapsodia satanica ( 1915 ) The Student of Prague ( 1926 ) Faust ( 1926 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) Alias Nick Beal ( 1949 ) The Legend of Faust ( 1949 ) Beauty and the Devil ( 1950 ) Marguerite de la nuit ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Faust ( 1960 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) El extraño caso del doctor Fausto ( 1969 ) Mephisto ( 1981 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1982 ) Oh , God ! You Devil ( 1984 ) Faust ( 1994 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1994 ) Bedazzled ( 2000 ) Faust : Love of the Damned ( 2001 ) Fausto 5.0 ( 2001 ) I Was a Teenage Faust ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) Faust ( 2011 ) Television Episodes `` The Devil 's Hands Are Idle Playthings '' ( 2003 ) Other The Devil and Daniel Mouse ( 1978 ) Musicals Damn Yankees ( 1955 ) Randy Newman 's Faust ( 1993 ) Success ! ( 1993 ) Faust ( 2003 ) Other Paintings Faust ( ballet ) ( 1848 ) Gods ' Man ( 1929 ) Faust ( manga ) ( 1950 ) Doctor Faustus ( comics ) ( 1968 ) Faust ( Avatar Press ) ( 1987 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemian_Rhapsody&oldid=856919471 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 1975 singles 1975 songs 1976 singles 1991 singles 1992 singles Brit Award for British Single British rock songs Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Elektra Records singles EMI Records singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Rock ballads Hollywood Records singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles The Muppets songs Music based on the Faust legend Music medleys Music videos directed by Bruce Gowers Never Shout Never songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Spain Panic ! at the Disco songs Parlophone singles Progressive pop songs British progressive rock songs Queen ( band ) songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs about death Songs about crime Murder ballads Song recordings produced by Roy Thomas Baker Songs written by Freddie Mercury Symphonic rock songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from April 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Articles needing additional references from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 11 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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3211204409046513978	Itchycoo Park	Itchycoo Park - wikipedia Itchycoo Park `` Itchycoo Park '' Single by Small Faces B - side `` I 'm Only Dreaming '' Released 4 August 1967 Format 7 '' Recorded Olympic Studios 24 July 1967 Genre Psychedelic rock , psychedelic pop Length 2 : 45 Label Immediate Songwriter ( s ) Steve Marriott , Ronnie Lane Producer ( s ) Steve Marriott , Ronnie Lane Small Faces singles chronology `` Here Come the Nice '' ( 1967 ) `` Itchycoo Park '' ( 1967 ) `` Tin Soldier '' ( 1967 ) `` Here Come the Nice '' ( 1967 ) `` Itchycoo Park '' ( 1967 ) `` Tin Soldier '' ( 1967 ) Audio sample file help `` Itchycoo Park '' is a psychedelic rock song written by Steve Marriott and Ronnie Lane , first recorded by their group , the Small Faces . The song reached number three in the UK Singles Chart in 1967 . Contents 1 Song profile 2 Inspiration 2.1 Other possible etymologies 3 M People version 3.1 Music video 3.2 Charts 4 Uses and other notable versions 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Song profile ( edit ) `` Itchycoo Park '' was released by The Small Faces in August 1967 . Together with `` Lazy Sunday '' , `` Tin Soldier '' and `` All or Nothing '' , the song is one of the band 's biggest hits and has become a classic of its time . The song reached number 16 in the American Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1968 . In Canada , the song reached number 1 . Long running British music magazine NME cites readers poll voting `` Itchycoo Park '' number 62 out of the top 100 singles of all time . `` Itchycoo Park '' climbed the charts again when it was re-released on 13 December 1975 . The song was one of the first pop singles to use flanging , an effect that can be heard in the bridge section after each chorus . Most sources credit the use of the effect to Olympic Studios engineer George Chkiantz who showed it to the Small Faces regular engineer Glyn Johns ; he in turn demonstrated it to the group , who were always on the lookout for innovative production sounds , and they readily agreed to its use on the single . Although many devices were soon created that could produce the same effect by purely electronic means , the effect as used on `` Itchycoo Park '' was at that time an electro - mechanical studio process . Two synchronised tape copies of a finished recording were played simultaneously into a third master recorder , and by manually retarding the rotation of one of the two tape reels ( flanges ) using the fingers , a skilled engineer could subtly manipulate the phase difference between the two sources , creating the lush ' swooshing ' phase effect that sweeps up and down the frequency range . Because the original single version was mixed and mastered in mono , the flanging effect in `` Itchycoo Park '' is more pronounced in its original mono mix , and is noticeably diluted in the subsequent stereo mix . Inspiration ( edit ) The song was first conceived and largely written by Ronnie Lane , who had been reading a leaflet on the virtues of Oxford which mentioned its dreaming spires . A number of sources claim the song 's name is derived from the nickname of Little Ilford Park , on Church Road in the London suburb of Manor Park , where Small Faces ' singer and song - writer Steve Marriott grew up . The `` itchycoo '' nickname is , in turn , attributed to the stinging nettles which grew there . Other sources cite nearby Wanstead Flats ( Manor Park end ) as the inspiration for the song . Photo of Wanstead Flats , London E12 near Marriott 's Manor Park home Marriott and Small Faces manager Tony Calder came up with the well - known story when Marriott was told the BBC had banned the song for its overt drug references , Calder confirms : We scammed the story together , we told the BBC that Itchycoo Park was a piece of waste ground in the East End that the band had played on as kids -- we put the story out at ten and by lunchtime we were told the ban was off . Ronnie Lane said of the true location of Itchycoo Park : `` It 's a place we used to go to in Ilford years ago . Some bloke we know suggested it to us because it 's full of nettles and you keep scratching actually '' . Other possible etymologies ( edit ) Despite all the claims as to which park is the original Itchycoo park , in an interview Steve Marriott has stated that `` It 's Valentine 's Park in Ilford . We used to go there and get stung by wasps . It 's what we used to call it '' . This was reiterated by actor Tony Robinson , a childhood friend of Marriott 's Itchy Park is located in the East End of London and dates back to the Victorian era . The term `` Itchycoo '' , also appears in the Scots language from around the 1950s . Steve Marriott once said of The Small Faces `` ( We ) were a mix of R&B and music hall . The R&B came from Detroit , the music hall from Stepney . That 's what ' Itchycoo Park ' is about ... having a drink and a party . '' M People version ( edit ) `` Itchycoo Park '' Single by M People from the album Bizarre Fruit II Released 1995 Format CD single Genre Dance Length 3 : 34 M People singles chronology `` Love Rendezvous '' ( 1995 ) `` Itchycoo Park '' ( 1995 ) `` Just for You '' ( 1997 ) `` Love Rendezvous '' ( 1995 ) `` Itchycoo Park '' ( 1995 ) `` Just for You '' ( 1997 ) Music video `` Itchycoo Park '' on YouTube British band M People did a dance version of `` Itchycoo Park '' in 1995 . The track peaked on number 11 at the UK Singles Chart and was remixed by David Morales . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Itchycoo Park '' was directed by Maria Mochnacz . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA Charts ) 27 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 55 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Uses and other notable versions ( edit ) 1984 : covered by progressive rock band The Enid 1992 : Rymes with Orange , on the album Peel 1993 : Blue Murder cover on the album Nothin ' But Trouble 1993 : Heavy metal band Quiet Riot covered on the album Terrified . 1996 : covered by Ben Lee for the I Shot Andy Warhol soundtrack 1996 : Tasmin Archer covered the song as a bonus track to the Japanese edition of her album Bloom 1996 : The song is featured in the soundtrack to the Australian film Mr. Reliable 1999 : Itchycoo Park 1999 was a `` Pre-Bonnaroo '' like music festival in Manchester , Tennessee , the same place in which Bonnaroo is today . The festival was successful its first year but did not fulfill its plans to return in 2000 . 1999 : The song can be heard in the marijuana documentary Grass . 2006 : The original version is heard in the opening scenes of the British film Severance starring Danny Dyer . 2009 : Used in soundtrack for the movie The Men Who Stare at Goats starring George Clooney , Ewan McGregor and Jeff Bridges . New Zealand / Australian band Dragon covered the song on their album , It 's All Too Beautiful ( 2011 ) . 2015 : Covered by Nellie McKay on her album My Weekly Reader . 2015 : Covered by Alice Cooper 's Hollywood Vampires on their debut album . 2018 : The song can be heard in the Season 2 finale of The Handmaid 's Tale . Commander Lawrence plays the song at his home . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guide to British Music of the 1960s '' . Making Time . Retrieved 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Hewitt & Rod Stewart , Paulo ; Hellier , John . Steve Marriott - All Too Beautiful ... Helter Skelter . p. 160 . ISBN 1 - 900924 - 44 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Singles - January 27 , 1968 '' ( PDF ) . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NME Readers all time top 100 singles published 1976 '' . NME . Retrieved 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Hits of Mid January 1976 '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Jay ( Aug 19 , 2010 ) . Understanding Records : A Field Guide To Recording Practice . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 142 . ISBN 9781441124098 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Stojkovski , Dragan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Itchycoo Park '' . Kurrent Music . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Oxford 's Bridge of Sighs is mentioned in the first line . Hewitt , Paulo ; Kenney Jones ( 1995 ) . small faces the young mods ' forgotten story . Acid Jazz . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 9523935 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Small Faces London - Ilford Park '' . Making Time . Retrieved 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Steve Marriott , All Too Beautiful p. 154 Jump up ^ Hewitt , Paulo ; Kenney Jones ( 1995 ) . Small Faces : The Young Mods ' Forgotten Story . Acid Jazz . p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 9523935 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tony ( 2016 ) . No Cunning Plan . Sidgwick & Jackson . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5098 - 4303 - 9 . Jump up ^ Itchy Park Retrieved 16 September 2008 Jump up ^ `` ITCHY - COO '' . Scottish National Dictionary / Dictionary of the Scots Language . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Itchycoo Park ( 1995 ) by M People '' . IMVDb.com . Retrieved 18 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( NR. 149 Vikuna 23.12. ' 95 - 5.1 . ' 96 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Itchycoo Park '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/mr-reliable-mw0000974887 Jump up ^ `` Itchycoo Park , soundtrack to Severance film '' . 2006 . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Paolo Hewitt John Hellier ( 2004 ) . Steve Marriott - All Too Beautiful ... Helter Skelter Publishing ISBN 1 - 900924 - 44 - 7 . Paolo Hewitt / Kenney Jones ( 1995 ) Small Faces : The Young Mods ' Forgotten Story -- Acid Jazz ISBN 0 - 9523935 - 0 - 6 External links ( edit ) The Small Faces Official Site Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Small Faces Kenney Jones Ronnie Lane Steve Marriott Ian McLagan Jimmy Winston Rick Wills Jimmy McCulloch Studio albums Small Faces ( 1966 ) Small Faces ( 1967 ) Ogdens ' Nut Gone Flake Playmates 78 in the Shade Compilation albums From the Beginning The Autumn Stone Singles `` Whatcha Gonna Do About It '' `` I 've Got Mine '' `` Sha - La - La - La - Lee '' `` Hey Girl '' `` All or Nothing '' `` My Mind 's Eye '' `` I Ca n't Make It '' `` Here Come the Nice '' `` Itchycoo Park '' `` Tin Soldier '' `` Lazy Sunday '' `` The Universal '' `` Afterglow of Your Love '' Related articles Discography Faces Don Arden Rod Stewart M People Heather Small Mike Pickering Paul Heard Shovell Studio albums Northern Soul Elegant Slumming Bizarre Fruit Bizarre Fruit II Fresco Compilations The Best of M People Testify Ultimate Collection One Night in Heaven : The Best of M People Remix albums Ultimate Collection : The Remixes Singles `` How Can I Love You More ? '' `` Colour My Life '' `` Someday '' `` Excited '' `` One Night in Heaven '' `` Moving On Up '' `` Do n't Look Any Further '' `` Renaissance '' `` Sight for Sore Eyes '' `` Open Your Heart '' `` Search for the Hero '' `` Love Rendezvous '' `` Itchycoo Park '' `` Just for You '' `` Fantasy Island '' `` Angel St '' `` Testify '' `` Dreaming '' Related articles Discography Deconstruction Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itchycoo_Park&oldid=864676900 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1999 singles Small Faces songs Psychedelic pop songs Songs about London Songs written by Steve Marriott Songs written by Ronnie Lane M People songs 1995 singles 1967 songs Immediate Records singles House music songs Hidden categories : CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Use dmy dates from June 2014 EngvarB from June 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Song articles with missing songwriters Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the song it's all too beautiful	[]	[]
-1196134102317099875	German chocolate cake	German Chocolate cake - wikipedia German Chocolate cake A layer cake with chocolate and a coconut - pecan frosting German chocolate cake A German chocolate cake Alternative names German 's chocolate cake Type Layer cake Course Dessert Place of origin United States Region or state Texas Created by Mrs. George Clay Invented 1957 Main ingredients Chocolate cake , icing ( egg yolks , evaporated milk , coconut and pecan ) German chocolate cake , originally German 's chocolate cake , is a layered chocolate cake from the United States filled and topped with a coconut - pecan frosting . It owes its name to an English - American chocolate maker named Samuel German , who developed a formulation of dark baking chocolate that came to be used in the cake recipe . Sweet baking chocolate is traditionally used for the chocolate flavor in the actual cake , but few recipes call for it today . The filling and / or topping is a custard made with egg yolks and evaporated milk ; once the custard is cooked , coconut and pecans are stirred in . Occasionally , a chocolate frosting is spread on the sides of the cake and piped around the circumference of the layers to hold in the filling . Maraschino cherries are occasionally added as a garnish . History ( edit ) Its roots can be traced back to 1852 when American baker Samuel German developed a type of dark baking chocolate for the Baker 's Chocolate Company . The brand name of the product , Baker 's German 's Sweet Chocolate , was named in honor of him . On June 3 , 1957 , a recipe for `` German 's Chocolate Cake '' appeared as the `` Recipe of the Day '' in The Dallas Morning News . It was created by Mrs. George Clay , a homemaker from 3831 Academy Drive , Dallas , Texas . This recipe used the baking chocolate introduced 105 years prior and became quite popular . General Foods , which owned the Baker 's brand at the time , took notice and distributed the cake recipe to other newspapers in the country . Sales of Baker 's Chocolate are said to have increased by as much as 73 % and the cake would become a national staple . The possessive form ( German 's ) was dropped in subsequent publications , forming the `` German Chocolate Cake '' identity and giving the false impression of a German origin . The recipe still remains popular to this day and has been adopted by baking companies . June 11 is National German Chocolate Cake Day in America . See also ( edit ) Black Forest cake , or Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte , a chocolate and cherry flavored cake that is of German origin Chantilly cake , a chocolate cake similar to German chocolate cake List of desserts Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth McWhorter . `` German Chocolate Cake recipe '' . My Home Cooking . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Germanely Chocolate Cake '' . Snopes . February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sammarco , Anthony Mitchell ( 2009 ) . The Baker Chocolate Company : A Sweet History . Charleston , SC : History Press . ISBN 9781596293533 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is German Chocolate Cake Really German ? '' . Kitchen Project . 30 May 2007 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Linda Stradley ( 2007 ) . `` German Chocolate Cake - History of German Chocolate Cake '' . Whats Cooking America . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Food Holidays '' . State Symbols USA . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Cakes List of cakes Butter cakes Devil 's food cake Gooey butter cake Pound cake Cheesecakes Fiadone Ostkaka Chocolate cakes Batik cake Black Forest cake Blackout cake Chantilly cake Chocolate brownie Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Joffre cake Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Fruitcakes Apple cake Avocado cake Banana cake Bánh chuối Black bun Bolo rei Cherry cake Clementine cake Dundee cake Fig cake Genoa cake Jewish apple cake Panforte Plum cake Raisin cake Layer cakes Angel cake Buckwheat gateau Crema de Fruta Dobos torte Esterházy torte Hot milk cake Maria Luisa cake Mille - feuille Cremeschnitte Napoleonka Šampita Tompouce Princess cake Prinzregententorte Rainbow cake Sarawak cake Smith Island cake Spekkoek Torte Vínarterta Spit cakes Baumkuchen Kürtőskalács ( Chimney cake ) Šakotis Spettekaka Trdelník Sponge cakes Bánh bò Battenberg cake Boston cream pie Bundt cake Castella Charlotte Donauwelle Frankfurter Kranz French Fancy Frog cake Génoise Gugelhupf Lady Baltimore cake Ladyfinger Lamington Madeira cake Madeleine Mantecadas Marble cake Misérable cake Opera cake Pandan cake Paper wrapped cake Red velvet cake Rum cake Shortcake Spice cake Swiss roll Tres leches cake Upside - down cake Walnut and coffee cake Foam cakes and meringue Angel food cake Chiffon cake Dacquoise Kiev cake Pavlova Sans rival Spanische Windtorte Zuger Kirschtorte Yeast cakes Babka Banana bread Banbury cake Cacavellu Campanile Canestru Chorley cake Date and walnut loaf Flies ' graveyard Inuliata Pandoro Rum baba Streuselkuchen Sweetheart cake Welsh cake Special occasions Birthday cake Buccellato Bûche de Noël Christmas cake Doberge cake Groom 's cake Halloween cake King cake Rosca de reyes Kransekake Lekach Marry girl cake Mooncake Pan de Pascua Pop out cake Simnel cake Soul cake Stack cake Stollen Strenna Wedding cake Other Beer cake Better than sex cake Biscuit Bizcocho Bulla cake Cake balls Cake pop Carrot cake Coconut cake Coffee cake Croquembouche Cupcake Cupcone Gingerbread house man Heavy cake Ice cream cake Kuih Lolly cake Muffin Ontbijtkoek Pain d'épices Pancake Parkin Petit four Punschkrapfen Ruske kape Teacake Tiramisu Cakes portal Category : Cakes Chocolate desserts Cakes Batik cake Black Forest cake Blackout cake Boston cream pie Bûche de Noël Chantilly cake Chocolate brownie Chocolate cake Chokladboll Death by Chocolate Devil 's food cake Éclair Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Pain au chocolat Prinzregententorte Red velvet cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Pies and tarts Chocolate creme pie Mississippi mud pie Cookies Chocolate chip cookie Chocolate salami Nanaimo bar Oreos S'mores Ice cream Chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream Chocolate ice cream Cookies and Cream Mint chocolate chip Milkshake Sundae Other Banana boat Brigadeiro Chocolate - covered bacon Chocolate - covered potato chips Chocolate crackles Chocolate pudding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_chocolate_cake&oldid=862184131 '' Categories : Chocolate desserts Cakes American desserts Cuisine of the Southern United States Talk About Wikipedia Español فارسی עברית 日本語 ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018 , at 18 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does german chocolate cake get its name	[]	[]
-6731782017239777437	Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22)	Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 22 ) - wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 22 ) Jump to : navigation , search Dancing with the Stars ( season 22 ) Promotional poster , featuring pro dancers Witney Carson and Keoikantse Motsepe Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network ABC Original release March 21 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) -- May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) Additional information Celebrity winner Nyle DiMarco Professional winner Peta Murgatroyd Season chronology ← Previous Season 21 Next → Season 23 Season twenty - two of Dancing with the Stars premiered March 21 , 2016 , on the ABC network . Hosts Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned , as did judges Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli . Len Goodman returned as head judge , after being absent for the previous season . On May 24 , 2016 , Nyle DiMarco and his partner Peta Murgatroyd were crowned champions ; this was Murgatroyd 's second win on the show , as she also won season 14 with Donald Driver . DiMarco is also the first deaf contestant to win the show . Paige VanZant and Mark Ballas finished second , while Ginger Zee and Valentin Chmerkovskiy placed third . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Couples 1.2 Hosts and judges 2 Scoring charts 2.1 Average score chart 2.2 Highest and lowest scoring performances 2.3 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 3 Weekly scores 3.1 Week 1 : First Dances 3.2 Week 2 : Latin Night 3.3 Week 3 : Most Memorable Year 3.4 Week 4 : Disney Night 3.5 Week 5 : America 's Switch - up 3.6 Week 6 : Famous Dances Night 3.7 Week 7 : Icons Night 3.8 Week 8 : Judges ' Team - up Challenge 3.9 Week 9 : Semifinals 3.10 Week 10 : Finals 4 Dance chart 5 Guest judges 6 Ratings 6.1 U.S. Nielsen Ratings 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Cast ( edit ) Couples ( edit ) The cast was revealed on March 8 , 2016 on Good Morning America . Edyta Śliwińska returned as a professional dancer this season after an eleven - season hiatus . Also returning to the pro roster are Artem Chigvintsev and Peta Murgatroyd , both of whom did not appear last season as professional dancers , as well as Sasha Farber , who is once again promoted from troupe member to pro dancer . Last season 's champion Derek Hough is not returning for this season . Also not returning are Allison Holker , Emma Slater , Anna Trebunskaya , and Louis van Amstel . Actress Jodie Sweetin was the first celebrity revealed on Good Morning America on March 2 , 2016 , while TV meteorologist Ginger Zee was also revealed on that show two days later , March 4 . The remaining celebrities and professionals dancers were later revealed , also on Good Morning America , on March 8 . Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Ref Geraldo Rivera Journalist & talk show host Edyta Śliwińska Eliminated 1st on March 28 , 2016 Mischa Barton Film & television actress Artem Chigvintsev Eliminated 2nd on April 4 , 2016 Marla Maples Actress & television personality Tony Dovolani Eliminated 3rd on April 11 , 2016 Doug Flutie Former NFL quarterback Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd ( week 5 ) Eliminated 4th on April 25 , 2016 Kim Fields Actress & reality television star Sasha Farber Keoikantse Motsepe ( week 5 ) Eliminated 5th on May 2 , 2016 Von Miller NFL linebacker Witney Carson Lindsay Arnold ( week 5 ) Jodie Sweetin Full House actress Keoikantse Motsepe Valentin Chmerkovskiy ( week 5 ) Eliminated 7th on May 9 , 2016 Antonio Brown NFL wide receiver Sharna Burgess Karina Smirnoff ( week 5 ) Eliminated 8th on May 16 , 2016 Wanyá Morris Boyz II Men singer Lindsay Arnold Witney Carson ( week 5 ) Ginger Zee Good Morning America meteorologist Valentin Chmerkovskiy Mark Ballas ( week 5 ) Third place on May 24 , 2016 Paige VanZant UFC fighter & model Mark Ballas Alan Bersten ( week 2 ) Sasha Farber ( week 5 ) Runner - up on May 24 , 2016 Nyle DiMarco Model & actor Peta Murgatroyd Sharna Burgess ( week 5 ) Winner on May 24 , 2016 Hosts and judges ( edit ) Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts , while judges Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli returned this season . Head judge Len Goodman has returned after missing last season , while Julianne Hough , who served as a judge during the previous three seasons , did not return . Scoring charts ( edit ) Couple Place 5 4 + 5 6 7 8 9 10 Night 1 Night 2 Nyle & Peta 23 20 25 34 37 71 25 28 + 28 = 56 29 + 29 = 58 27 + 30 = 57 27 + 30 = 57 + 30 = 87 Paige & Mark 21 24 23 36 31 67 28 30 + 25 = 55 28 + 29 = 57 30 + 29 = 59 29 + 30 = 59 + 30 = 89 Ginger & Val 23 21 21 36 32 68 24 30 + 25 = 55 30 + 29 = 59 27 + 29 = 56 28 + 30 = 58 + 27 = 85 Antonio & Sharna 21 19 20 35 26 61 27 24 + 28 = 52 27 + 29 = 56 27 + 28 = 55 Wanyá & Lindsay 23 24 24 35 30 65 29 27 + 28 = 55 25 + 29 = 54 30 + 30 = 60 Jodie & Keo 6 20 21 23 27 35 62 25 26 + 25 = 51 30 + 29 = 59 Kim & Sasha 7 20 19 22 32 28 60 24 27 + 25 = 52 Von & Witney 21 20 20 32 29 61 24 24 + 28 = 52 Doug & Karina 9 15 20 20 24 28 52 21 Marla & Tony 10 21 20 21 28 Mischa & Artem 11 16 15 18 Geraldo & Edyta 12 13 13 Red numbers indicate the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the highest score for each week the couple eliminated that week the returning couple that finished in the bottom three the returning couple that was the last to be called safe the winning couple the runner - up couple the third - place couple Average score chart ( edit ) This table only counts dances scored on a 30 - point scale ( scores by guest judges are excluded ) . Rank by average Place Couple Total points Number of dances Average Paige & Mark 407 15 27.1 Nyle & Peta 404 26.9 Wanyá & Lindsay 318 12 26.5 Ginger & Val 395 15 26.3 5 Antonio & Sharna 296 12 24.7 6 6 Jodie & Keo 245 10 24.5 7 7 Kim & Sasha 183 8 22.9 7 7 Von & Witney 183 8 22.9 9 10 Marla & Tony 83 20.8 10 9 Doug & Karina 115 6 19.2 11 11 Mischa & Artem 49 16.3 12 12 Geraldo & Edyta 26 13.0 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 30 - point scale are as follows ( scores by guest judges are excluded ) : Dance Highest scored dancer ( s ) Highest score Lowest scored dancer ( s ) Lowest score Cha - cha - cha Nyle DiMarco Wanyá Morris 23 Geraldo Rivera 13 Foxtrot Nyle DiMarco 28 Doug Flutie 15 Tango Nyle DiMarco 25 Mischa Barton 16 Quickstep Ginger Zee 29 Marla Maples Antonio Brown 21 Jive Paige VanZant Jodie Sweetin 30 Marla Maples 21 Samba Paige VanZant 30 Mischa Barton 18 Argentine tango Ginger Zee Nyle DiMarco 30 Marla Maples 20 Salsa Paige VanZant 29 Geraldo Rivera 13 Rumba Paige VanZant 24 Antonio Brown 19 Paso doble Wanyá Morris 30 Doug Flutie 20 Contemporary Antonio Brown Ginger Zee 28 Von Miller 20 Waltz Wanyá Morris 24 Doug Flutie 20 Jazz Wanyá Morris 29 Doug Flutie 18 Viennese Waltz Ginger Zee 30 Kim Fields 22 Bollywood Doug Flutie 21 -- -- Team dance Antonio Brown Von Miller Nyle DiMarco Wanyá Morris 28 Kim Fields Paige VanZant Ginger Zee Jodie Sweetin 25 Charleston Wanyá Morris 30 -- -- Freestyle Ginger Zee Nyle DiMarco Paige VanZant 30 -- -- Fusion dance Nyle DiMarco Paige VanZant 30 Ginger Zee 27 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring Dances ( edit ) Scores are based upon a potential 30 - point maximum ( scores by guest judges are excluded ) . Couples Highest scoring dance ( s ) Lowest scoring dance ( s ) Nyle & Peta Argentine tango , Freestyle & Cha - cha - cha / Tango fusion ( 30 ) Rumba ( 20 ) Paige & Mark Jive , Samba , Freestyle & Jive / Salsa fusion ( 30 ) Foxtrot ( 21 ) Ginger & Val Viennese Waltz , Argentine tango & Freestyle ( 30 ) Samba & Contemporary ( 21 ) Antonio & Sharna Paso doble ( 29 ) Rumba ( 19 ) Wanyá & Lindsay Paso doble & Charleston ( 30 ) Cha - cha - cha & Tango ( 23 ) Jodie & Keo Jive ( 30 ) Tango & Cha - cha - cha ( 20 ) Kim & Sasha Samba ( 27 ) Salsa ( 19 ) Von & Witney Team Dance ( 28 ) Cha - cha - cha & Contemporary ( 20 ) Doug & Karina Tango & Bollywood ( 21 ) Foxtrot ( 15 ) Marla & Tony Quickstep , Jive & Waltz ( 21 ) Argentine tango ( 20 ) Mischa & Artem Samba ( 18 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 15 ) Geraldo & Edyta Cha - cha - cha & Salsa ( 13 ) Cha - cha - cha & Salsa ( 13 ) Weekly scores ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 : first Dances ( edit ) The couples danced the cha - cha - cha , foxtrot , jive , quickstep , or tango . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Kim & Sasha 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Sax '' -- Fleur East Paige & Mark 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Ai n't Got Far to Go '' -- Jess Glynne Doug & Karina 15 ( 5 , 5 , 5 ) Foxtrot `` Sweet Caroline '' -- Neil Diamond Jodie & Keo 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Tango `` Confident '' -- Demi Lovato Geraldo & Edyta 13 ( 5 , 4 , 4 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Treasure '' -- Bruno Mars Marla & Tony 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Sparkling Diamonds '' -- Nicole Kidman Wanyá & Lindsay 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Motownphilly '' -- Boyz II Men Ginger & Val 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Jive `` Move ( You 're Steppin ' on My Heart ) '' -- Henry Krieger Mischa & Artem 16 ( 5 , 5 , 6 ) Tango `` In the Night '' -- The Weeknd Nyle & Peta 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Cake by the Ocean '' -- DNCE Antonio & Sharna 21 ( 8 , 6 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Bad Man '' -- Pitbull feat . Robin Thicke , Joe Perry & Travis Barker Von & Witney 21 ( 8 , 6 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` My House '' -- Flo Rida Week 2 : Latin Night ( edit ) The couples danced a Latin - inspired routine ; Argentine tango , paso doble , rumba , salsa , and samba are introduced . Due to a back injury , Mark Ballas was unable to dance with Paige VanZant ; troupe member Alan Bersten performed in his place . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Jodie & Keo 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` Bun Up the Dance '' -- Dillon Francis & Skrillex Safe Marla & Tony 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Argentine tango `` Do n't '' -- Ed Sheeran Safe Geraldo & Edyta 13 ( 5 , 4 , 4 ) Salsa `` Ran Kan Kan '' -- Tito Puente Eliminated Paige & Alan 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` Danza Kuduro '' -- Don Omar feat . Lucenzo Safe Antonio & Sharna 19 ( 6 , 6 , 7 ) Rumba `` Adorn '' -- Miguel Safe Kim & Sasha 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Salsa `` Conga '' -- Miami Sound Machine Safe Nyle & Peta 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Rumba `` Stole the Show '' -- Kygo feat . Parson James Safe Mischa & Artem 15 ( 5 , 5 , 5 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Pata Pata '' -- Miriam Makeba Bottom three Von & Witney 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Ai n't Too Cool '' -- LunchMoney Lewis Safe Wanyá & Lindsay 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` Echa Pa'lla ( Manos Pa'rriba ) '' -- Pitbull Safe Doug & Karina 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Paso doble `` Buster Voodoo '' -- Rodrigo y Gabriela Bottom three Ginger & Val 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` Sorry ( Latino remix ) '' -- Justin Bieber feat . J. Balvin Safe Week 3 : Most Memorable year ( edit ) The couples performed one unlearned dance to celebrate the most memorable year of their lives ; contemporary and waltz are introduced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Ginger & Val 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Contemporary `` Home '' -- Phillip Phillips Safe Doug & Karina 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Waltz `` Rainbow Connection '' -- Kermit the Frog Last to be called safe Kim & Sasha 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot The Facts of Life theme -- Al Burton , Gloria Loring & Alan Thicke Safe Von & Witney 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Contemporary `` In the Air Tonight '' -- Phil Collins Safe Marla & Tony 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jive `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams Safe Antonio & Sharna 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` 7 Years '' -- Lukas Graham Safe Paige & Mark 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Paso doble `` 300 Violin Orchestra '' -- Jorge Quintero Safe Jodie & Keo 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Rise Up '' -- Andra Day Last to be called safe Mischa & Artem 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Samba `` Party in the U.S.A. '' -- Miley Cyrus Eliminated Wanyá & Lindsay 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Waltz `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' -- Boyz II Men Safe Nyle & Peta 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Tango `` Verge '' -- Owl City feat . Aloe Blacc Safe Week 4 : Disney Night ( edit ) Individual judges scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Zendaya , Bruno Tonioli . The couples performed one unlearned dance to a song from a Disney film ; jazz and Viennese Waltz are introduced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Disney film Result Antonio & Sharna 35 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Jazz `` Friend Like Me '' -- Ne - Yo Aladdin Safe Marla & Tony 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Waltz `` Part of Your World '' -- Jodi Benson The Little Mermaid Eliminated Nyle & Peta 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Trashin ' the Camp '' -- Phil Collins Tarzan Safe Doug & Karina 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Jazz `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' -- Julie Andrews Mary Poppins Safe Kim & Sasha 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' -- Fall Out Boy The Jungle Book Safe Jodie & Keo 27 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Try Everything '' -- Shakira Zootopia Last to be called safe Von & Witney 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' -- Lily James Cinderella Safe Ginger & Val 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Belle '' -- Paige O'Hara Beauty and the Beast Safe Wanyá & Lindsay 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Circle of Life ( District 78 remix ) '' -- District 78 The Lion King Safe Paige & Mark 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' -- Randy Newman Toy Story Safe Week 5 : America 's Switch - up ( edit ) Individual judges scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Bruno Tonioli . The celebrities performed one unlearned dance with a different partner selected by the general public ; due to the nature of the week , no elimination took place . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Wanyá & Witney 30 ( 8 , 7 , 7 , 8 ) Tango `` Hold Back the River '' -- James Bay Kim & Keo 28 ( 8 , 6 , 6 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` These Arms of Mine '' -- Otis Redding Doug & Peta 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Tango `` Black and Gold '' -- Sam Sparro Ginger & Mark 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` La Malanga '' -- Eddie Palmieri Antonio & Karina 26 ( 7 , 6 , 6 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Son of a Preacher Man '' -- Dusty Springfield Paige & Sasha 31 ( 8 , 8 , 7 , 8 ) Rumba `` Perfect '' -- One Direction Von & Lindsay 29 ( 8 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jive `` Hips '' -- Beans & Fatback Nyle & Sharna 37 ( 9 , 10 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` I Get to Love You '' -- Ruelle Jodie & Val 35 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` Under Control '' -- Calvin Harris & Alesso feat . Hurts Week 6 : Famous Dances Night ( edit ) The couples performed one unlearned dance that paid tribute to iconic dance performances from films , music videos , or live performances ; Bollywood is introduced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Kim & Sasha 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` You Ca n't Stop the Beat '' -- from Hairspray Safe Von & Witney 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jazz `` Bad '' -- Michael Jackson Last to be called safe Jodie & Keo 25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Contemporary `` Try '' -- Pink Safe Paige & Mark 28 ( 9 , 10 , 9 ) Jazz `` Soul Bossa Nova '' -- Quincy Jones Last to be called safe Nyle & Peta 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Hey Pachuco '' -- Royal Crown Revue Safe Ginger & Val 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jazz `` Nasty '' -- Janet Jackson Safe Doug & Karina 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Bollywood `` Jai Ho '' -- A.R. Rahman Eliminated Wanyá & Lindsay 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Jazz `` Bye Bye Bye '' -- NSYNC Safe Antonio & Sharna 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Footloose '' -- Kenny Loggins Safe Week 7 : icons Night ( edit ) The couples performed one unlearned dance and a team dance to songs from popular musical icons . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Jodie & Keo 26 ( 8 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` For Once in My Life '' -- Stevie Wonder Safe Kim & Sasha 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` ABC '' -- The Jackson 5 Eliminated Nyle & Peta 28 ( 10 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Beautiful Day '' -- U2 Safe Antonio & Sharna 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Paint It Black '' -- The Rolling Stones Safe Wanyá & Lindsay 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` I Say a Little Prayer '' -- Aretha Franklin Last to be called safe Ginger & Val 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston Safe Von & Witney 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` A Little Less Conversation '' -- Elvis Presley Eliminated Paige & Mark 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Proud Mary '' -- Tina Turner Safe Antonio & Sharna Von & Witney Nyle & Peta Wanyá & Lindsay 28 ( 9 , 9 , 10 ) Freestyle ( Team James Brown ) `` Super Bad '' / `` Living in America '' / `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' -- James Brown Kim & Sasha Paige & Mark Ginger & Val Jodie & Keo 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle ( Team Beyoncé ) `` End of Time '' / `` If I Were a Boy '' / `` Crazy in Love '' -- Beyoncé Week 8 : judges ' team - up Challenge ( edit ) Individual judges scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli , America 's Score . The couples performed one unlearned dance and a team - up dance with another couple that was designed and coached by one of the three judges . To avoid favoritism , the judges did not score their own teams . Instead , the general public was able to score the team - up dances on a scale from 1 to 10 , with an averaged score counting alongside the remaining judges . Running order Couple ( Team - up Judge ) Scores Dance Music Result Nyle & Peta 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Paso doble `` Victorious '' -- Panic ! at the Disco Safe Antonio & Sharna 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Love on the Brain '' -- Rihanna Safe Jodie & Keo 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' -- Etta James Eliminated Paige & Mark 28 ( 10 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Stone Cold '' -- Demi Lovato Safe Ginger & Val 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Telephone '' -- Martynas Levickis Safe Wanyá & Lindsay 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Jive `` Can You Do This '' -- Aloe Blacc Last to be called safe Nyle & Peta Jodie & Keo ( Bruno Tonioli ) 29 ( 10 , 10 , X , 9 ) Argentine tango `` Habanera '' -- Georges Bizet Wanyá & Lindsay Ginger & Val ( Len Goodman ) 29 ( 10 , X , 10 , 9 ) Samba `` Jump in the Line ( Shake , Senora ) '' -- Harry Belafonte Antonio & Sharna Paige & Mark ( Carrie Ann Inaba ) 29 ( X , 10 , 10 , 9 ) Paso doble `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' -- Lorde Week 9 : Semifinals ( edit ) The couples performed a trio dance involving an eliminated pro or a member of the troupe and an unlearned dance ; Charleston is introduced . Running order Couple ( Trio Dance Partner ) Scores Dance Music Result Paige & Mark ( Alan Bersten ) 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Samba `` Hip Hip Chin Chin '' -- Club des Belugas Last to be called safe 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` One Time '' -- Marian Hill Antonio & Sharna ( Hayley Erbert ) 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Argentine tango `` Mi Confesión '' -- Gotan Project Eliminated 28 ( 9 , 9 , 10 ) Contemporary `` Hall of Fame '' -- The Script feat . will.i.am Wanyá & Lindsay ( Witney Carson ) 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Paso doble `` Explosive '' -- David Garrett & Royal Philharmonic Orchestra 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Charleston `` Shame on Me '' -- Avicii feat . Sterling Fox & Audra Mae Nyle & Peta ( Jenna Johnson ) 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Hit the Road Jack '' -- Hermes House Band Safe 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Unsteady '' -- X Ambassadors Ginger & Val ( Artem Chigvintsev ) 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` Shot Me Down '' -- David Guetta feat . Skylar Grey Safe 29 ( 9 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Fire Under My Feet '' -- Leona Lewis Week 10 : finals ( edit ) On the first night , the couples performed a redemption dance and a freestyle . On the second night , the couples danced a fusion dance that fused two dance styles . Running order ( Night 1 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Ginger & Val 28 ( 9 , 10 , 9 ) Contemporary `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' -- Coldplay 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Orange Colored Sky '' -- Nat King Cole Nyle & Peta 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` S.O.B. '' -- Nathaniel Rateliff & the Night Sweats 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` The Sound of Silence '' -- Disturbed Paige & Mark 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Salsa `` Fireball '' -- Pitbull feat . John Ryan 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Over the Rainbow '' -- BC Jean Running order ( Night 2 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Result Ginger & Val 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Argentine tango Foxtrot `` Just Like Fire '' -- Pink Third place Nyle & Peta 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Cha - cha - cha Tango `` Summer '' -- Calvin Harris Winner Paige & Mark 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jive Salsa `` Little Bitty Pretty One '' -- Thurston Harris and the Sharps Runner - up Dance chart ( edit ) The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week : Week 1 : Cha - cha - cha , foxtrot , jive , quickstep or tango ( First Dances ) Week 2 : One unlearned Latin dance ( Latin Night ) Week 3 : One unlearned dance ( Most Memorable Year ) Week 4 : One unlearned dance ( Disney Night ) Week 5 : One unlearned dance ( America 's Switch - up ) Week 6 : One unlearned dance ( Famous Dances Night ) Week 7 : One unlearned dance & team dances ( Icons Night ) Week 8 : One unlearned dance & team - up challenge ( Judges ' Team - up Challenge ) Week 9 : One unlearned dance & trio dance ( Semifinals ) Week 10 ( Night 1 ) : Redemption dance & freestyle Week 10 ( Night 2 ) : 24 - hour fusion challenge Couple Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Nyle & Peta Cha - cha - cha Rumba Tango Samba Viennese Waltz ( Nyle & Sharna ) Quickstep Foxtrot Freestyle ( Team James Brown ) Paso doble Argentine tango ( w / Jodie & Keo ) Jive Argentine tango Quickstep Freestyle Cha - cha - cha Cha - cha - cha Tango Paige & Mark Foxtrot Salsa Paso doble Quickstep Rumba ( Paige & Sasha ) Jazz Jive Freestyle ( Team Beyoncé ) Viennese Waltz Paso doble ( w / Antonio & Sharna ) Samba Argentine tango Salsa Freestyle Paso doble Jive Salsa Ginger & Val Jive Samba Contemporary Foxtrot Salsa ( Ginger & Mark ) Jazz Viennese Waltz Freestyle ( Team Beyoncé ) Argentine tango Samba ( w / Wanyá & Lindsay ) Paso doble Quickstep Contemporary Freestyle Argentine tango Argentine tango Foxtrot Antonio & Sharna Quickstep Rumba Foxtrot Jazz Cha - cha - cha ( Antonio & Karina ) Jive Tango Freestyle ( Team James Brown ) Viennese Waltz Paso doble ( w / Paige & Mark ) Argentine tango Contemporary Jazz Wanyá & Lindsay Cha - cha - cha Salsa Waltz Samba Tango ( Wanyá & Witney ) Jazz Foxtrot Freestyle ( Team James Brown ) Jive Samba ( w / Ginger & Val ) Paso doble Charleston Charleston Jodie & Keo Tango Samba Foxtrot Cha - cha - cha Paso doble ( Jodie & Val ) Contemporary Quickstep Freestyle ( Team Beyoncé ) Jive Argentine tango ( w / Nyle & Peta ) Jive Kim & Sasha Cha - cha - cha Salsa Foxtrot Quickstep Viennese Waltz ( Kim & Keo ) Jive Samba Freestyle ( Team Beyoncé ) Cha - cha - cha Von & Witney Foxtrot Cha - cha - cha Contemporary Viennese Waltz Jive ( Von & Lindsay ) Jazz Salsa Freestyle ( Team James Brown ) Doug & Karina Foxtrot Paso doble Waltz Jazz Tango ( Doug & Peta ) Bollywood Marla & Tony Quickstep Argentine tango Jive Waltz Mischa & Artem Tango Cha - cha - cha Samba Geraldo & Edyta Cha - cha - cha Salsa Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Danced , but not scored Guest judges ( edit ) Beginning in week four of the live shows , a celebrity guest judge was present at the judges table to comment on and score the dance routines . Season 16 runner - up Zendaya was the first celebrity guest judge on April 11 . Date Guest judge Occupation ( s ) Ref ( s ) April 11 , 2016 Zendaya Actress and season 16 runner - up April 18 , 2016 Maksim Chmerkovskiy Former DWTS professional dancer and season 18 champion May 9 , 2016 America The viewers at home voted for the team - up dances via the official ABC website . Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) Episode Air date Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rank ( Weekly ) Viewership rank ( Weekly ) Ref ( s ) `` Week 1 : Premiere '' March 21 , 2016 1.8 6 12.46 16 `` Week 2 : Latin Night '' March 28 , 2016 1.7 6 11.97 12 `` Week 3 : Most Memorable Year '' April 4 , 2016 1.7 6 11.72 12 7 `` Week 4 : Disney Night '' April 11 , 2016 2.0 7 12.51 6 5 `` Week 5 : America 's Switch - up '' April 18 , 2016 1.6 5 10.95 13 6 `` Week 6 : Famous Dances Night '' April 25 , 2016 1.8 6 11.75 7 7 `` Week 7 : Icons Night '' May 2 , 2016 1.8 6 11.81 10 8 `` Week 8 : Team - Up Challenge '' May 9 , 2016 1.7 6 11.33 12 9 `` Week 9 : Semifinals '' May 16 , 2016 1.7 6 11.64 11 10 `` Week 10 : The Finals '' May 23 , 2016 1.9 7 12.34 11 `` Week 10 : The Finals Results '' May 24 , 2016 1.6 5 10.49 5 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : During Week 5 , the celebrities performed with a different professional partner as part of the `` America 's Switch - up '' for that week only . All celebrities returned to their original partners on Week 6 . ^ Jump up to : The couples were scored on a 40 - point scale due to the presence of a guest judge . Jump up ^ The official scores are those submitted to the producers before critiques are given . Judges Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Bruno Tonioli submitted 9s , so even though they held up 10 paddles , the former scores were the ones that counted . Jump up ^ The official scores are those submitted to the producers before critiques are given . Judge Bruno Tonioli submitted a 9 , so even though he held up a 10 paddle , the former score is the one that counted . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Season 22 Premiere Date Revealed ! '' . People Magazine . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing With the Stars 2016 : Season 22 Celebrity Cast Revealed Live on ' GMA ' '' . ABC News . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Edyta Sliwinska Returning for ' Dancing With the Stars ' Season 22 '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lisa Respers France , CNN ( 2 March 2016 ) . `` Derek Hough out for next ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jodie Sweetin 1st Cast Reveal DWTS Season 22 -- GMA '' . Youtube . March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` New Mom Ginger Zee Joins Dancing with the Stars with Val Chmerkovskiy ! '' . People . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing With the Stars Switch Up Pairings Revealed '' . ABC News . April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Latin Night and the First Elimination '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Stars ' Most Memorable Years '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Disney Night with Guest Judge Zendaya '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Couples Recreate Famous Dances '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Team Dances and a Double Elimination '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Judges ' Team - Up Challenge '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Semifinals , Trio Dances and 2 More Go Home '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 22 Finale Recap : Who Wins the Mirror Ball ? '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick . `` Julianne Hough Not Returning as Dancing with the Stars Judge as Len Goodman Returns '' . People Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 22 Premiere Recap : The Competition Begins '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Switch - Up Challenge for the Top 9 '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Freestyles for the Final 3 '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Lisa ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Zendaya Will Guest Judge ' Dancing with the Stars ' Disney Night Next Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 9 , 2016 '' . broadwayworld.com. 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NCAA Tournament and ' NCIS ' on top for March 21 -- 27 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' Empire ' reclaims No. 1 ranking for March 28 - April 3 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' and ' Castle ' adjust down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' Empire ' leads demo for April 4 -- 10 , ' NCIS ' tops in viewers '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' Empire ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' lead the week of April 11 -- 17 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' Empire ' tops 18 - 49 , ' NCIS ' leads viewers for April 18 -- 24 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' Empire ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' on top again for April 25 - May 1 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' finale and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' Empire ' and ' NCIS ' lead the week of May 2 -- 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Blindspot ' and ' Reign ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' Empire ' and ' NCIS ' lead the week of May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' finale and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' Empire , ' ' NCIS ' finales top the week of May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelorette ' premiere , all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' The Voice ' finale leads the week of May 23 -- 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 : All - Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 : Athletes Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Adam Rippon Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Jenna Johnson Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_22)&oldid=843082492 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2016 American television seasons Hidden categories : Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 19 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	did antonio brown win dancing with the stars	[]	[]
2822105524239950755	N. D. Tiwari	ND Tiwari - Wikipedia ND Tiwari Jump to : navigation , search Narayan Datt Tiwari 21st Governor of Andhra Pradesh In office 22 August 2007 -- 26 December 2009 Preceded by Rameshwar Thakur Succeeded by E.S.L. Narasimhan 3rd Chief Minister of Uttarakhand In office 2 March 2002 -- 7 March 2007 Preceded by Bhagat Singh Koshyari Succeeded by B.C. Khanduri Minister of Finance In office 25 July 1987 -- 25 June 1988 Preceded by Rajiv Gandhi Succeeded by Shankarrao Chavan Minister of External Affairs In office 22 October 1986 -- 25 July 1987 Preceded by P. Shiv Shankar Succeeded by Rajiv Gandhi 9th Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh In office 25 June 1988 -- 5 December 1989 In office 3 August 1984 -- 24 September 1985 In office 21 January 1976 -- 30 April 1977 Personal details ( 1925 - 10 - 18 ) 18 October 1925 ( age 92 ) Baluti , United Provinces , British India ( now in Uttarakhand , India ) Political party Indian National Congress Spouse ( s ) Sushila Tiwari ( m . 1954 -- 1991 ) ( her death ) Ujjwala Tiwari ( m . 2014 ) Children Rohit Shekhar Tiwari Residence C1 / 9 , Tilak Lane , New Delhi and 1 A , Mall Avenue , Lucknow , Alma mater Allahabad University Narayan Datt Tiwari ( born 18 October 1925 ) is an Indian politician . He was formerly in Praja Socialist Party and later joined Indian National Congress . He was thrice Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh ( 1976 -- 77 , 1984 -- 85 , 1988 -- 89 ) and once Chief Minister of Uttarakhand ( 2002 -- 2007 ) . In 1986 -- 1987 , he served in Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi 's cabinet as Minister for External Affairs . He was serving as Governor of Andhra Pradesh from 2007 until 2009 . He 's the only Indian to have served as Chief Minister of 2 states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Later positions 2.3 Blessings to BJP 3 Controversies 3.1 Sex scandal 3.2 Paternity suit 4 References 5 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Narayan Datt Tiwari was born in 1925 , in the village of Baluti , Nainital district . His father Poornanand Tiwari was an officer in the forest department , and who later resigned and joined the Non-cooperation movement . Tiwari received his education at various schools including , M.B. School , Haldwani , E.M. High School , Bareilly and C.R.S.T. High School , Nainital . His initiation into politics came early , when during the Indian Independence movement , he was arrested on 14 December 1942 for writing Anti-British leaflets opposing imperialist policies , and sent to Nainital jail , where his father was already lodged . Upon his release after 15 months in 1944 , he joined Allahabad University , where he topped the University in M.A. ( Political Science ) , he continued his education doing LLB from the same university , and elected as the President of the Students ' Union of the Allahabad University in 1947 . Meanwhile , he remained Secretary , All India Student Congress , 1947 - 49 . In 1954 , he married Sushila Tiwari ( née Sanwal ) , On 14 May 2014 , he married Ujjwala Tiwari , his longtime sweetheart and mother of his biological son Rohit Shekhar , at the age 88 . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) In the first election in Uttar Pradesh after the independence for the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly held in 1952 , he was elected from Nanital constituency and became an MLA for the first time on Praja Samajwadi Party ticket . In 1957 , he was elected from the Nainital legislative constituency , and became the leader of Opposition in the Assembly . In 1963 , he joined the Indian National Congress party , and was elected Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) from the Kashipur constituency in 1965 and was subsequently appointed a minister in the Government of Uttar Pradesh . After that he also remained Minister for Finance and Parliamentary Affairs in the Chaudhary Charan Singh Government ( 1979 -- 1980 ) . In 1968 , he established Jawaharlal Nehru National Youth Centre ( JNNYC ) , a voluntary organisation . He remained the first President of Indian Youth Congress from 1969 to 1971 . Later positions ( edit ) N.D. Tiwari was the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh three times : from January 1976 to April 1977 , from August 1984 to September 1985 and from June 1988 to December 1988 . He was elected to 7th Lok Sabha in 1980 , and served as a union minister in several portfolios in the 1980s : starting with Planning , and also remained Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission . Thereafter he became a member of Rajya Sabha 1985 - 1988 , during this period he also remained the Minister of Industries in September 1985 and in addition to that portfolio , became minister of Petroleum in 1986 . He then served as India 's External Affairs Minister from October 1986 until July 1987 , at which point he became Minister of Finance and Commerce , serving in that position until June 1988 , when he became chief minister of Uttar Pradesh for the third time . He was a contender to be Prime Minister of India in the early 1990s but was pipped to the post by P.V. Narasimha Rao . One of the key reasons was that he lost the Lok Sabha elections by a mere 800 votes . In 1994 , he resigned from Congress and formed his own All India Indira Congress ( Tiwari ) along with senior Congress leader , Arjun Singh in 1995 , but joined back when Sonia Gandhi came at the helm of affairs of the party two years later , and after a devastating defeat of the party under Narasimha Rao during the general elections in 1996 . Tiwari was elected to the 11th Lok Sabha in 1996 , and again to the 13th Lok Sabha in 1999 . He later served as the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand , which was carved out of Uttar Pradesh , from 2002 through 2007 . He offered to resign on 5 March 2006 , citing his age . He left office in March 2007 following setbacks for his party in the state elections . Narayan Datt Tiwari was appointed as Governor of Andhra Pradesh on 19 August 2007 and was sworn in on 22 August . Following a controversy over his involvement in a sex scandal , he resigned as the Governor on 26 December 2009 , citing `` health grounds '' , subsequently he shifted to Dehradun , Uttarakhand . Blessings to BJP ( edit ) On January 18 , 2017 , Pandit Narayan Datt Tiwari gave blessings and his support along with his son Rohit Shekhar Tiwari ( Advocate & Former Advisor , Government of Uttar Pradesh ) and his wife Dr. Smt . Ujjwala Tiwari to Narendra Modi and the BJP for the assembly elections held in the states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh in presence of BJP President Amit Shah in the name of Development . Controversies ( edit ) Sex scandal ( edit ) He was involved in a sex scandal that began with the broadcast by Telugu language satellite news channel ABN Andhra Jyothi of a video that showed Tiwari in bed with three women at his official residence in the Raj Bhavan . A police complaint was filed against Tiwari for `` sexually abusing girls , blackmail and misuse of office '' and the Raj Bhavan staff were interrogated by police about details related to the scandal , alleged to be the result of the fallout of a mining deal . Tiwari publicly apologized , but claimed that he was being `` framed '' by `` a political conspiracy '' . On 27 December 2009 , Ekkadu Srinivasan Lakshmi Narasimhan was appointed to discharge the duties of governor for the region until regular arrangements for the office were made . Paternity suit ( edit ) In 2008 , Rohit Shekhar Tiwari filed a paternity suit claiming Tiwari to be his biological father . The court ordered that DNA mapping of Tiwari be done , which the court successfully compelled compliance with on 29 May 2012 . On 27 July 2012 , the Delhi High Court , citing a need to end the controversy , rejected a request from Tiwari 's lawyers to keep his paternity test result a secret . The DNA test results released by the court on Friday , 27 July 2012 established that Tiwari is the biological father of Rohit Shekhar Tiwari , and that Ujjwala Tiwari is the biological mother . Tiwari urged the media to respect his privacy , saying `` I have every right to live my life my way . No one has the right to look into my private life . Please respect my privacy . '' On 3 March 2014 , Tiwari accepted that Rohit Shekhar is his son . He said `` I have accepted that Rohit Shekhar is my son . The DNA test also proved he is my biological son , '' he told NDTV . On 14 May 2014 , Tiwari married Ujjwala Tiwari , Shekhar 's mother , in a ceremony that took place in Lucknow . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ND Tiwari 's DNA test reports to be opened in court today at 0230 pm '' . 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Umachand Handa . History of Uttaranchal . Indus Publishing , p. 210 . 2002 . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 134 - 5 . Jump up ^ Narayan Datt Tiwari profiles.incredible-people.com . ^ Jump up to : Biographical Sketch Governor of Andhra Pradesh , website . Jump up ^ Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers , p. 64 . Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1959 . Jump up ^ Narayan Datt Tiwari Biography . President of India website . Jump up ^ End of the road for Tiwari Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Cite : `` But charges of misgovernance and of people having free access to him continue to dog him . Sources close to him say some of his aides exploited the vacuum in his domestic setup -- his wife Sushila , a doctor in Lucknow , died over 10 years ago . '' Jump up ^ `` Former UP CM , ND Tiwari marries Ujjwala tiwari at 88 '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Biography at garhwalhimalayas.com . Jump up ^ The second-most - popular candidate is Narayan Datt Tiwari ... New York Times , 26 May 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Tiwari sworn in as Andhra Governor '' PTI ( The Hindu ) , 22 August 2007 . Jump up ^ S. Nagesh Kumar ( 2009 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Tiwari quits in the wake of TV exposé '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ to - bjp / articleshow / 56642428. cms Congress veteran ND Tiwari , son blesssings to BJP Jump up ^ State govt showing disrespect to ND Tiwari , says son Jump up ^ Narayan Datt Tiwari , 91 , Is The BJP 's Latest Import From Congress ; Package Deal Includes Son Rohit Shekhar Tiwari Jump up ^ K.V. Ramana ( 2009 - 12 - 26 ) . `` 86 - yr - old Andhra governor targeted in sleaze CDs '' . DNA India . Jump up ^ G.S. Radhakrishna ( 2009 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Misuse case against Tiwari '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` ND Tiwari on ' sex tapes ' : I apologise , but I 've done no wrong '' . The Times of India . 2009 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ 088810_1_governor - of - andhra - pradesh - chhattisgarh - governor - e-s-l - narasimhan `` Sex sting fallout : Chhattisgarh governor gets additional charge of Andhra '' Check url = value ( help ) . The Times of India . 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` DNA test out , N.D. Tiwari is Rohit Shekhar Tiwari 's father '' . Deccan Herald . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DNA test confirms ND Tiwari as Rohit Shekhar Tiwari 's biological father '' . Zee News . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Pandey , Sidharth ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) . Ghosh , Deepshika , ed . Tiwari - who - took - him - to - court - in - paternity - battle - 552571 `` I accept that he is my son : ND Tiwari on Rohit Shekhar , who took him to court in paternity battle '' Check url = value ( help ) . Jump up ^ `` ND Tiwari accepts Rohit Shekhar as son '' . Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nd-tiwari-marriage-ujjwala-Tiwari-son-rohit-shekhar-paternity-suit/1/361894.html Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rohit-shekhar-shares-how-he-got-his-mother-and-nd-tiwari-married/story-icdtBOFjv848Kpxe6VmKwI.html Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ND-Tiwari-marries-Rohit-Shekhars-mother-Ujjwala-Tiwari-in-Lucknow/articleshow/35154691.cms External links ( edit ) Biodata of ND Tiwari Personal Website Political offices Preceded by President 's Rule Administered by the Governor of Uttar Pradesh , Dr MC Reddy title / post previously held by - Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 21 January 1976 -- 30 April 1977 Succeeded by President 's Rule Administered by the Governor of Uttar Pradesh , Dr MC Reddy title / post subsequently held by - Ram Naresh Yadav Preceded by Sripati Mishra Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 3 August 1984 -- 24 September 1985 Succeeded by Bir Bahadur Singh Preceded by P Shiv Shankar Minister for External Affairs of India 1986 -- 1987 Succeeded by Rajiv Gandhi Preceded by Bir Bahadur Singh Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 25 June 1988 -- 5 December 1989 Succeeded by Mulayam Singh Yadav Preceded by B.S. Koshyari Chief Minister of Uttarakhand 2002 -- 2007 Succeeded by B.C. Khanduri Government offices Preceded by Rameshwar Thakur Governor of Andhra Pradesh 2007 -- 2009 Succeeded by E.S.L. Narasimhan Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Govind Ballabh Pant Sampurnanand Chandra Bhanu Gupta Sucheta Kriplani Charan Singh Tribhuvan Narain Singh Kamalapati Tripathi Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna N.D. Tiwari Ram Naresh Yadav Banarsi Das V.P. 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Bose Dutt Chandavarkar Wacha Banerjee L. Ghosh H. Cotton Gokhale Naoroji R. Ghosh ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Malaviya Wedderburn Dar Mudholkar Bahadur B.N. Bose Sinha Mazumdar Besant Malaviya Imam M. Nehru Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Khan Das M. Ali A.K. Azad Mahatma Gandhi Naidu Iyengar Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru S.V. Patel Malaviya ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 -- 1937 ) S.C. Bose ( 1938 -- 1939 ) A.K. Azad ( 1940 -- 1946 ) J.B. Kripalani Sitaramayya ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Dhebar ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1960 -- 1963 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1964 -- 1967 ) S. Nijalingappa ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1970 -- 1971 ) S.D. Sharma ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Baruah ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Narasimha Rao ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Kesri ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Sonia Gandhi ( 1998 -- 2017 ) Rahul Gandhi ( 2017 - present ) Leaders in the Lok Sabha Gandhi Rao Pawar S. Gandhi Mukherjee Shinde Kharge Leaders in the Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Vora Patel Sharma Azad Ramesh Antony Digvijay Chidambaram Singhvi Sibal Chief Ministers of Uttarakhand Nityanand Swami B.S. Koshyari N.D. Tiwari B.C. Khanduri Ramesh Pokhriyal Vijay Bahuguna Harish Rawat Trivendra Singh Rawat VIAF : 37326283 LCCN : n88176003 GND : 119012146 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._D._Tiwari&oldid=825983353 '' Categories : 1926 births Living people People from Nainital district Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh Allahabad University alumni Indian National Congress politicians Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Ministers for External Affairs of India Chief Ministers of Uttarakhand Governors of Andhra Pradesh Indian Youth Congress Presidents Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1952 -- 57 Members of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly 7th Lok Sabha members Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh People from Kashipur Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1957 -- 62 Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962 -- 67 Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1974 -- 77 Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1980 -- 85 11th Lok Sabha members Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand Leaders of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Chief ministers from Indian National Congress Finance Ministers of India All India Indira Congress ( Tiwari ) politicians 13th Lok Sabha members Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Use Indian English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 14 : 57 . About Wikipedia	who is the only person to have served as the chief minister of both uttar pradesh and uttarakhand	[]	[]
7193422321424342476	My Heart Beats Like a Drum (Dum Dum Dum)	My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Dum Dum Dum ) - wikipedia My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Dum Dum Dum ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` My Heart Beats Like a Drum '' Single by ATC from the album Planet Pop Released September 2 , 2000 Genre Eurodance , dance - pop Length 3 : 43 Label Kingsize Songwriter ( s ) Alex Christensen and Peter Könemann ATC singles chronology `` Around the World ( La La La La La ) '' ( 2000 ) `` My Heart Beats Like a Drum '' ( 2000 ) `` Why Oh Why '' ( 2000 ) `` Around the World ( La La La La La ) '' ( 2000 ) `` My Heart Beats Like a Drum ( Dum Dum Dum ) '' ( 2000 ) `` Why Oh Why '' ( 2000 ) Music video `` My Heart Beats Like A Drum '' on YouTube My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Dum Dum Dum ) is the second single by German Eurodance group ATC from their debut album Planet Pop . While not as successful as Around the World ( La La La La La ) , it was still a Top 10 hit in several countries across Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Track listings 4 Charts 4.1 Year - end charts 5 References Background ( edit ) `` My Heart Beats Like A Drum '' was released after the peak success of `` Around The World ( La La La La La ) '' . The song had the same producers of Alex Christensen and Peter Könemann , hence the similar melody to `` Around The World ( La La La La La ) '' . It was first available mainly in Europe on September 2 , 2000 , and had multiple Top 40 peaks across the continent . Despite the single 's moderate success , it never surpassed the peak positions of `` Around The World ( La La La La La ) '' in any country . The single was first released with the title `` My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Dam Dam Dam ) , '' but all future releases were dubbed `` My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Dum Dum Dum ) . '' Music video ( edit ) A music video for the song was released on the same day as the audio release . It features the four original singers , Tracey , Joey , Sarah and Livio in a room with red , blue , green , walls , and windows , the latter of which has a zebra print on one side with a purple ceiling . The members of ATC are seen mostly dancing in gold shining clothes . Every time the `` Dum Dum Dum '' hook is sung , the members first raise their arms above their heads , then lower them to their torso , and finally lower them to their thighs . The scenes without the choreography show two of the singers walking on the ceilings ( done via rotating the camera upside down ) , with the last minute of the video having all four band members dance upside down on the purple ceiling . Track listings ( edit ) CD single My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Dam Dam Dam ) ( Radio Edit ) My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Dam Dam Dam ) ( Extended Club Mix ) German CD maxi - Single My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Radio Edit ) My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Extended Club Mix ) My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Rüegsegger # wittwer Clubremix ) My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Triple X Extended Remix ) My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Rüegsegger # wittwer Frantic Remix ) My Heart Beats Like A Drum ( Triple X Dub Attack ) Charts ( edit ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 88 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ATC Interview , My Heart Beats Like A Drum & Around The World Live @ Ringfest - YouTube '' . YouTube . 2013 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss year - end chart '' . swisscharts.com. 2000 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Heart_Beats_Like_a_Drum_(Dum_Dum_Dum)&oldid=811813546 '' Categories : 2000 songs Songs written by Alex Christensen Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 04 : 19 . About Wikipedia	my heart beats like a drum (dum dum dum)	[]	[]
8825695746307017783	Soviet Union in World War II	Soviet Union in World war II - wikipedia Soviet Union in World war II For additional information , see Military history of the Soviet Union # World War II , Eastern Front ( World War II ) Soviet soldiers of the Eastern Front during a short rest after fighting , 1 April 1944 Stalin , Roosevelt and Churchill at the Tehran Conference , November 1943 Timeline and military casualties of the USSR in Europe and Asia , during the War . Part of a series on the History of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Soviet Union ) 1917 -- 1927 Revolutionary Beginnings Revolution Civil War New Economic Policy 1922 Treaty National delimitation 1927 -- 1953 Stalinist rule Socialism in One Country Great Purge Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 ( Holodomor Kazakhstan famine of 1932 - 1933 ) World War II ( Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Great Patriotic War Operation Barbarossa Occupation of the Baltic states Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Battle of Berlin Soviet invasion of Manchuria ) Soviet deportations Soviet famine of 1946 -- 47 Cold War Korean War 1953 -- 1964 Post-Stalin era Berlin blockade 1954 transfer of Crimea Khrushchev Thaw On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences We will bury you 9 March riots Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Wage reforms Cuban Revolution Sino - Soviet split Space program Cuban Missile Crisis 1964 -- 1982 Brezhnev era Brezhnev Doctrine Era of Stagnation 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests Prague Spring Vietnam War ( Laotian Civil War Operation Menu Cambodian Civil War Fall of Saigon ) Six - Day War Prague Spring Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Détente Yom Kippur War Dirty War Wars in Africa ( Angolan War of Independence Angolan Civil War Mozambican War of Independence Mozambican Civil War South African Border War Rhodesian Bush War ) Cambodian - Vietnamese War Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 Summer Olympics Olympic boycotts ( 1980 Olympic boycott 1984 Olympic boycott ) Polish strike Death and funeral of Brezhnev 1982 -- 1991 Leadership changes and collapse Invasion of Grenada Glasnost Perestroika Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan Singing Revolution ( Estonian Sovereignty Declaration Baltic Way Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia ) Revolutions of 1989 ( Pan-European picnic Die Wende Peaceful Revolution Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution End of communist rule in Hungary Romanian Revolution German reunification ) Dissolution ( Jeltoqsan Nagorno - Karabakh War 9 April tragedy Black January Osh riots War of Laws Dushanbe riots January Events The Barricades Referendum Union of Sovereign States August Coup Ukrainian independence ( referendum ) Belavezha Accords Alma - Ata Protocol ) History of Russia Moscow Kiev Minsk Former Soviet Republics Soviet leadership 1 . Lenin 2 . Stalin 3 . Malenkov 4 . Khrushchev 5 . Brezhnev 6 . Andropov 7 . Chernenko 8 . Gorbachev Culture Economy Education Geography Politics Soviet Union portal The Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany on 23 August 1939 . In addition to stipulations of non-aggression , the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania , Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Belarus , Ukraine , and Finland into German and Soviet `` spheres of influence '' , anticipating potential `` territorial and political rearrangements '' of these countries . Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler later traded proposals after a Soviet entry into the Axis Pact . Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 . Stalin waited until 17 September before launching his own invasion of Poland . Part of the Karelia and Salla regions of Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War . This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and parts of Romania ( Bessarabia , northern Bukovina and the Hertza region ) . It was only in 1989 that the Soviet Union admitted the existence of the secret protocol of the German -- Soviet pact regarding the planned divisions of these territories . The invasion of Bukovina violated the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis . On 22 June 1941 , Hitler launched an invasion of the Soviet Union . Stalin was confident that the total Allied war machine would eventually stop Germany , and with Lend Lease from the West , the Soviets stopped the Wehrmacht some 30 kilometres from Moscow . Over the next four years , the Soviet Union repulsed Axis offensives , such as at the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk , and pressed forward to victory in large Soviet offensives , such as the Vistula -- Oder Offensive . The bulk of Soviet fighting took place on the Eastern Front -- including a continued war with Finland -- but it also invaded Iran ( August 1941 ) in cooperation with the British and late in the war attacked Japan ( August 1945 ) , with which the Soviets had border wars earlier up until in 1939 . Stalin met with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference and began to discuss a two - front war against Germany and the future of Europe after the war . Berlin finally fell in April 1945 . Fending off the German invasion and pressing to victory in the East required a tremendous sacrifice by the Soviet Union , which suffered the highest military casualties in the war , losing more than 20 million men . Contents 1 Pact with Adolf Hitler 2 The division of Eastern Europe and other invasions 3 Termination of the pact 4 Soviets stop the Germans 5 The Frontoviks 6 Soviet push to Germany 7 Final victory 8 Repressions 9 Soviet war crimes 10 War crimes by Nazi Germany 11 Survival in Leningrad 12 War with Japan 13 Aftermath and damages 14 Notes 15 References 15.1 Homefront 15.1. 1 Primary sources 15.2 Historiography Pact with Adolf Hitler ( edit ) Main articles : Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and Soviet -- German relations before 1941 Stalin and Ribbentrop at the signing of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact on 23 August 1939 . In August 1939 , Stalin accepted Hitler 's proposal into a non-aggression pact with Germany , negotiated by the foreign ministers Vyacheslav Molotov for the Soviets and Joachim von Ribbentrop for the Germans . Officially a non-aggression treaty only , an appended secret protocol , also reached on 23 August , divided the whole of eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence . The USSR was promised the eastern part of Poland , then primarily populated by Ukrainians and Belarusians , in case of its dissolution , and Germany recognised Latvia , Estonia and Finland as parts of the Soviet sphere of influence , with Lithuania added in a second secret protocol in September 1939 . Another clause of the treaty was that Bessarabia , then part of Romania , was to be joined to the Moldovan SSR , and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow . The pact was reached two days after the breakdown of Soviet military talks with British and French representatives in August 1939 over a potential Franco - Anglo - Soviet alliance . Political discussions had been suspended on 2 August , when Molotov stated that they could not be resumed until progress was made in military talks late in August , after the talks had stalled over guarantees for the Baltic states , while the military talks upon which Molotov insisted started on 11 August . At the same time , Germany -- with whom the Soviets had started secret negotiations on 29 July -- argued that it could offer the Soviets better terms than Britain and France , with Ribbentrop insisting , `` there was no problem between the Baltic and the Black Sea that could not be solved between the two of us . '' German officials stated that , unlike Britain , Germany could permit the Soviets to continue their developments unmolested , and that `` there is one common element in the ideology of Germany , Italy and the Soviet Union : opposition to the capitalist democracies of the West '' . By that time , Molotov had obtained information regarding Anglo - German negotiations and a pessimistic report from the Soviet ambassador in France . Soviet cavalry on parade in Lviv ( then Lwów ) , after the city 's surrender during the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland After disagreement regarding Stalin 's demand to move Red Army troops through Poland and Romania ( which Poland and Romania opposed ) , on 21 August , the Soviets proposed adjournment of military talks using the pretext that the absence of the senior Soviet personnel at the talks interfered with the autumn manoeuvres of the Soviet forces , though the primary reason was the progress being made in the Soviet - German negotiations . That same day , Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would grant the Soviets land in Poland , the Baltic states , Finland and Romania , after which Stalin telegrammed Hitler that night that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on 23 August . Regarding the larger issue of collective security , some historians state that one reason that Stalin decided to abandon the doctrine was the shaping of his views of France and Britain by their entry into the Munich Agreement and the subsequent failure to prevent the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . Stalin may also have viewed the pact as gaining time in an eventual war with Hitler in order to reinforce the Soviet military and shifting Soviet borders westwards , which would be militarily beneficial in such a war . Stalin and Ribbentrop spent most of the night of the pact 's signing trading friendly stories about world affairs and cracking jokes ( a rarity for Ribbentrop ) about Britain 's weakness , and the pair even joked about how the Anti-Comintern Pact principally scared `` British shopkeepers . '' They further traded toasts , with Stalin proposing a toast to Hitler 's health and Ribbentrop proposing a toast to Stalin . The division of Eastern Europe and other invasions ( edit ) German and Soviet soldiers in victory parade in Brest in front of a picture of Stalin On 1 September 1939 , the German invasion of its agreed upon portion of Poland started the Second World War . On 17 September the Red Army invaded eastern Poland and occupied the Polish territory assigned to it by the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland . Eleven days later , the secret protocol of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact was modified , allotting Germany a larger part of Poland , while ceding most of Lithuania to the Soviet Union . The Soviet portions lay east of the so - called Curzon Line , an ethnographic frontier between Russia and Poland drawn up by a commission of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 . Planned and actual territorial changes in Eastern and Central Europe 1939 -- 1940 ( click to enlarge ) Part of the 5 March 1940 memo from Lavrentiy Beria to Stalin proposing execution of Polish officers After taking around 300,000 Polish prisoners in 1939 and early 1940 , NKVD officers conducted lengthy interrogations of the prisoners in camps that were , in effect , a selection process to determine who would be killed . On March 5 , 1940 , pursuant to a note to Stalin from Lavrenty Beria , the members of the Soviet Politburo ( including Stalin ) signed an order to execute 25,700 Polish PoWs , labelled `` nationalists and counterrevolutionaries '' , kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus . This became known as the Katyn massacre . Major - General Vasili M. Blokhin , chief executioner for the NKVD , personally shot 6,000 of the captured Polish officers in 28 consecutive nights , which remains one of the most organized and protracted mass murders by a single individual on record . During his 29 - year career Blokhin shot an estimated 50,000 people , making him ostensibly the most prolific official executioner in recorded world history . In August 1939 , Stalin declared that he was going to `` solve the Baltic problem , and thereafter , forced Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia to sign treaties for `` mutual assistance . '' After unsuccessfully attempting to install a communist puppet government in Finland , in November 1939 , the Soviet Union invaded Finland . The Finnish defensive effort defied Soviet expectations , and after stiff losses , Stalin settled for an interim peace granting the Soviet Union less than total domination by annexing only the eastern region of Karelia ( 10 % of Finnish territory ) . while Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later claimed the casualties may have been one million . After this campaign , Stalin took actions to modify training and improve propaganda efforts in the Soviet military . In mid-June 1940 , when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France , Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in the Baltic countries . Stalin claimed that the mutual assistance treaties had been violated , and gave six - hour ultimatums for new governments to be formed in each country , including lists of persons for cabinet posts provided by the Kremlin . Thereafter , state administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres , followed by mass repression in which 34,250 Latvians , 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed . Elections for parliament and other offices were held with single candidates listed , the official results of which showed pro-Soviet candidates approval by 92.8 percent of the voters of Estonia , 97.6 percent of the voters in Latvia and 99.2 percent of the voters in Lithuania . The resulting peoples ' assemblies immediately requested admission into the USSR , which was granted . In late June 1940 , Stalin directed the Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina , proclaiming this formerly Romanian territory part of the Moldavian SSR . But in annexing northern Bukovina , Stalin had gone beyond the agreed limits of the secret protocol . Stalin and Molotov on the signing of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact with the Empire of Japan , 1941 After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany , Japan and Italy , in October 1940 , Stalin personally wrote to Ribbentrop about entering an agreement regarding a `` permanent basis '' for their `` mutual interests . '' Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact . At Stalin 's direction , Molotov insisted on Soviet interest in Turkey , Bulgaria , Romania , Hungary , Yugoslavia and Greece , though Stalin had earlier unsuccessfully personally lobbied Turkish leaders to not sign a mutual assistance pact with Britain and France . Ribbentrop asked Molotov to sign another secret protocol with the statement : `` The focal point of the territorial aspirations of the Soviet Union would presumably be centred south of the territory of the Soviet Union in the direction of the Indian Ocean . '' Molotov took the position that he could not take a `` definite stand '' on this without Stalin 's agreement . Stalin did not agree with the suggested protocol , and negotiations broke down . In response to a later German proposal , Stalin stated that the Soviets would join the Axis if Germany foreclosed acting in the Soviet 's sphere of influence . Shortly thereafter , Hitler issued a secret internal directive related to his plan to invade the Soviet Union . Photo from 1943 exhumation of mass grave of Polish officers killed by NKVD in the Katyn Forest in 1940 In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany , on 13 April 1941 , Stalin oversaw the signing of a neutrality pact with Japan . Since the Treaty of Portsmouth , Russia had been competing with Japan for spheres of influence in the Far East , where there was a power vacuum with the collapse of Imperial China . Although similar to the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact with the Third Reich , that Soviet Union signed Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact with the Empire of Japan , to maintain the national interest of Soviet 's sphere of influence in the European continent as well as the Far East conquest , whilst among the few countries in the world diplomatically recognising Manchukuo , and allowed the rise of German invasion in Europe and Japanese aggression in Asia , but the Japanese defeat of Battles of Khalkhin Gol was the forceful factor to the temporary settlement before Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945 as the result of Yalta Conference . While Stalin had little faith in Japan 's commitment to neutrality , he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism , to reinforce a public affection for Germany , before military confrontation when Hitler controlled Western Europe and for Soviet Union to take control Eastern Europe . Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union , though Stalin was not aware of Hitler 's further military ambition . Termination of the pact ( edit ) Further information : Operation Barbarossa and Continuation War During the early morning of 22 June 1941 , Hitler terminated the pact by launching Operation Barbarossa , the Axis invasion of Soviet - held territories and the Soviet Union that began the war on the Eastern Front . Before the invasion , Stalin thought that Germany would not attack the Soviet Union until Germany had defeated Britain . At the same time , Soviet generals warned Stalin that Germany had concentrated forces on its borders . Two highly placed Soviet spies in Germany , `` Starshina '' and `` Korsikanets '' , had sent dozens of reports to Moscow containing evidence of preparation for a German attack . Further warnings came from Richard Sorge , a Soviet spy in Tokyo working undercover as a German journalist who had penetrated deep into the German Embassy in Tokyo by seducing the wife of General Eugen Ott , the German ambassador to Japan . German soldiers march by a burning home in Soviet Ukraine , October 1941 . Seven days before the invasion , a Soviet spy in Berlin , part of the Rote Kapelle ( Red Orchestra ) spy network , warned Stalin that the movement of German divisions to the borders was to wage war on the Soviet Union . Five days before the attack , Stalin received a report from a spy in the German Air Ministry that `` all preparations by Germany for an armed attack on the Soviet Union have been completed , and the blow can be expected at any time . '' In the margin , Stalin wrote to the people 's commissar for state security , `` you can send your ' source ' from the headquarters of German aviation to his mother . This is not a ' source ' but a dezinformator . '' Although Stalin increased Soviet western border forces to 2.7 million men and ordered them to expect a possible German invasion , he did not order a full - scale mobilisation of forces to prepare for an attack . Stalin felt that a mobilisation might provoke Hitler to prematurely begin to wage war against the Soviet Union , which Stalin wanted to delay until 1942 in order to strengthen Soviet forces . Viktor Suvorov suggested that Stalin had made aggressive preparations beginning in the late 1930s and was preparing to invade Germany in the summer 1941 . He believes that Hitler forestalled Stalin and the German invasion was in essence a pre-emptive strike , precisely as Hitler claimed . This theory was supported by Igor Bunich , Joachim Hoffmann , Mikhail Meltyukhov ( see Stalin 's Missed Chance ) and Edvard Radzinsky ( see Stalin : The First In - Depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia 's Secret Archives ) . Other historians , especially Gabriel Gorodetsky and David Glantz , reject this thesis . General Fedor von Boch 's diary says that the Abwehr fully expected a Soviet attack against German forces in Poland no later than 1942 . In the initial hours after the German attack began , Stalin hesitated , wanting to ensure that the German attack was sanctioned by Hitler , rather than the unauthorised action of a rogue general . Accounts by Nikita Khrushchev and Anastas Mikoyan claim that , after the invasion , Stalin retreated to his dacha in despair for several days and did not participate in leadership decisions . But , some documentary evidence of orders given by Stalin contradicts these accounts , leading historians such as Roberts to speculate that Khrushchev 's account is inaccurate . Stalin soon quickly made himself a Marshal of the Soviet Union , then country 's highest military rank and Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces aside from being Premier and General - Secretary of the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union that made him the leader of the nation , as well as the People 's Commissar for Defence , which is equivalent to the U.S. Secretary of War at that time and the U.K. Minister of Defence and formed the State Defense Committee to coordinate military operations with himself also as Chairman . He chaired the Stavka , the highest defense organisation of the country . Meanwhile , Marshal Georgy Zhukov was named to be the Deputy Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces . Soviet PoWs starving in a Nazi camp KZ Mauthausen . In the first three weeks of the invasion , as the Soviet Union tried to defend itself against large German advances , it suffered 750,000 casualties , and lost 10,000 tanks and 4,000 aircraft . In July 1941 , Stalin completely reorganised the Soviet military , placing himself directly in charge of several military organisations . This gave him complete control of his country 's entire war effort ; more control than any other leader in World War II . A pattern soon emerged where Stalin embraced the Red Army 's strategy of conducting multiple offensives , while the Germans overran each of the resulting small , newly gained grounds , dealing the Soviets severe casualties . The most notable example of this was the Battle of Kiev , where over 600,000 Soviet troops were quickly killed , captured or missing . By the end of 1941 , the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties and the Germans had captured 3.0 million Soviet prisoners , 2.0 million of whom died in German captivity by February 1942 . German forces had advanced c. 1,700 kilometres , and maintained a linearly - measured front of 3,000 kilometres . The Red Army put up fierce resistance during the war 's early stages . Even so , according to Glantz , they were plagued by an ineffective defence doctrine against well - trained and experienced German forces , despite possessing some modern Soviet equipment , such as the KV - 1 and T - 34 tanks . Soviets stop the Germans ( edit ) Further information : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Battle of Moscow , and Battle of Stalingrad While the Germans made huge advances in 1941 , killing millions of Soviet soldiers , at Stalin 's direction the Red Army directed sizable resources to prevent the Germans from achieving one of their key strategic goals , the attempted capture of Leningrad . They held the city at the cost of more than a million Soviet soldiers in the region and more than a million civilians , many of whom died from starvation . While the Germans pressed forward , Stalin was confident of an eventual Allied victory over Germany . In September 1941 , Stalin told British diplomats that he wanted two agreements : ( 1 ) a mutual assistance / aid pact and ( 2 ) a recognition that , after the war , the Soviet Union would gain the territories in countries that it had taken pursuant to its division of Eastern Europe with Hitler in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . The British agreed to assistance but refused to agree to the territorial gains , which Stalin accepted months later as the military situation had deteriorated somewhat by mid-1942 . In November 1941 , Stalin rallied his generals in a speech given underground in Moscow , telling them that the German blitzkrieg would fail because of weaknesses in the German rear in Nazi - occupied Europe and the underestimation of the strength of the Red Army , and that the German war effort would crumble against the Anglo - American - Soviet `` war engine '' . On 6 November 1941 , Stalin addressed the Soviet Union for the second time ( the first was on 2 July 1941 ) . Correctly calculating that Hitler would direct efforts to capture Moscow , Stalin concentrated his forces to defend the city , including numerous divisions transferred from Soviet eastern sectors after he determined that Japan would not attempt an attack in those areas . By December , Hitler 's troops had advanced to within 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) of the Kremlin in Moscow . On 5 December , the Soviets launched a counteroffensive , pushing German troops back c. 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) from Moscow in what was the first major defeat of the Wehrmacht in the war . Iconic photo of a Soviet officer ( thought to be Ukrainian Alexei Yeryomenko ) leading his soldiers into battle against the invading German army , 12 July 1942 , in Soviet Ukraine In early 1942 , the Soviets began a series of offensives labelled `` Stalin 's First Strategic Offensives '' . The counteroffensive bogged down , in part due to mud from rain in the spring of 1942 . Stalin 's attempt to retake Kharkov in the Ukraine ended in the disastrous encirclement of Soviet forces , with over 200,000 Soviet casualties suffered . Stalin attacked the competence of the generals involved . General Georgy Zhukov and others subsequently revealed that some of those generals had wished to remain in a defensive posture in the region , but Stalin and others had pushed for the offensive . Some historians have doubted Zhukov 's account . At the same time , Hitler was worried about American popular support after the U.S. entry into the war following the Attack on Pearl Harbor , and a potential Anglo - American invasion on the Western Front in 1942 ( which did not occur until the summer of 1944 ) . He changed his primary goal from an immediate victory in the East , to the more long - term goal of securing the southern Soviet Union to protect oil fields vital to the long - term German war effort . While Red Army generals correctly judged the evidence that Hitler would shift his efforts south , Stalin thought it a flanking move in the German attempt to take Moscow . The German southern campaign began with a push to capture the Crimea , which ended in disaster for the Red Army . Stalin publicly criticised his generals ' leadership . In their southern campaigns , the Germans took 625,000 Red Army prisoners in July and August 1942 alone . At the same time , in a meeting in Moscow , Churchill privately told Stalin that the British and Americans were not yet prepared to make an amphibious landing against a fortified Nazi - held French coast in 1942 , and would direct their efforts to invading German - held North Africa . He pledged a campaign of massive strategic bombing , to include German civilian targets . Estimating that the Russians were `` finished , '' the Germans began another southern operation in the autumn of 1942 , the Battle of Stalingrad . Hitler insisted upon splitting German southern forces in a simultaneous siege of Stalingrad and an offensive against Baku on the Caspian Sea . Stalin directed his generals to spare no effort to defend Stalingrad . Although the Soviets suffered in excess of more than 2 million casualties at Stalingrad , their victory over German forces , including the encirclement of 290,000 Axis troops , marked a turning point in the war . Within a year after Barbarossa , Stalin reopened the churches in the Soviet Union . He may have wanted to motivate the majority of the population who had Christian beliefs . By changing the official policy of the party and the state towards religion , he could engage the Church and its clergy in mobilising the war effort . On 4 September 1943 , Stalin invited the metropolitans Sergius , Alexy and Nikolay to the Kremlin . He proposed to reestablish the Moscow Patriarchate , which had been suspended since 1925 , and elect the Patriarch . On 8 September 1943 , Metropolitan Sergius was elected Patriarch . One account said that Stalin 's reversal followed a sign that he supposedly received from heaven . The frontoviks ( edit ) Over 75 % of Red Army divisions were listed rifle divisions , as infantry divisions were known in the Red Army . In the Imperial Russian Army , the strelkovye ( rifle ) divisions were considered more prestigious than pekhotnye ( infantry ) divisions , and in the Red Army , all infantry divisions were labeled strelkovye divisions . The Soviet riflemen were known as a peshkom ( `` on foot '' ) or more frequently as a frontovik ( front fighter ) . The term frontovik was not equivalent to the German term Landser , the American G.I Joe or the British Tommy Atkins , all of which referred to soldiers in general , as the term frontovik was used only to describe those infantrymen who fought at the front . All able - bodied males in the Soviet Union were eligible for conscription at the age of 19 and those attending university or a technical school were able to escape conscription , and even then could defer military service for a period ranging from 3 months to a year . Deferments could be only offered three times . The Soviet Union was divided into 20 military districts , which corresponded with the borders of the oblasts , and were further divided into raions ( counties ) . It was from the raions that quotas were assigned to the number of men that had been produced for the Red Army every year . The vast majority of the frontoviks had been born in the 1920s and grown up knowing nothing other than the Soviet system . Every year , men received draft notices in the mail informing to report at a collection , usually a local school , and customarily reported to duty with a bag or suitcase carrying some spare clothes , underwear , and tobacco . The conscripts then boarded a train to take to a military reception center where they were issued uniforms , underwent a physical test , had their heads shaven and were given a steam bath to rid them of lice . A typical soldier was given ammo pouches , shelter - cape , ration bag , cooking pot , water bottle and an identity tube containing papers listing pertinent personal information . During training , conscripts woke up between 5 - 6 am and training lasted for 10 -- 12 hours - six days of the week . Much of the training was done by rote and consisted of instruction . Before 1941 training had lasted for six months , but after the war , training was shorted to a few weeks . After finishing training , all men had to take the Oath of the Red Army which read : I______ , a citizen of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics , entering into the ranks of the Red Army of the Workers and Peasants ' , take this oath and solemnly promise to be a honest , brave , disciplined , vigilant fighter , staunchly to protect military and state secrets , and unquestioningly to obey all military regulations and orders of commanders and superiors . I promise conscientiously to study military affairs , in every way to protect state secrets and state property , and to my last breath to be faithful to the people , the Soviet Motherland , and the Workers - Peasants ' Government . I am always prepared on order of the Workers and Peasants Government to rise to the defense of my Motherland , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ; and as a fighting man of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants ' , I promise to defend it bravely , skillfully , with dignity and honor , sparing neither my blood nor my life itself for the achievement of total victory over our enemies . If by evil intent I should violate this , my solemn oath , then let the severe punishment of Soviet law and the total hatred and contempt of the working classes befall me . Tactics were based on the 1936 training manual and the revised edition of 1942 . Small unit movements and how to build defensive positions were laid out in a manner that was easy to understand and memorize . The manuals had the force of law and violations of the manuals were legal offenses . Soviet tactics always had the platoons attacking in the same way with the platoons usually broken into four sections occupying about 100 yards on average . The only complex formation was the diamond formation with one section advancing , two behind and one in the rear . Unlike the Wehrmacht , the Red Army did not engage in leap - frogging of sections with one section providing fire support to the sections that were advancing , and instead all of the sections and platoons attacked en masse . The other only variation was for the sections to `` seep '' into a position by infiltration . When the order Na shturm , marshch ! ( Assault , march ! ) was given , the Soviet infantry would charge the enemy while shouting the traditional Russian battle cry Urra ! ( pronounced oo - rah , which comes from the Turkish word to kill ) , the sound of which many German veterans found terrifying . During the charge , the riflemen would fire with rifles and submachine guns while throwing grenades before closing in for blizhnii boi ( close combat ) as close quarter fighting with guns , bayonets , rifle butts , knives , digging tools and their fists were known , a type of fighting that the Red Army excelled at . On the defensive , the frontovik were well known for their skill at camouflaging their positions and for being disciplined enough to withhold fire until the Germans were at close range . Before 1941 Red Army doctrine had called for opening fire at maximum range , but it was quickly discovered that it was preferable to ambush the Germans with surprise fire at close ranges from multiple positions . The typical frontovik during the war was ethnic Russian aged 19 -- 24 whose average height was 5 feet 6 inches ( 1.68 m ) . Most of the men were shaven bald to prevent lice and the few who did grow their hair kept it very short . The American historian Gordon Rottman described the uniforms as `` simple and functional '' . In combat , the men wore olive - brown helmets or the pilotka ( side cap ) . Officers wore a shlem or furazhka ( peaked cap ) , a round service hat with a black visor and a red star . Rottman described Soviet weapons as being `` ... known for their simplicity , ruggedness and general reliability '' . The standard rifle was Mosin - Nagant 7.62 mm M 1891 / 30 rifle , and although heavy , it was an effective weapon that crucially was not affected by the cold . Every rifle section had one or two 7.62 mm Degtyarev DP light machine guns to provide fire support . By 1944 , one of every four frontovik was armed with the 7.62 mm PPSh - 41 ( Pistolet - pulemet Shapagina - Pistol Automatic Shpagin ) , a type of submachine gun known as a `` rugged and reliable weapon '' , if somewhat underpowered . The frontovik usually carried all he had in a simple bag . Most of the frontovik had a perevgzochnii paket ( wound dressing packet ) , a razor , a shovel and would be very lucky to have a towel and toothbrush . Toothpaste , shampoo and soap were extremely rare . Usually sticks with chewed ends were used for brushing teeth . To relieve themselves latrine pits were dug , as portable toilets were rare in the Red Army . Soldiers frequently slept outdoors , even during the winter . Food was usually abysmal and often in short supply , especially in 1941 and 1942 . The frontoviks detested the rear service troops who did not face the dangers of combat as krysa ( rats ) . The frontovik lived on a diet of black rye bread ; canned meats like fish and tushonka ( stewed pork ) ; shchi ( cabbage soup ) and kasha ( porridge ) . '' . Kasha and shchi were so common that a popular slogan in the Red Army was `` shchi ee kasha , pisha nasha '' ( `` schchi and kasha , that 's our fare . '' ) . Chai ( hot sugared tea ) was an extremely popular beverage together with beer and vodka . Makhorka , a type of cheap tobacco roiled in handmade cigarettes was the standard cigarette . Rottmann described medical care as `` marginal '' . A shortage of doctors , medical equipment and drugs meant those wounded often died , usually in immense pain . Morphine was unknown in the Red Army . Most Red Army soldiers had not received preventive inoculations and diseases were major problems with malaria , pneumonia , diphtheria , tuberculosis , typhus , dysentery , and meningitis in particular regularly sickening Red Army men . In the winter frostbite often sent soldiers to the medical system while in the spring and fall rains made trench foot a common aliment . The frontovik were paid once every month , but often did not receive their wages . All soldiers were exempt from taxes . In 1943 , a private was paid 600 roubles per month , a corporal 1,000 roubles , a junior sergeant 2,000 roubles and a sergeant 3,000 roubles . There was special pay for those serving in guards units , paratroopers , tank , anti-tank and those decorated for bravery in combat . Those units that greatly distinguished in combat had the prefix Guards attached to their unit title , a title of great respect and honor that brought better pay and rations . In the Imperial Russian Army , the elite was always the Imperial Guards Regiments , and the title Guards when applied to a military unit in Russia still has elitist connotations . Discipline was harsh and men could be executed for desertion , treason , cowardice , surrendering , retreating without orders and ordering a retreat without orders . To maintain morale , the men were often entertained with films shown on outdoor screens together with musical troupes performing music , singing and dancing . The balalaika was often featured as part of the entertainment as it was considered to be a Russian `` national instrument '' . The position of the Soviet regime was that essentially sex did not exist and there were no references to matters sexual in any official publications . When the 16 - year old partisan heroine Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was hanged by the Germans on 29 November 1941 , the photo of her corpse hanging from the gallows caused a sensation when published in early 1942 as she was topless , which ensured that the photo attracted much prurient interest . Unlike the German and French armies , the Red Army had no system of field brothels and the frontovik were not issued condoms as men in the British and American armies were . Venereal diseases were a major problem and those soldiers afflicted were harshly punished if discovered . The widespread rapes committed by the Red Army when entering Germany had little to do with sexual desire , but were instead acts of power , in the words of Rottman `` the basest form of revenge and humiliation the soldiers could inflict on the Germans '' . It was a common practice for officers to take `` campaign wives '' or PPZh ( pokhodno - polevy zheny - `` field marching wives '' ) as any women serving in the Red Army were told that they were now the mistresses of the officers regardless of what they felt about the matter or for the officers to `` adopt '' a civilian woman as their `` campaign wife '' , who often entered into the unit rosters so that they could receive pay . The `` campaign wives '' were often nurses , signallers and clerks who wore a black beret and despite being forced to become the concubines of the officers were widely hated by the frontoviks , who saw the `` campaign wives '' as trading sex for more favorable positions . The writer Vasily Grossman recorded typical remarks about the `` campaign wives '' in 1942 : `` Where 's the general ? '' ( someone asks ) . `` Sleeping with his whore . '' And these girls had once wanted to be ' Tanya ' , or Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya . '' The frontoviks had to live , fight and die in small circular foxholes dug into the earth with enough room for one or two men with slit trenches being to connect what the Germans called `` Russian holes '' . The soldiers were usually not issued blankets or sleeping bags , even in the winter . Instead , the frontovik slept in their coats and shelter - capes usually on pine , evergreen needles , fir boughs , piled leaves or straw . In the winter , the temperature could drop as low as - 60 ° F ( - 50 ° C ) , making General Moroz ( General Frost ) as much an enemy as the Germans . Spring started in April and with it came rains and snowmelt , making the battlefields into a muddy quagmire . Summers were dusty and hot while with the fall came the rasputitsa ( time without roads ) as heavy autumn rains once again turned the battlefields into muddy quagmires that made the spring rains look tame by comparison . The Soviet Union comprised over 150 different peoples , but Russians comprised the majority of the Red Army and Russian was the language of command . The Red Army had very few ethnic units as the policy was one of sliianie ( blending ) in which men from the non-Russian groups were assigned to units with Russian majorities . One of the few exceptions to this rule were the Cossack units together with the troops from the Baltic states of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , who however were few in number . The experience of combat tended to bind the men regardless of their language or ethnicity together with one Soviet veteran recalling : `` We were all bleeding the same blood '' . Despite a history of anti-Semitism in Russia , Jewish veterans serving in the frontovik units described anti-Semitism as rare , instead recalling a sense of belonging . During the first six months of Operation Barbarossa , the Wehrmacht and the SS had a policy of shooting all of the `` Asiatics '' ( a term which was defined to include all Red Army personal who looked Asian ) , commissars , Jews and Georgians serving in the Red Army who were taken prisoner by German forces . For this reason , Georgians , Jews and the various Asian peoples like the Kalmyks , the Buryats , the Kazakhs , the Kyrgyz , etc. fought especially fiercely . During the war , the atheist propaganda was toned down and Eastern Orthodox priests blessed units going into battle , though chaplains were not allowed . However , Muslims from Central Asia , the Caucasus , the Volga and the Crimea were allowed to practice their religion discreetly , though like the Eastern Orthodox no chaplains were allowed . Most soldiers carried lucky talismans . Despite the official atheism , many soldiers wore crosses around their necks and crossed themselves in the traditional Eastern Orthodox manner before going into battle , through the British historian Catherine Merridale cautioned these were more `` totemic '' gestures meant to ensure good luck rather than expressions of real faith . One of the most popular talismans was the poem Wait for Me by Konstantin Simonov , which he wrote in October 1941 for his fiancée Valentina Serova . The popularity of Wait for Me was such that almost all ethnic Russians in the Red Army knew the poem by heart , and carried a copy of the poem together with photographs of their girlfriends or wives back home to reflect their desire to return to their loved ones . `` Political work '' done by politruks and kommissars took much of the soldier 's spare time as at least one hour every day was given to political indoctrination into Communism for soldiers who not engaged in combat . The term Nazi was never used to describe the enemy as the term was an acronym for National - Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ( National Socialist German Workers ' Party ) as the politruks and kommissars found explaining why the enemy called themselves National Socialists to be too confusing for the frontoviks . The preferred terms for the enemy were fascists , Gitlerits ( Hitlerites - Russian has no H ) , Germanskii and nemetskiy ( a derogatory Russian term for Germans ) . The commissars had the duty of monitoring the officers for any sign of disloyalty and a network of informers known as seksots within the ranks . In October 1942 , the system of dual command , which dated back to the Russian Civil War , where the officers shared authority with the commissars , was abolished and henceforward only officers had the power of command . Many commissars after the Stalin 's Decree 307 of 9 October 1942 were shocked to find how much they were hated by the officers and men . The commissars now become the politruks or deputy commanders for political affairs . The politruks no longer had the power of command , but still evaluated both officers and men for their political loyalty , carried out political indoctrination and had the power to order summary executions of anyone suspected of cowardice or treason . Such executions were known as devyat gram ( nine grams - a reference to the weight of a bullet ) , pustit v rakhod ( to expend someone ) or vyshka ( a shortened form of vysshaya mera nakazanija - extreme penalty ) . Despite these fearsome powers , many of the frontoviks were often openly contemptuous of the politruks if subjected to excessively long boring lectures on the finer points of Marxism -- Leninism and officers tended to win conflicts with the poltitruks as military merit started to count more in the Great Patriotic War than did political zeal . Relations between the officers and men were usually good with junior officers in particular being seen as soratnik ( comrade in arms ) as they lived under the same conditions and faced the same dangers as the frontovik . Officers usually had only a high school education as very few had gone to university , and coming from the same social milieu as their men ensured that they could relate to them . The frontovik usually addressed their company commanders as Batya ( father ) . Soviet push to Germany ( edit ) Further information : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Battle of Kursk , Operation Bagration , Battle of Warsaw ( 1944 ) , and Vistula - Oder Offensive The Soviets repulsed the important German strategic southern campaign and , although 2.5 million Soviet casualties were suffered in that effort , it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front . Stalin personally told a Polish general requesting information about missing Polish officers that all of the Poles were freed , and that not all could be accounted because the Soviets `` lost track '' of them in Manchuria . After Polish railroad workers found the mass grave , the Nazis used the massacre to attempt to drive a wedge between Stalin and the other Allies , including bringing in a European commission of investigators from twelve countries to examine the graves . In 1943 , as the Soviets prepared to retake Poland , Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels correctly guessed that Stalin would attempt to falsely claim that the Germans massacred the victims . As Goebbels predicted , the Soviets had a `` commission '' investigate the matter , falsely concluding that the Germans had killed the PoWs . The Soviets did not admit responsibility until 1990 . In 1943 , Stalin ceded to his generals ' call for the Soviet Union to take a defensive stance because of disappointing losses after Stalingrad , a lack of reserves for offensive measures and a prediction that the Germans would likely next attack a bulge in the Soviet front at Kursk such that defensive preparations there would more efficiently use resources . The Germans did attempt an encirclement attack at Kursk , which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets after Hitler cancelled the offensive , in part , because of the Allied invasion of Sicily , though the Soviets suffered over 800,000 casualties . Kursk also marked the beginning of a period where Stalin became more willing to listen to the advice of his generals . By the end of 1943 , the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 -- 42 . Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the East of the front , safe from German invasion and air attack . The strategy paid off , as such industrial increases were able to occur even while the Germans in late 1942 occupied more than half of European Russia , including 40 percent ( 80 million ) of its population , and approximately 2,500,000 square kilometres ( 970,000 sq mi ) of Soviet territory . The Soviets had also prepared for war for more than a decade , including preparing 14 million civilians with some military training . Accordingly , while almost all of the original 5 million men of the Soviet army had been wiped out by the end of 1941 , the Soviet military had swelled to 8 million members by the end of that year . Despite substantial losses in 1942 far in excess of German losses , Red Army size grew even further , to 11 million . While there is substantial debate whether Stalin helped or hindered these industrial and manpower efforts , Stalin left most economic wartime management decisions in the hands of his economic experts . While some scholars claim that evidence suggests that Stalin considered , and even attempted , negotiating peace with Germany in 1941 and 1942 , others find this evidence unconvincing and even fabricated . Soviet advances from 1 August 1943 to 31 December 1944 : to 1 December 1943 to 30 April 1944 to 19 August 1944 to 31 December 1944 In November 1943 , Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran . Roosevelt told Stalin that he hoped that Britain and America opening a second front against Germany could initially draw 30 -- 40 German division from the Eastern Front . Stalin and Roosevelt , in effect , ganged up on Churchill by emphasising the importance of a cross-channel invasion of German - held northern France , while Churchill had always felt that Germany was more vulnerable in the `` soft underbelly '' of Italy ( which the Allies had already invaded ) and the Balkans . The parties later agreed that Britain and America would launch a cross-channel invasion of France in May 1944 , along with a separate invasion of Southern France . Stalin insisted that , after the war , the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact with Germany , which Churchill tabled . In 1944 , the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany , including Operation Bagration , a massive offensive in Belarus against the German Army Group Centre . Stalin , Roosevelt and Churchill closely coordinated , such that Bagration occurred at roughly the same time as American and British forces initiation of the invasion of German held Western Europe on France 's northern coast . The operation resulted in the Soviets retaking Belarus and western Ukraine , along with the successful effective destruction of the Army Group Centre and 300,000 German casualties , though at the cost of more than 750,000 Soviet casualties . Romanians greet the Soviet army entering the city of Bucharest on 31 August 1944 . Successes at Operation Bagration and in the year that followed were , in large part , due to an operational improve of battlehardened Red Army , which has learned painful lessons from previous years battling the powerful Wehrmacht : better planning of offensives , efficient use of artillery , better handling of time and space during attacks in contradiction to Stalin 's order `` not a step back '' . To a lesser degree , the success of Bagration was due to a weakened Wehrmacht that lacked the fuel and armament they needed to operate effectively , growing Soviet advantages in manpower and materials , and the attacks of Allies on the Western Front . In his 1944 May Day speech , Stalin praised the Western allies for diverting German resources in the Italian Campaign , Tass published detailed lists of the large numbers of supplies coming from Western allies , and Stalin made a speech in November 1944 stating that Allied efforts in the West had already quickly drawn 75 German divisions to defend that region , without which , the Red Army could not yet have driven the Wehrmacht from Soviet territories . The weakened Wehrmacht also helped Soviet offensives because no effective German counter-offensive could be launched , Beginning in the summer of 1944 , a reinforced German Army Centre Group did prevent the Soviets from advancing in around Warsaw for nearly half a year . Some historians claim that the Soviets ' failure to advance was a purposeful Soviet stall to allow the Wehrmacht to slaughter members of a Warsaw Uprising by the Polish home army in August 1944 that occurred as the Red Army approached , though others dispute the claim and cite sizable unsuccessful Red Army efforts to attempt to defeat the Wehrmacht in that region . Earlier in 1944 , Stalin had insisted that the Soviets would annex the portions of Poland it divided with Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , while the Polish government in exile , which the British insisted must be involved in postwar Poland , demanded that the Polish border be restored to prewar locations . The rift further highlighted Stalin 's blatant hostility toward the anti-communist Polish government in exile and their Polish home army , which Stalin felt threatened his plans to create a post-war Poland friendly to the Soviet Union . Further exacerbating the rift was Stalin 's refusal to resupply the Polish home army , and his refusal to allow American supply planes to use the necessary Soviet air bases to ferry supplies to the Polish home army , which Stalin referred to in a letter to Roosevelt and Churchill as `` power - seeking criminals '' . Worried about the possible repercussions of those actions , Stalin later began a Soviet supply airdrop to Polish rebels , though most of the supplies ended up in the hands of the Germans . The uprising ended in disaster with 20,000 Polish rebels and up to 200,000 civilians killed by German forces , with Soviet forces entering the city in January 1945 . Soviet soldiers of the 1st Baltic Front during an attack in the Latvian city of Jelgava , 16 August 1944 Other important advances occurred in late 1944 , such as the invasion of Romania in August and Bulgaria . The Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria in September 1944 and invaded the country , installing a communist government . Following the invasion of these Balkan countries , Stalin and Churchill met in the autumn of 1944 , where they agreed upon various percentages for `` spheres of influence '' in several Balkan states , though the diplomats for neither leader knew what the term actually meant . The Red Army also expelled German forces from Lithuania and Estonia in late 1944 at the cost of 260,000 Soviet casualties . In late 1944 , Soviet forces battled fiercely to capture Hungary in the Budapest Offensive , but could not take it , which became a topic so sensitive to Stalin that he refused to allow his commanders to speak of it . The Germans held out in the subsequent Battle of Budapest until February 1945 , when the remaining Hungarians signed an armistice with the Soviet Union . Victory at Budapest permitted the Red Army to launch the Vienna Offensive in April 1945 . To the northeast , the taking of Belarus and western Ukraine permitted the Soviets to launch the massive Vistula -- Oder Offensive , where German intelligence had incorrectly guessed the Soviets would have a 3 - to - 1 numerical superiority advantage that was actually 5 - to - 1 ( over 2 million Red Army personnel attacking 450,000 German defenders ) , the successful culmination of which resulted in the Red Army advancing from the Vistula River in Poland to the German Oder River in Eastern Germany . Stalin 's shortcomings as a strategist are frequently noted regarding the massive Soviet loss of life and early Soviet defeats . An example of it is the summer offensive of 1942 , which led to even more losses by the Red Army and the recapture of initiative by the Germans . Stalin eventually recognised his lack of know - how and relied on his professional generals to conduct the war . Additionally , Stalin was well aware that other European armies had utterly disintegrated when faced with Nazi military efficacy and responded effectively by subjecting his army to galvanising terror and nationalist appeals to patriotism . He also appealed to the Russian Orthodox church . Final victory ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Berlin , East Prussian Offensive , and Battle of the Oder - Neisse American and Soviet troops meet east of the Elbe River , April 1945 By April 1945 , Germany faced its last days with 1.9 million German soldiers in the East fighting 6.4 million Red Army soldiers while 1 million German soldiers in the West battled 4 million Western Allied soldiers . While initial talk existed of a race to Berlin by the Allies , after Stalin successfully lobbied for Eastern Germany to fall within the Soviet `` sphere of influence '' at Yalta , no plans were made by the Western Allies to seize the city by a ground operation . Stalin still remained suspicious that western Allied forces holding at the Elbe River might move on the capital and , even in the last days , that the Americans might employ their two airborne divisions to capture the city . Stalin directed the Red Army to move rapidly in a broad front into Germany because he did not believe the Western Allies would hand over territory they occupied , while he made the overriding objective capturing Berlin . After successfully capturing Eastern Prussia , three Red Army fronts converged on the heart of Eastern Germany , with one of the last pitched battles of the war putting the Soviets at the virtual gates of Berlin . By April 24 , Berlin was encircled by elements of two Soviet fronts , one of which had begun a massive shelling of the city on April 20 that would not end until the city 's surrender . On 30 April , Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide , after which Soviet forces found their remains , which had been burned at Hitler 's directive . German forces surrendered a few days later . Some historians argue that Stalin delayed the last final push for Berlin by two months in order to capture other areas for political reasons , which they argue gave the Wehrmacht time to prepare and increased Soviet casualties ( which exceeded 400,000 ) , though this is contested by other historians . Mass murder of Soviet civilians near Minsk . The Nazis murdered civilians in 5,295 different localities in occupied Soviet Belarus . Despite the Soviets ' possession of Hitler 's remains , Stalin did not believe that his old nemesis was actually dead , a belief that remained for years after the war . Stalin also later directed aides to spend years researching and writing a secret book about Hitler 's life for his own private reading . Fending off the German invasion and pressing to victory over Nazi Germany in the Second World War required a tremendous sacrifice by the Soviet Union ( more than any other country in human history ) . Soviet military casualties totaled approximately 35 million ( official figures 28.2 million ) with approximately 14.7 million killed , missing or captured ( official figures 11.285 million ) . Although figures vary , the Soviet civilian death toll probably reached 22 million . Millions of Soviet soldiers and civilians disappeared into German detention camps and slave labour factories , while millions more suffered permanent physical and mental damage . Economic losses , including losses in resources and manufacturing capacity in western Russia and Ukraine , were also catastrophic . The war resulted in the destruction of approximately 70,000 Soviet cities , towns and villages . Destroyed in that process were 6 million houses , 98,000 farms , 32,000 factories , 82,000 schools , 43,000 libraries , 6,000 hospitals and thousands of kilometres of roads and railway track . Stalin soon conferred himself with the rank of the Generalissimus of the Soviet Union , which becomes the country 's highest military rank followed by Marshal for his role in the Soviet victory of the war . His personal military leadership was emphasised as part of the `` cult of personality '' after the publication of Stalin 's ten victories extracted from 6 November 1944 speech `` 27th anniversary of the Great October socialist revolution '' ( Russian : `` 27 - я годовщина Великой Октябрьской социалистической революции '' ) during the 1944 meeting of the Moscow 's Soviet deputies . Repressions ( edit ) On 16 August 1941 , in attempts to revive a disorganised Soviet defense system , Stalin issued Order No. 270 , demanding any commanders or commissars `` tearing away their insignia and deserting or surrendering '' to be considered malicious deserters . The order required superiors to shoot these deserters on the spot . Their family members were subjected to arrest . The second provision of the order directed all units fighting in encirclements to use every possibility to fight . The order also required division commanders to demote and , if necessary , even to shoot on the spot those commanders who failed to command the battle directly in the battlefield . Thereafter , Stalin also conducted a purge of several military commanders that were shot for `` cowardice '' without a trial . In June 1941 , weeks after the German invasion began , Stalin directed that the retreating Red Army also sought to deny resources to the enemy through a scorched earth policy of destroying the infrastructure and food supplies of areas before the Germans could seize them , and that partisans were to be set up in evacuated areas . This , along with abuse by German troops , caused starvation and suffering among the civilian population that was left behind . Stalin feared that Hitler would use disgruntled Soviet citizens to fight his regime , particularly people imprisoned in the Gulags . He thus ordered the NKVD to handle the situation . They responded by murdering approximately 100,000 political prisoners throughout the western parts of the Soviet Union , with methods that included bayoneting people to death and tossing grenades into crowded cells . Many others were simply deported east . Beria 's proposal of 29 January 1942 , to execute 46 Soviet generals . Stalin 's resolution : `` Shoot all named in the list . -- J. St . '' In July 1942 , Stalin issued Order No. 227 , directing that any commander or commissar of a regiment , battalion or army , who allowed retreat without permission from his superiors was subject to military tribunal . The order called for soldiers found guilty of disciplinary infractions to be forced into `` penal battalions '' , which were sent to the most dangerous sections of the front lines . From 1942 to 1945 , 427,910 soldiers were assigned to penal battalions . The order also directed `` blocking detachments '' to shoot fleeing panicked troops at the rear . In the first two months following the order , over 1,000 troops were shot by blocking units and blocking units sent over 130,000 troops to penal battalions . Despite having some effect initially , this measure proved to have a deteriorating effect on the troops ' morale , so by October 1942 the idea of regular blocking units was quietly dropped By 20 November 1944 the blocking units were officially disbanded . Soviet POWs and forced labourers who survived German captivity were sent to special `` transit '' or `` filtration '' camps meant to determine which were potential traitors . Of the approximately 4 million to be repatriated , 2,660,013 were civilians and 1,539,475 were former POWs . Of the total , 2,427,906 were sent home , 801,152 were reconscripted into the armed forces , 608,095 were enrolled in the work battalions of the defence ministry , 272,867 were transferred to the authority of the NKVD for punishment , which meant a transfer to the Gulag system and 89,468 remained in the transit camps as reception personnel until the repatriation process was finally wound up in the early 1950s . Soviet war crimes ( edit ) Further information : Soviet war crimes , Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland , and Przyszowice massacre Victims of NKVD prisoner massacres in June 1941 After the capture of Berlin , Soviet troops reportedly raped German women and girls , with total victim estimates ranging from tens of thousands to two million . During and after the occupation of Budapest , ( Hungary ) , an estimated 50,000 women and girls were raped . Regarding rapes that took place in Yugoslavia , Stalin responded to a Yugoslav partisan leader 's complaints saying , `` Ca n't he understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometres through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle ? '' In former Axis countries , such as Germany , Romania and Hungary , Red Army officers generally viewed cities , villages and farms as being open to pillaging and looting . For example , Red Army soldiers and NKVD members frequently looted transport trains in 1944 and 1945 in Poland and Soviet soldiers set fire to the city centre of Demmin while preventing the inhabitants from extinguishing the blaze , which , along with multiple rapes , played a part in causing over 900 citizens of the city to commit suicide . In the Soviet occupation zone of Germany , when members of the SED reported to Stalin that looting and rapes by Soviet soldiers could result in negative consequences for the future of socialism in post-war East Germany , Stalin reacted angrily : `` I shall not tolerate anybody dragging the honour of the Red Army through the mud . '' Accordingly , all evidence of looting , rapes and destruction by the Red Army was deleted from archives in the Soviet occupation zone . According to recent figures , of an estimated 4 million POWs taken by the Russians , including Germans , Japanese , Hungarians , Romanians and others , some 580,000 never returned , presumably victims of privation or the Gulags , compared with 3.5 million Soviet POW who died in German camps out of the 5.6 million taken . War crimes by Nazi Germany ( edit ) Further information : German war crimes During the rapid German advances in the early months of the war , nearly reaching the cities of Moscow and Leningrad , the bulk of Soviet industry which could not be evacuated was either destroyed or lost due to German occupation . Agricultural production was interrupted , with grain harvests left standing in the fields that would later cause hunger reminiscent of the early 1930s . In one of the greatest feats of war logistics , factories were evacuated on an enormous scale , with 1523 factories dismantled and shipped eastwards along four principal routes to the Caucasus , Central Asian , Ural , and Siberian regions . In general , the tools , dies and production technology were moved , along with the blueprints and their management , engineering staffs and skilled labour . The whole of the Soviet Union became dedicated to the war effort . The population of the Soviet Union was probably better prepared than any other nation involved in the fighting of World War II to endure the material hardships of the war . This is primarily because the Soviets were so used to shortages and coping with economic crisis in the past , especially during wartime -- World War I brought similar restrictions on food . Still , conditions were severe . World War II was especially devastating to Soviet citizens because it was fought on their territory and caused massive destruction . In Leningrad , under German siege , over one million people died of starvation and disease . Many factory workers were teenagers , women and the elderly . The government implemented rationing in 1941 and first applied it to bread , flour , cereal , pasta , butter , margarine , vegetable oil , meat , fish , sugar , and confectionery all across the country . The rations remained largely stable in other places during the war . Additional rations were often so expensive that they could not add substantially to a citizen 's food supply unless that person was especially well - paid . Peasants received no rations and had to make do with local resources that they farmed themselves . Most rural peasants struggled and lived in unbearable poverty , but others sold any surplus they had at a high price and a few became rouble millionaires , until a currency reform two years after the end of the war wiped out their wealth . Despite harsh conditions , the war led to a spike in Soviet nationalism and unity . Soviet propaganda toned down extreme Communist rhetoric of the past as the people now rallied by a belief of protecting their Motherland against the evils of German invaders . Ethnic minorities thought to be collaborators were forced into exile . Religion , which was previously shunned , became a part of Communist Party propaganda campaign in the Soviet society in order to mobilize the religious elements . The social composition of Soviet society changed drastically during the war . There was a burst of marriages in June and July 1941 between people about to be separated by the war and in the next few years the marriage rate dropped off steeply , with the birth rate following shortly thereafter to only about half of what it would have been in peacetime . For this reason mothers with several children during the war received substantial honours and money benefits if they had a sufficient number of children -- mothers could earn around 1,300 roubles for having their fourth child and earn up to 5,000 roubles for their 10th . Survival in Leningrad ( edit ) Further information : Siege of Leningrad Soviet soldiers on the front in Leningrad The city of Leningrad endured more suffering and hardships than any other city in the Soviet Union during the war , as it was under siege for 900 days , from September 1941 -- January 1944 . Hunger , malnutrition , disease , starvation , and even cannibalism became common during the siege of Leningrad ; civilians lost weight , grew weaker , and became more vulnerable to diseases . Citizens of Leningrad managed to survive through a number of methods with varying degrees of success . Since only 400,000 people were evacuated before the siege began , this left 2.5 million in Leningrad , including 400,000 children . More managed to escape the city ; this was most successful when Lake Ladoga froze over and people could walk over the ice road -- or `` Road of Life '' -- to safety . Soviet anti-aircraft defending Leningrad , 1941 Most survival strategies during the siege , though , involved staying within the city and facing the problems through resourcefulness or luck . One way to do this was by securing factory employment because many factories became autonomous and possessed more of the tools of survival during the winter , such as food and heat . Workers got larger rations than regular civilians and factories were likely to have electricity if they produced crucial goods . Factories also served as mutual - support centers and had clinics and other services like cleaning crews and teams of women who would sew and repair clothes . Factory employees were still driven to desperation on occasion and people resorted to eating glue or horses in factories where food was scarce , but factory employment was the most consistently successful method of survival , and at some food production plants not a single person died . Survival opportunities open to the larger Soviet community included bartering and farming on private land . Black markets thrived as private barter and trade became more common , especially between soldiers and civilians . Soldiers , who had more food to spare , were eager to trade with Soviet citizens that had extra warm clothes to trade . Planting vegetable gardens in the spring became popular , primarily because citizens got to keep everything grown on their own plots . The campaign also had a potent psychological effect and boosted morale , a survival component almost as crucial as bread . Some of the most desperate Soviet citizens turned to crime as a way to support themselves in trying times . Most common was the theft of food and of ration cards , which could prove fatal for a malnourished person if their card was stolen more than a day or two before a new card was issued . For these reasons , the stealing of food was severely punished and a person could be shot for as little as stealing a loaf of bread . More serious crimes , such as murder and cannibalism , also occurred , and special police squads were set up to combat these crimes , though by the end of the siege , roughly 1,500 had been arrested for cannibalism . War with Japan ( edit ) The Soviet Union ended its long - standing peace treaty with the Japanese and invaded Manchuria , leading to a series of events which possibly led to the subsequent Japanese unconditional surrender . Further information : Soviet invasion of Manchuria Aftermath and damages ( edit ) Further information : World War II casualties of the Soviet Union Even though it won the conflict , the war had a profound and devastating long - term effect in the Soviet Union . The financial burden was catastrophic : by one estimate , the Soviet Union spent $192 billion . The US lend - lease around $11 billion in supplies to the Soviet Union during the war . Anastasia V. Zotova gives a slightly different estimate of 666.4 billion rubles in Soviet military expenditure during the war , equivalent to $125.7 billion . American experts estimate that the Soviet Union lost almost all the wealth it gained from the industrialization efforts during the 1930s . Its economy also shrank by 20 % between 1941 and 1945 and did not recover its pre-war levels all until the 1960s . British historian Clive Ponting estimates that the war damages amounted to 25 years of the Soviet Gross National Product . 40 % of the Soviet housing was damaged or destroyed . Out of 2.5 million housing dwellings in the German occupied territories , over a million were destroyed . This rendered some 25 million Soviet citizens homeless . The German occupation encompassed around 85 million Soviet citizens , or almost 45 % of the entire Soviet population . At least 12 million Soviets fled towards the east , away from the invading German army . The Soviet sources claim that the Axis powers destroyed 1,710 towns and 70,000 villages , as well as 65,000 km of railroad tracks . Official Soviet sources claim that the Soviet union lost 26 million people during the war . While its human losses were undoubtedly high , some historians and academics question this figure . Bruce Robellet Kuniholm , professor of public policy and history , estimates that the Soviet side suffered 11,000,000 military deaths and additional 7,000,000 civilian deaths , thus amounting to a total of 18 million fatalities . Hubert Poetschke accepts the Soviet figure of 10.7 million military deaths as correct , yet assumes that the figure of 11.8 million civilian deaths was `` fabricated for political reasons '' . He argues that this includes 6 million people killed by Stalin 's own repressions . When this correction is included , Poetschke delivers a figure of 16.5 million fatalities , amounting to 10 % of Soviet 's population . American military historian Earl F. Ziemke gives a figure of 12 million dead Soviet soldiers and further 7 million dead civilians -- a total of 19 million dead . He also notices that from autumn 1941 until autumn 1943 the front was never less than 2,400 miles long . German professor Beate Fieseler estimates that 2.6 million people , or 7.46 percent of the Soviet Army , were left disabled after the war . Timothy C. Dowling estimates that in the 1,417 days of war , the Soviet Union `` lost about 800 dead every minute '' and that this is equivalent of the entire US population in 1940 living west of the Missouri River . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : chathamhouse.org , 2011 Jump up ^ Goldman 2012 , pp. 163 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Brackman , Roman . The Secret File of Joseph Stalin : A Hidden Life ( Psychology Press , 2001 ) p. 341 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 71465 - 050 - 0 Jump up ^ Pearson , Clive ( December 2008 ) . `` Stalin as War Leader '' . History Review 62 . History Today . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts 1992 , pp. 57 -- 78 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , German - Soviet Nonaggression Pact , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Text of the Nazi - Soviet Non-Aggression Pact , executed 23 August 1939 Jump up ^ Christie , Kenneth , Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe : Ghosts at the Table of Democracy , RoutledgeCurzon , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1599 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 30 -- 32 Jump up ^ Lionel Kochan . The Struggle For Germany . 1914 -- 1945 . New York , 1963 Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. ( 1990 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , p. 504 , ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Watson 2000 , p. 709 Jump up ^ Michael Jabara Carley ( 1993 ) . End of the ' Low , Dishonest Decade ' : Failure of the Anglo - Franco - Soviet Alliance in 1939 . Europe - Asia Studies 45 ( 2 ) , 303 -- 341 . JSTOR 152863 ^ Jump up to : Watson 2000 , p. 715 ^ Jump up to : Watson 2000 , p. 713 Jump up ^ Fest , Joachim C. , Hitler , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 15 - 602754 - 2 , page 588 Jump up ^ Ulam , Adam Bruno , Stalin : The Man and His Era , Beacon Press , 1989 , ISBN 0 - 8070 - 7005 - X , page 509 - 10 Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , 1990 ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 , page 503 ^ Jump up to : Fest , Joachim C. , Hitler , Harcourt Brace Publishing , 2002 ISBN 0 - 15 - 602754 - 2 , page 589 - 90 Jump up ^ Vehviläinen , Olli , Finland in the Second World War : Between Germany and Russia , Macmillan , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 80149 - 0 , page 30 Jump up ^ Bertriko , Jean - Jacques Subrenat , A. and David Cousins , Estonia : Identity and Independence , Rodopi , 2004 , ISBN 90 - 420 - 0890 - 3 page 131 Jump up ^ Murphy 2006 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , 1990 ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 , pages 528 Jump up ^ Max Beloff The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia . vol. II , I936 - 41 . Oxford University Press , 1949 . p. 166 , 211 . Jump up ^ For example , in his article From Munich to Moscow , Edward Hallett Carr explains the reasons behind signing a non-aggression pact between USSR and Germany as follows : Since 1934 the U.S.S.R. had firmly believed that Hitler would start a war somewhere in Europe : the bugbear of Soviet policy was that it might be a war between Hitler and the U.S.S.R. with the western powers neutral or tacitly favourable to Hitler . In order to conjure this bugbear , one of three alternatives had to be envisaged : ( i ) a war against Germany in which the western powers would be allied with the U.S.S.R. ( this was the first choice and the principal aim of Soviet policy from 1934 -- 38 ) ; ( 2 ) a war between Germany and the western powers in which the U.S.S.R. would be neutral ( this was clearly hinted at in the Pravda article of 21 September 1938 , and Molotov 's speech of 6 November 1938 , and became an alternative policy to ( i ) after March 1939 , though the choice was not finally made till August 1939 ) ; and ( 3 ) a war between Germany and the western powers with Germany allied to the U.S.S.R. ( this never became a specific aim of Soviet policy , though the discovery that a price could be obtained from Hitler for Soviet neutrality made the U.S.S.R. a de facto , though non-belligerent , partner of Germany from August 1939 till , at any rate , the summer of 1940 ). , see E.H. Carr. , From Munich to Moscow . I. , Soviet Studies , Vol. 1 , No. 1 , ( June , 1949 ) , pp. 3 -- 17 . Taylor & Francis , Ltd . Jump up ^ This view is disputed by Werner Maser and Dmitri Volkogonov Jump up ^ Yuly Kvitsinsky . Russia - Germany : memoirs of the future , Moscow , 2008 ISBN 5 - 89935 - 087 - 3 p. 95 Jump up ^ Watson 2000 , pp. 695 -- 722 ^ Jump up to : Shirer , William L. , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , 1990 ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 , pages 541 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Sanford , George ( 2005 ) . Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940 : Truth , Justice And Memory . London , New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33873 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 37 Jump up ^ ( in Polish ) obozy jenieckie zolnierzy polskich ( Prison camps for Polish soldiers ) Encyklopedia PWN . Last accessed on 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ ( in Polish ) Edukacja Humanistyczna w wojsku Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... 1 / 2005 . Dom wydawniczy Wojska Polskiego . ISSN 1734 - 6584 . ( Official publication of the Polish Army ) Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Молотов на V сессии Верховного Совета 31 октября цифра `` примерно 250 тыс . '' ( Please provide translation of the reference title and publication data and means ) Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Отчёт Украинского и Белорусского фронтов Красной Армии Мельтюхов , с. 367 . ( 1 ) ( Please provide translation of the reference title and publication data and means ) ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Benjamin B. , `` The Katyn Controversy : Stalin 's Killing Field '' , Studies in Intelligence , Winter 1999 -- 2000 . Jump up ^ Excerpt from the minutes No. 13 of the Politburo of the Central Committee meeting , shooting order of 5 March 1940 online Archived 5 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , last accessed on 19 December 2005 , original in Russian with English translation Jump up ^ Sanford , Google Books , p. 20 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Stalin 's Killing Field '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Parrish , Michael ( 1996 ) . The Lesser Terror : Soviet state security , 1939 -- 1953 . Westport , CT : Praeger Press . pp. 324 -- 325 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95113 - 8 . Jump up ^ Montefiore , Simon Sebag ( 13 September 2005 ) . Stalin : The Court of the Red Tsar . New York : Vintage Books . pp. 197 -- 8 , 332 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7678 - 9 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Katyn executioners named Gazeta Wyborcza . December 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe , Caroline , Stalin 's Cold War , New York : Manchester University Press , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4201 - 1 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Mosier , John , The Blitzkrieg Myth : How Hitler and the Allies Misread the Strategic Realities of World War II , HarperCollins , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 000977 - 2 , page 88 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Senn , Alfred Erich , Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above , Amsterdam , New York , Rodopi , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2225 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore . Stalin : The Court of the Red Tsar . p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Brackman 2001 , p. 341 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Brackman 2001 , p. 343 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 2005 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Stalin 's Intelligence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Murphy 2006 , p. xv Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 70 Jump up ^ see e.g. Teddy J. Uldricks . `` The Icebreaker Controversy : Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler ? '' Slavic Review , Vol. 58 , No. 3 ( Autumn , 1999 ) , pp. 626 -- 643 . JSTOR 2697571 or Gabriel Gorodetsky . Grand Delusion : Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia p. 5 . Published by Yale University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08459 - 5 Jump up ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore . Stalin : The Court of the Red Tsar , Knopf , 2004 ( ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4230 - 5 ) Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 89 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 97 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 99 -- 100 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 116 -- 7 Jump up ^ Glantz , David , The Soviet - German War 1941 -- 45 : Myths and Realities : A Survey Essay , October 11 , 2001 , page 7 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 106 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 114 -- 115 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 124 -- 5 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 117 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 135 -- 140 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Сталинградская битва Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 154 Jump up ^ ( Radzinsky 1996 , p. 472 - 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 5 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 pages 6 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 7 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 8 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 9 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 10 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 11 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 pages 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 12 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 13 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 16 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 pages 16 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 17 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 18 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 23 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 24 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 25 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 32 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 41 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 42 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 43 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 44 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 47 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 45 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 46 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony & Vinogradova , Luba A Writer at War Vasily Grossman With the Red Army 1941 - 1945 , New York : Alfred Knopf , 2005 page 120 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony & Vinogradova , Luba A Writer at War Vasily Grossman With the Red Army 1941 - 1945 , New York : Alfred Knopf , 2005 page 121 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 48 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 49 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 pages 49 - 50 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 50 . Jump up ^ Shirer , William The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich , New York : Viking page 953 Jump up ^ North , Jonathan ( 12 June 2006 ) . `` Soviet Prisoners of War : Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II '' . History.net . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Longerich , Peter The Holocaust The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2010 page 241 . ^ Jump up to : Merridale , Catherine Ivan 's War The Red Army 1939 - 1945 , London : Faber and Faber , 2005 page 168 Jump up ^ Merridale , Catherine Ivan 's War The Red Army 1939 - 1945 , London : Faber and Faber , 2005 pages 168 - 169 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 pages 50 - 51 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 51 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony & Vinogradova , Luba A Writer at War Vasily Grossman With the Red Army 1941 - 1945 , New York : Alfred Knopf , 2005 page 219 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 53 ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 53 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 155 Jump up ^ ( in Polish ) Various authors . Biuletyn `` Kombatant '' nr specjalny ( 148 ) czerwiec 2003 Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Special Edition of Kombatant Bulletin No. 148 6 / 2003 on the occasion of the Year of General Sikorski . Official publication of the Polish government Agency of Combatants and Repressed Jump up ^ Ромуальд Святек , `` Катынский лес '' , Военно - исторический журнал , 1991 , No 9 , ISSN 0042 - 9058 Jump up ^ Brackman 2001 Jump up ^ Barbara Polak ( 2005 ) . `` Zbrodnia katynska '' ( pdf ) . Biuletyn IPN ( in Polish ) : 4 -- 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Engel , David . `` ( 2 ) Facing a Holocaust : The Polish Government - In - Exile and the Jews , 1943 -- 1945 ) '' . 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2069 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Eddy . `` The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War II '' . Marshall Cavendish , 1985 Jump up ^ Goebbels , Joseph . The Goebbels Diaries ( 1942 -- 1943 ) . Translated by Louis P. Lochner . Doubleday & Company . 1948 Jump up ^ `` CHRONOLOGY 1990 ; The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe . '' Foreign Affairs , 1990 , pp. 212 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 156 -- 7 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Peter , Panzerkrieg : The Rise and Fall of Hitler 's Tank Divisions , Carroll & Graf Publishers , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1264 - 3 , page 196 Jump up ^ Russian Central Military Archive TsAMO , f . ( 16 VA ) , f. 320 , op . 4196 , d. 27 , f. 370 , op . 6476 , d. 102 , ll. 6 , 41 , docs from the Russian Military Archive in Podolsk . Loss records for 17 VA are incomplete . It records 201 losses for 5 -- 8 July . From 1 -- 31 July it reported the loss of 244 ( 64 in air - to - air combat , 68 to AAA fire . It reports a further 108 missing on operations and four lost on the ground . 2 VA lost 515 aircraft missing or due to unknown / unrecorded reasons , a further 41 in aerial combat and a further 31 to AAA fire , between 5 -- 18 July 1943 . Furthermore , another 1,104 Soviet aircraft were lost between 12 July and 18 August . Bergström , Christer ( 2007 ) . Kursk -- The Air Battle : July 1943 . Chervron / Ian Allen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903223 - 88 - 8 , page 221 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 159 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 164 -- 5 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 165 -- 7 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 181 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 185 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 186 -- 7 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 194 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 199 -- 201 Jump up ^ Williams , Andrew , D - Day to Berlin . Hodder , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 340 - 83397 - 1 , page 213 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 202 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 205 -- 7 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 208 -- 9 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 214 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 216 -- 7 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 218 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Erickson , John , The Road to Berlin , Yale University Press , 1999 ISBN 0 - 300 - 07813 - 7 , page 396 - 7 . Jump up ^ Duffy , C. , Red Storm on the Reich : The Soviet March on Germany 1945 , Routledge , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 22829 - 8 Jump up ^ Glantz , David , The Soviet - German War 1941 -- 45 : Myths and Realities : A Survey Essay , October 11 , 2001 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Viking , Penguin Books , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 88695 - 5 , page 194 Jump up ^ Williams , Andrew ( 2005 ) . D - Day to Berlin . Hodder . ISBN 0 - 340 - 83397 - 1. , page 310 - 1 Jump up ^ Erickson , John , The Road to Berlin , Yale University Press , 1999 ISBN 0 - 300 - 07813 - 7 , page 554 Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Viking , Penguin Books , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 88695 - 5 , page 219 Jump up ^ Ziemke , Earl F ( 1969 ) , Battle for Berlin End of the Third Reich Ballantine 's Illustrated History of World War II ( Battle Book # 6 ) , Ballantine Books , page 71 Jump up ^ Ziemke , Earl F , Battle For Berlin : End Of The Third Reich , NY : Ballantine Books , London : Macdonald & Co , 1969 , pages 92 -- 94 Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony , Revealed '' Hitler 's Secret Bunkers ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Bullock , Alan , Hitler : A Study in Tyranny , Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 013564 - 2 , 1962 , pages 799 -- 800 Jump up ^ Glantz , David , The Soviet - German War 1941 -- 45 : Myths and Realities : A Survey Essay , October 11 , 2001 , pages 91 -- 93 Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian , Hitler , 1936 -- 1945 : Nemesis , W.W. Norton & Company , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 32252 - 1 , pages 1038 -- 39 Jump up ^ Dolezal , Robert , Truth about History : How New Evidence Is Transforming the Story of the Past , Readers Digest , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 7621 - 0523 - 2 , page 185 - 6 Jump up ^ Eberle , Henrik , Matthias Uhl and Giles MacDonogh , The Hitler Book : The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler 's Personal Aides , PublicAffairs , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 58648 - 456 - 7 . A reprint of one of only two existing copies . This copy was Nikita Khrushchev 's , and was deposited in the Moscow Party archives where it was later found by Henrik Eberle and Matthias Uhl , and made public for the first time in 2006 . As of 2006 , the only other known copy is in kept in a safe by Vladimir Putin . ^ Jump up to : Glantz , David , The Soviet - German War 1941 -- 45 : Myths and Realities : A Survey Essay , October 11 , 2001 , page 13 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Text of Order No. 270 Archived 17 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . Lenin , Stalin and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4005 - 1 p. 391 Jump up ^ Anne Applebaum . Gulag : A History , Doubleday , 2003 ( ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0056 - 1 ) Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes ( 2002 ) . Masters of Death : The SS - Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 46 -- 47 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40900 - 9 . See also : Allen Paul . Katyn : Stalin 's Massacre and the Seeds of Polish Resurrection , Naval Institute Press , 1996 , ( ISBN 1 - 55750 - 670 - 1 ) , p. 155 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 132 ^ Jump up to : G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 Jump up ^ Catherine Merridale . Ivan 's War : Life and Death in the Red Army , 1939 -- 1945 . Page 158 . Macmillan , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7455 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 202 Jump up ^ ( `` Военно - исторический журнал '' ( `` Military - Historical Magazine '' ) , 1997 , No 5 . page 32 ) Jump up ^ Земское В. Н . К вопросу о репатриации советских граждан. 1944 -- 1951 годы / / История СССР. 1990 . No 4 ( Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 Jump up ^ Schissler , Hanna The Miracle Years : A Cultural History of West Germany , 1949 -- 1968 Jump up ^ Mark , James , `` Remembering Rape : Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary 1944 -- 1945 '' , Past & Present -- Number 188 , August 2005 , page 133 ^ Jump up to : Naimark , Norman M. , The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 . Cambridge : Belknap , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 78405 - 7 , pages 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Penguin Books , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 88695 - 5 . Specific reports also include Report of the Swiss legation in Budapest of 1945 and Hubertus Knabe : Tag der Befreiung ? Das Kriegsende in Ostdeutschland ( A day of liberation ? The end of war in Eastern Germany ) , Propyläen 2005 , ISBN 3 - 549 - 07245 - 7 German ) . Jump up ^ Urban , Thomas , Der Verlust , Verlag C.H. Beck 2004 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 54156 - 9 , page 145 Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Viking , Penguin Books , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 88695 - 5 Jump up ^ Buske , Norbert ( Hg . ) : Das Kriegsende in Demmin 1945 . Berichte Erinnerungen Dokumente ( Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Mecklenburg - Vorpommern . Landeskundliche Hefte ) , Schwerin 1995 Jump up ^ Wolfgang Leonhard , Child of the Revolution , Pathfinder Press , 1979 , ISBN 0 - 906133 - 26 - 2 Jump up ^ Norman M. Naimark . The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 . Harvard University Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 78405 - 7 Jump up ^ Wolfgang Leonhard , Child of the Revolution , Pathfinder Press , 1979 , ISBN 0 - 906133 - 26 - 2 . Jump up ^ Richard Overy , The Dictators Hitler 's Germany , Stalin 's Russia p. 568 -- 569 Jump up ^ Walter Scott Dunn ( 1995 ) . The Soviet Economy and the Red Army , 1930 -- 1945 . Greenwood . p. 34 . Jump up ^ John Barber and Mark Harrison , The Soviet Home Front , 1941 -- 1945 : a social and economic history of the USSR in World War II ( Longman , 1991 ) , 77 , 81 , 85 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Barber and Harrison , The Soviet Home Front , 1941 -- 1945 91 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Robert Forczyk ( 2009 ) . Leningrad 1941 -- 44 : The epic siege . Osprey . Jump up ^ Barber and Harrison , The Soviet Home Front , 1941 -- 1945 pp 86 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Richard Bidlack ; Nikita Lomagin ( 26 June 2012 ) . The Leningrad Blockade , 1941 -- 1944 : A New Documentary History from the Soviet Archives . Yale U.P. p. 406 . Jump up ^ Bidlack , `` Survival Strategies in Leningrad pp 90 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Bidlack , `` Survival Strategies in Leningrad p 97 . Jump up ^ Bidlack , `` Survival Strategies in Leningrad p 98 Jump up ^ Wells & Wells 2011 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Zotova 2016 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Pauwels 2015 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ U.S. Government Printing Office 1971 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Varga - Harris 2015 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Lee 2016 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Kuniholm 2014 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Poetschke 2008 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1971 , p. 500 . Jump up ^ Phillips 2009 . Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 172 . References ( edit ) Brackman , Roman ( 2001 ) , The Secret File of Joseph Stalin : A Hidden Life , Frank Cass Publishers , ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5050 - 1 Brent , Jonathan ; Naumov , Vladimir ( 2004 ) , Stalin 's Last Crime : The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors , 1948 -- 1953 , HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 06 - 093310 - 0 Dowling , Timothy C. ( 2014 ) , Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan , Chechnya , and Beyond , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 9781598849486 Henig , Ruth Beatrice ( 2005 ) , The Origins of the Second World War , 1933 -- 41 , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 33262 - 1 Kuniholm , Bruce Robellet ( 2014 ) , The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East : Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran , Turkey , and Greece ( revised ed . ) , Princeton University Press , ISBN 9781400855759 Lee , Lily Xiao Hong ( 2016 ) , World War Two : Crucible of the Contemporary World - Commentary and Readings , Routledge , ISBN 9781315489551 Lewkowicz Nicolas , The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War ( IPOC , Milan ) ( 2008 ) ISBN 8895145275 Merridale , Catherine ( 2007 ) . Ivan 's War : Life and Death in the Red Army , 1939 -- 1945 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42652 - 1 . Murphy , David E. ( 2006 ) , What Stalin Knew : The Enigma of Barbarossa , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 11981 - X Nekrich , Aleksandr Moiseevich ; Ulam , Adam Bruno ; Freeze , Gregory L. ( 1997 ) , Pariahs , Partners , Predators : German - Soviet Relations , 1922 -- 1941 , Columbia University Press , ISBN 0 - 231 - 10676 - 9 Pauwels , Jacques ( 2015 ) , The Myth of the Good War : America in the Second World War ( second ed . ) , James Lorimer & Company , ISBN 9781459408739 Phillips , Sarah D. ( 2009 ) . `` '' There Are No Invalids in the USSR ! `` : A Missing Soviet Chapter in the New Disability History '' . 29 ( 3 ) . Indiana University . Poetschke , Hubert ( 2008 ) , Memoirs from the Turbulent Years and Beyond : Analysis and Consequences of the World War II , Xlibris Corporation , ISBN 9781453583401 Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) , Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2002 ) , Stalin , the Pact with Nazi Germany , and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography , 4 ( 4 ) Roberts , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) , `` The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany '' , Soviet Studies , 55 ( 2 ) , JSTOR 152247 Rottman , Gordon ( 2007 ) , Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 1945 , Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1846031274 Soviet Information Bureau ( 1948 ) , Falsifiers of History ( Historical Survey ) , Moscow : Foreign Languages Publishing House , 272848 Department of State ( 1948 ) , Nazi - Soviet Relations , 1939 -- 1941 : Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office , Department of State U.S. Government Printing Office ( 1971 ) , Industrialized Building in the Soviet Union : a Report of the U.S. Delegation to the U.S.S.R. , 13 Taubert , Fritz ( 2003 ) , The Myth of Munich , Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag , ISBN 3 - 486 - 56673 - 3 Varga - Harris , Christine ( 2015 ) , Stories of House and Home : Soviet Apartment Life During the Khrushchev Years , Cornell University Press , ISBN 9781501701849 Watson , Derek ( 2000 ) , `` Molotov 's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy : The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939 '' , Europe - Asia Studies , 52 ( 4 ) , JSTOR 153322 Wells , Michael ; Wells , Mike ( 2011 ) , History for the IB Diploma : Causes , Practices and Effects of Wars , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 9780521189316 Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) , Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 Ziemke , Earl F. ( 1971 ) . Stalingrad to Berlin : The German Defeat in the East . Government Printing Office . ISBN 9780160882746 . Zotova , Anastasia V. ( 2016 ) . `` Finances of the Soviet Union in 1939 - 1945 '' . Indian Journal of Science and Technology . 9 ( 46 ) . doi : 10.17485 / ijst / 2016 / v9i46 / 107544 . ISSN 0974 - 5645 . Homefront ( edit ) Abramov , Vladimir K. `` Mordovia During the Second World War , '' Journal of Slavic Military Studies ( 2008 ) 21 # 2 pp 291 -- 363 . Annaorazov , Jumadurdy . `` Turkmenistan during the Second World War , '' Journal of Slavic Military Studies ( 2012 ) 25 # 1 pp 53 -- 64 . Barber , John , and Mark Harrison . The Soviet Home Front : A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II , Longman , 1991 . Berkhoff , Karel C. Harvest of Despair : Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule . Harvard U. Press , 2004 . 448 pp . Braithwaite , Rodric . Moscow 1941 : A City and Its People at War ( 2006 ) Thurston , Robert W. , and Bernd Bonwetsch ( Eds ) . The People 's War : Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union ( 2000 ) Dallin , Alexander . Odessa , 1941 -- 1944 : A Case Study of Soviet Territory under Foreign Rule . Portland : Int . Specialized Book Service , 1998 . 296 pp . Ellmana , Michael , and S. Maksudovb . `` Soviet deaths in the great patriotic war : A note , '' Europe - Asia Studies ( 1994 ) 46 # 4 pp 671 -- 680 doi : 10.1080 / 09668139408412190 Glantz , David M. ( 2001 ) . The Siege of Leningrad , 1941 -- 1944 : 900 Days of Terror . Zenith . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0941 - 4 . Hill , Alexander . `` British Lend - Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort , June 1941 -- June 1942 , '' Journal of Military History ( 2007 ) 71 # 3 pp 773 -- 808 . Overy , Richard . Russia 's War : A History of the Soviet Effort : 1941 -- 1945 ( 1998 ) 432pp excerpt and txt search Reese , Roger R. `` Motivations to Serve : The Soviet Soldier in the Second World War , '' Journal of Slavic Military Studies ( 2007 ) 10 # 2 pp 263 -- 282 . Thurston , Robert W. & Bernd Bonwetsch ( 2000 ) . The People 's War : Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union . U. of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02600 - 3 . Vallin , Jacques ; Meslé , France ; Adamets , Serguei ; and Pyrozhkov , Serhii . `` A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s . '' Population Studies ( 2002 ) 56 ( 3 ) : 249 -- 264 . JSTOR 3092980 Reports life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males in the period 1941 -- 44 . Primary sources ( edit ) Bidlack , Richard , and Nikita Lomagin , eds . The Leningrad Blockade , 1941 -- 1944 : A New Documentary History from the Soviet Archives . Yale U.P. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Hill , Alexander , ed . The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union , 1941 -- 45 : A Documentary Reader ( 2011 ) 368pp Historiography ( edit ) Edele , Mark . `` Fighting Russia 's History Wars : Vladimir Putin and the Codification of World War II '' History and Memory ( 2017 ) 29 # 2 : 90 - 124 Weiner , Amir . `` The making of a dominant myth : The Second World War and the construction of political identities within the Soviet polity . '' Russian Review 55.4 ( 1996 ) : 638 - 660 . Online History of World War II by region and country Africa Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt French West Africa French Somaliland Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Nyasaland Madagascar South Africa Southern Rhodesia Tunisia North America Canada Cuba El Salvador Greenland Mexico Newfoundland Panama United States Arizona Nevada New Mexico Puerto Rico South America Argentina Brazil British Guiana Colombia Latin America Uruguay Venezuela Asia Burma Ceylon China Manchuria Dutch East Indies Hong Kong India Indochina Iran Iraq Japan Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan , and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Turkey Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Belarus Ukraine Spain Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Nauru New Zealand World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - 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Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Category Portal Joseph Stalin History and politics Overviews Early life Russian Revolution , Russian Civil War , Polish -- Soviet War Rise Rule as Soviet leader Cult of personality Chronology August Uprising Anti-religious campaign ( 1921 -- 1928 ) / ( 1928 -- 1941 ) Collectivization Kolkhoz Sovkhoz Chinese Civil War First five - year plan Sino - Soviet conflict ( 1929 ) 16th / 17th Congress of the All - Union Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) 1931 Menshevik Trial Spanish Civil War Soviet invasion of Xinjiang Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 1937 Soviet Union legislative election 18th Congress of the All - Union Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Invasion of Poland Winter War Moscow Peace Treaty Occupation of the Baltic states German -- Soviet Axis talks Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact Continuation War World War II Soviet atomic bomb project Tehran Conference Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Ili Rebellion Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 1946 Iran crisis 1946 Soviet Union legislative election Turkish Straits crisis First Indochina War Cold War Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Alliance and Mutual Assistance Eastern Bloc Cominform Greek Civil War 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade Comecon 1950 Soviet Union legislative election 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Korean War Concepts Stalinism Neo-Stalinism Korenizatsiya Socialism in One Country Great Break Socialist realism Stalinist architecture Aggravation of class struggle under socialism Five - year plans Great Construction Projects of Communism Engineers of the human soul 1936 Soviet Constitution New Soviet man Stakhanovite Transformation of nature Controversies National delimitation in the Soviet Union Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour Great Purge Holodomor Gulag Decossackization Dekulakization Population transfer ( Nazi -- Soviet ) Forced settlement Great Break Tax on trees Hitler Youth Conspiracy Hotel Lux Wittorf affair Soviet war crimes Rootless cosmopolitan Night of the Murdered Poets Doctors ' plot Moscow Trials Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization Allegations of antisemitism NKVD prisoner massacres Murder of Sergey Kirov Katyń massacre Medvedev Forest massacre 1937 Soviet Census Deportations ( Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Koreans ) Operation `` North '' Georgian Affair Mingrelian Affair Leningrad Affair Relationship with Shostakovich Lysenkoism Japhetic theory Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Censorship of images Operation `` Lentil '' in the Caucasus Operation `` Priboi '' Vinnytsia massacre Kurapaty 1946 -- 1947 Soviet famine Nazino affair 1941 Red Army purge 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 1907 Tiflis bank robbery Soviet offensive plans controversy Works `` Marxism and the National Question '' `` The Principles of Leninism '' `` Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia '' `` Ten Blows '' speech Alleged 19 August 1939 speech Falsifiers of History Stalin Note The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( Bolsheviks ) 1936 Soviet Constitution Stalin 's poetry Dialectical and Historical Materialism Order No. 227 Order No. 270 `` Marxism and Problems of Linguistics '' Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR De-Stalinization 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Pospelov Commission Rehabilitation Khrushchev Thaw On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences Gomulka thaw ( Polish October ) Soviet Nonconformist Art Shvernik Commission 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Era of Stagnation Criticism and opposition Stalin Epigram Lenin 's Testament Ryutin Affair Anti-Stalinist left Trotskyism True Communists Russian Liberation Movement ( Russian Liberation Army Russian Corps ) Ukrainian Liberation Army Darkness at Noon Animal Farm Nineteen Eighty - Four Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism The Soviet Story Remembrance How the Steel Was Tempered Friends of the Soviet Union Iosif Stalin tank Iosif Stalin locomotive Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Stalin statues Pantheon , Moscow 1956 Georgian demonstrations Stalin Monument in Budapest Stalin Monument in Prague Joseph Stalin Museum , Gori Batumi Stalin Museum Places named after Stalin Yanks for Stalin Stalin Prize Stalin Peace Prize Stalin Society Stalin Bloc -- For the USSR Name of Russia Family Besarion Jughashvili ( father ) Keke Geladze ( mother ) Kato Svanidze ( first wife ) Yakov Dzhugashvili ( son ) Konstantin Kuzakov ( son ) Artyom Sergeyev ( adopted son ) Nadezhda Alliluyeva ( second wife ) Vasily Dzhugashvili ( son ) Svetlana Alliluyeva ( daughter ) Yevgeny Dzhugashvili ( grandson ) Galina Dzhugashvili ( granddaughter ) Joseph Alliluyev ( grandson ) Sergei Alliluyev ( second father - in - law ) Alexander Svanidze ( brother - in - law ) Yuri Zhdanov ( son - in - law ) William Wesley Peters ( son - 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8027883935224104787	Moana (2016 film)	Moana ( 2016 film ) - Wikipedia Moana ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the soundtrack , see Moana ( soundtrack ) . For other uses , see Moana . Moana Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Clements John Musker Produced by Osnat Shurer Screenplay by Jared Bush Story by Ron Clements John Musker Chris Williams Don Hall Pamela Ribon Aaron Kandell Jordan Kandell Starring Auliʻi Cravalho Dwayne Johnson Rachel House Temuera Morrison Jemaine Clement Nicole Scherzinger Alan Tudyk Music by Songs : Lin - Manuel Miranda Opetaia Foa'i Score : Mark Mancina Cinematography Rob Dressel Edited by Jeff Draheim Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) ( AFI Fest ) November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $643.3 million Moana ( / moʊˈɑːnə / ) is a 2016 American 3D computer - animated musical adventure film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the 56th Disney animated feature film . Directed by Ron Clements and John Musker , co-directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams , the film introduces Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana and features the voices of Dwayne Johnson , Rachel House , Temuera Morrison , Jemaine Clement , Nicole Scherzinger , and Alan Tudyk . The film features songs written by Lin - Manuel Miranda and Opetaia Foa'i and orchestral score composed by Mark Mancina . The film tells the story of Moana , the strong - willed daughter of a chief of a Polynesian village , who is chosen by the ocean itself to reunite a mystical relic with a goddess . When a blight strikes her island , Moana sets sail in search of Maui , a legendary demigod , in the hope of returning the heart of Te Fiti and saving her people . Moana was released theatrically in the United States on November 23 , 2016 to generally positive reviews from critics , with particular praise going towards its animation , music , and vocal performances . The film went on to gross over $643 million worldwide . Along with Zootopia , it marked the first time since 2002 that Walt Disney Animation Studios released two feature films in the same year . It received two Academy Award nominations at the 89th Academy Awards : one for Best Animated Feature and another for Best Original Song ( `` How Far I 'll Go '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Animation 3.5 Music and soundtrack 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Criticism 5.4 Accolades 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On the Polynesian island of Motunui , the inhabitants worship the goddess Te Fiti , who brought life to the ocean , using a pounamu stone as her heart and the source of her power . Maui , the shapeshifting demigod and master of sailing , steals the heart to give humanity the power of creation . However , Te Fiti disintegrates , and Maui is attacked by Te Kā , a volcanic demon , losing both his magical giant fishhook and the heart to the depths . A millennium later , Moana , daughter of Motunui 's chief Tui , is chosen by the ocean to return the heart to Te Fiti . However , Tui arrives and takes Moana away , causing her to lose the heart . Tui and Moana 's mother Sina try to keep her away from the ocean to prepare for her ascension as the island 's chief . Years later , after Moana has grown older , a blight strikes the island , rotting the coconuts and dwindling the number of fish caught . Moana suggests going beyond the island 's reef to find more fish , but Tui forbids it . Sina explains to Moana that Tui and his best friend tried going beyond the reef , but the latter perished . Moana and her pet pig Pua try conquering the reef but are overpowered by the ocean 's tides and end up shipwrecked back on Motunui . Moana 's grandmother Tala shows her a secret cave , where a number of ships are hidden , revealing to Moana that their people used to be voyagers . Tala explains they stopped when Maui stole Te Fiti 's heart and that Te Kā 's darkness is poisoning the island , but it can be cured if Moana finds Maui and gets him to restore the heart of Te Fiti , which she gives to Moana . Tala falls ill shortly after and dies , but not before encouraging Moana to go and fulfill her destiny . Moana sets sail on a camakau found in the cavern , accidentally accompanied by her dim - witted rooster Heihei . Moana is caught in a typhoon and shipwrecked on an island where she finds the stranded Maui , who traps her and steals the camakau , but Moana catches up to him with help from the ocean . She demands that Maui return the heart but he refuses . Maui is accompanied by a sentient `` Mini-Maui '' tattoo , acting as his conscience . They are attacked by Kakamora -- coconut - armored pirates -- who seek to steal the heart , but Moana and Maui outwit them . Moana realizes Maui is no longer a hero , and convinces him to redeem himself by returning the heart . Maui first needs to obtain his magical fishhook , which is located in Lalotai , the Realm of Monsters , and is in the possession of Tamatoa , a giant , greedy coconut crab . Moana enters Tamatoa 's lair , using herself as live bait to distract him and allowing Maui to climb atop the crab and retrieve his fishhook . However , Maui discovers he can not control his shapeshifting and loses self - confidence , quickly becoming overpowered by Tamatoa . Moana 's quick thinking allows them to escape with Maui 's hook . Maui reveals that his first tattoo was earned when his mortal parents rejected him . After reassurance from Moana , Maui teaches her the art of sailing and regains control of his powers . The two arrive at Te Fiti 's island , only to be attacked by Te Kā , who badly damages Maui 's fishhook . Tired of all the trials and tribulations and fearful he will lose his hook , and therefore his power , Maui angrily abandons Moana , who tearfully asks the ocean to find someone else to restore the heart . The ocean obliges and takes the heart from Moana . Tala 's spirit appears , inspiring Moana to find her true calling . Moana decides to fulfill her destiny , retrieves the heart , and sails back to confront Te Kā . Maui returns , convinced by his Mini-Maui tattoo to change his mind , and buys Moana time to reach Te Fiti by fighting Te Kā , destroying his fishhook in the process . Moana discovers Te Fiti is missing , and realizes Te Kā is Te Fiti without her heart . Moana tells the ocean to clear a path while singing , allowing her to restore Te Fiti 's heart , transforming her back to normal . Te Fiti then heals the ocean and islands of Te Kā 's poison . Maui apologizes to Te Fiti , who forgivingly restores his fishhook and goes into a deep sleep . Moana bids farewell to Maui , returning home where she reunites with her parents . Moana takes up her role as chief and wayfinder , leading her people on a voyage , accompanied from afar by Maui ( in a form of a giant hawk ) and Tala ( in the form of a manta ray ) . In a post-credits scene , Tamatoa , still stuck on his back , addresses the audience , knowing they would help if he was named Sebastian and sang in a Jamaican accent ( making reference to The Little Mermaid ) . Voice cast ( edit ) Auliʻi Cravalho at the film 's premiere in Samoa in December 2016 Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana , the 16 - year - old daughter of village chief Tui and Sina , who is chosen by the ocean to restore the heart of Te Fiti Cravalho reprised her role in the Hawaiian - language version of the movie . Louise Bush as a younger Moana Dwayne Johnson as Maui , a legendary shapeshifting demigod who sets off with Moana on her journey Rachel House as Tala , Moana 's grandmother . Like Moana , Tala shares a passion for the ocean House reprised her role in the Māori - language version of the movie . Temuera Morrison as Tui , Moana 's overprotective father , who is Tala 's son , chief of Motunui Island Morrison reprised his role in the Māori - language version of the movie . Christopher Jackson as Tui 's singing voice Jemaine Clement as Tamatoa , a giant treasure - hoarding coconut crab from Lalotai , the Realm of Monsters Clement reprised his role in the Māori - language version of the movie . Nicole Scherzinger as Sina , Moana 's mother and Tui 's wife Scherzinger also reprised her role in the Hawaiian - language version of the movie . Alan Tudyk as Heihei , Moana 's pet rooster Tudyk also voices Villager No. 3 , who suggests cooking Heihei Oscar Kightley as a fisherman Troy Polamalu as Villager No. 1 Puanani Cravalho ( Auliʻi 's mother ) as Villager No. 2 Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Directors John Musker and Ron Clements presented footage from the film at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival . After directing The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) , Clements and Musker started working on an adaptation of Terry Pratchett 's Mort , but problems with acquiring the necessary film rights prevented them from continuing with that project . To avoid a recurrence of that issue , they pitched three original ideas . The genesis of one of those ideas ( the one that was ultimately green - lighted ) occurred in 2011 , when Musker began reading up on Polynesian mythology , and learned of the heroic exploits of the demigod Māui . Intrigued with the rich culture of Polynesia , he felt it would be a suitable subject for an animated film . Shortly thereafter , Musker and Clements wrote a treatment and pitched it to John Lasseter , who recommended that both of them should go on research trips . Accordingly , in 2012 , Clements and Musker went on research trips to Fiji , Samoa , and Tahiti to meet the people of the South Pacific Ocean and learn about their culture . At first , they had planned to make the film entirely about Maui , but their initial research trips inspired Clements to pitch a new idea focused on the young daughter of a chief . Clements and Musker were fascinated to learn during their research that the people of Polynesia abruptly stopped making long - distance voyages about three thousand years ago . Their navigational traditions predated those of European explorers , beginning around 300 CE . Native people of the Pacific possessed knowledge of the world and their place in it prior to the incursion of foreigners . For example , Kānaka Maoli ( Native Hawaiians ) were well aware of the existence of far away islands , had names for these places , and were interested in exploring them to benefit their societies . This voyaging heritage was made possible by a geographical knowledge system based on individual perspective rather than the European cardinal direction system . The reasons for the halt of this voyaging tradition remain unknown , but scholars have offered climate change and resulting shifts in ocean currents and wind patterns as one possible explanation . Native peoples of the Pacific resumed voyaging again a thousand years later . Clements and Musker set the film at the end of that era , about two thousand years ago , on a fictional island in the central Pacific Ocean , which drew inspiration from elements of the real - life island nations of Fiji , Samoa , and Tonga . Over the five years it took to develop and produce the film , Clements and Musker recruited experts from across the South Pacific to form an Oceanic Story Trust , who consulted on the film 's cultural accuracy and sensitivity as the story evolved through nine versions . The Trust responded negatively , for example , to a depiction of Maui as bald , and to a proposed scene in which Moana threw a tantrum by throwing coconuts . In response , Maui was reworked with long hair and the coconut scene was scrapped . Te Kā was referred to in early drafts of the film as Te Pō , a reference to the Māori goddess Hine - nui - te - pō , who was originally the life - giving goddess Hine - tītama , but became the goddess of death upon discovering that her husband the god Tāne was also her father . Māui set out to defeat her in order to bring immortality to humans , but failed and was himself killed . During the 2015 D23 Expo 's panel for Disney 's slate of upcoming animated films , Moana 's last name was given as `` Waialiki '' , but that name was not retained in the final film . Writing ( edit ) Taika Waititi wrote the initial screenplay . The first draft focused on Moana as the sole daughter in a family with `` five or six brothers '' , in which gender played into the story . However , the brothers and gender - based theme were deleted from the story , as the directors thought Moana 's journey should be about finding herself . A subsequent draft presented Moana 's father as the one who wanted to resume navigation , but it was rewritten to have him oppose navigation so he would not overshadow Moana . Instead , Pamela Ribon came up with the idea of a grandmother character for the film , who would serve as a mentor linking Moana to ancient traditions . Another version focused on Moana rescuing her father , who had been lost at sea . The film 's story changed drastically during the development phase ( which happens with most Disney films ) , and that idea ultimately survived only as a subtle element of the father 's backstory . Aaron and Jordan Kandell joined the project during a critical period to help deepen the emotional story architecture of the film . They are credited with developing the core relationship between Moana and Maui , the prologue , the Cave of the Wayfinders , the Kakamora , and the collector crab Tamatoa ( played by Jemaine Clement ) . Jared Bush received sole credit as the writer of the final version of the screenplay . Like most Disney and Pixar animated films , several major story problems were identified in 2015 only after the film had already transitioned from development into production , but computer - generated films tend to have much shorter production schedules and much larger animation teams ( in this case , about 90 animators ) than traditionally animated films . Since Clements and Musker were already working 12 - hour days ( and Saturdays ) directing such a large team of animators , Don Hall and Chris Williams ( who had just finished directing Big Hero 6 ) came on board as co-directors to help fix the film 's story issues . The scene in which Maui and Moana encounter the Kakamora is an intentional homage to Mad Max : Fury Road . Casting ( edit ) Dwayne Johnson ( pictured here in 2013 ) played the co-starring role of Maui in Moana After the filmmakers sat through auditions of hundreds of candidates from across the Pacific , 14 - year - old high school freshman Auliʻi Cravalho was cast as the lead character Moana . At that point in time , the design of Moana 's face and personality was already complete , and Cravalho 's obvious physical resemblance to her character was simply a coincidence . During animation production , Disney animators were able to integrate some of Cravalho 's mannerisms into Moana 's behavior as depicted onscreen . The majority of the film 's cast members are of Polynesian descent : Auliʻi Cravalho ( Moana ) and Nicole Scherzinger ( Sina , Moana 's mother ) were born in Hawaii and are of Native Hawaiian heritage ; Dwayne Johnson ( Maui ) , Oscar Kightley ( Fisherman ) , and Troy Polamalu ( Villager No. 1 ) are of Samoan heritage ; and New Zealand -- born Rachel House ( Tala , Moana 's grandmother ) , Temuera Morrison ( Tui , Moana 's father ) , and Jemaine Clement ( Tamatoa ) are of Māori heritage . Animation ( edit ) Moana is Clements and Musker 's first fully computer - animated film . One of the reasons for using computer animation was that the environment , including the ocean , benefited much more from the use of CGI as opposed to traditional animation . The filmmakers have also suggested that three - dimensional computer animation is well - suited to the `` beautiful sculpturing '' of the faces of the people of the South Pacific . Eric Goldberg worked on the hand - drawn animation used to depict Maui 's sentient tattoos . During early development , the filmmakers considered the possibility of making the film with hand - drawn traditional animation , but only a few early animation tests were made in that style . In the final cut , only Maui 's tattoos are hand - drawn . Moana was produced in makeshift quarters in a giant warehouse in North Hollywood ( together with Zootopia ) , while Disney Animation 's headquarters building in Burbank was being renovated . Musker observed that Moana was similar in that respect to The Little Mermaid , which was produced in a warehouse in Glendale . Production wrapped on October 20 , 2016 . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Moana ( soundtrack ) The film 's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on November 18 , 2016 . The songs were written by Opetaia Foa'i , Mark Mancina , and Lin - Manuel Miranda , while the score was written by Mancina . The lyrics are in English , Samoan and the Tokelauan language . The soundtrack peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 . Release ( edit ) On October 20 , 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that it would be releasing the film in late 2016 , and hinted that it might be the November 23 , 2016 release window previously announced by the studio in March 2014 for a then - untitled film . In November 2014 , Disney confirmed that it would be releasing the film on November 23 , 2016 . The film is accompanied by the short film , Inner Workings . The film 's world premiere was held at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on November 14 , 2016 . In many European countries , the name of the titular character , Moana , was changed to Vaiana due to a trademark conflict . The film was released in those countries to bear the alternative name in the title . In Italy , the film was released with the title Oceania . Media outlets speculated that the name change was to avoid confusion with Italian pornographic actress Moana Pozzi , and Disney Italy 's head of theatrical marketing , Davide Romani , acknowledged they were `` thinking about the issue '' at a meeting of Italian exhibitors in 2015 . On October 25 , 2016 , at a press conference in Papeete , it was announced that the film will be the first motion picture to be fully dubbed in the Tahitian language . This marks the third time Disney has released a special dubbing dedicated to the culture which inspired the film : the first case was The Lion King ( 1994 ) , for which the directors travelled to South Africa to cast voice actors for a Zulu - dubbed version ; and the second case was Mulan ( 1998 ) , which was the first Disney film to have a Mandarin Chinese dubbing made in China , separate from and independent of the version released in Taiwan . In June 2017 , a Māori - language dubbing of the movie was announced , premiering in Auckland on September 11 , with 30 theatres screening it for free as part of Māori Language Week . Rachel House , Jemaine Clement , Temuera Morrison and Oscar Kightley reprised their respective roles in this version , directed by Rachel House herself . In November 2017 , a Hawaiian - language dubbing was announced to be under way , with Auliʻi Cravalho reprising her role as Moana . In India , popular music composer Bappi Lahiri ( who is known to be India 's `` gold - man '' ) voiced the character of Tamatoa in the Hindi - dubbed version of the film ; mostly because in reality , he too , similar to Tamatoa , has an immense love and fondness for gold . In Russia , Tamatoa was voiced by a popular singer , Ilya Lagutenko , who performed Tamatoa 's song with his distinctive soft `` meowing '' intonations . On January 27 , 2017 , a sing - along version of Moana was released in more than 2,000 theaters in the United States , featuring on - screen lyrics . Marketing ( edit ) Hawaiian Airlines Airbus A330 - 200 Moana logojet landing at McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas in March 2017 On October 15 , 2016 , Hawaiian Airlines unveiled their Moana - themed livery for three of their Airbus A330 - 200 fleet . There are currently meet - and - greets with Moana at Disneyland , Walt Disney World , Disneyland Paris , and at Aulani , a Disney Resort and Spa . At Hong Kong Disneyland , there will be a stage show called Moana 's Village Festival , which is scheduled to open in 2018 . Home Media ( edit ) Moana was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD in the United States on March 7 , 2017 , with a digital release on February 21 , 2017 . The releases include the short film , Inner Workings . The Blu - ray release also introduces a short film featuring Maui and Moana , titled Gone Fishing . The film is also available for streaming on Netflix . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Moana grossed $248.7 million in the U.S. and Canada , and $394.5 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $643.3 million . On January 22 and March 16 , 2017 , respectively , the film reached the $500 million and $600 million marks , becoming the fourth consecutive Walt Disney Animation Studios film to reach both milestones after Frozen ( 2013 ) , Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) , and Zootopia ( 2016 ) . Although Disney has not disclosed the film 's production budget , most of its animated films cost around $150 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $121.3 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the 12th most profitable release of 2016 . North america ( edit ) In the United States , Moana was released during the Thanksgiving weekend . The film played in 3,875 theaters of which a majority of them ( 80 % ) screened it in 3D . It also played in 50 premium large format screens and more than 400 D - Box screens . It was projected to take in around $50 million in three days , with $75 -- 85 million in five days ( some estimates going as high as $90 million ) . Deadline.com said the numbers were good for the original Disney film and marked a great rebound for the company in the wake of Pixar 's The Good Dinosaur the previous year , which had made $55 million over five days off a production budget of $175 -- 200 million . Moana made $2.6 million from Tuesday paid previews which began at 7 pm , the highest ever for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film and for a non-Pixar Disney animated film . On its opening day , it made $15.5 million , a new record for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film opening on Wednesday ( breaking Frozen 's record ) and the biggest opening day ever for a film released on pre-Thanksgiving Day . On Thanksgiving Day , it earned $9.9 million , a decrease of 36 % from its previous day . On Black Friday -- the highest - grossing day of the Thanksgiving stretch -- it made $21.8 million , a 127 % increase from the day before . Through Sunday , the film posted a three - day opening weekend worth $56.6 million over its Friday - to - Sunday debut and $82.1 million from Wednesday to Sunday , the third biggest three - day Thanksgiving opening ( behind Frozen and Toy Story 2 ) and the second biggest five - day Thanksgiving opening ( behind Frozen ) , dethroning Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them off the top spot . Among all films that did not necessarily open in this weekend but may have played , Moana ranks sixth among three - day weekends and fifth among five - day weekends . The film 's opening was considered to be another animated success for the studio after Zootopia and Pixar 's Finding Dory posted huge openings , respectively , the same year in March and June . In its second weekend , the film dropped by about 50 % for a total of $28.3 million , a smaller drop than Toy Story 2 , Frozen , Tangled , and The Good Dinosaur . The film managed to top the box office for its third weekend , despite competition from newcomers and holdovers , earning $18.5 million while falling by 34 % . It became the sixth film of 2016 to top the box office three times , following Deadpool , Zootopia , The Jungle Book , Finding Dory , and Suicide Squad . The film was overtaken by Disney 's own Rogue One : A Star Wars Story in its fourth weekend , despite only a marginal decline . It fell to number six in its fifth weekend , due to competition from four new releases -- Sing , Passengers , Why Him ? , and Assassin 's Creed -- despite a small drop again ; it grossed $2.9 million on Christmas Day . On the holiday week of December 23 -- 29 , the film finished at number four with a gross of $26 million , which was 14 % up from the previous week , despite losing over 300 theaters . It finished at number four in its sixth weekend , going up 42 % and 97 % , respectively , during the three - day and four - day weekends ; it grossed $3.6 million on New Year 's Day . It fell outside the top ten in its eighth weekend ( which included Martin Luther King Jr . Day ) , dropping 33 % and 4 % respectively , during the three - day and four - day weekends . Outside north america ( edit ) Internationally , the film earned $17.2 million in its first weekend from 12 markets , the bulk of which came from China . In its second weekend , the film expanded to a total of 30 markets , adding an additional $33.7 million . In China , the film had a November 25 opening day with $1.9 million from 38,000 screenings . However , it enjoyed a big weekend bump on Saturday -- even though its screens dipped -- and Sunday . In total , it scored an opening weekend of $17.2 million , the second best for a Disney animated title , behind only Zootopia . It was No. 2 behind Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . Strong social media numbers showed among the highest the studio has seen there . Similar to how Zootopia started off slow and later became a blockbuster phenomenon . The film slipped 55 % in its second weekend , earning $5.8 million , and $21.8 in total in China . It would eventually earn a total of $32.7 million in China . It had similar successful number - one debuts in France , Russia , Mexico and Spain . The film also saw success in Belgium , the Netherlands and French - speaking Switzerland . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film faced competition from Fantastic Beasts -- which was playing in its third weekend -- and as a result , it posted a low opening of only £ 2.2 million ( $2.8 million ) . The biggest earning markets to date have been Japan ( $45.9 million ) , followed by France ( $35.5 million ) , China ( $32.8 million ) , the UK ( $25.3 million ) , Brazil ( $22.9 million ) , Australia ( $19 million ) , Germany ( $17 million ) , Italy ( $15.9 million ) , and South Korea ( $15.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Moana holds an approval rating of 96 % based on 245 reviews , and an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With a title character as three - dimensional as its lush animation and a story that adds fresh depth to Disney 's time - tested formula , Moana is truly a family - friendly adventure for the ages . '' Subsequently , the film is also listed as number 11 on the website 's `` 50 Best Computer Animated Movies '' list . On Metacritic , the film holds a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on a scale ranging from A+ to F , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave an 89 % overall positive score and a 71 % `` definite recommend '' . Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal proclaimed that `` Moana is beautiful in more ways than I can tell , thanks to the brilliance of more animators than I could count . '' Animator Eric Goldberg received praise from critics and audiences for his hand - drawn animation of Maui 's tattoos , which they claimed `` stole the show '' from the actual CGI - animated motion picture . Wai Chee Dimock , writing in the Los Angeles Review of Books , compared the ocean in Moana to the one in `` The Water Baby , '' a short story by Jack London , saying that both are animated : one , by the tension between digital and analog animation , and the other , by the tension between an encroaching future and a past in retreat still capable of pushing back . Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com gave the film three and a half out of four stars , stating that `` Moana would have been enormously entertaining regardless of when it came out , but its arrival at this particular moment in history gives it an added sense of significance -- as well as inspiration . '' Peter Debruge of Variety praised the film , calling it `` a return to the heights of the Disney Renaissance '' . Criticism ( edit ) Disney has been accused of appropriating Polynesian mythology and culture . Through the film , the corporation has been claimed to perpetuate settler colonialist practices of exploitation and erasure by utilizing the knowledge and narratives of native peoples to spur a profitable capitalist enterprise of music , celebrities and merchandise . A Maui `` skin suit '' costume made to tie in with the film was pulled by Disney from its online store following complaints about it being culturally insensitive and for appearing to promote brownface . The film takes specific cultural elements from a variety of native Pacific groups and incorporates them into one generalized portrayal of Polynesian culture . This conglomeration of cultures has been regarded as degrading to the diversity of the Pacific , falsely reducing all of Polynesia to a single cultural entity . The film has also been criticized as a tourism advertisement for the Pacific . It has been accused of fetishizing Polynesian island nations as exotic vacation spots , the people and culture of which exist only to entertain foreign audiences . Disney initiating a partnership with Hawaiian Airlines to promote the film has been perceived as having this particular motive , as well as Auliʻi Cravalho speaking with The New York Times in an interview sharing travel tips for visitors to Hawaii . Critiques of these promotional tactics focus on how adverse effects of tourism have devastated native communities in the Pacific , resulting in environmental degradation and poverty . Colin Philp , an educator on Polynesian history , noted that the sailing canoe used by the film 's protagonists is believed to be a Fijian camakau , and that the film 's concept artists based it on one of the canoes they saw when they visited the Korova settlement in Laucala . Philp said that using that design without permission of the Korova community could be viewed as a violation of the intellectual property rights of their elders . Brigham Young University -- Hawaii sociocultural anthropologist Tēvita ' Ō . Ka'ili stated that `` despite its important girl - power message , the film had a major flaw . It lacked symmetry by its omission of a heroic goddess . Disney resorted to reducing the mighty god Maui to a one - dimensional , selfish , borderline abusive , buffoon to foreground the strength of the movie 's protagonist Moana . '' He went on to explain that , `` the omission of a goddess - heroine is significant because Polynesia is a culture with a vast pantheon of powerful heroic goddesses . Hina , a companion goddess to the god Maui , was nowhere to be found in Disney 's imagineering of Moana . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Moana ( 2016 film ) In popular culture ( edit ) Maui 's Fish Hook , an item featured on Moana , makes an appearance in the seventh season of ABC 's Once Upon a Time as an enchanted talisman , establishing that the film 's history exists in its universe . See also ( edit ) List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films Polynesians Austronesian peoples References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` No. 12 ' Moana ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moana ( 2016 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moana ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Los Angeles : Variety Media . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Auli'i on Instagram : ' Aloha nui kākou ! Eia nō hoʻi au ʻo Auliʻi Cravalho ma Nuioka nei . A piha ʻeu ka hauʻoli i ka hana hou ʻia ʻana ʻo Moana ... ai kēia ... ' '' . Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Speak Māori ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Te Reo Māori Moana Casting '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Moana / English cast '' . CHARGUIGOU . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Scherzinger on Instagram : ' I 'm over the moon to announce I 'll be joining @ auliicravalho again for @ disneyanimation 's MOANA ! ! ! This time the entire film in ʻōlelo ... ' '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( April 6 , 2013 ) . `` What Disney 's Film of Terry Pratchett 's Mort Might Have Looked Like ... And A Preview of Things To Come '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce ( August 24 , 2013 ) . `` Sioux City native Ron Clements preps new film for Disney studio '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ron Clements and John Musker ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Irascible Ron Clements and John Musker Talk ' Moana ' '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Dan Sarto . Animation World Network . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Caroline ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Directors Reveal How the Story Changed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Deitchman , Beth ( Spring 2016 ) . `` Finding Her Way : Directors John Musker and Ron Clements Have Charted A Course For Their New Film , Moana , Which Sails Into Theatres In November 2016 '' . Disney twenty - three . Burbank : Walt Disney Company . 8 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 33 . ISSN 2162 - 5492 . OCLC 698366817 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` How Pacific Islanders Helped Disney 's Moana Find Its Way '' . Vanity Fair . New York : Condé Nast . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , David A. ( 2016 ) . `` Looking Out From Hawai'i's Shore : The Exploration of the World is the Inheritance of Native Hawaiians '' . The World and All the Things Upon It : Native Hawaiian Geographies of Exploration . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . pp. 1 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Julius , Jessica ; Malone , Maggie ( 2016 ) . The Art of Moana . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . p. 10 . ISBN 9781452158976 . Jump up ^ Ito , Robert ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` How ( and Why ) Maui Got So Big in ' Moana ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron Clements and John Musker ( 2016 ) . Moana : Audio Commentary . Disney . Event occurs at 3 : 00 . Jump up ^ B.G. Biggs , ' Maori Myths and Traditions ' in A.H. McLintock ( editor ) , Encyclopaedia of New Zealand , 3 Volumes . ( Government Printer : Wellington ) , 1966 , II : 447 -- 454 . Jump up ^ Alpers , Anthony ( 1964 ) . Maori Myths and Tribal Legends . Auckland : Longman Paul . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 71674 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Disney 's New ( And First Polynesian ) Princess ! '' . US Weekly . August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taika Waititi behind Disney script ' Moana ' '' . The New Zealand Herald . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Jack ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : ' Moana ' Directors John Musker and Ron Clements on Making Their First CG Movie '' ( Interview ) . / Film . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron Clements and John Musker ( November 27 , 2016 ) . Moana : Ron Clements & John Musker Official Movie Premiere Interview ( Video ) . YouTube . ScreenSlam . Event occurs at 4 : 50 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Moana Directors Talk The Films Influences and Fun References '' . Den of Geek ! . DoGTech , LLC . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ V , Billy . `` Hawaii brothers write for Disney 's ' Moana ' '' . Hawaii News Now . Raycom Media . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Next Disney Princess -- and Get a First Look at Her Movie , Moana ! '' . People . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Voice of Disney 's New Princess , Moana '' . comingsoon.net . October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Angela. `` 14 Things to Know About Disney 's ' Moana ' Before You See It '' . New York : ABC News . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Immersed in Movies : John Musker Talks ' Little Mermaid ' Going Blu and ' Moana ' '' . Animation Scoop . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kanai , Maria ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` 5 Things You Should Know About Disney 's Moana Starring Auli'i Cravalho and Dwayne ' The Rock ' Johnson '' . Honolulu Magazine . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dell , Brad ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Moana ' : a look into Disney 's upcoming Polynesian voyage '' . Ka Leo . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Madison , Charles ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` Concept art of Maui , Dwayne Johnson 's character in Disney 's Moana '' . filmdivider.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Veteran Animator Eric Goldberg Joins USC Film School Faculty '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Jenna . `` D23 : Interview with Moana 's Dwayne Johnson and the Filmmakers '' . Welcome to the Legion ! . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Moana directors Ron Clements , John Musker talk four decades Disney movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : Time Inc . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Dwayne ' The Rock ' Johnson makes surprise appearance for Disney 's ' Moana ' : ' This is my heritage ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's `` Moana '' Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Available Today '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tokelau Pride : Te Vaka 's song for Disney 's Princess Moana '' ( Press release ) . Government of Tokelau Bulletin . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` The Weeknd Returns to No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Moana ' Soundtrack Zooms to No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Animation Studios Announces 2016 Release , Moana '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Animation Unveils ' Moana ' From ' Little Mermaid ' Filmmakers For November 2016 '' . Deadline . Penske Media Corporation . October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Dates 2016 Animated Pics ' Zootopia ' & ' Moana ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Moana Footage & Inner Workings Coming to Annecy Fest '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flores , Terry ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Premiere : Hollywood Transforms Into Ocean of Stars '' . Variety . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La princesa Moana en España se llamará Vaiana ( y otros problemas de branding ) '' ( Princess Moana in Spain will be called Vaiana ( and other branding problems ) ) ( in Spanish ) . Verne ( El País ) . October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Italia il nuovo film Disney si intitolerà ' Oceania ' e non ' Moana ' '' ( In Italy , the new Disney movie will be titled ' Oceania ' and not ' Moana ' ) . Il Post ( in Italian ) . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Had to Change Moana 's Title in Italy to Avoid Being Confused With a Porn Star '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vivarelli , Nick ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Changes ' Moana ' Title in Italy , Where It Has Porn Star Connotations '' . Variety . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moana to be first Disney film translated into Tahitian language '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nala '' . Charguigou . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mandarin '' . Charguigou . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Casting '' . www.adrenalingroup.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haunui - Thompson , Shannon . `` Moana in Māori hits the big screen '' . Radio New Zealand . Radio New Zealand . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moana / English cast '' . Charguigou . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Speak Māori ( June 8 , 2017 ) , Te Reo Māori Moana Casting , retrieved June 27 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Moana Bappi Lahiri as Tamatoa In Cinemas December 2 '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` From Tamma Tamma to Tamatoa , Bappi da goes Hollywood '' . Bollywood Hungama . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Белик , Ольга ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Моана ' и другие : лучшие песни из анимационных фильмов Disney по версии THR '' . The Hollywood Reporter ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ `` Disney Says ' You 're Welcome ' : ' Moana ' Sing - Along Coming To Theaters Nationwide '' . / Film . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Airlines unveils ' Moana ' plane '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moana ' Sails Home on Digital HD February 21 and Blu - ray March 7 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Blasts Past $1 B at Global Box Office ; ' Moana ' Sails To $500 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Moana ' Sails to $600 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Adam ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Needed a Brainless Rooster for ' Moana , ' So It Called Alan Tudyk '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York : The Dow Jones Company . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Disney wo n't disclose the budget of Moana , but major animated films typically run upward of $150 million . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Thanksgiving Box Office : Disney 's ' Moana ' to Feast on Brad Pitt 's ' Allied , ' ' Bad Santa 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Disney did n't release a budget , but most of the studio 's animated films cost north of $150 million . Jump up ^ Meriah Doty ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' to Ride Big Box Office Wave With $75 Million - Plus '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Holiday Box Office : Disney to Dominate , Can Awards Contenders Escape the Arthouse ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Sets Sights on $80 + Million 5 - Day Thanksgiving Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Will ' Moana ' Slay ' Fantastic Beasts ' Over The Thanksgiving Stretch ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' & ' Fantastic Beasts ' Owning Thanksgiving Stretch -- Midday B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Can ' Moana ' Melt ' Frozen 's $93.6 M Thanksgiving 5 - Day Record ? -- Early AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Rings Up $22.5 M on Black Friday As She Cruises Toward Disney 's 2nd Best Thanksgiving Debut -- Late Night B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest 3 - day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest 5 - day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest 3 - day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest 5 - day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Slots 2nd Best Thanksgiving Debut ; ' Allied 's Fight ; ' Rules ' The Worst Turkey Since ' Victor Frankenstein ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Keeps Fire Going in Chilly December Weekend ; ' Manchester ' & ' Jackie ' Bask in Awards Season Rays '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Repeats at No. 1 , Topping Slow Post-Thanksgiving Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Threepeats at No. 1 , ' La La Land ' Opens Big in Limited Release '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' Debuts With Over $290 Million Worldwide , ' Collateral Beauty ' Struggles '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Christmas Juggernaut Leaves Room For Specialty Films -- Final Weekend Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moana ( 2016 ) -- Weekly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` December 30 -- January 1 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` December 30 -- January 2 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` January 13 -- 15 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` January 13 -- 16 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Bests $600 M WW ; ' Moana ' Mints $180 M ; ' Doctor Strange ' Ices ' Deadpool ' , ' Iron Man 2 ' -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` China Box Office for Moana ( 2016 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Fantastic Beasts ' Enjoys $40 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Climbs To $474 M Global ; ' Moana ' Catches $16.3 M Offshore Wave -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese Embrace Makoto Shinkai 's ' Your Name , ' Reject ' Moana ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Moana and Sully bobbing in the wake of Fantastic Beasts at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Rises To $980 M Global ; ' Passengers ' Takes Over Offshore No. 1 -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moana ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Computer Animated Movies '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moana Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Review : The Waves Part '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brayson , Johnny ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' In 3D & 2D Both Offer Something Special for the Viewer '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Monahan , Kaely ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Disney mixes classic animation , computers to create captivating ' Moana ' '' . KTAR News . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Brandy ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Movie review : ' Moana ' '' . NewsOK . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Animating the Ocean '' . Los Angeles Review of Books . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Moana Movie Review & Film Summary '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Moana ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Constante , Agnes ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Critics Accuse Disney of ' Cultural Theft ' ahead of ' Moana ' Release '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ `` Disney has pulled its controversial Moana costume after consumer complaints '' . Chip and Co . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney accused of ' brownface ' over Moana costume '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Murar , Katie ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hawaiian Airlines -- Disney partnership first of its kind '' . Pacific Business News . Jump up ^ Daniel , Diane ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` What to See in Hawaii ? Ask Auli'i Cravalho of Disney 's ' Moana ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Grandinetti , Tina ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Moana might be great for representation but it 's not all heartwarming for Hawaii '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Madigibuli , Ana ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Disney uses our camakau '' . Fiji Times . Jump up ^ Ka'ili , Tēvita O. ( November 26 , 2016 ) . `` Goddess Hina : The Missing Heroine from Disney 's Moana '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Justin ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time recap : ' Knightfall ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Moana ( 2016 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moana ( 2016 film ) . Official website Moana on IMDb Moana at The Big Cartoon DataBase Moana at AllMovie Moana at Box Office Mojo Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. 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( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nightwing Cover of Nightwing # 1 ( Sept. 2016 ) Art by Ivan Reis and Joe Prado Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance ( Superman ) Superman # 158 ( January 1963 ) ( Dick Grayson ) Tales of the Teen Titans # 44 ( July 1984 ) Created by ( Superman ) Edmond Hamilton Curt Swan ( Dick Grayson ) Marv Wolfman George Pérez In - story information Alter ego Richard John `` Dick '' Grayson Damian Wayne Team affiliations Batman Family Teen Titans Outsiders Justice League Batman Inc . Spyral Partnerships Bruce Wayne Starfire Damian Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Jason Todd Barbara Gordon Tarantula ( DC Comics ) Artemis ( DC Comics ) Raven ( DC Comics ) Supporting character of Batman Birds of Prey Abilities Skilled acrobat and aerialist Skilled martial artist and hand - to - hand combatant Utilizes high - tech equipment and weapons Nightwing is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character has appeared in various incarnations , with the Nightwing identity most prominently being adopted by Dick Grayson when he moves on from his role as Batman 's vigilante partner Robin . Although Nightwing is commonly associated with Batman , the title and concept have origins in classic Superman stories . The original Nightwing in DC Comics was an identity assumed by alien superhero Superman when stranded on the Kryptonian city of Kandor with his pal Jimmy Olsen . Drawing inspiration from Batman and Robin , the two protect Kandor as the superheroes Nightwing and Flamebird . Following the Crisis on Infinite Earths continuity reboot in 1985 , Nightwing was re-imagined as a legendary vigilante from Krypton whose story inspires Dick Grayson 's choice of name when he leaves behind his Robin identity . Other stories set among the Batman family of characters have seen acquaintances and friends of Dick Grayson briefly assume the title , including his fellow Robin alumnus Jason Todd . Meanwhile , Superman stories have seen Power Girl and Superman 's adopted son Chris Kent take up the name for brief turns as Nightwing . Various other characters have taken the name in stories set outside DC 's main continuity as well , and at times the role has been unoccupied , such as when Dick Grayson operated as Batman and after faking his death . Nightwing book . In 2013 , Nightwing placed 5th on IGN 's Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics and Grayson as Nightwing was ranked the # 1 Sexiest Male Character in Comics by ComicsAlliance in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 Pre-Crisis Era 1.1. 1 Superman 1.1. 2 Van - Zee 1.1. 3 Dick Grayson 1.2 Post-Crisis 1.2. 1 Kryptonian mythological figure 1.2. 2 Dick Grayson 1.2. 3 Superman 1.2. 4 Tad Ryerstad 1.2. 5 Jason Todd 1.2. 6 Cheyenne Freemont 1.2. 7 Power Girl 1.2. 8 Chris Kent 2 Other uses in comic books 3 Ongoing series 3.1 Story arcs 3.1. 1 Blüdhaven 3.1. 2 Last Laugh and killing the Joker 3.1. 3 Leader of the League 3.1. 4 Graduation Day 3.1. 5 Death of Blockbuster 3.1. 6 Infinite Crisis and 52 3.1. 7 `` One Year Later '' 3.1. 8 `` Titans Return '' 3.1. 9 `` Batman R.I.P '' and `` Battle for the Cowl '' 3.1. 10 The New 52 3.1. 11 DC Rebirth 3.2 Collected editions 3.3 Other collected editions 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.2. 1 Live action 4.2. 1.1 Batman film series 4.2. 1.2 DC Extended Universe 4.2. 2 Animation 4.3 Video games 4.4 Rides 5 References Fictional character biography ( edit ) Pre-Crisis era ( edit ) Superman ( edit ) Superman and Jimmy as Nightwing and Flamebird respectively . From Superman # 158 ( 1963 ) . Art by Curt Swan . Nightwing is first depicted in the story `` Superman in Kandor '' in Superman # 158 ( January 1963 ) . It is an alias used by Superman in pre-Crisis stories . The story is set in Kandor , a Kryptonian city that was shrunken and preserved in a bottle by Brainiac . In Kandor , Superman has no superpowers , and is branded an outlaw there due to a misunderstanding . To disguise themselves , Superman and Jimmy Olsen create vigilante identities inspired by Batman and Robin . Because neither bats nor robins lived on Krypton , Superman chooses the names of two birds owned by his Kandorian friend Nor - Kan : Nightwing for himself , and Flamebird for Jimmy . Nightwing and Flamebird rename Nor - Kan 's underground laboratory as the `` Nightcave '' , and use it as their secret headquarters . They also convert Nor - Kan 's automobile into their `` Nightmobile '' , and use `` jet - belts '' to fly into battle . In Jimmy Olsen # 69 ( June 1963 ) , `` The Dynamic Duo of Kandor '' introduces Nightwing 's dog Nighthound . In `` The Feud Between Batman and Superman '' in World 's Finest # 143 ( August 1964 ) , Batman and Robin themselves visit Kandor with Superman and Olsen and the two Dynamic Duos team up . Van - Zee ( edit ) In Superman Family # 183 ( May / June 1977 ) , Superman 's look - alike second cousin Van - Zee and his niece 's husband Ak - Var take up the Nightwing and Flamebird identities . The vigilantes take on crime in their city as had Superman and Olsen before them . Cover of Nightwing # 1 ( Sept. 1995 ) . Art by Brian Stelfreeze . Dick Grayson ( edit ) Both Nightwing and Flamebird team up with Batman and Robin for an adventure in Kandor that proves important to the young Dick Grayson . When Dick later gives up his role as Robin in 1984 , he recalls the Kandorian adventure and renames himself Nightwing , in homage to both Batman and Superman . After the events of the Crisis on Infinite Earths re-boot of the DC Universe , Superman no longer has knowledge of Kandor ; instead , he remembers Nightwing as an urban legend of Krypton , which he shares with a young Dick Grayson . Post-crisis ( edit ) Kryptonian mythological figure ( edit ) Post-Crisis , there is a different originator of the Nightwing identity . Several hundred years before the birth of Kal - El , there was a Kryptonian man who was cast out from his family and decided to take on crime as the vigilante Nightwing . When Superman tells Dick Grayson of this story , Dick takes the name for himself . Dick Grayson ( edit ) Main article : Dick Grayson Dick Grayson as Nightwing on the cover of Detective Comics # 851 ( Feb. 2009 ) . Art by Tony Daniel . Dick Grayson became Nightwing after he was dismissed from the role of Robin as a teenager . Grayson 's Flamebird was Bette Kane . He was featured in a Nightwing series from 1995 to 2009 ; after Wayne 's apparent death , Grayson became the new Batman , subsequently retiring his Nightwing mantle temporarily . Grayson 's Nightwing costume was a high - tech suit specially designed for his high - flying acrobatic style . His gauntlets and boots each contained eight compartments in which he could store items . They had a self - destruct feature built into them , similar to the ones in Batman 's utility belt , and , as another security measure , the suit contained a one - use - only taser charge , which automatically emitted a high - voltage electrical shock when someone attempted to tamper with either the boots or gauntlets . Each gauntlet 's sections could contain a wide array of equipment , such as sonic or smoke pellets , modified batarangs ( `` Wing - Dings '' ) , knockout gas capsules , throwable tracers , and a sedative - tipped dart launcher . The right gauntlet was also equipped with a 100,000 - volt stun gun . Like the gauntlets , his boot compartments could carry vital equipment such as flares , a rebreather as protection against any airborne non-contact toxins , a mini-computer equipped with fax , modem , GPS , and a minidisk re-writable drive . Other items were lock picks , a first - aid kit , a mini-cellphone , flexi - cuffs , antitoxin assortment , wireless listening devices , and a small flashlight . After coming to New York , Dick added a black utility belt to his costume , eliminating the need for his boots and gauntlets . Held in spring - loaded pouches in the back of his costume , Dick carried a pair of eskrima clubs made from an unbreakable polymer that were wielded as both offensive and defensive weapons . Some depictions display these tools with the mechanism to shoot a grappling hook attached to a swing line , while , in other instances , they can act as `` line guns '' similar to the ones Batman uses . The clubs could also be thrown with such skill by Grayson ( and possibly due to their design ) that they would ricochet off walls and objects to hit multiple targets , then return to his hands . These clubs also have the capability to be linked together as well as grow in size to make a staff , as depicted in many series , such as Teen Titans and Young Justice ( Robin uses these weapons ) . Superman ( edit ) In 2001 's Superman : The Man of Steel # 111 , Superman and Lois Lane travel to a version of Krypton later revealed to have been created by the villainous Brainiac 13 and based on Jor - El 's favorite period in Kryptonian history . Labeled as criminals , Superman and Lois become fugitives , adopting the Nightwing and Flamebird identities to survive , just as had Superman and Olsen in Superman # 158 . Tad Ryerstad ( edit ) In Blüdhaven , a sociopath named Tad Ryerstad becomes a superhero , inspired by the retired hero Tarantula . He takes his name , `` Nite - Wing '' , from an all - night deli specializing in chicken wings . Unstable , Nite - Wing beats people for minor offenses . Nite - Wing is shot on his first night out and Dick Grayson , as Blüdhaven 's protector Nightwing , defends him from Blockbuster 's gang , who think it is Nightwing who has been injured . After Nite - Wing is released from the hospital , he kills the gang who put him there . Not realizing how violent Ryerstad is , Grayson agrees to train him . The two attack Blockbuster 's organization , but are captured and separated . After an undercover FBI agent frees Nite - Wing , Ryerstad beats him to death , and when he realizes what he has done , Ryerstad flees . Nightwing subsequently tracks down and incarcerates Nite - Wing . In prison , Ryerstad is cell - mates with Torque ( Dudley Soames ) , but the two escape by drugging the prison guard Amygdala . Jason Todd ( edit ) Nightwing # 118 - 122 run features Jason Todd prowling the streets of New York City under the guise of Nightwing , copying Grayson 's costume . Cheyenne Freemont ( edit ) The `` One Year Later '' storyline features a metahuman fashion designer named Cheyenne Freemont donning a modified Nightwing costume to help Grayson . Cheyenne first met Dick when they had a one - night stand together . They only exchanged first names the next morning , Cheyenne stating she 's superstitious . The two had breakfast together and then he left . When he left another man walked into her apartment . He assaulted her for getting her `` plumbing '' fixed in her bath robe . She hit him with a telekinetic blast . Dick found out Cheyenne was a fashion designer from a friend of his from Bludhaven . She ran into Dick again after he accidentally became a model for her . After seeing newspaper clippings of Nightwing ( Jason Todd ) she started creating superhero themed designs . Cheyenne wore a Nightwing costume to help Dick and Jason from a metahuman monster named Jakob . He ate her , but she used her powers to blow him up from the inside . Due to recent events she was left broke and soon left New York City . Power Girl as Nightwing . Art by Ed Benes . Power Girl ( edit ) In Supergirl # 6 , Power Girl and Supergirl assume the identities of Nightwing and Flamebird in a story set in Kandor , just as in the original pre-Crisis stories featuring Superman . Chris Kent ( edit ) Main article : Chris Kent ( comics ) Chris Kent , son of General Zod , was Nightwing during Superman : New Krypton . In that storyline , Superman was coming to terms with the death of his adoptive father ; he was also dealing with 100,000 Kryptonians now living on Earth , which he had released from the bottled cities on Brainiac 's ship ( the same ship that contained the lost Kryptonian city of Kandor ) . At the end of the fourth issue of the arc , a new Nightwing and Flamebird appear in Superman 's Fortress of Solitude to stop two of Zod 's followers ( who were living in Kandor ) from releasing the Kryptonian General from his Phantom Zone imprisonment . While guarding the projector in order to prevent any Zod loyalists from freeing him from the Phantom Zone , both Flamebird and Nightwing exhibit powers that are not inherent to normal Kryptonians . Flamebird projects flames from her hands , and Nightwing uses `` natural tactile telekinesis '' . The pair seems to be stronger than normal Kryptonians : they knock out the two Zod loyalists with one blow apiece . In a later appearance , the duo is seen in Gotham City . Unlike previous portrayals , it seems Flamebird believes herself to be the dominant partner . When the Kryptonians led by Zod and Alura flee to a new Krypton orbiting the Sun , Nightwing and Flamebird stay in Gotham . In Action Comics # 875 , that Nightwing is revealed as the son of Zod and Ursa , Chris Kent . The `` Nightwing '' identity is revealed to be based on a mythical Kryptonian creature , whose existence is intertwined with that of its partner beast , the Flamebird . Inside the Phantom Zone Chris ' mind interfaced with a piece of Brainiac technology , awakening a long - dormant connection to the Nightwing , and linking his mind to that of Thara Ak - Var , who had a connection to the Flamebird . Other uses in Comic books ( edit ) In the DC Comics Tangent Comics series , `` Nightwing '' is a secret government organization which appears throughout the series . Headed by Marcus Moore and Francis `` Black Lightning '' Powell , who act to protect the U.S.A. and also conceal the true nature of The Atom 's involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis . In the Elseworlds series Superman & Batman : Generations , `` Knightwing '' is the identity adopted by Clark Wayne ( Superman 's biological grandson , adopted by Bruce Wayne , Jr . ) after he grows out of the Robin identity . Bruce had wanted Clark to take on the Batman identity , but Clark declines , saying that only true members of the Wayne family should be Batman , revealing that he knew he was adopted . When Superman is brought back from the Phantom Zone and discovers the Ultra-Humanite 's cure for Gold Kryptonite , he gives some to Knightwing , which gives him powers comparable to his grandfather , but weaker as he is only a quarter - Kryptonian . Terry McGinnis briefly moonlights as Nightwing in Batman Beyond # 4 , after Detective Ben Singleton claims to know Dick Grayson 's past as Nightwing , which turns into a media fiasco . Ongoing series ( edit ) Story arcs ( edit ) Nightwing as he appears in volume 2 of his on - going series . Cover of Nightwing vol. 2 , # 132 ( July 2007 ) . Art by Jamal Igle . Based on Nightwing 's increasing popularity , DC Comics decided to test the character 's possibilities with a one - shot book and then a miniseries . First , in Nightwing : Alfred 's Return # 1 ( 1995 ) , Grayson travels to England to find Alfred , who resigns from Bruce Wayne 's service following the events of KnightSaga . Before returning to Gotham City together , they prevent a plot by British terrorists to destroy the undersea `` Channel Tunnel '' in the English Channel . Later on , with the Nightwing miniseries ( September 1995 to December 1995 , written by Dennis O'Neil with Greg Land as artist ) , Dick briefly considers retiring from being Nightwing forever before family papers uncovered by Alfred reveal a possible link between the murder of the Flying Graysons and the Crown Prince of Kravia . Journeying to Kravia , Nightwing ( in his third costume ) helps to topple the murderous Kravian leader and prevent an ethnic cleansing , while learning his parents ' true connection to the Prince . Blüdhaven ( edit ) In 1996 , following the success of the miniseries , DC Comics launched a monthly solo series featuring Nightwing ( written by Chuck Dixon , with art by Scott McDaniel ) , in which he patrols Gotham 's neighboring municipality of Blüdhaven . At Batman 's request , Dick journeys to this former whaling town - turned - industrial center to investigate a number of murders linked to Gotham City gangster Black Mask . Instead , he finds a city racked by police corruption and in the grips of organized crime consolidated by Roland Desmond , the gargantuan genius Blockbuster . With a defenseless city to call his own , Nightwing decides to remain in Blüdhaven until Blockbuster 's cartel is broken . This allows him to be close enough to Gotham to still be part of the Batman family , and far enough as well to have his own city , adventures and enemies . He takes a job as a bartender to keep his ear to the ground and worked closely with Oracle ( Barbara Gordon ) in an effort to clean up the town . Blockbuster places a sizable contract on Nightwing 's head shortly thereafter , while Grayson plies the unscrupulous Blüdhaven Police Inspector Dudley Soames for information on the kingpin 's dealings . Also during his time in Blüdhaven , Nightwing helps train a violent but enthusiastic street fighter called Nite - wing , who later kills an undercover FBI agent . Last laugh and killing the Joker ( edit ) When the Joker is told he is dying by his doctor , he unleashes Joker juice on the inmates at the Slab , causing a breakout . At the end of the arc , Nightwing is responsible for killing the Joker against the wishes of Batman and Oracle . Nightwing becomes depressed and Oracle tries to bring him out of it . Soon after , Batman manages to revive the Joker . Leader of the League ( edit ) Sometime after `` No Man 's Land '' ends , the JLA disappears on a mission to locate Aquaman and Atlantis ( The Obsidian Age ) . Before they vanish , Batman instigates a contingency plan , in which a handful of heroes would be assembled to create a new JLA , consisting of Nightwing , Green Arrow , the Atom , Hawkgirl , Major Disaster , Faith , Firestorm and Jason Blood . Nightwing is chosen to be leader until the original JLA are found , leading the group against the powerful Atlantean sorceress Gamemnae and helping to revive Aquaman to ask for his help in sinking Atlantis , but subsequently returns to the reserve list . Graduation day ( edit ) For several years , Nightwing leads various incarnations of the Titans and becomes the most respected former sidekick in the DC Universe . However , in the Titans / Young Justice : Graduation Day crossover , a rogue Superman android kills Lilith and Troia , an event that tears apart both Young Justice and the Titans . At Troia 's funeral , Dick declares he is tired of seeing friends die and disbands the team , officially ending the Titans . A few months later , Arsenal persuades Nightwing to join a new pro-active crime - fighting team : the Outsiders , who would hunt villains , acting as co-workers rather than an extended family . He reluctantly accepts . Death of Blockbuster ( edit ) Dick plays a key role in exposing the corruption in the Blüdhaven Police Department . Despite reaching his original goals , Dick continues as a police officer during the day while spending nights as Nightwing , pushing himself to his limits and straining his relationships . The line between his police work and his vigilantism began to blur , and ultimately Amy Rohrbach ( his friend and superior officer , who knew his secret identity ) fires him rather than let him continue using questionable methods . Wrongfully blaming Nightwing for the death of his mother , the mob boss Blockbuster bombs Dick Grayson 's apartment complex and promises to kill anyone in Dick 's life . When the vigilante Tarantula arrives , Nightwing chooses not to stop her when she shoots the villain dead . He enters in a catatonic state after this action , and Tarantula takes advantage of his emotional trauma to rape him . At length , Nightwing shakes himself from his depression and takes responsibility for his inaction . He captures Tarantula and turns her and himself in to the police . Amy , however , feels the world needs Nightwing free and so prevents him from being charged . Though , Dick has destroyed the police corruption and removed the greater part of organized crime from this city , but his role in Blockbuster 's death is still a source of tremendous guilt for him . He retires from crime fighting , with Tim Drake and Cassandra Cain as his replacements . Grayson moves to New York , where he works closely with the Outsiders . After `` insiders '' threaten both the Outsiders and the newest incarnation of Teen Titans , however , Nightwing realizes that the team has gotten `` too personal '' and quits . Infinite Crisis and 52 ( edit ) Due to a crisis of conscience , Dick adopts the new villainous persona of Renegade in order to infiltrate Lex Luthor 's Secret Society of Super-Villains . This ruse includes Nightwing aligning himself with his long - time enemy Deathstroke in order to track the manufacturing and distribution of Bane 's venom serum and to keep tabs on the Society 's activities in Gotham and Blüdhaven . He also begins training ( and subtly converting ) Deathstroke 's daughter , Ravager . Deathstroke takes revenge on Nightwing when Blüdhaven is destroyed by the Society . The Society drops the super villain Chemo on the city , killing 100,000 people . Dick tries to rescue survivors but is overcome by radiation poisoning ; only to be rescued himself by Batman . Nightwing confides that he let Blockbuster die and asks Batman to forgive him . Batman tells him that his forgiveness does n't matter ; Dick has to move beyond Blockbuster 's death . Inspired by his mentor , he proposes to Barbara Gordon , who accepts his proposal with a kiss . Batman then entrusts Nightwing to alert other heroes about the danger that the Crisis poses . Dick flies to Titans Tower , but due to the chaos resulting from the Blüdhaven disaster , the OMAC onslaught and other Crisis related events , the only hero who answers his call is Conner Kent . Together , they locate and attack Alexander Luthor 's tower , the center of the Crisis , only to be repelled by Superboy - Prime . Prime is ready to kill Nightwing when Conner intervenes , sacrificing himself to destroy the tower , ending the destruction of the Universe . During the Battle of Metropolis , Nightwing suffers a near - fatal injury from Alexander Luthor when he attempts to save Batman 's life . Originally , the editors at DC intended to have Dick Grayson killed in Infinite Crisis as Newsarama revealed from the DC Panel at WizardWorld Philiadelphia : `` It was again explained that Nightwing was originally intended to die in Infinite Crisis , and that you can see the arc that was supposed to end with his tragic death in the series . After long discussions , the death edict was finally reversed , but the decision was made that , if they were going to be keeping him , he would have to be changed . The next arc of the ongoing series will further explain the changes , it was said . '' Saved by the Justice Society , Nightwing recovers with Barbara at his side . As soon as he 's able to walk again , Batman asks him to join him and Robin in retracing Bruce 's original journey in becoming the Dark Knight . While Nightwing is hesitant , due to his engagement with Barbara , she encourages him to go and returns his engagement ring so he can make an honest decision for himself . Barbara feels that it is important he rediscover himself , and until he does they 're not yet ready to be married . They part on good terms , though before he departs Dick leaves her an envelope containing a photograph of them as Robin and Batgirl , along with the engagement ring on a chain and a note promising he 'll come back to her one day . Soon after his journey with Batman and Robin ends , Nightwing returns to Gotham , following Intergang 's trail . He works with the new Batwoman and Renee Montoya to stop Intergang from destroying Gotham , shutting off dozens of fire - spewing devices spread across the city . `` One year later '' ( edit ) Main article : One Year Later One year later , Dick Grayson returns to New York City ( his previous home base with the Teen Titans ) in order to find out who has been masquerading as Nightwing . The murderous impostor turns out to be the former Robin , Jason Todd . Grayson leads the Outsiders once again , operating undercover and globally . Nightwing follows an armored thief named Raptor , whom he suspects is responsible for series of murders . Later , Raptor himself is murdered in a manner similar to the other victims by an unseen contract killer , who proceeds to bury Grayson alive . Nightwing frees himself , wondering the relation between his experience and a mysterious voice who tells him that he is `` supposed to be dead '' . Nightwing is having trouble finding things to keep him busy during the day due to the cast on his right arm . Incapacitated from his injuries , he tries without luck to find jobs and continues to research into the mysterious assassin . At one point , Dick agrees to attend a party for Bruce and their relationship seems to flourish . Bruce praises Dick for his success on the Raptor case , and also mentions to look into the Landman Building which hosted ex-Lexcorp scientists ; most likely those who worked on the Raptor project . Dick also continues to keep a close brotherly relationship with Tim Drake , and helps Tim deal with his many losses during the last year . After dealing with the Raptor issue , NYC is plagued by a villainous duo called Bride and Groom . Nightwing begins pursuit of these two after some grisly murders , including that of the Lorens family ( close friends of his after the Raptor incident ) . Dick began to get obsessed with finding them , not knowing how far he was willing to go to take them down . Eventually , he formed a makeshift team with some `` villains '' to find them . They located them , and after killing some of his `` team '' , Nightwing chased them to a cave , where Bride began a cave - in and the two are trapped there . Nightwing , along with a group of former Titans , are summoned again by Raven to aid the current group of Teen Titans battle against Deathstroke , who was targeting the latest team in order to get at his children , Ravager and the resurrected Jericho . Nightwing and the other former Titans continue to work with the current team soon after the battle with Deathstroke so as to investigate the recent murder of Duela Dent . When the Outsiders were targeted by Checkmate , Nightwing agrees that his team will work with the organization , so long as their actions in Africa are not used against them in the future . The mission however does not go as well as intended , resulting in Nightwing , the Black Queen and Captain Boomerang being captured by Chang Tzu . Later , Batman is called in by Mister Terrific who then rescues Nightwing and the others . Afterwards , Nightwing admits to Batman , that while he accepts that he is an excellent leader , he is not suited to lead a team like the Outsiders , and offers the leadership position to Batman . Batman accepts the position ; however he feels that the team needs to be remade , in order to accomplish the sorts of missions that he intends them to undertake . As such , he holds a series of try outs for the team . The first audition involves Nightwing and Captain Boomerang who are sent to a space station under attack by Chemo . During the mission , a confrontation erupts between Nightwing and Boomerang , who has grown tired of fighting for redemption from people like Batman and Nightwing . After taking a beating from Nightwing , he manages to throw him into a shuttle heading for Earth and quits the team . Afterwards , Nightwing furiously confronts Batman . Batman does not deny his actions , and states that this is the sort of thing that the new Outsiders will have to deal with . At this , Nightwing resigns completely from the Outsiders , which Batman feels is best , judging Nightwing too good for that sort of life . In order to help himself regain a sense of purpose , Nightwing opted to stay in New York City again , and play the role of the city 's protector . He takes on a job as a museum curator ; and uses the museum as his new base of operations . During his short time there , Dick finds himself once again confronted with Two - Face , who years ago delivered Dick 's greatest defeat . This time however , Dick soundly defeats Two - Face . `` Titans return '' ( edit ) Nightwing joins a new team of Titans , with the same roster of the New Teen Titans , to stop an offspring of Trigon , which has not yet been named , from enacting his vengeance over Raven and the Titans , of every generation . Nightwing yet again leads the team , and they manage to stop the sons of Trigon from accomplishing their first attempt at global destruction and again a few days later . Following the defeat of Trigon 's sons , the Titans are approached by Jericho who had been stuck inhabiting the body of Match , Superboy 's clone . The Titans managed to free Jericho , but found themselves once again in trouble , due to the fact the Jericho 's mind had become splintered due to all the bodies he had possessed in the past . Torn between evil and good , Jericho possesses Nightwing 's body in order to keep from being captured . During this time , Jericho forces Nightwing to relive all of his greatest pains . Soon after the JLA arrived intent on taking Jericho in . Unfortunately they fail to apprehend him . Following this , Nightwing decides to leave the team again , due to the events of the `` Batman R.I.P. '' storyline , and due to Batman 's apparent death , Nightwing feels his attention should be better aimed at protecting Gotham City . Dick Grayson as Robin ( left ) , as Nightwing ( middle ) , and as Batman ( right ) . `` Batman R.I.P. '' and `` battle for the Cowl '' ( edit ) As a precursor to `` Batman R.I.P. '' , at the New York Comic Con 2008 , DC Comics gave away pins featuring Nightwing , Jason Todd , and Hush with the words `` I Am Batman '' beneath them . During the storyline , Nightwing is ambushed by the International Club of Villains . He is later seen in Arkham Asylum , frothing at the mouth and presumably drugged , believed by the staff to be Pierrot Lunaire , a member of the Club . Scheduled for an experimental lobotomy by Arkham himself , he 's spared by the ICoV taking hold of the Asylum , wanting to use him and Jezebel Jet , Bruce 's fianceè at the time , as bait . As Jezebel 's capture is revealed to be a red herring , due to her being a part of the Black Glove , Nightwing 's lobotomy is still pending , but he manages to escape by besting Le Bossu , and joining the fray between the Batman Family , the International Club of Heroes and the Black Glove itself . While he 's forced to witness Batman 's dragging down Simon Hurt 's helicopter and seemingly die in a fiery explosion with his foe , he 's shown holding Batman 's cape , discarded during the fight . Following the events of Batman 's apparent death during Final Crisis , Nightwing has closed down shop in New York so as to return to Gotham . He has opted to give up on having a normal job , and instead intends to put all his effort into protecting the city . After his returns he confronts Two - Face and Ra 's al Ghul , proving two of his mentor 's greatest enemies that he is an equal to Batman after he defeated them . He also finds himself being tasked to raise Bruce 's biological son Damian with Alfred . During the events of the Battle for the Cowl , Nightwing is said to have become unapproachable and less emotional . He is seen by the Bat - Suit display cases , still mourning the loss of Batman . Nightwing is said to be resisting the idea that someone needs to take up the mantle of Batman , in spite of arguments from Robin and Alfred Pennyworth that it is necessary . It is later revealed he has no objections to becoming the new Batman , but was ordered not to in Bruce 's prerecorded message for him , saying that Nightwing and Robin could carry the torch . Robin later informs Grayson that someone is masquerading as Batman , using similar weaponry to their own . Nightwing is later forced to rescue Damian after he is ambushed by Killer Croc and Poison Ivy . However , Nightwing 's glider is shot down , and the two are forced to crash land into a skyscraper . In order to give Damian time to escape , Nightwing offers himself up to the hit squad that is after them . He is about to be shot when he is rescued in a hail of gunfire by the Batman impersonator . This eventually leads to Dick confronting Jason Todd , who has been posing as Batman . After a long battle between the two , Jason refuses Dick 's help , while hanging on to a protruding ledge over Gotham 's bay , Jason lets himself fall into the water . After returning to the cave , Dick assumes the identity of Batman , with Damian as the new Robin . The new 52 ( edit ) Nightwing in his New 52 costume . Cover of Nightwing vol. 3 , # 0 ( November 2012 ) . Art by Eddy Barrows . For the New 52 DC Comics reboot , Grayson 's new costume changed the color of the `` Nightwing symbol '' from blue to red , and the emblem rolled over the shoulders , rather than traveling down the arm onto the middle and ring fingers . The costume also shifted from a skin - tight unitard look to an armored , full body suit , with spiked gauntlets such as Batman 's rather than simply long gloves . Dick , along with all other members of the Batfamily , were a few years younger than previous incarnations . Despite being in his early twenties as opposed to his mid-late twenties , he was drawn a bit shorter than in his pre-relaunch frame . Starting with issue 19 there was a change in the suit . After the events of Flashpoint as part of The New 52 , Nightwing was relaunched with issue # 1 . Grayson resumes the role of Nightwing following the return of Bruce Wayne . The new series , written by Kyle Higgins , opens with Grayson having returned to Gotham , when Haly 's Circus comes to town . Through a series of events , Grayson inherits the circus and is working through internal struggles with his past as he investigates the secrets the circus has brought about . During the events of Death of the Family , a Batman Family crossover , Haly 's circus is targeted by the Joker . As a result , the circus is burnt down and the circus members leave . Dick is left feeling depressed and lost as a result of this and the death of Damian Wayne , the new Robin , and is at a loss for what to do with his life . However , when Sonia Branch reveals to him that she believes her father , Tony Zucco , is alive and living in Chicago , Dick makes the decision to take him down . Therefore , in 2013 Nightwing relocated to Chicago to hunt down Tony Zucco and also take down The Prankster , a new supervillain hacker in Chicago . As part of the Forever Evil storyline , Nightwing 's identity is revealed on every electronic device in the world when Superwoman takes his mask off . Nightwing was captured prior when bringing Zsasz to Arkham Asylum and mistakes Owlman for Batman , which leads to Owlman knocking Grayson out . Currently , Grayson is being held captive by the Crime Syndicate . Owlman plans to ask Grayson to join them to fill in the spot of Earth - 3 Richard Grayson who was Owlman 's sidekick Talon who died when the Earth - 3 vigilante Joker killed him and put his dismembered body parts in boxes for Owlman to find . Nightwing as he appears in volume four of his on - going series . Cover of Nightwing vol. 4 , # 4 ( November 2016 ) . Art by Ivan Reis . During his captivity , Nightwing is imprisoned in a containment unit built to hold Doomsday , with his heart monitored to set off a bomb should he attempt to escape . The alliance of Batman , Lex Luthor , Catwoman , Captain Cold , Bizarro , Sinestro , Black Manta and Black Adam break into the fallen Watchtower in order to free him but also to sabotage the Syndicate . When they are detected , the bomb is triggered to detonate in minutes . Batman tries to free Nightwing , but Luthor , believing there is no time , incapacitates Batman and Catwoman before suffocating Grayson until his vitals drop and he appears dead . The bomb is deactivated . An enraged Batman begins to brutalize Luthor , while Luthor tries to tell him that there may still be time to revive Dick before he is gone for good -- and so they do . However , with his secret identity compromised , he gives up the Nightwing persona and is persuaded by Batman to fake his death and infiltrate the Spyral organization . On January 21 , 2014 , DC Comics announced that the series would end in April with issue 30 . It was succeeded by Grayson , a solo series focusing on Dick 's exploits as an agent of Spyral . The series lasted until June 2016 and was succeeded by a new Nightwing series with DC Rebirth . DC Rebirth ( edit ) Main article : DC Rebirth Following the erasure of the knowledge regarding his secret identity from most of the world in the final issue of Grayson , Dick went back to the Nightwing identity in the DC Rebirth era solo series , and the costume 's colors were changed back to the traditional black and blue . Collected editions ( edit ) After a 4 - issue miniseries , and as commented above , in 1996 DC launched a monthly solo series featuring Dick Grayson as Nightwing that ended in February 2009 . During DC 's Infinite Crisis , DC considered killing Dick Grayson , but at the last minute reconsidered this decision . An attempt to revitalize the character by bringing back the writer who wrote the original Robin - to - Nightwing story , Marv Wolfman , had mixed response . The final change to writer Peter Tomasi and artist Rags Morales did much to reassert the character , with him operating in New York as a respected solo hero , and taking full advantage of the fact that his early start makes him one of the most experienced superheroes , and one of the best connected thanks to his many former teammates and the friends he has established in his career . Nightwing has now been canceled , with Dick Grayson having become the new Batman . With his new position , this leaves the Nightwing name available to Christopher Kent , Superman 's foster son . In the New 52 reboot , Dick Grayson returned to his Nightwing identity , and a new monthly series began under writer Kyle Higgins . Nightwing has also starred in several miniseries and one - shots . This material has been collected in several trade paperbacks . Title Material collected ISBN Pre-series trade paperbacks Nightwing : Ties That Bind Nightwing : Alfred 's Return # 1 ; Nightwing Vol. 1 # 1 - 4 ( mini-series ) 978 - 1 - 56389 - 328 - 5 Regular series trade paperbacks Nightwing : A Knight in Blüdhaven Nightwing Vol. 2 # 1 - 8 978 - 1 - 56389 - 425 - 1 Nightwing : Rough Justice Nightwing Vol. 2 # 9 - 18 978 - 1 - 56389 - 523 - 4 Nightwing : Love and Bullets Nightwing Vol. 2 # 1 / 2 , # 19 , # 21 - 22 , # 24 - 29 978 - 1 - 56389 - 613 - 2 Nightwing : A Darker Shade of Justice Nightwing Vol. 2 # 30 - 39 ; Nightwing : Secret Files and Origins ( one - shot ) 978 - 1 - 56389 - 703 - 0 Nightwing : The Hunt for Oracle Nightwing Vol. 2 # 41 - 46 ; Birds of Prey # 20 - 21 978 - 1 - 56389 - 940 - 9 Nightwing : Big Guns Nightwing Vol. 2 # 47 - 50 ; Nightwing : Secret Files and Origins ( one - shot ) ; Nightwing 80 - Page Giant ( one - shot ) 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0186 - 9 Nightwing : On the Razor 's Edge Nightwing Vol. 2 # 52 , # 54 - 60 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0437 - 2 Nightwing : Year One Nightwing Vol. 2 # 101 - 106 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0435 - 8 Nightwing : Mobbed Up Nightwing Vol. 2 # 107 - 111 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0907 - 0 Nightwing : Renegade Nightwing Vol. 2 # 112 - 117 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0908 - 7 Nightwing : Brothers in Blood Nightwing Vol. 2 # 118 - 124 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1224 - 7 Nightwing : Love and War Nightwing Vol. 2 # 125 - 132 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1463 - 0 Nightwing : The Lost Year Nightwing Vol. 2 # 133 - 137 , Nightwing Vol. 2 Annual # 2 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1671 - 9 Nightwing : Freefall Nightwing Vol. 2 # 140 - 146 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1965 - 9 Nightwing : The Great Leap Nightwing Vol. 2 # 147 - 153 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2171 - 3 Miscellaneous Nightwing / Huntress Nightwing / Huntress # 1 - 4 ( mini-series ) 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0127 - 2 New Editions Nightwing Vol. 1 : Blüdhaven Nightwing Vol. 1 # 1 - 4 ; Nightwing Vol. 2 # 1 - 8 978 - 1 - 4012 - 5144 - 4 Nightwing Vol. 2 : Rough Justice Nightwing Vol. 2 # 9 - 18 , Nightwing Vol. 2 Annual # 1 978 - 1 - 4012 - 5533 - 6 Nightwing Vol. 3 : False Starts Nightwing / Huntress # 1 - 4 ; Nightwing Vol. 2 # 1 / 2 , # 19 - 25 978 - 1 - 4012 - 5855 - 9 Nightwing Vol. 4 : Love and Bullets Nightwing Vol. 2 # 26 - 34 , # 1,000,000 ; Nightwing Secret Files and Origins ( one - shot ) 978 - 1401260873 Nightwing Vol. 5 : The Hunt for Oracle Nightwing Vol. 2 # 35 - 46 ; Birds of Prey # 20 - 21 978 - 1401265021 Nightwing Vol. 6 : To Serve And Protect Nightwing Vol. 2 # 47 - 53 ; Nightwing 80 - Page Giant ( one - shot ) 978 - 1401270810 Nightwing Vol. 7 : Shrike Nightwing Vol. 2 # 54 - 60 ; Nightwing : Our Worlds At War ( one - shot ) ; Nightwing : Target ( one - shot ) 978 - 1401277567 The New 52 Nightwing Vol. 1 : Traps and Trapezes Nightwing Vol. 3 # 1 - 7 978 - 1 - 4012 - 3705 - 9 Nightwing Vol. 2 : Night of the Owls Nightwing Vol. 3 # 0 , # 8 - 12 978 - 1 - 4012 - 4027 - 1 Nightwing Vol. 3 : Death of the Family Nightwing Vol. 3 # 13 - 18 ; Batman ( vol. 2 ) # 17 , and part of Young Romance # 1 978 - 1 - 4012 - 4413 - 2 Nightwing Vol. 4 : Second City Nightwing Vol. 3 # 19 - 24 978 - 1 - 4012 - 4630 - 3 Nightwing Vol. 5 : Setting Son Nightwing Vol. 3 # 25 - 30 and Nightwing Annual # 1 978 - 1 - 4012 - 5011 - 9 DC Rebirth Nightwing Vol. 1 : Better Than Batman Nightwing : Rebirth # 1 and Nightwing Vol. 4 # 1 - 4 , 7 , and 8 Nightwing Vol. 2 : Back to Blüdhaven Nightwing Vol. 4 # 9 - 15 Nightwing Vol. 3 : Nightwing Must Die Nightwing Vol. 4 # 16 - 21 Issues # 19 - 20 are collected in Batman : Cataclysm . Issue # 53 is collected in Batman : Officer Down . Most of the issues of Nightwing # 61 - 100 have yet to be compiled into a trade paperback . Issues # 65 - 66 are collected in Bruce Wayne : Murderer ? Issues # 68 - 69 are collected in Bruce Wayne : Fugitive , Vol. 1 . Issues # 96 - 98 are part of the `` Batman : War Games '' story arc . Issues # 138 - 139 are collected in The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul . The last issue in the series is # 153 . Nightwing Rebirth # 5 and # 6 are collected in Batman : Night of the Monster Men . Prestige one - shots Nightwing : The Target Batman / Nightwing : Bloodborne Other collected editions ( edit ) Batman : Cataclysm ( Nightwing Vol. 2 # 19 - 20 ) Batman : New Gotham , Vol. 2 : Officer Down ( Nightwing Vol. 2 # 53 ) Batman : Bruce Wayne : Murderer ? ( Nightwing # 65 - 66 ) Batman : Bruce Wayne : Fugitive ( Nightwing Vol. 2 # 68 - 69 ) Batman War Games Act One ( Nightwing Vol. 2 # 96 ) Batman War Games Act Two ( Nightwing Vol. 2 # 97 ) Batman War Games Act Three ( Nightwing Vol. 2 # 98 ) Batman : The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul ( Nightwing Vol. 2 # 138 - 139 ) Batman : Night of the Owls ( Nightwing Vol. 3 # 8 - 9 ) The Joker : Death of the Family ( Nightwing Vol. 3 # 15 - 16 ) In other media ( edit ) See also : Robin in other media and Dick Grayson § In other media Television ( edit ) Nightwing in The New Batman Adventures . Art by Bruce Timm . Nightwing appears in The New Batman Adventures , voiced by Loren Lester . At the end of the episode `` Sins of the Father '' , Dick Grayson debuts when he remarks that `` no one can be a boy wonder forever '' . In the episode `` You Scratch My Back '' , Nightwing makes his full episode debut and finds an unlikely ally in Catwoman in trying to expose a South American gun smuggling operation into Gotham City . This episode highlights Nightwing , hints at his relationship with Batgirl ( Barbara Gordon ) and illustrates his tense relationship with Batman . The episode also contains a sequence - showing Nightwing in his loft headquarters and charging into the night on his motorcycle as his theme music plays , culminating in a shot where he stands silhouetted against the moon . In the episode `` Old Wounds '' , Nightwing explains to Robin ( Tim Drake ) that he fought with Batman over the latter 's controlling nature and what the former saw as an unnecessarily harsh approach , causing Dick to leave Gotham as a result and returns years later as Nightwing . Eventually he partially reconciles with his former mentor and works with Batman several times during the course of the series . Nightwing also appears in the episodes `` Joker 's Millions '' , `` Over the Edge '' , `` Animal Act '' and `` Chemistry '' . In Batman Beyond ( set many years in the future ) , Nightwing 's uniform ( or at least one copy ) hangs in the Batcave . In the episode `` Lost Soul '' , Batman ( Terry McGinnis ) borrows the Nightwing mask when his own personal Batsuit is reprogrammed with a dead businessman 's personality . In the film Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker , Batman asks if all of the original Batman 's associates were bitter when they left to which Barbara Gordon replies `` ... look up Nightwing someday . Has he got stories . '' . Nightwing has a cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode `` Grudge Match '' . As Black Canary enters Blüdhaven , Nightwing can be seen on a rooftop next to two gargoyles . Nightwing appears in the Teen Titans episode `` How Long is Forever ? '' , voiced by Scott Menville . Nightwing is Robin 's identity twenty years in the future . Nightwing has been featured in The Batman , voiced by Jerry O'Connell . In the episode `` Artifacts '' , the year 3027 have flashbacks to the year 2027 which features Nightwing . Although he has been active for a decade as Nightwing , he is still called ' Robin ' by Batman and Oracle much to his annoyance . In the episode `` The Metal Face of Comedy '' , Nightwing ( in his original costume ) appears as Dick Grayson 's video game character in an online role playing game . In Batman : The Brave and the Bold , Dick Grayson ( voiced by Crawford Wilson ) makes his transcendence from Robin to Nightwing in the end of the episode `` Sidekicks Assemble ! '' and appears as Nightwing in later episodes . In Young Justice : Invasion , 19 - year old Dick Grayson ( voiced by Jesse McCartney ) is seen as Nightwing . Nightwing has become leader of the Team , assigning missions to his friends and sometimes fighting side by side with them . Barbara Gordon appears as Nightwing alongside Batman in the Smallville `` Detective '' story arc of the Smallville : Season 11 series . This role was originally to be filled by Stephanie Brown , but DC editorial withdrew permission to use the character after her appearance had already been announced and solicited , necessitating Gordon again replace her . After Barbara is recruited by the Green Lantern Corps as a Blue Lantern , she asks her boyfriend , Dick Grayson , to be her successor as Nightwing and thus becoming Batman 's replacement partner . Unlike previous depictions , Dick was never Bruce Wayne 's ward and protégé as Robin , and was made reference that he was a former circus acrobat - turned - police officer who works for Gotham City Police Department . On August 31 , 2017 , actor Brenton Thwaites was revealed to have been cast as Dick Grayson for the upcoming web series Titans . The series is based on the Teen Titans team , later known simply as Titans , from the comics , of which Dick Grayson is a frequent member . Film ( edit ) Live Action ( edit ) Batman film series ( edit ) Main article : Batman in film § Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher In the character 's second appearance within the film series , Batman & Robin , Dick Grayson pursues being a vigilante on his own and wears the Nightwing costume design . With Chris O'Donnell reprising the role from the previous film , the character continues to go by his Robin alias . DC Extended Universe ( edit ) Main article : DC Extended Universe On February 23 , 2017 , it was reported that Warner Bros. Pictures was developing a film centered on the character , set in the DC Extended Universe , with Bill Dubuque writing the script and The LEGO Movie director Chris McKay signed on as director for the movie Discussing why he likes the character and signed on for the project , McKay cited the character 's showman personality and background as an entertainer and expressed his excitement for depicting that in the film . He later stated that he wants to introduce a complete adaptation of the character , something that has n't been done in previous film interpretations of him before . McKay continued to state that the director - driven approach is why he loves Warner Bros. , and how the franchise is differentiating itself from other popular shared universes . In an interview with Cinemablend the director confirmed that the film would acknowledge the titular character 's past from the source material , including his time as a part of Haly 's Circus , and also reaffirmed that the film will be a straight - forward action movie with minimal use of CGI special effects and grounded realism Animation ( edit ) Dick Grayson appears as Nightwing in Batman : Under The Red Hood , voiced by Neil Patrick Harris . He first appears to patrol Gotham alongside Batman , offering help when he found him fighting a group of smugglers . He was also present during one of the first battles with the Red Hood ( Jason Todd ) , where he obtained an injury to his leg causing him to sit out of the final battle between Batman and Red Hood . Nightwing appears in Son of Batman , with Sean Maher voicing the character . He appears to stop Damian Wayne from killing the defeated and severely wounded Ubu . After a prolonged battle ( which happens off - screen , although a few shots are later seen during the credits ) , Nightwing manages to subdue and tie up the boy , although he ends up with a number of sizable sword cuts . At the end of the movie , he pilots the Batwing to rescue Batman , Talia and Damian . In Batman vs. Robin , Nightwing returns to help train Damian while Batman is busy investigating the Court of Owls . Dick is dating Starfire in this film ( as he called her `` Kori '' , matching the redhead image on his phone ) , who phones him and tries to entice him to come over to her place . In Batman : Bad Blood , Nightwing is forced to take Batman 's place and don his spare costume during the time he 's missing . He later helps Batman break free of the conditioning Tailia put him through . Given the call between him and Starfire , it would seem Bludhaven has had so much crime , they have n't had a chance to be intimate in some time . In `` Teen Titans : The Judas Contract '' , Sean Maher plays Dick Grayson , also known as Nightwing , and is the leader of the team . The Nightwing trains the Titans ... the film ends with a showdown between Nightwing and Deathstroke . In The LEGO Batman Movie , Robin ( Dick Grayson ) temporarily dons a spare Batsuit in the Batcave , which is called the `` Nightwing '' suit ( similar to Superman 's Nightwing uniform as an easter egg ) , during the Joker 's takeover of Wayne Manor , while Batman is trapped in the Phantom Zone . In Batman and Harley Quinn , Nightwing is a main character in this film , alongside Batman and Harley Quinn . Nightwing helps Batman , and Harley Quinn attempt to stop , the flouronic man ( the villain in the movie ) in his evil plot to turn all humans , into plant people . Nightwing is portrayed by Loren Lester and has a budding romance with Harley Quinn throughout the movie . Video Games ( edit ) Nightwing ( Dick Grayson ) appears in LEGO Batman : The Video Game as a playable character , voiced by James Arnold Taylor . Nightwing ( Dick Grayson ) appears in Batman : Rise of Sin Tzu as a playable character , voiced again by Loren Lester . Nightwing ( Dick Grayson ) appears in the MMORPG game DC Universe Online . He will assist the player in a battle against Bane if the player is using a Hero character , or he will attack the player if using a Villain character . Nightwing is also one of the many characters than can be unlocked to use in PvP Legends matches . Nightwing ( Dick Grayson ) is a downloadable character in Batman : Arkham City , with vocal grunts provided by Quinton Flynn . Nightwing has no relation to the story as he remains behind to protect Wayne Manor while Bruce Wayne is locked up in Arkham City and Robin ( Tim Drake ) is dealing with the outbreak caused by the Joker 's poisoned blood . Nightwing ( Dick Grayson ) is a playable DLC character in LEGO Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes , voiced by Cam Clarke . Nightwing is a playable character in Infinite Crisis . Nightwing appears as a playable fighter in Injustice : Gods Among Us , voiced by Troy Baker ( mainstream version ) and Neal McDonough ( dark alternate counterpart ) . Dick Grayson is the mainstream version while Damian Wayne is the dark alternate counterpart . In the story mode 's opening , Nightwing 's mainstream version assists Cyborg and Raven in defending Watchtower from an assault led by Lex Luthor . When Luthor talks about rebuilding Metropolis , Dick knocks the villain out . In the alternate reality ( where most of the game takes place ) , Nightwing 's dark alternate counterpart is a part of Superman 's oppressive regime that 's against Batman 's insurgency . When Nightwing confronts Batman and Green Arrow , Batman reveals that `` Nightwing '' killed Dick and is actually Damian . Batman hates Damian and states emotionally that Dick was his true son , Damian on the other hand seems to view Superman as a father - figure and loyal to his cause . After father defeats son , Batman tells Damian he 's dead to him . In the single player Battle Mode , Damian is focused on instead of Dick . After defeating Superman , Nightwing begins challenging anyone who crosses his path . Seeing his ability to inspire fear , Nightwing is chosen by a yellow power ring and recruited into the Sinestro Corps . Entrance to one of the Nightwing rides at Six Flags . Nightwing ( Dick Grayson ) appears as a playable character in LEGO Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham and is voiced by Josh Keaton . Nightwing ( Dick Grayson ) is available as a playable character in Batman : Arkham Knight , voiced by Scott Porter , as part of the game 's `` dual play '' feature . He also appears in the main story where he assists Batman in taking down The Penguin who smuggles weapons into Gotham . The Lego Batman Movie version of Nightwing is playable in Lego Dimensions . The Damian Wayne version of Nightwing returns in Injustice 2 , also voiced by Scott Porter . Nightwing `` The Aerial Avenger '' is also available as a playable character in `` DC Legends '' introduced during `` Titans Month '' . Rides ( edit ) A Nightwing ride was in operation at Six Flags New England . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grayson # 1 Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` The Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Andrew ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) . `` ComicsAlliance Presents The 50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Tales of the Teen Titans # 44 ( July 1984 ) Jump up ^ Secret Files and Origins # 1 ( October 1999 ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Joe ( w ) , Ferry , Pascual ( p ) , Smith , Cam ( i ) . `` Return to Krypton II , Part Four : Dream 's End '' Action Comics 793 : 20 ( September 2002 ) , New York : DC Comics Jump up ^ Schultz , Mark ( w ) , Mahnke , Doug ( p ) , Nguyen , Tom ( i ) . `` Return to Krypton Part Three : The Most Dangerous Kryptonian Game '' Superman : The Man of Steel 111 ( April 2001 ) , New York : DC Comics Jump up ^ Birds of Prey # 20 Jump up ^ Nightwing ( vol. 2 ) # 47 Jump up ^ `` Nightwing : Brothers in Blood '' . DC Comics . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nightwing # 118 Jump up ^ Nightwing # 123 Jump up ^ Action Comics Annual # 12 Jump up ^ Birds of Prey # 37 Jump up ^ Nightwing ( vol. 2 ) # 93 Jump up ^ `` WizardWorld Philadelphia : DCU panel '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Nightwing Annual # 2 Jump up ^ Batman : Battle for the Cowl # 1 Jump up ^ Batman : Battle for the Cowl # 2 Jump up ^ Batman : Battle for the Cowl # 3 Jump up ^ DC Comics Relaunch : Nightwing Writer Kyle Higgins All A-Twitter About Dick , Inside Pulse , June 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Nightwing # 1 - 6 ( September 2011 - February2012 ) Jump up ^ Grayson ( vol. 1 ) # 20 Jump up ^ Batman # 687 Jump up ^ Batman : Cataclysm . DC Comics . June 1 , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 527 - 2 . Jump up ^ Batman : Officer Down . DC Comics . August 1 , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 787 - 0 . Jump up ^ Batman : Bruce Wayne - Murderer ? . DC Comics . August 1 , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 913 - 3 . Jump up ^ Batman : Bruce Wayne - Fugitive , Vol. 1 . DC Comics . December 1 , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 933 - 1 . Jump up ^ Batman : War Games , Act One - Outbreak . DC Comics . March 1 , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0429 - 7 . Jump up ^ Batman : War Games , Act Two - Tides . DC Comics . July 1 , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0430 - 3 . Jump up ^ Batman : War Games , Act Three - Endgame . DC Comics . October 1 , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0431 - 0 . Jump up ^ Batman : The Resurrection of Ra 's Al Ghul. DC Comics . May 12 , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2032 - 7 . ( TPB ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1785 - 3 ( Hardcover . May 20 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Rich Sands ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Smallville Season 11 Comic Book Welcomes Batman -- and Nightwing ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich . `` Reading Between The Lines Over Stephanie Brown And DC Comics '' . Bleeding Cool . Jump up ^ Smallville Season Eleven : Continuity vol. 1 # 4 ( March 2015 ) Jump up ^ Peters , Megan . `` ' Titans ' Casts Brenton Thwaites As Its Live - Action Dick Grayson '' . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` Batman Spinoff ' Nightwing ' in the Works With ' Lego Movie ' Director '' . Variety . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Batman : Character Gallery '' . Game Informer ( 186 ) : 92 . October 2008 . Features a two - page gallery of the many heroes and villains who appear in the game with a picture for each character and a descriptive paragraph . 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Dark Ranger Nightrunner Knight Squire Batmen of All Nations Dark Ranger Bat - Cow Birds of Prey Silver St. Cloud Lucius Fox Julie Madison Orpheus Outsiders Superman Leslie Thompkins Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale GCPD contacts Crispus Allen Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen James `` Jim '' Gordon Gillian B. Loeb Renee Montoya Maggie Sawyer Neutral characters Azrael Bat - Mite Roland Daggett Mayors of Gotham City Hamilton Hill Professor Carter Nichols The Sacred Order of Saint Dumas Adversaries Central rogues gallery Bane Calendar Man Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush The Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth The Mad Hatter Man - Bat Mr. Freeze The Penguin Poison Ivy Ra 's al Ghul The Riddler The Scarecrow Solomon Grundy Two - Face The Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Recurring antagonists Anarky Catman Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Deacon Blackfire Electrocutioner The Great White Shark Joker 's Daughter KGBeast Maxie Zeus Monk Owlman Professor Pyg Prometheus The Ratcatcher Tweedledum and Tweedledee Mobsters and crime lords Black Mask Joe Chill Carmine Falcone Sal Maroni Lew Moxon Rupert Thorne Tony Zucco Rivals and vigilantes Anarky Lady Shiva Red Hood Talia al Ghul Hostile organizations Court of Owls League of Assassins Terrible Trio Alternative versions Batman Batzarro Earth - Two Dark Knight Universe Batman of Zur - En - Arrh Terry McGinnis Owlman Robin Earth - Two Carrie Kelley Alternative versions of Barbara Gordon Alternative versions of Joker In other media Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot List of Batman enemies in other media Batman publications and storylines Current series Batgirl Batman Batman Beyond Batwoman Detective Comics Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws Batgirl and the Birds of Prey Completed ongoing series Azrael Batman : Arkham Unhinged Batman : The Dark Knight Batman : Gotham Knights Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight Batman : Shadow of the Bat Batman : Streets of Gotham The Batman Adventures Batman and Robin Batman and The Outsiders The Batman Chronicles Batman Confidential Batman Family Batman Incorporated Batman / Superman Batwing Birds of Prey The Brave and the Bold Gotham Academy Gotham by Midnight Gotham Central Gotham City Sirens The Huntress The Joker Man - Bat Red Hood / Arsenal Red Robin Robin Robin : Son of Batman Superman / Batman We Are ... Robin World 's Finest Comics Completed limited series Anarky Batgirl : Year One Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Batman : Arkham City Batman : Battle for the Cowl Batman : Cacophony Batman : The Cult Bat - Mite The Dark Knight Returns The Dark Knight Strikes Again The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Batman : Dark Victory Batman Eternal Batman : Gates of Gotham Batman : GCPD Batman : Gotham County Line Batman : The Long Halloween Batman : Nosferatu Batman : Orpheus Rising Batman : The Return of Bruce Wayne Batman : Turning Points Batman : The Widening Gyre Batman : Year 100 Batman and the Mad Monk Batman and the Monster Men Batman and Robin Eternal Batman Black and White First Wave Gotham Underground Man - Bat Robin : Year One Section 8 Superman & Batman : Generations Trinity The Untold Legend of the Batman One - shots Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth The 12 Cent Adventure Castle of the Bat Dark Knight Dynasty Dark Night : A True Batman Story Digital Justice Earth One Holy Terror In Darkest Knight The Killing Joke Knight Gallery Death of Innocents The Man Who Laughs Nine Lives Noël Son of the Demon Two Faces Batman / Houdini : The Devil 's Workshop The Batman Adventures : Mad Love Batman & Dracula trilogy Leatherwing The Berlin Batman Gotham by Gaslight Joker Batman : Thrillkiller Batman : Gotham Noir Storylines `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate '' `` Dark Moon Rising '' `` The Man Behind the Red Hood ! '' `` Joker 's Millions '' `` Year One '' `` Year Two '' `` A Death in the Family '' `` Year Three '' `` The Man Who Falls '' `` Anarky in Gotham City '' `` Gothic '' `` The Return of the Joker '' `` Prey '' `` The Last Arkham '' `` Knightfall '' `` Contagion '' `` Legacy '' `` Cataclysm '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Joker 's Last Laugh '' `` Bruce Wayne : Fugitive '' `` Hush '' `` Broken City '' `` As the Crow Flies '' `` War Games '' `` City of Crime '' `` Under the Hood '' `` War Crimes '' `` Face the Face '' `` Batman and Son '' `` The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul '' `` Batman R.I.P. '' `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' `` Batwoman : Elegy '' `` Bruce Wayne : The Road Home '' `` Night of the Owls '' `` Death of the Family '' `` Zero Year '' `` Endgame '' `` Robin War '' Inter-company crossovers Batman / Aliens Batman / Hellboy / Starman Batman / Daredevil : King of New York Batman / Judge Dredd : Judgment on Gotham Batman & Spider - Man : New Age Dawning Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman / The Spirit Batman versus Predator Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye Spawn / Batman Batman - Spawn : War Devil Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Spider - Man and Batman : Disordered Minds Incomplete All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder Batman : The Dark Prince Charming Related topics Batman : Anarky Batman : Child of Dreams Batman : Haunted Knight The Batman Chronicles Batman Legends Elseworlds Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles . Storylines are listed in publication order . 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Batman franchise media Live - action television Batman episodes Legends of the Superheroes OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham episodes season 3 characters Live - action serials and films Batman ( 1943 ) Batman and Robin Batman ( 1966 ) 1989 -- 97 film series Batman ( 1989 ) Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League Animated television Featuring Batman The Adventures of Batman The Batman / Superman Hour The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The New Adventures of Batman Batman : The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures episodes Batman Beyond episodes The Batman episodes Batman : The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman episodes With other heroes Super Friends episodes Justice League episodes Justice League Unlimited episodes Young Justice episodes Justice League Action episodes Animated films Featuring Batman Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Under the Red Hood Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Batman vs. Robin Bad Blood The Killing Joke Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two - Face With Justice League Justice League : The New Frontier Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem Justice League vs. Teen Titans Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants With Justice League Dark Justice League Dark Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Novels Dead White Fear Itself Inferno The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Enemies in other media Joker Bane Catwoman Other characters in other media Robin Barbara Gordon Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne ( unproduced series ) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Bat phone Bat - Manga ! : The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children 's books Batman music Batman music Soundtracks Films Batman ( score ) Batman ( soundtrack ) Batman Returns Batman Forever ( soundtrack ) Batman Forever ( score ) Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Video games Batman : Arkham City Batman : Arkham Origins Songs TV series `` Batman Theme '' `` Batusi '' Batman `` Batdance '' `` Partyman '' `` The Arms of Orion '' `` Scandalous ! '' `` The Future '' Batman Returns `` Face to Face '' Batman Forever `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me , Kill Me '' `` Kiss from a Rose '' `` The Riddler '' `` Where Are You Now ? '' Batman & Robin `` The End Is the Beginning Is the End '' `` Look into My Eyes '' `` Gotham City '' `` Foolish Games '' `` Moaner '' `` Lazy Eye '' Justice League Gardner Fox Founding members Superman Batman Wonder Woman Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Flash ( Barry Allen ) Aquaman Martian Manhunter ( original ) Black Canary ( some retellings ) Triumph ( some retellings ) Cyborg ( some retellings ) Enemies Major antagonists Amazo Anti-Monitor Darkseid Deathstroke Despero Doctor Destiny Doctor Light Doomsday Eclipso Felix Faust The General Imperiex Joker Kanjar Ro The Key Lex Luthor Libra Maxwell Lord Professor Ivo Prometheus Queen Bee Queen of Fables Ra 's al Ghul Sinestro Starro T.O. Morrow Vandal Savage The White Martians Organizations Brotherhood of Evil The Extremists The Crime Syndicate Legion of Doom The Secret Society of Super Villains Injustice Gang Injustice League League of Assassins Manhunters The Royal Flush Gang Spin - off groups Extreme Justice Just'a Lotta Animals Justice Guild of America Justice League 3000 Justice League Dark Justice League Elite Justice League Europe Justice League International Justice League Task Force Justice League United Justice Legion Alpha Super Buddies Super Jrs . Young Justice Bases and facilities The Hall of Justice Happy Harbor Secret Sanctuary Justice League Satellite Justice League Watchtower Publications Storylines `` Breakdowns '' `` JLApe : Gorilla Warfare ! '' `` World War III '' `` Tower of Babel '' `` JLA : Earth 2 '' `` Justice Leagues '' `` Pain of the Gods '' `` The Lightning Saga '' `` Throne of Atlantis '' `` Trinity War '' Current series Justice League ( vol 3 ) Justice League of America ( vol. 5 ) Previous series Justice League of America Justice League International Justice League Europe Justice League Quarterly Justice League Task Force Extreme Justice JLA Justice JLA : Classified Justice League : Generation Lost Justice League ( The New 52 ) Justice League Dark Justice League United Justice League 3000 Limited series Justice Riders Justice League Elite JLA : The Nail series DC Comics Two Thousand Created Equal Act of God Destiny Age of Wonder JLA : Shogun of Steel Cry for Justice Crossovers JLA / Avengers JLA / The 99 Justice League / Power Rangers Related articles Bizarro League Snapper Carr JL8 In other media Justice Society of America Squadron Supreme Justice League International Keith Giffen J.M. DeMatteis Initial members Pre-Flashpoint Batman Black Canary Blue Beetle ( Ted Kord ) Booster Gold Captain Marvel Doctor Fate Doctor Light ( Kimiyo Hoshi ) Guy Gardner Martian Manhunter Mister Miracle The New 52 August General in Iron Booster Gold Fire Godiva Green Lantern ( Guy Gardner ) Ice Rocket Red ( Gavril Ivanovich ) Vixen Supporting characters L - Ron Catherine Cobert Maxwell Lord Oberon Superman Antagonists Black Hand Cadre Despero Doomsday Extremists Injustice League Kite Man Lobo Magog Major Disaster Manga Khan Maxwell Lord Neron ( DC comics ) Queen Bee Royal Flush Gang Signal Men Sinestro Starbreaker Suicide Squad Darkseid Weapons Master Weather Wizard Wizard Locations Bialya The Hall of Justice Publications and storylines Legends Formerly Known as the Justice League Justice League : Generation Lost Spinoff teams Extreme Justice Justice League America Justice League Europe Justice League Task Force Superman Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Other writers and artists Superman family Superman Clark Kent Superboy Kal - El Kon - El Jonathan Samuel Kent Krypto Supergirl Kara Zor - El Matrix Linda Danvers Power Girl Superwoman Mon - El Nightwing Chris Kent / Lor - Zod Flamebird Thara Ak - Var The Eradicator Steel ( John Henry Irons ) Natasha Irons Supporting characters Bibbo Bibbowski Cat Grant David Corporon Emil Hamilton Inspector Henderson Jimmy Olsen Jor - El Jonathan and Martha Kent Lois Lane Lucy Lane Sam Lane Lana Lang Lara Lori Lemaris Steve Lombard Lena Luthor Maxima Chief Parker Professor Potter Pete Ross Maggie Sawyer George Taylor Ron Troupe Dan Turpin Perry White Zor - El Antagonists Atomic Skull Bizarro Brainiac Codename : Assassin Conduit Cyborg Superman Hank Henshaw Darkseid Doomsday Faora General Zod Mercy Graves Hector Hammond Imperiex Intergang Morgan Edge Bruno Mannheim Jax - Ur Kryptonite Man Lex Luthor Livewire Metallo Mister Mxyzptlk Mongul Neutron Non Parasite Prankster Silver Banshee Titano Toyman Ultra-Humanite Ursa Locations Metropolis Ace o ' Clubs Daily Planet Daily Star Galaxy Communications LexCorp Project Cadmus Suicide Slum List of areas , landmarks , institutions and businesses Krypton Argo City Kandor Kryptonopolis Vathlo Island Apokolips Bizarro World Colu Daxam Fortress of Solitude Phantom Zone S.T.A.R. Labs Smallville Stryker 's Island Warworld Objects and material Kryptonite Superman robots Supermobile History and themes Character and cast Dynasty Kryptonian Origin Powers and abilities Publication history Action Comics # 1 Superman and Lois Lane Symbol Ongoing publications Action Comics Batman / Superman Superboy Supergirl Superman Superman / Wonder Woman Alternative versions Superman Earth - One version Earth - Two version Earth - Three version ( Ultraman ) Earth Prime version ( Superboy - Prime ) Kingdom Come version Superman Red / Superman Blue Clark Kent ( Smallville ) Alternative versions of Lex Luthor Alternative versions of Supergirl In other media In film Miscellanea Superwoman Beppo Streaky Comet Superman ( gene ) Joanne Siegel Category Superman / Batman crossover media Comic books World 's Finest Comics Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Superman / Batman Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Television The Batman / Superman Hour The Superman / Batman Adventures The New Batman / Superman Adventures Books Enemies & Allies Film Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Lego Batman : The Movie -- DC Super Heroes Unite Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Video game Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham The Dark Knight Universe The Dark Knight Returns film The Dark Knight Strikes Again The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Fan films and parodies World 's Finest HISHE : Super Cafe Miscellanea Composite Superman Hiro Okamura Catwoman Bob Kane Bill Finger Catwomen Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Supporting characters Batman Slam Bradley Harley Quinn Helena Poison Ivy Holly Robinson Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Zatanna Antagonists Angle Man Black Mask Film Freak Hellhound Hush The Joker The Riddler The Scarecrow She - Cat Zeiss Publications Catwoman : Guardian of Gotham Catwoman : When in Rome Gotham City Sirens In other media Catwoman ( film ) Chase Me DC Showcase : Catwoman Catwoman ( video game ) Related articles Catwoman 's Whip Batgirl Creators Bill Finger Sheldon Moldoff ( Bette Kane ) Gardner Fox Carmine Infantino ( Barbara Gordon ) Kelley Puckett Damion Scott ( Cassandra Cain ) Chuck Dixon Tom Lyle ( Stephanie Brown ) Batgirls Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Helena Bertinelli Cassandra Cain Stephanie Brown Supporting characters Batman Black Canary James Gordon Nightwing Oracle Alfred Pennyworth Proxy Robin Leslie Thompkins Alysia Yeoh Enemies David Cain James Gordon Jr . 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Grace Choi The Creeper The Eradicator Sebastian Faust Geo - Force Green Arrow Halo Indigo Jade Katana Francine Langstrom Looker Metamorpho Nightwing The Olympian Owlman ( Roy Raymond Jr . ) Red Robin ReMAC Starfire Technocrat Thunder Locations Batcave Markovia Stagg Enterprises Supporting Characters Checkmate Alfred Pennyworth Sapphire Stagg Simon Stagg Enemies Bad Samaritan Baron Bedlam Brother Blood Doctor Sivana Duke of Oil Felix Faust Fearsome Five Force of July Kobra Masters of Disaster Sabbac ( Ishmael Gregor ) SKULL Birds of Prey Creators : Chuck Dixon Jordan B. Gorfinkel Gail Simone Titles Batgirl and the Birds of Prey Main characters Barbara Gordon Black Canary Huntress ( Helena Bertinelli ) Notable members Big Barda Black Alice Catwoman Gypsy Hawk and Dove Hawkgirl ( Kendra Saunders ) Jade Canary Judomaster ( Sonia Sato ) Katana Lady Blackhawk Manhunter ( Kate Spencer ) Misfit Poison Ivy Power Girl Strix Vixen Supporting characters Batman Blue Beetle ( Ted Kord ) Creote Kurt Lance Nightwing Power Girl Savant Sin Wildcat Adversaries The Calculator Cheshire Lady Spellbinder Pistolera Ra 's al Ghul The Penguin Secret Six The Society Spy Smasher Twelve Brothers in Silk and White Canary In other media TV series Golden Age of Comic Books All - American Comics The Atom ( Al Pratt ) Black Canary Doctor Mid-Nite Doiby Dickles The Flash ( Jay Garrick ) The Gay Ghost Green Lantern ( Alan Scott ) Hawkgirl Hawkman Hop Harrigan The King Justice Society of America Mister Terrific ( Terry Sloane ) Johnny Thunder Red Tornado ( Ma Hunkel ) Sargon the Sorcerer Ultra-Man The Whip Wildcat Wonder Woman Archie Comics The Black Hood Captain Flag The Comet The Firefly The Fox The Shield The Web The Wizard Centaur Comics Airman Amazing - Man The Arrow The Clock The Eye The Fantom of the Fair The Masked Marvel Minimidget National Allied Air Wave Aquaman Batman Crimson Avenger Dan the Dyna - Mite Doctor Fate Doctor Occult Genius Jones Green Arrow Guardian Hourman Johnny Quick ( Johnny Chambers ) Liberty Belle Manhunter Merry , the Girl of 1000 Gimmicks Mister America Robin Dick Grayson Robotman Sandman Sandy the Golden Boy Shining Knight The Spectre Speedy ( Roy Harper ) Star - Spangled Kid Starman ( Ted Knight ) Stripesy Superboy ( Kal - El ) Superman Tarantula TNT Vigilante Wing Zatara Seven Soldiers of Victory Fawcett Comics Bulletgirl Bulletman Captain Marvel Captain Marvel Jr . 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-365144391843852451	Apostolic Faith Church	Apostolic Faith Church - wikipedia Apostolic Faith Church Jump to : navigation , search Apostolic Faith Church Classification Pentecostal Founder Florence L. Crawford Origin 1906 Portland , Oregon The Apostolic Faith Church , formerly the Apostolic Faith Mission , is a Pentecostal Christian denomination , with headquarters in Portland , Oregon , United States . The Apostolic Faith Mission of Portland was founded in 1906 by Florence L. Crawford , who was affiliated at that time with William J. Seymour and the Azusa Street Revival of Los Angeles , California . By 1908 Crawford had founded what would become the Apostolic Faith Church . Since July 2000 , the President and Superintendent General of the Apostolic Faith Church has been Darrel D. Lee , who also pastors the headquarters church . The Apostolic Faith Church has a presence in the United States , Canada , Africa , Asia , Europe , Central and South America , and Australia . In 1997 , the AFC had 2,013 members in 115 local churches served by 188 clergy in the United States . There are ten churches in Canada , several hundred in Africa ( six - hundred in Nigeria alone ) , twenty throughout the Philippines and Korea , nine in Europe ( centrally Romania and Norway ) , and over sixty in West Indies . Church - affiliated groups also regularly assemble in other parts of the world and recently include India . In some locations , member churches carry instead the name Trinity Apostolic Faith Church in order to differentiate themselves from non-affiliated churches in the same area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Doctrine 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The founder of the Apostolic Faith Church was Florence L. Crawford . Crawford was a participant in the Azusa Street Revival . This revival began in 1906 at the Apostolic Faith Mission in Los Angeles . The Azusa Street Mission , as it was called , quickly became the center of the Apostolic Faith movement mainly through the publication of The Apostolic Faith newspaper . Seymour appointed Crawford as the state director of the Pacific Coast Apostolic Faith movement where she would help other missions and churches join the movement . Crawford 's break with Seymour was complete by 1911 . She began an independent work in Portland , Oregon , with the same name as Seymour 's mission and most of the churches under her supervision followed her . This considerably weakened Seymour 's undisputed leadership of the Apostolic Faith movement as most of the churches which had fed the movement chose alignment with Crawford . According to Crawford , the separation was necessitated by rumors that Seymour had abandoned the Wesleyan position that entire sanctification was a second work of grace after conversion . Crawford 's mission gained further influence when Clara Lum , editor of The Apostolic Faith , transferred the paper , under controversial circumstances , to the Portland mission in mid-1908 . The Apostolic Faith would become the Higher Way at a later date and is still published . Doctrine ( edit ) Through the years , the Apostolic Faith Church 's leaders have maintained the doctrines outlined in Seymour 's editions of the Apostolic Faith papers printed in 1906 through 1908 . As a Trinitarian and fundamental church , their doctrinal position centers on a born - again experience , supports the Wesleyan teaching of holiness ( Christian perfection ) , and stresses the need of sanctified believers to receive the Pentecostal experience of the baptism of the Holy Spirit . Their teachings are in direct conflict with Calvinistic beliefs regarding sin , predestination , and eternal security . The doctrinal statement of the Apostolic Faith Church can be found on the headquarters ' website . The text of the page is reprinted below : The Divine Trinity consists of three Persons : God the Father , Jesus Christ the Son , and the Holy Ghost , perfectly united as one . Matthew 3 : 16 - 17 ; 1 John 5 : 7 . Repentance is a godly sorrow for sin with a renunciation of sin . Isaiah 55 : 7 ; Matthew 4 : 17 . Salvation is the act of God 's grace whereby we receive forgiveness for sins and stand before God as though we had never sinned . Romans 5 : 1 ; 2 Corinthians 5 : 17 . Sanctification or Holiness , the act of God 's grace whereby we are made holy , is the second definite work and is subsequent to justification . John 17 : 15 - 21 ; Hebrews 13 : 12 . The Baptism of the Holy Ghost is the enduement of power from on high upon the clean , sanctified life , and is evidenced by speaking in tongues as the Spirit gives utterance . Luke 24 : 49 ; Acts 1 : 5 - 8 ; 2 : 1 - 4 . Divine Healing of sickness is provided through the atonement . James 5 : 14 - 16 ; 1 Peter 2 : 24 . The Second Coming of Jesus will be just as literal and visible as His going away . Acts 1 : 9 - 11 . There will be two appearances under one coming : First , to catch away His waiting Bride . Matthew 24 : 40 - 44 ; 1 Thessalonians 4 : 15 - 17 ; second , to execute judgment upon the ungodly. 2 Thessalonians 1 : 7 - 10 ; Jude 14 - 15 . The Great Tribulation will occur between Christ 's coming for His Bride and His return in judgment . Isaiah 26 : 20 - 21 ; Revelation 9 and 16 . Christ 's Millennial Reign is the literal 1000 years of peaceful reign by Jesus on earth . Isaiah 11 and 35 . The Great White Throne Judgment is the final judgment when all the wicked dead will stand before God . Revelation 20 : 11 - 15 . The New Heaven and The New Earth will replace the present heaven and earth , which will be destroyed after the Great White Throne Judgment. 2 Peter 3 : 12 - 13 ; Revelation 21 : 1 - 3 . Eternal Heaven and Eternal Hell are literal places of final destiny , each as eternal as the other . Matthew 25 : 41 - 46 ; Luke 16 : 22 - 28 . Marriage is for Life , a holy institution that is binding before God , giving neither partner liberty to marry again as long as the first companion lives . Mark 10 : 6 - 12 ; Romans 7 : 1 - 3 . Restitution is subsequent to salvation , wherein wrongs against our fellowmen are made right in order to have a clear conscience before God and man . Ezekiel 33 : 15 ; Matthew 5 : 23 - 24 . Water Baptism is by one immersion `` in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Ghost , '' as Jesus commanded . Matthew 3 : 16 ; 28 : 19 . The Lord 's Supper is an institution ordained by Jesus so that we might remember His death until He returns . Matthew 26 : 26 - 29 ; 1 Corinthians 11 : 23 , 26 . Washing the Disciples ' Feet is practiced according to the example and commandment Jesus gave . John 13 : 14 - 15 . The denomination differentiates itself from other Pentecostals by teaching that Speaking in Tongues is only acceptable in known languages and there must be someone there who can interpret . Membership is not by formally joining the church but when you are Saved you are considered a member . While they are pacifist members can do things that are not non-violent they served in hospitals and other such services . They are one of the early groups that had bus ministries , ministries to ships , nursing homes , street meetings and jail meetings . Literature is printed in many languages and is free . All literature is prayed over and can be used for healing and answers to prayers . Services are composed of the music and they have an orchestra and choir . At the end was an altar call , with the altar being a bench on either side of the front of the church . Ministers are not formally trained but were chosen by elders who laid hands on the person after it was believed they were called . Camp meetings in Portland are two weeks , but used to be longer . Members are expected to pay ten per cent of their income which is put in a box instead of passing a plate or bag . Expenses for the local church are paid out of this and ten per cent is sent to Portland which also used that to run the headquarters . There were never any sales of cakes , dinners or other fund raisers . Among the missionary trips was a trip by boat every year to Alaska . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blumhofer , Edith L. ( 2002 ) . `` Apostolic Faith Mission ( Portland , OR ) '' . In Stanley M. Burgess . The new international dictionary of Pentecostal and charismatic movements . ( Rev. and expanded ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Zondervan Pub . House . p. 327 . ISBN 0310224810 . ^ Jump up to : http://apostolicfaith.org/OurChurches/ChurchLocations.aspx , Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Association of Religious Data Archives profile on the Apostolic Faith Mission ^ Jump up to : Robeck , Cecil M. ( 2006 ) . The Azusa Street Mission and Revival : The Birth of the Global Pentecostal Movement . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson Inc . pp. 297 -- 310 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4185 - 0624 - 7 . Jump up ^ http://www.apostolicfaith.org/aboutus/publishinghistory.asp , Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://apostolicfaith.org/OurFaith/Doctrines.aspx , Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Apostolic Faith 's Headquarters Website Apostolic Faith 's Africa Headquarters Website ( hide ) US black church denominations and leaders General Religion in Black America Historically African - American Christian denominations Clergy Methodist African Methodist Episcopal Church ( John Adams Sr . Richard Allen Sarah Allen Benjamin W. Arnett George Lincoln Blackwell Morris Brown Jamal Harrison Bryant John Richard Bryant Richard H. Cain Archibald Carey Jr . Daniel Coker James H. Cone James Levert Davis Jordan Winston Early Orishatukeh Faduma Floyd H. Flake Carolyn Tyler Guidry Sarah E. Gorham William H. Heard Reginald Jackson Henrietta Phelps Jeffries Absalom Jones Ben Kinchlow Vashti Murphy McKenzie Biddy Mason Lena Doolin Mason Robert Meacham Lyman S. Parks Daniel Payne Charles H. Pearce Clementa C. Pinckney William Paul Quinn Reverdy Cassius Ransom Richard Henry Singleton Charles Spencer Smith Theophilus Gould Steward Henry McNeal Turner William Tecumseh Vernon D. Ormonde Walker Lewis Woodson ) African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church ( Julia A.J. Foote James Walker Hood Thomas James John Kinard Jermain Wesley Loguen William Henry Singleton John Bryan Small Jeffery Tribble James Varick Alexander Walters ) A.U.M.P. Church ( Peter Spencer ) Christian Methodist Episcopal Church ( William Yancy Bell William H. Miles ) Baptist Dexter Avenue Baptist Church ( Vernon Johns ) First African Baptist Church ( Richmond , Virginia ) ( Lucy Goode Brooks ) First African Baptist Church ( Savannah , Georgia ) ( David George ) First Baptist Church ( Petersburg , Virginia ) Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship ( Paul S. Morton ) Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association Joint National Baptist Convention Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention ( Clinton Caldwell Boone * Lott Cary ) National Baptist Convention , USA , Inc . ( Stewart Cleveland Cureton Joseph H. Jackson T.J. Jemison Henry Lyons Benjamin Mays W.J. Simmons ) National Baptist Convention of America , Inc . ( R.H. Boyd ) National Missionary Baptist Convention of America ( S.M. Lockridge ) National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. Progressive National Baptist Convention ( Ralph Abernathy William Augustus Jones Jr . Martin Luther King Jr . Gardner C. Taylor ) Silver Bluff Baptist Church United American Free Will Baptist Church ( Benjamin Randall ) United American Free Will Baptist Conference Pentecostal Apostolic Assemblies of Christ Apostolic Faith Church ( William J. Seymour ) Church of God in Christ ( Charles Edward Blake , Sr . Andraé Crouch Sandra Crouch J. Delano Ellis Robert Michael Franklin Jr . Samuel Green Jr . Edwin Hawkins O.T. Jones Sr . John P. Kee Charles Harrison Mason Chandler David Owens Sr Gilbert E. Patterson J.O. Patterson Jr . Wayne Perryman Ted Thomas Sr . F.D. Washington Dickerson Wells Timothy Wright Lennox Yearwood ) Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith ( Robert C. Lawson ) Church of Universal Triumph , Dominion of God ( James F. Jones ) Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas Mount Sinai Holy Church of America ( Ida B. Robinson ) Pentecostal Assemblies of the World ( Charles H. Ellis III ) Reformed Zion Union Apostolic Church United Pentecostal Council of the Assemblies of God , Incorporated United Holy Church of America United Sabbath - Day Adventist Church Other African Orthodox Church ( George Alexander McGuire ) Church of Christ ( Holiness ) U.S.A. ( Charles Price Jones ) Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America City of Refuge UCC ( Yvette Flunder ) Imani Temple African - American Catholic Congregation ( George Augustus Stallings Jr . ) Interdenominational Theological Center Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge Love Center Church ( Walter Hawkins ) Original Church of God or Sanctified Church Spencer Churches ( Peter Spencer ) Trinity United Church of Christ ( Otis Moss III ) United House of Prayer for All People ( Marcelino Manuel da Graca ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apostolic_Faith_Church&oldid=785978277 '' Categories : 1906 establishments in Oregon Christian missions Organizations based in Portland , Oregon Pentecostal denominations established in the 20th century Pentecostalism in Oregon Religious organizations established in 1906 Holiness denominations Pentecostal denominations Fundamentalist denominations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2017 , at 15 : 01 . About Wikipedia	who is the founder of the apostolic faith	[ "The founder of the Apostolic Faith Church was Florence L. Crawford. Crawford was a participant in the Azusa Street Revival. This revival began in 1906 at the Apostolic Faith Mission in Los Angeles. The Azusa Street Mission, as it was called, quickly became the center of the Apostolic Faith movement mainly through the publication of The Apostolic Faith newspaper. Seymour appointed Crawford as the state director of the Pacific Coast Apostolic Faith movement where she would help other missions and churches join the movement. Crawford's break with Seymour was complete by 1911. She began an independent work in Portland, Oregon, with the same name as Seymour's mission and most of the churches under her supervision followed her.[4]" ]	[ "Florence L. Crawford" ]
-888498709607285497	Pride and Prejudice	Pride and Prejudice - Wikipedia Pride and Prejudice Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Pride and Prejudice ( disambiguation ) . Pride and Prejudice Author Jane Austen Country United Kingdom Language English Publisher T. Egerton , Whitehall Publication date 28 January 1813 Media type Print ( Hardback , 3 volumes ) OCLC 38659585 Dewey Decimal 823.7 Preceded by Sense and Sensibility Followed by Mansfield Park Pride and Prejudice is a romance novel by Jane Austen , first published in 1813 . The story charts the emotional development of the protagonist , Elizabeth Bennet , who learns the error of making hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the difference between the superficial and the essential . The comedy of the writing lies in the depiction of manners , education , marriage and money in the British Regency . Mr. Bennet of the Longbourn estate has five daughters , but his property is entailed , meaning that none of the girls can inherit it . His wife has no fortune , so it is imperative that at least one of the girls marry well in order to support the others on his death . Jane Austen 's opening line , `` It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife '' is a sentence filled with irony and playfulness . The novel revolves around the necessity of marrying for love , not simply for monetary reasons , despite the social pressures to make a good ( i.e. wealthy ) match . Pride and Prejudice retains the fascination of modern readers , consistently appearing near the top of lists of `` most - loved books '' among both literary scholars and the general public . It has become one of the most popular novels in English literature , with over 20 million copies sold , and paved the way for many archetypes that abound in modern literature . Continuing interest in the book has resulted in a number of dramatic adaptations and an abundance of novels and stories imitating Austen 's memorable characters or themes . The 2005 film , Pride and Prejudice , starring Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen is the most recent Hollywood adaption of the book . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Main characters 3 Major themes 3.1 Marriage 3.2 Wealth 3.3 Class 3.4 Self knowledge 3.5 Style 4 Development of the novel 5 Publication history 6 Reception 6.1 At first publication 6.2 Late 19th to 21st centuries 7 Adaptations 7.1 Film , television and theatre 7.2 Literature 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot summary ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The novel opens with Mrs. Bennet trying to persuade Mr. Bennet to visit Mr. Bingley , an eligible bachelor who has arrived in the neighborhood . After some verbal sparring with Mr. Bennet baiting his wife , it transpires that this visit has already taken place at Netherfield , Mr. Bingley 's rented house . The visit is followed by an invitation to a ball at the local assembly rooms that the whole neighbourhood will attend . At the ball , Mr. Bingley is open and cheerful , popular with all the guests , and appears to be very attracted to the beautiful Miss Jane Bennet . His friend , Mr. Darcy , is reputed to be twice as wealthy ; however , he is haughty and aloof . He declines to dance with Elizabeth , suggesting that she is not pretty enough to tempt him . She finds this amusing and jokes about the statement with her friends . Mr. Bingley 's sister , Caroline , later invites Jane to visit . When Jane visits Miss Bingley , she is caught in a rain shower on the way and comes down with a serious cold . Elizabeth visits the ill Jane at Netherfield . There Darcy begins to be attracted to Elizabeth , while Miss Bingley becomes jealous , since she has designs on Darcy herself . Illustration by Hugh Thomson representing Mr. Collins , protesting that he never reads novels Mr. Collins , a cousin of Mr. Bennet and heir to the Longbourn estate , visits the Bennet family . He is a pompous and obsequious clergyman , who expects each of the Bennet girls to wish to marry him due to his inheritance . He quickly decides to propose to Elizabeth when he is led to believe Jane is taken . Elizabeth and her family meet the dashing and charming George Wickham , who singles out Elizabeth and tells her a story of the hardship that Mr. Darcy has caused him by depriving him of a living ( position as clergyman in a prosperous parish with good revenue that , once granted , is for life ) promised to him by Mr. Darcy 's late father . Elizabeth 's dislike of Mr. Darcy is confirmed . At a ball at Netherfield , Elizabeth reluctantly dances with Mr. Darcy . Other than Jane and Elizabeth , several members of the Bennet family show a distinct lack of decorum . Mrs. Bennet hints loudly that she fully expects Jane and Bingley to become engaged and the younger Bennet sisters otherwise expose the family to ridicule . Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth , who rejects him , to the fury of her mother and the relief of her father . Shortly thereafter , they receive news that the Bingleys are suddenly leaving for London , with no intention to return . After his humiliating rejection by Elizabeth , Mr. Collins proposes to Charlotte Lucas , a sensible young woman and Elizabeth 's friend . Charlotte is slightly older and is grateful to receive a proposal that will guarantee her a comfortable home . Elizabeth is aghast at such pragmatism in matters of love . Heartbroken , Jane goes to visit her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner at an unfashionable address in London . Miss Bingley clearly does not want to continue the friendship and Jane is upset though very composed . In the spring , Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr. Collins in Kent . Elizabeth and her hosts are invited to Rosings Park , the imposing home of Lady Catherine de Bourgh , patroness of Mr. Collins and Mr. Darcy 's extremely wealthy aunt . She expects Mr. Darcy to marry her daughter . Mr. Darcy and his cousin , Colonel Fitzwilliam , are also visiting at Rosings Park . Colonel Fitzwilliam tells Elizabeth how Mr. Darcy managed to save a friend from a bad match by convincing the friend of the lady 's indifference . Elizabeth is horrified that Darcy has interfered and caused her sister so much pain . Mr. Darcy , meanwhile , has fallen in love with Elizabeth and proposes to her . She rejects him angrily , stating that she could not love a man who has caused her sister such unhappiness and further accuses him of treating Mr. Wickham unjustly . Mr. Darcy accuses her family of wanting propriety and suggests he has been kinder to Bingley than himself . They part , barely speaking . Later , Mr. Darcy gives Elizabeth a letter , explaining that Mr. Wickham had refused the living he claimed he was deprived of , and was given money for it instead . Wickham proceeded to waste the money and , then impoverished , demanded the living again . After being refused , he tried to elope with Darcy 's 15 - year - old sister , Georgiana , for her great dowry . Darcy also writes that he believed Jane , because of her reserved behavior , did not love Mr. Bingley . Darcy apologizes for hurting Jane and Elizabeth begins to change her opinion of Mr. Darcy . Elizabeth tells her father that Darcy was responsible for uniting Lydia and Wickham , one of the two earliest illustrations of Pride and Prejudice . The clothing styles reflect the time the illustration was engraved ( the 1830s ) , not the time in which the novel was written or set . Some months later , Elizabeth and her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner visit Darcy 's estate in Derbyshire , Pemberley . On a tour there , Elizabeth hears the housekeeper describe him as being kind and generous . When Mr. Darcy returns unexpectedly , he is overwhelmingly kind and later invites Elizabeth and the Gardiners to meet his sister and go fishing . Elizabeth is surprised and delighted by the kindness to herself and her aunt and uncle . She then suddenly receives news from Longbourn that her sister Lydia had eloped with Mr. Wickham . She tells Mr. Darcy immediately and departs in haste , believing she will never see him again , since Lydia 's disgrace has ruined the family 's good name . After an agonizing wait , Mr. Wickham is somehow persuaded to marry Lydia . With some degree of decency restored , Lydia visits her family and tells Elizabeth that Mr. Darcy was at her wedding . Mrs. Gardiner informs Elizabeth that it is Mr. Darcy who has made the match at great expense , and hints that he may have a motive for doing so . At this point , Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy return to Netherfield . Shortly thereafter , Bingley proposes to Jane and is accepted . Lady Catherine , under the impression that Elizabeth intends to marry Darcy , visits Elizabeth and demands that she promise not to accept his proposal . Elizabeth makes no such promise and Lady Catherine leaves , outraged by her perceived insolence . Darcy , heartened by his aunt 's disgust with Elizabeth , again proposes to Elizabeth . He visits Longbourn to ask Mr. Bennet for his permission . Elizabeth wants her father to understand that she is not marrying for money , and it is only after she speaks about Mr. Darcy 's true worth that he is happy about the wedding . Main characters ( edit ) Scenes from `` Pride and Prejudice '' , by C.E. Brock . ( show ) Character genealogy Mr. Hurst Mrs. Louisa Hurst Mr. Philips Caroline Bingley Mrs. Philips Mr. Charles Bingley Mrs. Gardiner Jane Bennet Mr. Edward Gardiner Elizabeth Bennet Mrs. Bennet Mary Bennet Mr. Bennet Catherine `` Kitty '' Bennet Mr. William Collins Lydia Bennet Charlotte Lucas Mr. George Wickham ( Old ) Mr. Darcy Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy Lady Anne Darcy Georgiana Darcy Lady Catherine de Bourgh Anne de Bourgh Earl of Matlock Colonel Fitzwilliam Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy by Hugh Thomson , 1894 Elizabeth Bennet - the second of the Bennet daughters , she is twenty years old and intelligent , lively , playful , attractive , and witty -- but with a tendency to judge on first impressions . As the story progresses , so does her relationship with Mr. Darcy . The course of Elizabeth and Darcy 's relationship is ultimately decided when Darcy overcomes his pride , and Elizabeth overcomes her prejudice , leading them both to surrender to their love for each other . Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy - the wealthy friend of Mr. Bingley . A newcomer to the village , he is ultimately Elizabeth Bennet 's love interest . Mr. Darcy is the twenty - eight year old wealthy owner of the renowned family estate of Pemberley in Derbyshire , and is rumoured to be worth at least £ 10,000 a year . While being handsome , tall , and intelligent , Darcy lacks ease and social graces , and so others frequently mistake his aloof decorum and rectitude as further proof of excessive pride ( which , in part , it is ) . Mr. Bennet - A late - middle - aged landed gentleman of a modest income of £ 2000 per annum , and the dryly sarcastic patriarch of the now - dwindling Bennet family ( a family of Hertfordshire landed gentry ) , with five unmarried daughters . His estate , Longbourn , is entailed to the male line . Mrs. Bennet - the middle - aged wife of her social superior , Mr. Bennet , and the mother of their five daughters . Mrs. Bennet is a hypochondriac who imagines herself susceptible to attacks of tremors and palpitations ( `` ( her ) poor nerves '' ) , whenever things are not going her way . Her main ambition in life is to marry her daughters off to wealthy men . Whether or not any such matches will give her daughters happiness is of little concern to her . In a letter to Cassandra dated May 1813 , Jane Austen describes a picture she saw at a gallery which was a good likeness of `` Mrs. Bingley '' -- Jane Bennet . Deirdre Le Faye in The World of Her Novels suggests that `` Portrait of Mrs. Q - '' is the picture Austen was referring to . ( pp. 201 - 203 ) Jane Bennet - the eldest Bennet sister . Twenty - two years old when the novel begins , she is considered the most beautiful young lady in the neighbourhood and is inclined to see only the good in others . She falls in love with Charles Bingley , a rich young gentleman recently moved to Hertfordshire and a close friend of Mr. Darcy . Mary Bennet - the middle Bennet sister , and the plainest of her siblings . Mary has a serious disposition and mostly reads and plays music , although she is often impatient to display her accomplishments and is rather vain about them . She frequently moralises to her family . According to James Edward Austen - Leigh 's A Memoir of Jane Austen , Mary ended up marrying one of her Uncle Philips ' law clerks and moving into Meryton with him . Catherine `` Kitty '' Bennet - The fourth Bennet daughter at 17 years old . Though older than Lydia , she is her shadow and follows her in her pursuit of the officers of the militia . She is often portrayed as envious of Lydia and is described a `` silly '' young woman . However , it is said that she improved when removed from Lydia 's influence . According to James Edward Austen - Leigh 's A Memoir of Jane Austen , Kitty later married a clergyman who lived near Pemberley . Lydia Bennet - the youngest Bennet sister , aged 15 when the novel begins . She is frivolous and headstrong . Her main activity in life is socializing , especially flirting with the officers of the militia . This leads to her running off with George Wickham , although he has no intention of marrying her . Lydia shows no regard for the moral code of her society ; as Ashley Tauchert says , she `` feels without reasoning . '' Charles Bingley - a handsome , amiable , wealthy young gentleman who leases Netherfield Park , an estate three miles from Longbourn , with the hopes of purchasing it . He is contrasted with Mr. Darcy for having more generally pleasing manners , although he is reliant on his more experienced friend for advice . He lacks resolve and is easily influenced by others ; his two sisters , Miss Caroline Bingley and Mrs. Louisa Hurst , both disapprove of Bingley 's growing affection for Miss Jane Bennet . Caroline Bingley - the vainglorious , snobbish sister of Charles Bingley , with a dowry of £ 20,000 . Miss Bingley harbours designs upon Mr. Darcy , and therefore is jealous of his growing attachment to Elizabeth . She attempts to dissuade Mr. Darcy from liking Elizabeth by ridiculing the Bennet family and criticising Elizabeth 's comportment . Miss Bingley also disapproves of her brother 's esteem for Jane Bennet , and is disdainful of society in Meryton . Her wealth and her expensive education seem to be the two greatest sources of Caroline Bingley 's vanity and conceit . The dynamic between Caroline Bingley and her sister , Louisa Hurst , seems to echo that of Lydia and Kitty Bennet 's ; that one is a no more than a follower of the other , with Caroline Bingley in the same position as Lydia , and Louisa Hurst in Kitty 's . George Wickham - Wickham has been acquainted with Mr. Darcy since infancy , being the son of Mr. Darcy 's father 's steward . An officer in the militia , he is superficially charming and rapidly forms an attachment with Elizabeth Bennet . He later runs off with Lydia with no intention of marriage , which would have resulted in her complete disgrace , but for Darcy 's intervention to bribe Wickham to marry her by paying off his immediate debts . Mr. William Collins - Mr. Collins , aged 25 years old as the novel begins , is Mr. Bennet 's distant second cousin , a clergyman , and the current heir presumptive to his estate of Longbourn House . He is an obsequious and pompous man who is excessively devoted to his patroness , Lady Catherine de Bourgh . Lady Catherine de Bourgh - the overbearing aunt of Mr. Darcy . Lady Catherine is the wealthy owner of Rosings Park , where she resides with her daughter Anne and is fawned upon by her rector , Mr. Collins . She is haughty , pompous , domineering , and condescending , and has long planned to marry off her sickly daughter to Darcy , to ' unite their two great estates ' , claiming it to be the dearest wish of both her AND her late sister , Lady Anne Darcy ( née Fitzwilliam ) . Mr. Edward and Mrs. M Gardiner - Edward Gardiner is Mrs. Bennet 's brother and a successful tradesman of sensible and gentlemanly character . Aunt Gardiner is genteel and elegant , and is close to her nieces Jane and Elizabeth . The Gardiners are instrumental in bringing about the marriage between Darcy and Elizabeth . Georgiana Darcy - Georgiana is Mr. Darcy 's quiet , amiable ( and shy ) younger sister , with a dowry of £ 30,000 , and is aged barely 16 - years - old when the story begins . When still 15 , Miss Darcy almost eloped with Mr. Wickham , but was saved by her brother , who she idolises . Thanks to years of tutorage under masters , she is accomplished at the piano , singing , playing the harp , and drawing , and modern languages , and is therefore described as Caroline Bingley 's idea of an ' accomplished woman ' . Charlotte Lucas - Charlotte is Elizabeth 's friend who , at 27 years old ( and thus past prime marriage age ) , fears becoming a burden to her family and therefore agrees to marry Mr. Collins to gain financial security . Though the novel stresses the importance of love and understanding in marriage , Austen never seems to condemn Charlotte 's decision to marry for money . She uses Charlotte to convey how women of her time would adhere to society 's expectation for women to marry even if it is not out of love , but convenience . Charlotte is the daughter of Sir William Lucas and Lady Lucas , friends of Mrs. Bennet . A comprehensive web showing the relationships between the main characters in Pride and Prejudice Major themes ( edit ) Many critics take the novel 's title as a starting point when analysing the major themes of Pride and Prejudice ; however , Robert Fox cautions against reading too much into the title because commercial factors may have played a role in its selection . `` After the success of Sense and Sensibility , nothing would have seemed more natural than to bring out another novel of the same author using again the formula of antithesis and alliteration for the title . It should be pointed out that the qualities of the title are not exclusively assigned to one or the other of the protagonists ; both Elizabeth and Darcy display pride and prejudice . '' The title is very likely taken from a passage in Fanny Burney 's popular 1782 novel Cecilia , a novel Austen is known to have admired : `` The whole of this unfortunate business , '' said Dr Lyster , `` has been the result of PRIDE and PREJUDICE ... Yet this , however , remember : if to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you owe your miseries , so wonderfully is good and evil balanced , that to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you will also owe their termination ... '' ( capitalisation as in the original . ) A major theme in much of Austen 's work is the importance of environment and upbringing in developing young people 's character and morality . Social standing and wealth are not necessarily advantages in her world , and a further theme common to Austen 's work is ineffectual parents . In Pride and Prejudice , the failure of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet as parents is blamed for Lydia 's lack of moral judgment ; Darcy , on the other hand , has been taught to be principled and scrupulously honourable , but he is also proud and overbearing . Kitty , rescued from Lydia 's bad influence and spending more time with her older sisters after they marry , is said to improve greatly in their superior society . American novelist Anna Quindlen observed , in an introduction to an edition of Austen 's novel in 1995 : Pride and Prejudice is also about that thing that all great novels consider , the search for self . And it is the first great novel that teaches us this search is as surely undertaken in the drawing room making small talk as in the pursuit of a great white whale or the public punishment of adultery . Marriage ( edit ) The opening line of the novel famously announces : `` It is a truth universally acknowledged , that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife . '' This sets marriage as a central subject -- and really , a central problem -- for the novel generally . Readers are poised to question whether or not these single men are , in fact , in want of a wife , or if such desires are dictated by the `` neighbourhood '' families and their daughters who require a `` good fortune '' . Marriage is a complex social activity that takes political economy , and economy more generally , into account . In the case of Charlotte Lucas , for example , the seeming success of her marriage lies in the comfortable economy of their household , while the relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet serves to illustrate bad marriages based on an initial attraction and surface over substance ( economic and psychological ) . The Bennets ' marriage is one such example that the youngest Bennet , Lydia , will come to re-enact with Wickham , and the results are far from felicitous . Though the central characters , Elizabeth and Darcy , begin the novel as hostile acquaintances and unlikely friends , they eventually work to understand each other and themselves so that they can marry each other on compatible terms personally , even if their `` equal '' social status remains fraught . When Elizabeth rejects Darcy 's first proposal , the argument of only marrying when one is in love is introduced . Elizabeth only accepts Darcy 's proposal when she is certain she loves him and her feelings are reciprocated . Austen 's complex sketching of different marriages ultimately allows readers to question what forms of alliance are desirable , especially when it comes to privileging economic , sexual , companionate attraction . Wealth ( edit ) Money plays a key role in the marriage market , not only for the young ladies seeking a well - off husband , but also for men who wish to marry a woman of means . Two examples are George Wickham , who tried to elope with Georgiana Darcy , and Colonel Fitzwilliam . Marrying a woman of a rich family also ensured a linkage to a high family , as is visible in the desires of Bingley 's sisters to have their brother married to Georgiana Darcy . Mrs. Bennet is frequently seen encouraging her daughters to marry a wealthy man of high social class . In chapter 1 , when Mr. Bingley arrives , she declares `` I am thinking of his marrying one of them . '' Inheritance was by descent , but could be further restricted by entailment , which would restrict inheritance to male heirs only . In the case of the Bennet family , Mr. Collins was to inherit the family estate upon Mr. Bennet 's death and his proposal to Elizabeth would have ensured her future security . Nevertheless , she refuses his offer . Inheritance laws benefited males because most women did not have independent legal rights until the second half of the 19th century . As a consequence , women 's financial security at that time depended on men . For the upper - middle and aristocratic classes , marriage to a man with a reliable income was almost the only route to security for the woman and her future children . The irony of the novel 's opening line , therefore , is that generally within this society it would be a woman who would be looking for a wealthy husband in order to have prosperous life . Class ( edit ) Lady Catherine and Elizabeth by C.E. Brock , 1895 Lady Catherine confronts Elizabeth about Darcy , on the title page of the first illustrated edition . This is the other of the first two illustrations of the novel . Austen might be known now for her `` romances , '' but the marriages that take place in her novels engage with economics and class distinction . Pride and Prejudice is hardly the exception . When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth , he cites their economic and social differences as an obstacle his excessive love has had to overcome , though he still anxiously harps on the problems it poses for him within his social circle . His aunt , Lady Catherine , later characterises these differences in particularly harsh terms when she conveys what Elizabeth 's marriage to Darcy will become : `` Will the shades of Pemberley be thus polluted ? '' Though Elizabeth responds to Lady Catherine 's accusations that hers is a potentially contaminating economic and social position ( Elizabeth even insists she and Darcy are `` equals '' ) , Lady Catherine refuses to accept Darcy 's actual marriage to Elizabeth even as the novel closes . Meanwhile , the Bingleys present a particular problem for navigating social class . Though Caroline Bingley and Mrs. Hurst behave and speak of others as if they have always belonged in the upper echelons of society , Austen makes a point to explain that the Bingleys acquired their wealth by trade rather than through the gentry 's and aristocracy 's methods of inheritance and making money off their tenants as landlords . The fact that Bingley rents Netherfield Hall -- it is , after all , `` to let '' -- distinguishes him significantly from Darcy , whose estate belonged to his father 's family , and who , through his mother , is the grandson and nephew of an Earl . Bingley , unlike Darcy , does not own his property , but has portable and growing wealth that makes him a good catch on the marriage market for poorer daughters of the gentility , like Jane Bennet , ambitious cits ( merchant class ) , etc . Class plays a central role in the evolution of the characters , and Jane Austen 's radical approach to class is seen as the plot unfolds . In addition , there is an undercurrent of the old Anglo - Norman upper class hinted at in the story , as suggested by the names of Fitzwilliam Darcy and his aunt , Lady Catherine de Bourgh ; Fitzwilliam , D'Arcy , and de Bourgh ( Burke ) are all traditional Norman surnames . Self knowledge ( edit ) Through their interactions and their critiques of each other , Darcy and Elizabeth come to recognise their own faults and work to correct them . Elizabeth meditates on her own mistakes thoroughly in chapter 36 : `` How despicably have I acted ! '' she cried ; `` I , who have prided myself on my discernment ! I , who have valued myself on my abilities ! who have often disdained the generous candour of my sister , and gratified my vanity in useless or blameable distrust . How humiliating is this discovery ! yet , how just a humiliation ! Had I been in love , I could not have been more wretchedly blind . But vanity , not love , has been my folly . Pleased with the preference of one , and offended by the neglect of the other , on the very beginning of our acquaintance , I have courted prepossession and ignorance , and driven reason away , where either were concerned . Till this moment I never knew myself . '' Other characters rarely exhibit this depth of self - reflection -- or , at least , are not given the space within the novel for this sort of development . Tanner notes that Mrs. Bennet in particular , `` has a very limited view of the requirements of that performance ; lacking any introspective tendencies she is incapable of appreciating the feelings of others and is only aware of material objects . '' Mrs. Bennet 's behaviour reflects the society in which she lives , as she knows that her daughters will not succeed if they do n't get married : `` The business of her life was to get her daughters married : it 's solace was visiting and news . '' This proves that Mrs. Bennet is only aware of `` material objects '' and not of her own feelings and emotions . Style ( edit ) Pride and Prejudice , like most of Austen 's other works , employs the narrative technique of free indirect speech , which has been defined as `` the free representation of a character 's speech , by which one means , not words actually spoken by a character , but the words that typify the character 's thoughts , or the way the character would think or speak , if she thought or spoke '' . Austen creates her characters with fully developed personalities and unique voices . Though Darcy and Elizabeth are very alike , they are also considerably different . By using narrative that adopts the tone and vocabulary of a particular character ( in this case , Elizabeth ) , Austen invites the reader to follow events from Elizabeth 's viewpoint , sharing her prejudices and misapprehensions . `` The learning curve , while undergone by both protagonists , is disclosed to us solely through Elizabeth 's point of view and her free indirect speech is essential ... for it is through it that we remain caught , if not stuck , within Elizabeth 's misprisions . '' The few times the reader is allowed to gain further knowledge of another character 's feelings , is through the letters exchanged in this novel . Darcy 's first letter to Elizabeth is an example of this as through his letter , the reader and Elizabeth are both given knowledge of Wickham 's true character . Austen is known to use irony throughout the novel especially from viewpoint of the character of Elizabeth Bennet . She conveys the `` oppressive rules of femininity that actually dominate her life and work , and are covered by her beautifully carved trojan horse of ironic distance . '' . Beginning with a historical investigation of the development of a particular literary form and then transitioning into empirical verifications , it reveals FID as a tool that emerged over time as practical means for addressing the physical distinctness of minds . Seen in this way , FID is a distinctly literary response to an environmental concern , providing a scientific justification that does not reduce literature to a mechanical extension of biology , but takes its value to be its own original form . Development of the novel ( edit ) Page 2 of a letter from Jane Austen to her sister Cassandra ( 11 June 1799 ) in which she first mentions Pride and Prejudice , using its working title First Impressions . ( NLA ) Austen began writing the novel after staying at Goodnestone Park in Kent with her brother Edward and his wife in 1796 . It was originally titled First Impressions , and was written between October 1796 and August 1797 . On 1 November 1797 Austen 's father sent a letter to London bookseller Thomas Cadell to ask if he had any interest in seeing the manuscript , but the offer was declined by return post . The militia were mobilised after the French declaration of war on Britain in February 1793 , and there was initially a lack of barracks for all the militia regiments , requiring the militia to set up huge camps in the countryside , which the novel refers to several times . The Brighton camp for which the militia regiment leaves for in May after spending the winter in Meryton was opened in August 1793 , and the barracks for all the regiments of the militia were completed by 1796 , placing the events of the novel between 1793 - 95 . Austen made significant revisions to the manuscript for First Impressions between 1811 and 1812 . As nothing remains of the original manuscript , we are reduced to conjecture . From the large number of letters in the final novel , it is assumed that First Impressions was an epistolary novel . She later renamed the story Pride and Prejudice around about 1811 - 1812 , which she sold the rights to publish the manuscript to Thomas Egerton for £ 110 . In renaming the novel , Austen probably had in mind the `` sufferings and oppositions '' summarised in the final chapter of Fanny Burney 's Cecilia , called `` Pride and Prejudice '' , where the phrase appears three times in block capitals . It is possible that the novel 's original title was altered to avoid confusion with other works . In the years between the completion of First Impressions and its revision into Pride and Prejudice , two other works had been published under that name : a novel by Margaret Holford and a comedy by Horace Smith . Publication History ( edit ) Title page of a 1907 edition illustrated by C.E. Brock Austen sold the copyright for the novel to Thomas Egerton from the Military Library , Whitehall in exchange for £ 110 ( Austen had asked for £ 150 ) . This proved a costly decision . Austen had published Sense and Sensibility on a commission basis , whereby she indemnified the publisher against any losses and received any profits , less costs and the publisher 's commission . Unaware that Sense and Sensibility would sell out its edition , making her £ 140 , she passed the copyright to Egerton for a one - off payment , meaning that all the risk ( and all the profits ) would be his . Jan Fergus has calculated that Egerton subsequently made around £ 450 from just the first two editions of the book . Egerton published the first edition of Pride and Prejudice in three hardcover volumes on 27 January 1813 . It was advertised in the Morning Chronicle , priced at 18s . Favourable reviews saw this edition sold out , with a second edition published in November that year . A third edition was published in 1817 . Foreign language translations first appeared in 1813 in French ; subsequent translations were published in German , Danish , and Swedish . Pride and Prejudice was first published in the United States in August 1832 as Elizabeth Bennet or , Pride and Prejudice . The novel was also included in Richard Bentley 's Standard Novel series in 1833 . RW Chapman 's scholarly edition of Pride and Prejudice , first published in 1923 , has become the standard edition on which many modern published versions of the novel are based . The novel was originally published without Austen 's name . It was instead written `` By the Author of Sense and Sensibility '' . This carried responsibility for Austen , unlike when Sense and Sensibility was released as being written `` By A Lady '' . Reception ( edit ) Main article : Reception history of Jane Austen At first publication ( edit ) The novel was well received , with three favourable reviews in the first months following publication . Anne Isabella Milbanke , later to be the wife of Lord Byron , called it `` the fashionable novel '' . Noted critic and reviewer George Henry Lewes declared that he `` would rather have written Pride and Prejudice , or Tom Jones , than any of the Waverley Novels '' . Charlotte Brontë , however , in a letter to Lewes , wrote that Pride and Prejudice was a disappointment , `` a carefully fenced , highly cultivated garden , with neat borders and delicate flowers ; but ... no open country , no fresh air , no blue hill , no bonny beck '' . Late 19th to 21st centuries ( edit ) You could not shock her more than she shocks me , Beside her Joyce seems innocent as grass . It makes me most uncomfortable to see An English spinster of the middle class Describe the amorous effects of ' brass ' , Reveal so frankly and with such sobriety The economic basis of society . W.H. Auden ( 1937 ) on Austen In 2003 the BBC conducted a poll for the `` UK 's Best - Loved Book '' in which Pride and Prejudice came second , behind The Lord of the Rings . In a 2008 survey of more than 15,000 Australian readers , Pride and Prejudice came first in a list of the 101 best books ever written . The 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice on 28 January 2013 was celebrated around the globe by media networks such as the Huffington Post , the New York Times , and the Daily Telegraph , among others . Adaptations ( edit ) Film , television and Theatre ( edit ) See also : Jane Austen in popular culture -- Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice has engendered numerous adaptations . Some of the notable film versions include that of 1940 , starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier ( based in part on Helen Jerome 's 1936 stage adaptation ) and that of 2005 , starring Keira Knightley ( an Oscar - nominated performance ) and Matthew Macfadyen . Notable television versions include two by the BBC : a 1980 version starring Elizabeth Garvie and David Rintoul and the popular 1995 version , starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth . A 1936 stage version was created by Helen Jerome played at the St James 's Theatre in London , starring Celia Johnson and Hugh Williams . First Impressions was a 1959 Broadway musical version starring Polly Bergen , Farley Granger , and Hermione Gingold . In 1995 , a musical concept album was written by Bernard J. Taylor , with Claire Moore in the role of Elizabeth Bennet and Peter Karrie in the role of Mr. Darcy . A new stage production , Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice , The New Musical , was presented in concert on 21 October 2008 in Rochester , New York , with Colin Donnell as Darcy . The Swedish composer Daniel Nelson based his 2011 opera Stolthet och fördom on Pride and Prejudice . Literature ( edit ) Main article : List of literary adaptations of Pride and Prejudice The novel has inspired a number of other works that are not direct adaptations . Books inspired by Pride and Prejudice include the following : Mr. Darcy 's Daughters and The Exploits and Adventures of Miss Alethea Darcy by Elizabeth Aston ; Darcy 's Story ( a best seller ) and Dialogue with Darcy by Janet Aylmer ; Pemberley : Or Pride and Prejudice Continued and An Unequal Marriage : Or Pride and Prejudice Twenty Years Later by Emma Tennant ; The Book of Ruth by Helen Baker ( author ) ; Jane Austen Ruined My Life and Mr. Darcy Broke My Heart by Beth Pattillo ; Precipitation -- A Continuation of Miss Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice by Helen Baker ( author ) ; Searching for Pemberley by Mary Simonsen and Mr. Darcy Takes a Wife and its sequel Darcy & Elizabeth : Nights and Days at Pemberly by Linda Berdoll . In Gwyn Cready 's comedic romance novel , Seducing Mr. Darcy , the heroine lands in Pride and Prejudice by way of magic massage , has a fling with Darcy and unknowingly changes the rest of the story . Abigail Reynolds is the author of seven Regency - set variations on Pride and Prejudice . Her Pemberley Variations series includes Mr. Darcy 's Obsession , To Conquer Mr. Darcy , What Would Mr. Darcy Do and Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy : The Last Man in the World . Her modern adaptation , The Man Who Loved Pride and Prejudice , is set on Cape Cod . Helen Fielding 's 1996 novel Bridget Jones 's Diary is also based on Pride and Prejudice and spawned a feature film of the same name , released in 2001 . In March 2009 , Quirk Books released Pride and Prejudice and Zombies , which takes Austen 's actual , original work and mashes it up with zombie hordes , cannibalism , ninja and ultraviolent mayhem . In March 2010 , Quirk Books published a prequel that deals with Elizabeth Bennet 's early days as a zombie hunter , Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls . In 2016 , a movie of the aforementioned contemporary literature adaptation was released starring Lily James and Matt Smith . In 2011 , author Mitzi Szereto expanded on the novel in Pride and Prejudice : Hidden Lusts , a historical sex parody that parallels the original plot and writing style of Jane Austen . Marvel has also published their take on this classic by releasing a short comic series of five issues that stays true to the original storyline . The first issue was published on 1 April 2009 and was written by Nancy Hajeski . It was published as a graphic novel in 2010 with artwork by Hugo Petrus . Pamela Aidan is the author of a trilogy of books telling the story of Pride and Prejudice from Mr. Darcy 's point of view : Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman . The books are An Assembly Such as This , Duty and Desire and These Three Remain . Detective novel author P.D. James has written a book titled Death Comes to Pemberley , which is a murder mystery set six years after Elizabeth and Darcy 's marriage . Sandra Lerner 's sequel to Pride and Prejudice , Second Impressions , develops the story and imagined what might have happened to the original novel 's characters . It is written in the style of Austen after extensive research into the period and language and published in 2011 under the pen name of Ava Farmer . Jo Baker 's 2013 novel Longbourn imagines the lives of the servants of Pride and Prejudice . In the novel Eligible , Curtis Sittenfeld sets the characters of Pride and Prejudice in modern - day Cincinnati , where the Bennet parents , erstwhile Cincinnati social climbers , have fallen on hard times . Elizabeth , a successful and independent New York journalist , and her single older sister Jane must intervene to salvage the family 's financial situation and get their unemployed adult sisters to move out of the house and onward in life . In the process they encounter Chip Bingley , a young doctor and reluctant reality TV celebrity , and his medical school classmate , Fitzwilliam Darcy , a cynical neurosurgeon . Pride and Prejudice has also inspired works of scientific writing . In 2010 , scientists named a pheromone identified in male mouse urine darcin , after Mr. Darcy , because it strongly attracted females . In 2016 , a scientific paper published in the Journal of Inherited Metabolic Diseases speculated that Mrs. Bennet may have been a carrier of a rare genetic disease , explaining why the Bennets did n't have any sons , and why some of the Bennet sisters are so silly . See also ( edit ) Eros / Cupid and Psyche Beauty and the Beast The Frog Prince East of the Sun and West of the Moon Tarzan and Jane References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monstersandcritics.com '' . Monstersandcritics.com. 7 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Austen , Jane ( 1993 ) . Pride and Prejudice . Hertfordshire : Wordsworth Editions Limited . ISBN 9781853260001 . Jump up ^ Janet M. Todd ( 2005 ) , Books.Google.com , Jane Austen in Context , Cambridge University Press p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Tauchert , Ashley ( 2003 ) . `` Mary Wollstonecraft and Jane Austen : ' Rape ' and ' Love ' as ( Feminist ) Social Realism and Romance '' . Women . Oxford , England . 14 ( 2 ) : 144 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Feminist Heroine : Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice '' by Hui - Chun Chang , International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature , vol. 3 , no . 3 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Fox , Robert C. ( September 1962 ) . `` Elizabeth Bennet : Prejudice or Vanity ? '' . Nineteenth - Century Fiction . University of California Press . 17 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 187 . JSTOR 2932520 . doi : 10.2307 / 2932520 . ^ Jump up to : Dexter , Gary ( 10 August 2008 ) . `` How Pride And Prejudice got its name '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Fanny Burney ( 1782 ) . Cecilia : Or , Memoirs of an Heiress . T. Payne and son and T. Cadell . pp. 379 -- 380 . ^ Jump up to : Pinion , FB ( 1973 ) . A Jane Austen . Companion . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 12489 - 8 . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane . Pride and Prejudice , Ch 61 . Jump up ^ Quindlen , Anna ( 1995 ) . `` Introduction '' . Pride and Prejudice . New York : Modern Library . p. vii . ISBN 0 - 679 - 60168 - 6 . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane . Pride and Prejudice , Ch 1 . Jump up ^ Gao , Haiyan ( February 2013 ) . `` Jane Austen 's Ideal Man in Pride and Prejudice '' . Theory and Practice in Language Studies : 384 -- 388 -- via ProQuest Literature Online . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane ( 1813 ) . Pride and Prejudice . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Chung , Ching - Yi ( July 2013 ) . `` Gender and class oppression in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice '' . IRWLE. 9 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Michie , Elsie B. `` Social Distinction in Jane Austen , Pride and Prejudice , 1813 , edited by Donald Gray and Mary A. Favret , fourth Norton critical edition ( 2016 ) . pp. 370 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Tony ( 1986 ) . Knowledge and Opinion : Pride and Prejudice . London : Macmillan Education Ltd. p. 124 . ISBN 0333323173 -- via JStor . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane ( 1966 , 1993 , 2001 , 2016 ) . Pride and Prejudice . United States of America : W.W. Norton & Company Inc. p. 7 . ISBN 9780393264883 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tanner , Tony ( 1986 ) . Knowledge and Opinion : Pride and Prejudice . London : Macmillan Education Ltd. p. 124 . ISBN 0333323173 -- via JSTOR . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Robert ( 2003 ) . Jane Austen . Writers and Their Work . Tavistock : Northcote House in association with the British Council . ISBN 0 - 7463 - 0876 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baker , Amy . `` Caught In The Act Of Greatness : Jane Austen 's Characterization Of Elizabeth And Darcy By Sentence Structure In PRIDE AND PREJUDICE . '' Explicator 72.3 ( 2014 ) : 169 - 178 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 16 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Angus ( 2013 ) . `` A Scientific Justification for Literature : Jane Austen 's Free Indirect Style as Ethical Tool '' . Journal of Narrative Theory : JNT. 43 : 13 -- via Literature Online . Jump up ^ `` History of Goodnestone '' . Goodnestone Park Gardens . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Le Faye , Deidre ( 2002 ) . Jane Austen : The World of Her Novels . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3285 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Pat ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Jane Austen : Pride and Prejudice . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82514 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 page 57 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 pages 56 - 57 . Jump up ^ This theory is defended in `` Character and Caricature in Jane Austen '' by DW Harding in Critical Essays on Jane Austen ( BC Southam Edition , London 1968 ) and Brian Southam in Southam , B.C. ( 2001 ) . Jane Austen 's literary manuscripts : a study of the novelist 's development through the surviving papers ( New ed . ) . London : the Athlone press / Continuum . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 9780826490704 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 page 56 . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , Fiona ( 2004 ) . `` Notes on the Text '' . Pride and Prejudice . Oxford World 's Classics ( ed . James Kinley ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280238 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Fergus , Jan ( 1997 ) . `` The professional woman writer '' . In E Copeland and J McMaster . The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 49867 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Anniversaries of 2013 '' . Daily Telegraph . 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Cossy , Valérie ; Saglia , Diego ( 2005 ) . Todd , Janet , ed . Translations . Jane Austen in Context . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82644 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tandon , Bharat ( 2003 ) . Jane Austen and the Morality of Conversation . Anthem Press . p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Southam , B.C. ( ed ) ( 1995 ) . Jane Austen : The Critical Heritage . 1 . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 13456 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read -- Top 100 Books '' . May 2003 . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aussie readers vote Pride and Prejudice best book '' . thewest.com.au . Jump up ^ `` 200th Anniversary Of ' Pride And Prejudice ' : A HuffPost Books Austenganza '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Austen Fans to Celebrate 200 Years of Pride and Prejudice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Jane Austen celebrated on 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice publication '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` ' Pride and Prejudice ' 200th Anniversary '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Queensbridge Publishing : Pride and Prejudice 200th Anniversary Edition by Jane Austen '' . queensbridgepublishing.com . Jump up ^ `` TED Talks to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice '' . TED Blog . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily . `` Happy 200th Birthday , Pride & Prejudice ... and Happy Sundance , Too : The writer / director of the Sundance hit ' Austenland ' talks to TIME about why we still love Mr. Darcy centuries years later '' . Time . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Pride and Prejudice ( 2005 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` ' ' First Impressions ' ' the Broadway Musical '' . Janeaustensworld.wordpress.com. 6 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Pride and Prejudice ' ' ( 1995 ) '' . Bernardjtaylor.com . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PRIDE AND PREJUDICE , the Musical '' . prideandprejudicemusical.com . Jump up ^ Stolthet och fördom / Pride and Prejudice ( 2011 ) , work details Jump up ^ `` Abigail Reynolds Author Page '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( April 2009 ) . `` Pride and Prejudice , Now with Zombies '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Quirkclassics.com '' . Quirkclassics.com . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel.com '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Aidan , Pamela . An Assembly Such as This . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9134 - 7 . Jump up ^ Aidan , Pamela . Duty and Desire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9728529 - 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Aidan , Pamela . These Three Remain . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9137 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hislop , Victoria . `` Death Comes to Pemberley : Amazon.co.uk : Baroness P.D. James : 9780571283576 : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Ava ( 2011 ) . Second Impressions . Chawton , Hampshire , England : Chawton House Press . ISBN 1613647506 . Jump up ^ Baker , Jo ( 8 October 2013 ) . Longbourn . Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0385351232 . Jump up ^ Sittenfeld , Curtis ( 19 April 2016 ) . Eligible . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1400068326 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sarah A. ; Simpson , Deborah M. ; Armstrong , Stuart D. ; Davidson , Amanda J. ; Robertson , Duncan H. ; McLean , Lynn ; Beynon , Robert J. ; Hurst , Jane L. ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Darcin : a male pheromone that stimulates female memory and sexual attraction to an individual male 's odour '' . BMC biology . 8 : 75 . ISSN 1741 - 7007 . PMC 2890510 . PMID 20525243 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7007 - 8 - 75 . Jump up ^ Stern , William ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Pride and protein '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 39 ( 2 ) : 321 -- 324 . ISSN 1573 - 2665 . PMID 26743057 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 015 - 9908 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pride and Prejudice . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Pride and Prejudice Download as ePub from Wikisource Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pride and Prejudice Digital resources relating to Jane Austen from the British Library 's Discovering Literature website Pride and Prejudice ( Chapman edition ) at Project Gutenberg Pride and Prejudice ePub / Mobi version Annotated HTML hypertext of Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice public domain audiobook at LibriVox Jane Austen portal Literature portal Novels portal Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice Characters Bennet family Elizabeth Bennet Fitzwilliam Darcy William Collins Lady Catherine de Bourgh Mr. Wickham Films Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy ( 2003 ) Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 film ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Television Pride and Prejudice ( 1958 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1967 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1980 ) Trishna ( 1985 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1995 ) Lost in Austen ( 2008 ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2013 ) Novels Darcy 's Story ( 1995 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Mr. Darcy 's Daughters ( 2003 ) Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman An Assembly Such as This ( 2003 ) Duty and Desire ( 2004 ) These Three Remain ( 2005 ) Austenland ( 2007 ) Love , Lies and Lizzie ( 2009 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2009 parody ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls ( 2010 parody ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2011 ) Other First Impressions ( 1959 musical ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1993 musical ) `` Beyond a Joke '' ( 1997 ) Stolthet och fördom ( 2011 opera ) The Lizzie Bennet Diaries ( 2012 web series ) Austenland ( 2013 film ) See also Pride & Prejudice ( soundtrack ) Pemberley List of literary adaptations Jane Austen Timeline Works Major Sense and Sensibility ( 1811 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) Mansfield Park ( 1814 ) Emma ( 1815 ) Northanger Abbey ( 1817 ) Persuasion ( 1817 ) Minor Lady Susan Sanditon ( unfinished ) The Watsons ( unfinished ) Plan of a Novel Juvenilia Love and Freindship The Beautifull Cassandra The History of England Catherine , or The Bower Places Jane Austen Centre Jane Austen 's House Museum Chawton House Chawton House Library People Cassandra Austen Charles Austen Francis Austen Henry Thomas Austen Edward Austen Knight Edward Knight George Thomas Knight Henry Knight Eliza Hancock Catherine Hubback Thomas Langlois Lefroy Martha Lloyd Analysis Janeite Jane Austen in popular culture Styles and themes of Jane Austen Georgian society in Jane Austen 's novels Reception history of Jane Austen A Memoir of Jane Austen Book Portal BNF : cb11960594n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_and_Prejudice&oldid=800925394 '' Categories : 1813 British novels British novels adapted into films Love stories Novels by Jane Austen Novels set in Hertfordshire Pride and Prejudice British novels adapted into plays Novels about nobility Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from January 2012 Use dmy dates from January 2012 Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 15 : 41 . 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4244248006649072654	Roxboro, North Carolina	Roxboro , North Carolina - wikipedia Roxboro , North Carolina Jump to : navigation , search Roxboro , North Carolina City Main Street Uptown Motto : Progress Is Our Business ! Location of Roxboro , North Carolina Coordinates : 36 ° 23 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 55 '' W / 36.39167 ° N 78.98194 ° W / 36.39167 ; - 78.98194 Coordinates : 36 ° 23 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 55 '' W / 36.39167 ° N 78.98194 ° W / 36.39167 ; - 78.98194 Country United States State North Carolina County Person Government Mayor Merilyn P. Newell ( D ) Area Total 6.3 sq mi ( 16.3 km ) Land 6.3 sq mi ( 16.2 km ) Elevation 715 ft ( 218 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 8,362 Estimate ( 2016 ) 8,348 Density 1,300 / sq mi ( 510 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 27573 , 27574 Area code ( s ) 336 / 743 FIPS code 37 - 58160 GNIS feature ID 1024281 Website www.cityofroxboro.com Roxboro ( / ˈrɒksbʌroʊ / ROKS - burr - oh ) is a city in and the county seat of Person County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 8,362 at the 2010 census . The city is 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Durham and is a part of the four - county Durham - Chapel Hill Metropolitan Statistical Area , which has a population of 504,357 as of the 2010 Census . The Durham -- Chapel Hill MSA is a part of the larger Raleigh - Durham - Cary Combined Statistical Area , which has a population of 1,749,525 as of the 2010 Census . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Law and government 3.1 City Council 3.2 Crime 3.2. 1 Current statistics 4 Businesses 5 Demographics 6 Education 7 Culture 7.1 Museum 7.2 Entertainment 7.3 Farmers market 7.4 Festivals 7.5 Events 7.6 Performing arts 7.7 Public library 7.8 Parks and recreation 7.9 Shopping 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.1. 1 Air 8.1. 2 Major highways 8.1. 3 Future East Roxboro Bypass 8.1. 4 Railroad 8.1. 5 Public transit 8.2 Utilities 9 Media 9.1 Print media 9.2 Radio 9.2. 1 Other nearby stations 9.3 Television 10 Notable people 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Old pumps at Stuart 's Family Grill - `` Dog House '' Roxboro is named after a town in Scotland , Roxburgh . Although spelled differently , they are pronounced the same . Prior to the official adoption of the name Roxboro , the community was known as `` Mocassin Gap '' . The city of Roxboro was incorporated on January 9 , 1855 and remains the only municipality in Person County . The Holloway - Jones - Day House , House on Wagstaff Farm , James A. and Laura Thompson Long House , Merritt - Winstead House , Person County Courthouse , Roxboro Commercial Historic District , Roxboro Cotton Mill , and Roxboro Male Academy and Methodist Parsonage are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Geography ( edit ) Roxboro is located at 36 ° 23 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 55 '' W / 36.39167 ° N 78.98194 ° W / 36.39167 ; - 78.98194 ( 36.391690 , - 78.981877 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 6.3 square miles ( 16 km ) , of which 6.3 square miles ( 16 km ) is land and 0.16 % is water . Climate ( edit ) Roxboro has a moderate subtropical climate , with mild weather in the spring , fall , and winter . However , summers can be hot and humid . Winter temperatures generally range from highs in the low 50s ° F ( 10 - 13 ° C ) to lows in the upper 20s - mid 30s ° F ( - 2 to 2 ° C ) , though 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) degree weather is not uncommon . The record low was - 9 ° F in January 1985 . Spring and fall days are usually in the low to mid 70s ° F ( low 20s ° C ) , with nights in the 50s ° F ( 10 - 14 ° C ) . Summer days are often in the upper 80s and low 90s ° F ( 30 - 35 ° C , ) with very high humidity . The record high was 104 ° F in July 1966 . The rainiest months are July and September . Roxboro receives an average of 7.2 in ( 183 mm ) of snow per winter . Freezing rain and sleet occur most winters , and occasionally the area experiences a major , damaging ice storm . Roxboro is often dubbed the `` Snow Capital of the Triangle '' because it often receives the most or close to the most snow during snowstorms in central North Carolina ( hide ) Climate data for Roxboro Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 48.1 ( 8.9 ) 52.2 ( 11.2 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) 84.4 ( 29.1 ) 88.5 ( 31.4 ) 86.4 ( 30.2 ) 80.3 ( 26.8 ) 70.6 ( 21.4 ) 61.7 ( 16.5 ) 51.2 ( 10.7 ) 69.3 ( 20.7 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 26.2 ( − 3.2 ) 28.3 ( − 2.1 ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 43.6 ( 6.4 ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 44.2 ( 6.8 ) 36.5 ( 2.5 ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) 45.0 ( 7.2 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 4.29 ( 109 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 4.38 ( 111.3 ) 3.32 ( 84.3 ) 3.68 ( 93.5 ) 3.69 ( 93.7 ) 4.81 ( 122.2 ) 3.96 ( 100.6 ) 4.40 ( 111.8 ) 3.90 ( 99.1 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 46.63 ( 1,184.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 2.4 ( 6.1 ) 1.7 ( 4.3 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 7.2 ( 18.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.5 9.4 10.2 9.1 10.1 9.8 11.2 9.6 8.2 6.8 8.4 9.7 113 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.9 1.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.5 3.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 164.3 175.2 229.4 252.0 257.3 267.0 260.4 238.7 219.0 213.9 174.0 158.1 2,609.3 Source : Weather.com Law and government ( edit ) City Council ( edit ) Merilyn P. Newell , Mayor Will Davis , Mayor Pro-Tem Mark Phillips , Councilman Sandy Stigall , Councilman Byrd Blackwell , Councilman Henry Daniel , Councilman Mayor and City Council members are elected to four - year terms on a non-partisan , at - large basis . Crime ( edit ) Current statistics ( edit ) In 2009 , 0 murders or non-negligent manslaughters were reported on the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's Uniform Crime Reports . Businesses ( edit ) Roxboro businesses include LED lighting , law firms , electrical , textile , manufacturing , aerodynamics , administrative , winery , brokering , food processing , automotive , tobacco agriculture , aluminum and paper products . Roxboro is also adjacent to North Carolina 's Research Triangle region , home to numerous high - tech companies and enterprises . Largest employers : Duke Energy Eaton Corporation Georgia - Pacific Corporation Boise Cascade GKN Driveline Person County Schools Person Memorial Hospital Other businesses : Capital Power Corporation CenterEdge Software CertainTeed Dialight U.S. Flue - Cured Mark Line Industries North American Aerodynamics , Inc P&A Industrial Fabrications Piedmont Electric Membership Corporation Premier Displays & Services LLC Spuntech Industries Inc Strutmasters , LLC Wesbell Technologies Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 483 -- 1890 421 − 12.8 % 1900 1,021 142.5 % 1910 1,425 39.6 % 1920 1,651 15.9 % 1930 3,657 121.5 % 1940 4,599 25.8 % 1950 4,321 − 6.0 % 1960 5,147 19.1 % 1970 5,370 4.3 % 1980 7,532 40.3 % 7,332 − 2.7 % 2000 8,696 18.6 % 8,362 − 3.8 % Est. 2016 8,348 − 0.2 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010 there were 8,362 people , 3,479 households , and 1,979 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,296.2 people per square mile ( 535.5 / km2 ) . There were 4,044 housing units at an average density of 630.8 per square mile ( 243.5 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 44.9 % White , 46.8 % African American , 0.6 % Native American , 0.4 % Asian , 0.01 % Pacific Islander , 2.59 % from other races , and 2.1 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 8.7 % of the population . ( This reporting does not take into account the massive annual influx of Hispanic migrant labor . ) There were 3,479 households out of which 28.1 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 35.2 % were married couples living together , 22.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 38.8 % were non-families. 33.8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 15.2 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.76 . In the city the population was spread out with 23.7 % under the age of 18 , 8.4 % from 18 to 24 , 29.0 % from 25 to 44 , 20.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 18.1 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 44.1 years . For every 100 females there were 81.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 77.8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $36,918 and the median income for a family was $42,559 . Males had a median income of $27,741 versus $23,245 for females . The per capita income for the city was $17,824 . About 13.4 % of families and 16.8 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 21.6 % of those under age 18 and 14.5 % of those age 65 or over . Education ( edit ) See Person County , North Carolina . Piedmont Community College Culture ( edit ) Museum ( edit ) Person County Museum - The museum complex includes the Kitchen House , the Male Academy / Parsonage , Woodsdale General Store , Dr. John H. Merritt 's office , a tobacco barn , and the Van Hook Subscription School , which is believed to be the oldest in the state . An exhibit features athletic exploits of Roxboro 's own Enos Slaughter to Person County 's connection with the RMS Titanic in uptown Roxboro . Entertainment ( edit ) Palace Pointe - A multi-entertainment complex featuring eight movie screens with stadium seating , 20 bowling lanes with cosmic bowling , a roller skating rink , arcade room , diner , billiards room , and private rooms for parties and meeting functions . Roxboro Motorsports Dragway - An IHRA sanctioned , 1 / 8 mile concrete dragstrip opened in 1960 . Car , truck and bike events are the norm during the spring , summer and fall . Rock Sportsplex - Features five baseball fields and a batting cage . Farmers Market ( edit ) Person County Farmers Market - Locally grown produce and goods . Located in the business district . Festivals ( edit ) Personality - A two - day festival is held in August and brings thousands to uptown . It includes street dancing , games , music , booths , food and rides . Lake Mayo Canoe / Kayak Festival - This one - day event is for paddlers and spectators alike . It is celebrated each spring on Lake Mayo . Willow Oak Blue Grass Festival - Held in June and September of each year , this park setting is the home of national , regional , and local blue grass bands . The site includes camping , food , and concessions . Curam Fest - Indulge in the delicious knowledge of Curam Development . Curam Experts from all over the world gather here to discuss the framework . 2017 's Theme will be Rules . Events ( edit ) Clash of the Carts - The competition invites teams of amateur engineers , mechanics , performing artists , general goofballs , and others to create outrageous human powered soapbox carts to race against the clock in a two block downhill sprint to the finish line in uptown . Mayo Lake Cyclysm - Join over 100 cyclists on a scenic journey through rural North Carolina and Virginia . Choose between route distances of 25 km ( 15.5 miles ) , 50 km ( 31 miles ) and a more challenging ride of 75 km ( 46.5 miles ) for experienced cyclists . Cyclysm Bicycle Tour is usually held the third weekend of October . Friday Night Football - Rocket football is big in this town , a good way to end the work week with a little fun . Rocket football brings out thousands of family / friends from the community to watch the game . Also home of Douglas Weaver , Willie Pettiford , Lamarte McGhee , Jacob Newton and other outstanding former Rocket football players Relay For Life - Cancer fight fund - raising event from all walks of life , including patients , medical support staff , local businesses , friends , families , corporations , civic organizations , churches and community volunteers . This yearly event is held at Person High School Stadium in late September or early October . Flat River Antique Engine and Tractor Show - This two - day event attracts many exhibitors and visitors with demonstrations and displays based on the rich agricultural heritage of Person County . Event held in mid September at Optimist Park . July 4 parade and fireworks - Main Street is paraded with antique cars , hot rods , tractors and horse back riders . Followed by celebration of American spirit and pride . Set at the Person High School Stadium , the colorful sights and sounds are preceded by a live concert . Alive After 5 - Hundreds of musical fans gather to listen to the smooth sounds of local bands . This summer event usually held twice a year in June and July at Merritt Commons in uptown . Performing arts ( edit ) Kirby Civic Auditorium - Entertainment in this restored historic movie theater in uptown Roxboro features live theater , dance , and concerts . Headliners have included Branford Marsalis , Doc Watson , the Embers , Mike Cross , and year - round local productions . Total seating capacity - 1028 . Roxboro Little Theater - Producing stage entertainment for over 30 years , through the efforts of both local and regional thespians . RLT has featured such productions as The Wizard of Oz , Steel Magnolias , The Sound of Music , and Oliver . Merritt Commons Pavilion - Hosts local music acts and stage plays in uptown Roxboro . Public library ( edit ) Person County Public Library Person County Public Library reading room Person County Public Library is located in Roxboro . The library hosts over fifty programs a year for children , and an average of two programs a month for adults . There are over 26,000 library card holders . Parks and Recreation ( edit ) Person County Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure services throughout the county providing a variety of recreational opportunities including playgrounds , walking tracks , picnic shelters , basketball courts , golf course , putt - putt , bicycling , fishing , swimming , tennis courts , ball fields , volleyball courts , hiking trails , horseshoe pits and restroom facilities at more than 14 sites , more than 6,735 acres ( 27 km ) of park land , including : Allensville Park Bushy Fork Park Huck Sansbury Recreation Complex Hurdle Mills Park Longhurst Park Mayo Park Mt . Tirzah Park Olive Hill Park Optimist Park Other attractions include : Hyco Lake Mayo Lake Piedmont Community College Nature Trail - A system of seven trails with an observatory . Total distance is 12,741 feet ( 2.4 miles ) . Rock Sportsplex - five baseball fields and a batting cage Roxboro City Lake Roxboro Country Club - 18 - hole golf course Shopping ( edit ) Madison Corners Madison Square Person Plaza Piedmont Square Roxboro Commons Roxboro Market Place Roxboro Square Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) Air ( edit ) Person County Airport located 8 miles ( 13 km ) south of Roxboro on U.S. Route 501 Raleigh - Durham International Airport located 42 miles ( 68 km ) south of Roxboro Piedmont Triad International Airport located 72 miles ( 116 km ) southwest of Roxboro Major Highways ( edit ) United States Highways : U.S. Route 158 U.S. Route 501 North Carolina Highways : N.C. 49 N.C. 57 N.C. 157 Future east Roxboro Bypass ( edit ) NCDOT approved the Eastern Roxboro Bypass , a four - lane highway from US Hwy 501 south intersection of Old Durham Road to NC Hwy. 49 north . This project has yet to get underway due to funding . Railroad ( edit ) Norfolk Southern - freight rail service Public Transit ( edit ) Person Area Transit System ( PATS ) operates bus routes within Roxboro . Utilities ( edit ) The city 's electric system is maintained by Duke Energy and Piedmont Electric Membership Cooperative . Telephone networks include CenturyLink , wireless networks - AT&T Mobility , U.S. Cellular and Verizon Wireless . Broadband internet is provided by CenturyLink , Electronic Solutions and Charter Communications . Cable television service is available from Charter Communications and CenturyLink . Media ( edit ) Print media ( edit ) Newspapers and periodicals that serve the Roxboro and surrounding area include : Courier Times The Herald - Sun Radio ( edit ) Roxboro is the city of license for two radio stations : 96.7 FM WKRX Country ( `` Kickin Country '' ) 1430 AM WRXO Country ( `` Oldies 1430 '' ) Other nearby stations ( edit ) W281AE 104.1 FM (. 01 kW translator of Liberty University 's WRVL , Lynchburg , Virginia ) Television ( edit ) Roxboro is part of the Raleigh - Durham - Fayetteville Designated Market Area , the 24th largest broadcast television market in the United States . WFMY - TV from Greensboro is carried on DirecTV . WSET - TV from Lynchburg , Virginia is carried on Charter Cable and DirecTV . Notable people ( edit ) Jamie Barnette , former professional American and Canadian football quarterback Robert L. Blackwell , soldier in World War I , Medal of Honor recipient Margie Bowes , country music singer Carl Long , NASCAR driver Tom Long , CEO of MillerCoors Brewing Company Wendy Palmer , professional basketball player ( WNBA ) and current head women 's basketball coach at UNCG James Ramsey , Carolina General Assembly ; Speaker of the House ; awarded the Order of the Long Leaf Pine in 2012 Enos Slaughter , aka `` Country '' , St. Louis Cardinals baseball player Henry Slaughter , Southern Gospel musician ( cousin of Enos Slaughter ) Jim Thorpe , Champions Tour professional golfer Luke Torian , politician , Virginia House of Delegates 52nd District Representative Oscar Scott Woody , sea post clerk aboard the RMS Titanic ; the city 's post office is dedicated in his honor George Yarborough , World War I soldier , Battle of Belleau Wood Corey Lea , Meteorologist at KSWO - TV in Lawton , Oklahoma Rick Watson , Adult Film Star , source Adult Film Directory See also ( edit ) Research Triangle Metropolitan Region ( `` The Triangle '' ) Virginia International Raceway , a nearby multi-purpose road course offering auto and motorcycle racing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Weather.com '' . Weather.com. 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Library a Treasure Trove : Materials , Programs Presented at ' Bargain Price ' . Roxboro , NC : The Courier Times . June 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Electronic Solutions , Inc '' . Esinc.net . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Special Day For Oscar Scott Woody '' . Encyclopedia-titanica.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . External links ( edit ) City of Roxboro Roxboro Area Chamber of Commerce Person County Economic Development Person County Schools The Courier - Times Person Memorial Hospital Piedmont Community College Business Development Center Municipalities and communities of Person County , North Carolina , United States County seat : Roxboro City Roxboro CDP Rougemont ‡ Unincorporated communities Ai Hesters Store Hurdle Mills Leasburg Moriah Olive Hill Semora Somerset Surl Timberlake Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Greater Durham - Chapel Hill Metropolitan Region ( Durham MSA , part of the Research Triangle ) Principal cities Durham Chapel Hill Raleigh Cary Other significant cities Carrboro Hillsborough Pittsboro Roxboro Siler City Counties Chatham Durham Wake Orange Person Major universities Duke University North Carolina Central University University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Transportation Raleigh - Durham International Airport I - 40 I - 85 I - 540 US 15 - 501 US 64 US 70 NC 147 NC 54 GoTriangle Newspapers The Herald - Sun The Daily Tar Heel Indy Week The News & Observer Carrboro Citizen The Courier Times Miscellaneous Research Triangle Park Triangle J Council of Governments State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Music North Carolinians State Parks Tourist attractions Wildlife Seal of North Carolina Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Politics Sports Regions Cape Fear Coastal Plain Crystal Coast Eastern Foothills High Country Inner Banks Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Outer Banks Piedmont Piedmont Triad Sandhills Triangle Western Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Brevard Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - Varina Harrisburg Holly Springs Hope Mills Huntersville Indian Trail Kernersville Knightdale Leland Matthews Midland Mint Hill Mooresville Morehead City Morrisville Mount Pleasant Oxford Shallotte Smithfield Southern Pines Tarboro Waynesville Winterville Counties Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roxboro,_North_Carolina&oldid=808915274 '' Categories : Cities in Person County , North Carolina County seats in North Carolina Populated places established in 1855 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Malagasy Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Volapük Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 00 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how far is roxboro nc from durham nc	[ "Roxboro (/ˈrɒksbʌroʊ/ ROKS-burr-oh) is a city in and the county seat of Person County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 8,362 at the 2010 census. The city is 30 miles (48 km) north of Durham and is a part of the four-county Durham-Chapel Hill Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 504,357 as of the 2010 Census. The Durham–Chapel Hill MSA is a part of the larger Raleigh-Durham-Cary Combined Statistical Area, which has a population of 1,749,525 as of the 2010 Census." ]	[ "30 miles (48 km) north of Durham" ]
6735021322105218130	Paper chromatography	Paper chromatography - wikipedia Paper chromatography Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paper chromatography Chromatography jar Acronym PC Classification Chromatography Other techniques Related Thin layer chromatography Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate colored chemicals or substances . It is primarily used as a teaching tool , having been replaced by other chromatography methods , such as thin - layer chromatography . A paper chromatography variant , two - dimensional chromatography involves using two solvents and rotating the paper 90 ° in between . This is useful for separating complex mixtures of compounds having similar polarity , for example , amino acids . The setup has three components . The mobile phase is a solution that travels up the stationary phase , due to capillary action . The mobile phase is generally an alcohol solvent mixture , while the stationary phase is a strip of chromatography paper , also called a chromatogram . A chromatographic method is called adsorption chromatography if the stationary phase is solid . Contents ( hide ) 1 R value , solutes , and solvents 2 Pigments and polarity 3 Types 3.1 Descending 3.2 Ascending 3.3 Ascending - descending 3.4 Radial 3.5 Two - dimensional 4 History 5 References 6 Bibliography R value , solutes , and solvents ( edit ) The retention factor ( R ) may be defined as the ratio of the distance traveled by the solute to the distance traveled by the solvent . It is used in chromatography to quantify the amount of retardation of a sample in a stationary phase relative to a mobile phase . R values are usually expressed as a fraction of two decimal places . If R value of a solution is zero , the solute remains in the stationary phase and thus it is immobile . If R value = 1 then the solute has no affinity for the stationary phase and travels with the solvent front . For example , if a compound travels 9.9 cm and the solvent front travels 12.7 cm , the R value = ( 9.9 / 12.7 ) = 0.779 or 0.78 . R value depends on temperature and the solvent used in experiment , so several solvents offer several R values for the same mixture of compound . A solvent in chromatography is the liquid the paper is placed in , and the solute is the ink which is being separated . Pigments and polarity ( edit ) Paper chromatography is one method for testing the purity of compounds and identifying substances . Paper chromatography is a useful technique because it is relatively quick and requires only small quantities of material . Separations in paper chromatography involve the same principles as those in thin layer chromatography , as it is a type of thin layer chromatography . In paper chromatography , substances are distributed between a stationary phase and a mobile phase . The stationary phase is the water trapped between the cellulose fibers of the paper . The mobile phase is a developing solution that travels up the stationary phase , carrying the samples with it . Components of the sample will separate readily according to how strongly they adsorb onto the stationary phase versus how readily they dissolve in the mobile phase . When a colored chemical sample is placed on a filter paper , the colors separate from the sample by placing one end of the paper in a solvent . The solvent diffuses up the paper , dissolving the various molecules in the sample according to the polarities of the molecules and the solvent . If the sample contains more than one color , that means it must have more than one kind of molecule . Because of the different chemical structures of each kind of molecule , the chances are very high that each molecule will have at least a slightly different polarity , giving each molecule a different solubility in the solvent . The unequal solubility causes the various color molecules to leave solution at different places as the solvent continues to move up the paper . The more soluble a molecule is , the higher it will migrate up the paper . If a chemical is very non-polar it will not dissolve at all in a very polar solvent . This is the same for a very polar chemical and a very non-polar solvent . It is very important to note that when using water ( a very polar substance ) as a solvent , the more polar the color , the higher it will rise on the papers . Types ( edit ) Descending ( edit ) Development of the chromatogram is done by allowing the solvent to travel down the paper . Here , mobile phase is placed in solvent holder at the top . The spot is kept at the top and solvent flows down the paper from above . Ascending ( edit ) Here the solvent travels up the chromatographic paper . Both descending and ascending paper chromatography are used for the separation of organic and inorganic substances . Ascending - descending ( edit ) This is the hybrid of both of the above techniques . The upper part of ascending chromatography can be folded over a rod in order to allow the paper to become descending after crossing the rod . Radial ( edit ) This is also called circular chromatography . A circular filter paper is taken and the sample is deposited at the center of the paper . After drying the spot , the filter paper is tied horizontally on a petri dish containing solvent , so that the wick of the paper is dipped in the solvent . The solvent rises through the wick and the components are separated into concentric circles . Two - dimensional ( edit ) In this technique a square or rectangular paper is used . Here the sample is applied to one of the corners and development is performed at a right angle to the direction of the first run . History ( edit ) The discovery of paper chromatography in 1943 by Martin and Synge provided , for the first time , the means of surveying constituents of plants and for their separation and identification . There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` paper chromatography '' . www.chemguide.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Chemistry , International Union of Pure and Applied . `` IUPAC Gold Book - retention factor , k in column chromatography '' . goldbook.iupac.org . doi : 10.1351 / goldbook. R05359 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Edwin ( 2007 ) . `` Vegetable tannins -- Lessons of a phytochemical lifetime '' . Phytochemistry. 68 ( 22 -- 24 ) : 2713 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2007.09. 009 . PMID 18037145 . Bibliography ( edit ) Block , Richard J. ; Durrum , Emmett L. ; Zweig , Gunter ( 1955 ) . A Manual of Paper Chromatography and Paper Electrophoresis . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4832 - 7680 - 9 . ( hide ) Chromatography Techniques Affinity chromatography Column chromatography Displacement chromatography Electrochromatography Gas chromatography High - performance liquid chromatography Capillary electrochromatography Ion chromatography Micellar electrokinetic chromatography Normal - phase chromatography Paper chromatography Reversed - phase chromatography Size - exclusion chromatography Thin - layer chromatography Two - dimensional chromatography Hyphenated methods Gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry Liquid chromatography -- mass spectrometry Pyrolysis -- gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry Theory Distribution constant Freundlich equation Kovats retention index Retention factor Van Deemter equation Prominent publications Biomedical Chromatography Journal of Chromatography A Journal of Chromatography B Commons Analytical Chemistry NDL : 00569087 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paper_chromatography&oldid=821355874 '' Categories : Chromatography Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 23 : 36 . 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8924335918958841739	Texas Flood (song)	Texas Flood ( song ) - wikipedia Texas Flood ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Texas Flood '' Single by Larry Davis B - side `` I Tried '' Released 1958 ( 1958 ) Format 10 - inch 78 rpm , 7 - inch 45 rpm Recorded Houston , Texas , 1958 Genre Blues Length 2 : 35 Label Duke ( no . 192 ) Songwriter ( s ) Larry Davis , Joseph Scott Larry Davis singles chronology `` Texas Flood '' ( 1958 ) `` Angels in Houston '' ( 1959 ) `` Texas Flood '' ( sometimes called `` Stormin ' in Texas '' or `` Flood Down in Texas '' ) is a blues song recorded by Larry Davis in 1958 . It is considered a blues standard and has been recorded by several artists , including Stevie Ray Vaughan , who made it part of his repertoire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original song 2 Stevie Ray Vaughan version 3 Other renditions 4 References Original song ( edit ) `` Texas Flood '' is a slow - tempo twelve - bar blues notated in 12 / 8 time in the key of A flat . It was written by Davis in California in 1955 and is credited to Davis and Duke Records arranger / trumpeter Joseph Scott . Nominally about a flood in Texas , Davis used it as a metaphor for his relationship problems : Well I 'm leavin ' you baby , Lord I 'm goin ' back home to stay ( 2 × ) Well where there 's no floods or tornadoes , baby the sun shines every day Although Davis later became a guitar player , for `` Texas Flood '' Fenton Robinson provided the distinctive guitar parts , with Davis on vocals and bass , James Booker on piano , David Dean on tenor saxophone , and an unknown drummer . The song was Davis ' first single as a leader and became a regional hit . Stevie Ray Vaughan version ( edit ) `` Texas Flood '' Song by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble from the album Texas Flood Released June 13 , 1983 ( 1983 - 06 - 13 ) Format LP record Recorded November 22 , 1982 Studio Down Town Studio , Los Angeles Genre Texas blues , blues rock Length 5 : 21 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Larry Davis , Joe Scott Producer ( s ) Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble , Richard Mullen `` Texas Flood '' Stevie Ray Vaughan 's version . Problems playing this file ? See media help . According to Clifford Antone , Stevie Ray Vaughan was introduced to `` Texas Flood '' by Angela Strehli at Antone 's Austin , Texas club , where the three of them worked out the song . Vaughan drummer Chris Layton recalled that Albert King brought Larry Davis to the club several times , where Vaughan was attracted to the `` intriguing guitar parts '' . In 1983 , Vaughan recorded `` Texas Flood '' for his debut album , also titled Texas Flood . He followed Davis ' song , although he added several twelve - bar sections of improvised guitar soloing , which nearly doubled the length of the song and provided a showcase for his electric guitar style . Although Vaughan performed it in the fingered key of G , he tuned his guitar one - half step lower resulting in a pitch of G flat . Vaughan recorded several live versions of `` Texas Flood '' during his career , which appeared on such albums as Live Alive ( 1986 ) , Live at Montreux 1982 & 1985 ( released 2001 ) , Live in Tokyo ( 1985 , released 2006 ) , and the videos Live at the El Mocambo ( 1983 , released 1991 ) and Live from Austin , Texas ( 1983 , released 1995 ) . Vaughan 's version is listed at number 66 by Rolling Stone magazine in its `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' Other renditions ( edit ) Numerous blues and other artists have recorded `` Texas Flood '' , including original guitarist Fenton Robinson on his album Somebody Loan Me a Dime ( 1974 ) , Buddy Guy from Breaking Out ( 1980 , released 1988 ) , and Willie Nelson from Milk Cow Blues ( 2000 ) . Albert King reworked the song as `` Floodin ' in California '' for his album San Francisco ' 83 , which was re-released as Crosscut Saw : Albert King in San Francisco ( both 1983 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Herzhaft , Gerard ( 1992 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues . Fayetteville , Arkansas : University of Arkansas Press . p. 472 . ISBN 1 - 55728 - 252 - 8 . Jump up ^ Morthland , John ( 1992 ) . The Best of Duke - Peacock Blues ( Album notes ) . Various artists . MCA Records . p. 11 . MCAD - 10667 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Hugh ( 2003 ) . Roadhouse Blues : Stevie Ray Vaughan and Texas R&B . Backbeat Books . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 747 - 9 . Jump up ^ For a while , Larry Davis played bass for Albert King . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone ( 2003 ) . `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2008 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ( hide ) Stevie Ray Vaughan Original 1983 -- 1989 releases are marked in bold . Studio albums Texas Flood Could n't Stand the Weather Soul to Soul In Step Family Style The Sky Is Crying Live albums Live Alive In the Beginning Live at Carnegie Hall In Session Live at Montreux 1982 & 1985 Compilations Greatest Hits The Real Deal : Greatest Hits Volume 2 Blues at Sunrise The Essential Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Official bootlegs Live in Tokyo Singles `` Pride and Joy '' / `` Rude Mood '' `` Love Struck Baby '' `` The Sky Is Crying '' / `` Chitlins con Carne '' `` Taxman '' Songs `` All Your Love ( I Miss Loving ) '' `` Come On ( Part III ) '' `` Crossfire '' `` Hide Away '' `` Lenny '' `` Little Wing '' `` Pipeline '' `` Say What ! '' `` Superstition '' `` Testify '' `` Texas Flood '' `` The Things That I Used to Do '' `` Voodoo Child ( Slight Return ) '' Concert tours Texas Flood Tour ( 1983 -- 84 ) Could n't Stand the Weather Tour ( 1984 - 85 ) Soul to Soul Tour ( 1985 - 86 ) Live Alive Tour ( 1986 - 88 ) In Step Tour ( 1989 - 90 ) Performance videos Pride and Joy Live at the El Mocambo Related articles Original discography Posthumous discography Double Trouble David Bowie Doyle Bramhall Tommy Shannon Chris Layton Jimmie Vaughan Reese Wynans Lou Ann Barton W.C. Clark Death of Stevie Ray Vaughan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Flood_(song)&oldid=800784304 '' Categories : 1958 songs Blues songs 1958 singles Stevie Ray Vaughan songs Songs about Texas Duke Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 17 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote it's flooding down in texas	[ "\n\n\"Texas Flood\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Larry Davis\n\n\nB-side\n\"I Tried\"\n\n\nReleased\n1958 (1958)\n\n\nFormat\n10-inch 78 rpm, 7-inch 45 rpm\n\n\nRecorded\nHouston, Texas, 1958\n\n\nGenre\nBlues\n\n\nLength\n2:35\n\n\nLabel\nDuke (no. 192)\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nLarry Davis, Joseph Scott\n\n\nLarry Davis singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Texas Flood\"\n(1958)\n\"Angels in Houston\"\n(1959)\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Texas Flood\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Larry Davis\n\n\nB-side\n\"I Tried\"\n\n\nReleased\n1958 (1958)\n\n\nFormat\n10-inch 78 rpm, 7-inch 45 rpm\n\n\nRecorded\nHouston, Texas, 1958\n\n\nGenre\nBlues\n\n\nLength\n2:35\n\n\nLabel\nDuke (no. 192)\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nLarry Davis, Joseph Scott\n\n\nLarry Davis singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Texas Flood\"\n(1958)\n\"Angels in Houston\"\n(1959)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Larry Davis", "Joseph Scott" ]
-9075912469542160767	United States Senate election in Texas, 2018	United States Senate Election in Texas , 2018 - wikipedia United States Senate Election in Texas , 2018 Jump to : navigation , search United States Senate election in Texas , 2018 ← 2012 November 6 , 2018 2024 → Class 1 Senator → Nominee Ted Cruz Beto O'Rourke Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Ted Cruz Republican Elections in Texas Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries and caucuses Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 2012 United States Senate elections 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 United States House elections 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 22nd 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 3rd district , 1991 Senate , 1993 28th district , 1997 19th district , 2003 22nd district , 2006 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1866 1869 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Legislative elections 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 Constitutional amendments 2005 2007 General elections 2006 2014 2018 Austin ( show ) Mayoral elections 2009 Dallas -- Fort Worth ( show ) Dallas mayoral elections 2007 2011 2015 Fort Worth mayoral elections 2011 2015 El Paso ( show ) Mayoral elections 2013 2017 Houston ( show ) Mayoral elections 1991 1995 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Municipal elections 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 Lubbock ( show ) Mayoral elections San Antonio ( show ) Mayoral elections 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Government The 2018 United States Senate election in Texas will be held on November 6 , 2018 , along with other elections to the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives in additional states . Democratic candidate Beto O'Rourke is running against Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Ted Cruz , who is running for re-election to a second term . The primary for both parties were held on March 6 , 2018 , making it the first primary of the 2018 season . As Cruz and O'Rourke both won majorities in their primaries , they did not participate in the May 22 runoff primary that was held for some nominations in Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Republican primary 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Nominee 1.1. 2 Eliminated in Primary 1.1. 3 Failed to qualify 1.1. 4 Withdrew 1.1. 5 Declined 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 Polling 1.4 Results 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Nominee 2.1. 2 Eliminated in Primary 2.1. 3 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Libertarian nomination 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Nominated 4 Independents 4.1 Candidates 4.1. 1 Declared 4.1. 2 Declined 4.1. 3 Notes 5 General election 5.1 Campaign 5.2 Predictions 5.3 Endorsements 5.4 Polling 6 References 7 External links Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Ted Cruz , incumbent U.S. Senator and former candidate for President in 2016 Eliminated in Primary ( edit ) Bruce Jacobson , television producer Stefano de Stefano , attorney Mary Miller , CPA Geraldine Sam , former Mayor of La Marque Failed to qualify ( edit ) Thomas Dillingham , businessman Withdrew ( edit ) Dan McQueen , former Mayor of Corpus Christi Declined ( edit ) George P. Bush , Texas Land Commissioner ( running for re-election ) Michael McCaul , U.S. Representative Dan Patrick , Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( running for re-election ) Rick Perry , Secretary of Energy , former Governor of Texas and candidate for President in 2012 and 2016 Katrina Pierson , national spokesperson for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign and candidate for House district TX - 32 in 2014 Endorsements ( edit ) show Bruce Jacobson Individuals Dan McQueen , former Mayor of Corpus Christi show Stefano de Stefano Media The Dallas Morning News Corpus Christi Caller Times The Bryan - College Station Eagle Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ted Cruz Stefano de Stefano Bruce Jacobson Mary Miller Geraldine Sam Undecided CBS 11 / Dixie Strategies February 22 -- 23 , 2018 -- ± 4.7 % 73 % 1 % 2 % 2 % 1 % 21 % University of Texas / Texas Tribune February 1 -- 12 , 2018 612 ± 5.3 % 91 % 1 % 3 % 3 % 2 % -- Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ted Cruz Michael McCaul Other Undecided KTVT - CBS 11 / Dixie Strategies Poll September 29 -- October 1 , 2016 321 ± 3.5 % 52 % 12 % 7 % 29 % Public Policy Polling August 12 -- 14 , 2016 522 -- 51 % 19 % -- 31 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ted Cruz George P . Bush Other Undecided KTVT - CBS 11 / Dixie Strategies Poll August 8 -- 9 , 2016 448 -- 40 % 21 % 12 % 27 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ted Cruz Dan Patrick Other Undecided Public Policy Polling August 12 -- 14 , 2016 522 -- 49 % 27 % -- 24 % KTVT - CBS 11 / Dixie Strategies Poll August 8 -- 9 , 2016 448 -- 38 % 23 % 15 % 24 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ted Cruz Rick Perry Other Undecided Public Policy Polling August 12 -- 14 , 2016 522 -- 37 % 46 % -- 18 % Results ( edit ) Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Ted Cruz ( incumbent ) 1,317,463 85.34 % + 51.18 % Republican Mary Miller 94,454 6.11 % Republican Bruce Jacobson Jr . 64,607 4.18 % Republican Stefano de Stefano 44,353 2.87 % Republican Geraldine Sam 22,848 1.48 % Total votes 1,543,725 100 % + 137,077 Turnout 10.12 % - 0.64 % Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Beto O'Rourke , U.S. Representative Eliminated in Primary ( edit ) Sema Hernandez , baseball coach and small business owner Edward Kimbrough Declined ( edit ) Joaquín Castro , U.S. Representative Julian Castro , former U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Wendy Davis , former State Senator and nominee for Governor in 2014 Endorsements ( edit ) show Beto O'Rourke Newspapers Houston Chronicle The Dallas Morning News Organizations End Citizens United Equality Texas Houston GLBT Political Caucus J Street PAC League of Conservation Voters MoveOn.org Political Action National Education Association Stonewall Democrats of Dallas Stonewall Democrats of San Antonio Texas AFL - CIO show Sema Hernandez Individuals Lee Camp , host of Redacted Tonight Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Sema Hernandez Edward Kimbrough Beto O'Rourke Undecided CBS 11 / Dixie Strategies February 22 -- 23 , 2018 -- ± 5.7 % 6 % 4 % 38 % 53 % University of Texas / Texas Tribune February 1 -- 12 , 2018 453 ± 7.4 % 19 % 8 % 73 % -- Results ( edit ) County Results of the Democratic primary for Class 1 United States Senate in Texas , 2018 : Hernandez ( show ) Hernandez -- > 90 % Hernandez -- 80 - 90 % Hernandez -- 70 - 80 % Hernandez -- 60 - 70 % Hernandez -- 50 - 60 % Hernandez -- 40 - 50 % Hernandez -- < 40 % Hernandez / O'Rourke -- < 50 % O'Rourke ( show ) Hernandez / O'Rourke -- < 50 % O'Rourke -- > 90 % O'Rourke -- 80 - 90 % O'Rourke -- 70 - 80 % O'Rourke -- 60 - 70 % O'Rourke -- 50 - 60 % O'Rourke -- 40 - 50 % O'Rourke -- < 40 % Kimbrough / O'Rourke -- 50 % Kimbrough ( show ) Kimbrough / O'Rourke -- 50 % Kimbrough -- < 40 % Kimbrough -- 40 - 50 % Kimbrough -- 50 - 60 % Kimbrough -- 60 - 70 % Kimbrough -- 70 - 80 % Kimbrough -- 80 - 90 % Kimbrough -- > 90 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Beto O'Rourke 641,337 61.79 % Democratic Sema Hernandez 246,313 23.73 % Democratic Edward Kimbrough 150,149 14.46 % Total votes 1,037,799 100 % + 540,312 Turnout 6.8 % + 3 % Libertarian nomination ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Neal Dikeman Independents ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Carl Bible , nurse Jonathan Jenkins , tech entrepreneur Bob McNeil , businessman ( American Citizen ) Declined ( edit ) Matthew Dowd , former strategist for President George W. Bush Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ American Citizen Party does not have ballot access . Appears on ballot as `` Independent . '' General Election ( edit ) Campaign ( edit ) Shortly after the primaries concluded , Cruz 's campaign released an ad mocking O'Rourke's use of the nickname `` Beto '' ( his legal name is Robert Francis O'Rourke ) . Cruz was criticized as a hypocrite , as his legal name is Rafael Edward Cruz . Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report 096 ! Likely R April 9 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report 098 ! Likely R April 20 , 2018 Sabato 's Crystal Ball 098 ! Likely R April 5 , 2018 Endorsements ( edit ) show Ted Cruz Federal officials Donald Trump , 45th President of the United States Mike Pence , 48th Vice President of the United States U.S. Senators John Cornyn , U.S. Senate Majority Whip ( TX ) U.S. Governors Greg Abbott , Governor of Texas Individuals Mark Levin , radio personality and author Labor unions National Border Patrol Council Organizations Campaign for Working Families Empower Texans National Rifle Association Senate Conservatives Fund Tea Party Patriots show Beto O'Rourke U.S. Senators Catherine Cortez Masto , U.S. Senator ( NV ) Chuck Schumer , U.S. Senator ( NY ) and Senate Minority Leader Dick Durbin , U.S. Senator ( IL ) and Senate Minority Whip Patty Murray , U.S. Senator ( WA ) Elizabeth Warren , U.S. Senator ( MA ) Chris Murphy , US Senator ( CT ) U.S Representatives Joe Kennedy III , U.S. Representative ( MA - 4th District ) Kyrsten Sinema , U.S. Representative ( AZ - 9th District ) and candidate for U.S. Senate in Arizona in 2018 Marc Veasey , U.S. Representative ( TX - 33rd District ) Individuals Chelsea Handler , comedian and actress John Iadarola , host on The Young Turks Kyle Kulinski , host of Secular Talk John Leguizamo , actor Lawrence Lessig , American academic , attorney , and political activist . Bill Maher , comedian and political commentator David Pakman , political commentator Sarah Jessica Parker , actress Steve Schmidt , Republican political strategist , campaign manager of John McCain 's 2008 presidential campaign Cenk Uygur , host of The Young Turks Andrew White , businessman , son of former Texas Governor Mark White and candidate for the 2018 gubernatorial Democratic nomination Jenny Wilson , Salt Lake County Councilwoman ( D - UT ) and candidate for U.S. Senate in Utah in 2018 Richard Painter , University of Minnesota Twin Cities law professor , former George W. Bush White House ethics lawyer and candidate for the U.S. Senate in Minnesota in 2018 Labor unions American Federation of Government Employees National Education Association Texas State AFL - CIO Texas Gulf Coast Area Labor Federation Texas State Teachers Association Organizations Council for a Livable World End Citizens United Equality Texas J Street Jolt Texas Houston GLBT Political Caucus Human Rights Campaign League of Conservation Voters Action Fund MoveOn.org NARAL Pro-Choice America National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws PAC Progressive Change Campaign Committee Progress Texas Stonewall Democrats of Dallas Stonewall Democrats of San Antonio Newspapers Houston Chronicle ( Democratic primary ) The Dallas Morning News ( Democratic primary ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ted Cruz ( R ) Beto O'Rourke ( D ) Jonathan Jenkins ( I ) Other Undecided JMC Analytics ( R - Red Metrics Group ) May 19 -- 21 , 2018 575 ± 4.1 % 47 % 40 % 6 % -- 7 % Quinnipiac University April 12 -- 17 , 2018 1,029 ± 3.6 % 47 % 44 % -- 1 % 8 % Public Policy Polling ( D - End Citizens United ) January 17 -- 18 , 2018 757 ± 3.6 % 45 % 37 % -- -- 18 % WPA Intelligence ( R - Cruz ) December 12 -- 14 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 52 % 34 % -- 1 % 13 % Texas Lyceum April 3 -- 9 , 2017 1,000 ± 3.1 % 30 % 30 % -- 3 % 37 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ted Cruz ( R ) Joaquin Castro ( D ) Other Undecided Texas Lyceum April 3 -- 9 , 2017 1,000 ± 3.1 % 31 % 35 % 3 % 31 % Public Policy Polling August 12 -- 14 , 2016 944 ± 3.2 % 48 % 36 % -- 16 % KTVT - CBS 11 / Dixie Strategies Poll August 8 -- 9 , 2016 1,018 ± 3.1 % 32 % 31 % 14 % 23 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ted Cruz ( R ) Wendy Davis ( D ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling August 12 -- 14 , 2016 944 ± 3.2 % 49 % 37 % -- 14 % References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Sean ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz files to run for reelection to the Senate in 2018 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texas 2018 General Election '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Legislatures , National Conference of State . `` 2018 State Primary Election Dates '' . www.ncsl.org . Jump up ^ Wang , Jackie ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Christian TV producer challenging Sen. Ted Cruz in GOP primary '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Kevin ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Houston energy lawyer to challenge Cruz in 2018 Texas Republican primary '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tinsley , Anna M. ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Deadline for 2018 primary ballot : Monday . Here 's who is already in the race '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tinsley , Anna M. ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 Election : First day of filing begins with a rush of candidates '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Thomas ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Geraldine Sam to Run for Senate '' . The Amarillo Pioneer . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Diane ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Former Birdville schools employee joins GOP race to unseat Sen. Ted Cruz '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woolbright , Matt ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Former mayor Dan McQueen announces U.S. Senate bid '' . Caller - Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dearman , Eleanor ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Former Corpus Christi mayor Dan McQueen drops out of Senate race '' . Corpus Christi Caller - Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raju , Manu ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Following RNC speech , Cruz critics urge McCaul to mount primary challenge '' . CNN . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weissert , Will ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` George P Bush seeks re-election as Texas land commissioner '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz May Get The Last Laugh If Donald Trump Implodes '' . Ryan Grim & Igor Bobic , The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Svitek , Patrick ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ted Cruz reports $5.2 million total ahead of re-election campaign '' . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grissom , Brandi ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick : I am not running for U.S. Senate '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Easley , Jonathan ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Roger Stone , Alex Jones plot primary challenge to Cruz '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Rick Perry Talks `` Dancing With The Stars , '' Senate Speculation `` . Texas Tribune . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We recommend Stefano de Stefano over Ted Cruz in the GOP primary for U.S. Senate '' . The Dallas Morning News . February 16 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Primary Election 2018 : Caller - Times endorsements announced with start of early voting '' . Jump up ^ `` Eagle recommendations for U.S. Senate , House of Representatives '' . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Republican Party Primary Election - RESULTS '' . March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Percentage of turnout to registered voters Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rep. Beto O'Rourke `` very likely '' to run for Sen. Ted Cruz 's seat in 2018 `` . Jump up ^ Bill Lambrecht and Kevin Diaz ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Beto O'Rourke to challenge Ted Cruz in Texas ' 2018 Senate race '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reid J. Epstein ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Democratic Congressman Beto O'Rourke Launches Longshot Senate Challenge to Ted Cruz '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Local baseball coach to run against Ted Cruz in Senate race '' . KTRK - TV . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuffner , Charles ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Filing news : Jerry 's back '' . Off the Kuff . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joaquin Castro decides not to run against Ted Cruz in 2018 -- at least for now '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Svitek , Patrick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Joaquin Castro Causes New Stir as He Considers Senate Run '' . Texas Tribune . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby . `` Wendy Davis Draws Starstruck Fans at Democratic National Convention '' . Texas Tribune . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Chronicle editorial board Democratic primary endorsement list '' . ^ Jump up to : `` We recommend Beto O'Rourke in the Democratic primary for U.S. Senate '' . February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : ( https://votesmart.org/candidate/evaluations/78533/beto-orourke#.WqKAY0xFxPY Beto O'Rourke's Ratings and Endorsements PrintTrack This Politician ) Jump up ^ `` Endorsements '' . July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stonewall Democrats of Dallas - Voting / Endorsements '' . www.stonewalldemocratsofdallas.org . Jump up ^ `` Stonewall Democrats of San Antonio '' . www.stonewallsanantonio.org . Jump up ^ `` Lee Camp ( Redacted ) on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Office of the Secretary of State 2018 Democratic Party Primary Election Election Night Returns Jump up ^ `` DIKEMAN , NEAL MONROE - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` Cruz Leads O'Rourke in New Senate Poll '' . Jump up ^ `` BIBLE , CARL ALEXANDER - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Jenkins Independent Senate Bid '' . myhighplains.com . Jump up ^ `` AmericanCitizenParty.us '' . americancitizenparty.us . Jump up ^ `` Bob McNeil - Ballotpedia '' . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Former Bush operative Matthew Dowd mulls challenging Cruz for Senate '' . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Svitek , Patrick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Matthew Dowd wo n't challenge U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz in 2018 '' . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rafael ( Ted ) Cruz justifies mocking Robert ( Beto ) O'Rourke's name CNN , retrieved 3 / 7 / 18 Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Senate `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donald J. Trump on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Svitek , Patrick ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` John Cornyn says he 's supporting Ted Cruz for re-election in 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` Governor Abbott Endorses Ted Cruz for U.S. Senate - Greg Abbott '' . March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ marklevinshow ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Tight race in Texas ? I do n't know if this poll is right , but time to rally for Cruz regardless , folks '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chris Pandolfo ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Border Patrol union endorses Ted Cruz for Senate '' . Conservative Review . Jump up ^ Campaign for Working Families . `` 2018 Candidate Endorsements '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Empower Texans . `` 2018 Primary Endoresements '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The National Rifle Association . `` Texas Endorsements '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Races -- Senate Conservatives '' . www.senateconservatives.com . Jump up ^ `` Citizens Fund Endorses Ted Cruz for Senate in Texas '' . Tea Party Patriots Citizens Fund . February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TX - Sen : Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto ( D. NV ) Helps Beto O'Rourke ( D ) Pull Off A Doug Jones - Style Win '' . Daily Kos . December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Houston fundraiser with New York Democrat Chuck Schumer rankles some Texans '' . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AZ , NV & TX - Sen : Sen. Dick Durbin ( D. IL ) Helps These Democrats In The West Flip The Senate '' . Daily Kos . March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TX , NV & AZ - Sen : Sen. Patty Murray ( D. WA ) Helps Democrats Make Big Gains In The West '' . Daily Kos . December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Svitek ( @ PatrickSvitek ) ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Elizabeth Warren sends fundraising email for @ BetoORourke : www.dailykos.com/stories/2018/4/23/1759385/ - TX - Sen - Sen - Elizabeth - Warren - D - MA - Goes - All - In - To - Help - Beto - O - Rourke - D - Defeat - Ted - Cruz - R ... secure.actblue.com/donate/ew-beto ? refcode = 20180423em1v1s1 ... # txsen '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ ChrisMurphyCT ( May 4 , 2018 ) . ``. @ BetoORourke is running against Ted Cruz in Texas . The gun lobby spent $518,272 on Cruz last year , but Beto is running his entire campaign on small donations from people like you . Chip in to help Beto here : '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Congressman Joe Kennedy : ` The future of the Democratic Party is in Texas . ' - First Reading '' . Jump up ^ @ MarcVeasey ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Look who I found at the Dallas unity event this evening ... our next Senator from the state of Texas @ BetoORourke ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ chelseahandler ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` I got to hear @ BetoORourke speak last night and it was great to hear a candidate who cares about working families , women , immigrantion , and all while not taking money from corporate behemoths . We need elected officials who are not for sale . Go , Texas . Go , @ BetoORourke '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` John Iadarola on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Secular Talk ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bernie - Style Democrat Running To Replace Ted Cruz ! '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ @ JohnLeguizamo ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` I just gave to Beto O'Rourke '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lessig ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Beto for Senate '' . Jump up ^ Real Time with Bill Maher ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Beto O'Rourke - Real Time with Bill Maher ( HBO ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ David Pakman Show ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Beto O'Rourke is No Progressive Hero , But He 's Better Than Ted Cruz '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Madlin Mekelburg ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Actress Sarah Jessica Parker steps out for Beto O'Rourke '' . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ SteveSchmidtSES ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Thinking about Ted Cruz 's slobbering Paean to Trump and the closeness of his race to the exciting and decent Beto O'Rourke one thing should be clear to Texans . If Ted Cruz wo n't protect the backs of his Dad and wife he wo n't have your back . I think Sam Houston would be for Beto ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hannah , Collin ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Justice Democrats ' Vetting Process Hinders Progressive Candidates '' . truthagainstthemachine.com . Jump up ^ White , Andrew ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` I am Andrew White - startup guy , investor , Hurricane Harvey boat rescue captain . Now Democratic candidate for Governor of Texas . AMA '' . Reddit . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jenny ( @ JennyWilsonUT ) ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you , Aaron ! I 'd love to join @ BetoORourke in Washington next year . It 's time for fresh voices '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Just two weeks ago , Ted Cruz celebrated gun violence with the NRA . What should Texas do with him ? Ask @ BetoORourke '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Employees , American Federation of Government ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` AFGE Endorses Rep. Beto O'Rourke of Texas for Senate '' . www.prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ `` NEA Fund - Recommended Candidates '' . www.neafund.org . Jump up ^ Levy , Rick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` TEXAS AFL - CIO COPE ENDORSES O'ROURKE FOR U.S. SENATE '' . Texas AFL - CIO . Jump up ^ `` Your Working Families Voting Guide Labor Endorsed '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Robison , Clay ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` O'Rourke Endorsement - TSTA 18 '' . www.tsta18.org . Jump up ^ `` TX - Sen : Council For A Livable World Endorses Beto O'Rourke ( D ) In The Race To Unseat Ted Cruz ( R ) '' . Daily Kos. April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Council - endorsed Senate Candidates - Council for a Livable World '' . Council for a Livable World . Jump up ^ Jamie Lovegrove ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Well - funded anti-Citizens United group backs O'Rourke in Senate challenge against Cruz '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queer the Vote , Y'all ! '' . Equality Texas . Jump up ^ `` Five Reasons Why It 's Time for Ted Cruz to Go '' . J Street : The Political Home for Pro-Israel , Pro-Peace Americans . August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ jolt_texas ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` We 're proud to announce that Jolt endorses @ BetoORourke for U.S. Senate & @ randrewwhite for Texas Governor '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Endorsements '' . Houston GLBT Political Caucus . July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Nick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` HRC Endorses Beto O'Rourke for U.S. Senator from Texas Human Rights Campaign '' . Human Rights Campaign . Jump up ^ `` LCV Action Fund Endorses Beto O'Rourke for U.S. Senate - League of Conservation Voters '' . League of Conservation Voters . December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Brian ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` MoveOn Members in Texas Endorse Beto O'Rourke for U.S. Senate , Vowing to Defeat Ted Cruz '' . MoveOn.Org , Democracy In Action . Jump up ^ Hogue , Ilyse ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` NARAL Pro-Choice America PAC Endorses Beto O'Rourke for Senate in Texas - NARAL Pro-Choice America '' . NARAL Pro-Choice America . Jump up ^ Altieri , Erik ; Finkel , Jax ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` NORML PAC Endorses Beto O'Rourke for Senate '' . NORML Blog , Marijuana Law Reform . Jump up ^ `` TX - Sen : With Joaquin Castro ( D ) Out , PCCC Doubles Down To Help Beto O'Rourke ( D ) Beat Ted Cruz ( R ) '' . Daily Kos . May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Ed ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Statewide Endorsements '' . progresstexas.org . Jump up ^ `` Stonewall Democrats of Dallas - Voting / Endorsements '' . www.stonewalldemocratsofdallas.org . Jump up ^ `` Stonewall Democrats of San Antonio '' . www.stonewallsanantonio.org . February 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official campaign websites Carl Bible ( I ) for Senate Ted Cruz ( R ) for Senate Neal Dikeman ( L ) for Senate Stefano de Stefano ( R ) for Senate Sema Hernandez ( D ) for Senate Bob McNeill ( Am. 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About Wikipedia	who is running in the 2018 texas primary	[]	[]
1979768019922492092	Prison uniform	Prison uniform - wikipedia Prison uniform Jump to : navigation , search Striped prison uniform , contemporary design as used in the United States and other countries Inmates outfitted in common present - day prison uniforms ( faded black - white ) , US Prison uniforms , India ( museum exhibit ) Uniformed prisoners in Con Dao , Vietnam ( museum exhibit ) A prison uniform is the unified outward appearance of detainees in a situation of imprisonment . It is typically adapted under constraint . Usually a prison uniform consists of a visually distinct garment , which must be worn by an incarcerated person instead of his or her individual civilian clothes . In most cases it is purposefully designed to establish a visual contrast to the outward appearance of prison officers and set up a clear distinction from civil clothing . A prison uniform serves the purpose to make prisoners instantly identifiable , to limit risks through concealed objects and to prevent injuries through undesignated clothing objects . It can also spoil attempts of escape as prison uniforms typically use a design and color scheme that is easily noticed and identified even at a greater distance . A conception for a prison uniform can further purposefully exclude items of otherwise standard clothing as a discrete identifier . This often includes a restriction in terms of footwear , hereby forcing prisoners to remain barefoot as a part of their dress code . The state of wearing a prison uniform in many cases provokes a distressful psychological response from the detained person , as unlike civilian clothes it is worn involuntarily , typically reluctant and is often perceived as stigmatizing . The imperative regulation of a person 's outward appearance is typically perceived as a steep invasion into the autonomy of decision . As a consequence the loss of individuality particularly caused by having to wear a prison uniform can have a detrimental effect to a person 's self - perception and self - esteem . Therefore a prison uniform is often perceived as an implicit element of punishment and a stigma , while the level of psychological distress and humiliation caused by the garment is in large part determined by its characteristic and overall design . However , the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners first adopted in 1955 and amended in 2015 as `` Mandela Rules '' prohibit degrading or humiliating clothing , requiring in Rule 19 that : Every prisoner who is not allowed to wear his or her own closing shall be provided with an outfit of clothing suitable for the climate and adequate to keep him or her good health . Such clothing shall in no manner be degrading or humiliating . All clothing shall be clean and kept in proper condition . Underclothing shall be changed and washed as often as necessary for the maintenance of hygiene . In exceptional circumstances , whenever a prisoner is removed outside the prison for an authorized purpose , he or she shall be allowed to wear his or her own closing or other inconspicuous closing . Using some manifestation of a prison uniform for incarcerated individuals has become the standard within the penal system of most countries . Some facilities may however not issue designated uniform garments to the inmates as such . Primarily depending on the economical conditions a unified dress code is sometimes specified in facilities of different countries , which typically includes confiscating and withholding certain items of otherwise standard clothing . This way the required distinctive appearance to tell inmates apart from regular civilians is obtained in a similar way to uniform garments . This commonly occurs for financial reasons , as this option is naturally free of cost . In this regard especially wearing shoes is often disallowed within penal institutions of various countries , primarily exploiting the socially uncommon semblance of a fully shoeless person , which provides for a sufficiently noticeable visual appearance in most situations . This condition also employs the sociocultural connotation of this attribute as keeping individuals barefoot has served as an indicator for their absence of personal freedom in large parts of history ( see subchapter Early prison uniforms and ( Barefoot ) Imprisonment and slavery for historic background ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early prison uniforms 2 Prison uniform by nation 2.1 Germany 2.2 United Kingdom 2.2. 1 19th century 2.2. 2 21st century 2.3 United States of America 2.3. 1 Color designations 2.4 Other countries 3 See also 4 References Early prison uniforms ( edit ) Female prisoner seated in courtroom , chained and barefooted ; Wales 19th century ( museum exhibit ) Incarerated woman , bare feet exposed ; Friedrich Gustav Schlick , Germany 1836 Prisoners in bare feet next to shod visitors . Cornelis de Wael ; Italy c. 1640 Before specific uniform garments came into use a common method to visually mark and identify prisoners consisted in primarily removing the shoes and keeping them barefoot during imprisonment . As wearing shoes has long been the usual form of appearance , and going unshod has become inadequate and socially unaccepted , the semblance of bare feet was avoided by society and rarely seen . The disreputable assessment of displaying bare feet is connected to the tendency for slaves forced to remain shoeless to display their inferior societal rank while regular citizens usually refrained from this form of appearance and resorted to footwear benefiting their social status . As a practical objective the omitted protection of the feet naturally implicated different environmental obstacles for the detained individuals , which restricted their freedom of action compared to shod individuals , attempts of prison escape were hereby made more difficult . Bare feet also complemented the force of physical restraints which were often applied in the form of shackles or similar devices . Prisoners were rendered more vulnerable to outside influences when they had to remain barefoot , therefore acts of physical resistance were frustrated or more easily overcome as well . As the results were achieved with little effort , this method was common practice to display the state of captivity in most civilizations of the past . The method of keeping prisoners uniformly barefoot is common practice in several countries to this day , mostly complementing specific prisoner 's garments but also as a standalone routine . The psychological effect of having to remain barefoot as part of a prisoner 's dress code is comparable to the effect of specific prison garments , as it is an uncommon state in any civil society just as wearing salient uniform clothing and carries a similar denotive connotation . This situation can however have an additional unsettling effect on a detained person as the heightened vulnerability of shoeless feet typically provokes feelings of insecurity . Hereby a prisoner often perceives the reluctant and unaccustomed visual exposure of his or her bare feet as a palpable element of degradation and punishment in itself . Being forced to remain barefoot for a prison uniform is often experienced as intimidating and oppressive , which is an effect also used to further emphasize the overseers ' command and authority over the prisoners . During the Victorian era when prison sentences of prolonged durance were implemented in the judicial system of several countries , actual garments were conceived to be worn specifically by prison inmates , which developed to the various types of prison uniforms presently in use . Prison uniform by nation ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) See also : Nazi concentration camp badges Dutch Jews wearing vertically striped uniforms at the Buchenwald concentration camp during World War II . During the Nazi period of Germany , interned people in the concentration camp system were often made to wear prisoner 's uniforms . In today 's Germany , inmates may wear regular civilian clothing in some prisons . In other prisons prison uniforms are compulsory . If a prisoner can not afford to have his own clothing cleaned and / or replaced , they may be issued with a prison uniform . There are also facilities with no prison uniforms . United Kingdom ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , prison uniforms formerly consisted of a white jacket , trousers and pillbox hat , all stamped with the broad arrow to denote crown property . The idea of covering the uniforms of Penal Servitude prisoners with the broad arrow was first introduced by Sir Edmund Du Cane in the 1870s after his appointment as Chairman of Convict Directors and Surveyor - General of prisons . Du Cane considered the broad arrow to be a hindrance to escape and also a mark of shame . It was certainly unpopular with the convicts . `` All over the whole clothing were hideous black impressions of the Broad Arrow '' , wrote one prisoner . Another considered the `` hideous dress '' to be `` the most extraordinary garb I had ever seen outside a pantomime '' . Men sent to public - works prisons were issued with boots . One prisoner , Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa , left this description : `` Fully fourteen pounds in weight . I put them on and the weight of them served to fasten me to the ground . It was not that alone , but the sight of the impression they left on the gutter as you looked at the footprints of those who walked before you , struck terror to your heart . There was the felon 's brand of the ' broad arrow ' impressed on the soil by every footstep ... the nails in the soles of your boots and shoes were hammered in an arrow shape , so that whatever ground you trod you left traces that Government property had travelled over it . '' The broad arrow markings were used until 1922 . 21st century ( edit ) Currently prisoners are clothed in a standard issue prison uniform , which consists of a grey sweat shirt , a grey jumper , and grey soft trousers ( jogging bottoms ) . All male prisoners must wear the uniform during the first two weeks , and are then entitled to wear some of their own clothes if they choose to after obtaining a higher enchanted reward level , for doing things such as performing their prison chores and keeping good behavior , etc . Although this is except for dangerous criminals , usually in Category A maximum security prisons , who are assessed as having a high escape attempt , they are required to wear yellow and green boiler suits . Remanded prisoners in the UK may wear their own clothing . Prisoners in Category D open prisons can also wear their own clothing , but not anything that resembles a prison officers uniform . United States of america ( edit ) Prisoners in Utah c. 1885 wearing horizontally striped prison uniforms . Prison uniforms in the United States often consist of a distinctive orange or yellow jumpsuit or two piece surgical scrub set to make escape more difficult , as it is difficult for an escaped inmate to avoid recognition and recapture in such a distinctive attire . Originally a horizontal white and black bee - striped uniform and hat was used . Striped prison uniforms commonly used in the 19th century began to be abolished in parts of the United States early in the 20th century because their continued use as a badge of shame was considered undesirable . Through most of the twentieth century attitudes were different towards philosophies of rehabilitation . Fair treatment of prisoners and a growing number of non-violent , working class offenders prompted such a change in attitudes , and clothing and conditions changed to serve the concept of rehabilitation rather than punishment . As a result , work clothes were introduced , perhaps because of the concept of honest labor helping to turn an inmate into an honest citizen . Blue jeans and light blue denim or chambray work shirts became the norm , a tradition still followed in some state prison systems today . In federal prisons , this concept was introduced in the form of khaki pants and shirts , still in use . Detainees held at Guantanamo Bay in orange scrubs Only within the last twenty years have jumpsuits and scrubs become popular , and mostly out of economic issues . In many cases , prison uniforms usually consist of clothing better suited to the comfort and durability required for long term inmates , and these new uniforms are thus used mostly in local jails for short term inmates and offenders awaiting trial or transportation to a more permanent facility . A recent trend to use uniforms as a measure of punishment has become increasingly popular . Sheriff Joe Arpaio in Arizona resorted to stripes and harsh conditions for his inmates , including pink underpants for his male charges . Striped uniforms in general have made a significant comeback into the jail and prison system for a variety of reasons , such as mistaking jumpsuit - clad workers or scrub - clad nurses / doctors as inmates . False reporting of people in similar clothing has become a problem in some counties , so many have switched back to using striped uniforms ( Mostly Orange and White ) due to the unambiguous nature of these garments being associated with inmates . In July 2014 , because the popular television program Orange Is the New Black was making the orange jumpsuits in his prison fashionable , Saginaw County , Michigan Sheriff William Federspiel decided to replace them with traditional black - and - white - striped uniforms . Color designations ( edit ) Different color designations are commonly used to indicate the status of the inmate . The uniforms may be in plain colors or horizontally striped black or white . In some cases the following color code is used Dark red : supermax , or `` worst of the worst '' Red : high - risk Orange : medium - risk Khaki or yellow : low - risk White : segregation unit or in specific cases , death row inmates Green or blue : low - risk inmates on work detail ( e.g. kitchen , cleaning , laundry , mail , or other tasks ) Black / orange and white stripes : unspecific , commonly used for any status in some prisons Pink : used for special punishment in some prisons Other countries ( edit ) In South Korea prison uniforms are also compulsory , often using a khaki color scheme . See also ( edit ) Prison officer Prisoner 's rights Imprisonment Detention ( imprisonment ) Physical restraints Barefoot References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prisoner uniforms . Jump up ^ Saidel , Rochelle G . The Jewish Women of Ravensbruck Concentration Camp . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arbeitserziehungslager Fehrbellin : Zwangsarbeiterinnen im Straflager der Gestapo '' ( pdf ) . Jump up ^ Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners , Rule 19 Jump up ^ Andrew Meldrum . `` Andrew Meldrum : My night in Mugabe 's stinking jail '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 's jails : full of human kindness ? '' . GlobalPost . Jump up ^ `` Open Minds , Closed Doors : Prison Education in Uganda '' . DI News . Jump up ^ https://www.byliner.com/robert-j-rosenthal/stories/inside-a-ugandan-prison-a-nightmare-comes-to-life Jump up ^ `` American Pastor Saeed Facing `` Hell on Earth '' in Iran 's Evin Prison `` . American Center for Law and Justice . Jump up ^ `` Prison conditions in Pakistan '' . YouTube . 31 December 1969 . Jump up ^ `` How One Woman Helped Reform a Notorious Indian Prison '' . YouTube . 31 December 1969 . Jump up ^ `` Congo - Kinshasa : Meet ' Mr Human Rights ' '' . allAfrica.com . Jump up ^ Erica Solomon . `` I Live Here -- Introducing the Boys of Kachere Juvenile Prison '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` World 's Toughest Prisons '' . The Voice of Russia 's Global Discussion . Jump up ^ `` Cote d'Ivoire : When a sentence to jail can be a sentence to death '' . IRINnews . Jump up ^ `` Long hours in a Harare jail . '' . BBC News . June 1 , 2002 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) in `` Victorian crime and punishment `` ; 14.04. 2015 . Jump up ^ Lippische Landes - Zeitung . `` Auch hinter Gittern wird geträumt '' . Kultur . Jump up ^ http://www.jva-koeln.nrw.de/service/bes_info/mitbring/index.php Jump up ^ Five Years Penal Servitude by One - who - has - endured - it ( 1877 ) Jump up ^ My Prison Life ( 1901 ) , Jabez Spencer Balfour Jump up ^ Irish Rebels in English Prisons ( 1882 ) , Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa Jump up ^ `` Alexander Paterson , youth work and prison reform '' , Infed.org , 2004 Jump up ^ Alan Travis ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Prison perks : inmates must wear uniforms as Grayling cracks down '' . Guardian . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/aug/02/remand-prisoners-treated-worse Jump up ^ Pratt , John Clark ( 2002 ) . Punishment and civilization : penal tolerance and intolerance in modern society . Thousand Oaks , Calif : Sage . p. 76 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 4753 - 1 . The distinctive prison stripes were abolished in 1904 . ... stripes had come to be looked upon as a badge of shame and were a constant humiliation and irritant to many prisoners ' ( Report of the New York ( State ) Prison Department , 1904 : 22 ) Jump up ^ `` Black - and - white stripes are the new orange at Michigan jail '' . NY Daily News . Jump up ^ http://www.stern.de/panorama/sewol-kapitaen-raeumt-schwere-fehler-bei-faehrunglueck-ein-2143629.html Incarceration Science Correctional medicine Criminology Penology Punishment Stanford prison experiment Prisoners Criminal Detainee Hostage Political prisoner Prisoner of conscience Prisoner of war Slave Prisons Types Black site Dark Debtors ' Extermination camp Farm Internment Labor camp Military Penal colony Corrective labor colony Prisoner - of - war camp Private Ship Youth detention center Security levels Administrative detention Death row Maximum security Open Supermax Components Cell Solitary confinement Commissary Cemetery Food Library Nursery Officer Warden Sally port Superintendent Trusty system Escape List of prison escapes Helicopter prison escapes Prisoner - of - war escapes Culture Film Gang ( United States ) Handball Literature Blogs American Prison ring Slang Tattooing Social issues Abuse ( United States ) Contemplative programs Solitary confinement Education LGBT people Mentally ill people in the United States Mobile phones Pay - to - stay Overcrowding Private prisons Rape ( United States ) Religion ( United States ) Riots Sexuality Strikes Suicide Protective custody Women in prison ( United States ) Organizations International Network of Prison Ministries African Prisons Project Florida Justice Institute POA ( trade union ) Prison abolition movement Prison Advice and Care Trust Prison Fellowship Prison Fellowship International Prison Legal News Prison Officers ' Association ( Ireland ) Prison Radio Prison Reform Trust Prison University Project The Prison Phoenix Trust WriteAPrisoner.com Leaving prison Escape Rehabilitation Work release Lists Countries by incarceration rate Prisons By country Australia China Chile Estonia Germany India Ireland Jamaica Japan North Korea Russia Soviet Union Gulag Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Imprisonment and detention Commons Criminal justice portal Types of law enforcement agencies Police Airport police Auxiliary police Campus police Cantonal police Capitol police Cathedral constable Company police Conservation officer County police Fire police Highway patrol Hospital police Metropolitan police Military police Municipal police Park police Postal police Private police Railroad police Regional police Religious police Riot police Secret police Security police Special police State police Transit police Water police Related Anti-corruption agency Border guard City guard Coast guard Criminal investigation agency Customs service Gendarmerie Prison officer Protective security units Sheriff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_uniform&oldid=795844015 '' Categories : Penal imprisonment Penology Uniforms Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 עברית Magyar 日本語 Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a convicted criminal wearing a prison uniform is an example of a person who has been	[]	[]
-8619884322386062624	Rule of law	Rule of law - wikipedia Rule of law Jump to : navigation , search `` Rule of Law '' redirects here . For other uses , see Rule of Law ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with rule according to higher law . Mosaic representing both the judicial and legislative aspects of law . The woman on the throne holds a sword to chastise the guilty and a palm branch to reward the meritorious . Glory surrounds her head , and the aegis of Minerva signifies the armor of righteousness and wisdom . Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Dictatorship Directory Federacy Feudalism Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties The rule of law is the `` authority and influence of law in society , especially when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behavior ; ( hence ) the principle whereby all members of a society ( including those in government ) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes '' . The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain , and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings . John Locke wrote that freedom in society means being subject only to laws made by a legislature that apply to everyone , with a person being otherwise free from both governmental and private restrictions upon liberty . The `` rule of law '' was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A.V. Dicey . However the principle , if not the phrase , was recognized by ancient sages and philosophers , such as Aristotle , who wrote `` It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens '' . Rule of law implies that every person is subject to the law , including people who are lawmakers , law enforcement officials , and judges . In this sense , it stands in contrast to an autocracy , dictatorship , or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law . Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships , for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law , and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it . Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Antiquity 1.2 Middle Ages 1.3 Early modern period 2 Meaning and categorization of interpretations 3 Status in various jurisdictions 3.1 Europe 3.1. 1 United Kingdom 3.2 Americas 3.2. 1 United States 3.3 Asia 4 Organizations 4.1 The Council of Europe 4.2 International Commission of Jurists 4.3 United Nations 4.4 International Bar Association 4.5 World Justice Project 4.6 The International Development Law Organization ( IDLO ) 4.7 The International Network to Promote the Rule of Law ( INPROL ) 5 In relation to economics 6 In relation to culture 7 Criticism 8 See also 8.1 By jurisdiction 8.2 Legal scholars 9 Notes and references 10 Bibliography 11 External links History ( edit ) Although credit for popularizing the expression `` the rule of law '' in modern times is usually given to A.V. Dicey , development of the legal concept can be traced through history to many ancient civilizations , including ancient Greece , China , Mesopotamia , India , and Rome . Antiquity ( edit ) In the West , the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men . Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king , who was above the law . Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws , explaining that `` Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own , the collapse of the state , in my view , is not far off ; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave , then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state . '' More than Plato attempted to do , Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws . In other words , Aristotle advocated the rule of law : It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens : upon the same principle , if it is advantageous to place the supreme power in some particular persons , they should be appointed to be only guardians , and the servants of the laws . The Roman statesman Cicero is often cited as saying , roughly : `` We are all servants of the laws in order to be free . '' During the Roman Republic , controversial magistrates might be put on trial when their terms of office expired . Under the Roman Empire , the sovereign was personally immune ( legibus solutus ) , but those with grievances could sue the treasury . In China , members of the school of legalism during the 3rd century BC argued for using law as a tool of governance , but they promoted `` rule by law '' as opposed to `` rule of law '' , meaning that they placed the aristocrats and emperor above the law . In contrast , the Huang - Lao school of Daoism rejected legal positivism in favor of a natural law that even the ruler would be subject to . There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law . In the Old Testament , the book of Deuteronomy imposes certain restrictions on the king , regarding such matters as the numbers of wives he might take and of horses he might acquire ( for his own use ) . According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson , `` This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented ... '' The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings , including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth - century England . Middle ages ( edit ) In Islamic jurisprudence rule of law was formulated in the seventh century , so that no official could claim to be above the law , not even the caliph . However , this was not a reference to secular law , but to Islamic religious law in the form of Sharia law . Alfred the Great , Anglo - Saxon king in the 9th century , reformed the law of his kingdom and assembled a law code ( the Doom Book ) which he grounded on biblical commandments . He held that the same law had to be applied to all persons , whether rich or poor , friends or enemies . This was likely inspired by Leviticus 19 : 15 : `` You shall do no iniquity in judgment . You shall not favor the wretched and you shall not defer to the rich . In righteousness you are to judge your fellow . '' In 1215 , Archbishop Stephen Langton gathered the Barons in England and forced King John and future sovereigns and magistrates back under the rule of law , preserving ancient liberties by Magna Carta in return for exacting taxes . This foundation for a constitution was carried into the United States Constitution . In 1481 , during the reign of Ferdinand II of Aragon , the Constitució de l'Observança was approved by the General Court of Catalonia , establishing the submission of royal power ( included its officers ) to the laws of the Principality of Catalonia . Early modern period ( edit ) See also : Rechtsstaat Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal The first known use of this English phrase occurred around AD 1500 . Another early example of the phrase `` rule of law '' is found in a petition to James I of England in 1610 , from the House of Commons : Amongst many other points of happiness and freedom which your majesty 's subjects of this kingdom have enjoyed under your royal progenitors , kings and queens of this realm , there is none which they have accounted more dear and precious than this , to be guided and governed by the certain rule of the law which giveth both to the head and members that which of right belongeth to them , and not by any uncertain or arbitrary form of government ... In 1607 , English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions ( according to his own report ) `` that the law was the golden met - wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects ; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace : with which the King was greatly offended , and said , that then he should be under the law , which was treason to affirm , as he said ; to which I said , that Bracton saith , quod Rex non debed esse sub homine , sed sub Deo et lege ( That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law . ) . '' Among the first modern authors to use the term and give the principle theoretical foundations was Samuel Rutherford in Lex , Rex ( 1644 ) . The title , Latin for `` the law is king '' , subverts the traditional formulation rex lex ( `` the king is law '' ) . James Harrington wrote in Oceana ( 1656 ) , drawing principally on Aristotle 's Politics , that among forms of government an `` Empire of Laws , and not of Men '' was preferable to an `` Empire of Men , and not of Laws '' . John Locke also discussed this issue in his Second Treatise of Government ( 1690 ) : The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth , and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man , but to have only the law of nature for his rule . The liberty of man , in society , is to be under no other legislative power , but that established , by consent , in the commonwealth ; nor under the dominion of any will , or restraint of any law , but what that legislative shall enact , according to the trust put in it . Freedom then is not what Sir Robert Filmer tells us , Observations , A. 55 . a liberty for every one to do what he lists , to live as he pleases , and not to be tied by any laws : but freedom of men under government is , to have a standing rule to live by , common to every one of that society , and made by the legislative power erected in it ; a liberty to follow my own will in all things , where the rule prescribes not ; and not to be subject to the inconstant , uncertain , unknown , arbitrary will of another man : as freedom of nature is , to be under no other restraint but the law of nature . The principle was also discussed by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws ( 1748 ) . The phrase `` rule of law '' appears in Samuel Johnson 's Dictionary ( 1755 ) . In 1776 , the notion that no one is above the law was popular during the founding of the United States . For example , Thomas Paine wrote in his pamphlet Common Sense that `` in America , the law is king . For as in absolute governments the King is law , so in free countries the law ought to be king ; and there ought to be no other . '' In 1780 , John Adams enshrined this principle in the Massachusetts Constitution by seeking to establish `` a government of laws and not of men . '' The influence of Britain , France and the United States contributed to spreading the principle of the rule of law to other countries around the world . Meaning and categorization of interpretations ( edit ) The Oxford English Dictionary has defined `` rule of law '' this way : The authority and influence of law in society , esp . when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behaviour ; ( hence ) the principle whereby all members of a society ( including those in government ) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes . Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law . It stands in contrast to the idea that the ruler is above the law , for example by divine right . Despite wide use by politicians , judges and academics , the rule of law has been described as `` an exceedingly elusive notion '' . Among modern legal theorists , one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified : a formalist or `` thin '' definition , and a substantive or `` thick '' definition ; one occasionally encounters a third `` functional '' conception . Formalist definitions of the rule of law do not make a judgment about the `` justness '' of law itself , but define specific procedural attributes that a legal framework must have in order to be in compliance with the rule of law . Substantive conceptions of the rule of law go beyond this and include certain substantive rights that are said to be based on , or derived from , the rule of law . Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics , meaning that the law must be publicly declared ( prohibitions or exigencies ) , with prospective application ( punishments or consequences tied to a given prohibition or exigency ) , and possess the characteristics of generality ( usually meaning consistency and comprehensibility ) , equality ( that is , applied equally throughout all society ) , and certainty ( that is , certainty of application for a given situation ) , but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law . Others , including a few legal theorists , believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights . Within legal theory , these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives , respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches . Still , there are other views as well . Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law . The `` formal '' interpretation is more widespread than the `` substantive '' interpretation . Formalists hold that the law must be prospective , well - known , and have characteristics of generality , equality , and certainty . Other than that , the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law . This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights , but recognizes the existence of `` rule of law '' in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights . The substantive interpretation holds that the rule of law intrinsically protects some or all individual rights . The functional interpretation of the term `` rule of law '' , consistent with the traditional English meaning , contrasts the `` rule of law '' with the `` rule of man . '' According to the functional view , a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of `` rule of law '' , whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of `` rule of law '' . Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law . The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility , even when flexibility may be preferable . The ancient concept of rule of law can be distinguished from rule by law , according to political science professor Li Shuguang : `` The difference ... is that , under the rule of law , the law is preeminent and can serve as a check against the abuse of power . Under rule by law , the law is a mere tool for a government , that suppresses in a legalistic fashion . '' Status in various jurisdictions ( edit ) The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country . Research , like the Worldwide Governance Indicators , defines the rule of law as : `` the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society , and in particular the quality of contract enforcement , the police and the courts , as well as the likelihood of crime or violence . '' Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries , as seen in the map below . A government based on the rule of law can be called a `` nomocracy '' , from the Greek nomos ( law ) and kratos ( power or rule ) . Europe ( edit ) The preamble of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms says `` the governments of European countries which are like - minded and have a common heritage of political traditions , ideals , freedom and the rule of law '' . In France and Germany the concepts of rule of law ( Etat de droit and Rechtsstaat respectively ) are analogous to the principles of constitutional supremacy and protection of fundamental rights from public authorities ( see public law ) , particularly the legislature . France was one of the early pioneers of the ideas of the rule of law . The German interpretation is more `` rigid '' but similar to that of France and the United Kingdom . Finland 's constitution explicitly requires rule of law by stipulating that `` the exercise of public powers shall be based on an Act . In all public activity , the law shall be strictly observed . '' United kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Rule of law in the United Kingdom In the United Kingdom the rule of law is a long - standing principle of the way the country is governed , dating from Magna Carta in 1215 and the Bill of Rights 1689 . In the 19th century , A.V. Dicey , a constitutional scholar and lawyer , wrote of the twin pillars of the British constitution in his classic work Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution ( 1885 ) ; these two pillars are the rule of law and parliamentary sovereignty . Americas ( edit ) United States ( edit ) 2005 map of Worldwide Governance Indicators , which attempts to measure the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society . 90 -- 100th percentile * 75 -- 90th percentile 50 -- 75th percentile 25 -- 50th percentile 10 -- 25th percentile 0 -- 10th percentile * Percentile rank indicates the percentage of countries worldwide that rate below the selected country . All government officers of the United States , including the President , the Justices of the Supreme Court , state judges and legislators , and all members of Congress , pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution . These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader . At the same time , the federal government has considerable discretion : the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write , as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals . Likewise , the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion , and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion . Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the `` rule of law , '' and if so , which one . For example , John Harrison asserts that the word `` law '' in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding , rather than being `` defined by formal or substantive criteria , '' and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria . Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees , writing that Cicero , Augustine , Thomas Aquinas , and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all . Some modern scholars contend that the rule of law has been corroded during the past century by the instrumental view of law promoted by legal realists such as Oliver Wendell Holmes and Roscoe Pound . For example , Brian Tamanaha asserts : `` The rule of law is a centuries - old ideal , but the notion that law is a means to an end became entrenched only in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . '' Others argue that the rule of law has survived but was transformed to allow for the exercise of discretion by administrators . For much of American history , the dominant notion of the rule of law , in this setting , has been some version of A.V. Dicey 's : `` no man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary Courts of the land . '' That is , individuals should be able to challenge an administrative order by bringing suit in a court of general jurisdiction . As the dockets of worker compensation commissions , public utility commissions and other agencies burgeoned , it soon became apparent that letting judges decide for themselves all the facts in a dispute ( such as the extent of an injury in a worker 's compensation case ) would overwhelm the courts and destroy the advantages of specialization that led to the creation of administrative agencies in the first place . Even Charles Evans Hughes , a Chief Justice of the United States , believed `` you must have administration , and you must have administration by administrative officers . '' By 1941 , a compromise had emerged . If administrators adopted procedures that more - or-less tracked `` the ordinary legal manner '' of the courts , further review of the facts by `` the ordinary Courts of the land '' was unnecessary . That is , if you had your `` day in commission , '' the rule of law did not require a further `` day in court . '' Thus Dicey 's rule of law was recast into a purely procedural form . James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that , `` Laws may be unjust , may be unwise , may be dangerous , may be destructive ; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect . '' George Mason agreed that judges `` could declare an unconstitutional law void . But with regard to every law , however unjust , oppressive or pernicious , which did not come plainly under this description , they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course . '' Chief Justice John Marshall ( joined by Justice Joseph Story ) took a similar position in 1827 : `` When its existence as law is denied , that existence can not be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law . '' Asia ( edit ) East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought , Confucianism , which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous , and Legalism , which advocated strict adherence to law . The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries . One study indicates that throughout East Asia , only South Korea , Singapore , Japan , Taiwan and Hong Kong have societies that are robustly committed to a law - bound state . According to Awzar Thi , a member of the Asian Human Rights Commission , the rule of law in Thailand , Cambodia , and most of Asia is weak or nonexistent : Apart from a number of states and territories , across the continent there is a huge gulf between the rule of law rhetoric and reality . In Thailand , the police force is an organized crime gang . In Cambodia , judges are proxies for the ruling political party ... That a judge may harbor political prejudice or apply the law unevenly are the smallest worries for an ordinary criminal defendant in Asia . More likely ones are : Will the police fabricate the evidence ? Will the prosecutor bother to show up ? Will the judge fall asleep ? Will I be poisoned in prison ? Will my case be completed within a decade ? In countries such as China and Vietnam , the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law , because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development . It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well , and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights . The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China . In Thailand , a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932 , the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice . Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings , and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century . In November 2013 , Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators . In India , the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950 . Although the Constitution of India may have been intended to provide details that would limit the opportunity for judicial discretion , the more text there is in a constitution the greater opportunity the judiciary may have to exercise judicial review . According to Indian journalist Harish Khare , `` The rule of law or rather the Constitution ( is ) in danger of being supplanted by the rule of judges . '' Japan had centuries of tradition prior to World War II , during which there were laws , but they did not provide a central organizing principle for society , and they did not constrain the powers of government ( Boadi , 2001 ) . As the 21st century began , the percentage of people who were lawyers and judges in Japan remained very low relative to western Europe and the United States , and legislation in Japan tended to be terse and general , leaving much discretion in the hands of bureaucrats . Organizations ( edit ) Various organizations are involved in promoting the rule of law . The Council of Europe ( edit ) The Statute of the Council of Europe characterizes the rule of law as one of the core principles which the establishment of the organization based on . The paragraph 3 of the preamble of the Statute of the Council of Europe states : `` Reaffirming their devotion to the spiritual and moral values which are the common heritage of their peoples and the true source of individual freedom , political liberty and the rule of law , principles which form the basis of all genuine democracy . '' The Statute lays the compliance with the rule of law principles as a condition for the European states to be a full member of the organization . International Commission of Jurists ( edit ) In 1959 , an event took place in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists , made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law . The event consisted of over 185 judges , lawyers , and law professors from 53 countries . This later became known as the Declaration of Delhi . During the declaration they declared what the rule of law implied . They included certain rights and freedoms , an independent judiciary and social , economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity . The one aspect not included in The Declaration of Delhi , was for rule of law requiring legislative power to be subject to judicial review . United Nations ( edit ) The Secretary - General of the United Nations defines the rule of law as : a principle of governance in which all persons , institutions and entities , public and private , including the State itself , are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated , equally enforced and independently adjudicated , and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards . It requires , as well , measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law , equality before the law , accountability to the law , fairness in the application of the law , separation of powers , participation in decision - making , legal certainty , avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency . The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992 , with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions . The Security Council has held a number of thematic debates on the rule of law , and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the context of women , peace and security , children in armed conflict , and the protection of civilians in armed conflict . The Peacebuilding Commission has also regularly addressed rule of law issues with respect to countries on its agenda . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action also requires the rule of law be included in human rights education . International Bar Association ( edit ) The Council of the International Bar Association passed a resolution in 2009 endorsing a substantive or `` thick '' definition of the rule of law : An independent , impartial judiciary ; the presumption of innocence ; the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay ; a rational and proportionate approach to punishment ; a strong and independent legal profession ; strict protection of confidential communications between lawyer and client ; equality of all before the law ; these are all fundamental principles of the Rule of Law . Accordingly , arbitrary arrests ; secret trials ; indefinite detention without trial ; cruel or degrading treatment or punishment ; intimidation or corruption in the electoral process , are all unacceptable . The Rule of Law is the foundation of a civilised society . It establishes a transparent process accessible and equal to all . It ensures adherence to principles that both liberate and protect . The IBA calls upon all countries to respect these fundamental principles . It also calls upon its members to speak out in support of the Rule of Law within their respective communities . World Justice Project ( edit ) As used by the World Justice Project , a non-profit organization committed to advancing the rule of law around the world , the rule of law refers to a rules - based system in which the following four universal principles are upheld : 1 . The government and its officials and agents are accountable under the law ; 2 . The laws are clear , publicized , stable , fair , and protect fundamental rights , including the security of persons and property ; 3 . The process by which the laws are enacted , administered , and enforced is accessible , fair , and efficient ; 4 . Access to justice is provided by competent , independent , and ethical adjudicators , attorneys or representatives , and judicial officers who are of sufficient number , have adequate resources , and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve . The World Justice Project has developed an Index to measure the extent to which countries adhere to the rule of law in practice . The WJP Rule of Law Index is composed of 9 factors and 52 sub-factors , and covers a variety of dimensions of the rule of law -- such as whether government officials are accountable under the law , and whether legal institutions protect fundamental rights and allow ordinary people access to justice . The International development law organization ( IDLO ) ( edit ) The International Development Law Organization ( IDLO ) is an intergovernmental organization with a joint focus on the promotion of rule of law and development . It works to empower people and communities to claim their rights , and provides governments with the know - how to realize them . It supports emerging economies and middle - income countries to strengthen their legal capacity and rule of law framework for sustainable development and economic opportunity . It is the only intergovernmental organization with an exclusive mandate to promote the rule of law and has experience working in more than 170 countries around the world . The International Development Law Organization has a holistic definition of the rule of law : More than a matter of due process , the rule of law is an enabler of justice and development . The three notions are interdependent ; when realized , they are mutually reinforcing . For IDLO , as much as a question of laws and procedure , the rule of law is a culture and daily practice . It is inseparable from equality , from access to justice and education , from access to health and the protection of the most vulnerable . It is crucial for the viability of communities and nations , and for the environment that sustains them . IDLO is headquartered in Rome and has a branch office in The Hague and has Permanent Observer Status at the United Nations General Assembly in New York City . The International Network to Promote the rule of law ( INPROL ) ( edit ) The International Network to Promote the Rule of Law ( INPROL ) is a network of over 3,000 law practitioners from 120 countries and 300 organizations working on rule of law issues in post-conflict and developing countries from a policy , practice and research perspective . INPROL is based at the US Institute of Peace ( USIP ) in partnership with the US Department of State Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) Strategic Police Matters Unit , the Center of Excellence for Police Stability Unit , and William and Marry School of Law in the United States . Its affiliate organizations include the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime , Folke Bernadotte Academy , International Bar Association , International Association of Chiefs of Police , International Association of Women Police , International Corrections and Prisons Association , International Association for Court Administration , International Security Sector Advisory Team at the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces , Worldwide Association of Women Forensic Experts ( WAWFE ) , and International Institute for Law and Human Rights . INPROL provides an online forum for the exchange of information about best practices . Members may post questions , and expect a response from their fellow rule of law practitioners worldwide on their experiences in addressing rule of law issues . In relation to Economics ( edit ) One important aspect of the rule - of - law initiatives is the study and analysis of the rule of law 's impact on economic development . The rule - of - law movement can not be fully successful in transitional and developing countries without an answer to the question : does the rule of law matter for economic development or not ? Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks , and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary , which , in many transitional and developing countries , is completely controlled by the executive . It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary : corruption by the executive branch , in contrast to corruption by private actors . The standards of constitutional economics can be used during annual budget process , and if that budget planning is transparent then the rule of law may benefit . The availability of an effective court system , to be used by the civil society in situations of unfair government spending and executive impoundment of previously authorized appropriations , is a key element for the success of the rule - of - law endeavor . The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries . To date , the term `` rule of law '' has been used primarily in the English - speaking countries , and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well - established democracies as , for instance , Sweden , Denmark , France , Germany , or Japan . A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy . The `` rule of law '' primarily connotes `` protection of property rights . '' The economist F.A. Hayek analyzed how the Rule of Law might be beneficial to the free market . Hayek proposed that under the Rule of Law individuals would be able to make wise investments and future plans with some confidence in a successful return on investment when he stated : `` under the Rule of Law the government is prevented from stultifying individual efforts by ad hoc action . Within the known rules of the game the individual is free to pursue his personal ends and desires , certain that the powers of government will not be used deliberately to frustrate his efforts . '' Studies have shown that weak rule of law ( for example , discretionary regulatory enforcement ) discourages investment . Economists have found , for example , that a rise in discretionary regulatory enforcement caused US firms ' to abandon international investments . In relation to culture ( edit ) The Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments or Roerich Pact is an inter-American treaty . The most important idea of the Roerich Pact is the legal recognition that the defense of cultural objects is more important than the use or destruction of that culture for military purposes , and the protection of culture always has precedence over any military necessity . The Roerich Pact signed on April 15 , 1935 by the representatives of 21 American states in the Oval Office of the White House ( Washington , DC ) . It was the first international treaty signed in the Oval Office . The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict is the first international treaty that focuses on the protection of cultural property in armed conflict . It was signed at The Hague , Netherlands on 14 May 1954 and entered into force on 7 August 1956 . As of June 2017 , it has been ratified by 128 states . The rule of law can be hampered when there is a disconnect between legal and popular consensus . An example is intellectual property . Under the auspices of the World Intellectual Property Organization , nominally strong copyright laws have been implemented throughout most of the world ; but because the attitude of much of the population does not conform to these laws , a rebellion against ownership rights has manifested in rampant piracy , including an increase in peer - to - peer file sharing . Similarly , in Russia , tax evasion is common and a person who admits he does not pay taxes is not judged or criticized by his colleagues and friends , because the tax system is viewed as unreasonable . Bribery likewise has different normative implications across cultures . Criticism ( edit ) The Rule of Law has been criticised by several scholars , authors , philosophers and activists as unrealistic , hypocritical or dangerous . Author Peter Gelderloos argues that attempting to create a specialised class of judicial authority that is separate from the community will inevitably lead to corruption . He points out that nonviolent drug - related offences receive far more police and media attention than workplace injuries or pollution , which kill far more people each year . He argues that restorative justice is a far more effective and humane alternative to prisons , courts and the police . See also ( edit ) Constitutional liberalism Due process Equality before the law Habeas corpus Judicial activism Legal certainty Legal doctrine Minority rights Nuremberg Principles Ochlocracy ( mob rule ) Philosophy of law Public interest litigation Rechtsstaat Separation of powers Sovereign immunity By jurisdiction ( edit ) Rule of law doctrine in Singapore Legal scholars ( edit ) Thomas Bingham , Baron Bingham of Cornhill A.V. Dicey Joseph Raz Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cole , John et al. ( 1997 ) . The Library of Congress , W.W. Norton & Company . p. 113 ^ Jump up to : The Oxford English Dictionary ) ) ( accessed May 05 , 2018 ) ( quoting the OED ) . The phrase `` rule of law '' is also sometimes used in other senses . See Garner , Bryan A. ( Editor in Chief ) . Black 's Law Dictionary , 9th Edition , p. 1448 . ( Thomson Reuters , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 26578 - 4 . The lead definition given by Black 's is this : `` A substantive legal principle '' , and the second definition is the `` supremacy of regular as opposed to arbitrary power '' . Black 's provides a total of five definitions of `` rule of law '' . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Samuel . Lex , rex : the law and the prince , a dispute for the just prerogative of king and people , containing the reasons and causes of the defensive wars of the kingdom of Scotland , and of their expedition for the ayd and help of their brethren of England , p. 237 ( 1644 ) : `` The prince remaineth , even being a prince , a social creature , a man , as well as a king ; one who must buy , sell , promise , contract , dispose : ergo , he is not regula regulans , but under rule of law ... '' ^ Jump up to : Aristotle , Politics 3.16 Jump up ^ Hobson , Charles . The Great Chief Justice : John Marshall and the Rule of Law , p. 57 ( University Press of Kansas , 1996 ) : according to John Marshall , `` the framers of the Constitution contemplated that instrument as a rule for the government of courts , as well as of the legislature . '' ^ Jump up to : Wormuth , Francis . The Origins of Modern Constitutionalism , p. 28 ( 1949 ) . Jump up ^ Bingham , Thomas . The Rule of Law , p. 3 ( Penguin 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Black , Anthony . A World History of Ancient Political Thought ( Oxford University Press 2009 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 928169 - 6 ^ Jump up to : David Clarke , `` The many meanings of the rule of law '' in Kanishka Jayasuriya , ed. , Law , Capitalism and Power in Asia ( New York : Routledge , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Cooper , John et al. Complete Works By Plato , p. 1402 ( Hackett Publishing , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ In full : `` The magistrates who administer the law , the judges who act as its spokesmen , all the rest of us who live as its servants , grant it our allegiance as a guarantee of our freedom . '' -- Cicero ( 1975 ) . Murder Trials . Penguin Classics . Translated by Michael Grant . Harmondsworth : Penguin . p. 217 . Original Latin : `` Legum ministri magistratus , legum interpretes iudices , legum denique idcirco omnes servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus . '' -- `` Pro Cluentio '' . The Latin Library . 53 : 146 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Xiangming , Zhang . On Two Ancient Chinese Administrative Ideas : Rule of Virtue and Rule by Law , The Culture Mandala : Bulletin of the Centre for East - West Cultural and Economic Studies ( 2002 ) : `` Although Han Fei recommended that the government should rule by law , which seems impartial , he advocated that the law be enacted by the lords solely . The lords place themselves above the law . The law is thereby a monarchical means to control the people , not the people 's means to restrain the lords . The lords are by no means on an equal footing with the people . Hence we can not mention the rule by law proposed by Han Fei in the same breath as democracy and the rule of law advocated today . '' Bevir , Mark . The Encyclopedia of Political Theory , page 162 . Munro , Donald . The Concept of Man in Early China . p. 4 . Guo , Xuezhi . The Ideal Chinese Political Leader : A Historical and Cultural Perspective . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Peerenboom , Randall ( 1993 ) . Law and morality in ancient China : the silk manuscripts of Huang - Lao . SUNY Press . p. 171 . ISBN 9780791412374 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Bernard . `` The First Constitution : Rethinking the Origins of Rule of Law and Separation of Powers in Light of Deuteronomy '' , Cardozo Law Review , Vol. 27 , No. 4 , pp. 1853 -- 1888 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Brett , Mark G. `` National Identity as Commentary and as Metacommentary '' , in Historiography and Identity ( Re ) formulation in Second Temple Historiographical Literature , p. 32 ( Jonker , ed . ) ( Continuum 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Weeramantry , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Justice without Frontiers , p. 132 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . Jump up ^ Hallaq , Wael ( 2013 ) . The Impossible State : Islam , Politics and Modernity 's Moral Predicament . Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Alter , Robert ( 2004 ) . The Five Books of Moses : A Translation with Commentary . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 627 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01955 - 1 . Jump up ^ Magna Carta ( 1215 ) translation , British Library Jump up ^ Magna Carta ( 1297 ) U.S. National Archives . Jump up ^ Ferro , Víctor : El Dret Públic Català . Les Institucions a Catalunya fins al Decret de Nova Planta ; Eumo Editorial ; ISBN 84 - 7602 - 203 - 4 Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , `` Rule of Law , n . '' , accessed April 27 , 2013 . According to the OED , this sentence from about 1500 was written by John Blount : `` Lawes And constitutcions be ordeyned be cause the noysome Appetit of man maye be kepte vnder the Rewle of lawe by the wiche mankinde ys dewly enformed to lyue honestly . '' And this sentence from 1559 is attributed to William Bavand : `` A Magistrate should ... kepe rekenyng of all mennes behauiours , and to be carefull , least thei despisyng the rule of lawe , growe to a wilfulnes . '' Jump up ^ Hallam , Henry . The Constitutional History of England , vol. 1 , p. 441 ( 1827 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rule of Law '' . The Constitution Society . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Harrington , James ( 1747 ) . Toland , John , ed . The Oceana and other works ( 3 ed . ) . London : Millar . p. 37 ( Internet Archive : copy possessed by John Adams ) . Jump up ^ Locke , John . Second Treatise of Civil Government , Ch. IV , sec. 22 ( 1690 ) . Jump up ^ Tamanaha , Brian . On the Rule of Law , p. 47 ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Peacock , Anthony Arthur , Freedom and the rule of law , p. 24 . 2010 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Jethro . A Practical Companion to the Constitution , p. 436 ( University of California Press 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Constitution , Part The First , art . XXX ( 1780 ) . Jump up ^ Winks , Robin W. ( 1993 ) . World civilization : a brief history ( 2nd ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Collegiate Press . p. 406 . ISBN 9780939693283 . Jump up ^ Billias , George Athan ( 2011 ) . American constitutionalism heard round the world , 1776 -- 1989 : a global perspective . New York : New York University Press . pp. 53 -- 56 . ISBN 9780814725177 . Jump up ^ Tamanaha , Brian Z. ( 2004 ) . On the Rule of Law . Cambridge University Press . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Tamanaha , Brian . `` The Rule of Law for Everyone ? '' , Current Legal Problems , vol. 55 , via SSRN ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Craig , Paul P. ( 1997 ) . `` Formal and Substantive Conceptions of the Rule of Law : An Analytical Framework '' . Public Law : 467 . ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Matthew . `` Rule of Law as a Goal of Development Policy '' , World Bank Research ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Heidi M. Hurd ( Aug 1992 ) . `` Justifiably Punishing the Justified '' . Michigan Law Review . The Michigan Law Review Association . 90 ( 8 ) : 2203 -- 2324 . doi : 10.2307 / 1289573 . JSTOR 1289573 . Jump up ^ Tamanaha , Brian 2004 ) . On the Rule of Law . Cambridge University Press . p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Daniel et al. `` Governance Matters VI : Governance Indicators for 1996 -- 2006 , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4280 '' ( July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Governance Matters 2008 '' Archived 2009 - 03 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , World Bank . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Kenneth B. ( 2004 ) . The Limits of Political Theory : Oakeshott 's Philosophy of Civil Association ( British Idealist Studies ed . ) . Exeter , UK : Imprint Academic . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 1845400101 . OCLC 55908410 . Jump up ^ Pech , Laurent . `` Rule of Law in France '' . Middlesex University -- School of Law . SSRN 929099 . Jump up ^ Letourneur , M. ; Drago , R. ( 1958 ) . `` The Rule of Law as Understood in France '' . The American Journal of Comparative Law . 7 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 177 . doi : 10.2307 / 837562 . JSTOR 837562 . Jump up ^ Peerenboom , Randall ( 2004 ) . `` Rule of Law in France '' . Asian discourses of rule of law : theories and implementation of rule of law in twelve Asian countries , France and the U.S. ( Digital printing . ed . ) . RoutledgeCurzon . p. 81 . ISBN 9780415326124 . Jump up ^ Rule of Law in China : A Comparative Approach . Springer . 2014 . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 9783662446225 . Jump up ^ Zurn , Michael ; Nollkaemper , Andre ; Peerenboom , Randy , eds. ( 2012 ) . Rule of Law Dynamics : In an Era of International and Transnational Governance . Cambridge University Press . pp. 116 -- 117 . ISBN 9781139510974 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of Law '' . The British Library . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ See also `` The rule of law and the prosecutor '' . Attorney General 's Office . 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hostettler , John ( 2011 ) . Champions of the rule of law . Waterside Press . p. 23 . ISBN 9781904380689 . Jump up ^ Vile , Josh ( 2006 ) . A Companion to the United States Constitution and its Amendments . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 80 Jump up ^ Osborn v. Bank of the United States , 22 U.S. 738 ( 1824 ) : `` When ( courts ) are said to exercise a discretion , it is a mere legal discretion , a discretion to be exercised in discerning the course prescribed by law ; and , when that is discerned , it is the duty of the court to follow it . '' Jump up ^ Harrison , John . `` Substantive Due Process and the Constitutional Text , '' Virginia Law Review , vol. 83 , p. 493 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Gedicks , Frederick . `` An Originalist Defense of Substantive Due Process : Magna Carta , Higher - Law Constitutionalism , and the Fifth Amendment '' , Emory Law Journal , vol. 58 , pp. 585 -- 673 ( 2009 ) . See also Edlin , Douglas `` Judicial Review without a Constitution '' , Polity , vol. 38 , pp. 345 -- 68 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Tamanaha , Brian . How an Instrumental View of Law Corrodes the Rule of Law , twelfth annual Clifford Symposium on Tort Law and Social Policy . Jump up ^ Ernst , Daniel R. ( 2014 ) . Tocqueville 's Nightmare : The Administrative State Emerges in America , 1900 -- 1940 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199920860 Jump up ^ Snowiss , Sylvia . Judicial Review and the Law of the Constitution , pp. 41 -- 42 ( Yale University Press 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Ogden v. Saunders , 25 U.S. 213 , 347 ( 1827 ) . This was Marshall 's only dissent in a constitutional case . The individualist anarchist Lysander Spooner later denounced Marshall for this part of his Ogden dissent . See Spooner , Lysander ( 2008 ) . Let 's Abolish Government . Ludwig Von Mises Institute . p. 87 . These same issues were also discussed in an earlier U.S. Supreme Court case , Calder v. Bull , 3 U.S. 386 ( 1798 ) , with Justices James Iredell and Samuel Chase taking opposite positions . See Presser , Stephen . `` Symposium : Samuel Chase : In Defense of the Rule of Law and Against the Jeffersonians '' , Vanderbilt Law Review , vol. 62 , p. 349 ( March 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Chu , Yun - Han et al . How East Asians View Democracy , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Thi , Awzar . `` Asia needs a new rule - of - law debate '' , United Press International , UPIAsia.com ( 2008 - 08 - 14 ) . Jump up ^ Peerenboom , Randall in Asian Discourses of Rule of Law , p. 39 ( Routledge 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Baxi , Upendra in Asian Discourses of Rule of Law , pp. 336 -- 337 ( Routledge 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Robinson , Simon . `` For Activist Judges , Try India '' , Time Magazine ( 2006 - 11 - 08 ) . Jump up ^ Green , Carl . `` Japan : ' The Rule of Law Without Lawyers ' Reconsidered '' , Speech to the Asia Society ( 2001 - 03 - 14 ) . Jump up ^ See also Goodman , Carl F. ( 2008 ) . The rule of law in Japan : a comparative analysis ( 2nd rev . ed . ) . Wolters Kluwer Law & Business . ISBN 9789041127501 . Jump up ^ `` Statute of the Council of Europe '' . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , Jeffrey . `` Legislative Sovereignty and the Rule of Law '' in Tom Campbell , Keith D. Ewing and Adam Tomkins ( eds ) , Sceptical Essays on Human Rights ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) , p. 69 . Jump up ^ What is the Rule of Law ? , United Nations Rule of Law . Jump up ^ See United Nations General Assembly Resolutions A / RES / 61 / 39 , A / RES / 62 / 70 , A / RES / 63 / 128 . Jump up ^ See United Nations Security Council debates S / PRST / 2003 / 15 , S / PRST / 2004 / 2 , S / PRST / 2004 / 32 , S / PRST / 2005 / 30 , S / PRST / 2006 / 28 . Jump up ^ See United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 . Jump up ^ E.g. see United Nations Security Council Resolution 1612 . Jump up ^ E.g. see United Nations Security Council Resolution 1674 . Jump up ^ United Nations and the Rule of Law . Jump up ^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action Part II , paragraph 79 Jump up ^ Resolution of the Council of the International Bar Association of October 8 , 2009 , on the Commentary on Rule of Law Resolution ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ About the WJP . Jump up ^ Agrast , M. , Botero , J. , Ponce , A. , WJP Rule of Law Index 2011 . Washington , D.C. : The World Justice Project . ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` IDLO -- What We Do '' . idlo.int . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ IDLO Strategic Plan Archived 2015 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IDLO Mission and History Jump up ^ IDLO -- Rule of Law Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Luis Flores Ballesteros . `` Corruption and development . Does the `` rule of law '' factor weigh more than we think ? '' 54 Pesos May . 2008 : 54 Pesos 15 Nov 2008 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Peter Barenboim , `` Defining the rules '' , The European Lawyer , Issue 90 , October 2009 Jump up ^ Peter Barenboim , Natalya Merkulova . `` The 25th Anniversary of Constitutional Economics : The Russian Model and Legal Reform in Russia , in The World Rule of Law Movement and Russian Legal Reform '' , edited by Francis Neate and Holly Nielsen , Justitsinform , Moscow ( 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Licht , Amir N. ( December 2007 ) . `` Culture rules : The foundations of the rule of law and other norms of governance '' . Journal of Comparative Economics . 35 ( 4 ) : 659 -- 688 . Jump up ^ Hayek , F.A. ( 1994 ) . The Road to Serfdom . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 32061 - 8 . Jump up ^ Graham , Brad ; Stroup , Caleb ( 2016 ) . `` Does Anti-bribery enforcement deter foreign investment ? '' ( PDF ) . Applied Economics Letters : 63 -- 67 -- via Taylor and Francis . Jump up ^ Elisabeth Stoumatoff , FDR 's Unfinished Portrait : A Memoir , University of Pittsburgh Press , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 8229 - 3659 - 3 Jump up ^ http://www.unesco.org/eri/la/convention.asp?KO=13637&language=E&order=alpha Jump up ^ Bica - Huiu , Alina , White Paper : Building a Culture of Respect for the Rule of Law , American Bar Association Jump up ^ Pope , Ronald R . `` The Rule of Law and Russian Culture -- Are They Compatible ? '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Gelderloos , Peter ( 2010 ) . Anarchy Works . Bibliography ( edit ) Oakeshott , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` Chapters 31 and 32 '' . In Terry Nardin and Luke O'Sullivan . Lectures in the History of Political Thought . Exeter , UK : Imprint Academic . p. 515 . ISBN 978 - 1845400934 . OCLC 63185299 . Amity Shlaes , The Forgotten Man : A New History of the Great Depression , `` The Rules of the Game and Economic Recovery '' . Alessandro Torre , United Kingdom , Il Mulino , Bologna , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Hague Journal on the Rule of Law , includes academic articles , practitioner reports , commentary , and book reviews . International Network to Promote the Rule of Law , United States Institute of Peace . Rule of Law Resource Center , LexisNexis `` The Rule of Law Inventory Report '' , Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law ( HiiL ) , Hague Academic Coalition ( 2007 - 04 - 20 ) . The World Justice Project A multinational , multidisciplinary initiative to strengthen the rule of law worldwide . World Justice Map Map - based information exchange platform facilitating networking among Rule of Law promoters globally . `` Understandings of the Rule of Law in various Legal Orders of the World '' , Wiki - Project of Freie Universitaet Berlin . Eau Claire County Bar Association rule of law talk Frithjof Ehm `` The Rule of Law : Concept , Guiding Principle and Framework '' Mańko , Rafał . `` Using ' scoreboards ' to assess justice systems '' ( PDF ) . Library Briefing . Library of the European Parliament . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . 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-7837609321354603310	I Need to Be in Love	I Need to Be in Love - wikipedia I Need to Be in Love `` I Need to Be in Love '' Single picture sleeve Single by Carpenters from the album A Kind of Hush B - side `` Sandy '' Released May 21 , 1976 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1976 Genre Pop Length 3 : 25 ( single version ) 3 : 49 ( album version ) Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Richard Carpenter John Bettis Albert Hammond Producer ( s ) Richard Carpenter Carpenters singles chronology `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All Over the World ) '' ( 1976 ) `` I Need to Be in Love '' ( 1976 ) `` Goofus '' ( 1976 ) A Kind of Hush track listing 10 tracks `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' `` You '' `` Sandy '' `` Goofus '' `` Ca n't Smile Without You '' Side two `` I Need to Be in Love '' `` One More Time '' `` Boat to Sail '' `` I Have You '' `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' is a song written by Richard Carpenter , Albert Hammond and John Bettis . It was released as a single on May 21 , 1976 . It was featured on the A Kind of Hush album , which was released on June 11 of the same year . The single featured a version without the piano lead - in and starts immediately with a flute introduction by David Shostac . Richard recalled that it was Karen 's favorite Carpenters song . The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 on June 12 at number 55 , and peaked at number 25 . It peaked at number 36 on the UK charts . In 1995 , it was released as a CD single in Japan , after being chosen for the theme song of the drama Miseinen . It was taken from the best - selling compilation 22 Hits of the Carpenters ( promoted as a double A-side with `` Top of the World '' ) . Richard Carpenter claims that `` It became one of the biggest sellers of 1995 , ultimately going quadruple platinum . In more ways than one , Karen would have loved that ! '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' was also the Carpenters ' fourteenth number one on the Easy Listening chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Cover versions 3 Chart performance 4 Certifications 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Personnel ( edit ) Karen Carpenter - lead vocals Richard Carpenter - piano , Fender Rhodes electric piano , harpsichord , Hammond organ , orchestration Joe Osborn - bass Tony Peluso - electric guitar Jim Gordon - drums Earle Dumler - English horn Gayle Levant - harp David Shostac - flute The O.K. Chorale - backing vocals Cover versions ( edit ) Filipino bossa nova singer Sitti recorded a cover of this song for her second album My Bossa Nova . This song was sung by the Pakistani pop singer Hadiqa Kiyani as a tribute to the Carpenters . Japanese female singer Chihiro Onitsuka covered the song for her 2012 cover album Famous Microphone . Korean jazz duo Winterplay covered the song for their 2010 album Touché Mon Amour . In 2016 , Dami Im recorded a version for her album Classic Carpenters . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Billboard Easy Listening Canada RPM Top Singles 31 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary Ireland 14 Oricon ( Japanese ) Singles Chart 62 UK Singles Chart 36 Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Oricon 5 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1976 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Kind Of Hush The Carpenters Complete Recording Resource '' . Carpenters.amcorner.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carpenters I Need To Be In Love '' . Richardandkarencarpenter.com. 2008 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . June 12 , 1976 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Need to Be in Love '' USA chart history , Billboard.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carpenters UK chart history , The Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 48 . Jump up ^ RPM Adult Contemporary , July 31 , 1976 Jump up ^ `` 一般社団法人日本レコード協会 '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ( choose 2017 年 3 月 in drop - down menu ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Albert Hammond Studio albums It Never Rains in Southern California The Free Electric Band Albert Hammond Other albums It Never Rains in Southern California Singles `` Down by the River '' `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' `` The Free Electric Band '' `` I 'm a Train '' `` 99 Miles From L.A. '' `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Your World and My World '' Songwriting `` Be Tender with Me Baby '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' `` Gimme Dat Ding '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` I Do n't Wanna Lose You '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` Little Arrows '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Love Thing '' `` Make Me an Island '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' `` One Moment in Time '' `` Room in Your Heart '' `` Tall , Dark Handsome Stranger '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' `` Way of the World '' `` When I Need You '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Where Were You '' `` You 're Such a Good Looking Woman '' Languages `` Cantaré , cantarás '' `` Sensualité '' `` Y Tú También Llorarás '' Related articles Albert Hammond , Jr . John Bettis Mike Hazlewood Holly Knight Carole Bayer Sager The Family Dogg Diane Warren The Carpenters Karen Carpenter Richard Carpenter Albums Offering ( Ticket to Ride ) Close to You Carpenters A Song for You Now & Then Horizon A Kind of Hush Passage Made in America Voice of the Heart Lovelines As Time Goes By Live albums Live in Japan Live at the Palladium Compilation albums The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 The Singles : 1974 -- 1978 The Very Best of the Carpenters Yesterday Once More Only Yesterday From the Top Interpretations : A 25th Anniversary Celebration Love Songs Reflections The Singles : 1969 -- 1981 The Essential Collection : 1965 -- 1997 Carpenters Perform Carpenter Gold : 35th Anniversary Edition The Ultimate Collection 40 / 40 Other Christmas Portrait An Old - Fashioned Christmas Time ( Richard Carpenter ) Karen Carpenter ( album ) Pianist , Arranger , Composer , Conductor ( Richard Carpenter ) Singles `` Looking for Love '' `` Ticket to Ride '' `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' `` We 've Only Just Begun '' `` Merry Christmas , Darling '' `` For All We Know '' `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' `` Superstar '' `` Bless the Beasts and Children '' `` Hurting Each Other '' `` It 's Going to Take Some Time '' `` Goodbye to Love '' `` Sing '' `` Yesterday Once More '' `` Top of the World '' `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` I Wo n't Last a Day Without You '' `` Please Mr. Postman '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' `` Only Yesterday '' `` Solitaire '' `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All Over the World ) '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' `` Goofus '' `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' `` All You Get from Love Is a Love Song '' `` Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft '' `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' `` Sweet , Sweet Smile '' `` I Believe You '' `` Touch Me When We 're Dancing '' `` ( Want You ) Back in My Life Again '' `` Those Good Old Dreams '' `` Beechwood 4 - 5789 '' `` Make Believe It 's Your First Time '' `` Your Baby Does n't Love You Anymore '' `` Now '' `` Little Altar Boy '' `` Honolulu City Lights '' `` Something in Your Eyes '' `` If I Had You '' `` Let Me Be the One '' `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' `` Ave Maria '' `` The Rainbow Connection '' TV series / specials Make Your Own Kind of Music Live at the BBC Very First TV Special Space Encounters A Christmas Portrait Music , Music , Music DVDs Gold : Greatest Hits Interpretations Close to You : Remembering The Carpenters Related articles Discography Songs John Bettis Joe Osborn Tony Peluso If I Were a Carpenter Superstar : The Karen Carpenter Story The Karen Carpenter Story Only Yesterday : The Carpenters Story Book Dami Im Discography Studio albums Dami Im Heart Beats Classic Carpenters I Hear a Song Singles `` Alive '' `` I Am Australian '' `` Jolene ( Acoustic ) '' `` Super Love '' `` Gladiator '' `` Smile '' `` Sound of Silence '' `` Fighting for Love '' `` Hold Me in Your Arms '' Promotional singles `` Heart Beats Again '' Movie soundtracks `` Beauty in the World '' Concert tours Yesterday Once More Tour I Hear a Song Tour Related articles Sony Music Australia Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Need_to_Be_in_Love&oldid=844523545 '' Categories : The Carpenters songs 1976 singles 1995 singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Albert Hammond Songs with lyrics by John Bettis Songs written by Richard Carpenter ( musician ) Japanese television drama theme songs 1976 songs A&M Records singles Dami Im songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 13 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	carpenters i know i need to be in love	[]	[]
8657970742096423116	The Perks of Being a Wallflower	The Perks of Being a Wallflower - wikipedia The Perks of Being a Wallflower Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For the film adaptation , see The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( film ) . The Perks of Being a Wallflower Author Stephen Chbosky Country United States Language English Genre Young adult / Epistolary Publisher Pocket Books ( original cover ) MTV Books ( movie cover version ) Publication date February 1 , 1999 Media type Print ( Paperback ) and Audiobook Pages 256 ( first edition paperback ) 224 ( regular edition paperback ) ISBN 0 - 671 - 02734 - 4 OCLC 40813072 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 54 21 + + + + + LC Class PS3553. H3469 P47 1999 The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a coming - of - age epistolary novel by American writer Stephen Chbosky , which was first published on February 1 , 1999 , by Pocket Books . Set in the early 1990s , the novel follows Charlie , an introverted teenager , through his freshman year of high school in a Pittsburgh suburb . The novel details Charlie 's unconventional style of thinking as he navigates between the worlds of adolescence and adulthood , and attempts to deal with poignant questions spurred by his interactions with both his friends and family . Chbosky took five years to develop and publish The Perks of Being a Wallflower , creating the characters and other aspects of the story from his own memories . The novel addresses themes permeating adolescence , including introversion , sexuality , drug use , and mental health , while also making several references to other literary works , films , and pop culture in general . Because of the mentioned themes , it was banned in some American schools for its content . In 2012 , Chbosky himself adapted and directed a film version starring Logan Lerman , Ezra Miller and Emma Watson . The film boosted the novel 's sales , and the book reached The New York Times Best Seller list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background and writing 3 Style and themes 4 Publication and reception 5 Film adaptation 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Charlie , the 15 - year - old protagonist , begins writing letters about his own life to an unknown recipient . In these letters he discusses his first year at high school and his struggles with two traumatic experiences : the suicide of his only middle - school friend , Michael Dobson , and the death of his favorite aunt , Helen . His English teacher , who encourages Charlie to call him Bill , notices Charlie 's passion for reading and writing , and acts as a mentor by assigning him extracurricular books and reports . Although he is a wallflower , Charlie is befriended by two seniors : Patrick and Sam . Patrick is secretly dating Brad , a closeted football player , and Sam is Patrick 's stepsister . Charlie quickly develops a crush on Sam and subsequently admits his feelings to her . It is revealed that Sam was sexually abused as a child , and she kisses Charlie to ensure that his first kiss is from someone who truly loves him . In parallel , Charlie witnesses his sister 's boyfriend hit her across the face , but she forbids him from telling their parents . He eventually mentions the occurrence to Bill , who tells Charlie 's parents about it . Charlie 's relationship with his sister rapidly deteriorates and she continues to see her boyfriend against her parents ' wishes . Eventually , he discovers that his sister is pregnant and agrees to bring her to an abortion clinic without telling anyone . His sister breaks up with her boyfriend , after which her and Charlie 's relationship begins to improve significantly . Charlie is accepted by Sam and Patrick 's group of friends and begins experimenting with tobacco , alcohol and other drugs . At a party Charlie trips on LSD . He can not control his flashbacks of Aunt Helen , who died in a car crash on her way to buy him a birthday gift . He ends up in the hospital after falling asleep in the snow . At a Rocky Horror Picture Show performance , Charlie is asked to fill in as Rocky for Sam 's boyfriend Craig , who is unavailable . Their friend Mary Elizabeth is impressed and asks Charlie to the Sadie Hawkins dance and they enter into a desultory relationship . The relationship ends , however , during a game of truth or dare when Charlie is dared to kiss the prettiest girl in the room . He kisses Sam , and Mary Elizabeth storms out of the room in response . Following this , Patrick suggests that Charlie stay away from Sam for a while , and the rest of the friend group shuns him . His flashbacks of Aunt Helen return . Patrick and Brad 's relationship is discovered by Brad 's abusive father , and Brad disappears from school for a few days . Upon returning , Brad is cold and mean toward Patrick , while Patrick attempts to reconnect with him . However , when Brad derogatorily attacks Patrick 's sexuality in public , Patrick physically attacks Brad until other football players join in and gang up on Patrick . Charlie joins in the fight to help Patrick , and breaks it up , regaining the respect of Sam and her friends . Patrick begins spending much of his time with Charlie and Patrick kisses Charlie impulsively and then apologizes , but Charlie understands that he is recovering from his romance with Brad . Soon Patrick sees Brad engaging with a stranger in the park and Patrick is able to move on from the relationship . As the school year ends , Charlie is anxious about losing his older friends -- especially Sam , who is leaving for a summer college - preparatory program and has learned that her boyfriend cheated on her . When Charlie helps her pack , they talk about his feelings for her ; she is angry that he never acted on them . They begin to engage sexually , but Charlie suddenly grows inexplicably uncomfortable and stops Sam . Charlie begins to realize that his sexual contact with Sam has stirred up repressed memories of him being molested by his Aunt Helen as a little boy . Charlie shows signs of PTSD from the incident and the revelation of his abuse helps the reader understand his view of relationships and love . In an epilogue , Charlie is discovered by his parents in a catatonic state and does not show any movement despite being hit reluctantly by his father . After being admitted to a mental hospital , it is revealed that Helen actually sexually abused him when he was young , and his love for her ( and empathy for her troubled youth ) caused him to repress his traumatic memories . This psychological damage explains his flashbacks and derealization phases throughout the book . In two months Charlie is released , and Sam and Patrick visit him . In the epilogue , Sam , Patrick and Charlie go through the tunnel again and Charlie stands up and exclaims that he feels infinite . Charlie eventually comes to terms with his past : `` Even if we do n't have the power to choose where we come from , we can still choose where we go from there '' . Charlie decides to `` participate '' in life , and his letter - writing ends . Background and writing ( edit ) Author Stephen Chbosky at the San Diego Comic - Con in 2006 Chbosky incorporated both fictional ideas and personal experiences to the novel . After five years with these elements in mind , he had the idea of writing the novel during a difficult period in his life . He was experiencing an unpleasant breakup of his own , which led him to ask , `` Why good people let themselves get treated so badly ? '' The author tried to answer the question with the sentence `` we accept the love we think we deserve '' . This quoted references the struggle of finding self love , encompassing one 's life and hope for the future , and not just romantic love . The story began when Chbosky was in school , evolving from another book on which he was working . In that book he wrote the sentence , `` I guess that 's just one of the perks of being a wallflower '' , which led him to realize `` that somewhere in that ... was the kid I was really trying to find . '' Chbosky began writing the novel in the summer of 1996 while he was in college , and within ten weeks he completed the story . He rewrote it into two more drafts , concluding the published version in the summer of 1998 . Charlie was loosely based on Chbosky himself . In the novel , Chbosky included much of his own memories from the time he lived in Pittsburgh . The other characters were manifestations of people Chbosky had known throughout his life ; Chbosky focused on people 's struggles and what they are passionate about , attempting to pin down the very nature of each of the characters . The characters of Sam and Patrick were an `` amalgamate and celebration '' of several people Chbosky has met ; Sam was based on girls who confided in him , and Patrick was `` all the kids I knew who were gay and finding their way to their own identity . '' Style and themes ( edit ) The idea of anonymous letters came from a real experience ; during his senior year in high school , Chbosky wrote an anonymous letter to Stewart Stern about how Rebel Without a Cause had influenced him . A year and a half later , Stern found Chbosky and became his mentor . By using a series of letters from Charlie to an anonymous character , Chbosky found `` the most intimate way '' to talk directly to the reader . He thought the letters would help him keep the story cohesive , `` to convey the highs and lows of being young -- one day , you 're on top of the world and you 've had the greatest of times '' . Critics have identified primary themes of teenage reality and nostalgia . According to David Edelstein of the New York Magazine , Chbosky captures the `` feeling you belong when among friends , yet you 'd soon be alone '' and notes that `` the pain of loss ... ( is ) almost as intense as the bliss ... it 's nostalgia with an emphasis on nostos , pain ( sic ) . '' Marty Beckerman of Word Riot said that The Perks of Being a Wallflower connects with young people because its scenes are `` so universal and happen to so many teenagers . '' Chbosky wanted to convey respect for teenagers , to `` validate and respect and celebrate what ( teenagers ) are going through every day '' , and said the novel is for `` anyone who 's felt like an outcast . '' Read by all ages , The Perks of Being a Wallflower is targeted at a teenage audience . The book addresses a range of themes dispassionately . These themes include drugs , friendship , body image , first love , suicide , eating disorders and sexuality . Chbosky appreciates the importance of entertainment in adolescence : `` Books , songs , and movies are more than entertainment when we 're young . They help all of us discover who we are , what we believe , and what we hope our life can be . '' As such , the book contains several cultural references across all mediums : musically the book references The Smiths and Fleetwood Mac , literarily the book references This Side of Paradise , On the Road , To Kill a Mockingbird and theatrically the book references The Rocky Horror Picture Show . Publication and reception ( edit ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower was first published on February 1 , 1999 by Pocket Books through its MTV Books imprint . It became the subsidiary 's best - selling book with 100,000 copies in print as of 2000 , and was included on school reading lists and gathered a cult following . By 2012 , the novel had been published in 16 countries in 13 languages , and that same year it placed at number 16 on NPR 's list of the `` 100 Best - Ever Teen Novels '' . Critical response was mixed ; Publishers Weekly called the novel `` trite '' , dealing with `` standard teenage issues '' in which `` Chbosky infuses a droning insistence on Charlie 's supersensitive disposition . '' Although Kirkus Review said it had `` the right combination of realism and uplift '' , the reviewer criticized Chbosky 's `` rip - off '' of J.D. Salinger 's The Catcher in the Rye . Although other reviewers made similar comparisons , Chbosky said he `` was not trying to mimic ( Salinger 's ) style as a writer '' ; he saw `` how readers could compare Charlie to Salinger 's Holden Caulfield , but `` they are very different people with unique problems and perspectives '' . More positive was Francisca Goldsmith of the School Library Journal , who said the novel `` cleverly '' makes the readers the recipients of Charlie 's letters , and it `` will engage teen readers for years to come . '' Common Sense Media 's Kate Pavao praised its relevant themes for teenagers : `` Readers will find themselves quickly feeling sorry for the protagonist and worrying about him throughout his transformative journey . '' For The A.V. Club , Marah Eakin wrote that although for an adult `` Perks suffers from an overabundance of pure , raw angst ... unlike some more arrested development - friendly young adult fare like Harry Potter , Perks speaks to a more specific age range and does it well . '' The Perks of Being a Wallflower has appeared six times on the American Library Association 's list of 10 most - frequently - challenged books for its content . A Wisconsin school board refused to ban the book , angering local parents . The Glen Ellyn District 41 school board in suburban Chicago unanimously voted to reinstate the novel after it was removed from eighth - grade classrooms at Hadley Junior High School because of a parent 's objection to its sexual content . Further objections to the book include the use of `` profanity '' , `` drug abuse '' , `` sexually explicit '' scenes , and `` torture '' . Groups like PABBIS ( Parents Against Bad Books in School ) work to restrict literature considered `` controversial '' from being accessed by younger children . The group believes these `` bad books '' should be moved to the adult section . In 2009 , Perks was repeatedly challenged for descriptions of masturbation , sexually explicit conduct , drug use , and talk of suicide and there have been multiple pushes across the United States to move this literary work from the children and young adults section to the adult section . Parents have raised issues with the novel for its `` pornographic '' content and `` vulgarity '' , but others have argued that the book deals with real and common teen issues concerned with growing up , so it presents a truthful viewpoint . Issues are also raised surrounding the books themes of homosexuality , as well as a `` glorification '' of the use of drugs and alcohol . In an interview , Chbosky said that he knew of two school boards which have banned the book ( in Massachusetts and on Long Island ) . Since he `` did n't write it to be a controversial book , '' he was `` surprised '' by the bans . Film adaptation ( edit ) Lerman , Watson , and Miller , the main actors in the film adaptation , played Charlie , Sam , and Patrick respectively Main article : The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( film ) Since he wrote The Perks of Being a Wallflower , Chbosky aspired to adapt it into a film , calling this `` a lifelong dream of mine '' . After the publication of the novel , the author said he received film offers , refusing them because he `` owed the fans a movie that was worthy of their love for the book '' . In 2010 Mr. Mudd began developing a film version , and the author was signed to write and direct the film by producers John Malkovich , Lianne Halfon and Russell Smith . The film , shot in the Pittsburgh area from May 9 to June 29 , 2011 , starred Logan Lerman as Charlie , Emma Watson as Sam , Ezra Miller as Patrick , and Nina Dobrev as Charlie 's sister , Candace . With the announcement of a film adaptation , the novel received more attention ; its sales increased from 88,847 copies in 2011 to 425,933 in 2012 , and it reached the New York Times bestseller lists . It entered the Children 's Paperback Books category on the June 23 , 2012 list , and had 1.5 million copies in print in November 2012 . As of May 11 , 2014 it appeared on The New York Times top 10 list for the 71st non-consecutive week , and was in the top 15 on the November 23 list . It premiered on September 8 , 2012 at the Toronto International Film Festival , and was released theatrically in the United States by Summit Entertainment on September 21 . According to Metacritic it has received `` generally favorable reviews '' , with an average of 67 out of 100 based on 36 reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reported an 86 % approval rate , based on 153 reviews . The film grossed over $33 million worldwide from a $13 million production budget . Even though the movie was directed and scripted by the author himself , some scenes were omitted from the film adaptation . In the book , Charlie 's parents are notified by Bill that Candace is being abused by her boyfriend , to which his parents take direct intervention in the abusive relationship in the book . In addition , Candace gets pregnant by her abusive boyfriend and is accompanied by Charlie to the abortion clinic , a scene that is also omitted from the movie . In addition , one of the more important pieces of the book , the poem , was also one of the many deleted scenes . In the DVD , there is a special features section to watch scenes that were originally deleted from the movie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beisch , Ann ( December 2001 ) . `` Interview with Stephen Chbosky , author of The Perks of Being a Wallflower '' . LA Youth . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Sierra ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Interview With Perks of Being a Wallflower 's Stephen Chbosky '' . Blueprint Magazine Online . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Aquino , Tara ( September 22 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : `` The Perks of Being A Wallflower '' Director Stephen Chbosky Talks Finding The Perfect Cast And Changing Teens ' Lives `` . Complex . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Durling , Roger ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower Q&A '' . Santa Barbara International Film Festival . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Perks of Being a Wallflower Author / Director Stephen Chbosky '' . Comingsoon.net . CraveOnline . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Screenwriter and Novelist Stephen Chbosky : Rebel with a Cause '' . Script Magazine . September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ratcliff , Ashley ( February 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' The perks of being ' a filmmaker '' . Home Media Magazine . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thebigfanboy . `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower - Interview with Stephen Chbosky ( Writer / Director ) '' . Youtube . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wertheimer , Linda ( September 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wallflower ' Film Puts Adolescence On Screen '' . NPR.org . National Public Radio . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Edelstein , David ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Freshman Disorientation '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beckerman , Marty ( 2011 ) . `` An Interview with Stephen Chbosky '' . Word Riot . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buntin , Julie ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Best Books for Your ' 90s Birth Year '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( July 8 , 2007 ) . `` Summer Reading Title Prompts Resistance From Parents , Not Students '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Chandra ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` AQ And A With Stephen Chbosky '' . Indigo Books and Music . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anguiano , Rosemary ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen Chbosky Interview : Author Sees His Characters Come To Life In ' Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' Movie '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Perks of being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky - review '' . The Guardian . July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bing , Jonathan ( October 4 , 2000 ) . `` ' Perks ' guy in pics ; Nerve racking up deals '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( October 9 , 2011 ) . `` From Wizards to Wallflowers in the Suburbs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Perks of Being a Wallflower ' ( 2012 ) Movie Review '' . Ropeofsilicon.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Your Favorites : 100 Best - Ever Teen Novels '' . NPR.org . National Public Radio . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fiction Book Review : The Perks of Being a Wallflower '' . Publishers Weekly . February 1 , 1999 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky '' . Kirkus Review . January 15 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleishhacker , Joy ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower and Other Tales of Teen Angst and Alienation '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eakin , Marah ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` How does the The Perks Of Being A Wallflower hold up to adult eyes ? '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently challenged books of the 21st century '' . American Library Association . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' Glen Ellyn Book Ban Busted By Judy Blume 's Intervention '' . The Huffington Post . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Controversial and challenged books in schools -- PABBIS '' . www.pabbis.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight on Censorship - The Perks of Being a Wallflower - Intellectual Freedom Blog '' . Intellectual Freedom Blog . October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' Should Be Banned : Kamloops Dad '' . The Huffington Post . March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Titus , Ron . `` Marshall University Libraries - Banned Book - Stephen Chbosky 's The Perks of Being a Wallflower '' . www.marshall.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ CalPoly . `` Stephen Chbosky on the Perks of Being a Wallflower '' . Youtube . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Watson , Lerman in talks for ' Perks ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Filming In Pittsburgh Wants To Make Your Car A Star '' . WPXI. April 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Emma Watson , Logan Lerman Take Us Inside ' Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' '' . MTV . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Sally ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` New Data on the Impact of YA Franchises to Be Unveiled at Nielsen Summit '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Olsen , Mark ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Perks of Being a Wallflower ' steadily blossoms '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Paperpack Books Best Sellers - June 23 , 2012 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Young Adult Best Sellers - May 11 , 2014 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Young Adult Best Sellers - November 23 , 2014 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nina Dobrev on the red carpet at The Perks of Being a Wallflower premiere '' . Tribute . September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleason , Matthew ( 2014 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Sick Sentience : A Review of the Deleted Scenes from The Perks of Being a Wallflower '' . Sick Sentience . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Perks of Being a Wallflowerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata The Perks of Being a Wallflower official website Free download at archive.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Perks_of_Being_a_Wallflower&oldid=841509119 '' Categories : 1991 in fiction 1992 in fiction 1999 American novels American LGBT novels American novels adapted into films American young adult novels Coming - of - age fiction Debut novels Epistolary novels Novels with gay themes Novels set in Pittsburgh Novels set in the 1990s American bildungsromans Child sexual abuse in literature Mental illness in fiction Pocket Books books Novels by Stephen Chbosky Hidden categories : Good articles Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча 日本語 Norsk Português Suomi 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 08 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the perks of being a wallflower take place	[ "The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a coming-of-age epistolary novel by American writer Stephen Chbosky, which was first published on February 1, 1999, by Pocket Books. Set in the early 1990s, the novel follows Charlie, an introverted teenager, through his freshman year of high school in a Pittsburgh suburb. The novel details Charlie’s unconventional style of thinking as he navigates between the worlds of adolescence and adulthood, and attempts to deal with poignant questions spurred by his interactions with both his friends and family." ]	[ "Pittsburgh" ]
-6636310510296640633	Jumping the broom	Jumping the broom - wikipedia Jumping the broom Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the custom and phrase . For the 2008 film , see Noah 's Arc : Jumping the Broom . For the 2011 film , see Jumping the Broom . `` Marrying over the Broomstick '' , 1822 illustration of a `` broomstick - wedding '' by James Catnach . Jumping the broom is a phrase and custom relating to a wedding ceremony where the couple jumps over a broom . It has been suggested that the custom is based on an 18th - century idiomatic expression for `` sham marriage '' , `` marriage of doubtful validity '' ; it was popularized in the context of the introduction of civil marriage in Britain with the Marriage Act 1836 . There have also been suggestions that the expression may derive from an actual custom of jumping over a `` broomstick '' ( where `` broom '' refers to the plant common broom rather than the household implement ) associated with the gypsies ( Romani ) of the United Kingdom . especially those in Wales . The custom of a marrying couple literally jumping over a broom is now most widespread among African Americans , popularized in the 1970s by the novel and miniseries Roots but originating in the mid 19th century as a practice in antebellum slavery in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 As an expression for `` irregular marriage '' 2 British Romani customs 3 African American custom 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links As an expression for `` Irregular marriage '' ( edit ) References to `` broomstick marriages '' emerged in England in the mid-to - late 18th century , always to describe a wedding ceremony of doubtful validity . The earliest use of the phrase is in the 1764 English edition of a French work : the French text , describing an elopement , refers to the runaway couple hastily making un mariage sur la croix de l'épée ( literally ' marriage on the cross of the sword ' ) , an expression the English translator freely renders as ' performed the marriage ceremony by leaping over a broomstick ' . A 1774 usage in the Westminster Magazine also describes an elopement . A man who had taken his under - age bride off to France discovered it was as hard to arrange a legal marriage there as in England , but declined a suggestion that a French sexton might simply read the marriage service through before the couple as `` He had no inclination for a Broomstick - marriage '' . In 1789 the rumoured clandestine marriage between the Prince Regent and Maria Fitzherbert is similarly referred to in a satirical song in The Times : `` Their way to consummation was by hopping o'er a broom , sir '' . Despite these allusions , research by the legal historian Professor R. Probert of Warwick University has failed to find any proof of an actual contemporary practice of jumping over a broomstick as a sign of informal union . Probert also points out that the word broomstick was used in the mid-18th century in several contexts to mean ' something ersatz , or lacking the authority its true equivalent might possess . ' She therefore argues that because the expression broomstick marriage , meaning ' sham marriage ' , was in circulation , folk etymology led to a belief that people must actually have once signified irregular marriage by jumping over a broom . There are later examples of the term broomstick marriage being used in Britain , always with a similar implication that the ceremony so performed did not create a legally binding union . This meaning survived into the early nineteenth century : during a case heard in London in 1824 regarding the legal validity of a marriage ceremony consisting of nothing more than the groom placing a ring on the bride 's finger before witnesses , a court official commented that the ceremony `` amounted to nothing more than a broomstick marriage , which the parties had it in their power to dissolve at will . '' A decade later , the Marriage Act 1836 , which introduced civil marriage , was contemptuously referred to as the ' Broomstick Marriage Act ' by those who felt that a marriage outside the Anglican church did not deserve legal recognition . Some also began to use the phrase to refer to non-marital unions : a man interviewed in Mayhew 's London Labour and the London Poor admitted : `` I never had a wife , but I have had two or three broomstick matches , though they never turned out happy . '' Tinkers were said to have a similar custom of marriage called `` jumping the budget '' , with the bride and groom jumping over a string or other symbolic obstacle . Charles Dickens ' novel , Great Expectations ( first published in serial form in the publication All the Year Round from 1 December 1860 to August 1861 ) , contains a reference in chapter 48 to a couple having been married `` over the broomstick . '' The ceremony is not portrayed , but the reference indicates that the readers would have recognized this as referring to an informal , not a legally valid , agreement . It has often been assumed that , in England , jumping over the broom ( or sometimes walking over a broom ) , always indicated an irregular or non-church union ( as in the expressions `` Married over the besom '' , `` living over the brush '' ) , but there are examples of the phrase being used in the context of legal weddings , both religious and civil . Other sources have stepping over a broom as a test of chastity , while putting out a broom was also said to be a sign `` that the housewife 's place is vacant '' and a way , therefore , of advertising for a wife . In America the phrase could be used as slang describing the act of getting married legally , rather than as specifying an informal union not recognised by church or state . British Romani customs ( edit ) In Wales , Romani couples would get married by eloping , when they would `` jump the broom , '' or over a branch of flowering common broom or a besom made of broom . Welsh Kale and English Romanichal Gypsies and Romanichal populations in Scotland practised the ritual into the 1900s . According to Alan Dundes ( 1996 ) , the custom originated among Romani people in Wales ( Welsh Kale ) and England ( Romanichal ) . C.W. Sullivan III ( 1997 ) in a reply to Dundes argued that the custom originated among the Welsh people themselves , known as priodas coes ysgub ( `` besom wedding '' ) , Sullivan 's source is the Welsh folklorist Gwenith Gwynn ( a.k.a. W. Rhys Jones ) , who assumed that the custom had once existed on the basis of conversations with elderly Welsh people during the 1920s , none of whom had ever seen such a practice . One had claimed that : `` It must have disappeared before I was born , and I am seventy - three '' . Gwynn 's dating of the custom to the 18th century rested on the assumption that it must have disappeared before these elderly interviewees were born , and on his misreading of the baptism register of the parish of Llansantffraid Glyn Ceiriog . Local variations of the custom were developed in different parts of England and Wales . Instead of placing the broom on the ground , and jumping together , the broom was placed in an angle by the doorway . The groom jumped first , followed by the bride . In southwest England , in Wales , and in the border areas between Scotland and England , `` ( while some ) couples ... agreed to marry verbally , without exchanging legal contracts ( , ) ... ( o ) thers jumped over broomsticks placed across their thresholds to officialize their union and create new households '' , indicating that contractless weddings and jumping the broomstick were different kinds of marriage . African American custom ( edit ) A couple jumping the broom ( photograph of a 2011 wedding in California ) In some African - American communities , marrying couples will end their ceremony by jumping over a broomstick , either together or separately . This practice is well attested for as a marriage ceremony for slaves in the Southern United States in the 1840s and 1850s who were often not permitted to wed legally . Its revival in 20th century African American culture is due to the novel and miniseries Roots ( 1976 , 1977 ) . Dundes ( 1996 ) notes the unusual development of how `` a custom which slaves were forced to observe by their white masters has been revived a century later by African Americans as a treasured tradition '' . There have been occasional speculations to the effect that the custom may have origins in West Africa , but there is no direct evidence for this , although Dundes points to a custom of Ghana where brooms were waved above the heads of newlyweds and their parents . Among southern Africans , who were largely not a part of the Atlantic slave trade , it represented the wife 's commitment or willingness to clean the courtyard of the new home she had joined . Slave - owners were faced with a dilemma regarding committed relationships between slaves . While some family stability might be desirable as helping to keep slaves tractable and pacified , anything approaching a legal marriage was not . Marriage gave a couple rights over each other which conflicted with the slave - owners ' claims . Most marriages between enslaved blacks were not legally recognized during American slavery , as in law marriage was held to be a civil contract , and civil contracts required the consent of free persons . In the absence of any legal recognition , the slave community developed its own methods of distinguishing between committed and casual unions . The ceremonial jumping of the broom served as an open declaration of settling down in a marriage relationship . Jumping the broom was always done before witnesses as a public ceremonial announcement that a couple chose to become as close to married as was then allowed . Jumping the broom fell out of practice when blacks were free to marry legally . The practice did survive in some communities , however , and made a resurgence after the publication of Alex Haley 's Roots Danita Rountree Green describes the African American custom as it stood in the early 1990s in her book Broom Jumping : A Celebration of Love ( 1992 ) . In Popular Culture ( edit ) American singer - songwriter , Brenda Lee , released the rockabilly song `` Let 's Jump the Broomstick '' on Decca Records in 1959 . Via its association with Wales and the popular association of the broom with witches , the custom has also been adopted by some Wiccans . A film titled Jumping the Broom , directed by Salim Akil , and starring Paula Patton & Laz Alonso was released on 6 May 2011 . In a 2013 episode of Grey 's Anatomy , Miranda Bailey and Ben Warren jump over a broom at the conclusion of their wedding ceremony . In the classic 1977 TV mini-series `` Roots '' , Kunta Kinte / `` Toby '' ( played by John Amos as adult Kunta Kinte - Levar Burton played the teenager Kunta Kinte ) had a marriage ceremony where he and Belle ( played by Madge Sinclair ) jumped the broom . In the 2016 film The Birth of a Nation , a couple getting betrothed is seen jumping a broom . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cathnach 's illustrated twopenny - sheets of the 1820s carried charming drawings of broomstick weddings '' R.B. Outhwaite , Clandestine Marriage in England , 1500 - 1850 , A&C Black , 1995 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Dundes , Alan : `` Jumping the Broom : On the Origin and Meaning of an African American Wedding Custom '' page 327 . The Journal of American Folklore , 1996 http://www.jstor.org/stable/541535 `` evidence showing the wedding custom was practised by gypsies in England , Scotland '' Donald F. Joyce `` Rooted in the chants of slaves , Blacks in the humanities , 1985 - 1997 : a selected annotated bibliography '' Greenwood Publishing Group , 1999 p56 ^ Jump up to : Thompson , T.W. `` British Gipsy Marriage and Divorce Rites '' , quoted in The Times , Issue 54004 , 21 September 1928 ; p. 11 . A paper read at the 1928 jubilee congress of the Folk Lore Society in London refers to this : `` In Wales there was preserved until recently a marriage ritual of which the central feature was the jumping of the bride and bridegroom over a branch of flowering broom or over a besom made of broom . '' Jump up ^ Norman Kolpas , Katie Kolpas `` Practically Useless Information on Weddings '' Thomas Nelson Inc , 2005 p30 ^ Jump up to : Probert , R. Marriage Law and Practice in the Long Eighteenth Century : A Reassessment ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2009 ) Jump up ^ ( 1774 ) 2 Westminster Magazine , p. 16 Jump up ^ The Times , Tuesday , 8 September 1789 ; pg. 4 ; Issue 1251 ; col A Jump up ^ The Times , 13 August 1824 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Jackson 's Oxford Journal 12 September 1840 , p. 1 ; Saint Valentine : or , Thoughts on the evil of Love in Mercantile Community : The Galanti Show ( 1843 ) 13 Bentley 's Miscellany 151 Jump up ^ Volume I , Pg. 389 - 91 . Quoted in Thomas , Donald , The Victorian Underworld John Murray , 1998 . Pg. 62 Jump up ^ Chesney , Kellow . The Victorian Underworld Penguin , 1970 . Pg. 92 Jump up ^ `` They both led tramping lives , and this woman in Gerrard - street here , had been married very young , over the broomstick ( as we say ) , to a tramping man , ... '' DICKENS , C. Great Expectations ( 1860 - 1861 ) , Chap. 48 Jump up ^ Dundes , Alan : `` '' Jumping the Broom `` : On the Origin and Meaning of an African American Wedding Custom '' page 327 . The Journal of American Folklore , 1996 Jump up ^ See Dudley Heath , ' In Coster - Land ' ( 1894 ) 125 English Illustrated Magazine 517 , referring to ' a newly - made and happy couple on their way from Bethnal Green , where , at the Red Church , they have for the sum of seven - pence halfpenny gone through the ceremony of `` jumping the broomstick '' ' Jump up ^ J.G. Whitehead , M. Terry , B. Aitken , ' Scraps of English Folklore , XII ' ( 1926 ) 37 Folklore 76 ; Sheila Stewart , Lifting the Latch : A Life on the Land ( Charlbury : Day Books , 2003 ) Jump up ^ In a short story published in 1896 a character remarks of two lovers who are keen to wed , `` Young ' n ' old has be'n lookin ' constant fer these two ter jump the broomstick ' n ' give ' em weddin ' cake , ' n ' chicken pie . '' New York Times . 29 March 1896 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Dundes , Alan . `` ' Jumping the Broom ' : On the Origin and Meaning of an African American Wedding Custom '' , The Journal of American Folklore , 1996 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , C.W. ( 1 January 1997 ) . `` '' Jumping the Broom `` : A Further Consideration of the Origins of an African American Wedding Custom '' . The Journal of American Folklore. 110 ( 436 ) : 203 -- 204 . JSTOR 541813 . doi : 10.2307 / 541813 -- via JSTOR . ^ Jump up to : Gwynn , Gwenith ( W. Rhys Jones ) . `` ' Besom Wedding ' in the Ceiriog Valley '' , Folklore , Vol. 39 , No. 2 , 30 June 1928 , pp. 149 - 166 . Jump up ^ Probert , R. ( 2005 ) Chinese Whispers and Welsh Weddings , 20 Continuity and Change 211 - 228 Jump up ^ Jones , T. Gwynn . Welsh Folklore , 1930 . Jump up ^ Evans , Tanya , Women , Marriage and the Family , in Barker , Hannah , & Elaine Chalus , eds. , Women 's History : Britain , 1700 -- 1850 : An Introduction ( Oxon / London : Routledge , 2005 ( ISBN 0 - 415 - 29177 - 1 ) ) , p. 60 & n . 19 ( n . omitted ) ( author Evans postdoctoral research fellow , Ctr . for Contemp . Brit . Hist. , Institute for Historical Research , London , editor Barker sr . lecturer history , Univ. of Manchester , & editor Chalus sr . lecturer history , Bath Spa Univ . Coll . ) , citing , at p. 60 n . 19 , Gillis , J. , Married But Not Churched : Plebeian Sexual Relations and Marital Nonconformity in Eighteenth - Century Britain , in Eighteenth - Century Life , vol. 9 ( 1985 ) , pp. 32 -- 34 , & Leneman , Leah , Promises , Promises Marriage Litigation in Scotland , 1698 -- 1830 ( Edinburgh : no publisher , 2003 ) , pp. x -- xi . ^ Jump up to : Parry , Tyler ( 2011 ) . `` An Irregular Union : Exploring the Welsh Connection to a Popular African American Wedding Ritual '' in Welsh Mythology and Folklore in Popular Culture : Essays on Adaptations in Literature , Film , Television and Digital Media edited by Audrey L. Becker and Kristin Noone . Jefferson , NC : McFarland and Company , Inc . pp. 109 -- 110 , 123 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Dundes ( 1996 : 324 - 328 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dundes , Alan . `` ' Jumping the Broom ' : On the Origin and Meaning of an African American Wedding Custom '' , The Journal of American Folklore , 1996 , p. 326 Jump up ^ The Times : 3 . 3 February 1824 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) The sort of difficulties which might arise were raised by an anti-slavery correspondent in 1824 in The Times discussing Jamaican slaves . He asked what changes a recent increase in church marriages among them had actually achieved : `` Do they legally prevent a master from separating husband and wife , at his pleasure , by sale or transfer ? Do they legally bind the husband to the wife , and the wife to the husband ? Do they give to the husband the right and the means of redress against the violator of his conjugal peace ? '' Jump up ^ Taylor , Orville W. ( 1958 ) . `` Jumping the Broomstick : Slave Marriage and Morality in Arkansas '' . The Arkansas Historical Quarterly . Taylor quotes from an 1882 ruling by Justice James Eakin of the Arkansas Supreme Court : ' There were no valid marriages amongst that class ( the slaves ) , in the slave states of America before their general emancipation ... ' Jump up ^ `` A Slave 's Marriage Valid : Its Legality Defined '' . New York Times . 20 July 1876 . A New York court upheld the retrospective validity of a marriage between Anthony Jones and Patsy Minor , even though at the time and place it had been contracted such marriages between slaves were not legally recognized . Both Jones and Minor had been slaves in Virginia when , with consent of their respective masters , they declared an intention to live together as man and wife . Jones later died intestate in New York , leaving an estate valued at $15,000 ; a court ruled in favour of the claims of his widow and surviving son . Jump up ^ `` A Slave 's Marriage Valid : Its Legality Defined '' . New York Times . 20 July 1876 . ' It appears by the evidence that Anthony Jones and Patsy Minor were named according to the custom among slaves , and that the distinction was recognized among slaves , and by their masters , between such lawful and illicit intercourse , and those who cohabited without such marriage were regarded as disreputable . ' Jump up ^ In ' The Story of My Life ' ( 1897 ) a white author , Mary Ashton Rice Livermore , described a broomstick wedding she attended at a Virginia plantation c. 1842 . The preacher ( a fellow slave ) encouraged the marrying couple to see the broomstick - jumping as a serious expression of their mutual commitment , although he was well aware of the legal limitations of the ceremony . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Parry , Tyler ( 2011 ) . `` An Irregular Union : Exploring the Welsh Connection to a Popular African - American Wedding Ritual '' in Welsh Mythology and Folklore in Popular Culture : Essays on Adaptations in Literature , Film , Television , and Digital Media edited by Audrey L. Becker and Kristin Noone . Jefferson , NC : McFarland and Company , Inc. p. 123 . Jump up ^ Jumping the Broom : Besom Weddings Parry , Tyler ( 2011 ) . `` An Irregular Union : Exploring the Welsh Connection to a Popular African American Wedding Ritual '' in Welsh Mythology and Folklore in Popular Culture : Essays on Adaptations in Literature , Film , Television and Digital Media edited by Audrey L. Becker and Kristin Noone . Jefferson , NC : McFarland and Company , Inc . pp. 124 -- 125 . Martin Heath , Jumping the broomstick ( bbc.co.uk , 2004 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Anyiam , Thony C. ( 2007 ) . Jumping the Broom in Style . Authorhouse . ISBN 1 - 4259 - 8638 - 2 . Taylor , Orville W. ( 1958 ) . `` ' Jumping the Broomstick ' : Slave Marriage and Morality in Arkansas '' . Arkansas Historical Quarterly . 17 ( 3 ) : 217 -- 231 . JSTOR 40018908 . External links ( edit ) Happy is the Bride the Sun Shines on at Googlebooks ( hide ) Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Equal marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jumping_the_broom&oldid=795569894 '' Categories : Wedding traditions Types of marriage Marriage , unions and partnerships in Scotland Romani in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 02 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did jumping over the broom come from	[ "Jumping the broom is a phrase and custom relating to a wedding ceremony where the couple jumps over a broom. It has been suggested that the custom is based on an 18th-century idiomatic expression for \"sham marriage\", \"marriage of doubtful validity\"; it was popularized in the context of the introduction of civil marriage in Britain with the Marriage Act 1836." ]	[ "relating to a wedding ceremony where the couple jumps over a broom" ]
8670629647680933047	Winter Is Coming	Winter is Coming - wikipedia Winter is Coming For other uses , see Winter Is Coming ( disambiguation ) . `` Winter Is Coming '' Game of Thrones episode Lord Eddard Stark ( right , played by Sean Bean ) before executing Will for deserting the Night 's Watch . Episode no . Season 1 Episode 1 Directed by Tim Van Patten Written by David Benioff D.B. Weiss Featured music Ramin Djawadi Cinematography by Alik Sakharov Editing by Oral Norrie Ottey Original air date April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) Running time 62 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Donald Sumpter as Maester Luwin Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel Ron Donachie as Rodrik Cassel Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Roger Allam as Magister Illyrio Dar Salim as Qotho Esmé Bianco as Ros Susan Brown as Septa Mordane Bronson Webb as Will John Standing as Jon Arryn Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce Dermot Keaney as Gared Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Callum Wharry as Tommen Baratheon Aimee Richardson as Myrcella Baratheon Kristian Nairn as Hodor Episode chronology ← Previous -- Next → `` The Kingsroad '' Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) List of Game of Thrones episodes `` Winter Is Coming '' is the first episode of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones . It was written by the show creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , in a faithful adaptation of the first chapters of George R.R. Martin 's book A Game of Thrones . The episode was directed by Tim Van Patten , redoing the work done by director Tom McCarthy in an unaired pilot . As the first episode of the series , it introduces the setting and the main characters of the show . The episode centers on the Stark family , and how its lord , Eddard Stark , gets involved in the court politics after the king chooses Eddard to replace his recently deceased chief administrator ( `` Hand of the King '' ) . The episode received largely positive reviews , and was seen initially by 2.2 million viewers . A week before the episode first aired , HBO made the first 15 minutes available as an Internet preview . The title of the episode is the motto ( referred to as `` House Words '' in - universe ) of House Stark , which is spoken several times in the episode and in the series . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Beyond the Wall 1.2 In King 's Landing 1.3 In the North 1.4 In Pentos 2 Production 2.1 Conception and development 2.2 Writing 2.3 Filming 2.4 Original pilot 2.5 Aired episode 3 Reception 3.1 Preview 3.2 Ratings 3.3 International 3.4 Critical response 3.5 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The episode begins the process of interweaving action happening in multiple separate locations within and around the fictional continent of Westeros . Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Three rangers of the Night 's Watch scout beyond the Wall , a massive barrier of ice at the north end of the kingdom . After finding the mutilated corpses of some wildlings ( tribal humans who live north of the Wall ) , the rangers are confronted by White Walkers ( demonic creatures ) and undead wildlings . Two of the rangers are killed by the White Walkers , while the third , Will , is left alive . Fearing for his life , Will deserts the Night 's Watch , going South . In King 's landing ( edit ) Queen Cersei , and her twin brother , Jaime Lannister , are watching as the dead body of Jon Arryn , The Hand of The King , is tended to by the Silent Sisters . They discuss whether he revealed any dangerous information regarding the two of them to anyone before his death . Jaime assures his sister that if Arryn had spoken to anyone , they would already have been executed . In the north ( edit ) The Starks of Winterfell are introduced , including Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , his wife , Lady Catelyn `` Cat '' Stark and his five children : heir Robb , elder daughter Sansa , younger daughter Arya , ten - year - old son Bran and youngest son , Rickon . Also introduced are Ned 's illegitimate son Jon Snow and ward Theon Greyjoy . Ned is informed that a deserter of the Night 's Watch has been captured . He takes his sons to witness Will 's execution . Will reports that he saw White Walkers , but nobody believes him and Ned beheads him . When Bran asks his father about the White Walkers , Ned dismisses it as a madman 's ravings , insisting that the Walkers have been extinct for thousands of years . Upon their return , the Starks find a dead stag , sigil ( seal ) of House Baratheon . A bit farther they find a dead dire wolf and her surviving pups . Noting that the dire wolf is the sigil of the Stark family and there are as many pups as the Stark children , they take the pups in as companions . Back at Winterfell , a letter arrives announcing the death of Lord Arryn , Eddard 's old friend and Catelyn 's brother - in - law . An additional message reports that the king himself is coming to Winterfell . Winterfell receives the royal court , including King Robert Baratheon ; his wife Queen Cersei ; their three children : the heir Prince Joffrey , Princess Myrcella and the youngest Prince Tommen ; as well as Cersei 's twin brother , Jaime Lannister , a member of the Kingsguard ; and their younger brother , Tyrion Lannister , a dwarf known as `` The Imp '' . As Robert pays his respects to Lyanna Stark , his late fiancée and Ned 's sister , Robert confides to his old friend that he does n't trust anyone around him . He decides to name Ned as the new Hand of the King , and to solidify the alliance between the two families , he suggests that Sansa be betrothed to Joffrey . At night , Catelyn receives a troubling message from her sister , Lord Arryn 's widow . She suspects her husband Jon was murdered by the king 's in - laws , the powerful Lannisters . Ned , who at first was reluctant to accept the position of Hand of the King , does so in order to protect his old friend . Bran , who enjoys climbing the walls of Winterfell , climbs an abandoned tower where he stumbles on Queen Cersei and Jaime having sex . To keep the incestuous relationship a secret , Jaime shoves Bran out of the high window . In Pentos ( edit ) Exiled prince Viserys Targaryen plots to overthrow King Robert and reclaim his father 's throne . To this end , he brokers a marriage between his sister Daenerys and a powerful warlord Khal Drogo , leader of a nomadic horde of Dothraki . During the wedding ceremony , Daenerys is given two wedding gifts . The first is a collection of books from the Seven Kingdoms , given by Ser Jorah Mormont , an exiled knight loyal to the Targaryens . The second gift is a chest containing three petrified dragon eggs , given by Magister Illyrio Mopatis , the man who helped arrange the marriage . Production ( edit ) Conception and development ( edit ) A number of Hollywood studios had contacted George R. R. Martin about possible adaptation of his book series A Song of Ice and Fire into a film , however Martin expressed the opinion the books could not be made into a film as too much would have to be cut from the books , but thought it could be made into a television series . In January 2006 , David Benioff spoke to Martin 's literary agent about the books he represented for possible adaption , and the agent sent the first four books of A Song of Ice and Fire to David Benioff . Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first book in the series , A Game of Thrones , called D.B. Weiss and said : `` Maybe I 'm crazy , but I have n't had this much fun reading anything in about 20 years . So take a look because I think it might make a great HBO series . '' Weiss , who then read the first book in two days , was very enthusiastic about a possible television project based on the books . They arranged a meeting with Martin , who asked them if they knew who Jon Snow 's real mother might be , and was satisfied with their answer . In March 2006 , a few weeks after meeting Martin , Benioff and Weiss pitched the show to Showtime and Carolyn Strauss of HBO , who accepted their proposal . HBO acquired the rights to the novels to turn them into a television series , with Benioff and Weiss as writers and executive producers of the series . The series went into development in January 2007 . The series would begin with the 1996 first book of A Song of Ice and Fire , `` A Game of Thrones '' , with the intention that each novel in the series would form the basis for a season 's worth of episodes . However , Benioff and Weiss had to resubmit a proposal after Carolyn Strauss stepped down as president of HBO in 2008 . The first and second drafts of the pilot script , written by Benioff and Weiss , were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008 respectively . While HBO found both drafts to their liking , a pilot was not ordered until November 2008 . Writing ( edit ) Series co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss wrote the episode . Scripted by the show creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the first episode includes the plot of the book 's chapters 1 -- 9 and 12 ( Prologue , Bran I , Catelyn I , Daenerys I , Eddard I , Jon I , Catelyn II , partial Arya I , Bran II , Daenerys II ) . Changes in the adaptation include the sequence of events in the prologue ( in the books it is Gared and not Will who survives and is beheaded by Eddard afterwards , and Arya 's material is set before the arrival of the royal family ) , new scenes showing the Lannister twins ' perspective , and Daenerys 's wedding night showing Drogo not waiting for her to consent to sex . Filming ( edit ) Sean Bean portrays Ned Stark in the series . Tom McCarthy was chosen to direct the pilot episode , shot between October 24 and November 19 , 2009 on location in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Morocco . However , the pilot was deemed unsatisfactory and had to be reshot . The new pilot episode was filmed in 2010 by new director Tim Van Patten , and several actors appearing in the original pilot did not return for the series . Tamzin Merchant was replaced as Daenerys Targaryen by Emilia Clarke , and Jennifer Ehle was replaced as Catelyn Stark by Michelle Fairley . Additionally , Ian McNeice was replaced as Magister Illyrio by Roger Allam , Richard Ridings as Gared by Dermot Keaney , and Jamie Campbell Bower as Ser Waymar Royce by Rob Ostlere . Another difference is that the original pilot featured scenes shot in Scotland and scenes in Pentos were shot in Morocco , but in the aired series , Winterfell was filmed in a combination of locations in Northern Ireland , while scenes from Pentos were from Malta . The Doune Castle in Scotland was originally used to recreate Winterfell , and its great hall was used for some interior shots . Some scenes survived , but as it was not practical to return to Scotland for the reshoot , an exact replica of Doune 's Great Hall was recreated in the soundstage in Belfast for the series . Castle Ward in Northern Ireland was used in the reshoot to film King Robert 's entourage entry into Winterfell castle . A car park stood in for the Winterfell castle 's courtyard and a wine cellar for the Stark family crypt . The Tollymore Forest Park was used for the opening scene of the encounter with the White Walkers . All the scenes shot in Morocco were reshot in Malta . The original pilot reused the sets of Kingdom of Heaven in Morocco to stand in for Pentos and the site of Drogo and Daenerys 's wedding . In Malta , the Verdala Palace , the 16th century summer palace of the president of Malta , was used for the exterior scenes at Illyrio 's mansion . The Azure Window was used as the backdrop for the wedding . Filming at the Azure Window , however , caused some controversy when a protected ecosystem was damaged by a subcontractor . In the sex scene , the then - pregnant Lena Headey was substituted by a body double ; the production hid her pregnancy for the rest of the season . In the scene in which the Starks encounter a stag killed by a dire wolf as they return from the execution , an actual animal was used rather than a prop . As the stag had been dead for two days , it stank so much that the actors had to take much care not to let it show on their faces . Some scenes filmed were never aired , for example a flashback to the death of Eddard Stark 's brother , and the death of Jon Arryn . Original pilot ( edit ) The original pilot from 2009 was poorly received in a private viewing with friends , one of whom , Craig Mazin , said to Benioff and Weiss , `` You guys have a massive problem '' , and said `` change everything '' when asked for ideas . It was so disliked that Kit Harington joked that when he annoys Benioff and Weiss , they threaten to release the episode on YouTube . Weiss said of the viewing : `` Watching them watch the pilot was a deeply humiliating , painful experience , because these are very smart individuals , and it just clearly was n't working for any of them on a very basic level . '' For example , it was never established that the two major characters , Jaime and Cersei Lannister were in fact brother and sister , a major plot point . HBO did not make a decision for four months after the pilot was delivered . In March 2010 , HBO 's decision to greenlight the series including the pilot was announced , with the production of the series scheduled to start June 2010 . HBO however demanded extensive reshoot of the pilot , and wanted all the scenes from Morocco scrapped . A cameo appearance by George RR Martin as a Pentoshi nobleman at Daenerys 's wedding filmed in Morocco was therefore also cut . In all 90 percent of the pilot was re-shot in 2010 , with some cast changes and a different director . Aired episode ( edit ) The original pilot remained unaired , although some footage from the original pilot was used in the first aired episode . This includes Sansa 's scenes with Catelyn ( Michelle Fairley 's footage as Catelyn was inserted over Jennifer Ehle 's performance ) , Will 's ride through the woods ( retained though also portrayed by a different actor ) , most of the feast at Winterfell , and Ned and Robert 's scene in the crypt . That scene is one of a few to be filmed on 35 mm film , and consequently slight film grain can be seen in the HD version of the episode . Reception ( edit ) Preview ( edit ) On April 3 , 2011 , two weeks before the series premiere aired , the first 15 minutes of `` Winter Is Coming '' were released as a preview on HBO 's website . Wired 's Dave Banks called the preview `` much better than anticipated . ( How 's that even possible ? ) '' Scott Stinson of Toronto 's National Post noted that `` you know you are n't watching a network drama when there have been two beheadings in the first 15 minutes . '' Ratings ( edit ) The first episode of Game of Thrones obtained 2.2 million viewers in its premiere airing , with an additional 2 million viewers in the reruns aired during the same night . The day after the premiere HBO aired the episode six additional times , adding another 1.2 million to the viewer 's figures . Reruns aired during the following week upped the total viewership to 6.8 million . International ( edit ) The show premiered on HBO Canada at the same time as its U.S. premiere . On April 18 , 2011 , the show premiered in United Kingdom and Ireland through Sky Atlantic , gathering 750,000 viewers , a ratings record for the network . The series was broadcast throughout Latin America beginning on May 8 , 2011 . New Zealand 's Dominion Post noted in an article on copyright laws that the popular series was downloaded via file sharing service regularly before its release to that market . In Australia , the July 17 premiere of the series was largely overshadowed by the release of A Dance with Dragons , but according to The Sydney Morning Herald was successful `` especially with women , who are n't seen as a target market for sword - fighting sagas '' . Critical response ( edit ) The critical response to the first episode of the series was positive . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 10 reviews of the episode and judged 100 % of them to be positive with an average score of 8.5 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` ' Winter is Coming ' is an introduction to a wonderfully bleak journey that honors its source material with stellar execution and an impressive cast . '' James Poniewozik from Time considered it an `` epic win '' , and Jace Lacob from The Daily Beast deemed it `` unforgettable '' . HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall wrote that while it was too early to say if Game of Thrones belonged to the HBO pantheon with shows like The Sopranos or The Wire , it had many things in common with those shows . IGN 's Matt Fowler wrote that the pilot `` effortlessly takes us along , faithfully , through the book , but it also manages to capture the majestically morbid spirit of Martin 's pages and turn them into thrilling television '' . Much praise was given to the production values and the acting : Scott Meslow from The Atlantic states that `` the show 's immense cast is almost universally strong , and the fantasy land of Westeros feels lived - in , and looks terrific '' . Alan Sepinwall also qualifies the casting as `` really exceptional '' , and states that the show is `` feast for the eyes '' , with all the different locations having their own memorable looks . The opening sequence , with an aerial view of the world where the series takes place with the different settings emerging from it , was also acclaimed . On April 19 , less than two days after the initial airing , HBO announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . In a press teleconference , HBO executives announced their satisfaction with initial ratings , which they compared favorably to True Blood . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2011 Portal Award Best Episode Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Tim Van Patten Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Paul Engelen and Melissa Lackersteen Nominated 2012 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television Won Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Tim Van Patten Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program Lucy Ainsworth - Taylor , Angela Barson , Ed Bruce and Adam McInnes Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones 01 '' . HBO . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Cindy ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Mindhole Blowers : 20 Facts About `` Game of Thrones '' That Might Leave You Crippled , a Bastard or a Broken Thing `` . Pajiba . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cogman , Bryan ( November 6 , 2014 ) . Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones . Gollancz . ASIN B00P187U0Y . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Elvis ( May 8 , 2013 ) . UpClose : Game of Thrones with David Benioff and D.B. Weiss ( FULL LENGTH ) . KCRW . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windolf , Jim ( April 2014 ) . `` The Gathering Storm '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Producers David Benioff , Dan Weiss & George R.R. Martin Talk GAME OF THRONES Season 3 and 4 , Martin 's Cameo , the End of the Series , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Winter Is Coming ... Around the Globe '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Surprising Connection Between Game of Thrones and Monty Python '' . Vanity Fair . March 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` Ice & Fire on HBO '' . Not a Blog . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` HBO orders fantasy pilot ' Thrones ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio . `` EP101 : Winter is Coming '' . Westeros.org . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : 10 Secrets About HBO 's Adaptation '' . The Daily Beast . 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Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' an epic , mature , well - crafted fantasy series '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Meslow , Scott . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Premiere : ' Winter Is Coming ' '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Second Season ! ! ! '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` HBO Orders a Second Season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Winter is Coming `` Winter Is Coming '' at HBO `` Winter Is Coming '' on IMDb `` Winter Is Coming '' at TV.com Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Is_Coming&oldid=854086292 '' Categories : 2011 American television episodes Game of Thrones episodes American television pilots Screenplays by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Magyar 日本語 Português Română Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 21 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did ned stark kill in the first episode	[ "Ned is informed that a deserter of the Night's Watch has been captured. He takes his sons to witness Will's execution. Will reports that he saw White Walkers, but nobody believes him and Ned beheads him. When Bran asks his father about the White Walkers, Ned dismisses it as a madman's ravings, insisting that the Walkers have been extinct for thousands of years. Upon their return, the Starks find a dead stag, sigil (seal) of House Baratheon. A bit farther they find a dead dire wolf and her surviving pups. Noting that the dire wolf is the sigil of the Stark family and there are as many pups as the Stark children, they take the pups in as companions.\n" ]	[ "Will" ]
-9083084658790303452	Punic Wars	Punic Wars - wikipedia Punic Wars Rome and Carthage possession changes during the Punic Wars Carthaginian possessions Roman possessions The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC . At the time , they were some of the largest wars that had ever taken place . The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus ( or Poenicus ) , meaning `` Carthaginian '' , with reference to the Carthaginians ' Phoenician ancestry . The main cause of the Punic Wars was the conflicts of interest between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic . The Romans were initially interested in expansion via Sicily ( which at that time was a cultural melting pot ) , part of which lay under Carthaginian control . At the start of the First Punic War ( 264 - 241 BC ) , Carthage was the dominant power of the Western Mediterranean , with an extensive maritime empire . Rome was a rapidly ascending power in Italy , but it lacked the naval power of Carthage . The Second Punic War ( 218 - 201 BC ) witnessed Hannibal 's crossing of the Alps in 218 BC , followed by a prolonged but ultimately failed campaign of Carthage 's Hannibal in mainland Italy . By the end of the Third Punic War ( 149 - 146 BC ) , after more than a hundred years and the loss of many hundreds of thousands of soldiers from both sides , Rome had conquered Carthage 's empire , completely destroyed the city , and became the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean . With the end of the Macedonian Wars -- which ran concurrently with the Punic Wars -- and the defeat of the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great in the Roman -- Seleucid War ( Treaty of Apamea , 188 BC ) in the eastern sea , Rome emerged as the dominant Mediterranean power and one of the most powerful cities in classical antiquity . The Roman victories over Carthage in these wars gave Rome a preeminent status it would retain until the 5th century AD . Contents 1 Background 2 First Punic War ( 264 -- 241 BC ) 3 Interval between the First and Second Punic Wars 3.1 The Barcid Empire 4 Second Punic War ( 218 -- 201 BC ) 4.1 Hannibal 4.2 Hasdrubal 's campaign to reinforce Hannibal 5 Third Punic War ( 149 -- 146 BC ) 6 References 7 Further reading Background Depiction of Hannibal and his army crossing the Alps during the Second Punic War During the mid-3rd century BC , Carthage was a large city located on the coast of modern Tunisia . Founded by the Phoenicians in the mid-9th century BC , it was a powerful thalassocratic city - state with a vast commercial network . Of the great city - states in the western Mediterranean , only Rome rivaled it in power , wealth , and population . While Carthage 's navy was the largest in the ancient world at the time , it did not maintain a large , permanent , standing army . Instead , Carthage relied mostly on mercenaries , especially the indigenous Numidians , to fight its wars . These mercenaries were primarily led by officers who were Carthaginian citizens . The Carthaginians were famed for their abilities as sailors , and many Carthaginians from the lower classes served in their navy , which provided them with a stable income and career . In 200 BC , the Roman Republic had gained control of the Italian peninsula south of the Po River . Unlike Carthage , Rome had a large and disciplined army , but lacked a navy at the start of the First Punic War . This left the Romans at a disadvantage until the construction of large fleets during the war . First Punic war ( 264 -- 241 BC ) Main article : First Punic War First Punic War Messana Agrigentum 1st Mytistratus Lipari Islands Mylae Thermae 2nd Mytistratus Sulci Tyndaris Cape Ecnomus Aspis Adys Tunis Cape Hermaeum Panormus Lilybaeum 1st Drepana 2nd Drepana Mt Ercte 1st Mt Eryx 2nd Mt Eryx Aegates Islands The First Punic War ( 264 -- 241 BC ) was fought partly on land in Sicily and Africa , but was largely a naval war . It began as a local conflict in Sicily between Hiero II of Syracuse and the Mamertines of Messina . The Mamertines enlisted the aid of the Carthaginian navy , and subsequently betrayed them by entreating the Roman Senate for aid against Carthage . The Romans sent a garrison to secure Messina , so the outraged Carthaginians then lent aid to Syracuse . Tensions quickly escalated into a full - scale war between Carthage and Rome for the control of Sicily . After a harsh defeat at the Battle of Agrigentum in 262 BC , the Carthaginian leadership resolved to avoid further direct land - based engagements with the powerful Roman legions , and concentrate on the sea where they believed Carthage 's large navy had the advantage . Initially the Carthaginian navy prevailed . In 260 BC , they defeated the fledgling Roman navy at the Battle of the Lipari Islands . Rome responded by drastically expanding its navy in a very short time . Within two months , the Romans had a fleet of over one hundred warships . Aware that they could not defeat the Carthaginians in traditional ramming combat , the Romans used the corvus , an assault bridge , to leverage their superior infantry . The hinged bridge would be swung down onto enemy vessels with a sharp spike to secure the two ships together . Roman legionaries could then board and capture Carthaginian ships . This innovative Roman tactic reduced the Carthaginian navy 's advantage in ship - to - ship engagements . However , the corvus was also cumbersome and dangerous , and was eventually phased out as the Roman navy became more experienced and tactically proficient . Save for the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Tunis in Africa , and the early naval defeats , the First Punic War was a nearly unbroken string of Roman victories . In 241 BC , Carthage signed a peace treaty under the terms of which they evacuated Sicily and paid Rome a large war indemnity . The long war was costly to both powers , but Carthage was more seriously destabilized . Interval between the First and Second Punic Wars A Carthaginian shekel , dated 237 - 227 BC , depicting the Punic god Melqart ( equivalent of Hercules / Heracles ) , most likely with the features of Hamilcar Barca , father of Hannibal Barca ; on the reverse is a man riding an elephant According to Polybius , there had been several trade agreements between Rome and Carthage , even a mutual alliance against king Pyrrhus of Epirus . When Rome and Carthage made peace in 241 BC , Rome secured the release of all 8,000 prisoners of war without ransom and , furthermore , received a considerable amount of silver as a war indemnity . However , Carthage refused to deliver to Rome the Roman deserters serving among their troops . A first issue for dispute was that the initial treaty , agreed upon by Hamilcar Barca and the Roman commander in Sicily , had a clause stipulating that the Roman popular assembly had to accept the treaty in order for it to be valid . The assembly not only rejected the treaty but increased the indemnity Carthage had to pay . Carthage had a liquidity problem and attempted to gain financial help from Egypt , a mutual ally of Rome and Carthage , but failed . This resulted in delay of payments owed to the mercenary troops that had served Carthage in Sicily , leading to a climate of mutual mistrust and , finally , a revolt supported by the Libyan natives , known as the Mercenary War ( 240 -- 238 BC ) . During this war , Rome and Syracuse both aided Carthage , although traders from Italy seem to have done business with the insurgents . Some of them were caught and punished by Carthage , aggravating the political climate , which had started to improve in recognition of the old alliance and treaties . During the uprising in the Punic mainland , the mercenary troops in Corsica and Sardinia toppled Punic rule and briefly established their own , but were expelled by a native uprising . After securing aid from Rome , the exiled mercenaries then regained authority on the island of Sicily . For several years , a brutal campaign was fought to quell the insurgent natives . Like many Sicilians , they would ultimately rise again in support of Carthage during the Second Punic War . Eventually , Rome annexed Corsica and Sardinia by revisiting the terms of the treaty that ended the first Punic War . As Carthage was under siege and engaged in a difficult civil war , they grudgingly accepted the loss of these islands and the subsequent Roman conditions for ongoing peace , which also increased the war indemnity levied against Carthage after the first Punic War . This eventually plunged relations between the two powers to a new low point . After Carthage emerged victorious from the Mercenary War there were two opposing factions : the reformist party was led by Hamilcar Barca while the other , more conservative , faction was represented by Hanno the Great and the old Carthaginian aristocracy . Hamilcar had led the initial Carthaginian peace negotiations and was blamed for the clause that allowed the Roman popular assembly to increase the war indemnity and annex Corsica and Sardinia , but his superlative generalship was instrumental in enabling Carthage to ultimately quell the mercenary uprising , ironically fought against many of the same mercenary troops he had trained . Hamilcar ultimately left Carthage for the Iberian peninsula where he captured rich silver mines and subdued many tribes who fortified his army with levies of native troops . Hanno had lost many elephants and soldiers when he became complacent after a victory in the Mercenary War . Further , when he and Hamilcar were supreme commanders of Carthage 's field armies , the soldiers had supported Hamilcar when his and Hamilcar 's personalities clashed . On the other hand , he was responsible for the greatest territorial expansion of Carthage 's hinterland during his rule as strategus and wanted to continue such expansion . However , the Numidian king of the relevant area was now a son - in - law of Hamilcar and had supported Carthage during a crucial moment in the Mercenary War . While Hamilcar was able to obtain the resources for his aim , the Numidians in the Atlas Mountains were not conquered , like Hanno suggested , but became vassals of Carthage . The Iberian conquest was begun by Hamilcar Barca and his other son - in - law , Hasdrubal the Fair , who ruled relatively independently of Carthage and signed the Ebro Treaty with Rome . Hamilcar died in battle in 228 BC . Around this time , Hasdrubal became Carthaginian commander in Iberia ( 229 BC ) . He maintained this post for some eight years until 221 BC . Soon the Romans became aware of a burgeoning alliance between Carthage and the Celts of the Po river valley in northern Italy . The latter were amassing forces to invade Italy , presumably with Carthaginian backing . Thus , the Romans preemptively invaded the Po region in 225 BC . By 220 BC , the Romans had annexed the area as Gallia Cisalpina . Hasdrubal was assassinated around the same time ( 221 BC ) , bringing Hannibal to the fore . It seems that , having apparently dealt with the threat of a Gallo - Carthaginian invasion of Italy ( and perhaps with the original Carthaginian commander killed ) , the Romans lulled themselves into a false sense of security . Thus , Hannibal took the Romans by surprise a mere two years later ( 218 BC ) by merely reviving and adapting the original Gallo - Carthaginian invasion plan of his brother - in - law Hasdrubal . Map of the Mediterranean in 218 BC After Hasdrubal 's assassination by a Celtic assassin , Hamilcar 's young sons took over , with Hannibal becoming the strategus of Iberia , although this decision was not undisputed in Carthage . The output of the Iberian silver mines allowed for the financing of a standing army and the payment of the war indemnity to Rome . The mines also served as a tool for political influence , creating a faction in Carthage 's magistrate that was called the Barcino . In 219 BC , Hannibal attacked the town of Saguntum , which stood under the special protection of Rome . According to Roman tradition , Hannibal had been made to swear by his father never to be a friend of Rome , and he certainly did not take a conciliatory attitude when the Romans berated him for crossing the river Iberus ( Ebro ) , which Carthage was bound by treaty not to cross . Hannibal did not cross the Ebro River ( Saguntum was near modern Valencia -- well south of the river ) in arms , and the Saguntines provoked his attack by attacking their neighboring tribes who were Carthaginian protectorates and by massacring pro-Punic factions in their city . Rome had no legal protection pact with any tribe south of the Ebro River . Nonetheless , they asked Carthage to hand Hannibal over , and when the Carthaginian oligarchy refused , Rome declared war on Carthage . The Barcid Empire The ' Barcid Empire ' consisted of the Punic territories in Iberia . According to the historian Pedro Barceló , it can be described as a private military - economic hegemony backed by the two independent powers , Carthage and Gades ( modern Cádiz ) . These shared the profits of the silver mines in southern Iberia with the Barcas family and closely followed Hellenistic diplomatic customs . Gades played a supporting role in this field , but Hannibal visited the local temple to conduct ceremonies before launching his campaign against Rome . The Barcid Empire was strongly influenced by the Hellenistic kingdoms of the time and for example , contrary to Carthage , it minted silver coins in its short time of existence . Second Punic war ( 218 -- 201 BC ) Main article : Second Punic War The Second Punic War ( 218 BC -- 201 BC ) is most remembered for the Carthaginian Hannibal 's crossing of the Alps . His army invaded Italy from the north and resoundingly defeated the Roman army in several battles , but never achieved the ultimate goal of causing a political break between Rome and its allies . While fighting Hannibal in Italy , Hispania , and Sicily , Rome simultaneously fought against Macedon in the First Macedonian War . Eventually , the war was taken to Africa , where Carthage was defeated at the Battle of Zama ( 201 BC ) by Scipio Africanus . The end of the war saw Carthage 's control reduced to only the city itself . Second Punic War Prelude Saguntum Rhone Crossing of the Alps Italy Ticinus Trebia Lake Trasimene Umbrian Lake Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae Silva Litana 1st Nola 1st Casilinum Hamae 1st Petelia 2nd Nola 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum 2nd Casilinum Lucania Arpi 1st Tarentum 2nd Beneventum Campi Veteres 1st Capua Silarus 1st Herdonia 2nd Capua Sapriportis 2nd Herdonia Numistro Canusium Manduria Caulonia 2nd Tarentum 2nd Petelia Venusia Grumentum Metaurus Crotona Insubria Iberia Cissa Ebro River Dertosa Upper Baetis 1st New Carthage Baecula Carmona Ilipa Sucro Guadalquivir Carteia 2nd New Carthage Sicily and Sardinia Lilybaeum Malta Decimomannu Leontini Syracuse Himera Agrigentum North Africa Clupea 1st Utica 2nd Utica Great Plains Cirta Zama Hannibal 's feat in crossing the Alps with war elephants , though many of them did not survive , passed into European legend : detail of a fresco by Jacopo Ripanda , ca . 1510 , Capitoline Museums , Rome A Carthaginian coin possibly depicting Hannibal as Hercules ( i.e. Heracles ) There were three military theaters in this war : Italy , where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly ; Hispania , where Hasdrubal , a younger brother of Hannibal , defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until eventually retreating into Italy ; and Sicily , where the Romans held military supremacy . Hannibal After assaulting Saguntum in Hispania ( 219 BC ) , Hannibal attacked Italy in 218 BC by leading the Iberians and three dozen elephants through the Alps . Although Hannibal surprised the Romans and thoroughly beat them on the battlefields of Italy , he lost his only siege engines and most of his elephants to the cold temperatures and icy mountain paths . In the end he could defeat the Romans in the field , but not in the strategically crucial city of Rome itself , thus leaving him unable to win the war . Hannibal defeated the Roman legions in several major engagements , including the Battle of the Trebia ( December 218 BC ) , the Battle of Lake Trasimene ( 217 BC ) and most famously the Battle of Cannae ( 216 BC ) , but his long - term strategy failed . Lacking siege engines and sufficient manpower to take the city of Rome itself , he had planned to turn the Italian allies against Rome and to starve the city out through a siege . However , with the exception of a few of the southern city - states , the majority of the Roman allies remained loyal and continued to fight alongside Rome , despite Hannibal 's near - invincible army devastating the Italian countryside . Rome also exhibited an impressive ability to draft army after army of conscripts after each crushing defeat by Hannibal , allowing them to recover from the defeats at Cannae and elsewhere and to keep Hannibal cut off from aid . Hannibal never successfully received any significant reinforcements from Carthage . Despite his many pleas , Carthage only ever sent reinforcements successfully to Hispania . This lack of reinforcements prevented Hannibal from decisively ending the conflict by conquering Rome through force of arms . The Roman army under Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus intentionally deprived Hannibal of open battle in Italy for the rest of the war , while making it difficult for Hannibal to forage for supplies . Nevertheless , Rome was also incapable of bringing the conflict in the Italian theatre to a decisive close . Not only did Roman legions contend with Hannibal in Italy and with Hannibal 's brother Hasdrubal in Hispania , but Rome had embroiled itself in yet another foreign war , the first of its Macedonian wars against Carthage 's ally Philip V , at the same time . Through Hannibal 's inability to take strategically important Italian cities , through the general loyalty Italian allies showed to Rome , and through Rome 's own inability to counter Hannibal as a master general , Hannibal 's campaign continued in Italy inconclusively for sixteen years . Though he managed to sustain his forces for 15 years , Hannibal did so only by ravaging farm - lands , keeping his army healthy , which brought anger among the Romans ' subject states . Realizing that Hannibal 's army was outrunning its supply lines quickly , Rome took countermeasures against Hannibal 's home base in Africa by sea command and stopped the flow of supplies . Hannibal quickly turned back and rushed to home defense , but suffered defeat in the Battle of Zama ( 202 BC ) . Hasdrubal 's campaign to reinforce Hannibal Bust of Scipio Africanus from the Villa of the Papyri In Hispania , a young Roman commander , Publius Cornelius Scipio ( later to be given the agnomen Africanus because of his feats during this war ) , eventually defeated the larger but divided Carthaginian forces under Hasdrubal and two other Carthaginian generals . Abandoning Hispania , Hasdrubal moved to bring his mercenary army into Italy to reinforce Hannibal , but never made it and was defeated by Roman forces near the Alps . Third Punic war ( 149 -- 146 BC ) Main article : Third Punic War The Third Punic War ( 149 -- 146 BC ) involved an extended siege of Carthage , ending in the city 's thorough destruction . The resurgence of the struggle can be explained by growing anti-Roman agitations in Hispania and Greece , and the visible improvement of Carthaginian wealth and martial power in the fifty years since the Second War . With no military , Carthage suffered raids from its neighbor Numidia . Under the terms of the treaty with Rome , such disputes were arbitrated by the Roman Senate . Because Numidia was a favored client state of Rome , Roman rulings were slanted heavily in favor of the Numidians . After some fifty years of this condition , Carthage had managed to discharge its war indemnity to Rome , and considered itself no longer bound by the restrictions of the treaty , although Rome believed otherwise . Carthage mustered an army to repel Numidian forces . It immediately lost the war with Numidia , placing itself in debt yet again , this time to Numidia . This new - found Punic militarism alarmed many Romans , including Cato the Elder who , after a voyage to Carthage , ended all his speeches , no matter what the topic , by saying : `` Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam '' -- `` And I also think that Carthage must be destroyed '' . In 149 BC , in an attempt to draw Carthage into open conflict , Rome made a series of escalating demands , one being the surrender of three hundred children of the nobility as hostages , and finally ending with the near - impossible demand that the city be demolished and rebuilt away from the coast , deeper into Africa . When the Carthaginians refused this last demand , Rome declared the Third Punic War . Having previously relied on mercenaries to fight their wars for them , the Carthaginians were now forced into a more active role in the defense of their city . They made thousands of makeshift weapons in a short time , even using women 's hair for catapult strings , and were able to hold off the initial Roman attack . A second offensive under the command of Scipio Aemilianus resulted in a three - year siege before he breached the walls , sacked the city , and systematically burned Carthage to the ground in 146 BC . When the war ended , the remaining 50,000 Carthaginians , a small part of the original pre-war population , were sold into slavery by the victors -- the normal fate in antiquity of inhabitants of sacked cities . Carthage was systematically burned for 17 days ; the city 's walls and buildings were utterly destroyed . The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa . After Rome emerged as victorious , significant Carthaginian settlements , such as those in Mauretania , were taken over and aggrandized by the Romans . Volubilis , for example , was an important Roman town situated near the westernmost border of the Roman conquests . It was built on the site of the previous Carthaginian settlement that overlies an earlier neolithic habitation . References Jump up ^ Chris Scarre , `` The Wars with Carthage , '' The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome ( London : Penguin Books , 1995 ) , 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , The Punic Wars , p. 13 Jump up ^ Sidwell , Keith C ; Jones , Peter V ( 1997 ) . The world of Rome : an introduction to Roman culture . Cambridge University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 38600 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Garret G . The History of Ancient Rome . Lecture 13 : `` The Second Punic War '' . Teaching Company , `` Great Courses '' series . Jump up ^ Eckstein , Arthur M. Mediterranean Anarchy , Interstate War , and the Rise of Rome University of California Press ( 1 April 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25992 - 8 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Barceló , P.A. Karthago und die Iberische Halbinsel vor den Barkiden Habelt , Bonn , 1988 ( in German ) ^ Jump up to : Pollard , Elizabeth ( 2015 ) . Worlds Together Worlds Apart . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 92207 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Romans : From Village to Empire : A History of Rome from Earliest Times to the End of the Western Empire '' by M. Boatwright , et al. 2nd edition . 2011 . Jump up ^ Scullard , Howard Hayes : A History of the Roman World , 753 to 146 BC . Routledge , 2002 , page 316 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30504 - 7 On page 316 there is no reference to 50 000 Carthaginians taken captive . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael Volubilis at Megalithic Portal , 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Punic Wars . Library resources about Punic Wars Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Bagnall , Nigel . 1990 . The Punic Wars . London : Hutchinson . -- -- -- . 2003 . The Punic Wars 264 - 146 BC . New York : Routledge . Hoyos , B.D. 2011 . A Companion to the Punic Wars . Malden , MA : Wiley - Blackwell . Miles , Richard . 2011 . Carthage must be destroyed : The rise and fall of an ancient superpower . New York : Viking . hide Punic Wars First Punic War Messana Agrigentum Lipari Islands Mylae Thermae Sulci Tyndaris Cape Ecnomus Aspis Adys Tunis Cape Hermaeum Panormus Drepana Lilybaeum Drepana ( siege ) Mount Ercte 1st Mt . Eryx 2nd Mt . Eryx Aegates Mercenary War Utica Bagradas River Hamilcar 's victory with Naravas Carthage `` The Saw '' Tunis Second Punic War Saguntum Crossing of the Alps Lilybaeum Rhone Cissa Ticinus Trebia Ebro River Lake Trasimene Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae Silva Litana 1st Nola Dertosa 2nd Nola Decimomannu 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum Syracuse 1st Tarentum 2nd Beneventum 1st Capua Silarus 1st Herdonia Upper Baetis 2nd Capua 2nd Herdonia Numistro Canusium 2nd Tarentum New Carthage Baecula Petelia Grumentum Metaurus Ilipa Sucro Guadalquivir Carteia Crotona 1st Utica 2nd Utica Great Plains Cirta Insubria Zama Third Punic War Lake Tunis 1st Nepheris Port of Carthage 2nd Nepheris Carthage Military history hide Ancient Roman wars Wars of the Roman Republic Roman -- Etruscan Wars Roman - Aequian wars Roman -- Latin wars Roman -- Hernician wars Roman - Volscian wars Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Punic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Illyrian Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Macedonian Wars ( First , Second , Third , Fourth ) Roman -- Seleucid War Aetolian War Galatian War Roman conquest of Hispania ( First Celtiberian War , Lusitanian War , Numantine War , Sertorian War , Cantabrian Wars ) Achaean War Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Servile Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Social War Sulla 's civil wars ( First , Second ) Mithridatic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Gallic Wars Caesar 's invasions of Britain Caesar 's Civil War End of the Republic ( Post-Caesarian , Liberators ' , Sicilian , Perusine , Final ) Wars of the Roman Empire Germanic Wars ( Teutoburg , Marcomannic , Alemannic , Gothic , Visigothic ) Wars in Britain Wars of Boudica Armenian War Civil War of 69 Jewish -- Roman wars Domitian 's Dacian War Trajan 's Dacian Wars Parthian Wars Persian Wars Civil Wars of the Third Century Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire Military history of ancient Rome GND : 4176367 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punic_Wars&oldid=864086077 '' Categories : 3rd - century BC conflicts 2nd - century BC conflicts 3rd century BC in the Roman Republic 2nd century BC in the Roman Republic Punic Wars Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Use dmy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 00 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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-8135962238641957509	World Blood Donor Day	World blood Donor Day - wikipedia World blood Donor Day World Blood Donor Day Observed by All member states of the World Health Organization Date 14 June Next time 14 June 2019 ( 2019 - 06 - 14 ) Frequency annual Every year on 14 June , countries around the world celebrate World Blood Donor Day ( WBDD ) . The event , established in 2004 , serves to raise awareness of the need for safe blood and blood products , and to thank blood donors for their voluntary , life - saving gifts of blood . World Blood Donor Day is one of eight official global public health campaigns marked by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , along with World Health Day , World Tuberculosis Day , World Immunization Week , World Malaria Day , World No Tobacco Day , World Hepatitis Day , and World AIDS Day . Contents 1 Background 2 History 2.1 2018 : Be there for someone else . Give blood . Share life 2.2 2017 : Give Blood . Give Now . Give Often 2.3 2016 : Blood connects us all 2.4 2015 : Thank you for saving my life 2.5 2014 : Safe blood for saving mothers 2.6 2013 : Give the gift of life : donate blood 2.7 2012 : Every blood donor is a hero 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) A donor 's arm at various stages of donation . The two photographs on the left show a blood pressure cuff being used as a tourniquet . Transfusion of blood and blood products helps and save millions of lives every year . It can help patients suffering from life - threatening conditions live longer and with higher quality of life , and supports complex medical and surgical procedures . It also has an essential , life - saving role in maternal and perinatal care . Access to safe and sufficient blood and blood products can help reduce rates of death and disability due to severe bleeding during delivery and after childbirth . In many countries , there is not an adequate supply of safe blood , and blood services face the challenge of making sufficient blood available , while also ensuring its quality and safety . An adequate supply can only be assured through regular donations by voluntary unpaid blood donors . The WHO 's goal is for all countries to obtain all their blood supplies from voluntary unpaid donors by 2020 . In 2014 , 60 countries have their national blood supplies based on 99 - 100 % voluntary unpaid blood donations , with 73 countries still largely dependent on family and paid donors . History ( edit ) World Blood Donor Day is celebrated every year by the people in many countries around the world on 14 June . World Blood Donor Day is celebrated every year on the day of birthday anniversary of Karl Landsteiner on 14 June 1868 . World Blood Donor Day celebration brings a precious opportunity to all donors for celebrating it on national and global level as well as to commemorate the birthday anniversary of the Karl Landsteiner ( a great scientist who won the Nobel Prize for his great discovery of the ABO blood group system ) . 2018 : Be there for someone else . Give blood . Share life ( edit ) the theme for Blood Donation Day in 2018 is ' Be there for someone else . Give blood . Share life ' 2017 : Give blood . Give Now . Give often ( edit ) The theme for Blood Donation Day in 2017 focus on blood donation in emergency situations . The first response when an emergency happens is `` What Can You Do ? '' and the answer is `` Give Blood . Give Now . Give Often '' which is taken by World health Organization . 2016 : blood connects us all ( edit ) The theme of the World Blood Donor Day , blood connects us all , highlights the notions of `` sharing '' and `` connection '' amongst blood donors and patients . The WBDD 2016 focus on thanking Blood donors while emphasizing the role of the voluntary donation . The 2016 campaign brought to light the stories of the different people saved through blood donation to promote awareness and inspire people to donate . The host country of the World blood donor day 2016 is The Netherlands . Williem - Alexander - the king of the Netherlands - opened the ceremony by thanking donors . 2015 : thank you for saving my life ( edit ) It emphasizes thanking of blood donors who save lives every day through their blood donations and inspires more people all over the world to donate blood voluntarily and regularly with the slogan `` Give freely , give often . Blood donation matters . '' This year campaign pays attention to stories from people whose lives have been saved through blood donation . Activities include memorable events , meetings , publication of relevant stories on media , scientific conferences , publication of articles on national , regional and international scientific journals , and other activities that would help in encouraging the title of this year 's World Blood Donor Day . The host country for World Blood Donor Day 2015 is China through its blood center in Shanghai , Shanghai Blood Centre , also the WHO Collaborating Center for Blood Transfusion Services . 2014 : safe blood for saving mothers ( edit ) The focus of the WBDD 2014 campaign was `` Safe blood for saving mothers '' . The goal of the campaign was to increase awareness about why timely access to safe blood and blood products is essential for all countries , as part of a comprehensive approach to prevent maternal deaths . According to the World Health Organization , 800 women die every day from pregnancy and childbirth - related complications . Severe bleeding is the cause of 34 % of maternal deaths in Africa , 31 % in Asia and 21 % in Latin America and the Caribbean . The global host for the WBDD 2014 event was Sri Lanka . Through its national blood transfusion service , Sri Lanka promotes voluntary unpaid donation to increase access to safe and sufficient blood and blood products . 2013 : Give the gift of life : donate blood ( edit ) The focus for the WBDD 2013 campaign -- which marked the 10th anniversary of World Blood Donor Day -- was blood donation as a gift that saves lives . The WHO encouraged all countries to highlight stories from people whose lives have been saved through blood donation , as a way of motivating regular blood donors to continue giving blood and people in good health who have never given blood , particularly young people , to begin doing so . The host country for World Blood Donor Day 2013 was France . Through its national blood service , the Etablissement Français du Sang ( EFS ) , France has been promoting voluntary non-remunerated blood donation since the 1950s . 2012 : every blood Donor is a hero ( edit ) The 2012 campaign focused on the idea that any person can become a hero by giving blood . Blood can not yet be manufactured artificially , so voluntary blood donation remains vital for healthcare worldwide . Many anonymous blood donors save lives every day through their blood donations . See also ( edit ) List of blood donation agencies Transfusion medicine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Campaigns . '' World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Safe blood for saving mothers . '' WHO. 2014 . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blood safety and availability . '' WHO Fact sheet N ° 279 . June 2013 . Accessed 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Landsteiner - Biographical '' . Novelprize.org . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Blood Donor Day '' . IndiaCelebrating.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ World Blood Donor Day , 14 June 2018 Jump up ^ World Blood Donor Day , 14 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` World Blood Donor Day 2016 : Blood connects us all '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` World Blood Donor Day 2016 '' ( pdf ) . who.int. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your blood saved my life '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 World Blood Donor Day '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Blood Donor Day 2015 : Thank you for saving my life '' . Shanghai Blood Center . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 World Blood Donor Day '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Blood Donor Day , 14 June 2014 '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Today is World Blood Donor Day '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` World Blood Donor Day , 14 June 2013 '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . External links ( edit ) World Blood Donor Day 2017 ( USA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Blood_Donor_Day&oldid=846735044 '' Categories : Blood donation Health awareness days June observances United Nations days Hidden categories : Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം مصرى 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Română Русиньскый Русский Shqip Српски / srpski தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 15 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is blood donation celebrated in the world	[ "Every year on 14 June, countries around the world celebrate World Blood Donor Day (WBDD). The event, established in 2004, serves to raise awareness of the need for safe blood and blood products, and to thank blood donors for their voluntary, life-saving gifts of blood.\n" ]	[ "14 June" ]
-2118270525384493357	Giovanni Ribisi	Giovanni Ribisi - wikipedia Giovanni Ribisi Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Giovanni Ribisi Ribisi in December 2009 Antonino Giovanni Ribisi ( 1974 - 12 - 17 ) December 17 , 1974 ( age 43 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Other names Vonni Ribisi Occupation Actor Years active 1985 -- present Spouse ( s ) Mariah O'Brien ( m . 1997 ; div. 2001 ) Agyness Deyn ( m . 2012 ; div. 2015 ) Children Relatives Marissa Ribisi ( sister ) Gina Ribisi ( sister ) Beck ( brother - in - law ) Antonino Giovanni Ribisi ( Italian pronunciation : ( antoˈniːno dʒoˈvanni ) ; born December 17 , 1974 ) , known professionally as Giovanni Ribisi , is an American film and television actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Music videos 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Ribisi was born in Los Angeles , California . His father , Albert Anthony Ribisi , is a musician who had been the keyboard player in People ! , and his mother , Gay ( née Landrum ) , is a manager of actors and writers . He is the twin brother of actress Marissa Ribisi and the brother of voice actress Gina Ribisi . He is of Italian , English and German descent . Career ( edit ) Ribisi began acting on television during the 1980s and on films during the 1990s . For My Name Is Earl , he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series . Ribisi starred in James Cameron 's acclaimed highest - grossing film Avatar . In 2016 , Ribisi directed a music video for `` Siberian Nights '' , the third single from Ash & Ice by The Kills . Ribisi played Marius in the Amazon series Sneaky Pete . The pilot was created and produced by David Shore and Bryan Cranston , who also starred in the series . It was added to Amazon in 2015 and was picked up for ten of each episodes in 2016 . The series premiered on January 13 , 2017 . Personal life ( edit ) Ribisi married actress Mariah O'Brien in 1997 and together they have one daughter , Lucia . The couple divorced in 2001 . In 2007 , he began a relationship with indie rock singer - songwriter Cat Power . The couple lived together for five years before ending their relationship in 2012 . Ribisi married English model Agyness Deyn on June 16 , 2012 , and filed for divorce in January 2015 . Ribisi is an active member of the Scientologist . He participated in the gala opening of Scientology 's Psychiatry : An Industry of Death museum in December 2005 . His twin sister , Marissa , is also a Scientologist . She is married to musician Beck , another Scientologist . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 Mind Ripper Scott Stockton Direct - to - video The Grave Wex That Thing You Do ! Chad SubUrbia Jeff 1997 Lost Highway Steve V . 1997 First Love , Last Rites Joey 1997 The Postman Bandit 20 1998 Some Girl Jason 1998 Phoenix Joey Schneider 1998 Saving Private Ryan T - 5 Medic Irwin Wade 1999 The Other Sister Daniel McMann 1999 The Mod Squad Peter 1999 The Virgin Suicides Narrator ( voice ) 1999 It 's the Rage Sidney 2000 Boiler Room Seth Davis 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds Kip Raines 2000 The Gift Buddy Cole 2001 According to Spencer Louis 2002 Heaven Filippo 2003 Masked and Anonymous Soldier 2003 Basic Kendall 2003 Lost in Translation 2003 I Love Your Work Gray Evans 2003 Cold Mountain Junior Love 's Brother Angelo Donnini Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow Dexter `` Dex '' Dearborn Flight of the Phoenix Elliott 2005 The Big White Ted 2006 10th & Wolf Joey 2006 The Dog Problem Solo 2006 The Dead Girl Rudy 2007 Perfect Stranger Miles Haley 2007 Gardener of Eden Vic 2008 Spirit of the Forest Cebolo ( voice ) English dub 2009 Middle Men Wayne Beering 2009 Public Enemies Alvin Karpis 2009 Avatar Parker Selfridge 2011 The Other Side Sean Splinter 2011 The Rum Diary Moburg 2012 Contraband Tim Briggs 2012 Columbus Circle Detective Frank Giardello Executive producer 2012 Ted Donny 2013 Gangster Squad Officer Conway Keeler 2014 A Million Ways to Die in the West Edward 2014 Selma Lee C. White 2015 Results Paul 2015 Meadowland Tim 2015 Ted 2 Donny 2015 Papa : Hemingway in Cuba Ed Myers 2016 The Bad Batch The Screamer 2020 Avatar 2 Parker Selfridge Filming 2021 Avatar 3 TBA A Million Little Pieces Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1985 Highway to Heaven Curtis Johnson 2 episodes 1985 Simon & Simon Kid # 1 Episode : `` The Skull of Nostradamus '' 1985 The Twilight Zone Teddy Episode : `` The Beacon '' 1985 -- 89 The New Leave It to Beaver Duffy Guthrie 15 episodes 1986 -- 87 Sidekicks Travis 4 episodes 1987 ; 1989 Married ... with Children Teddy 2 episodes 1987 -- 90 My Two Dads Cory Kupkus 30 episodes 1991 Blossom Mitchell Episode : `` Blossom Blossoms '' 1991 -- 92 Davis Rules Skinner Buckley 16 episodes 1992 -- 93 The Wonder Years Jeff Bilings 15 episodes 1993 The Commish Joey Burke 2 episodes 1993 Family Album Elvis DeMattis 6 episodes 1993 The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader - Murdering Mom Pete Reyes Television film 1994 Walker , Texas Ranger Tony Kingston 2 episodes 1994 NYPD Blue Bruce 2 episodes 1994 Ellen Cashier Episode : `` Pilot '' 1995 The X-Files Darin Peter Oswald Episode : `` D.P.O. '' 1995 Marker Eddie Episode : `` Dead Man 's Marker '' 1995 Chicago Hope Michael Weber Episode : `` Every Day a Little Death '' 1995 -- 98 , 2003 Friends Frank Buffay , Jr . 10 episodes Tracey Takes On ... Dad Episode : `` Family '' 1999 The Hunger Eddie Foden Episode : `` Sanctuary '' 2001 Shot in the Heart Mikal Gilmore Television film 2005 -- 08 My Name Is Earl Ralph Mariano 6 episodes 2008 Entourage Nick 2 episodes Memphis Beat Gene Templer Episode : `` One Night of Sin '' 2013 Family Guy Randy ( voice ) Episode : `` Call Girl '' 2013 -- 14 Dads Warner Whittemore 18 episodes 2014 Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2 : Villains in Paradise The Joker / Two - Face ( voices ) Television film 2015 Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III : Magical Friendship The Joker ( voice ) Television film 2015 -- present Sneaky Pete Pete Murphy / Marius Josipovic Series regular Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2003 Call of Duty Pvt . Elder 2006 Marc Eckō 's Getting Up : Contents Under Pressure Kry1 2009 James Cameron 's Avatar : The Game Parker Selfridge Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist Notes 2016 `` Siberian Nights '' The Kills Director 2006 Crystal Ball Keane Actor Accolades ( edit ) Awards and nominations for acting Year Association Nominated work Result 1986 Young Artist Award Best Younger Guest Actor in a Television Series Highway to Heaven Nominated 1989 Young Artist Award Best Actor in a Television Film Promised a Miracle Nominated 1989 Young Artist Award Best Actor Starring in a Television Series My Two Dads Nominated Young Artist Award Best Actor in a Comedy Series My Two Dads Nominated 1999 Online Film Critics Society Best Cast Saving Private Ryan Won 1999 Screen Actors Guild Award Best Ensemble Cast Saving Private Ryan Nominated 2001 Saturn Award Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor The Gift Nominated 2002 American Film Institute Award Best Actor in a Television Film Shot in the Heart Nominated 2002 Golden Arena Award Best Actor -- Foreign Film Heaven Won 2005 Saturn Award Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow Nominated 2007 Primetime Emmy Awards Guest Actor in a Comedy Series My Name is Earl Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Hissy Fit Avatar Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Marissa Ribisi Biography ( 1974 ? - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giovanni Ribisi goes the distance to portray a character '' . Accessmylibrary.com . November 1 , 2001 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Antinino Giovanni Ribisi family tree '' . Home.iae.nl . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Years Cast Then and Now '' . KushJar.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Havenson , Lyndsey ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Kills share new song / video for `` Siberian Nights '' -- watch `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Watch the Kills ' Chilling ' Siberian Nights ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minsker , Evan ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Watch the Kills ' `` Siberian Nights '' Video `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wolves Dash Through the Darkness in the Kills ' New ' Siberian Nights ' Video '' . Spin . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ordona , Michael ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sneaky Pete ' did n't get picked up by the network , and that 's when things got good for the creative team '' . New York Times . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Giovanni Ribisi Biography '' . Biography A&E . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Giovanni Ribisi weds model Agyness Deyn '' . sfgate.com . June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giovanni Ribisi weds model Agyness Deyn '' . express.co.uk . June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kandell , Steve ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Cat Power : Raw Power '' . spin.com . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ D'Zurilla , Christie ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Giovanni Ribisi , Agyness Deyn get married oh so quietly '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Giovanni Ribisi Weds Model Agyness Deyn '' . People . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ '' . tmz.com . Jump up ^ `` Now Toronto '' . 2007 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Religion of Celebrities , quoting ABC News Jump up ^ `` CCHR Museum Opening , 2005 '' . Cchr.org . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` ABC News : Celebrity Scientologists '' . go.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : N'Duka , Amanda ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar ' : Giovanni Ribisi Returning For All Four Sequels '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Kills - Siberian Nights ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tenth Annual Youth in Film Awards , 1987 - 1988 '' . Young Artist Association . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giovanni Ribisi . Giovanni Ribisi on IMDb Interview With Giovanni Ribisi VIAF : 85826553 LCCN : no2002070032 ISNI : 0000 0001 2142 269X GND : 141140054 SUDOC : 088076695 BNF : cb142203051 ( data ) BNE : XX4580496 SNAC : w6h42t9k Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Ribisi&oldid=833010303 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Los Angeles Male actors of Italian descent American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Italian descent American people of Sicilian descent American Scientologists Fraternal twin male actors Twin people from the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2014 BLP articles lacking sources from October 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Български Català Cebuano Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Sardu Scots Simple English کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 05 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the medic in saving private ryan	[]	[]
-45886044803404129	List of backward compatible games for Xbox One	List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 4 List of compatible titles from Xbox 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often , or at all times 16x anisotropic filtering Forced V - sync Variable refresh rate compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 ( edit ) There are currently 473 on this list out of 2097 games released for the Xbox 360 . Title Publisher ( s ) Format Xbox One X Enhanced Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2017 3D Ultra Minigolf Adventures Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Ubisoft 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available as a remastered version on Xbox One . Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Axel & Pixel 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando : Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Brave : The Video Game Disney Interactive 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Remastered as Burnout Paradise Remastered for Xbox One . Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Also released on Xbox One . Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare Activision 000000002018 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2018 Also available in a remastered version . Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crackdown Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2018 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darkness II , The The Darkness II 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders II THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : The Game Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Dirt : Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Divinity II Larian Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 : BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Driver : San Francisco Ubisoft Disc Only 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons & Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 2 Ubisoft 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harms Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hitman : Blood Money Eidos Interactive 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio HD Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Square Enix XBLA 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues LucasArts 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Mafia II 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker HD Edition Konami 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 The Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker disc from the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection is also compatible . Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom , The The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Available digitally only on the Japanese Xbox Marketplace . Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prey 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest : Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 Special Edition : LeChuck 's Revenge Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault - Tenchu - From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Sniper Elite V2 505 Games 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic Generations Sega 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2018 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spec Ops : The Line 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Split / Second Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania G. rev XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier Ubisoft 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Ubisoft 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Vanquish Sega 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Virtual On : Cyber Troopers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . List of compatible titles from Xbox ( edit ) There are currently 32 on this list out of 1046 released for the Xbox . All Original Xbox games run at 4 times resolution on Xbox One and Xbox one S consoles , and run at 16 times resolution on Xbox One X Title Publisher ( s ) Date added Notes Ref ( s ) Black Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Blinx : The Time Sweeper Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 BloodRayne 2 Majesco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Breakdown Namco 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Conker : Live & Reloaded Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Dead to Rights Namco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Destroy All Humans ! THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind Bethesda Softworks 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Full Spectrum Warrior THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Also included in Rare Replay Hunter : The Reckoning White Wolf , Inc . 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Jade Empire Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 MX Unleashed THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Panzer Dragoon Orta Sega 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Panzer Elite Action : Fields of Glory JoWooD Entertainment 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Europe only Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Red Faction II THQ 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 SSX 3 Electronic Arts 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront II LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic II LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Republic Commando LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Remastered Coming March 20 to PS4 and Xbox One '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/?linkId=16823597 Jump up ^ `` Skydive , Planets Under Attack and CLANNAD ( Japan Only ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 電脳戦機バーチャロン後方互換性 '' . 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.windowscentral.com/original-xbox-games-run-sixteen-times-resolution-xbox-one-x ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tyrrel , Brandin ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Morrowind , Kotor 2 , Jade Empire Headline New Wave Of Original Xbox Backwards Compatible Games '' . IGN . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) ( hide ) Video gaming products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games Backward - compatible Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Xbox One X enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows DirectX Games for Windows games GFWL games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Games on Demand games Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA Game Studio ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=837262405 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 18 : 34 . 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-8746123984804730880	Pollution in China	Pollution in China - Wikipedia Pollution in China Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Beijing air on a 2005 - day after rain ( left ) and a smoggy day ( right ) . Pollution in China is one aspect of the broader topic of environmental issues in China . Various forms of pollution have increased as China has industrialised , which has caused widespread environmental and health problems . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pollution statistics 1.1 Soil contamination 1.2 Waste 1.2. 1 Electronic waste 1.3 Industrial pollution 1.4 Water pollution 1.5 Air pollution 1.5. 1 Particulates 1.5. 2 Government 's response to the air pollution 1.5. 3 Four - color alert system 1.6 Light pollution 2 Pollutants 2.1 Lead 2.2 Persistent organic pollutants 2.3 Yellow dust 2.4 Coal 2.5 Other pollutants 3 Impact of pollution 3.1 Cross-border pollution 4 Criticisms of government environmental policies 5 Pollution ratings 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Pollution statistics ( edit ) Soil contamination ( edit ) Further information : Soil contamination § People 's Republic of China The immense growth of the People 's Republic of China since the 1980s has resulted in increased soil pollution . The State Environmental Protection Administration believes it to be a threat to the environment , food safety and sustainable agriculture . 38,610 square miles ( 100,000 km ) of China 's cultivated land have been polluted , with contaminated water being used to irrigate a further 31.5 million miles ( 21,670 km . ) and another 2 million miles ( 1,300 km ) have been covered or destroyed by solid waste . In total , the area accounts for one - tenth of China 's cultivatable land , and is not known as the first time mostly in economically developed areas . An estimated 6 million tonnes of grain are contaminated by heavy metals every year , causing direct losses of 29 billion yuan ( US $2.57 billion ) . Furthermore , the heavy metals ( including mercury , lead , cadmium , copper , nickel , chromium , and zinc ) in the contaminated soil have adverse health effects in human metabolism . Ingestion , contact through skin , diet through the soil - food chain , respiratory intake , and oral intake can be the absorption mechanism for the toxic substances to influence human beings . The concentration effect of the food chain can be another indirect pathway to reach human beings . In addition , soil contamination by heavy metals conveys an often overlooked but no less critical threat to food security of China . Waste ( edit ) As China 's waste production increases , insufficient efforts to develop capable recycling systems have been attributed to a lack of environmental awareness . In 2012 the waste generation in China was 300 million tons ( 229.4 kg / cap / yr ) . A ban came into effect on 1 June 2008 that prohibited all supermarkets , department stores and shops throughout China from giving out free plastic bags , therefore encouraging people to use cloth bags as during the ancient times Stores must clearly mark the price of plastic shopping bags and are banned from adding that price onto the price of products . The production , sale and use of ultra-thin plastic bags - those less than 0.025 millimeters ( 0.00098 in ) thick - are also banned . The State Council called for `` a return to cloth bags and shopping baskets . '' This ban , however , does not affect the widespread use of paper shopping bags at clothing stores or the use of plastic bags at restaurants for takeout food . A survey by the International Food Packaging Association found that in the year after the ban was implemented , 10 percent fewer plastic bags found their way into the garbage . Electronic waste ( edit ) Main article : Electronic waste in China In 2011 , China produced 2.3 million tons of electronic waste . The annual amount is expected to increase as the Chinese economy grows . In addition to domestic waste production , large amounts of electronic waste are imported from overseas . Legislation banning importation of electronic waste and requiring proper disposal of domestic waste has recently been introduced , but has been criticized as insufficient and susceptible to fraud . There have been local successes , such as in the city of Tianjin where 38,000 tons of electronic waste were disposed of properly in 2010 , but much electronic waste is still improperly handled . Industrial pollution ( edit ) Air pollution caused by industrial plants In 1997 , the World Bank issued a report targeting China 's policy towards industrial pollution . The report stated that `` hundreds of thousands of premature deaths and incidents of serious respiratory illness have been caused by exposure to industrial air pollution . Seriously contaminated by industrial discharges , many of China 's waterways are largely unfit for direct human use '' . However , the report did acknowledge that environmental regulations and industrial reforms had had some effect . It was determined that continued environmental reforms were likely to have a large effect on reducing industrial pollution . In a 2007 article about China 's pollution problem , the New York Times stated that `` Environmental degradation is now so severe , with such stark domestic and international repercussions , that pollution poses not only a major long - term burden on the Chinese public but also an acute political challenge to the ruling Communist Party . '' The article 's main points included : According to the Chinese Ministry of Health , industrial pollution has made cancer China 's leading cause of death . Every year , ambient air pollution alone killed hundreds of thousands of citizens . 500 million people in China are without safe and clean drinking water . Only 1 % of the country 's 560 million city dwellers breathe air considered safe by the European Union , because all of its major cities are constantly covered in a `` toxic gray shroud '' . Before and during the 2008 Summer Olympics , Beijing was `` frantically searching for a magic formula , a meteorological deus ex machina , to clear its skies for the 2008 Olympics . '' Lead poisoning or other types of local pollution continue to kill many Chinese children . A large section of the ocean is without marine life because of massive algal blooms caused by the high nutrients in the water . The pollution has spread internationally : sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides fall as acid rain on Seoul , South Korea , and Tokyo ; and according to the Journal of Geophysical Research , the pollution even reaches Los Angeles in the USA . The Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning in 2003 produced an unpublished internal report which estimated that 300,000 people die each year from ambient air pollution , mostly of heart disease and lung cancer . Chinese environmental experts in 2005 issued another report , estimating that annual premature deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution were likely to reach 380,000 in 2010 and 550,000 in 2020 . A 2007 World Bank report conducted with China 's national environmental agency found that `` ( ... ) outdoor air pollution was already causing 350,000 to 400,000 premature deaths a year . Indoor pollution contributed to the deaths of an additional 300,000 people , while 60,000 died from diarrhoea , bladder and stomach cancer and other diseases that can be caused by water - borne pollution . '' World Bank officials said `` China 's environmental agency insisted that the health statistics be removed from the published version of the report , citing the possible impact on ' social stability ' '' . A draft of a 2007 combined World Bank and SEPA report stated that up to 760,000 people died prematurely each year in China because of air and water pollution . High levels of air pollution in China 's cities caused to 350,000 - 400,000 premature deaths . Another 300,000 died because of indoor air of poor quality . There were 60,000 premature deaths each year because of water of poor quality . Chinese officials asked that some of the results should not be published in order to avoid social unrest . China has made some improvements in environmental protection during recent years . According to the World Bank , ' China is one of a few countries in the world that have been rapidly increasing their forest cover . It is managing to reduce air and water pollution . Vennemo et al. , in a 2009 literature review in Review of Environmental Economics and Policy , noted the wide discrepancy between the reassuring view in some Chinese official publications and the exclusively negative view in some Western sources . The review stated that `` although China is starting from a point of grave pollution , it is setting priorities and making progress that resemble what occurred in industrialized countries during their earlier stages of development . '' Environmental trends were described as uneven . A quality of surface water in the south of China was improving and particle emissions were stable . But NO emissions were increasing rapidly and SO emissions had been increasing before decreasing in 2007 , the last year for which data was available . Conventional approaches to air quality monitoring are based on networks of static and sparse measurement stations . However , there are drivers behind current rises in the use of low - cost sensors for air pollution management in cities . Water pollution ( edit ) The water resources of China are affected by both severe water shortages and severe water pollution . An increasing population and rapid economic growth , as well as lax environmental oversight , have increased water demand and pollution . According to an investigation in 1980 , the entire country has 440 billion cubic meters of the total water consumption . Consumption by agriculture , forestry , husbandry , and country residents was about 88 per cent of the total consumption . However , an investigation shows that 19 per cent of water in main rivers with has been polluted as well as a total length of 95,000 kilometers . In addition , a survey for 878 rivers in the early 1980s shows that 80 per cent of them were polluted to some extent , and fishes became extinct in more than 5 per cent of total river length throughout the country . Furthermore , there are over 20 waterways unsuitable for agricultural irrigation due to water pollution . In response , China has taken measures such as rapidly building out the water infrastructure and increased regulation as well as exploring a number of further technological solutions . Air pollution ( edit ) Thick haze blown off the Eastern coast of China , over Bo Hai Bay and the Yellow Sea . The haze might result from urban and industrial pollution . `` In northern China , air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels , principally coal , is causing people to die on average 5.5 years sooner than they otherwise might . '' -- Tim Flannery , Atmosphere of Hope , 2015 . Play media Map of PM2. 5 pollution over China from April to August 2014 . Air pollution has become a major issue in China and poses a threat to Chinese public health . In 2016 , only 84 out of 338 prefecture - level ( administrative division of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , ranking below a province and above a county ) or higher cities attained the national standard for air quality . Zhong Nanshan , the president of the China Medical Association , warned in 2012 that air pollution could become China 's biggest health threat . Measurements by Beijing municipal government in January 2013 showed that highest recorded level of PM2. 5 ( particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers in size ) , was at nearly 1,000 μg per cubic meter . Traces of smog from mainland China has been observed to reach as far as California . Sulfur dioxide emission peaked at 2006 , after which it began to decline by 10.4 % in 2008 compared to 2006 . This was accompanied by improvements on related phenomenons such as lower frequency of acid rainfall . The adoption by power plants of flue - gas desulfurization technology was likely the main reason for reduced SO emissions . Large - scale use of formaldehyde in make home building products in construction and furniture also contributes to indoor air pollution . Particulates ( edit ) Particulates are formed from both primary and secondary pathways . Primary sources such as coal combustion , biomass combustion and traffic directly emits particulate matter also known as `` PM '' . Whereas , high secondary aerosol ( particulates formed through atmospheric oxidation and reactions of gaseous organic compounds ) contribution to particulate pollution in China is found . According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , such fine particles can cause asthma , bronchitis , and acute and chronic respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath and painful breathing , and may also lead to premature death . According to the World Bank , the Chinese cities with the highest levels of particulate matter in 2004 of those studied were Tianjin , Chongqing , and Shenyang . In 2012 stricter air pollution monitoring of ozone and PM2. 5 were ordered to be gradually implemented from large cities and key areas to all prefecture - level cities , and from 2015 all prefecture - level or higher cities were included . State media acknowledged the role of environmental campaigners in causing this change . On one micro-blog service , more than a million mostly positive comments were posted in less than 24 hours although some wondered if the standards would be effectively enforced . The US embassy in Beijing regularly posts automated air quality measurements at @ beijingair on Twitter . On 18 November 2010 , the feed described the PM2. 5 AQI ( Air Quality Index ) as `` crazy bad '' after registering a reading in excess of 500 for the first time . This description was later changed to `` beyond index '' , a level which recurred in February , October , and December 2011 . In June 2012 , following strongly divergent disclosures of particulate levels between the Observatory and the US Embassy , Chinese authorities asked foreign consulates to stop publishing `` inaccurate and unlawful '' data . Officials said it was `` not scientific to evaluate the air quality of an area with results gathered from just only one point inside that area '' , and asserted that official daily average PM2. 5 figures for Beijing and Shanghai were `` almost the same with the results published by foreign embassies and consulates '' . By January 2013 the pollution had worsened with official Beijing data showing an average AQI over 300 and readings of up to 700 at individual recording stations while the US Embassy recorded over 755 on 1 January and 800 by 12 January 2013 . On 21 October 2013 , record smog closed the Harbin Airport along with all schools in the area . Daily particulate levels of more than 50 times the World Health Organisation recommended daily level were reported in parts of the municipality . In 2016 , Beijing 's yearly - average PM2. 5 was 73 μg / m , 9.9 % improvement compared to 2015 . In total , 39 severely polluted days were recorded , 5 fewer compared to 2015 . 2015 Air pollution in Beijing as measured by Air Quality Index ( AQI ) Severely Polluted Heavily Polluted Moderately Polluted Lightly Polluted Good Excellent Government 's response to the air pollution ( edit ) In an attempt to reduce air pollution , the Chinese government has made the decision to enforce stricter regulations . After record - high air pollution in northern China in 2012 and 2013 , the State Council issued an Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in September 2013 . This plan aims to reduce PM2. 5 by over 10 % from 2012 to 2017 . The most prominent government response has been in Beijing , aiming to reduce PM2. 5 by 25 % from 2012 to 2017 . As the capital of China , it is suffering from high levels of air pollution . According to Reuters , in September 2013 , the Chinese government published the plan to tackle air pollution problem on its official website . The main goal of the plan is to reduce coal consumption by closing polluting mills , factories , and smelters and switching to other eco-friendly energy sources . These policies have been taken effects , and in 2015 , the average PM2. 5 in 74 key cities in monitoring system is 55 μg / m , showing a 23.6 % decrease as to 2013 . Despite the reduction in coal consumption and polluting industries , China still maintained stable economic growth rate from 7.7 % in 2013 to 6.9 % in 2015 . On 20 August 2015 , ahead of the 70th - anniversary celebrations of the end of World War II , the Beijing government shut down industrial facilities and reduced car emissions in order to achieve a `` Parade Blue '' sky for the occasion . This action resulted in PM2. 5 concentration lower than the 35 μg / m national air quality standard , according to data from Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Monitoring Centre ( BMEMC ) . The restrictions resulted in an average Beijing PM2. 5 concentration of 19.5 μg / m , the lowest that had ever been on record in the capital . China 's strategy has been largely focusing on the development of other energy sources such as nuclear , hydro and compressed natural gas . The latest plan entails closing the outdated capacity of the industrial sectors like iron , steel , aluminum and cement and increasing nuclear capacity and other non-fossil fuel energy . It also includes an intention to stop approving new thermal power plants and to cut coal consumption in industrial areas . According to research , substituting all coal consumption for residential and commercial use to natural gas requires additional 88 billion cubic meters of natural gas , which is 60 % of China 's total consumption in 2012 , and the net cost would be 32 - 52 billion dollars . Substituting the share of coal - fired power plant with renewable and nuclear energy also requires 700GW additional capacity , which cost 184 billion dollars . So the net cost would be 140 - 160 billion dollars considering value of saved coal . Since all the above policies have been already partially implemented by national and city governments , they should lead to substantial improvements in urban air quality . `` In northern China , air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels , principal coal , is causing people to die on average 5.5 years sooner than they otherwise might . '' -- Tim Flannery , Atmosphere of Hope , 2015 . Four - color alert system ( edit ) Beijing launched four - color alert system in 2013 . It is based on the air quality index ( AQI ) , which indicates how clean or polluted the air is . The Beijing government revised their four - color alert system at the start of 2016 , increasing the levels of pollution required to trigger orange and red alerts . The change was introduced to standardize the alert levels across four cities including Tianjin and four cities in Hebei , and perhaps in direct response to the red alerts issues the previous December . AQI Description 101 - 150 Slight pollution 151 - 200 Moderate pollution 201 - 300 Heavy pollution 301 - 500 Hazardous Color Condition Blue `` Heavy pollution '' in the next 24 hours Yellow `` Hazardous '' in the next 24 hours ; or `` Heavy pollution '' for three consecutive days Orange Alternate `` Heavy pollution '' and `` Hazardous '' days for three consecutive days Red Average of `` heavy pollution '' for four consecutive days , `` hazardous '' for two consecutive days or average AQI over 500 for one day Light pollution ( edit ) With active economic growth and a huge number of citizens , China is considered as the largest developing country in the world . Due to urbanization , light pollution generalize is an environmental factor that significantly influences the quality and health of wildlife . According to Pengpeng Han et al. , `` In the 1990s , the increasing trend in light pollution regions mostly occurred in larger urban cities , which are mainly located in eastern and coastal areas , whereas the decreasing trend areas were chiefly industrial and mining cities rich in mineral resources , in addition to the central parts of large cities . '' In the 2000s , nearly all urban cities were dominated by an uprising trend in light pollution . Pollutants ( edit ) Lead ( edit ) Lead poisoning was described in a 2001 paper as one of the most common pediatric health problems in China . A 2006 review of existing data suggested that one - third of Chinese children suffer from elevated serum lead levels . Pollution from metal smelters and a fast - growing battery industry has been responsible for most cases of particularly high lead levels . In 2011 , there were riots in the Zhejiang Haijiu Battery Factory from angry parents whose children received permanent neurological damage from lead poisoning . The central government has acknowledged the problem and has taken measures such as suspending battery factory production , but some see the response as inadequate and some local authorities have tried to silence criticisms . A literature review of academic studies on Chinese children 's blood lead levels found that the lead levels declined when comparing the studies published during 1995 - 2003 and 2004 - 2007 periods . Lead levels also showed a declining trend after China banned lead in gasoline in 2000 . Lead levels were still higher than those in developed nations . Industrial areas had higher levels than suburban areas , which had higher levels than urban areas . Controlling and preventing lead poisoning was described as a long - term mission . Persistent organic pollutants ( edit ) China is a signatory nation of the Stockholm Convention , a treaty to control and phase out major persistent organic pollutants ( POP ) . A plan of action for 2010 includes objectives such as eliminating the production , import and use of the pesticides covered under the convention , as well as an accounting system for PCB containing equipment . For 2015 , China plans to establish an inventory of POP - contaminated sites and remediation plans . Since May 2009 , this treaty also covers polybrominated diphenyl ethers and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid . Perfluorinated compounds are associated with altered thyroid function and decreased sperm count in humans . China faces a big challenge in controlling and eliminating POPs , since they often are cheaper than their alternatives , or are unintentionally produced and then released into the environment to save on treatment costs . Yellow dust ( edit ) The Yellow dust or Asian dust is a seasonal dust cloud which affects North East Asia during late winter and springtime . The dust originates in the deserts of Mongolia , northern China and Kazakhstan where high - speed surface winds and intense dust storms kick up dense clouds of fine , dry soil particles . These clouds are then carried eastward by prevailing winds and pass over Northern China into Korea and Japan . Desertification has intensified in China . 1,740,000 square kilometres of land is classified as `` dry '' , and desertification disrupts the lives of 400 million people and causes direct economic losses of 54 billion yuan ( $7 billion ) a year , SFA figures show . Sulfur ( an acid rain component ) , soot , ash , carbon monoxide , and other toxic pollutants including heavy metals ( such as mercury , cadmium , chromium , arsenic , lead , zinc , copper ) and other carcinogens , often accompany the dust storms , as well as viruses , bacteria , fungi , pesticides , antibiotics , asbestos , herbicides , plastic ingredients , combustion products and hormone mimicking phthalates . Coal ( edit ) The increasing number of air pollutants can cause incidences of low visibility for days and acid rain . According to article Air Pollution in Mega Cities in China , `` Coal accounts for 70 % of the total energy consumption , and emissions from coal combustion are the major anthropogenic contributors to air pollution in China '' ( Chan , Yao , 2013 , p. 2 ) . Long - term exposure to pollutants can cause health risks such as respiratory diseases , cancer , cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases . Coal is a huge issue because of the SO2 emissions from coal factories . According to Air Pollution in Mega-Cities , `` SO2 exceeded the Chinese Grade - II standards in 22 % of the country 's cities and caused acid rain problems in 38 % of the cities '' ( Chan , Yao , 2013 , p. 2 ) . Chan , C.K. , & Yao , X . ( January 1 , 2008 ) . Air pollution in mega cities in China . Atmospheric Environment , 42 , 1 , 1 - 42 . Other pollutants ( edit ) In 2010 49 employees at Wintek were poisoned by n - hexane in the manufacturing of touchscreens for Apple products . In 2013 , it was revealed that portions of the country 's rice supply were tainted with the toxic metal cadmium . Impact of pollution ( edit ) A 2006 Chinese green gross domestic product estimate stated that pollution in 2004 cost 3.05 % of the nation 's economy . A 2007 World Bank and SEPA report estimated the cost of water and air pollution in 2003 to 2.68 % or 5.78 % of GDP depending on if using a Chinese or a Western method of calculation . A 2009 review stated a range of 2 -- 10 % of GDP . A 2012 study stated that pollution had little effect on economic growth which in China 's case was largely dependent on physical capital expansion and increased energy consumption due to the dependency on manufacturing and heavy industries . China was predicted to continue to grow using energy - inefficient and polluting industries . While growth may continue , the rewards of this growth may be opposed by the harm from the pollution unless environmental protection is increased . A 2015 study from the non-profit organization Berkeley Earth estimated that 1.6 million people in China die each year from heart , lung and stroke problems because of polluted air . Cross-border pollution ( edit ) See also : Air pollution in Taiwan Criticisms of government environmental policies ( edit ) Critics point to the government 's lack of willingness to protect the environment as a common problem with China 's environmental policies . Even in the case of the latest plan , experts are skeptical about its actual influence because of the existence of loopholes . This is because economic growth is still the primary issue for the government , and overrides environmental protection . However , if the measures to cut coal usage were applied strictly , it would also mean the dismantling of the local economy that is highly reliant on heavy industry . The Financial Times interviewed a worker who stated , `` if this steel mill did n't exist , we would n't even have anywhere to go to eat . Everything revolves around this steel factory -- our children work here . '' Pollution ratings ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2015 ) As of 2004 : The top five environmentally friendly cities : Haikou , Zhuhai , Zhanjiang , Guilin , Beihai The top five cities with most effective pollution controls : Nantong , Lianyungang , Shenyang , Suzhou , Fuzhou The 10 cities with worst air quality : Linfen , Yangquan , Datong , Shizuishan , Sanmenxia , Jinchang , Shijiazhuang , Xianyang , Zhuzhou , Luoyang According to the National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and The Asian Development Bank in January 2013 , 7 of the 10 most air polluted cities in the world are in China , including Taiyuan , Beijing , Urumqi , Lanzhou , Chongqing , Jinan and Shijiazhuang . See also ( edit ) 2009 Chinese lead poisoning scandal 2013 Eastern China smog 2013 Northeastern China smog Automotive industry in China China Energy Conservation Investment Corporation China Pollution Map Database Climate change in China Environment of China Environmental issues in China List of power stations in China Low - carbon economy Peak oil Renewable energy in China List of countries by energy consumption and production Category : Energy by country Haze Smog References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jared Diamond , Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed , Penguin Books , 2005 and 2011 ( ISBN 9780241958681 ) . See chapter 12 entitled `` China , Lurching Giant '' ( pages 258 - 377 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Most Polluted Places On Earth '' . CBS News . 2010 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Air Pollution Grows in Tandem with China 's Economy '' . NPR . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Xiuying ; et al. 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Science of the Total Environment. 407 ( 13 ) : 3986 -- 3993 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scitotenv. 2009.03. 018 . paid 19395068 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Republic of China : National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants '' ( PDF ) . Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Swimming in Poison : A hazardous chemical cocktail found in Yangtze River Fish '' . Greenpeace China . 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wang Ying . `` Operation blitzkrieg against desert storm '' . China Daily . Archived from the original on 10 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ill Winds '' . Science News Online . Archived from the original on 19 March 2004 . Retrieved 6 October 2001 . Jump up ^ `` N - hexane Poisoning Scare At Apple Supplier In China '' . China Tech News . 2010 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ China to Survey Soil Amid Fears Over Rice , Wall Street Journal , 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Sun Xiaohua ( 2007 ) `` Call for return to green accounting '' , `` China Daily '' , 19 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Cost of Pollution in China Economic Estimates of Physical Costs. 2007 . World Bank . http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/China_Cost_of_Pollution.pdf Jump up ^ Polluting China for the sake of economic growth . 27 - Apr - 2012 . EurekAlert ! . http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-04/ip-pcf042712.php Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2015 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Air pollution in China is killing 4,000 people every day , a new study finds '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hornby , L ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Cleaner air a bitter pill for north China cities '' . Financial Times . ^ Jump up to : Qin , Jize ( 2004 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Most polluted cities in China blacklisted '' . China Daily . Jump up ^ `` WEATHER & EXTREME EVENTS 7 of 10 Most Air - Polluted Cities Are in China '' . 16 January 2013 . Imaginechina / Corbis . http://news.discovery.com . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Chan , C.K. , & Yao , X . ( January 1 , 2008 ) . Air pollution in mega cities in China . Atmospheric Environment , 42 , 1 , 1 - 42 . Further reading ( edit ) Jared Diamond , Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed , Penguin Books , 2005 and 2011 ( ISBN 9780241958681 ) . See chapter 12 entitled `` China , Lurching Giant '' ( pages 258 - 377 ) . External links ( edit ) Real - time air quality index map Articles Cleaner Production in China - Current and comprehensive information source on China 's campaign to reduce pollution Photo essay on water pollution in Huai River Basin Most polluted cities in China Clearing the Air : China 's Environmental Challenge - Asia Society - Overview on China air pollution problem Documentary project `` Pollution in China . '' Spill in China Underlines Environmental Concerns March 2 , 2013 The New York Times Videos `` The Environmental Challenge to China 's Future '' , Dr. Elizabeth Economy , 2010 Accompanying the growth of industry is an increase in pollution and toxic waste that threatens the livelihood and health of people in rural fishing and farming communities . Youtube video : China 's Pollution Busters Terrible Pollution in China Environmental activist Wu Dengming documents . Youtube video : Where does e-waste end up ? 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-1095514074113144696	Agriculture in India	Agriculture in India - Wikipedia Agriculture in India Major crops by regions of India . Agriculture has a significant id in the socio - economic cotton of India . Here Sikh farmers are deploying a tractor and cane crusher to produce and distribute free cane juice at a festival . Several festivals relate to agriculture in India . Holi -- the festival of colours is celebrated across north India as the coming of spring . It is celebrated with bonfires , meeting friends and strangers , playful painting each other with colours . Farms in rural India . Most farms in India are small plots such as in this image . A vegetable farm in Himachal Pradesh state . The history of Agriculture in India dates back to Indus Valley Civilization Era and even before that in some parts of Southern India . Today , India ranks second worldwide in farm outputs. agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries accounted for 13.7 % of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) in 2013 , about 50 % of the workforce . The economic contribution of agriculture to India 's GDP is steadily declining with the country 's broad - based economic growth . Still , agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio - economic fabric of India . India exported $38 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013 , making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide and the sixth largest net exporter . Most of its agriculture exports serve developing and least developed nations . Indian agricultural / horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 120 countries , primarily in the Middle East , Southeast Asia , SAARC countries , the EU and the United States . Contents 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Agriculture and colonialism 2.2 Indian agriculture after independence 3 Irrigation 4 Output 4.1 Major crops and yields 4.2 Horticulture 4.3 Organic Agriculture 5 Problems 5.1 Infrastructure 5.2 Productivity 5.3 Farmer suicides 5.4 Marketing 5.5 Diversion of agricultural land for non agricultural purpose 6 Initiatives 7 Maps 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Overview ( edit ) As per the 2010 FAO world agriculture statistics India is the world 's largest producer of many fresh fruits like banana , mango , guava , papaya , lemon and vegetables like chickpea , okra and milk , major spices like chili pepper , ginger , fibrous crops such as jute , staples such as millets and castor oil seed . India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice , the world 's major food staples . India is currently the world 's second or third largest producer of several dry fruits , agriculture - based textile raw materials , roots and tuber crops , pulses , farmed fish , eggs , coconut , sugarcane and numerous vegetables . India ranked in the world 's five largest producers of over 80 % of agricultural produce items , including many cash crops such as coffee and cotton , in 2010 . India is one of the world 's five largest producers of livestock and poultry meat , with one of the fastest growth rates , as of 2011 . One report from 2008 claimed India 's population is growing faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat . Other recent studies claim India can easily feed its growing population , plus produce wheat and rice for global exports , if it can reduce food staple spoilage , improve its infrastructure and raise its farm productivity to those achieved by other developing countries such as Brazil and China . In fiscal year ending June 2011 , with a normal monsoon season , Indian agriculture accomplished an all - time record production of 85.9 million tonnes of wheat , a 6.4 % increase from a year earlier . Rice output in India hit a new record at 95.3 million tonnes , a 7 % increase from the year earlier . Lentils and many other food staples production also increased year over year . Indian farmers , thus produced about 71 kilograms of wheat and 80 kilograms of rice for every member of Indian population in 2011 . The per capita supply of rice every year in India is now higher than the per capita consumption of rice every year in Japan . India exported $39 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013 , making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide , and the sixth largest net exporter . This represents explosive growth , as in 2004 net export were about $5 billion . India is the fastest growing exporter of agricultural products over a 10 - year period , its $39 billion of net exports is more than double the combined exports of the European Union ( EU - 28 ) . It has become one of the world 's largest supplier of rice , cotton , sugar and wheat . India exported around 2 million metric tonnes of wheat and 2.1 million metric tonnes of rice in 2011 to Africa , Nepal , Bangladesh and other regions around the world . Aquaculture and catch fishery is amongst the fastest growing industries in India . Between 1990 and 2010 , the Indian fish capture harvest doubled , while aquaculture harvest tripled . In 2008 , India was the world 's sixth largest producer of marine and freshwater capture fisheries and the second largest aquaculture farmed fish producer . India exported 600,000 metric tonnes of fish products to nearly half of the world 's countries . Though the available nutritional standard is 100 % of the requirement , India lags far behind in terms of quality protein intake at 20 % which is to be tackled by making available protein rich food products such as eggs , meat , fish , chicken , etc. at affordable prices India has shown a steady average nationwide annual increase in the kilograms produced per hectare for some agricultural items , over the last 60 years . These gains have come mainly from India 's green revolution , improving road and power generation infrastructure , knowledge of gains and reforms . Despite these recent accomplishments , agriculture has the potential for major productivity and total output gains , because crop yields in India are still just 30 % to 60 % of the best sustainable crop yields achievable in the farms of developed and other developing countries . Additionally , losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganized retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world . History ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of agriculture in India Vedic literature provides some of the earliest written record of agriculture in India . Rigveda hymns , for example , describes plowing , fallowing , irrigation , fruit and vegetable cultivation . Other historical evidence suggests rice and cotton were cultivated in the Indus Valley , and plowing patterns from the Bronze Age have been excavated at Kalibangan in Rajasthan . Bhumivargaha , an Indian Sanskrit text , suggested to be 2500 years old , classifies agricultural land into 12 categories : urvara ( fertile ) , ushara ( barren ) , maru ( desert ) , aprahata ( fallow ) , shadvala ( grassy ) , pankikala ( muddy ) , jalaprayah ( watery ) , kachchaha ( contiguous to water ) , sharkara ( full of pebbles and pieces of limestone ) , sharkaravati ( sandy ) , nadimatruka ( watered from a river ) , and devamatruka ( rainfed ) . Some archaeologists believe that rice was a domesticated crop along the banks of the river Ganges in the sixth millennium BC . So were species of winter cereals ( barley , oats , and wheat ) and legumes ( lentil and chickpea ) grown in northwest India before the sixth millennium BC . Other crops cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago , include sesame , linseed , safflower , mustards , castor , mung bean , black gram , horse gram , pigeon pea , field pea , grass pea ( khesari ) , fenugreek , cotton , jujube , grapes , dates , jackfruit , mango , mulberry , and black plum . Indians might have domesticated buffalo ( the river type ) 5000 years ago . According to some scientists agriculture was widespread in the Indian peninsula , 10000 -- 3000 years ago , well beyond the fertile plains of the north . For example , one study reports 12 sites in the southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka providing clear evidence of agriculture of pulses ( Vigna radiata and Macrotyloma uniflorum ) , millet - grasses ( Brachiaria ramosa and Setaria verticillata ) , wheats ( Triticum dicoccum , Triticum durum / aestivum ) , barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) , hyacinth bean ( Lablab purpureus ) , pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) , finger millet ( Eleusine coracana ) , cotton ( Gossypium sp . ) , linseed ( Linum sp . ) , as well as gathered fruits of Ziziphus and two Cucurbitaceae . Some claim Indian agriculture began by 9000 BC as a result of early cultivation of plants , and domestication of crops and animals . Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture . Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year . Indian products soon reached trading networks and foreign crops were introduced . Plants and animals -- considered essential to survival by the Indians -- came to be worshiped and venerated . The middle ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication , and Indian crops affected the economies of other regions of the world under Islamic patronage . Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth . Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent Republic of India was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural programme . Agriculture and colonialism ( edit ) Over 2500 years ago , Indian farmers had discovered and begun farming many spices and sugarcane . It was in India , between the sixth and four BC , that the Persians , followed by the Greeks , discovered the famous `` reeds that produce honey without bees '' being grown . These were locally called साखर , ( Sākhara ) . On their return journey , the Macedonian soldiers carried the `` honey bearing reeds , '' thus spreading sugar and sugarcane agriculture . People in India had invented , by about 500 BC , the process to produce sugar crystals . In the local language , these crystals were called khanda ( खण्ड ) , which is the source of the word candy . Before the 18th century , cultivation of sugarcane was largely confined to India . A few merchants began to trade in sugar -- a luxury and an expensive spice in Europe until the 18th century . Sugar became widely popular in 18th - century Europe , then graduated to become a human necessity in the 19th century all over the world . This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes . Sugarcane does not grow in cold , frost - prone climate ; therefore , tropical and semitropical colonies were sought . Sugarcane plantations , just like cotton farms , became a major driver of large and forced human migrations in 19th century and early 20th century -- of people from Africa and from India , both in millions -- influencing the ethnic mix , political conflicts and cultural evolution of Caribbean , South American , Indian Ocean and Pacific Island nations . The history and past accomplishments of Indian agriculture thus influenced , in part , colonialism , slavery and slavery - like indentured labor practices in the new world , Caribbean wars and world history in 18th and 19th centuries . Indian agriculture after independence ( edit ) Cotton flower in India . This is a cash crop in central India . In the years since its independence , India has made immense progress towards food security . Indian population has tripled , and food - grain production more than quadrupled . There has been a substantial increase in available food - grain per capita . The state of Punjab led India 's Green Revolution and earned the distinction of being the country 's bread basket . Before the mid-1960s India relied on imports and food aid to meet domestic requirements . However , two years of severe drought in 1965 and 1966 convinced India to reform its agricultural policy and that they could not rely on foreign aid and imports for food security . India adopted significant policy reforms focused on the goal of foodgrain self - sufficiency . This ushered in India 's Green Revolution . It began with the decision to adopt superior yielding , disease resistant wheat varieties in combination with better farming knowledge to improve productivity . The state of Punjab led India 's green revolution and earned the distinction of being the country 's bread basket . The initial increase in production was centred on the irrigated areas of the states of Punjab , Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh . With the farmers and the government officials focusing on farm productivity and knowledge transfer , India 's total foodgrain production soared . A hectare of Indian wheat farm that produced an average of 0.8 tonnes in 1948 , produced 4.7 tonnes of wheat in 1975 from the same land . Such rapid growth in farm productivity enabled India to become self - sufficient by the 1970s . It also empowered the smallholder farmers to seek further means to increase food staples produced per hectare . By 2000 , Indian farms were adopting wheat varieties capable of yielding 6 tonnes of wheat per hectare . Men and women at work in rice paddy fields in Tamil Nadu With agricultural policy success in wheat , India 's Green Revolution technology spread to rice . However , since irrigation infrastructure was very poor , Indian farmers innovated with tube - wells , to harvest ground water . When gains from the new technology reached their limits in the states of initial adoption , the technology spread in the 1970s and 1980s to the states of eastern India -- Bihar , Odisha and West Bengal . The lasting benefits of the improved seeds and new technology extended principally to the irrigated areas which account for about one - third of the harvested crop area . In the 1980s , Indian agriculture policy shifted to `` evolution of a production pattern in line with the demand pattern '' leading to a shift in emphasis to other agricultural commodities like oilseed , fruit and vegetables . Farmers began adopting improved methods and technologies in dairying , fisheries and livestock , and meeting the diversified food needs of a growing population . As with rice , the lasting benefits of improved seeds and improved farming technologies now largely depends on whether India develops infrastructure such as irrigation network , flood control systems , reliable electricity production capacity , all - season rural and urban highways , cold storage to prevent spoilage , modern retail , and competitive buyers of produce from Indian farmers . This is increasingly the focus of Indian agriculture policy . India ranks 74 out of 113 major countries in terms of food security index . India 's agricultural economy is undergoing structural changes . Between 1970 and 2011 , the GDP share of agriculture has fallen from 43 % to 16 % . This is n't because of reduced importance of agriculture or a consequence of agricultural policy . This is largely because of the rapid economic growth in services , industrial output , and non-agricultural sectors in India between 2000 and 2010 . Agricultural scientist MS Swaminathan has played a vital role in the green revolution . In 2013 NDTV awarded him as 25 living legend of India for outstanding contribution to agriculture and making India a food sovereign country . An irrigation canal in Gujarat . Irrigation contributes significantly to agriculture in India . Two states , Sikkim and Kerala have planned to shift fully to organic farming by 2015 and 2016 respectively . Irrigation ( edit ) Main article : Irrigation in India Indian irrigation infrastructure includes a network of major and minor canals from rivers , groundwater well - based systems , tanks , and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities . Of these , the groundwater system is the largest . Of the 160 million hectares of cultivated land in India , about 39 million hectare can be irrigated by groundwater wells and an additional 22 million hectares by irrigation canals . In 2010 , only about 35 % of agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated . About 2 / 3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons . The improvements in irrigation infrastructure in the last 50 years have helped India improve food security , reduce dependence on monsoons , improve agricultural productivity and create rural job opportunities . Dams used for irrigation projects have helped provide drinking water to a growing rural population , control flood and prevent drought - related damage to agriculture . Output ( edit ) Indian agriculture is diverse , ranging from impoverished farm villages to developed farms using modern agricultural technologies . This image shows a farming community in a more prosperous part of India . The changing face of Indian agriculture : formation of larger farms and adoption of wind power generation technologies . A panoramic view of a rice , cassava and banana farm in Kerala state . A mustard farm in Rajasthan state . Amul : an integrated dairy with milk processing plant in Gujarat state . India has some of the world 's best agricultural yields in its tea plantations . A tea estate in Kerala state . As of 2011 , India had a large and diverse agricultural sector , accounting , on average , for about 16 % of GDP and 10 % of export earnings . India 's arable land area of 159.7 million hectares ( 394.6 million acres ) is the second largest in the world , after the United States . Its gross irrigated crop area of 82.6 million hectares ( 215.6 million acres ) is the largest in the world . India is among the top three global producers of many crops , including wheat , rice , pulses , cotton , peanuts , fruits and vegetables . Worldwide , as of 2011 , India had the largest herds of buffalo and cattle , is the largest producer of milk and has one of the largest and fastest growing poultry industries . Major crops and yields ( edit ) The following table presents the 20 most important agricultural products in India , by economic value , in 2009 . Included in the table is the average productivity of India 's farms for each produce . For context and comparison , included is the average of the most productive farms in the world and name of country where the most productive farms existed in 2010 . The table suggests India has large potential for further accomplishments from productivity increases , in increased agricultural output and agricultural incomes . Largest agricultural products in India by value Rank Commodity Value ( US $ , 2013 ) Unit price ( US $ / kilogram , 2009 ) Average yield ( tonnes per hectare , 2010 ) Most productive country ( tonnes per hectare , 2010 ) Rice $42.57 billion 0.27 3.99 12.03 Australia Buffalo milk $27.92 billion 0.4 0.63 23.7 India Cow milk $18.91 billion 0.31 10.3 Israel Wheat $13.98 billion 0.15 2.8 8.9 Netherlands 5 Mangoes , guavas $10.79 billion 0.6 6.3 40.6 Cape Verde 6 Sugar cane $10.42 billion 0.03 66 125 Peru 7 Cotton $8.65 billion 1.43 1.6 4.6 Israel 8 Bananas $7.77 billion 0.28 37.8 59.3 Indonesia 9 Potatoes $7.11 billion 0.15 19.9 44.3 United States 10 Tomatoes $6.74 billion 0.37 19.3 524.9 Belgium 11 Fresh vegetables $6.27 billion 0.19 13.4 76.8 United States 12 Buffalo meat $4.33 billion 2.69 0.138 0.424 Thailand 13 Groundnuts $4.11 billion 1.96 1.8 17.0 China 14 Okra $4.06 billion 0.35 7.6 23.9 Israel 15 Onions $4.05 billion 0.21 16.6 67.3 Ireland 16 Chick peas $3.43 billion 0.4 0.9 2.8 China 17 Chicken meat $3.32 billion 0.64 10.6 20.2 Cyprus 18 Fresh fruits $3.25 billion 0.42 1.1 5.5 Nicaragua 19 Hen eggs $3.18 billion 2.7 0.1 0.42 Japan 20 Soybeans $3.09 billion 0.26 1.1 3.7 Turkey The Statistics Office of the Food and Agriculture Organization reported that , per final numbers for 2009 , India had grown to become the world 's largest producer of the following agricultural products : Fresh Fruit Lemons and limes Buffalo milk , whole , fresh Castor oil seeds Sunflower seeds Sorghum Millet Spices Okra Jute Beeswax Bananas Mangoes , mangosteens , guavas Pulses Indigenous buffalo meat Fruit , tropical Ginger Chick peas Areca nuts Other bastfibres Pigeon peas Papayas Chillies and peppers , dry Anise , badian , fennel , coriander Goat milk , whole , fresh Per final numbers for 2009 , India is the world 's second largest producer of the following agricultural products : Wheat Rice Fresh vegetables Sugar cane Groundnuts , with shell Lentils Garlic Cauliflowers and broccoli Peas , green Sesame seed Cashew nuts , with shell Silk - worm cocoons , reelable Cow milk , whole , fresh Tea Potatoes Onions Cotton lint Cotton seed Eggplants ( aubergines ) Nutmeg , mace and cardamoms Indigenous goat meat Cabbages and other brassicas Pumpkins , squash and gourds In 2009 , India was the world 's third largest producer of eggs , oranges , coconuts , tomatoes , peas and beans . In addition to growth in total output , agriculture in India has shown an increase in average agricultural output per hectare in last 60 years . The table below presents average farm productivity in India over three farming years for some crops . Improving road and power generation infrastructure , knowledge gains and reforms has allowed India to increase farm productivity between 40 % to 500 % over 40 years . India 's recent accomplishments in crop yields while being impressive , are still just 30 % to 60 % of the best crop yields achievable in the farms of developed as well as other developing countries . Additionally , despite these gains in farm productivity , losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganised retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world . Agriculture productivity in India , growth in average yields from 1970 to 2010 Crop Average YIELD , 1970 - 1971 Average YIELD , 1990 - 1991 Average YIELD , 2010 -- 2011 kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare Rice 1123 1740 2240 Wheat 1307 2281 2938 Pulses 524 578 689 Oilseeds 579 771 1325 Sugarcane 48322 65395 68596 Tea 1182 1652 1669 Cotton 106 225 510 India and China are competing to establish the world record on rice yields . Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Centre set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare in a demonstration plot . In 2011 , this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer , Sumant Kumar , with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar , also in a demonstration plot . These farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and system of rice intensification ( SRI ) , a recent innovation in farming . The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on 7 hectare farm lots and that these are reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm . Horticulture ( edit ) The total production and economic value of horticultural produce , such as fruits , vegetables and nuts has doubled in India over the 10 - year period from 2002 to 2012 . In 2012 , the production from horticulture exceeded grain output for the first time . The total horticulture produce reached 277.4 million metric tonnes in 2013 , making India the second largest producer of horticultural products after China . Of this , India in 2013 produced 81 million tonnes of fruits , 162 million tonnes of vegetables , 5.7 million tonnes of spices , 17 million tonnes of nuts and plantation products ( cashew , cacao , coconut , etc . ) , 1 million tonnes of aromatic horticulture produce and 1.7 million tonnes of flowers ( 7.6 billion cut flowers ) . Horticultural productivity in India , 2013 Country Area under fruits production ( million hectares ) Average Fruits Yield ( Metric tonnes per hectare ) Area under vegetable production ( million hectares ) Average Vegetable Yield ( Metric tonnes per hectare ) India 7.0 11.6 9.2 52.36 China 11.8 11.6 24.6 23.4 Spain 1.54 9.1 0.32 39.3 United States 1.14 23.3 1.1 32.5 World 57.3 11.3 60.0 19.7 During the 2013 fiscal year , India exported horticulture products worth ₹ 14,365 crore ( US $2.0 billion ) , nearly double the value of its 2010 exports . Along with these farm - level gains , the losses between farm and consumer increased and are estimated to range between 51 and 82 million metric tonnes a year . Organic agriculture ( edit ) Organic agriculture has fed India for centuries and it is again a growing sector in India . Organic production offers clean and green production methods without the use of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides and it achieves a premium price in the market place . India has 6 , 50,000 organic producers , which is more that any other country . India also has 4 million hectares of land certified as organic wildculture , which is third in the world ( after Finland and Zambia ) . As non availability of edible biomass is impeding the growth of animal husbandry in India , organic production of protein rich cattle , fish and poultry feed using biogas / methane / natural gas by cultivating Methylococcus capsulatus bacteria with tiny land and water foot print is a solution for ensuring adequate protein rich food to the population . Problems ( edit ) A rural market in India -- farmers with limited marketing options sell their surplus produce India lacks cold storage , food packaging as well as safe and efficient rural transport system . This causes one of the world 's highest food spoilage rates , particularly during monsoons and other adverse weather conditions . Food travels to the Indian consumer through a slow and inefficient chain of traders . Consumers buy agricultural produce in suburban markets known as ' sabzi mandi ' such as one shown or from roadside vendors . Indian agriculture includes a mix of traditional to modern farming techniques . In some parts of India , traditional use of cattle to plough remains in use . Traditional farms have some of the lowest per capita productivities and farmer incomes . Since 2002 , India has become the world 's largest manufacturer of tractors with 29 % of world 's output in 2013 ; it is also the world 's largest tractor market . Above a tractor in use in north India . `` Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two - thirds of India 's people depend on rural employment for a living . Current agricultural practices are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and India 's yields for many agricultural commodities are low . Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost universal lack of good extension services are among the factors responsible . Farmers ' access to markets is hampered by poor roads , rudimentary market infrastructure , and excessive regulation . '' -- World Bank : `` India Country Overview 2008 '' `` With a population of just over 1.2 billion , India is the world 's largest democracy . In the past decade , the country has witnessed accelerated economic growth , emerged as a global player with the world 's fourth largest economy in purchasing power parity terms , and made progress towards achieving most of the Millennium Development Goals . India 's integration into the global economy has been accompanied by impressive economic growth that has brought significant economic and social benefits to the country . Nevertheless , disparities in income and human development are on the rise . Preliminary estimates suggest that in 2009 - 10 the combined all India poverty rate was 32 % compared to 37 % in 2004 - 05 . Going forward , it will be essential for India to build a productive , competitive , and diversified agricultural sector and facilitate rural , non-farm entrepreneurship and employment . Encouraging policies that promote competition in agricultural marketing will ensure that farmers receive better prices . '' -- World Bank : `` India Country Overview 2011 '' A 2003 analysis of India 's agricultural growth from 1970 to 2001 by the Food and Agriculture Organization identified systemic problems in Indian agriculture . For food staples , the annual growth rate in production during the six - year segments 1970 - 76 , 1976 -- 82 , 1982 -- 88 , 1988 -- 1994 , 1994 - 2000 were found to be respectively 2.5 , 2.5 , 3.0 , 2.6 , and 1.8 % per annum . Corresponding analyses for the index of total agricultural production show a similar pattern , with the growth rate for 1994 - 2000 attaining only 1.5 % per annum . The biggest problem of farmers is the low price for their farm produce . A recent study showed that proper pricing based on energy of production and equating farming wages to Industrial wages may be beneficial for the farmers . Infrastructure ( edit ) India has very poor rural roads affecting timely supply of inputs and timely transfer of outputs from Indian farms . Irrigation systems are inadequate , leading to crop failures in some parts of the country because of lack of water . In other areas regional floods , poor seed quality and inefficient farming practices , lack of cold storage and harvest spoilage cause over 30 % of farmer 's produce going to waste , lack of organised retail and competing buyers thereby limiting Indian farmer 's ability to sell the surplus and commercial crops . The Indian farmer receives just 10 % to 23 % of the price the Indian consumer pays for exactly the same produce , the difference going to losses , inefficiencies and middlemen . Farmers in developed economies of Europe and the United States receive 64 % to 81 % . Productivity ( edit ) Although India has attained self - sufficiency in food staples , the productivity of its farms is below that of Brazil , the United States , France and other nations . Indian wheat farms , for example , produce about a third of the wheat per hectare per year compared to farms in France . Rice productivity in India was less than half that of China . Other staples productivity in India is similarly low . Indian total factor productivity growth remains below 2 % per annum ; in contrast , China 's total factor productivity growths is about 6 % per annum , even though China also has smallholding farmers . Several studies suggest India could eradicate its hunger and malnutrition and be a major source of food for the world by achieving productivity comparable with other countries . By contrast , Indian farms in some regions post the best yields , for sugarcane , cassava and tea crops . Crop yields vary significantly between Indian states . Some states produce two to three times more grain per acre than others . The table compares the statewide average yields for a few major agricultural crops in India , for 2001 - 2002 . Crop Average farm yield in Bihar Average farm yield in Karnataka Average farm yield in Punjab kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare Wheat 2020 unknown 3880 Rice 1370 2380 3130 Pulses 610 470 820 Oil seeds 620 680 1200 Sugarcane 45510 79560 65300 Crop yields for some farms in India are within 90 % of the best achieved yields by farms in developed countries such as the United States and in European Union . No single state of India is best in every crop . Tamil Nadu achieved highest yields in rice and sugarcane , Haryana in wheat and coarse grains , Karnataka in cotton , Bihar in pulses , while other states do well in horticulture , aquaculture , flower and fruit plantations . These differences in agricultural productivity are a function of local infrastructure , soil quality , micro-climates , local resources , farmer knowledge and innovations . The Indian food distribution system is highly inefficient . Movement of agricultural produce is heavily regulated , with inter-state and even inter-district restrictions on marketing and movement of agricultural goods . One study suggests Indian agricultural policy should best focus on improving rural infrastructure primarily in the form of irrigation and flood control infrastructure , knowledge transfer of better yielding and more disease resistant seeds . Additionally , cold storage , hygienic food packaging and efficient modern retail to reduce waste can improve output and rural incomes . The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors : The average size of land holdings is very small ( less than 2 hectares ) and is subject to fragmentation due to land ceiling acts , and in some cases , family disputes . Such small holdings are often over-manned , resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labour . Some reports claim smallholder farming may not be cause of poor productivity , since the productivity is higher in China and many developing economies even though China smallholder farmers constitute over 97 % of its farming population . A Chinese smallholder farmer is able to rent his land to larger farmers , China 's organised retail and extensive Chinese highways are able to provide the incentive and infrastructure necessary to its farmers for sharp increases in farm productivity . Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of technology is inadequate , hampered by ignorance of such practices , high costs and impracticality in the case of small land holdings . According to the World Bank , Indian branch 's Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development , India 's large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty . Government intervenes in labour , land , and credit markets . India has inadequate infrastructure and services . The World Bank also says that the allocation of water is inefficient , unsustainable and inequitable . The irrigation infrastructure is deteriorating . The overuse of water is being covered by over-pumping aquifers but , as these are falling by one foot of groundwater each year , this is a limited resource . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a report that food security may be a big problem in the region post 2030 . Illiteracy , general socio - economic backwardness , slow progress in implementing land reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and marketing services for farm produce . Inconsistent government policy . Agricultural subsidies and taxes are often changed without notice for short term political ends . Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 52.6 % of the land was irrigated in 2003 -- 04 , which result in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season . A good monsoon results in a robust growth for the economy , while a poor monsoon leads to a sluggish growth . Farm credit is regulated by NABARD , which is the statutory apex agent for rural development in the subcontinent . At the same time , over-pumping made possible by subsidised electric power is leading to an alarming drop in aquifer levels . A third of all food that is produced rots due to inefficient supply chains and the use of the `` Walmart model '' to improve efficiency is blocked by laws against foreign investment in the retail sector . Farmer suicides ( edit ) Main article : Farmers ' suicides in India In 2012 , the National Crime Records Bureau of India reported 13,754 farmer suicides . Farmer suicides account for 11.2 % of all suicides in India . Activists and scholars have offered a number of conflicting reasons for farmer suicides , such as monsoon failure , high debt burdens , genetically modified crops , government policies , public mental health , personal issues and family problems . Marketing ( edit ) Agrimarketing is poorly developed in India . Diversion of agricultural land for non agricultural purpose ( edit ) Indian National Policy for Farmers of 2007 stated that `` prime farmland must be conserved for agriculture except under exceptional circumstances , provided that the agencies that are provided with agricultural land for non-agricultural projects should compensate for treatment and full development of equivalent degraded or wastelands elsewhere '' . The policy suggested that , as far as possible , land with low farming yields or that was not farmable should be earmarked for non-agricultural purposes such as construction , industrial parks and other commercial development . Amartya Sen offered a counter viewpoint , stating that `` prohibiting the use of agricultural land for commercial and industrial development is ultimately self - defeating . '' He stated that agricultural land may be better suited for non-agriculture purposes if industrial production could generate many times more than the value of the product produced by agriculture . Sen suggested India needed to bring productive industry everywhere , wherever there are advantages of production , market needs and the locational preferences of managers , engineers , technical experts as well as unskilled labour because of education , healthcare and other infrastructure . He stated that instead of government controlling land allocation based on soil characteristics , the market economy should determine productive allocation of land . Initiatives ( edit ) Viticulture farms in Maharashtra . Coffee farms in Tamil Nadu . The required level of investment for the development of marketing , storage and cold storage infrastructure is estimated to be huge . The government has not been able to implement schemes to raise investment in marketing infrastructure . Among these schemes are ' Construction of Rural Godowns ' , ' Market Research and Information Network ' , and ' Development / Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure , Grading and Standardisation ' . The Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ) , established in 1905 , was responsible for the search leading to the `` Indian Green Revolution '' of the 1970s . The ICAR is the apex body in agriculture and related allied fields , including research and education . The Union Minister of Agriculture is the president of the ICAR . The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute develops new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments , analyses data in agriculture , and specialises in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding . Recently ( May 2016 ) the government of India has set up the Farmers Commission to completely evaluate the agriculture programme . Its recommendations have had a mixed reception . In November 2011 , India announced major reforms in organised retail . These reforms would include logistics and retail of agricultural produce . The announcement led to major political controversy . The reforms were placed on hold by the government in December 2011 . In the summer of 2012 , the subsidised electricity for pumping , which has caused an alarming drop in aquifer levels , put additional strain on the country 's electrical grid due to a 19 % drop in monsoon rains and may have contributed to a blackout across much of the country . In response the state of Bihar offered farmers over $100 million in subsidised diesel to operate their pumps . In 2015 , Narendra Modi announced to double farmer 's income by 2022 . Startups with niche technology and new business models are working to solve problems in Indian agriculture and its marketing . Kandawale is one of such e-commerce website which sells Indian Red Onions to bulk users direct from farmers , reducing unnecessary cost escalations . Maps ( edit ) Minor crop Areas in India : P pulses , S sugarcane , J jute , Cn coconut , C cotton , and T tea Natural vegetation zones in India See also ( edit ) Agriculture and Agronomy portal Animal husbandry in India Beekeeping in India Rice production in India Retailing in India Farming Systems in India Fishing in India Women in agriculture in India Forestry in India Rural roads and infrastructure in India Irrigation in India Biotechnology in India eFarming by myKheti in India Bibliography ( edit ) George A. Grierson ( 1885 ) . Bihar Peasant Life . Bengal Secretariat Press , Calcutta . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brese , White ( 1993 ) . `` Agriculture '' . Jump up ^ Agriculture 's share in GDP declines to 13.7 % in 2012 - 13 Jump up ^ `` CIA Factbook : India '' . CIA Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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( 2011 ) , Farmers ' suicide in India : implications for public mental health , International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 57 ( 1 ) , 21 -- 29 Jump up ^ http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/167792/11/11_chapter%206.pdf ^ Jump up to : National Policy for Farmers , 2007 Archived 24 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Telegraph . July 23 , 2007 ' Prohibiting the use of agricultural land for industries is ultimately self - defeating ' Jump up ^ Agriculture marketing india.gov Retrieved on February 2008 Jump up ^ Objectives Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Indian agricultural research institute , Retrieved on December 2007 Jump up ^ Farmers Commission Jump up ^ `` Drought fears loom in India as monsoon stalls . '' al Jazeera , 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PM Modi : Target to double farmers ' income by 2022 '' , The Indian Express , 28 February 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia 's startup ecosystem '' . www.techinasia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) `` The Great Gene Robbery '' by Claude Alvares Sharma , Shalendra D. ( 1999 ) , Development and Democracy in India , Lynne Rienner Publishers , pp. 125 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55587 - 810 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in India . Agarwal , Ankit ( 2011 ) , `` Theory of Optimum Utilisation of Resources in agriculture during the Gupta Period '' , History Today 12 , New Delhi , ISSN 2249 - 748X . State of Indian Agriculture 2011 - 12 . New Delhi : Government of India , Ministry of Agriculture , Department of Agriculture and Cooperation , March 2012 Indian Agriculture . U.S. Library of Congress . Government of India , Ministry of Agriculture , Department of Agriculture & Cooperation website Indian Council for Agricultural Research Home Page . Website of The Indian Farmers Association Socio - Economic Statistical Information about Agriculture - Area , Export / Imports , Production , Workforce etc . Commodity Research , Food and Agribusiness , Commodity News and Analysis ( in English ) ( based in India ) Agriculture Commodity Market News - Agri Commodity News , Rates , Daily Trading Prices , The Trade News Agency NNS - Daily commodity prices of Agricultural and Agri based Commodities from different Markets of India . Indian Agriculture Industry business - to - business ( b2b ) News and Directory ( in English ) ( based in India ) Principal crops of India and problems with Indian agriculture A collection of statistics ( from India Statistical Report , 2011 ) along with sections of this Wikipedia article and YouTube videos . Brighter Green Policy Paper : Veg or NonVeg , India at a Crossroads A December 2011 policy paper analysing the forces behind the rising consumption and production of meat , eggs , and dairy products in India , and the effects on India 's people , environment , animals , and the global climate . `` India 's farmers start to mechanize amid a labor shortage , increasing productivity . - WSJ.com '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . 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5772481544156291901	Great Sphinx of Giza	Great Sphinx of Giza - wikipedia Great Sphinx of Giza For the magic periodical , see The Sphinx ( magazine ) . Great Sphinx of Giza Great Sphinx of Giza Shown within Egypt Location Giza , Egypt Region Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 31 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 16 '' E / 29.97528 ° N 31.13778 ° E / 29.97528 ; 31.13778 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 31 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 16 '' E / 29.97528 ° N 31.13778 ° E / 29.97528 ; 31.13778 History Material limestone Views , Objects : Egypt . Gizeh ( selected images ) . View 06 : Sphinx and Pyramid. , n.d. Brooklyn Museum Archives The Great Sphinx of Giza ( Arabic : أبو الهول ‎ , translit . ʼabu alhōl / ʼabu alhawl , IPA : ( ʔabu alhoːl ) , English : The Terrifying One ; literally : Father of Dread ) , commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx , is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx , a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human . Facing directly from West to East , it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza , Egypt . The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the Pharaoh Khafre . Cut from the bedrock , the original shape of the Sphinx has been restored with layers of blocks . It measures 73 metres ( 240 ft ) long from paw to tail , 20.21 m ( 66.31 ft ) high from the base to the top of the head and 19 metres ( 62 ft ) wide at its rear haunches . It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre ( c. 2558 -- 2532 BC ) . Contents 1 Construction 2 Origin and identity 2.1 Names of the Sphinx 2.2 Builder and timeframe 2.3 Dissenting hypotheses 2.3. 1 Early Egyptologists 2.3. 2 Modern dissenting hypotheses 2.4 Fringe hypotheses 2.4. 1 Orion correlation theory 2.4. 2 Water erosion hypothesis 2.4. 3 The Great Sphinx as Anubis 2.4. 4 Racial characteristics 3 Restoration 4 Missing nose and beard 5 Mythology 6 Reception 6.1 Legacy 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Construction The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau , which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area . The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion ( mostly caused by wind and windblown sand ) , leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx 's body . The lowest part of the body , including the legs , is solid rock . The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration . The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder . Origin and identity The Great Sphinx partly under the sand , ca . 1870s French archaeologist Auguste Mariette ( seated , far left ) and Emperor Pedro II of Brazil ( seated , far right ) with others in front of the Sphinx , 1871 The Great Sphinx partially excavated , ca . 1878 . The Spinx circa 1880s , by Beniamino Facchinelli . The Sphinx against the Pyramid of Khafre , 2005 . The Great Sphinx is one of the world 's largest and oldest statues , but basic facts about it are still subject to debate , such as when it was built , by whom and for what purpose . Names of the Sphinx It is impossible to identify what name the creators called their statue , as the Great Sphinx does not appear in any known inscription of the Old Kingdom and there are no inscriptions anywhere describing its construction or its original purpose . In the New Kingdom , the Sphinx was called Hor - em - akhet ( English : Horus of the Horizon ; Coptic : ϩⲁⲣⲙⲁϣⲓ ; Hellenized : Harmachis ) , and the pharaoh Thutmose IV ( 1401 -- 1391 or 1397 -- 1388 BC ) specifically referred to it as such in his `` Dream Stele . '' The commonly used name `` Sphinx '' was given to it in classical antiquity , about 2000 years after the commonly accepted date of its construction by reference to a Greek mythological beast with a lion 's body , a woman 's head and the wings of an eagle ( although , like most Egyptian sphinxes , the Great Sphinx has a man 's head and no wings ) . The English word sphinx comes from the ancient Greek Σφίγξ ( transliterated : sphinx ) apparently from the verb σφίγγω ( transliterated : sphingo / English : to squeeze ) , after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer her riddle . The name may alternatively be a linguistic corruption of the phonetically different ancient Egyptian word Ssp - anx ( in Manuel de Codage ) . This name is given to royal statues of the Fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt ( 2575 -- 2467 BC ) and later in the New Kingdom ( c. 1570 -- 1070 BC ) to the Great Sphinx more specifically . Medieval Arab writers , including al - Maqrīzī , call the Sphinx balhib and bilhaw , which suggest a Coptic influence . The modern Egyptian Arabic name is أبو الهول ( Abū al Hūl , English : The Terrifying One ) . Builder and timeframe Though there have been conflicting evidence and viewpoints over the years , the view held by modern Egyptology at large remains that the Great Sphinx was built in approximately 2500 BC for the pharaoh Khafra , the builder of the Second Pyramid at Giza . Selim Hassan , writing in 1949 on recent excavations of the Sphinx enclosure , summed up the problem : Taking all things into consideration , it seems that we must give the credit of erecting this , the world 's most wonderful statue , to Khafre , but always with this reservation : that there is not one single contemporary inscription which connects the Sphinx with Khafre ; so , sound as it may appear , we must treat the evidence as circumstantial , until such time as a lucky turn of the spade of the excavator will reveal to the world a definite reference to the erection of the Sphinx . The `` circumstantial '' evidence mentioned by Hassan includes the Sphinx 's location in the context of the funerary complex surrounding the Second Pyramid , which is traditionally connected with Khafra . Apart from the Causeway , the Pyramid and the Sphinx , the complex also includes the Sphinx Temple and Valley Temple , both of which display similar design of their inner courts . The Sphinx Temple was built using blocks cut from the Sphinx enclosure , while those of the Valley Temple were quarried from the plateau , some of the largest weighing upwards of 100 tons . A diorite statue of Khafre , which was discovered buried upside down along with other debris in the Valley Temple , is claimed as support for the Khafra theory . The Dream Stele , erected much later by the pharaoh Thutmose IV ( 1401 -- 1391 or 1397 -- 1388 BC ) , associates the Sphinx with Khafra . When the stele was discovered , its lines of text were already damaged and incomplete , and only referred to Khaf , not Khafra . An extract was translated : which we bring for him : oxen ... and all the young vegetables ; and we shall give praise to Wenofer ... Khaf ... the statue made for Atum - Hor - em - Akhet . The Egyptologist Thomas Young , finding the Khaf hieroglyphs in a damaged cartouche used to surround a royal name , inserted the glyph ra to complete Khafra 's name . When the Stele was re-excavated in 1925 , the lines of text referring to Khaf flaked off and were destroyed . Dissenting hypotheses Theories held by academic Egyptologists regarding the builder of the Sphinx and the date of its construction are not universally accepted , and various persons have proposed alternative hypotheses about both the builder and dating . Early Egyptologists Some early Egyptologists and excavators of the Giza pyramid complex believed the Great Sphinx and associated temples to predate the fourth dynasty rule of Khufu , Khafre , and Menkaure . Petrie wrote in 1883 regarding the state of opinion regarding the age of the nearby temples , and by extension the Sphinx : `` The date of the Granite Temple ( Valley Temple ) has been so positively asserted to be earlier than the fourth dynasty , that it may seem rash to dispute the point '' . In 1857 , Auguste Mariette , founder of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo , unearthed the much later Inventory Stela ( estimated Dynasty XXVI , c. 678 -- 525 BC ) , which tells how Khufu came upon the Sphinx , already buried in sand . Although certain tracts on the Stela are considered good evidence , this passage is widely dismissed as Late Period historical revisionism , a purposeful fake , created by the local priests with the attempt to certify the contemporary Isis temple an ancient history it never had . Such an act became common when religious institutions such as temples , shrines and priest 's domains were fighting for political attention and for financial and economic donations . Gaston Maspero , the French Egyptologist and second director of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo , conducted a survey of the Sphinx in 1886 . He concluded that because the Dream stela showed the cartouche of Khafre in line thirteen , it was he who was responsible for the excavation and therefore the Sphinx must predate Khafre and his predecessors -- possibly Dynasty IV , c. 2575 -- 2467 BC . English Egyptologist E.A. Wallis Budge agreed that the Sphinx predated Khafre 's reign , writing in The Gods of the Egyptians ( 1914 ) : `` This marvelous object ( the Great Sphinx ) was in existence in the days of Khafre , or Khephren , and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the archaic period ( c. 2686 BC ) . '' Maspero believed the Sphinx to be `` the most ancient monument in Egypt '' . Modern dissenting hypotheses Rainer Stadelmann , former director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo , examined the distinct iconography of the nemes ( headdress ) and the now - detached beard of the Sphinx and concluded the style is more indicative of the Pharaoh Khufu ( 2589 -- 2566 BC ) , builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza and Khafra 's father . He supports this by suggesting Khafra 's Causeway was built to conform to a pre-existing structure , which , he concludes , given its location , could only have been the Sphinx . Colin Reader , an English geologist who independently conducted a more recent survey of the enclosure , agrees the various quarries on the site have been excavated around the Causeway . Because these quarries are known to have been used by Khufu , Reader concludes that the Causeway ( and the temples on either end thereof ) must predate Khufu , thereby casting doubt on the conventional Egyptian chronology . Frank Domingo , a forensic scientist in the New York City Police Department and an expert forensic anthropologist , used detailed measurements of the Sphinx , forensic drawings and computer imaging to conclude the face depicted on the Sphinx is not the same face as is depicted on a statue attributed to Khafra . In 2004 , Vassil Dobrev of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale in Cairo announced he had uncovered new evidence the Great Sphinx may have been the work of the little - known Pharaoh Djedefre ( 2528 -- 2520 BC ) , Khafra 's half brother and a son of Khufu . Dobrev suggests Djedefre built the Sphinx in the image of his father Khufu , identifying him with the sun god Ra in order to restore respect for their dynasty . Dobrev also notes , like Stadelmann and others , the causeway connecting Khafre 's pyramid to the temples was built around the Sphinx suggesting it was already in existence at the time . Fringe hypotheses Orion correlation theory Main article : Orion correlation theory The Orion correlation theory , as expounded by popular authors Graham Hancock and Robert Bauval , is based on the proposed exact correlation of the three pyramids at Giza with the three stars ζ Ori , ε Ori and δ Ori , the stars forming Orion 's Belt , in the relative positions occupied by these stars in 10500 BC . The authors argue that the geographic relationship of the Sphinx , the Giza pyramids and the Nile directly corresponds with Leo , Orion and the Milky Way respectively . Sometimes cited as an example of pseudoarchaeology , the theory is at variance with mainstream scholarship . Water erosion hypothesis Main article : Sphinx water erosion hypothesis The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis contends that the main type of weathering evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive rainfall , and must therefore predate the time of the pharaoh Khafra . The hypothesis is championed by René Schwaller de Lubicz ( 1887 - 1961 ) , who lived and studied Egyptology for 12 years in Egypt , and by Robert M. Schoch , a geologist and associate professor of natural science at the College of General Studies at Boston University , as well as by John Anthony West , an author and alternative Egyptologist . Colin Reader , a British geologist , studied the erosion patterns and noticed that they are found predominantly on the western enclosure wall and not on the Sphinx itself . He proposed the rainfall water runoff hypothesis , which also recognizes climate change transitions in the area . The Great Sphinx as Anubis Author Robert K.G. Temple proposes that the Sphinx was originally a statue of the Jackal - Dog Anubis , the God of the Necropolis , and that its face was recarved in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh , Amenemhet II . Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make - up and style of the pleats on the headdress . Racial characteristics Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as `` Negroid '' characteristics in the face of the Sphinx . This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy , with respect to the ancient population as a whole . The face of the Sphinx has been damaged over the millennia . Restoration At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned , and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand . The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to c. 1400 BC , when the young Thutmose IV ( 1401 -- 1391 or 1397 -- 1388 BC ) gathered a team and , after much effort , managed to dig out the front paws , between which he placed a granite slab , known as the Dream Stele , inscribed with the following excerpt : ... the royal son , Thothmos , being arrived , while walking at midday and seating himself under the shadow of this mighty god , was overcome by slumber and slept at the very moment when Ra is at the summit ( of heaven ) . He found that the Majesty of this august god spoke to him with his own mouth , as a father speaks to his son , saying : Look upon me , contemplate me , O my son Thothmos ; I am thy father , Harmakhis - Khopri - Ra - Tum ; I bestow upon thee the sovereignty over my domain , the supremacy over the living ... Behold my actual condition that thou mayest protect all my perfect limbs . The sand of the desert whereon I am laid has covered me . Save me , causing all that is in my heart to be executed . Later , Ramesses II the Great ( 1279 -- 1213 BC ) may have undertaken a second excavation . Mark Lehner , an Egyptologist who has excavated and mapped the Giza plateau , originally asserted that there had been a far earlier renovation during the Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 -- 2184 BC ) , although he has subsequently recanted this `` heretical '' viewpoint . In AD 1817 the first modern archaeological dig , supervised by the Italian Giovanni Battista Caviglia , uncovered the Sphinx 's chest completely . One of the people working on clearing the sands from around the Great Sphinx was Eugène Grébaut , a French Director of the Antiquities Service In the beginning of the year 1887 , the chest , the paws , the altar , and plateau were all made visible . Flights of steps were unearthed , and finally accurate measurements were taken of the great figures . The height from the lowest of the steps was found to be one hundred feet , and the space between the paws was found to be thirty - five feet long and ten feet wide . Here there was formerly an altar ; and a stele of Thûtmosis IV was discovered , recording a dream in which he was ordered to clear away the sand that even then was gathering round the site of the Sphinx . The entire Sphinx was finally excavated in 1925 to 1936 , in digs led by Émile Baraize . In 1931 engineers of the Egyptian government repaired the head of the Sphinx . Part of its headdress had fallen off in 1926 due to erosion , which had also cut deeply into its neck . This questionable repair was by the addition of a concrete collar between the headdress and the neck , creating an altered profile . Many renovations to the stone base and raw rock body were done in the 1980s , and then redone in the 1990s . Panoramic view of the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid of Giza , 2010 Missing nose and beard The Sphinx profile in 2010 Limestone fragments of the Sphinx 's beard in the British Museum , 14th Century BC . The one - metre - wide nose on the face is missing . Examination of the Sphinx 's face shows that long rods or chisels were hammered into the nose , one down from the bridge and one beneath the nostril , then used to pry the nose off towards the south . The Arab historian al - Maqrīzī , writing in the 15th century , attributes the loss of the nose to iconoclasm by Muhammad Sa'im al - Dahr -- a Sufi Muslim from the khanqah of Sa'id al - Su'ada -- in AD 1378 , upon finding the local peasants making offerings to the Sphinx in the hope of increasing their harvest . Enraged , he destroyed the nose , and was later hanged for vandalism . Al - Maqrīzī describes the Sphinx as the `` talisman of the Nile '' on which the locals believed the flood cycle depended . There is a story that the nose was broken off by a cannonball fired by Napoleon 's soldiers . Other variants indict British troops , the Mamluks , and others . Sketches of the Sphinx by the Dane Frederic Louis Norden , made in 1738 and published in 1757 , show the Sphinx missing its nose . This predates Napoleon 's birth in 1769 . In addition to the lost nose , a ceremonial pharaonic beard is thought to have been attached , although this may have been added in later periods after the original construction . Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev has suggested that had the beard been an original part of the Sphinx , it would have damaged the chin of the statue upon falling . The lack of visible damage supports his theory that the beard was a later addition . Residues of red pigment are visible on areas of the Sphinx 's face . Traces of yellow and blue pigment have been found elsewhere on the Sphinx , leading Mark Lehner to suggest that the monument `` was once decked out in gaudy comic book colors '' . Mythology Colin Reader has proposed that the Sphinx was probably the focus of solar worship in the Early Dynastic Period , before the Giza Plateau became a necropolis in the Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 -- 2134 BC ) . He ties this in with his conclusions that the Sphinx , the Sphinx temple , the Causeway and the Khafra mortuary temple are all part of a complex which predates Dynasty IV ( c. 2613 -- 2494 BC ) . The lion has long been a symbol associated with the sun in ancient Near Eastern civilizations . Images depicting the Egyptian king in the form of a lion smiting his enemies date as far back as the Early Dynastic Period . In the New Kingdom , the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the god Hor - em - akhet ( Hellenized : Harmachis ) or `` Horus - at - the - Horizon '' , which represented the pharaoh in his role as the Shesep - ankh ( English : Living Image ) of the god Atum . Pharaoh Amenhotep II ( 1427 -- 1401 or 1397 BC ) built a temple to the north east of the Sphinx nearly 1000 years after its construction , and dedicated it to the cult of Hor - em - akhet . Reception In the last 700 years , there has been a proliferation of travellers and reports from Lower Egypt , unlike Upper Egypt , which was seldom reported from prior to the mid-18th century . Alexandria , Rosetta , Damietta , Cairo and the Giza Pyramids are described repeatedly , but not necessarily comprehensively . Many accounts were published and widely read . These include those of George Sandys , André Thévet , Athanasius Kircher , Balthasar de Monconys , Jean de Thévenot , John Greaves , Johann Michael Vansleb , Benoît de Maillet , Cornelis de Bruijn , Paul Lucas , Richard Pococke , Frederic Louis Norden and others . But there is an even larger set of more anonymous people who wrote obscure and little - read works , sometimes only unpublished manuscripts in libraries or private collections , including Henry Castela , Hans Ludwig von Lichtenstein , Michael Heberer von Bretten , Wilhelm von Boldensele , Pierre Belon du Mans , Vincent Stochove , Christophe Harant , Gilles Fermanel , Robert Fauvel , Jean Palerne Foresien , Willian Lithgow , Joos van Ghistele , etc . Over the centuries , writers and scholars have recorded their impressions and reactions upon seeing the Sphinx . The vast majority were concerned with a general description , often including a mixture of science , romance and mystique . A typical description of the Sphinx by tourists and leisure travelers throughout the 19th and 20th century was made by John Lawson Stoddard : It is the antiquity of the Sphinx which thrills us as we look upon it , for in itself it has no charms . The desert 's waves have risen to its breast , as if to wrap the monster in a winding - sheet of gold . The face and head have been mutilated by Moslem fanatics . The mouth , the beauty of whose lips was once admired , is now expressionless . Yet grand in its loneliness , -- veiled in the mystery of unnamed ages , -- the relic of Egyptian antiquity stands solemn and silent in the presence of the awful desert -- symbol of eternity . Here it disputes with Time the empire of the past ; forever gazing on and on into a future which will still be distant when we , like all who have preceded us and looked upon its face , have lived our little lives and disappeared . From the 16th century far into the 19th century , observers repeatedly noted that the Sphinx has the face , neck and breast of a woman . Examples included Johannes Helferich ( 1579 ) , George Sandys ( 1615 ) , Johann Michael Vansleb ( 1677 ) , Benoît de Maillet ( 1735 ) and Elliot Warburton ( 1844 ) . Most early Western images were book illustrations in print form , elaborated by a professional engraver from either previous images available or some original drawing or sketch supplied by an author , and usually now lost . Seven years after visiting Giza , André Thévet ( Cosmographie de Levant , 1556 ) described the Sphinx as `` the head of a colossus , caused to be made by Isis , daughter of Inachus , then so beloved of Jupiter '' . He , or his artist and engraver , pictured it as a curly - haired monster with a grassy dog collar . Athanasius Kircher ( who never visited Egypt ) depicted the Sphinx as a Roman statue , reflecting his ability to conceptualize ( Turris Babel , 1679 ) . Johannes Helferich 's ( 1579 ) Sphinx is a pinched - face , round - breasted woman with a straight haired wig ; the only edge over Thevet is that the hair suggests the flaring lappets of the headdress . George Sandys stated that the Sphinx was a harlot ; Balthasar de Monconys interpreted the headdress as a kind of hairnet , while François de La Boullaye - Le Gouz 's Sphinx had a rounded hairdo with bulky collar . Richard Pococke 's Sphinx was an adoption of Cornelis de Bruijn 's drawing of 1698 , featuring only minor changes , but is closer to the actual appearance of the Sphinx than anything previous . The print versions of Norden 's careful drawings for his Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie , 1755 are the first to clearly show that the nose was missing . However , from the time of the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt onwards , a number of accurate images were widely available in Europe , and copied by others . Legacy Mystery of the Sphinx , narrated by Charlton Heston , a documentary presenting the theories of John Anthony West , was shown as an NBC Special on 10 November 1993 ( winning an Emmy award for Best Research ) A 95 - minute DVD , Mystery of the Sphinx : Expanded Edition , was released in 2007 . Age of the Sphinx , a BBC Two Timewatch documentary presenting the theories of John Anthony West and critical to both sides of the argument , was shown on 27 November 1994 . In 2008 , the film 10,000 BC showed a supposed original Sphinx with a lion 's head . Before this film , this lion head theory had been published in documentary films about the origin of the Sphinx . Gallery André Thévet , Cosmographie de Levant ( 1556 ) Hogenberg and Braun ( map ) , Cairus , quae olim Babylon ( 1572 ) , exists in various editions , from various authors , with the Sphinx looking different . Jan Sommer , ( unpublished ) Voyages en Egypte des annees 1589 , 1590 & 1591 , Institut de France , 1971 ( Voyageurs occidentaux en Égypte 3 ) George Sandys , A relation of a journey begun an dom. 1610 ( 1615 ) François de La Boullaye - Le Gouz , Les Voyages et Observations ( 1653 ) Balthasar de Monconys , Journal des voyages ( 1665 ) Olfert Dapper , Description de l'Afrique ( 1665 ) , note the two different displays of the Sphinx . Cornelis de Bruijn , Reizen van Cornelis de Bruyn door de vermaardste Deelen van Klein Asia ( 1698 ) The Sphinx as seen by Frederic Louis Norden ( sketches made 1737 , published 1755 ) Frederic Louis Norden , Voyage d'Égypte et de Nubie ( 1755 ) Description de l'Egypte ( Panckoucke edition ) , Planches , Antiquités , volume V ( 1823 ) , also published in the Imperial edition of 1822 . Description de l'Egypte ( Panckoucke edition ) , Planches , Antiquités , volume V ( 1823 ) , also published in the Imperial edition of 1822 . Members of the Second Japanese Embassy to Europe ( 1863 ) in front of the Sphinx , 1864 . Jean - Léon Gérôme 's Bonaparte Before the Sphinx , 1867 -- 1868 . Johanne Baptista Homann ( map ) , Aegyptus hodierna ( 1724 ) Lantern Slide Collection : Views , Objects : Egypt . Gizeh ( selected images ) . View 04 : Pyramids and Sphinx. , n.d. , Kay C. Lenskold . Floral Park , N.Y. Brooklyn Museum Archives See also Cultural significance of the lion in Northeast Africa Giza Lion ( heraldry ) List of colossal sculpture in situ List of statues by height Notes Jump up ^ Early Egyptologists were inconsistent in their transliteration of pharaonic names : Khafre and Khephren are both references to Khafra . References ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Sphinx of Giza '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Saving the Sphinx -- NOVA PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rigano , Charles ( 2014 ) . Pyramids of the Giza Plateau . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Dunford , Jane ; Fletcher , Joann ; French , Carole ( ed. , 2007 ) . Egypt : Eyewitness Travel Guide Archived 2009 - 02 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... London : Dorling Kindersley , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 2875 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Zuberbühler , Franz Löhner , Teresa . `` Stone quarries in ancient Egypt . Details about the Giza quarries , the granite quarries in Assuan and the Tura limestone quarries '' . www.cheops-pyramide.ch . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` How old is the Sphinx ? '' . msnbc.com. 1999 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Sphinx Geology of a Statue Dating the Sphinx Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . www.aeraweb.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Zivie - Coche , Christiane ( 2002 ) . Sphinx : History of a Monument . Cornell University Press . pp. 99 -- 100 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3962 - 0 . Jump up ^ See Thutmose IV # Dates and length of reign Jump up ^ `` sphinx mythology '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sphinx Project : Why Sequence is Important '' . 2007 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Selim ( 1949 ) . The Sphinx : Its history in the light of recent excavations . Cairo : Government Press , 1949 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( Spring 2002 ) . `` Giza As Is : Unfinished Business Reveals the Human Hand '' in Aeragram , 5 : 2 ( Spring 2002 ) , 10 -- 14 . Retrieved 23 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sphinx - Khafre 's Giza Monuments as a Unit - Mark Lehner - Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . www.aeraweb.org . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Colavito , Jason ( 2001 ) . `` Who Built the Sphinx ? '' at Lost Civilizations Discovered . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh , Flinders Petrie London 1883 , p133 Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . ( The Khufu at The Plateau . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Colin , Reader ( 2002 ) . `` Giza Before the Fourth Dynasty '' . Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum. 9 . pp. 5 -- 21 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verner , Miroslav ( 2007 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove / Atlantic Inc. p. 212 . ISBN 0802198635 . Jump up ^ Jánosi , Peter ( 1996 ) . Die Pyramidenanlagen der Königinnen ( = Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie , Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften , volume 13 . pp. 11 , 125 . ISBN 3700122071 . Jump up ^ `` Giza Sphinx & Temples Page 3 - The Great Sphinx - Spirit & Stone '' . Theglobaleducationproject.org . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallis Budge , E.A. ( 1904 ) . The Gods of the Egyptians : Studies in Egyptian Mythology . Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 22055 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Sphinx Its History in the Light of Recent Excavations , Selim Hassan Government Press Cairo 1949 , p17 ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Nic ( 2004 - 12 - 14 ) . `` I have solved riddle of the Sphinx , says Frenchman '' in The Daily Telegraph . Updated 14 December 2004 . Retrieved 28 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Karen T. , History of the IAI Forensic Art Discipline at the International Association for Identification . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ West , John Anthony ( 1993 ) . Serpent in the Sky : The High Wisdom of Ancient Egypt , 232 . Wheaton : Quest Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8356 - 0691 - 0 . Jump up ^ Riddle of the Sphinx Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Graham ; Bauval , Robert ( 2000 - 12 - 14 ) . Atlantis Reborn Again . Horizon . BBC . Aired 2000 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Orser , Charles E. ( 2003 ) . Race and practice in archaeological interpretation . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3750 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Graham ; Bauval , Robert ( 1997 ) . The Message of the Sphinx : A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind . Three Rivers Press . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 88852 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Garrett G. ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) . Archaeological fantasies : how pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public . Routledge . pp. 20 , 38 -- 40 , 100 -- 103 , 127 , 197 -- 201 , 238 , 241 -- 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30593 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Schoch , Robert M. ( 1992 ) . Redating the Great Sphinx of Giza . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Chris `` The Age of the Sphinx ? Reader versus Schoch , '' http://ancientaliensdebunked.com/how-old-is-the-sphinx-colin-reader-vs-robert-schoch/ Jump up ^ Reader , C.D. ( February 2001 ) . A Geomorphological Study of the Giza Necropolis , with Implications for the Development of the Site. 43 . pp. 149 -- 165 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert K.G. Temple , The Sphinx Mystery : The Forgotten Origins of The Sanctuary of Anubis ( Rochester , Vermont : Inner Traditions , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59477 - 271 - 9 Jump up ^ Regier , Willis G. ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . Book of the Sphinx . U of Nebraska Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 3956 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Irwin , Graham W. ( 1977 ) . Africans abroad , Columbia University Press , p. 11 Jump up ^ Mallet , Dominique , The Stele of Thothmes IV : A Translation , at harmakhis.org . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The ARCE Sphinx Project -- A Preliminary Report '' . Hall of Maat . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Khufu Knew the Sphinx ' by Colin Reader '' . Ianlawton.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Supreme Council of Antiquities ( SCA ) : 1858 to present '' . SCA - Egypt . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rappoport , S . The Project Gutenberg EBook of History Of Egypt From 330 B.C. To The Present Time , Volume 12 ( of 12 ) , by S. Rappoport . The Grolier Society Publishers , London . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Popular Science Monthly , July 1931 , page 56 . Jump up ^ `` Filmed in 1897 , THIS is the OLDEST footage of the Great Sphinx of Giza - Ancient Code '' . www.ancient-code.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . `` HISTORY OF THE CONSERVATION OF THE SPHINX '' . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British Museum - Fragment of the beard of the Great Sphinx '' . britishmuseum.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . Thames & Hudson . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Faq # 11 : Who shot off the nose of the Sphinx ? '' . napoleon-series.org . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joseph E Lowry ; Shawkat M Toorawa ; Everett K Rowson ( 2017 ) . Arabic Humanities , Islamic Thought : Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson . Boston Brill . p. 263 . ISBN 9789004343245 . OCLC 992515269 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` F.L. Norden . Travels in Egypt and Nubia , 1757 . Plate 47 , Profil de la tête colossale du Sphinx '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evan Hadingham ( February 2010 ) . `` Uncovering Secrets of the Sphinx '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Jump up ^ Reader , Colin ( 2000 - 03 - 17 ) . Further considerations on the Age of the Sphinx Archived 2015 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . at Rational Spirituality . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John L. Stoddard 's Lectures '' . 2 . 1898 : 111 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Sphinx of Giza . Riddle of the Sphinx Egyptian and Greek Sphinxes Egypt -- The Lost Civilization Theory The Sphinx 's Nose What happened to the Sphinx 's nose ? Sphinx photo gallery Al Maqrizi 's account ( in Arabic ) Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Funerary practices Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Timeline of the Ancient Near East LCCN : sh95005527 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Sphinx_of_Giza&oldid=853665384 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 27th century BC Colossal statues Giza Governorate Giza Plateau Monoliths Art of ancient Egypt Sculptures of ancient Egypt Khafra 3rd - millennium BC establishments in Egypt Limestone statues Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using Timeline Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles containing Coptic - language text All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with Arabic - language external links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Перем Коми Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 06 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the great sphinx is associated with which pharaoh’s pyramid	[ "Though there have been conflicting evidence and viewpoints over the years, the view held by modern Egyptology at large remains that the Great Sphinx was built in approximately 2500 BC for the pharaoh Khafra, the builder of the Second Pyramid at Giza.[11]\n" ]	[ "Khafra" ]
-656270058108180407	2008 Indian Premier League	2008 Indian Premier League - wikipedia 2008 Indian Premier League 2008 Indian Premier League Dates 18 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 18 ) -- 1 June 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 01 ) Administrator ( s ) BCCI Cricket format Twenty20 Tournament format ( s ) Double round - robin and knockout Host ( s ) India Champions Rajasthan Royals ( 1st title ) Participants 8 Matches played 59 Attendance 3,422,000 ( 58,000 per match ) Player of the series Shane Watson ( RR ) ( 472 runs and 17 wickets ) Most runs Shaun Marsh ( KXIP ) ( 616 ) Most wickets Sohail Tanvir ( RR ) ( 22 ) Official website www.iplt20.com 2009 → The 2008 Indian Premier League season is the debut season of the Indian Premier League , established by the BCCI in 2007 . The season commenced on 18 April 2008 with the final match held on 1 June 2008 . The competition started with a double round robin group stage , in which each of the 8 teams played a home match and an away match against every other team . These matches were followed by two semi-finals and a final . In a match which went down to the last ball , Rajasthan Royals defeated Chennai Super Kings in the final to win the title , with Yusuf Pathan named the player of the match and Shane Watson adjudged the player of the tournament . Sohail Tanvir won the purple cap for being the top wicket - taking bowler while Shaun Marsh won the orange cap for leading run - scorer in the tournament . Shreevats Goswami was awarded the best under - 19 player award and the special award for Fair Play was won by the Chennai Super Kings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Icon Players 2 Player auctions 3 Venues 4 Rules and regulations 5 Teams and standings 6 League progression 7 Results 7.1 Group stage 7.2 Knockout stage 8 Fixtures 8.1 Group stage 8.2 Knockout stage 8.2. 1 Semi-finals 8.2. 2 Final 9 Statistics 9.1 Batting 9.1. 1 Most runs 9.1. 2 Best batting strike rate 9.2 Bowling 9.2. 1 Most wickets 9.2. 2 Best economy 9.3 Man of the Match awards 10 Cricinfo IPL XI 11 Controversies 11.1 Cheerleaders 11.2 Sreesanth -- Harbhajan Singh altercation 12 References 13 External links Icon players ( edit ) Icon Player Team Virender Sehwag Delhi Daredevils Yuvraj Singh Kings XI Punjab Sourav Ganguly Kolkata Knight Riders Sachin Tendulkar Mumbai Indians Rahul Dravid Royal Challengers Bangalore This Players will play for the franchises representing their home towns and hence did not enter the auction . Player auctions ( edit ) Mahendra Singh Dhoni who was bought by the Super Kings for $1.5 Million was the most expensive cricketer of the tournament . For the inaugural IPL season , each team had a salary cap of US $ 5 million ( Rs. 20 crore approx . ) . Sachin Tendulkar , Sourav Ganguly , Rahul Dravid , Yuvraj Singh and Virender Sehwag were classified as icon players . They will play for the franchises representing their home towns and hence did not enter the auction . Few players were classified as marquee players and the teams which lost out on icon players were allowed one extra marquee player to be selected in the auction . The auctions were conducted on 20 February 2008 with Mahendra Singh Dhoni winning the highest bid of US $1.5 million . Nat Player Franchise Base Price ( USD ) Price ( USD ) Mahendra Singh Dhoni Chennai Super Kings 400,000 1,500,000 Adam Gilchrist Deccan Chargers 300,000 700,000 Muttiah Muralitharan Chennai Super Kings 250,000 600,000 Mahela Jayawardene Kings XI Punjab 250,000 475,000 Shane Warne Rajasthan Royals 450,000 450,000 Shoaib Akhtar Kolkata Knight Riders 250,000 425,000 Anil Kumble Royal Challengers Bangalore 250,000 500,000 Harbhajan Singh Mumbai Indians 250,000 850,000 Sanath Jayasuriya Mumbai Indians 250,000 975,000 Kumar Sangakkara Kings XI Punjab 250,000 700,000 Ricky Ponting Kolkata Knight Riders 335,000 400,000 Brett Lee Kings XI Punjab 300,000 900,000 Andrew Symonds Deccan Chargers 250,000 1,350,000 Daniel Vettori Delhi Daredevils 250,000 625,000 Matthew Hayden Chennai Super Kings 225,000 375,000 Brendon McCullum Kolkata Knight Riders 175,000 700,000 Jacob Oram Chennai Super Kings 200,000 675,000 Stephen Fleming Chennai Super Kings 350,000 350,000 Graeme Smith Rajasthan Royals 250,000 250,000 Herschelle Gibbs Deccan Chargers 250,000 575,000 Chris Gayle Kolkata Knight Riders 250,000 800,000 Shoaib Malik Delhi Daredevils 300,000 500,000 Shahid Afridi Deccan Chargers 225,000 675,000 Younis Khan Rajasthan Royals 225,000 225,000 Mohammad Asif Delhi Daredevils 225,000 650,000 Jacques Kallis Royal Challengers Bangalore 225,000 900,000 Zaheer Khan Royal Challengers Bangalore 200,000 450,000 Sreesanth Kings XI Punjab 200,000 625,000 Dinesh Karthik Delhi Daredevils 200,000 525,000 AB de Villiers Delhi Daredevils 200,000 300,000 Mark Boucher Royal Challengers Bangalore 200,000 450,000 Parthiv Patel Chennai Super Kings 150,000 325,000 Kamran Akmal Rajasthan Royals 150,000 150,000 Albie Morkel Chennai Super Kings 225,000 675,000 Ajit Agarkar Kolkata Knight Riders 200,000 350,000 Shaun Pollock Mumbai Indians 200,000 550,000 Irfan Pathan Kings XI Punjab 200,000 925,000 Scott Styris Deccan Chargers 175,000 175,000 Farveez Maharoof Delhi Daredevils 150,000 225,000 Tillakaratne Dilshan Delhi Daredevils 150,000 250,000 Cameron White Royal Challengers Bangalore 100,000 500,000 Yusuf Pathan Rajasthan Royals 100,000 475,000 Joginder Sharma Chennai Super Kings 100,000 225,000 Gautam Gambhir Delhi Daredevils 220,000 725,000 Robin Uthappa Mumbai Indians 200,000 800,000 V.V.S. Laxman Deccan Chargers 150,000 375,000 Wasim Jaffer Royal Challengers Bangalore 150,000 150,000 Rohit Sharma Deccan Chargers 150,000 750,000 Mohammad Kaif Rajasthan Royals 125,000 675,000 Suresh Raina Chennai Super Kings 125,000 650,000 Manoj Tiwary Delhi Daredevils 100,000 675,000 Chamara Silva Deccan Chargers 100,000 100,000 David Hussey Kolkata Knight Riders 100,000 625,000 Nathan Bracken Royal Challengers Bangalore 225,000 325,000 R.P. Singh Deccan Chargers 200,000 875,000 Murali Kartik Kolkata Knight Riders 200,000 425,000 Makhaya Ntini Chennai Super Kings 200,000 200,000 Lasith Malinga Mumbai Indians 200,000 350,000 Chaminda Vaas Deccan Chargers 200,000 200,000 Ramesh Powar Kings XI Punjab 150,000 170,000 Umar Gul Kolkata Knight Riders 150,000 150,000 Dale Steyn Royal Challengers Bangalore 150,000 325,000 Dilhara Fernando Mumbai Indians 150,000 150,000 Ishant Sharma Kolkata Knight Riders 150,000 950,000 Piyush Chawla Kings XI Punjab 125,000 400,000 Munaf Patel Rajasthan Royals 100,000 275,000 Nuwan Zoysa Deccan Chargers 100,000 110,000 Glenn McGrath Delhi Daredevils 350,000 350,000 Michael Hussey Chennai Super Kings 250,000 250,000 Tatenda Taibu Kolkata Knight Riders 125,000 125,000 Ramnaresh Sarwan Kings XI Punjab 225,000 225,000 Simon Katich Kings XI Punjab 200,000 200,000 Justin Langer Rajasthan Royals 200,000 200,000 Shivnarine Chanderpaul Royal Challengers Bangalore 200,000 200,000 Loots Bosman Mumbai Indians 150,000 150,000 Venues ( edit ) Chennai Mumbai Mohali M.A. Chidambaram Stadium Capacity : 50,000 Wankhede Stadium Capacity : 45,000 PCA Stadium Capacity : 30,000 Kolkata Bangalore Navi Mumbai Eden Gardens Capacity : 100,000 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium Capacity : 55,000 DY Patil Stadium Capacity : 55,000 Hyderabad Delhi Jaipur Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium Capacity : 55,000 Feroz Shah Kotla Capacity : 48,000 Sawai Mansingh Stadium Capacity : 30,000 Chennai Mumbai Mohali Kolkata Bangalore Navi Mumbai Hyderabad Delhi Jaipur Rules and regulations ( edit ) Points in the group stage were awarded as follows : Points Results Points Win 2 points No result 1 point Loss 0 points In the event of tied scores after both teams have faced their quota of overs , a bowl - out will determine the winner , even in the group stage . In the group stage , teams will be ranked on the following criteria : Higher number of points If equal , higher number of wins If still equal , net run rate If still equal , lower bowling strike rate If still equal , result of head to head meeting . Teams and standings ( edit ) Team Pld NR Pts NRR Rajasthan Royals ( C ) 14 11 0 22 + 0.632 Kings XI Punjab 14 10 0 20 + 0.509 Chennai Super Kings ( R ) 14 8 6 0 16 − 0.192 Delhi Daredevils 14 7 6 15 + 0.342 Mumbai Indians 14 7 7 0 14 + 0.570 Kolkata Knight Riders 14 6 7 13 − 0.147 Royal Challengers Bangalore 14 10 0 8 − 1.161 Deccan Chargers 14 12 0 − 0.467 Full table on cricinfo ( C ) = Eventual champion ; ( R ) = Runner - up . League progression ( edit ) Team Group matches Knockout 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 SF Chennai Super Kings 6 8 8 8 8 10 12 12 14 14 14 16 Deccan Chargers 0 0 0 Delhi Daredevils 6 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 12 13 15 Kings XI Punjab 0 0 6 8 10 10 12 14 16 18 18 20 Kolkata Knight Riders 6 8 10 10 10 10 11 13 Mumbai Indians 0 0 0 0 6 8 10 12 12 12 12 14 Rajasthan Royals 0 6 8 10 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 22 Royal Challengers Bangalore 0 6 8 8 Win Loss No result Note : The total points at the end of each group match are listed . Note : Click on the points ( group matches ) or W / L ( playoffs ) to see the match summary . Results ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) Visitor team → CSK DC DD KXIP KKR MI RR RCB Home team ↓ Chennai Super Kings Deccan 8 wickets Delhi 8 wickets Chennai 18 runs Chennai 9 wickets Chennai 6 runs Rajasthan 10 runs Bangalore 14 runs Deccan Chargers Chennai 7 wickets Delhi 9 wickets Punjab 7 wickets Kolkata 23 runs Mumbai 25 runs Rajasthan 3 wickets Bangalore 5 wickets Delhi Daredevils Chennai 4 wickets Delhi 12 runs Punjab 6 runs ( D / L ) Match abandoned Delhi 5 wickets Delhi 9 wickets Delhi 10 runs Kings XI Punjab Chennai 33 runs Punjab 6 wickets Punjab 4 wickets Punjab 9 runs Punjab 66 runs Punjab 41 runs Punjab 9 wickets Kolkata Knight Riders Chennai 3 runs ( D / L ) Kolkata 5 wickets Kolkata 23 runs Kolkata 3 wickets Mumbai 7 wickets Rajasthan 6 wickets Kolkata 5 runs Mumbai Indians Mumbai 9 wickets Deccan 10 wickets Mumbai 29 runs Punjab 1 run Mumbai 8 wickets Mumbai 7 wickets Bangalore 5 wickets Rajasthan Royals Rajasthan 8 wickets Rajasthan 8 wickets Rajasthan 3 wickets Rajasthan 6 wickets Rajasthan 45 runs Rajasthan 5 wickets Rajasthan 65 runs Royal Challengers Bangalore Chennai 13 runs Bangalore 3 runs Delhi 5 wickets Punjab 6 wickets Kolkata 140 runs Mumbai 9 wickets Rajasthan 7 wickets Home team won Visitor team won Note : Results listed are according to the home ( horizontal ) and visitor ( vertical ) teams . Note : Click on a result to see a summary of the match . Knockout stage ( edit ) Semi-finals Final 30 May -- Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Rajasthan Royals 192 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 87 ( 16.1 overs ) Rajasthan won by 105 runs 1 June -- DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai ( Sharmaji ka beta ) Chennai Super Kings 163 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 164 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan won by 3 wickets 31 May -- Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Kings XI Punjab 112 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 116 / 1 ( 14.5 overs ) Chennai won by 9 wickets Fixtures ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) 18 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 222 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 82 all out ( 15.1 overs ) Brendon McCullum 158 * ( 73 ) Zaheer Khan 1 / 38 ( 4 overs ) Praveen Kumar 18 * ( 15 ) Ajit Agarkar 3 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata won by 140 runs M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Asad Rauf and Rudi Koertzen Player of the match : Brendon McCullum ( Kolkata ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field . 19 April 2008 17 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 240 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 207 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Michael Hussey 116 * ( 54 ) Irfan Pathan 2 / 47 ( 4 overs ) James Hopes 71 ( 33 ) Muttiah Muralitharan 1 / 33 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 33 runs Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Mark Benson and Suresh Shastri Player of the match : Michael Hussey ( Chennai ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat . 19 April 2008 20 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 129 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 132 / 1 ( 15.1 overs ) Ravindra Jadeja 29 ( 23 ) Farveez Maharoof 2 / 11 ( 4 overs ) Gautam Gambhir 58 * ( 46 ) Shane Watson 1 / 31 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 9 wickets Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Aleem Dar and GA Pratapkumar Player of the match : Farveez Maharoof ( Delhi ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat . 20 April 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Deccan Chargers 110 all out ( 18.4 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 112 / 5 ( 19 overs ) Andrew Symonds 32 ( 39 ) Murali Kartik 3 / 17 ( 3.4 overs ) David Hussey 38 * ( 43 ) Chaminda Vaas 2 / 9 ( 3 overs ) Kolkata won by 5 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Billy Bowden and Krishna Hariharan Player of the match : David Hussey ( Kolkata ) Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to bat . 20 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 165 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 166 / 5 ( 19.4 overs ) Robin Uthappa 48 ( 38 ) Zaheer Khan 2 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Mark Boucher 39 * ( 19 ) Harbhajan Singh 2 / 36 ( 4 overs ) Bangalore won by 5 wickets Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Steve Davis and Daryl Harper Player of the match : Mark Boucher ( Bangalore ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat . 21 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 166 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 168 / 4 ( 18.1 overs ) Yuvraj Singh 57 ( 34 ) Shane Warne 3 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Shane Watson 76 * ( 49 ) Irfan Pathan 1 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 6 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Aleem Dar and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Shane Watson ( Rajasthan ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to bat . 22 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Deccan Chargers 142 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 143 / 1 ( 13 overs ) Rohit Sharma 66 ( 36 ) Mohammad Asif 2 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Virender Sehwag 94 * ( 41 ) R.P. Singh 1 / 27 ( 3 overs ) Delhi won by 9 wickets Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Ian Howell and Amiesh Saheba Player of the match : Virender Sehwag ( Delhi ) Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to bat . 23 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 208 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 202 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Matthew Hayden 81 ( 46 ) Musavir Khote 2 / 29 ( 3 overs ) Abhishek Nayar 45 * ( 20 ) Joginder Sharma 2 / 29 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 6 runs M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Daryl Harper and GA Pratapkumar Player of the match : Matthew Hayden ( Chennai ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 24 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Deccan Chargers 214 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 217 / 7 ( 19.5 overs ) Andrew Symonds 117 * ( 53 ) Yusuf Pathan 2 / 20 ( 2 overs ) Graeme Smith 71 ( 45 ) Shahid Afridi 3 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 3 wickets Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Asad Rauf and Mark Benson Player of the match : Yusuf Pathan ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . 25 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 182 all out ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 116 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Kumar Sangakkara 94 ( 56 ) Harbhajan Singh 3 / 32 ( 4 overs ) Dwayne Bravo 23 ( 21 ) Piyush Chawla 2 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Punjab won by 66 runs Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Aleem Dar and Amiesh Saheba Player of the match : Kumar Sangakkara ( Punjab ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 26 April 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 147 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 152 / 1 ( 17 overs ) Laxmi Ratan Shukla 42 ( 33 ) Jacob Oram 3 / 32 ( 4 overs ) Mathew Hayden 70 * ( 49 ) Ajit Agarkar 1 / 19 ( 3 overs ) Chennai won by 9 wickets M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Billy Bowden and Arani Jayaprakash Player of the match : Jacob Oram ( Chennai ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat . 26 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 135 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 138 / 3 ( 17.1 overs ) Ross Taylor 44 ( 20 ) Shane Watson 2 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Shane Watson 61 * ( 41 ) Zaheer Khan 1 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 7 wickets M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Ian Howell and Mark Benson Player of the match : Shane Watson ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . 27 April 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 158 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 162 / 6 ( 19.3 overs ) Manoj Tiwary 39 ( 34 ) VRV Singh 3 / 29 ( 4 overs ) Simon Katich 75 ( 52 ) Mohammad Asif 2 / 39 ( 4 overs ) Punjab won by 4 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Ivaturi Sivaram Player of the match : Simon Katich ( Punjab ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to bat . 27 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 154 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 155 / 0 ( 12.0 overs ) Dwayne Bravo 34 ( 18 ) R.P. Singh 2 / 15 ( 4 overs ) Adam Gilchrist 109 * ( 47 ) Dhawal Kulkarni 0 / 8 ( 1 over ) Deccan won by 10 wickets DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Umpires : Asad Rauf and Suresh Shastri Player of the match : Adam Gilchrist ( Deccan ) Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to field . 28 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 178 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 165 all out ( 19.4 overs ) Mahendra Singh Dhoni 65 ( 30 ) Zaheer Khan 3 / 38 ( 4 overs ) Ross Taylor 53 ( 34 ) Manpreet Gony 3 / 34 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 13 runs M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( Chennai ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat . 29 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 137 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 138 / 3 ( 18.4 overs ) Laxmi Ratan Shukla 40 * ( 22 ) Sanath Jayasuriya 3 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Dwayne Bravo 64 * ( 53 ) Ashok Dinda 1 / 12 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 7 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Billy Bowden and Arani Jayaprakash Player of the match : Sanath Jayasuriya ( Mumbai ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat . 30 April 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 191 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 181 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Gautam Gambhir 86 ( 54 ) Jacques Kallis 2 / 39 ( 4 overs ) Jacques Kallis 54 ( 44 ) Glenn McGrath 4 / 29 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 10 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Aleem Dar and Ivaturi Sivaram Player of the match : Glenn McGrath ( Delhi ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field . 1 May 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 196 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 151 all out ( 19.1 overs ) Swapnil Asnodkar 60 ( 34 ) Umar Gul 3 / 31 ( 4 overs ) Sourav Ganguly 51 ( 39 ) Shane Watson 2 / 22 ( 3.1 overs ) Rajasthan won by 45 runs Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and GA Pratapkumar Player of the match : Swapnil Asnodkar ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat . 1 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Deccan Chargers 164 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 167 / 3 ( 18.5 overs ) Rohit Sharma 76 * ( 42 ) Piyush Chawla 3 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Shaun Marsh 84 * ( 62 ) Nuwan Zoysa 1 / 32 ( 4 overs ) Punjab won by 7 wickets Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Shaun Marsh ( Punjab ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field . 2 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 169 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 172 / 2 ( 19 overs ) Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan 54 ( 37 ) Rajat Bhatia 1 / 11 ( 1 over ) Virender Sehwag 71 ( 41 ) Joginder Sharma 1 / 35 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 8 wickets M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Billy Bowden and Krishna Hariharan Player of the match : Virender Sehwag ( Delhi ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat . 3 May 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 156 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 153 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Wasim Jaffer 44 ( 37 ) R.P. Singh 3 / 41 ( 4 overs ) Rohit Sharma 57 ( 42 ) Praveen Kumar 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Bangalore won by 3 runs M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Suresh Shastri Player of the match : Praveen Kumar ( Bangalore ) Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to field . 3 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 178 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 169 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Shaun Marsh 40 ( 32 ) Umar Gul 2 / 27 ( 4 overs ) David Hussey 71 ( 46 ) Irfan Pathan 2 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Punjab won by 9 runs Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Daryl Harper and Ivaturi Shivram Player of the match : Irfan Pathan ( Punjab ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to bat . 4 May 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 162 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 133 all out ( 18.5 overs ) Sanath Jayasuriya 34 ( 16 ) Yo Mahesh 3 / 33 ( 4 overs ) Virender Sehwag 40 ( 20 ) Ashish Nehra 3 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 29 runs DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Ian Howell Player of the match : Shaun Pollock ( Mumbai ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field . 4 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 109 all out ( 19 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 110 / 2 ( 14.2 overs ) Albie Morkel 42 ( 33 ) Sohail Tanvir 6 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Graeme Smith 35 * ( 44 ) Muttiah Muralitharan 1 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 8 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Asad Rauf and Arani Jayaprakash Player of the match : Sohail Tanvir ( Rajasthan ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat . 5 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 126 all out ( 19.2 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 127 / 4 ( 18.2 overs ) Rahul Dravid 66 ( 51 ) Piyush Chawla 3 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Shaun Marsh 39 ( 34 ) Praveen Kumar 2 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Punjab won by 6 wickets M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Steve Davis and Billy Doctrove Player of the match : Sreesanth ( Punjab ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field . 6 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 144 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 148 / 3 ( 18 overs ) Suresh Raina 32 ( 21 ) R.P. Singh 2 / 12 ( 3 overs ) Adam Gilchrist 54 ( 36 ) Manpreet Gony 1 / 15 ( 3 overs ) Deccan won by 7 wickets M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Mark Benson and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Adam Gilchrist ( Deccan ) Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to field . 7 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 103 all out ( 16.2 overs ) Mumbai Indians 104 / 3 ( 15.1 overs ) Swapnil Asnodkar 39 ( 36 ) Ashish Nehra 3 / 13 ( 3 overs ) Robin Uthappa 34 * ( 21 ) Shane Watson 2 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 7 wickets DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Umpires : Daryl Harper and Rudi Koertzen Player of the match : Ashish Nehra ( Mumbai ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 8 May 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 187 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 188 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Gautam Gambhir 80 ( 49 ) Balaji , J Morkel 2 / 35 ( 4 overs ) each Stephen Fleming 44 ( 28 ) Pradeep Sangwan 2 / 29 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 4 wickets Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Aleem Dar and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( Chennai ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . 8 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 129 / 7 ( 16 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 124 / 4 ( 16 overs ) David Hussey 26 ( 12 ) Dale Steyn 3 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Mark Boucher 50 * ( 40 ) Sourav Ganguly 1 / 7 ( 3 overs ) Kolkata won by 5 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Asad Rauf and Ian Howell Player of the match : Sourav Ganguly ( Kolkata ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat . Rain reduced play to 16 overs per side . 9 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Deccan Chargers 140 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 141 / 2 ( 16 overs ) Adam Gilchrist 61 ( 49 ) Shane Warne 2 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Yusuf Pathan 68 ( 37 ) R.P. Singh 1 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 8 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Mark Benson and Amiesh Saheba Player of the match : Yusuf Pathan ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . 10 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 181 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 163 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Subramaniam Badrinath 64 ( 47 ) Sreesanth 2 / 29 ( 4 overs ) Shaun Marsh 58 ( 38 ) Lakshmipathy Balaji 5 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 18 runs M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Arani Jayaprakash and Brian Jerling Player of the match : Lakshmipathy Balaji ( Chennai ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field . 11 May 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 204 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 181 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Sourav Ganguly 91 ( 57 ) Paidikalva Vijaykumar 1 / 21 ( 3 overs ) Venugopal Rao 71 * ( 42 ) Ashok Dinda 3 / 33 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata won by 23 runs Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Aleem Dar and Amiesh Saheba Player of the match : Sourav Ganguly ( Kolkata ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat . 11 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 156 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 159 / 7 ( 19.1 overs ) Farveez Maharoof 39 ( 16 ) Shane Watson 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Shane Watson 74 ( 40 ) Amit Mishra 2 / 27 ( 3 overs ) Rajasthan won by 3 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Steve Davis and Rudi Koertzen Player of the match : Shane Watson ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . 12 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 143 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 144 / 1 ( 15.4 overs ) Mark Boucher 39 ( 32 ) Sreesanth 3 / 29 ( 4 overs ) Shaun Marsh 74 * ( 51 ) Vinay Kumar 1 / 11 ( 2 overs ) Punjab won by 9 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Daryl Harper and Ivaturi Shivram Player of the match : Shaun Marsh ( Punjab ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bat . 13 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 133 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 110 all out ( 17.5 overs ) Salman Butt 48 ( 44 ) Farveez Maharoof 2 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Amit Mishra 31 ( 32 ) Shoaib Akhtar 4 / 11 ( 3 overs ) Kolkata won by 23 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Asad Rauf and Ian Howell Player of the match : Shoaib Akhtar ( Kolkata ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat . 14 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 156 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 158 / 1 ( 13.5 overs ) Subramaniam Badrinath 53 ( 33 ) Dhawal Kulkarni 3 / 33 ( 4 overs ) Sanath Jayasuriya 114 * ( 48 ) Joginder Sharma 1 / 24 ( 3 overs ) Mumbai won by 9 wickets Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Amiesh Saheba Player of the match : Sanath Jayasuriya ( Mumbai ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 15 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 194 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 182 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Gautam Gambhir 79 ( 48 ) Pragyan Ojha 2 / 19 ( 2 overs ) Rohit Sharma 35 ( 18 ) Amit Mishra 5 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 12 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Brian Jerling and GA Pratapkumar Player of the match : Amit Mishra ( Delhi ) Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to field . 16 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 67 all out ( 15.2 overs ) Mumbai Indians 68 / 2 ( 5.3 overs ) Ajit Agarkar 15 ( 14 ) Shaun Pollock 3 / 12 ( 4 overs ) Sanath Jayasuriya 48 * ( 17 ) Ishant Sharma 1 / 29 ( 2.3 overs ) Mumbai won by 8 wickets Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Daryl Harper Player of the match : Shaun Pollock ( Delhi ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 17 May 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 197 / 1 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 132 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Graeme Smith 75 * ( 49 ) Anil Kumble 1 / 32 ( 4 overs ) Rahul Dravid 75 * ( 36 ) Sohail Tanvir 3 / 10 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 65 runs Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Billy Bowden and Suresh Shastri Player of the match : Graeme Smith ( Rajasthan ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field . 17 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 118 / 4 ( 11 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 94 / 3 ( 8 overs ) Virender Sehwag 51 * ( 26 ) James Hopes 2 / 2 ( 1 overs ) Mahela Jayawardene 36 * ( 17 ) Pradeep Sangwan 1 / 12 ( 1 over ) Punjab won by 6 runs ( D / L ) Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Arani Jayaprakash and Rudi Koertzen Player of the match : Mahela Jayawardene ( Punjab ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to bat . Rain interrupted play after during Delhi 's innings and reduced the match to 11 overs per side . Rain then ended play after 8 overs in Punjab 's innings . Their par score was 88 runs according to the Duckworth -- Lewis method . 18 May 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 149 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 55 / 0 ( 8 overs ) Salman Butt 73 ( 54 ) Makhaya Ntini 4 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Stephen Fleming 32 * ( 20 ) Ashok Dinda 0 / 10 ( 2 overs ) Chennai won by 3 runs ( D / L ) Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Asad Rauf and Krishna Hariharan Player of the match : Makhaya Ntini ( Chennai ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat . Rain ended play after 8 overs in Chennai 's innings . Their par score was 52 runs according to the Duckworth -- Lewis method . 18 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 178 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 153 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Abhishek Nayar 38 ( 24 ) R.P. Singh 3 / 35 ( 4 overs ) Venugopal Rao 57 ( 38 ) Dwayne Bravo 3 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 25 runs Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Daryl Harper Player of the match : Dwayne Bravo ( Mumbai ) Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to field . 19 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 154 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 158 / 5 ( 18.2 overs ) Shreevats Goswami 52 ( 42 ) Farveez Maharoof 2 / 13 ( 4 overs ) Virender Sehwag 47 ( 19 ) Anil Kumble 2 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 5 wickets M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Steve Davis and GA Pratapkumar Player of the match : Shreevats Goswami ( Bangalore ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field . 20 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 147 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 150 / 4 ( 16.3 overs ) Sourav Ganguly 32 ( 34 ) Sohail Tanvir 3 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Yusuf Pathan 48 * ( 18 ) Umar Gul 2 / 30 ( 3.3 overs ) Rajasthan won by 6 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Brian Jerling and Rudi Koertzen Player of the match : Yusuf Pathan ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . 21 May 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 189 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 188 all out ( 20 overs ) Shaun Marsh 81 ( 56 ) Siddharth Chitnis 2 / 40 ( 4 overs ) Sachin Tendulkar 65 ( 46 ) Yuvraj Singh 2 / 12 ( 2 overs ) Punjab won by 1 run Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Billy Bowden and GA Pratapkumar Player of the match : Shaun Marsh ( Punjab ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 21 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2008 126 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 112 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Rahul Dravid 47 ( 39 ) Albie Morkel 4 / 32 ( 4 overs ) Stephen Fleming 45 ( 40 ) Anil Kumble 3 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Bangalore won by 14 runs M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Daryl Harper and Ivaturi Shivram Player of the match : Anil Kumble ( Bangalore ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bat . 22 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils Kolkata Knight Riders Match abandoned without a ball bowled Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Arani Jayaprakash and Brian Jerling Match abandoned due to rain . 23 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Deccan Chargers 175 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 178 / 4 ( 19.3 overs ) Rohit Sharma 50 ( 27 ) Ramesh Powar 1 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Shaun Marsh 60 ( 46 ) Pragyan Ojha 2 / 30 ( 4 overs ) Punjab won by 6 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Asad Rauf and Steve Davis Player of the match : Shaun Marsh ( Punjab ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field . 24 May 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 211 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 201 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Graeme Smith 91 ( 51 ) Albie Morkel 2 / 35 ( 4 overs ) Albie Morkel 71 ( 40 ) Sohail Tanvir 3 / 33 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 10 runs M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Daryl Harper and Suresh Shastri Player of the match : Albie Morkel ( Chennai ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat . 24 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 176 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 179 / 5 ( 19.5 overs ) Sanath Jayasuriya 66 ( 42 ) Yo Mahesh 4 / 36 ( 4 overs ) Dinesh Karthik 56 * ( 32 ) Dwayne Smith 2 / 22 ( 3 overs ) Delhi won by 5 wickets Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Billy Bowden and Krishna Hariharan Player of the match : Dinesh Karthik ( Delhi ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field . 25 May 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Deccan Chargers 165 all out ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 171 / 5 ( 19 overs ) Herschelle Gibbs 47 ( 34 ) Vinay Kumar 3 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Misbah - ul - Haq 34 ( 28 ) Dwaraka Ravi Teja 1 / 19 ( 2 overs ) Bangalore won by 5 wickets Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Asad Rauf and Rudi Koertzen Player of the match : Vinay Kumar ( Bangalore ) Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to bat . 25 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 174 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 175 / 7 ( 19.4 overs ) Kumar Sangakkara 64 ( 45 ) Umar Gul 4 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Sourav Ganguly 86 * ( 53 ) VRV Singh 2 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata won by 3 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Steve Davis and Ivaturi Shivram Player of the match : Umar Gul ( Kolkata ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to bat . 26 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 145 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 146 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Sanath Jayasuriya 38 ( 37 ) Sohail Tanvir 4 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Niraj Patel 40 * ( 29 ) Dilhara Fernando 2 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 5 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Billy Bowden and Krishna Hariharan Player of the match : Sohail Tanvir ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . 27 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Deccan Chargers 147 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 148 / 3 ( 19.2 overs ) Venugopal Rao 46 ( 46 ) L Balaji 2 / 34 ( 4 overs ) Suresh Raina 54 * ( 43 ) PM Sarveesh Kumar 1 / 38 ( 2 overs ) Chennai won by 7 wickets Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Brian Jerling and Amiesh Saheba Player of the match : Suresh Raina ( Chennai ) Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to bat . 28 May 2008 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 122 / 9 ( 18 overs ) Mumbai Indians 126 / 1 ( 16 overs ) Cameron White 26 ( 20 ) Dilhara Fernando 4 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Sanath Jayasuriya 54 ( 37 ) Dale Steyn 1 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 9 wickets M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Billy Bowden and Arani Jayaprakash Player of the match : Dilhara Fernando ( Mumbai ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . Rain reduced play to 18 overs per side . 28 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 221 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 180 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Shaun Marsh 115 ( 69 ) Yusuf Pathan 1 / 24 ( 2 overs ) Niraj Patel 57 ( 39 ) Piyush Chawla 3 / 35 ( 4 overs ) Punjab won by 41 runs Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Steve Davis and Krishna Hariharan Player of the match : Shaun Marsh ( Punjab ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . Knockout stage ( edit ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 30 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 192 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 87 / 10 ( 16.1 overs ) Shane Watson 52 ( 29 ) Farveez Maharoof 3 / 34 ( 4 overs ) Tillakaratne Dilshan 33 ( 22 ) Shane Watson 3 / 10 ( 3 overs ) Rajasthan won by 105 runs Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Billy Bowden and Rudi Koertzen Player of the match : Shane Watson ( Rajasthan ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field . 31 May 2008 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 112 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 116 / 1 ( 14.5 overs ) Ramesh Powar 28 * ( 21 ) Manpreet Gony 2 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Suresh Raina 55 * ( 34 ) Irfan Pathan 1 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 9 wickets Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Asad Rauf and Daryl Harper Player of the match : Makhaya Ntini ( Chennai ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to bat . Final ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Indian Premier League Final 1 June 2008 20 : 15 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 163 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 164 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Suresh Raina 43 ( 30 ) Yusuf Pathan 3 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Yusuf Pathan 56 ( 39 ) Albie Morkel 2 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 3 wickets DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Umpires : Billy Bowden and Rudi Koertzen Player of the match : Yusuf Pathan ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . Statistics ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Most runs ( edit ) Player Team Mat Inns Runs Balls SR Ave HS 100 50 4s 6s Shaun Marsh Kings XI Punjab 11 11 616 441 139.68 51.44 115 5 59 26 Gautam Gambhir Delhi Daredevils 14 14 534 379 140.89 41.07 86 0 5 68 Sanath Jayasuriya Mumbai Indians 14 14 514 309 166.34 42.83 114 * 57 31 Shane Watson Rajasthan Royals 15 15 472 311 151.76 47.20 76 * 0 46 19 Graeme Smith Rajasthan Royals 11 11 441 362 121.82 49.00 91 0 54 8 Tournament 's leading scorer wore an orange cap when fielding . Full Table on Cricinfo Best batting strike rate ( edit ) Minimum 150 runs scored , minimum 7 innings played Player Team Mat Inns Runs Balls SR Ave HS 100 50 4s 6s Virender Sehwag Delhi Daredevils 14 14 406 220 184.54 33.83 94 * 0 46 21 Yusuf Pathan Rajasthan Royals 16 15 435 243 179.01 31.07 68 0 43 25 Sanath Jayasuriya Mumbai Indians 14 14 514 309 166.34 42.83 114 * 57 31 Yuvraj Singh Kings XI Punjab 15 14 299 184 162.50 23.00 57 0 24 19 Kumar Sangakkara Kings XI Punjab 10 9 320 198 161.61 35.55 94 0 41 8 Full ( unfiltered ) Table on Cricinfo Bowling ( edit ) Most wickets ( edit ) Player Team Mat Ov Wkts Econ Ave SR BBI Sohail Tanvir Rajasthan Royals 11 41.1 22 6.46 12.09 11.2 6 / 14 Sreesanth Kings XI Punjab 15 52.0 19 7.76 21.26 16.4 3 / 19 Shane Warne Rajasthan Royals 15 51.1 18 8.63 23.26 16.1 Shane Watson Rajasthan Royals 15 54.1 17 7.07 22.52 19.1 3 / 10 Manpreet Gony Chennai Super Kings 16 60.0 17 7.38 26.05 21.1 3 / 25 Tournament 's leading wicket taker wore a purple cap when fielding . Full Table on cricinfo Note : Economy rate acts as a tie - breaker if players are level for most wickets . Best economy ( edit ) Minimum 20 overs bowled Player Team Mat Ov Econ Wkts Ave SR BBI Sourav Ganguly Kolkata Knight Riders 12 20.0 6.40 6 21.33 20.0 2 / 21 Sohail Tanvir Rajasthan Royals 11 41.1 6.46 22 12.09 11.2 6 / 14 Shaun Pollock Mumbai Indians 13 46.0 6.54 11 27.36 25.0 3 / 12 Irfan Pathan Kings XI Punjab 14 53.0 6.60 15 23.33 21.2 2 / 18 Glenn McGrath Delhi Daredevils 14 54.0 6.61 12 29.75 27.0 4 / 29 Full ( unfiltered ) Economy Table on cricinfo Man of the Match awards ( edit ) No. of awards Player Team 5 Shaun Marsh Kings XI Punjab Yusuf Pathan Rajasthan Royals Shane Watson Rajasthan Royals Most MOMs Cricinfo IPL XI ( edit ) On 5 June 2008 , Cricinfo announced what it referred to as the ' pick of the IPL crop ' in its ' short - form all - star XI ' for the IPL . The team of the tournament consisted of : Shaun Marsh -- Kings XI Punjab Sanath Jayasuriya -- Mumbai Indians Gautam Gambhir -- Delhi Daredevils MS Dhoni ( Captain & Wicketkeeper ) -- Chennai Super Kings Shane Watson -- Rajasthan Royals Yusuf Pathan -- Rajasthan Royals Rohit Sharma -- Deccan Chargers Farveez Maharoof -- Delhi Daredevils Sohail Tanvir -- Rajasthan Royals Shane Warne -- Rajasthan Royals Glenn McGrath -- Delhi Daredevils Controversies ( edit ) Cheerleaders ( edit ) Cheerleaders during a match between Mumbai Indians and Deccan Chargers at the DY Patil stadium . The IPL has been criticised by a few politicians and feminists for bringing in foreign cheerleaders , which is seen by many to not be in the traditional spirit of the game , as well as being against some Indian sensibilities . Two cheerleaders from London were asked to leave the ground at Mohali `` because of the colour of their skin '' by Wizcraft International Entertainment , which handles the team Kings XI Punjab . Ellesha Newton and Sherinne Anderson , both from London and of African ancestry were allegedly barred from entering the stadium by employees of Wizcraft International Entertainment on the pretext that `` people do n't like dark girls here '' . Both the girls also allege that an employee referred to them with the racial slur '' nigger '' . Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) said a probe would be initiated by the IPL only if the two women officially complain to IPL commissioner Lalit Modi . BCCI and IPL officials are surprised that the two cheerleaders did not complain about the alleged racist behaviour while they were in India and spoke about it only after they returned to London . `` We have not received any complaint from any cheerleaders that they were asked to leave by the Mohali - based Kings XI Punjab franchise recently because of the colour of their skin , '' BCCI joint secretary M.P. Pandove said in Mohali . Sreesanth -- Harbhajan Singh altercation ( edit ) On 25 April 2008 , following the Kings XI Punjab 's victory over the Mumbai Indians at Mohali , Punjab player Sreesanth was slapped under his eye by Harbhajan Singh , the in - stand captain of Mumbai . The incident came to light as Sreesanth was caught by TV cameras sobbing inconsolably on the field before the presentation ceremony . Sreesanth had since downplayed the incident saying he had no complaints against Harbhajan who was `` like an elder brother '' to him . Harbhajan 's team had lost their third consecutive match when he apparently reacted violently to Sreesanth 's approaching him and reportedly saying `` hard luck '' . The footage of the slap has not yet been released for public viewing . The BCCI launched an investigation into the incident and decided to ban Harbhajan for the remainder 11 matches of the Twenty20 tournament . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League 2008 '' . cricketwa . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League 2007 / 08 Fixtures '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 15 September 2008 . Retrieved 21 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan Royals are IPL champions '' . The Times of India . 2 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Congratulate Rajasthan Royals '' . The Times of India . 2 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IPL auctions to be held '' . Jump up ^ `` IPL Auction : Players ' worth '' . Rediff Sports . 20 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Playing conditions Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , from ICC World Twenty20 homepage , retrieved 12 September 2007 Jump up ^ Final WorldTwenty20 Playing conditions Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , from ICC World Twenty20 homepage , retrieved 12 September 2007 Jump up ^ `` Orange Cap to separate best from the rest '' . The Times of India . 24 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` After Orange , IPL now introduces Purple Cap '' . The Times of India . 12 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Most man of the match awards '' . Rediff . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IPL cheergirls face ban in Maharashtra '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Poulomi ( 20 May 2008 ) . `` ' Colour of skin ' comes into play ' Dark ' girls told to leave '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta , India . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Poulomi ( 21 May 2008 ) . `` Cheerleaders called ' niggers ' -- Details of racial abuse at Mohali match out in the open '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta , India . Archived from the original on 26 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Cheerleader claims racist slur at IPL match Jump up ^ `` Kings XI Punjab v Mumbai Indians '' . Cricinfo. 24 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2008 . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bhajji slaps , Sree sobs '' . Calcutta , India : telegraphindia. 24 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2008 . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bhajji ' slaps ' Sreesanth , makes him cry '' . timesofindia. 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Match results -- Indian Premier League , 2007 / 08 '' . Cricinfo. 24 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . External links ( edit ) Official website IPL Live Streaming Cricinfo -- Indian Premier League IPL 2008 statistics hide Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Awards Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Indian_Premier_League&oldid=850512797 '' Categories : Indian Premier League seasons 2008 in Indian cricket 2008 Indian Premier League Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from March 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 10 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the purple cap for the first time in the history of ipl	[]	[]
-3090226060754021329	Game of Thrones (season 7)	Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Accolades 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Home media 5.4 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of harming dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Eddard Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter , the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . According to previous reports , some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . According to a report by Entertainment Weekly , the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran 69 minutes . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 96 % approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 , and a 93 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Ceremony Category Nominee ( s ) Result 22nd Satellite Awards Best Genre Series Game of Thrones Pending 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Pending Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Pending Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Pending 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Pending 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Pending Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Pending Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Pending Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Home media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Netflix , FX 's FEUD Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=816215974 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 00 : 31 . 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2790180410125623235	The Blank Slate	The Blank Slate - wikipedia The Blank Slate For other uses , see Blank slate ( disambiguation ) . The Blank Slate : The Modern Denial of Human Nature First edition cover Author Steven Pinker Country United States Language English Subject Human nature Publication date 2002 Media type Print ( Hardcover and Paperback ) Pages 509 pp ISBN 0 - 670 - 03151 - 8 The Blank Slate : The Modern Denial of Human Nature is a best - selling 2002 book by Steven Pinker , in which the author makes a case against tabula rasa models in the social sciences , arguing that human behavior is substantially shaped by evolutionary psychological adaptations . The book was nominated for the 2003 Aventis Prizes and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize . Contents 1 Summary 2 Reception 2.1 Positive 2.2 Negative 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Summary ( edit ) Pinker argues that modern science has challenged three `` linked dogmas '' that constitute the dominant view of human nature in intellectual life : the blank slate ( the mind has no innate traits ) -- empiricism the noble savage ( people are born good and corrupted by society ) -- romanticism the ghost in the machine ( each of us has a soul that makes choices free from biology ) Much of the book is dedicated to examining fears of the social and political consequences of his view of human nature : `` the fear of inequality '' `` the fear of imperfectibility '' `` the fear of determinism '' `` the fear of nihilism '' Pinker claims these fears are non sequiturs , and that the blank slate view of human nature would actually be a greater threat if it were true . For example , he argues that political equality does not require sameness , but policies that treat people as individuals with rights ; that moral progress does n't require the human mind to be naturally free of selfish motives , only that it has other motives to counteract them ; that responsibility does n't require behavior to be uncaused , only that it respond to praise and blame ; and that meaning in life does n't require that the process that shaped the brain must have a purpose , only that the brain itself must have purposes . He also argues that grounding moral values in claims about a blank slate opens them to the possibility of being overturned by future empirical discoveries . He further argues that a blank slate is in fact inconsistent with opposition to many social evils since a blank slate could be conditioned to enjoy servitude and degradation . Evolutionary and genetic inequality arguments do not necessarily support right - wing policies . Pinker writes that if everyone was equal regarding abilities it can be argued that it is only necessary to give everyone equal opportunity . On the other hand , if some people have less innate ability through no fault of their own , then this can be taken as support for redistribution policies to those with less innate ability . Further , laissez - faire economics is built upon an assumption of a rational actor , while evolutionary psychology suggests that people have many different goals and behaviors that do not fit the rational actor theory . Rising living standards , also for the poor , is often used as an argument that inequality need not be reduced , while evolutionary psychology may suggest that low status itself , apart from material considerations , is highly psychologically stressful and may cause dangerous and desperate behaviors , supporting a society reducing inequalities . Finally , evolutionary explanations may also help the left create policies with greater public support , suggesting that people 's sense of fairness ( caused by mechanisms such as reciprocal altruism ) rather than greed is a primary cause of opposition to welfare , if there is not a distinction in the proposals between what is perceived as the deserving and the undeserving poor . Pinker also gives several examples of harm done by the belief in a blank slate of human nature : Totalitarian social engineering . If the human mind is a blank slate completely formed by the environment , then ruthlessly and totally controlling every aspect of the environment will create perfect minds . Inappropriate or excessive blame of parents since if their children do not turn out well this is assumed to be entirely environmentally caused and especially due to the behavior of the parents . Release of dangerous psychopaths who quickly commit new crimes . Construction of massive and dreary tenement complexes since housing and environmental preferences are assumed to be culturally caused and superficial . Persecution and even mass murder of the successful who are assumed to have gained unfairly . This includes not only individuals but entire successful groups who are assumed to have become successful unfairly and by exploitation of other groups . Examples include Jews in Nazi Germany during the Holocaust ; kulaks in the Soviet Union ; teachers and `` rich '' peasants in the Cultural Revolution ; city dwellers and intellectuals under the Khmer Rouge . Reception ( edit ) Positive ( edit ) Psychologist David Buss stated `` This may be the most important book so far published in the 21st century . '' Psychologist David P. Barash wrote `` Pinker 's thinking and writing are first - rate ... maybe even better than that . '' Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins stated `` The Blank Slate is ... a stylish piece of work . I wo n't say it is better than The Language Instinct or How the Mind Works , but it is as good -- which is very high praise indeed . '' Philosopher Daniel Dennett wrote `` ( Pinker ) wades resolutely into the comforting gloom surrounding these not quite forbidden topics and calmly , lucidly marshals the facts to ground his strikingly subversive Darwinian claims -- subversive not of any of the things we properly hold dear but subversive of the phony protective layers of misinformation surrounding them . '' Negative ( edit ) Behaviorist Henry D. Schlinger wrote two more critical reviews of the book that emphasized the importance of learning . Behaviorist Elliot A. Ludvig criticized Pinker 's description of behaviorism and insights into behaviorist research . Philosopher John Dupré argued that the book overstated the case for biological explanations and argued for a balanced approach . Biologist H. Allen Orr argued that Pinker 's work often lacks scientific rigor , and suggests that it is `` soft science '' . Anthropologist Thomas Hylland Eriksen argued that most of Pinker 's arguments were flawed since they employed a strawman fallacy argumentation style , and selectively picked supporting evidence as well as foils . He wrote : `` perhaps the most damaging weakness in books of the generic Blank Slate kind is their intellectual dishonesty ( evident in the misrepresentation of the views of others ) , combined with a faith in simple solutions to complex problems . The paucity of nuance in the book is astonishing . '' Like Eriksen , Louis Menand , writing for The New Yorker , also claimed that Pinker 's arguments constituted a strawman fallacy , stating `` ( m ) any pages of ' The Blank Slate ' are devoted to bashing away at the Lockean - Rousseauian - Cartesian scarecrow that Pinker has created . '' Menand notes that Pinker misquotes and misunderstands Virginia Woolf as saying `` In or about December 1910 , human nature changed , '' ( Pinker 's response was `` Woolf was wrong . Human nature did not change in 1910 , or in any year thereafter . '' ) Woolf actually wrote `` On or about December 1910 human character changed , '' and she was writing about fiction , critiquing Literary realism compared to the modernist movement . See also ( edit ) Brown , Donald E . Cartesian linguistics Chomsky , Noam Evolutionary psychology Human Universals A Darwinian Left : Politics , Evolution and Cooperation Imprinting Locke , John Nature versus nurture Poverty of the stimulus Sociobiology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steven Pinker . `` Steven Pinker - Books - The Blank Slate '' . Pinker.wjh.harvard.edu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dr. David M. Buss ( January -- March 2003 ) . `` Book Review - The Nature of Human Nature : The Blank Slate : The Modern Denial of Human Nature '' ( PDF ) . Pathways : The Novartis Journal . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ David P. Barash ( 2002 ) . `` Turning the Tables on the Tabula Rasa '' ( PDF ) . Human Nature Review . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Steven Pinker . `` Steven Pinker - Books - The Blank Slate - Review Excerpts '' . Pinker.wjh.harvard.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Schlinger , Henry D. ( 2004 ) . `` The Almost Blank Slate '' . Skeptic Magazine . 11 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not So Fast , Mr. Pinker : A Behaviorist Looks at The Blank Slate . A Review of Steven Pinker 's The Blank - Schlinger - Behavior and Social Issues '' . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Behavior.org Jump up ^ Americanscientist.org Jump up ^ Orr , H. Allen ( 2003 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Darwinian Storytelling '' . New York Review of Books . 50 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Eriksen , Thomas Hylland ( 2007 ) . `` Tunnel vision '' . Social Anthropology. 15 ( 2 ) : 237 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0964 - 0282.2007. 00015. x . Jump up ^ Menand , Louis ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) . `` What Comes Naturally '' . The New Yorker . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Blank Slate Pinker 's website on The Blank Slate Steven Pinker ( 2002 ) MIT video lecture for book tour Meet the Flintstones by Simon Blackburn , a critical review of The Blank Slate . ' The Science and Politics of the Human Mind ' , review in the Oxonian Review The Great Debate Articles - Newcastle University debate on The Blank Slate and other topics . The Blank slate - Article by Pinker in General Psychologist , Vol. 41 , No. 1 , Spring 2006 Books by Steven Pinker The Language Instinct How the Mind Works Words and Rules The Blank Slate The Stuff of Thought The Better Angels of Our Nature The Sense of Style Enlightenment Now Evolutionary psychology Processes Altruism Group selection Kin selection Sexual selection Sociobiology Coevolution Evolutionarily stable strategy Areas Psychological development Morality Religion Depression Developmental psychopathology Educational psychology Evolutionary aesthetics Music Darwinian literary studies Evolution of emotion Biologists / Neuroscientists John Crook Charles Darwin Richard Dawkins Jared Diamond W.D. Hamilton Peter Kropotkin Gordon Orians Jaak Panksepp Margie Profet Giacomo Rizzolatti Randy Thornhill Robert Trivers Carel van Schaik Claus Wedekind Wolfgang Wickler David Sloan Wilson E.O. Wilson George C. Williams Anthropologists Jerome H. Barkow Robert Boyd Napoleon Chagnon Gregory Cochran Robin Dunbar Daniel Fessler Mark Flinn Henry Harpending John D. Hawks Joseph Henrich Ruth Mace Daniel Nettle Frank Salter Stephen Shennan Donald Symons John Tooby Pierre van den Berghe Behavioral economists / Political scientists Samuel Bowles Ernst Fehr Herbert Gintis Dominic D.P. Johnson Gad Saad Literary theory / Aesthetics Joseph Carroll Denis Dutton Psychologists / Cognitive scientists Simon Baron - Cohen Justin L. Barrett Jay Belsky David F. Bjorklund Paul Bloom Pascal Boyer Joseph Bulbulia David Buss Josep Call Anne Campbell Peter Carruthers Leda Cosmides Martin Daly Daniel Dennett Paul Ekman Anne Fernald David C. Geary Gerd Gigerenzer Jonathan Haidt Judith Rich Harris Aurelio José Figueredo Stephen Kaplan Douglas T. Kenrick Simon M. Kirby Robert Kurzban Michael T. McGuire Geoffrey Miller Randolph M. Nesse Steven Neuberg David Perrett Steven Pinker Paul Rozin Mark Schaller David P. Schmitt Todd K. Shackelford Roger Shepard Peter K. Smith Dan Sperber Anthony Stevens Frank Sulloway Michael Tomasello Mark van Vugt Andrew Whiten Glenn Wilson Margo Wilson Research centers / organizations Center for Evolutionary Psychology Human Behavior and Evolution Society Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences New England Complex Systems Institute Related subjects and articles The Adapted Mind The Evolution of Human Sexuality Evolutionary Psychology Evolution and Human Behavior Memetics Sociobiology Evolutionary neuroscience Human evolution Sociocultural evolution Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary psychology and culture Regality theory Biosocial criminology Criticism of evolutionary psychology Lists Evolutionary psychologists Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers Bibliography of evolution and human behavior Evolutionary psychology Psychology portal Evolutionary biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blank_Slate&oldid=856980077 '' Categories : 2002 books Books about evolutionary psychology Cognitive science literature English - language books Psychology books Works by Steven Pinker Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Shqip Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 19 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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-2993348410434312885	Fall in Love Like a Star	Fall in love Like a Star - wikipedia Fall in love Like a Star Fall in Love Like a Star Poster Chinese 怦然星动 Directed by Tony Chan Starring Yang Mi Li Yifeng Production companies H&R Century Pictures Haining Jiaxing Tianxia Entertainment Beijing Enlight Media Distributed by Bravo Entertainment Release date December 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 03 ) Running time 98 minutes Country China Language Mandarin Box office CN ¥ 159.7 million Fall in Love Like a Star ( Chinese : 怦然星动 ) is a 2015 Chinese romantic drama film directed by Tony Chan , starring Yang Mi and Li Yifeng . It was released on December 3 , 2015 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Su Xingyu , an instrument tuner for a rock band , meets and falls in love with the band 's assistant Tian Xin . The two daydream about becoming a famous singer - songwriter and artist manager , respectively . After Xingyu goes overseas to further his studies , Tian Xin decides to break up with him so that he could concentrate on his career . Five years has passed and Su Xingyu is a popular music artist . He gets into an argument with his manager , Mei , and ends up selecting Tian Xin as his new manager . When asked why he chose her , he simply responds by saying that he wants to torture her . One night , Tian Xin is out with friends to celebrate one of her friend 's birthday . There , she gets drunk and texts Su Xingyu that she still loves him . The next day , Xingyu demands that she explains herself to him . During a shoot gone wrong , Xingyu and Tian get stuck in a hot air balloon . When they land , Tian explains to him why she dumped him . She said that all his money was spent on long distance phone calls and that she did n't want him to suffer anymore . Xingyu suggest that they rekindle their relationship . Although Tian is hesitant , she reluctantly agrees . There , they stargaze and compare themselves to stars . Some time later , Xingyu and Tian are thriving as manager and artist . Xingyu and Tian decide to have sex and a paparazzi catches them on camera through an open window . When the paparazzi gives the picture to Mei , she goes to Tian and angrily berates her . Tian , thinking that she is n't good enough for Xingyu , leaves him . Xingyu searches for her , only to find an old bracelet of Tian , that he had gifted to her years ago , and a painting of the both of them stargazing . After the release of Xingyu 's album , `` Missing You '' , he is nominated for an award . Tian attends the award and watches from afar as he wins . Xingyu gives his speech and talks about Tian . He says that he does n't know where she is or why she left him again , but he hopes that she will return . At the end of his speech , he gives her a place to meet up with him , saying that he 'll be waiting for her . After that , he and Tian run off to the place and happily kiss each other . Right before the credits open , Tian and Xingyu are bickering behind a closed door . They both have decided to go to a party and show up in their outfits from Swords of Legends as Baili Tusu and Feng Qingxue , thinking that the party was a costume one . Cast ( edit ) Yang Mi as Tian Xin A hard working agent who was in a previous relationship with Su Xingyu . She ends up breaking up with him due to the fact that he was spending all his money on overseas phone calls . She still has feelings for him . Li Yifeng as Su Xingyu A successful musician who harbors hatred and love towards Tian Xin . He is hooked on making her suffer , even though he still has feelings for her . Leon Zhang as Gao Mang Gao Mang is a upcoming musician who is rivalling Su Xingyu in fame . Dilraba Dilmurat as May Li A celebrity who is in love with Xingyu . She ends up eventually dating Gao Mang . Chen Shu as Mei Jie An agent who manages Xingyu and eventually Gao Mang . Although she does n't hate Tian Xin , she believes that Tian Xin is a bad influence on Xingyu . David Wang as Chen Xuan A chef who is in love with Tian Xin . Jin Shijia as Bing Tiger Hu as Song Ming Reception ( edit ) Maggie Lee of Variety called the plot a `` mediocre pic '' that was reduced to a unrealistic romantic dross . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 怦然星动 ( 2015 ) '' . cbooo.cn ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Martian ' Wins Weekend , but ' Point Break ' Gathers Pace '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 怦然星动 ( 2015 ) '' . movie.douban.com ( in Chinese ) . douban.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Fall in Love Like a Star ' '' . Variety . External links ( edit ) Fall in Love Like a Star on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_in_Love_Like_a_Star&oldid=846049983 '' Categories : 2015 films Mandarin - language films 2010s romantic drama films Chinese films Chinese romantic drama films Chinese musical films Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 23 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	fall in love with a star chinese movie	[]	[]
-585453994702622333	Wall Street Crash of 1929	Wall Street crash of 1929 - wikipedia Wall Street crash of 1929 Jump to : navigation , search `` Wall Street Crash '' and `` Black Tuesday '' redirect here . For another event of the same name , see Wall Street Crash of 2008 . For the British vocal group , see Wall Street Crash ( group ) . For other uses , see Black Tuesday ( disambiguation ) . Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash The Wall Street Crash of 1929 , also known as Black Tuesday ( October 29 ) , the Great Crash , or the Stock Market Crash of 1929 , began on October 24 , 1929 ( `` Black Thursday '' ) , and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States ( acting as the most significant predicting indicator of the great depression ) , when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its after effects . The crash , which followed the London Stock Exchange 's crash of September , signalled the beginning of the 12 - year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline 2 Analysis 2.1 Economic fundamentals 2.2 Subsequent actions 2.3 World War II 3 Effects 3.1 Effect on Europe 4 Academic debate 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 References 9 External links Timeline ( edit ) The Dow Jones Industrial Average , 1928 -- 1930 The Roaring Twenties , the decade that followed World War I and led to the crash , was a time of wealth and excess . Building on post-war optimism , rural Americans migrated to the cities in vast numbers throughout the decade with the hopes of finding a more prosperous life in the ever - growing expansion of America 's industrial sector . While the American cities prospered , the overproduction of agricultural produce created widespread financial despair among American farmers throughout the decade . This would later be blamed as one of the key factors that led to the 1929 stock market crash . Despite the dangers of speculation , many believed that the stock market would continue to rise forever . On March 25 , 1929 , after the Federal Reserve warned of excessive speculation , a mini crash occurred as investors started to sell stocks at a rapid pace , exposing the market 's shaky foundation . Two days later , banker Charles E. Mitchell announced his company the National City Bank would provide $25 million in credit to stop the market 's slide . Mitchell 's move brought a temporary halt to the financial crisis and call money declined from 20 to 8 percent . However , the American economy showed ominous signs of trouble : steel production declined , construction was sluggish , automobile sales went down , and consumers were building up high debts because of easy credit . Despite all these economic trouble signs and the market breaks in March and May 1929 , stocks resumed their advance in June and the gains continued almost unabated until early September 1929 ( the Dow Jones average gained more than 20 % between June and September ) . The market had been on a nine - year run that saw the Dow Jones Industrial Average increase in value tenfold , peaking at 381.17 on September 3 , 1929 . Shortly before the crash , economist Irving Fisher famously proclaimed , `` Stock prices have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau . '' The optimism and financial gains of the great bull market were shaken after a well publicized early September prediction from financial expert Roger Babson that `` a crash was coming '' . The initial September decline was thus called the `` Babson Break '' in the press . This was the start of the Great Crash , although until the severe phase of the crash in October , many investors regarded the September `` Babson Break '' as a `` healthy correction '' and buying opportunity . On September 20 , the London Stock Exchange crashed when top British investor Clarence Hatry and many of his associates were jailed for fraud and forgery . The London crash greatly weakened the optimism of American investment in markets overseas . In the days leading up to the crash , the market was severely unstable . Periods of selling and high volumes were interspersed with brief periods of rising prices and recovery . Selling intensified in mid-October . On October 24 ( `` Black Thursday '' ) , the market lost 11 percent of its value at the opening bell on very heavy trading . The huge volume meant that the report of prices on the ticker tape in brokerage offices around the nation was hours late , so investors had no idea what most stocks were actually trading for at that moment , increasing panic . Several leading Wall Street bankers met to find a solution to the panic and chaos on the trading floor . The meeting included Thomas W. Lamont , acting head of Morgan Bank ; Albert Wiggin , head of the Chase National Bank ; and Charles E. Mitchell , president of the National City Bank of New York . They chose Richard Whitney , vice president of the Exchange , to act on their behalf . With the bankers ' financial resources behind him , Whitney placed a bid to purchase a large block of shares in U.S. Steel at a price well above the current market . As traders watched , Whitney then placed similar bids on other `` blue chip '' stocks . This tactic was similar to one that ended the Panic of 1907 . It succeeded in halting the slide . The Dow Jones Industrial Average recovered , closing with it down only 6.38 points for the day . The rally continued on Friday , October 25 , and the half day session on Saturday the 26th but , unlike 1907 , the respite was only temporary . The trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange in 1930 , six months after the crash of 1929 Over the weekend , the events were covered by the newspapers across the United States . On October 28 , `` Black Monday '' , more investors facing margin calls decided to get out of the market , and the slide continued with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 38.33 points , or 13 % . The next day , `` Black Tuesday '' , October 29 , 1929 , about 16 million shares traded as the panic selling reached its peak . Some stocks actually had no buyers at any price that day ( `` air pockets '' ) . The Dow lost an additional 30 points , or 12 percent . The volume of stocks traded on October 29 , 1929 , was a record that was not broken for nearly 40 years . On October 29 , William C. Durant joined with members of the Rockefeller family and other financial giants to buy large quantities of stocks to demonstrate to the public their confidence in the market , but their efforts failed to stop the large decline in prices . Due to the massive volume of stocks traded that day , the ticker did not stop running until about 7 : 45 p.m. . The market had lost over $30 billion in the space of two days which included $14 billion on October 29 alone . Dow Jones Industrial Average on Black Monday and Black Tuesday Date Change % Change Close October 28 , 1929 − 38.33 − 12.82 260.64 October 29 , 1929 − 30.57 − 11.73 230.07 After a one - day recovery on October 30 , where the Dow regained an additional 28.40 points , or 12 percent , to close at 258.47 , the market continued to fall , arriving at an interim bottom on November 13 , 1929 , with the Dow closing at 198.60 . The market then recovered for several months , starting on November 14 , with the Dow gaining 18.59 points to close at 217.28 , and reaching a secondary closing peak ( i.e. , bear market rally ) of 294.07 on April 17 , 1930 . The following year , the Dow embarked on another , much longer , steady slide from April 1931 to July 8 , 1932 , when it closed at 41.22 -- its lowest level of the 20th century , concluding an 89 percent loss rate for all of the market 's stocks . For most of the 1930s , the Dow began slowly to regain the ground it lost during the 1929 crash and the three years following it , beginning on March 15 , 1933 , with the largest percentage increase of 15.34 percent , with the Dow Jones closing at 62.10 , with an 8.26 point increase . The largest percentage increases of the Dow Jones occurred during the early and mid-1930s . In late 1937 , there was a sharp dip in the stock market , but prices held well above the 1932 lows . The market would not return to the peak closing of September 3 , 1929 , until November 23 , 1954 . Analysis ( edit ) Economic fundamentals ( edit ) The crash followed a speculative boom that had taken hold in the late 1920s . During the later half of the 1920s , steel production , building construction , retail turnover , automobiles registered , even railway receipts advanced from record to record . The combined net profits of 536 manufacturing and trading companies showed an increase , in fact for the first six months of 1929 , of 36.6 % over 1928 , itself a record half - year . Iron and steel led the way with doubled gains . Such figures set up a crescendo of stock - exchange speculation which had led hundreds of thousands of Americans to invest heavily in the stock market . A significant number of them were borrowing money to buy more stocks . By August 1929 , brokers were routinely lending small investors more than two - thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying . Over $8.5 billion was out on loan , more than the entire amount of currency circulating in the U.S. at the time . The rising share prices encouraged more people to invest ; people hoped the share prices would rise further . Speculation thus fueled further rises and created an economic bubble . Because of margin buying , investors stood to lose large sums of money if the market turned down -- or even failed to advance quickly enough . The average P / E ( price to earnings ) ratio of S&P Composite stocks was 32.6 in September 1929 , clearly above historical norms . Sir George Paish Good harvests had built up a mass of 250 million bushels of wheat to be `` carried over '' when 1929 opened . By May there was also a winter - wheat crop of 560 million bushels ready for harvest in the Mississippi Valley . This oversupply caused a drop in wheat prices so heavy that the net incomes of the farming population from wheat were threatened with extinction . Stock markets are always sensitive to the future state of commodity markets , and the slump in Wall Street predicted for May by Sir George Paish arrived on time . In June 1929 , the position was saved by a severe drought in the Dakotas and the Canadian West , plus unfavorable seed times in Argentina and eastern Australia . The oversupply would now be wanted to fill the big gaps in the 1929 world wheat production . From 97 ¢ per bushel in May , the price of wheat rose to $1.49 in July . When it was seen that at this figure the American farmers would get rather more for their smaller crop than for that of 1928 , up went stocks again and from far and wide orders came to buy shares for the profits to come . In August , the wheat price fell when France and Italy were bragging of a magnificent harvest , and the situation in Australia improved . This sent a shiver through Wall Street and stock prices quickly dropped , but word of cheap stocks brought a fresh rush of `` stags '' , amateur speculators and investors . Congress had also voted for a 100 million dollar relief package for the farmers , hoping to stabilize wheat prices . By October though , the price had fallen to $1.31 per bushel . Other important economic barometers were also slowing or even falling by mid-1929 , including car sales , house sales , and steel production . The falling commodity and industrial production may have dented even American self - confidence , and the stock market peaked on September 3 at 381.17 just after Labor Day , then started to falter after Roger Babson issued his prescient `` market crash '' forecast . By the end of September , the market was down 10 % from the peak ( the `` Babson Break '' ) . Selling intensified in early and mid October , with sharp down days punctuated by a few up days . Panic selling on huge volume started the week of October 21 and intensified and culminated on October 24 , the 28th and especially the 29th ( `` Black Tuesday '' ) . The president of the Chase National Bank said at the time : `` We are reaping the natural fruit of the orgy of speculation in which millions of people have indulged . It was inevitable , because of the tremendous increase in the number of stockholders in recent years , that the number of sellers would be greater than ever when the boom ended and selling took the place of buying . '' Subsequent actions ( edit ) In 1932 , the Pecora Commission was established by the U.S. Senate to study the causes of the crash . The following year , the U.S. Congress passed the Glass -- Steagall Act mandating a separation between commercial banks , which take deposits and extend loans , and investment banks , which underwrite , issue , and distribute stocks , bonds , and other securities . After the experience of the 1929 crash , stock markets around the world instituted measures to suspend trading in the event of rapid declines , claiming that the measures would prevent such panic sales . However , the one - day crash of Black Monday , October 19 , 1987 , when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 22.6 % , was worse in percentage terms than any single day of the 1929 crash ( although the combined 25 % decline of October 28 -- 29 , 1929 was larger than October 19 , 1987 , and remains the worst two - day decline ever ) . World War II ( edit ) The American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941 moved approximately ten million people out of the civilian labor force and into the war . World War II had a dramatic effect on many parts of the economy , and may have hastened the end of the Great Depression in the United States . Government - financed capital spending accounted for only 5 percent of the annual U.S. investment in industrial capital in 1940 ; by 1943 , the government accounted for 67 percent of U.S. capital investment . Effects ( edit ) Further information : Causes of the Great Depression Crowd at New York 's American Union Bank during a bank run early in the Great Depression Together , the 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression formed the largest financial crisis of the 20th century . The panic of October 1929 has come to serve as a symbol of the economic contraction that gripped the world during the next decade . The falls in share prices on October 24 and 29 , 1929 were practically instantaneous in all financial markets , except Japan . The Wall Street Crash had a major impact on the U.S. and world economy , and it has been the source of intense academic debate -- historical , economic , and political -- from its aftermath until the present day . Some people believed that abuses by utility holding companies contributed to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Depression that followed . Many people blamed the crash on commercial banks that were too eager to put deposits at risk on the stock market . In 1930 , 1,352 banks held more than $853 million in deposits ; in 1931 , one year later , 2,294 banks went down with nearly $1.7 billion in deposits . Many businesses failed ( 28,285 failures and a daily rate of 133 in 1931 ) . The 1929 crash brought the Roaring Twenties to a shuddering halt . As tentatively expressed by economic historian Charles P. Kindleberger , in 1929 , there was no lender of last resort effectively present , which , if it had existed and were properly exercised , would have been key in shortening the business slowdown ( s ) that normally follows financial crises . The crash marked the beginning of widespread and long - lasting consequences for the United States . Historians still debate the question : did the 1929 Crash spark The Great Depression , or did it merely coincide with the bursting of a loose credit - inspired economic bubble ? Only 16 % of American households were invested in the stock market within the United States during the period leading up to the depression , suggesting that the crash carried somewhat less of a weight in causing the depression . Unemployed men march in Toronto However , the psychological effects of the crash reverberated across the nation as businesses became aware of the difficulties in securing capital market investments for new projects and expansions . Business uncertainty naturally affects job security for employees , and as the American worker ( the consumer ) faced uncertainty with regards to income , naturally the propensity to consume declined . The decline in stock prices caused bankruptcies and severe macroeconomic difficulties including contraction of credit , business closures , firing of workers , bank failures , decline of the money supply , and other economically depressing events . The resultant rise of mass unemployment is seen as a result of the crash , although the crash is by no means the sole event that contributed to the depression . The Wall Street Crash is usually seen as having the greatest impact on the events that followed and therefore is widely regarded as signaling the downward economic slide that initiated the Great Depression . True or not , the consequences were dire for almost everybody . Most academic experts agree on one aspect of the crash : It wiped out billions of dollars of wealth in one day , and this immediately depressed consumer buying . The failure set off a worldwide run on US gold deposits ( i.e. the dollar ) , and forced the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates into the slump . Some 4,000 banks and other lenders ultimately failed . Also , the uptick rule , which allowed short selling only when the last tick in a stock 's price was positive , was implemented after the 1929 market crash to prevent short sellers from driving the price of a stock down in a bear raid . Effect on Europe ( edit ) The stock market crash of October 1929 led directly to the Great Depression in Europe . When stocks plummeted on the New York Stock Exchange , the world noticed immediately . Although financial leaders in the United Kingdom , as in the United States , vastly underestimated the extent of the crisis that would ensue , it soon became clear that the world 's economies were more interconnected than ever . The effects of the disruption to the global system of financing , trade , and production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy were soon felt throughout Europe . During 1930 and 1931 , in particular , unemployed workers went on strike , demonstrated in public , and otherwise took direct action to call public attention to their plight . Protests often focused on the so - called Means Test , which the government had instituted in 1931 as a way to limit the amount of unemployment payments made to individuals and families . For working people , the Means Test seemed an intrusive and insensitive way to deal with the chronic and relentless deprivation caused by the economic crisis . The strikes were met forcefully , with police breaking up protests , arresting demonstrators , and charging them with crimes related to the violation of public order . Academic debate ( edit ) Economists and historians disagree as to what role the crash played in subsequent economic , social , and political events . The Economist argued in a 1998 article that the Depression did not start with the stock market crash , nor was it clear at the time of the crash that a depression was starting . They asked , `` Can a very serious Stock Exchange collapse produce a serious setback to industry when industrial production is for the most part in a healthy and balanced condition ? '' They argued that there must be some setback , but there was not yet sufficient evidence to prove that it will be long or that it need go to the length of producing a general industrial depression . But The Economist also cautioned that some bank failures are also to be expected and some banks may not have any reserves left for financing commercial and industrial enterprises . They concluded that the position of the banks is the key to the situation , but what was going to happen could not have been foreseen . Academics see the Wall Street Crash of 1929 as part of a historical process that was a part of the new theories of boom and bust . According to economists such as Joseph Schumpeter , Nikolai Kondratiev and Charles E. Mitchell , the crash was merely a historical event in the continuing process known as economic cycles . The impact of the crash was merely to increase the speed at which the cycle proceeded to its next level . Milton Friedman 's A Monetary History of the United States , co-written with Anna Schwartz , advances the argument that what made the `` great contraction '' so severe was not the downturn in the business cycle , protectionism , or the 1929 stock market crash in themselves -- but instead , according to Friedman and Schwartz , what plunged the country into a deep depression was the collapse of the banking system during three waves of panics over the 1930 -- 33 period . See also ( edit ) United States portal 1920s portal List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Depression & WWII ( 1929 -- 1945 ) '' . Americaslibrary.gov . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bone , James . `` The beginner 's guide to stock markets '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . The most savage bear market of all time was the Wall Street Crash of 1929 -- 1932 , in which share prices fell by 89 per cent . Jump up ^ `` Stock Market Crash of 1929 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America gets depressed by thoughts of 1929 revisited '' The Sunday Times ^ Jump up to : Dan Bryan . `` The Great ( Farm ) Depression of the 1920s '' . American History USA . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://millercenter.org/president/coolidge/essays/biography/8 ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : A selected Wall Street chronology '' . PBS . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Teach , Edward ( May 1 , 2007 ) . `` The Bright Side of Bubbles '' . CFO . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Harold Bierman , Jr. ( April 1998 ) . The Causes of the 1929 Stock Market Crash : A Speculative Orgy or a New Era ? . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 19 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30629 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Great Depression , by Robert Goldston , pages 39 -- 40 Jump up ^ `` The Panic of 2008 ? What Do We Name the Crisis ? '' The Wall Street Journal Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . NYSE Euronext . NYSE . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Weeks , Linton . `` History 's Advice During A Panic ? Do n't Panic '' . NPR . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Crash of 1929 '' . PBS . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Salsman , Richard M. `` The Cause and Consequences of the Great Depression , Part 1 : What Made the Roaring ' 20s Roar '' , The Intellectual Activist , ISSN 0730 - 2355 , June 2004 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : New York : A Documentary Film PBS Jump up ^ `` Dow Jones Industrial Average All - Time Largest One Day Gains and Losses '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DJIA 1929 to Present '' , Yahoo ! Finance Jump up ^ `` U.S. Industrial Stocks Pass 1929 Peak '' , The Times , November 24 , 1954 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Broad Facts of , Ilsa Crisis '' . The Daily News . Perth , Western Australia : National Library of Australia . November 1 , 1929 . p. 6 ( Edition : Home Final Edition ) . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Richard ( July 19 , 2008 ) . `` Crashes , Bangs & Wallops '' . Financial Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . At the turn of the 20th century stock market speculation was restricted to professionals , but the 1920s saw millions of ' ordinary Americans ' investing in the New York Stock Exchange . By August 1929 , brokers had lent small investors more than two - thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying on margin -- more than $8.5 bn was out on loan . Jump up ^ Facing the facts : an economic diagnosis . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shiller , Robert ( March 17 , 2005 ) . `` Irrational Exuberance , Second Edition '' . Princeton University Press . Retrieved February 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Doug Short ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Stock Market 's Valuation Rarely Gets This High '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` Grain Plunges '' . The Courier - Mail . Brisbane , Qld : National Library of Australia . October 26 , 1929 . p. 19 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Selling . New York Panic . '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney , NSW : National Library of Australia . October 26 , 1929 . p. 17 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Second Crash '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney , NSW : National Library of Australia . October 30 , 1929 . p. 17 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Selective Service System . ( May 27 , 2003 ) . Induction Statistics . In Inductions ( by year ) from World War I Through the End of the Draft ( 1973 ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hyman , Louis ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` How Did World War II End the Great Depression ? : Echoes '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paulson affirms Bush assessment '' , The Washington Times Jump up ^ Scardino , Albert ( October 21 , 1987 ) . `` The Market Turmoil : Past lessons , present advice ; Did ' 29 Crash Spark The Depression ? '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Crashes , Bangs & Wallops '' Financial Times Jump up ^ Jameson , Angela ( August 10 , 2005 ) , `` Pyramid structures brought down by Wall Street Crash '' The Times , Retrieved March 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Death of the Brokerage : The Future of Wall Street '' National Public Radio Jump up ^ `` Kaboom ! ... and bust . The crash of 2008 '' The Times ^ Jump up to : `` The Market Turmoil : Past lessons , present advice ; Did ' 29 Crash Spark The Depression ? '' The New York Times Jump up ^ `` Practice has plenty of historical precedents '' Financial Times Jump up ^ `` Funds want ' uptick ' rule back '' Financial Times ^ Jump up to : `` Context : : European History '' . www.dhr.history.vt.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Economics focus : The Great Depression '' , The Economist ( September 17 , 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Reactions of the Wall Street slump '' , The Economist ( November 23 , 1929 ) Jump up ^ `` Panic control '' The Washington Times Further reading ( edit ) Axon , Gordon V . The Stock Market Crash of 1929 . London , England : Mason & Lipscomb Publishers Inc. , 1974 . Bierman , Harold ( March 26 , 2008 ) . Whaples , Robert , ed . `` The 1929 Stock Market Crash '' . EH.Net Encyclopedia . Santa Clara , California : Economic History Association . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Brooks , John . ( 1969 ) . Once in Golconda : A True Drama of Wall Street 1920 -- 1938 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01375 - 8 . Galbraith , John Kenneth . `` 1929 : New York City . '' Lapham 's Quarterly , no . 2 ( Spring 2015 ) : 145 -- 146 Galbraith , John Kenneth . ( 1954 ) . The Great Crash , 1929 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 85999 - 9 . Klein , Maury. ( 2001 ) . Rainbow 's End : The Crash of 1929 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513516 - 4 . Klingaman , William K. ( 1989 ) . 1929 : The Year of the Great Crash . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016081 - 0 . Leone , Bruno . The Great Depression : Opposing Viewpoints , 14 -- 25 . San Diego , CA : Bender , David L. , 1994 . Pendergast , Tom . American Decades : 1920 -- 1929 . Farmington Hills , MI : UXL American Decades Publishing , 2003 . Reed , Lawrence W. ( 1981 & 2008 ) . Great Myths of the Great Depression . Midland , Michigan : Mackinac Center . Rothbard , Murray N. ( 2000 ) . America 's Great Depression ( PDF ) ( 5th ed . ) . Auburn , Alabama : Ludwig von Mises Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945466 - 05 - 5 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Salsman , Richard M. `` The Cause and Consequences of the Great Depression '' in The Intellectual Activist , ISSN 0730 - 2355 : `` Part 1 : What Made the Roaring ' 20s Roar '' , June 2004 , pp. 16 -- 24 . `` Part 2 : Hoover 's Progressive Assault on Business '' , July 2004 , pp. 10 -- 20 . `` Part 3 : Roosevelt 's Raw Deal '' , August 2004 , pp. 9 -- 20 . `` Part 4 : Freedom and Prosperity '' , January 2005 , pp. 14 -- 23 . Shachtman , Tom . ( 1979 ) . The Day America Crashed : A Narrative Account of the Great Stock Market Crash of October 24 , 1929 . New York : G.P. Putnam . ISBN 0 - 399 - 11613 - 3 . Thomas , Gordon and Morgan - Witts , Max . ( 1979 ) . The Day the Bubble Burst : A Social History of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 14370 - 2 . Watkins , Tom H. The Great Depression : America in the 1930s , 22 -- 55 . New York , NY : Little , Brown & Company , 1993 . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Wall Street Crash of 1929 at Wikimedia Commons The Crash of 1929 , American Experience documentary Great Depression Topics Causes Wall Street Crash of 1929 Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act Dust Bowl New Deal Recession of 1937 -- 1938 Effects by area Australia Canada Chile Central Europe France Germany India Japan Latin America Netherlands South Africa United Kingdom United States Cities Commons Stock market crashes 17th century Early stock market crashes in the Dutch Republic 18th century The Mississippi Bubble South Sea Bubble of 1720 Panic of 1792 Panic of 1796 -- 97 19th century Panic of 1819 Panic of 1825 Panic of 1837 Panic of 1847 Panic of 1857 Black Friday ( 1869 ) Panic of 1873 Paris Bourse crash of 1882 Panic of 1884 Encilhamento Panic of 1893 Panic of 1896 20th century Panic of 1901 Panic of 1907 Depression of 1920 -- 21 Wall Street Crash of 1929 Recession of 1937 -- 38 1971 Brazilian markets crash 1973 -- 74 stock market crash Souk Al - Manakh stock market crash ( 1982 ) Japanese asset price bubble ( 1986 -- 1991 ) Black Monday ( 1987 ) Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange collapse Friday the 13th mini-crash ( 1989 ) 1990s Japanese stock market crash Dot - com bubble ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1997 Asian financial crisis October 27 , 1997 , mini-crash 1998 Russian financial crisis 21st century Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks ( 2001 ) Stock market downturn of 2002 Chinese stock bubble of 2007 United States bear market of 2007 -- 09 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Dubai debt standstill European debt crisis 2010 Flash Crash 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami ( Aftermath ) August 2011 stock markets fall 2011 Bangladesh share market scam 2015 -- 16 Chinese stock market turbulence 2015 -- 16 stock market crash 2016 United Kingdom EU referendum ( Aftermath ) See also : List of stock market crashes and bear markets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929&oldid=801271744 '' Categories : 1929 in economics 1929 in international relations 1929 in New York City Economic bubbles Great Depression in the United States Roaring Twenties Stock market crashes October 1929 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the stock market crash in the great depression	[ "The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday (October 29),[1] the Great Crash, or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began on October 24, 1929 (\"Black Thursday\"), and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States (acting as the most significant predicting indicator of the great depression), when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its after effects.[2] The crash, which followed the London Stock Exchange's crash of September, signalled the beginning of the 12-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries.[3]" ]	[ "October 24, 1929" ]
1876689443279052718	The New Breed (ECW)	The New Breed ( ECW ) - wikipedia The New Breed ( ECW ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the wrestling faction . For other uses , see The New Breed ( disambiguation ) . The New Breed The New Breed logo Stable Members Elijah Burke ( leader ) Marcus Cor Von Matt Striker Kevin Thorn Ariel CM Punk Debut February 6 , 2007 Disbanded June 2007 Years active 2007 The New Breed was a heel professional wrestling stable that appeared on the ECW brand of World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) in 2007 . It was originally composed of Elijah Burke and Marcus Cor Von . Matt Striker , Kevin Thorn , and Ariel first joined the stable in February 2007 , then CM Punk briefly joined the stable in April 2007 . The faction was created to feud with wrestlers who had been a part of the original Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) promotion in the 1990s . WWE revived ECW as a third brand in 2006 , and hired several former ECW wrestlers -- the ECW Originals -- to compete on the brand . In early 2007 , the New Breed was created when Vince McMahon , the WWE chairman , touted Burke and Cor Von as the epitome of the new ECW , while insulting the ECW Originals . Striker , Thorn , and Ariel joined the following week . The New Breed instantly began feuding with the ECW Originals . They faced off in several matches throughout the year , including at WrestleMania 23 . After this , both groups began recruiting CM Punk , who elected to join the New Breed . Two weeks later however , he turned on Burke during a match . Thorn and Ariel left the stable shortly afterward as well . The New Breed continued to feud with the Originals and Punk , and also with The Major Brothers , a new tag team who had defeated Striker and Cor Von in their debut match . By June 2007 , the stable had dissolved , with the three remaining members quietly separating . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 History 2.1 Formation 2.2 Recruiting CM Punk 2.3 Dissolution and aftermath 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Concept ( edit ) World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) acquired Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) and its video library in 2003 , and later began reintroducing ECW by utilizing ECW library content for DVDs and releasing a series of books . The popularity of ECW merchandise prompted WWE to organize an ECW reunion pay - per - view , ECW One Night Stand , in 2005 . WWE organized a second One Night Stand pay - per - view the following year . In May 2006 WWE announced the launch of ECW as a stand - alone brand , congruous to Raw and SmackDown ! , with its own show on the Sci Fi channel . In preparation for the launch of the ECW brand , WWE hired several original ECW wrestlers , including Sabu , The Sandman , and Balls Mahoney . It was also announced that wrestlers who had previously worked for ECW before joining WWE following its closure , including Rob Van Dam and Tommy Dreamer , would be moving to the new ECW brand . The term `` new breed '' was originally used to describe the revived ECW brand as a whole , with advertisements and articles using the tagline `` A new breed unleashed '' . In early 2007 , the term began to be used as the name for a new stable ( faction ) on the new ECW brand , which consisted solely of wrestlers that had not been a part of the original ECW . This stable quickly began feuding with the ECW Originals -- wrestlers who had been part of the original ECW . History ( edit ) Elijah Burke was the leader of The New Breed Formation ( edit ) On January 30 , 2007 , Vince McMahon , the chairman of WWE , appeared on ECW on Sci Fi . In several backstage segments , he showed disdain for wrestlers that were a part of the original ECW -- the ECW Originals . While demeaning the Originals , McMahon simultaneously showed appreciation for newer wrestlers , calling Marcus Cor Von `` a breath of fresh air '' and bringing Elijah Burke to the ring with him to tout Burke as the epitome of the new ECW . As a result , Tommy Dreamer , Balls Mahoney , Sabu , and The Sandman interrupted and attacked Burke , provoking a feud . The next week , McMahon appeared on ECW again , insulting Dreamer , Mahoney , Sabu , The Sandman , and Rob Van Dam , before informing them that they would be fired if they interfered in each other 's matches that night . Matt Striker and Kevin Thorn , along with his valet Ariel , joined forces with Burke and Cor Von as the New Breed . Striker was named the special guest referee for Thorn 's match with Dreamer that night , and refused to count a pinfall for Dreamer , allowing Thorn to win . Burke defeated Van Dam later in the night , and the New Breed members attacked Van Dam until they were chased off by the other ECW Originals . The feud continued throughout March and April , with the factions facing off against each other in several singles and tag team matches . In early March , Dreamer challenged the New Breed to a match at WrestleMania 23 on behalf of the Originals . The following week , Dreamer won a battle royal featuring members of the New Breed and the Originals . In the final weeks leading up to WrestleMania , the stables continued to clash , with Van Dam defeating Burke on the March 27 episode of ECW . This provoked an attack on Van Dam by the other New Breed members , until the Originals made the save . At WrestleMania , the New Breed members lost to the ECW Originals in an eight - man tag team match , but on the following episode of ECW on Sci Fi , they defeated the ECW Originals in an extreme rules rematch . Recruiting CM Punk ( edit ) CM Punk was recruited by both the New Breed and the ECW Originals Just prior to WrestleMania , both the New Breed and the ECW Originals began attempting to recruit CM Punk into their stables . On the April 3 episode of ECW , Cor Von eventually told Punk to choose a side , stating that Punk was either with the New Breed or against them . The following week , Punk made his decision and joined the New Breed , shaking hands with Burke in the ring . The next week , his presence immediately created tension within the group , as he berated Cor Von and Thorn for losing and undermined Burke 's position as the leader of the New Breed . Later that episode , Burke faced Van Dam in a singles match . Punk attempted to interfere , sliding a steel chair into the ring , but Van Dam got to it first and hit Burke with it . Afterward , Punk apologized to Burke . The following week , Punk apologized again , but was forced by Burke to miss an eight - man elimination tag team match between the Originals and the New Breed . In retaliation , Punk attacked Burke , causing him to lose the match , and left the New Breed . The following week , on the May 1 episode of ECW , Burke announced a match between Thorn and Punk , which Thorn lost . After the match , Thorn quit the New Breed , as none of the other members interfered during the match to help him . That same night , Striker and Cor Von lost to the debuting tag team of The Major Brothers ( Brian and Brett ) . Striker was pinned and as a result , Burke blamed Striker , berating him for the loss and creating tension between the two . The following week , Cor Von defeated Punk in a singles match following interference from Burke , and Burke defeated one - half of The Major Brothers , Brian . Punk gained revenge at the Judgment Day pay - per - view in late May however , when he defeated Burke in a singles match . On the next episode of ECW , Striker defeated Brett Major while Burke and Cor Von lost to the team of Van Dam and Punk by disqualification when Cor Von attacked Punk despite not being the legal man in the match . After this , Van Dam was moved into a feud with Randy Orton and Punk joined forces with Dreamer and The Sandman to replace Sabu , who had left WWE in mid-May . At the One Night Stand pay - per - view in June , Burke , Cor Von , and Striker lost to Punk , Dreamer , and The Sandman in a tables match . Dissolution and aftermath ( edit ) In mid-2007 , the New Breed was phased out as a group . Cor Von and Burke remained loosely aligned and teamed together on a few occasions until mid-June . After this , Cor Von took an extended leave of absence before being released from the company in September . Burke remained part of ECW and received a push in late June and July , challenging for the ECW World Championship on several occasions . Throughout the remainder of 2007 and most of 2008 , he was rarely used in a prominent role and was released in November 2008 . Ariel was released from WWE on May 18 , shortly after she and Thorn left the New Breed . Thorn remained on ECW for several months , but was sent to WWE 's developmental territory in early 2008 . He was eventually released from his contract in early 2009 . Following his release , he criticized the storylines in which the stable was involved , especially the fact that the stable was used to push CM Punk , stating that it `` could have been done differently '' . Fertig also felt that there was `` so much more '' that could have done with the stable , due to `` eclectic '' mix of people involved . Following the dissolution of the New Breed , Striker began managing wrestler Big Daddy V until 2008 . He later transitioned into a commentator role in August 2008 , and worked in a variety of roles , including as the host of WWE NXT and a backstage interviewer , until WWE opted not to renew his contract in June 2013 . CM Punk won the ECW Championship in September 2007 and , after leaving the ECW brand in 2008 , he went on to become a three - time World Heavyweight Champion , as well as a two - time WWE Champion . He departed WWE in 2014 and subsequently signed with UFC later that year . See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal ECW Originals ECW ( WWE ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ECW back on TV ; Sci - Fi to host new WWE program '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer. 2006 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Shields , Brian ; Sullivan , Kevin ( 2009 ) . WWE : History of WrestleMania . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` WWE brings ECW to Sci Fi Channel '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Williams III , Ed ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) . `` An extreme awakening makes Cena snap '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . The slogan for ECW is `` a new breed unleashed '' Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 01 - 31 ) . `` ECW : Lashley and Test yet again '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 02 - 07 ) . `` ECW : Vince shows up again '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 02 - 14 ) . `` ECW : Originals vs. New Breed '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 02 - 21 ) . `` ECW : Triple Threat for Lashley '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) . `` ECW : Beat the clock , Lashley '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 03 - 07 ) . `` ECW : Stone Cold in the house '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 03 - 14 ) . `` ECW : More McMahon , more Snitsky '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 03 - 21 ) . `` ECW : New Breed dominance '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 03 - 28 ) . `` ECW : Last stop before ' Mania '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ; Tylwalk , Nick ( 2007 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Undertaker the champ , McMahon bald ; WrestleMania 23 delivers big time '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 04 - 04 ) . `` ECW : Originals and New Breed Extreme rematch '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 04 - 10 ) . `` ECW : Decision time for Punk '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 04 - 18 ) . `` ECW : New Breed tension ? '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 04 - 24 ) . `` ECW : Which side is Punk on ? '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 05 - 02 ) . `` ECW : The New Breed crumbling '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 05 - 09 ) . `` ECW : Vince continues the spirit killing '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Brian ( 2007 - 05 - 21 ) . `` WWE just passes on Judgment Day '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ECW : New Breed kind of night '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer. 2007 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 05 - 29 ) . `` ECW : Dreamer challenges Orton '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Jon ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) . `` ECW Original , Sabu , among Tuesday releases '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 06 - 03 ) . `` One Night Stand a PPV gong show '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 06 - 05 ) . `` ECW : Lashley again faces the odds '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKinder , Matt ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` ECW : `` Remembering '' Mr. McMahon `` . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Cor Von '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Cor Von released '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . 2007 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Xamin , Mark ; Oliver , Greg . `` '' The Pope '' D'Angelo Dinero `` . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ariel , Scotty 2 Hotty & Nick Mitchell released '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . 2007 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Thorn '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Matt ( 2009 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Kevin Thorn vows a new beginning '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Striker '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Matt ( 2008 - 08 - 06 ) . `` ECW : Verbal duel inspired by Conan '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Changes with WWE commentary '' . WrestleView . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Jon ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Matt Striker gone from WWE '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Heavyweight Championship : CM Punk ( 1 ) '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Heavyweight Championship : CM Punk ( 2 ) '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Heavyweight Championship : CM Punk ( 3 ) '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` History of the WWE Championship : CM Punk '' . WWE . July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of the WWE Championship : CM Punk ( 2 ) '' . WWE . November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The New Breed Ariel CM Punk Elijah Burke Kevin Thorn Marcus Cor Von Matt Striker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Breed_(ECW)&oldid=825837202 '' Categories : ECW ( WWE ) teams and stables WWE teams and stables Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 18 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	wwe wrestlemania 23 ecw originals vs new breed	[]	[]
-903662978238257655	Made in Dagenham	Made in Dagenham - Wikipedia Made in Dagenham Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Made in Dagenham Directed by Nigel Cole Produced by Elizabeth Karlsen Stephen Woolley Written by William Ivory Starring Sally Hawkins Bob Hoskins Miranda Richardson Geraldine James Rosamund Pike Andrea Riseborough Jaime Winstone Daniel Mays Richard Schiff Music by David Arnold Cinematography John de Borman Edited by Michael Parker Production company Audley Films BBC Films BMS Finance HanWay Films Lipsync Productions Number 9 Films UK Film Council Universal Pictures ( Canada ) Sony Pictures Classics ( USA ) Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date 11 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 11 ) ( TIFF ) 1 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 113 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget £ 5 million Box office $12.3 million Made in Dagenham is a 2010 British film directed by Nigel Cole . The film stars Sally Hawkins , Bob Hoskins , Miranda Richardson , Geraldine James , Rosamund Pike , Andrea Riseborough , Jaime Winstone , Daniel Mays and Richard Schiff . It dramatises the Ford sewing machinists strike of 1968 that aimed for equal pay for women . The film 's theme song , with lyrics by Billy Bragg , is performed by Sandie Shaw , herself a native of the area and a former Ford Dagenham clerk . A stage musical version of the film opened at London 's Adelphi theatre in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Locations 3 Cast 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 Musical 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( October 2015 ) Based on a true story , Made in Dagenham explores the movement that caused a significant law reform . Rita O'Grady ( a fictional character ) leads the 1968 Ford sewing machinists strike at the Ford Dagenham plant , where female workers walk out in protest against sexual discrimination , demanding equal pay . This strike causes a lot of public attention around the world and was seen as out of the ordinary to many because it was not in a woman 's nature to do anything else other than the traditional family roles . The strike is successful and leads to the Equal Pay Act 1970 . Locations ( edit ) Mardyke estate Dagenham Civic Centre Cast ( edit ) Sally Hawkins as Rita O'Grady Bob Hoskins as Albert Miranda Richardson as Employment Secretary Barbara Castle Geraldine James as Connie Rosamund Pike as Lisa Hopkins Andrea Riseborough as Brenda Jaime Winstone as Sandra Daniel Mays as Eddie O'Grady Richard Schiff as Robert Tooley Lorraine Stanley as Monica Nicola Duffett as Eileen Andrew Lincoln as Mr. Clarke Rupert Graves as Peter Hopkins Joseph Mawle as Gordon Robbie Kay as Graham O'Grady Kenneth Cranham as Monty Taylor John Sessions as Prime Minister Harold Wilson Marcus Hutton as Grant Roger Lloyd - Pack as George Phil Cornwell as Dave Matthew Aubrey as Brian Karen Seacombe as Marge Thomas Arnold as Martin Sian Scott as Sharon O'Grady Philip Perry as Arthur Horovitz Peter - Hugo Daly as Bartholomew Simon Armstrong as Rogers Matilda Cole as Emily Romy Taylor as Rosie Danny Huston as American Boss ( voice only ) Mitchell Mullen as Kronnfeld Matt King as Trevor Innes Gina Bramhill as Hopkins ' Secretary Reception ( edit ) Of 122 Rotten Tomatoes reviews , 80 % rated the film `` fresh '' . Maclean 's , in a review for the film 's 2010 Toronto International Film Festival premiere , called it a `` ... combination of Milk and Mad Men ... It 's a film that blatantly condemns sexism and shows , despite its mostly light tone , the real cost of fighting for civil rights . The bee - hived and bobbed characters are fully fleshed and well - rounded even though they fit into ' 60s archetypes , and the period piece balances optimism and realism in a way that 's both compelling and fun to watch . '' Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it three stars out of five , calling it `` ... uncomplicated fare , overly spiced with 60s cliches ... But the film is also robust , amiable and so warm - hearted you 'd be a churl to take against it . '' Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four. , while David Cox , also of The Guardian , gave a less glowing review , suggesting that , despite initial potential , `` ... a promising opportunity has been squandered . '' Mark Kermode praised the film highly on his weekly show on BBC Radio 5 Live . He ranked it as his fourth favourite film of 2010 , beating such films as The Social Network and Another Year . Made in Dagenham was nominated for four awards at the 2010 British Academy Film Awards ; Outstanding British Film , Costume Design , Make Up & Hair Design and Supporting Actress ( Miranda Richardson ) . Soundtrack ( edit ) A soundtrack for the film was released , with the following tracks : ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me - Sandie Shaw Get Ready - The Temptations Israelites - Desmond Dekker & The Aces It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World - James Brown Days - The Kinks Can I Get a Witness - Dusty Springfield All or Nothing - Small Faces The Boat That I Row - Lulu It 's Getting Better - Mama Cass A Groovy Kind of Love - The Mindbenders Wooly Bully - Sam The Sham & The Pharaohs Sunday Will Never Be The Same - Spanky and Our Gang Green Tambourine - Lemon Pipers Paper Sun - Traffic Friday on My Mind - The Easybeats With a Girl Like You - The Troggs You Can Get It If You Really Want - Desmond Dekker Made In Dagenham - Sandie Shaw The title song was written by David Arnold and Billy Bragg just for the film . Musical ( edit ) Main article : Made in Dagenham ( musical ) A musical adaption of the film opened on 5 November 2014 , at the Adelphi Theatre in London . Scripted by Richard Bean , and directed by Rupert Goold , it starred Gemma Arterton in the lead role . References ( edit ) General references BBC Films - Made in Dagenham Observer article Mark Kermode Uncut - Feeling Good in Dagenham Long synopsis at Woolton Picture House Information on the Visteon Pension Action Group The story of the strike , in an article published by the socialist group Workers ' Liberty to mark the 40th anniversary in 2008 Specific references Jump up ^ `` Made in Dagenham : interview with producers Stephen Woolley and Elizabeth Karlsen '' . The Daily Telegraph . 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Made in Dagenham at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Allott , Serena ( 9 September 2010 ) . `` Made in Dagenham : set report '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Made in Dagenham at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` ' Made in Dagenham ' : Sweet 1960s sensibility and labour unions '' . Maclean 's . 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Made in Dagenham '' . The Guardian . 21 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Made in Dagenham : a squandered opportunity '' . The Guardian . 13 September 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` My Top Five Films of the Year '' . BBC . 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Made in Dagenham : Original Soundtrack at AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gemma Arterton to star in Made in Dagenham musical '' . BBC . 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Made in Dagenham at BFI Made in Dagenham at British Council -- Film Made in Dagenham at LUMIERE Made in Dagenham on IMDb Made in Dagenham at British Comedy Guide BBC Film Network - Made in Dagenham interview Made in Dagenham The Musical ( hide ) Films directed by Nigel Cole Saving Grace ( 2000 ) Calendar Girls ( 2003 ) A Lot like Love ( 2005 ) Five Dollars a Day ( 2008 ) Made in Dagenham ( 2010 ) The Wedding Video ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Made_in_Dagenham&oldid=807662910 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s drama films British films British drama films Dagenham Feminist films Films about the labor movement Films set in 1968 Films set in London Ford of Europe Film scores by David Arnold Films produced by Elizabeth Karlsen Number 9 Films films Paramount Pictures films Sony Pictures Classics films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use British English from June 2016 Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Euskara Français Italiano עברית Norsk Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 11 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played barbara castle in made in dagenham	[ "Miranda Richardson as Employment Secretary Barbara Castle" ]	[ "Miranda Richardson" ]
-3751332570863210311	Supreme court	Supreme Court - Wikipedia Supreme Court Jump to : navigation , search For specific national supreme courts , see List of supreme courts by country . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in many legal jurisdictions . Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort , apex court , and highest ( or final ) court of appeal . Broadly speaking , the decisions of a supreme court are not subject to further review by any other court . Supreme courts typically function primarily as appellate courts , hearing appeals from decisions of lower trial courts , or from intermediate - level appellate courts . However , not all highest courts are named as such . Civil law states tend not to have a single highest court . Additionally , the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the `` Supreme Court '' , for example , the High Court of Australia ; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the Privy Council . On the other hand , in some places the court named the `` Supreme Court '' is not in fact the highest court ; examples include the New York Supreme Court , the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces / territories and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales and Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland , which are all subordinate to higher courts of appeal . Some countries have multiple `` supreme courts '' whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents , or which are restricted to particular areas of law . Some countries with a federal system of government may have both a federal supreme court ( such as the Supreme Court of the United States ) , and supreme courts for each member state ( such as the Supreme Court of Nevada ) , with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law . However , other federations , such as Canada , may have a supreme court of general jurisdiction , able to decide any question of law . Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts , headed by a supreme administrative court as is the case in the Netherlands . A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court ( first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 ) , such as Austria , France , Germany , Luxembourg , Portugal , Russia , Spain and South Africa . Within the former British Empire , the highest court within a colony was often called the `` Supreme Court '' , even though appeals could be made from that court to the United Kingdom 's Privy Council ( based in London ) . A number of Commonwealth jurisdictions retain this system , but many others have reconstituted their own highest court as a court of last resort , with the right of appeal to the Privy Council being abolished . In jurisdictions using a common law system , the doctrine of stare decisis applies , whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts ; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law . In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply , so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it ; however , in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent , or jurisprudence constante , for both itself and all lower courts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common law jurisdictions 1.1 Bangladesh 1.2 Canada 1.3 Hong Kong 1.4 India 1.5 Ireland 1.6 Israel 1.7 Nauru 1.8 New Zealand 1.9 Pakistan 1.10 United Kingdom 1.11 United States 2 Civil law jurisdictions 2.1 Austria 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Croatia 2.4 Denmark 2.5 France 2.6 Germany 2.7 The Netherlands 2.8 Iceland 2.9 India 2.10 Italy 2.11 Japan 2.12 Luxembourg 2.13 Macau 2.14 Philippines 2.15 People 's Republic of China 2.16 Portugal 2.17 Republic of China 2.18 Scotland 2.19 Spain 2.20 Sweden 2.21 Switzerland 2.22 Sri Lanka 2.23 South Africa 2.24 Thailand 2.25 United Arab Emirates 2.26 Other civil law jurisdictions 3 Mixed - system jurisdictions 3.1 Indonesia 4 Soviet - model jurisdictions 5 See also 6 Notes and references Common law jurisdictions ( edit ) Bangladesh ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Bangladesh is created by the provisions of the Constitution of Bangladesh , 1972 . There are two Divisions of the Supreme Court , i.e. ( a ) Appellate Division and ( b ) High Court Division . Appellate Division is the highest Court of Appeal and usually does not exercise the powers of a court of first instance . Whereas , the High Court Division is a Court of first instance in company and admiralty matters . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Canada Supreme Court of Canada The Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished . This court hears appeals from the courts of appeal from the provinces and territories , and also appeals from the Federal Court of Appeal . The Supreme Court is a `` General Court of Appeal . '' It can decide any question of law considered by the lower courts , including constitutional law , federal law , and provincial law . The court 's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories . The title `` Supreme '' can be confusing because , for example , the Supreme Court of British Columbia does not have the final say and controversial cases heard there often get appealed in higher courts - it is in fact one of the lower courts in such a process . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , the Supreme Court of Hong Kong ( now known as the High Court of Hong Kong ) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997 . The final adjudication power , as in any other British Colonies , rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ( JCPC ) in London , United Kingdom . Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the Court of Final Appeal created in 1997 . Under the Basic Law , its constitution , the territory remains a common law jurisdiction . Consequently , judges from other common law jurisdictions ( including England and Wales ) can be recruited and continue to serve in the judiciary according to Article 92 of the Basic Law . On the other hand , the power of interpretation of the Basic Law itself is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( NPCSC ) in Beijing ( without retroactive effect ) , and the courts are authorised to interpret the Basic Law when trying cases , in accordance with Article 158 of the Basic Law . This arrangement became controversial in light of the right of abode issue in 1999 , raising concerns for judicial independence . India ( edit ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Supreme Court of India In India , the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28 , 1950 after adoption of the Constitution . Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India . It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law ( including local bylaws ) . The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law . Note that within the constitutional framework of India , Jammu and Kashmir ( J&K ) has a special status vis - a-vis the other states of India . Article 370 of the Constitution of India carves out certain exceptions for J&K . However , the Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order 1954 makes Article 141 applicable to the state of J&K and hence law declared by the Supreme Court of India is equally applicable to all courts of J&K including the High Court . Ireland ( edit ) The Supreme Court is the highest court in the Republic of Ireland . It has authority to interpret the constitution , and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional . It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law . Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law . The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member , the Chief Justice , and seven other judges . Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government . The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin . Israel ( edit ) Israel 's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel . It is the highest judicial instance . The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem . The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State . A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court , other than the Supreme Court itself . The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice . As an appellate court , the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal ( both criminal and civil ) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts . It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds , such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association . As the High Court of Justice ( Hebrew : Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek בית משפט גבוה לצדק ; also known by its initials as Bagatz בג `` ץ ) , the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance , primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities : Government decisions , those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law , and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset . The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice , and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal . The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction , mandamus and Habeas Corpus , as well as through declaratory judgments . The Supreme Court can also sit at a further hearing on its own judgment . In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice - with a panel of three or more justices , it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices . A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that the importance , difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing . The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order `` trial de novo '' ( a retrial ) . Nauru ( edit ) In Nauru , there is no single highest court for all types of cases . The Supreme Court has final jurisdiction on constitutional matters , but any other case may be appealed further to the Appellate Court . In addition , an agreement between Nauru and Australia in 1976 provides for appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru to the High Court of Australia in both criminal and civil cases , with the notable exception of constitutional cases . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , the right of appeal to the Privy Council was abolished following the passing of the Supreme Court Act ( 2003 ) . A right of appeal to the Privy Council remains for criminal cases which were decided before the Supreme Court was created , but it is likely that the successful appeal by Mark Lundy to the Privy Council in 2013 will be the last appeal to the Board from New Zealand . The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004 , although it did not come into operation until July . The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand . In some cases , an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court . For certain cases , particularly cases which commenced in the District Court , a lower court ( typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal ) may be the court of final jurisdiction . Pakistan ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been the apex court for Pakistan since the declaration of the republic in 1956 ( previously the Privy Council had that function ) . The Supreme Court has the final say on matters of constitutional law , federal law or on matters of mixed federal and provincial competence . It can hear appeals on matters of provincial competence only if a matter of a constitutional nature is raised . With respect to Pakistan 's territories ( i.e. FATA , Azad Kashmir , Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory ( ICT ) ) the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory ; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas , while ICT generally functions the same as provinces . Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such ; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan . The provinces have their own courts system , with the High Court as the apex court , except insofar as where an appeal can go to the Supreme Court as mentioned above . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England , Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland . ( The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary . ) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009 , replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords . Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998 , Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act , from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . In respect of Community Law the Supreme Court is subject to the decisions of the European Court of Justice . Since there can be no appeal from the Supreme Court , there is an interlocutory procedure by which the Supreme Court may refer to the European Court questions of European law which arise in cases before it , and obtain a definitive ruling before the Supreme Court gives its judgment . The Supreme Court shares its members and accommodation at the Middlesex Guildhall in London with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which hears final appeals from certain smaller Commonwealth countries , admiralty cases , and certain appeals from the ecclesiastical courts and statutory private jurisdictions , such as professional and academic bodies . ( The Constitutional Reform Act also renamed the Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland to the Court of Judicature , and the rarely cited Supreme Court of Judicature for England and Wales as the Senior Courts of England and Wales ) . The Supreme Court was set up in 2009 ; until then the House of Lords was the ultimate court in addition to being a legislative body , and the Lord Chancellor , with legislative and executive functions , was also a senior judge in the House of Lords . United states ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States , established in 1789 , is the highest Federal court in the United States , with powers of judicial review first asserted in Calder v. Bull ( 1798 ) in Justice Iredell 's dissenting opinion . The power was later given binding authority by Justice Marshall in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) . There are currently nine seats on the US Supreme Court . Each U.S. state has a state supreme court , which is the highest authority interpreting that state 's law and administering that state 's judiciary . Two states , Oklahoma and Texas , each have two separate highest courts that respectively specialize in criminal cases and civil cases . Although Delaware has a specialized court , the Court of Chancery , to hear cases in equity , it is not a supreme court because the Delaware Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over it . The titles of state supreme court vary , which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court . In New York , Maryland , and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals , a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts . Further , trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court , and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court , Appellate Division . In West Virginia , the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals . In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the `` Supreme Judicial Court '' ; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere . Civil law jurisdictions ( edit ) The Roman law and the Corpus Juris Civilis are generally held to be the historical model for civil law . From the late 18th century onwards , civil law jurisdictions began to codify their laws , most of all in civil codes . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , the Austrian Constitution of 1920 ( based on a draft by Hans Kelsen ) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality . This function is performed by the Constitutional Court ( Verfassungsgerichtshof ) , which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights . Other than that , administrative acts are reviewed by the Administrative Court ( Verwaltungsgerichtshof ) . The Supreme Court ( Oberste Gerichtshof ( OGH ) ) , stands at the top of Austria 's system of `` ordinary courts '' ( ordentliche Gerichte ) as the final instance in issues of private law and criminal law . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , the Supreme Federal Tribunal ( Supremo Tribunal Federal ) is the highest court . It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law . It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases . It also judges , in original jurisdiction , cases involving members of congress , senators , ministers of state , members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic . The Superior Court of Justice ( Tribunal Superior de Justiça ) reviews State and Federal Circuit courts decisions for civil law and criminal law cases , when dealing with federal law or conflicting rulings . The Superior Labour Tribunal ( Tribunal Superior do Trabalho ) reviews cases involving labour law . The Superior Electoral Tribunal ( Tribunal Superior Eleitoral ) is the court of last resort of electoral law , and also oversees general elections . The Superior Military Tribunal ( Tribunal Superior Militar ) is the highest court in matters of federal military law . Croatia ( edit ) In Croatia , the supreme jurisdiction is given to the Supreme Court , which secures a uniform application of laws . The Constitutional Court exists to verify constitutionality of laws and regulations , as well as decide on individual complaints on decisions on governmental bodies . It also decides on jurisdictional disputes between the legislative , executive and judicial branches . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark , all ordinary courts have original jurisdiction to hear all types of cases , including cases of a constitutional or administrative nature . As a result , there exists no special constitutional court , and therefore final jurisdiction is vested with the Danish Supreme Court ( Højesteret ) which was established 14 February 1661 by king Frederik III . France ( edit ) In France , supreme appellate jurisdiction is divided among three judicial bodies : for judicial cases , i.e. , civil or criminal matters : Court of Cassation ( Cour de cassation ) for administrative cases : Council of State ( Conseil d'État ) constitutional challenges of statutory laws : Constitutional Council ( Conseil constitutionnel ) When there is jurisdictional dispute between judicial and administrative courts : the Court of Arbitration ( Tribunal des conflits ) , which is empanelled half from the Court of Cassation and half from the Council of State and presided over by the Minister of Justice , is called together to settle the dispute or hand down a final decision . The High Court ( Haute Cour ) exists only to impeach the President of the French Republic in case of `` breach of his duties patently incompatible with his continuing in office '' . Since a constitutional amendment of 2007 , the French Constitution states that the High Court is composed of all members of both Houses of Parliament . As of 2012 , it has never been convened . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , there is no de jure single supreme court . Instead , cases are handled by numerous federal courts , depending on their nature . Final interpretation of the German Constitution , the Grundgesetz , is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht ( Federal Constitutional Court ) , which is the de facto highest German court , as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective , and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts , despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system . It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties , if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution . When it comes to civil and criminal cases , the Bundesgerichtshof ( Federal Court of Justice ) is at the top of the hierarchy of courts . The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems , each topped by a high court ; these are the Bundessozialgericht ( Federal Social Court ) for matters of social security , the Bundesarbeitsgericht ( Federal Labour Court ) for employment and labour , the Bundesfinanzhof ( Federal Fiscal Court ) for taxation and financial issues , and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht ( Federal Administrative Court ) for administrative law . The so - called Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe ( Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts ) is not a supreme court in itself , but an ad - hoc body that is convened in only when one supreme court intends to diverge from another supreme court 's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court . As the courts have well - defined areas of responsibility , situations like these are rather rare and so , the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently , and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory . The Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of the Netherlands In the Netherlands , the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest court . Its decisions , known as `` arresten '' , are absolutely final . The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution , pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States - General ; the court can , however , test legislation against some treaties . Also , the ordinary courts in the Netherlands , including the Hoge Raad , do not deal with administrative law , which is dealt with in separate administrative courts , the highest of which is the Council of State ( Raad van State ) Iceland ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Iceland ( Icelandic : Hæstiréttur Íslands , lit . Highest Court of Iceland ) was founded under Act No. 22 / 1919 and held its first session on 16 February 1920 . The Court holds the highest judicial power in Iceland , where the court system has two levels . India ( edit ) The Supreme Court of India , also known colloquially as the ' apex court ' , is the highest judicial body in the Republic of India . Any decision taken by it is final and binding , and can only be modified in some cases ( death sentence , etc . ) by the President of India . It has several jurisdiction like 1 . Original 2. Appellate 3 . Advisory It is also known as court of records , i.e. all judgements are recorded and printed . These are cited in lower courts as case - law in various cases . Italy ( edit ) Italy follows the French system of different supreme courts . The Italian court of last resort for most disputes is the Corte Suprema di Cassazione . There is also a separate constitutional court , the Corte costituzionale , which has a duty of judicial review , and which can strike down legislation as being in conflict with the Constitution . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , the Supreme Court of Japan is called 最高裁判所 ( Saikō - Saibansho ; called 最高裁 Saikō - Sai for short ) , located in Chiyoda , Tokyo , and is the highest court in Japan . It has ultimate judicial authority within Japan to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law ( including local by laws ) . It has the power of judicial review ( i.e. , it can declare Acts of Diet and Local Assembly , and administrative actions , unconstitutional ) . Luxembourg ( edit ) In Luxembourg , challenges on the conformity of the law to the Constitution are brought before the Cour Constitutionnelle ( Constitutional Court ) . -- The most used and common procedure to present these challenges is by way of the `` question préjudicielle '' ( prejudicial question ) . The Court of last resort for civil and criminal proceedings is the `` Cour de Cassation '' . For administrative proceedings the highest court is the `` Cour Administrative '' ( Administrative Court ) . Macau ( edit ) The supreme court of Macau is the Court of Final Appeal ( Portuguese : Tribunal de Última Instância ; Chinese : 澳門終審法院 ) . Philippines ( edit ) While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation , its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court . This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States , and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence . Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified , the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court `` form part of the law of the land '' , belonging to the same class as statutes . The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions . The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices . The court sits either en banc or in divisions , depending on the nature of the case to be decided . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) In the judicial system of mainland China the highest court of appeal is the Supreme People 's Court . This supervises the administration of justice by all subordinate `` local '' and `` special '' people 's courts , and is the court of last resort for the whole People 's Republic of China except for Macau and Hong Kong Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , there are several supreme courts , each with a specific jurisdiction : The Supreme Court of Justice ( Supremo Tribunal de Justiça ) - for judicial ( civil and criminal ) matters ; The Constitutional Court ( Tribunal Constitucional ) - for the constitutional matters ; The Supreme Administrative Court ( Supremo Tribunal Administrativo ) - for administrative and fiscal matters ; The Court of Auditors ( Tribunal de Contas ) - for auditing the public expenditure . Until 2003 , a fifth supreme court also existed for the military jurisdiction , this being the Supreme Military Court ( Supremo Tribunal Militar ) . Presently , in time of peace , the supreme court for military justice matters is the Supreme Court of Justice , which now includes four military judges . Republic of China ( edit ) In the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , there are three different courts of last resort : Supreme Court of the Republic of China ( 中華民國最高法院 ) : civil and criminal cases . Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of China ( 中華民國最高行政法院 ) : executive cases . Council of Grand Justices ( 大法官會議 ) : interpretation of the Constitution , interpretation of laws and regulations , dissolution of political parties in violation of the Constitution , trial of impeachments against the President or Vice President . The Council of Grand Justices , consisting of 15 justices and mainly dealing with constitutional issues , is the counterpart of constitutional courts in some countries . All three courts are directly under the Judicial Yuan , whose president also serves as Chief Justice in the Council of Grand Justices . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : College of Justice Founded by papal bull in 1532 , the Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland , and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court . However , the absolute highest court ( excluding criminal matters ) is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . Spain ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Spain Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain ( both private and public ) . Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court ( which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution ) . In Spain , high courts can not create binding precedents ; however , lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations . In most private law cases , two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court . Five sections form the Spanish Supreme court : Section one judges private law cases ( including commercial law ) . Section two decides about criminal appeals . Section three judges administrative cases and controls government normative powers . Section four is dedicated to labour law . Section five is dedicated to military justice . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land . The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs , as well as disputes among administrative organs , while the Supreme Court considers all other cases . The judges are appointed by the Government . In most cases , the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case ( prövningstillstånd ) if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law . Exceptions are issues where the Supreme Court is the court of first instance . Such cases include an application for a retrial of a criminal case in the light of new evidence , and prosecutions made against an incumbent minister of the Government for severe neglect of duty . If a lower court has to try a case which involves a question where there is no settled interpretation of the law , it can also refer the question to the relevant Supreme Court for an answer . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland is the final court of appeals . Due to Switzerland 's system of direct democracy , it has no authority to review the constitutionality of federal statutes , but the people can strike down a proposed law by referendum . According to settled case law , however , the Court is authorised to review the compliance of all Swiss law with certain categories of international law , especially the European Convention of Human Rights . Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution . The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers , subject to the provisions of the Constitution . The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts . The Sri Lanka judicial system is complex blend of both common - law and civil - law . In some cases such as capital punishment , the decision may be passed on to the President of the Republic for clemency petitions . However , when there is 2 / 3 majority in the parliament in favour of president ( as with present ) , the supreme court and its judges ' powers become nullified as they could be fired from their positions according to the Constitution , if the president wants . Therefore , in such situations , Civil law empowerment vanishes . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa , a `` two apex '' system existed from 1994 to 2013 . The Supreme Court of Appeal ( SCA ) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters . The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court , which is the highest court in matters involving the interpretation and application of the Constitution . But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country 's single apex court , superior to the SCA in all matters , both constitutional and non-constitutional . Thailand ( edit ) Historically , citizens appealed directly to the King along his route to places out of the Palace . A Thai King would adjudicate all disputes . During the reign of King Chulalongkorn , an official department for appeals was set up , and , after Thailand adopted a western - styled government , Thai Supreme Court was established in 1891 . At present , the Supreme Court of Thailand retains the important status as the highest court of justice in the country . Operating separately from the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court , the judgement of the Supreme Court is considered as final . United Arab Emirates ( edit ) In the United Arab Emirates , the Federal Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates was created in 1973 after the adoption of the Constitution . The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers , subject to the provisions of the Constitution . The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts . The Emirati judicial system is complex blend of both Islamic law and civil law . In some cases such as capital punishment , the decision may be passed on to the President of the country ( currently Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ) . Other civil law jurisdictions ( edit ) For Honduras , see Supreme Court of Honduras . For Peru , see Supreme Court of Peru . For Poland , see Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland . For Romania , see High Court of Cassation and Justice . For Uganda , see Supreme Court of Uganda For Ukraine , see Supreme Court of Ukraine . For Vietnam , see Supreme People 's Court of Vietnam . Mixed - system jurisdictions ( edit ) Indonesia ( edit ) Law of Indonesia at the national level is based on a combination of civil law from the tradition of Roman - Dutch law and customary law from the tradition of Adat . Law in regional jurisdictions can vary from province to province , including even Sharia law , for example Islamic criminal law in Aceh , though even at the national level , individual justices can cite sharia or other forms of non-Dutch law in their legal opinions . The Supreme Court of Indonesia is the main judicial arm of the state , functioning as the final court of appeal as well as a means to re-open cases previously closed . The Supreme Court , which consists of a total of 51 justices , also oversees the regional high courts . It was founded at the country 's independence in 1945 . The Constitutional Court of Indonesia , on the other hand , is a part of the judicial branch tasked with review of bills and government actions for constitutionality , as well as regulation of the interactions between various arms of the state . The constitutional amendment to establish the court was passed in 2001 , and the court itself was established in 2003 . The Constitutional Court consists of nine justices serving nine year terms , and they 're appointed in tandem by the Supreme Court , the President of Indonesia and the People 's Representative Council . Soviet - model jurisdictions ( edit ) In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union , the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort . In the People 's Republic of China , the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( NPCSC ) . This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau , the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese - based legal system jurisdictions respectively . This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided . See also ( edit ) Constitutionalism Independence of the judiciary Judiciary List of national supreme courts Separation of powers Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Supreme court - Define Supreme court at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Constitution Act , 1867 , s . 101 . Jump up ^ `` Nauru : Courts & Judgments '' , United States Department of State Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Nauru relating to Appeals to the High Court of Australia from the Supreme Court of Nauru , 1976 Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Delaware Court System '' . Delaware Judicial Information Center . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hæstiréttur Íslands '' . haestirettur.is . Jump up ^ Spanish Civil Code , article 1 Jump up ^ Pablo Contreras , Pedro de ( ed . ) . `` Curso de Derecho Civil ( I ) '' . Colex 2008 , p. 167 , 168 and 175 Jump up ^ `` The Judiciary : The Federal Supreme Court '' . Government of Switzerland . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Administrator , System . `` Reem Island murder : ' Ghost ' executed '' . Emirates 24 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Alphabetical Index of the 192 United Nations Member States and Corresponding Legal Systems . University of Ottawa Faculty of Law World Legal Systems Research Group . Accessed 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Indonesia - Freedom in the World 2012 . Freedom House . Accessed 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Constitutional Court Website : History of The Constitution Court accessed 17 May 2009 Jump up ^ Ina Parlina and Margareth S Aritonang , ' House begins selection of new Constitutional Court justice ' , The Jakarta Post , 28 February 2013 . NDL : 00616852 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_court&oldid=814317913 '' Categories : Courts by type Supreme courts Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from October 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 02 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who decides how many different federal courts there will be	[]	[]
-6213136522244280668	General Sherman (tree)	General Sherman ( tree ) - wikipedia General Sherman ( tree ) Jump to : navigation , search A view of the General Sherman , the largest single stem tree in the world Panorama of General Sherman Tree , July 2013 A child standing under the tree . General Sherman is a giant sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ) tree located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in Tulare County , in the U.S. state of California . By volume , it is the largest known living single stem tree on Earth . While the General Sherman is the largest currently living tree , it is not the largest historically - recorded tree . The Crannell Creek Giant , a coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) near Trinidad , California , is estimated to have been 15 to 25 % larger than the General Sherman tree by volume . That tree was cut down in the mid-1940s . Another larger coast redwood , near 90,000 cubic feet , the Lindsey Creek tree , was reported in a 1905 Humboldt Times Standard article . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Dimensions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The General Sherman was named after the American Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman , in 1879 by naturalist James Wolverton , who had served as a lieutenant in the 9th Indiana Cavalry under Sherman . In 1931 , following comparisons with the nearby General Grant tree , General Sherman was identified as the largest tree in the world . One result of this process was that wood volume became widely accepted as the standard for establishing and comparing the size of different trees . In January 2006 the largest branch on the tree ( seen most commonly , in older photos , as an `` L '' or golf - club shape , protruding from about a quarter of the way down the trunk ) broke off . There were no witnesses to the incident , and the branch -- larger than most tree trunks ; diameter over 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) and length over 30 m ( 98 ft ) -- smashed part of the perimeter fence and cratered the pavement of the surrounding walkway . The breakage is not believed to be indicative of any abnormalities in the tree 's health , and may even be a natural defense mechanism against adverse weather conditions . Dimensions ( edit ) Looking upward from the base of the General Sherman located in California 's Sequoia National Park While it is the largest tree known , the General Sherman Tree is neither the tallest known living tree on Earth ( that distinction belongs to the Hyperion tree , a Coast redwood ) , nor is it the widest ( both the largest cypress and largest baobab have a greater diameter ) , nor is it the oldest known living tree on Earth ( that distinction belongs to a Great Basin bristlecone pine ) . With a height of 83.8 meters ( 275 ft ) , a diameter of 7.7 m ( 25 ft ) , an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m ( 52,513 cu ft ) , and an estimated age of 2,300 -- 2,700 years , it is nevertheless among the tallest , widest , and longest - lived of all trees on the planet . Height above base 274.9 ft 83.8 m Circumference at ground 102.6 ft 31.3 m Maximum diameter at base 36.5 ft 11.1 m Diameter 4.5 ft ( 1.4 m ) above height point on ground 25.1 ft 7.7 m Girth Diameter 60 ft ( 18 m ) above base 17.5 ft 5.3 m Diameter 180 ft ( 55 m ) above base 14.0 ft 4.3 m Diameter of largest branch 6.8 ft 2.1 m Height of first large branch above the base 130.0 ft 39.6 m Average crown spread 106.5 ft 32.5 m Estimated bole volume 52,508 cu ft 1,487 m Estimated mass ( wet ) ( 1938 ) 2,105 short tons 1,910 t Estimated bole mass ( 1938 ) 2,472,000 lb 1,121 t See also ( edit ) List of largest giant sequoias List of superlative trees List of trees National Register of Big Trees References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The General Sherman Tree '' . Sequoia National Park . U.S. National Park Service . 1997 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Vaden , Mario D. `` Crannell Creek Giant '' . Jump up ^ Landmark Trees . `` Crannell Creek Giant '' . Jump up ^ Van Pelt , Robert . `` The Trees '' . Forest Giants . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tweed , William ( 2006 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Sequoias designed to last a couple of thousand years '' . Visalia Times Delta . Jump up ^ Earle , CJ ( 2011 ) . `` Sequoia sempervirens '' . The Gymnosperm Database . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Earle , CJ ( 2011 ) . `` Pinus longaeva '' . The Gymnosperm Database . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , N.L. ( January 2002 ) . `` Estimated Ages of Some Large Giant Sequoias : General Sherman Keeps Getting Younger '' . Nature Notes . Yosemite Association . 2 . Jump up ^ Martin , Glen ( 2006 - 09 - 07 ) . `` World 's tallest trees '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Records , Guinness World ( 2007 - 08 - 07 ) . Guinness World Record 2008 , World 's Tallest Tree . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904994 - 19 - 0 . Retrieved January 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Flint , Wendell D. ( 1987 ) . To Find the Biggest Tree . Sequoia National History Association . p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Walter ; White , John Roberts ( 1942 ) . Big Trees . Palo Alto , California : Stanford University Press . `` General Sherman Tree '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to General Sherman Tree . `` What is the largest tree in the world ? '' Video of a park ranger at Sequoia National Park explaining details about the General Sherman Tree Norton , Marc . `` The Karl Marx Tree : How Southern Pacific Railroad killed a socialist colony in the name of creating Yosemite National Park , '' Red Hills , August 27 , 2014 . Coordinates : 36 ° 34 ′ 54 '' N 118 ° 45 ′ 05.5 '' W / 36.58167 ° N 118.751528 ° W / 36.58167 ; - 118.751528 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Sherman_(tree)&oldid=798275669 '' Categories : Individual giant sequoia trees Individual trees in California Sequoia National Park Natural history of Tulare County , California Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی Polski Português Ripoarisch Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 23 : 41 . About Wikipedia	where are the largest trees in the world located	[ "General Sherman is a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) tree located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in Tulare County, in the U.S. state of California. By volume, it is the largest known living single stem tree on Earth.[1]" ]	[ "Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park" ]
5404241316310930968	European colonization of the Americas	European colonization of the Americas - wikipedia European colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search `` American settlers '' redirects here . For prehistoric settlers of the Americas , see Settlement of the Americas . `` Conquest of America '' redirects here . For other uses , see Conquest of America ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by various European powers . Starting in either the 10th or 11th century , when West Norse sailors explored and briefly settled on the shores of present - day Canada , according to Icelandic Sagas , violent conflicts with the indigenous population ultimately led to the Norse abandoning those settlements . Political map of the Americas in 1794 European colonization began in 1492 , when a Spanish expedition headed by the Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus sailed west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently landed in what came to be known to Europeans as the `` New World '' . Running aground on the northern part of Hispaniola on 5 December 1492 , which the Taino people had inhabited since the 7th century , the site became the first European settlement in the Americas . European conquest , large - scale exploration and colonization soon followed . Columbus 's first two voyages ( 1492 -- 93 ) reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands , including Hispaniola , Puerto Rico and Cuba . In 1498 , sailing from Bristol on behalf of England , John Cabot landed on the North American coast , and a year later , Columbus 's third voyage reached the South American coast . As the sponsor of Christopher Columbus 's voyages , Spain was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas , from North America and the Caribbean to the southern tip of South America . Other powers such as France also founded colonies in the Americas : in eastern North America , a number of Caribbean islands and small coastal parts of South America . Portugal colonized Brazil , tried colonizing the eastern coasts of present - day Canada and settled for extended periods northwest ( on the east bank ) of the River Plate . The Age of Exploration was the beginning of territorial expansion for several European countries . Europe had been preoccupied with internal wars and was slowly recovering from the loss of population caused by the Black Death ; thus the rapid rate at which it grew in wealth and power was unforeseeable in the early 15th century . Eventually , most of the Western Hemisphere came under the control of European governments , leading to changes to its landscape , population , and plant and animal life . In the 19th century over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas . The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange , a dramatically widespread exchange of animals , plants , culture , human populations ( including slaves ) , ideas and communicable disease between the American and Afro - Eurasian hemispheres following Columbus 's voyages to the Americas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Norse trans - oceanic contact 2 Early conquests , claims and colonies 3 Early state - sponsored colonists 4 The search for riches 5 Religious immigration 6 Forced immigration and enslavement 6.1 Slavery 7 Disease and indigenous population loss 8 Impact of colonial land ownership on long - term development 9 List of European colonies in the Americas 10 Exhibitions and collections 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Bibliography 14 External links Norse trans - oceanic contact ( edit ) Main article : Norse colonization of the Americas Voyages of the Vikings to America . Norse journeys to Greenland and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence . A Norse colony in Greenland was established in the late 10th century , and lasted until the mid 15th century , with court and parliament assemblies ( þing ) taking place at Brattahlíð and a bishop located at Garðar . The remains of a Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland , Canada , were discovered in 1960 and were dated to around the year 1000 ( carbon dating estimate 990 -- 1050 CE ) . L'Anse aux Meadows is the only site widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact . It was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978 . It is also notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of Vinland , established by Leif Erikson around the same period or , more broadly , with the West Norse colonization of the Americas . Early conquests , claims and colonies ( edit ) Territorial evolution of North America of non-native nation states from 1750 to 2008 Central America & Caribbean sovereignty 1700 -- present Early explorations and conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese immediately following their own final reconquest of Iberia in 1492 . In the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas , ratified by the Pope , these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world into two areas of exploration and colonization , with a north to south boundary that cut through the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern part of present - day Brazil . Based on this treaty and on early claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa , discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513 , the Spanish conquered large territories in North , Central and South America . Amerigo Vespucci awakens `` America '' in a Stradanus 's engraving ( circa 1638 ) Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés took over the Aztec Kingdom and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire . As a result , by the mid-16th century , the Spanish Crown had gained control of much of western South America , Central America and southern North America , in addition to its earlier Caribbean territories . Over this same timeframe , Portugal claimed lands in North America ( Canada ) and colonized much of eastern South America , naming it Santa Cruz and Brazil . Other European nations soon disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas . England and France attempted to plant colonies in the Americas in the 16th century , but these failed . England and France succeeded in establishing permanent colonies in the following century , along with the Dutch Republic . Some of these were on Caribbean islands , which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by disease , while others were in eastern North America , which had not been colonized by Spain north of Florida . Early European possessions in North America included Spanish Florida , Spanish New Mexico , the English colonies of Virginia ( with its North Atlantic offshoot , Bermuda ) and New England , the French colonies of Acadia and Canada , the Swedish colony of New Sweden , and the Dutch New Netherland . In the 18th century , Denmark -- Norway revived its former colonies in Greenland , while the Russian Empire gained a foothold in Alaska . Denmark - Norway would later make several claims in the Caribbean , starting in the 1600s . As more nations gained an interest in the colonization of the Americas , competition for territory became increasingly fierce . Colonists often faced the threat of attacks from neighboring colonies , as well as from indigenous tribes and pirates . Early state - sponsored colonists ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) Further information : Portugal in the Age of Discovery , Spanish colonization of the Americas , and First European colonization wave ( 15th century -- 19th century ) The first phase of well - financed European activity in the Americas began with the Atlantic Ocean crossings of Christopher Columbus ( 1492 -- 1504 ) , sponsored by Spain , whose original attempt was to find a new route to India and China , known as `` the Indies '' . He was followed by other explorers such as John Cabot , who was sponsored by England and reached Newfoundland . Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil and claimed it for Portugal . Amerigo Vespucci , working for Portugal in voyages from 1497 to 1513 , established that Columbus had reached a new set of continents . Cartographers still use a Latinized version of his first name , America , for the two continents . Other explorers included Giovanni da Verrazzano , sponsored by France in 1524 ; the Portuguese João Vaz Corte - Real in Newfoundland ; João Fernandes Lavrador , Gaspar and Miguel Corte - Real and João Álvares Fagundes , in Newfoundland , Greenland , Labrador , and Nova Scotia ( from 1498 to 1502 , and in 1520 ) ; Jacques Cartier ( 1491 -- 1557 ) , Henry Hudson ( 1560s -- 1611 ) , and Samuel de Champlain ( 1567 -- 1635 ) , who explored the region of Canada he reestablished as New France . In 1513 , Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of the New World . In an action with enduring historical import , Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean and all the lands adjoining it for the Spanish Crown . It was 1517 before another expedition , from Cuba , visited Central America , landing on the coast of Yucatán in search of slaves . Spanish Empire ( 1598 ) These explorations were followed , notably in the case of Spain , by a phase of conquest : The Spaniards , having just finished the Reconquista of Spain from Muslim rule , were the first to colonize the Americas , applying the same model of governing their European holdings to their territories of the New World . Ten years after Columbus 's discovery , the administration of Hispaniola was given to Nicolás de Ovando of the Order of Alcántara , founded during the Reconquista . As in the Iberian Peninsula , the inhabitants of Hispaniola were given new landmasters , while religious orders handled the local administration . Progressively the encomienda system , which granted tribute ( access to indigenous labor and taxation ) to European settlers , was set in place . A relatively common misconception is that a small number of conquistadores conquered vast territories , aided only by disease epidemics and their powerful caballeros . In fact , recent archaeological excavations have suggested a vast Spanish - Indian alliance numbering in the hundreds of thousands . Hernán Cortés eventually conquered Mexico with the help of Tlaxcala in 1519 -- 1521 , while the conquest of the Incas was carried out by some 40,000 Incan renegades led by Francisco Pizarro in between 1532 and 1535 . Over the 1st century and a half after Columbus 's voyages , the native population of the Americas plummeted by an estimated 80 % ( from around 50 million in 1492 to eight million in 1650 ) , mostly by outbreaks of Old World diseases . In 1532 , Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor sent a vice-king to Mexico , Antonio de Mendoza , in order to prevent Cortes ' independentist drives , who definitively returned to Spain in 1540 . Two years later , Charles V signed the New Laws ( which replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 ) prohibiting slavery and the repartimientos , but also claiming as his own all the American lands and all of the indigenous people as his own subjects . Painting depicting a Castas with his mixed - race daughter and his Mulatta wife by Miguel Cabrera , 1763 When in May 1493 , the Pope Alexander VI issued the Inter caetera bull granting the new lands to the Kingdom of Spain , he requested in exchange an evangelization of the people . Thus , during Columbus 's second voyage , Benedictine friars accompanied him , along with twelve other priests . As slavery was prohibited between Christians , and could only be imposed in non-Christian prisoners of war or on men already sold as slaves , the debate on Christianization was particularly acute during the 16th century . In 1537 , the papal bull Sublimis Deus definitively recognized that Native Americans possessed souls , thus prohibiting their enslavement , without putting an end to the debate . Some claimed that a native who had rebelled and then been captured could be enslaved nonetheless . Later , the Valladolid debate between the Dominican priest Bartolomé de Las Casas and another Dominican philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda was held , with the former arguing that Native Americans were beings doted with souls , as all other human beings , while the latter argued to the contrary and justified their enslavement . The process of Christianization was at first violent : when the first Franciscans arrived in Mexico in 1524 , they burned the places dedicated to pagan cult , alienating much of the local population . In the 1530s , they began to adapt Christian practices to local customs , including the building of new churches on the sites of ancient places of worship , leading to a mix of Old World Christianity with local religions . The Spanish Roman Catholic Church , needing the natives ' labor and cooperation , evangelized in Quechua , Nahuatl , Guaraní and other Native American languages , contributing to the expansion of these indigenous languages and equipping some of them with writing systems . One of the first primitive schools for Native Americans was founded by Fray Pedro de Gante in 1523 . To reward their troops , the Conquistadores often allotted Indian towns to their troops and officers . Black African slaves were introduced to substitute for Native American labor in some locations -- including the West Indies , where the indigenous population was nearing extinction on many islands . During this time , the Portuguese gradually switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to extensive colonization of what is now Brazil . They imported millions of slaves to run their plantations . The Portuguese and Spanish royal governments expected to rule these settlements and collect at least 20 % of all treasure found ( the quinto real collected by the Casa de Contratación ) , in addition to collecting all the taxes they could . By the late 16th century American silver accounted for one - fifth of Spain 's total budget . In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports . The search for riches ( edit ) Fur traders in Canada , trading with Indians , 1777 Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs , Incas , and other large Native American populations in the 16th century , the first Englishmen to settle permanently in America hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they established their first permanent settlement in Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 . They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered Virginia Company financed by wealthy Englishmen who exaggerated the economic potential of this new land . The main purpose of this colony was the hope of finding gold . It took strong leaders , like John Smith , to convince the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter and the biblical principle that `` he who will not work shall not eat '' ( see 2 Thessalonians 3 ) . The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists . To support the Colony , numerous supply missions were organized . Tobacco later became a cash crop , with the work of John Rolfe and others , for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland . From the beginning of Virginia 's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s , the main source of labor and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the overseas colonies . During the 17th century , indentured servants constituted three - quarters of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region . Most of the indentured servants were teenagers from England with poor economic prospects at home . Their fathers signed the papers that gave them free passage to America and an unpaid job until they became of age . They were given food , clothing , housing and taught farming or household skills . American landowners were in need of laborers and were willing to pay for a laborer 's passage to America if they served them for several years . By selling passage for five to seven years worth of work they could then start out on their own in America . Many of the migrants from England died in the first few years . Economic advantage also prompted the Darien Scheme , an ill - fated venture by the Kingdom of Scotland to settle the Isthmus of Panama in the late 1690s . The Darien Scheme aimed to control trade through that part of the world and thereby promote Scotland into a world trading power . However , it was doomed by poor planning , short provisions , weak leadership , lack of demand for trade goods , and devastating disease . The failure of the Darien Scheme was one of the factors that led the Kingdom of Scotland into the Act of Union 1707 with the Kingdom of England creating the united Kingdom of Great Britain and giving Scotland commercial access to English , now British , colonies . In the French colonial regions , the focus of economy was on sugar plantations in Caribbean . In Canada the fur trade with the natives was important . About 16,000 French men and women became colonizers . The great majority became subsistence farmers along the St. Lawrence River . With a favorable disease environment and plenty of land and food , their numbers grew exponentially to 65,000 by 1760 . Their colony was taken over by Britain in 1760 , but social , religious , legal , cultural and economic changes were few in a society that clung tightly to its recently formed traditions . Religious immigration ( edit ) Penn 's Treaty with the Indians Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World , as settlers in the colonies of Portugal and Spain ( and later , France ) belonged to that faith . English and Dutch colonies , on the other hand , tended to be more religiously diverse . Settlers to these colonies included Anglicans , Dutch Calvinists , English Puritans and other nonconformists , English Catholics , Scottish Presbyterians , French Huguenots , German and Swedish Lutherans , as well as Quakers , Mennonites , Amish , Moravians and Jews of various nationalities . Many groups of colonists went to the Americas searching for the right to practice their religion without persecution . The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century broke the unity of Western Christendom and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects , which often faced persecution by governmental authorities . In England , many people came to question the organization of the Church of England by the end of the 16th century . One of the primary manifestations of this was the Puritan movement , which sought to `` purify '' the existing Church of England of its many residual Catholic rites that they believed had no mention in the Bible . A strong believer in the notion of rule by divine right , Charles I , King of England and Scotland , persecuted religious dissenters . Waves of repression led to the migration of about 20,000 Puritans to New England between 1629 and 1642 , where they founded multiple colonies . Later in the century , the new Pennsylvania colony was given to William Penn in settlement of a debt the king owed his father . Its government was set up by William Penn in about 1682 to become primarily a refuge for persecuted English Quakers ; but others were welcomed . Baptists , Quakers , German and Swiss Protestants and Anabaptists flocked to Pennsylvania . The lure of cheap land , religious freedom and the right to improve themselves with their own hand was very attractive . Forced immigration and enslavement ( edit ) Main article : Atlantic slave trade African slaves 17th - century Virginia , 1670 . Slavery was a common practice in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans , as different American Indian groups captured and held other tribes ' members as slaves . Many of these captives were forced to undergo human sacrifice in Amerindian civilizations such as the Aztecs . In response to some enslavement of natives in the Caribbean during the early years , the Spanish Crown passed a series of laws prohibiting slavery as early as 1512 . A new stricter set of laws was passed in 1542 , called the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of Indians , or simply New Laws . These were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous peoples by the encomenderos or landowners , by strictly limiting their power and dominion . This helped curb Indian slavery considerably , though not completely . Later , with the arrival of other European colonial powers in the New World , the enslavement of native populations increased , as these empires lacked legislation against slavery until decades later . The population of indigenous peoples declined ( mostly from European diseases , but also from forced exploitation and atrocities ) . Later , native workers were replaced by Africans imported through a large commercial slave trade . By the 18th century , the overwhelming number of black slaves was such that Amerindian slavery was less commonly used . Africans , who were taken aboard slave ships to the Americas , were primarily obtained from their African homelands by coastal tribes who captured and sold them . Europeans traded for slaves with the slave capturers of the local native African tribes in exchange for rum , guns , gunpowder , and other manufactures . Slavery ( edit ) The total slave trade to islands in the Caribbean , Brazil , Mexico and to the United States is estimated to have involved 12 million Africans . The vast majority of these slaves went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . At most about 600,000 African slaves were imported into the U.S. , or 5 % of the 12 million slaves brought across from Africa . Life expectancy was much higher in the U.S. ( because of better food , less disease , lighter work loads , and better medical care ) so the numbers grew rapidly by excesses of births over deaths , reaching 4 million by the 1860 Census . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England . Slaves imported to the Thirteen colonies / United States by time period : 1619 -- 1700 -- 21,000 1701 -- 1760 -- 189,000 1761 -- 1770 -- 63,000 1771 -- 1790 -- 56,000 1791 -- 1800 -- 79,000 1801 -- 1810 -- 124,000 1810 -- 1865 -- 51,000 Total -- 597,000 Disease and indigenous population loss ( edit ) See also : Disease in colonial America and Native American disease and epidemics Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th - century Florentine Codex ( compiled 1540 -- 1585 ) Nahua suffering from smallpox The European lifestyle included a long history of sharing close quarters with domesticated animals such as cows , pigs , sheep , goats , horses , dogs and various domesticated fowl , from which many diseases originally stemmed . Thus , in contrast to the indigenous people , Europeans had developed a richer endowment of antibodies . The large - scale contact with Europeans after 1492 introduced novel germs to the indigenous people of the Americas . Epidemics of smallpox ( 1518 , 1521 , 1525 , 1558 , 1589 ) , typhus ( 1546 ) , influenza ( 1558 ) , diphtheria ( 1614 ) and measles ( 1618 ) swept the Americas subsequent to European contact , killing between 10 million and 100 million people , up to 95 % of the indigenous population of the Americas . The cultural and political instability attending these losses appears to have been of substantial aid in the efforts of various colonists in New England and Massachusetts to acquire control over the great wealth in land and resources of which indigenous societies had customarily made use . Such diseases yielded human mortality of an unquestionably enormous gravity and scale -- and this has profoundly confused efforts to determine its full extent with any true precision . Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas vary tremendously . Others have argued that significant variations in population size over pre-Columbian history are reason to view higher - end estimates with caution . Such estimates may reflect historical population maxima , while indigenous populations may have been at a level somewhat below these maxima or in a moment of decline in the period just prior to contact with Europeans . Indigenous populations hit their ultimate lows in most areas of the Americas in the early 20th century ; in a number of cases , growth has returned . Impact of colonial land ownership on long - term Development ( edit ) Geographic differences between the colonies played a large determinant in the types of political and economic systems that later developed . In their paper on institutions and long - run growth , economists Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson argue that certain natural endowments gave rise to distinct colonial policies promoting either smallholder or coerced labor production . Densely settled populations , for example , were more easily exploitable and profitable as slave labor . In these regions , landowning elites were economically incentivized to develop forced labor arrangements such as the Peru mit'a system or Argentinian latifundias without regard for democratic norms . French and British colonial leaders , conversely , were incentivized to develop capitalist markets , property rights , and democratic institutions in response to natural environments that supported smallholder production over forced labor . James Mahoney , a professor at Northwestern University , proposes that colonial policy choices made at critical junctures regarding land ownership in coffee - rich Central America fostered enduring path dependent institutions . Coffee economies in Guatemala and El Salvador , for example , were centralized around large plantations that operated under coercive labor systems . By the 19th century , their political structures were largely authoritarian and militarized . In Colombia and Costa Rica , conversely , liberal reforms were enacted at critical junctures to expand commercial agriculture , and they ultimately raised the bargaining power of the middle class . Both nations eventually developed more democratic and egalitarian institutions than their highly concentrated landowning counterparts . List of European colonies in the Americas ( edit ) Spanish Cuba ( until 1898 ) New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Las Californias Santa Fe de Nuevo México Viceroyalty of Peru ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile Puerto Rico ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Rio de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 ) Hispaniola ( 1493 -- 1865 ) ; the island currently comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic , under Spanish rule in whole or in part from 1492 -- 1865 . English and ( after 1707 ) British Further information : List of Hudson 's Bay Company trading posts British America ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Thirteen Colonies ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Rupert 's Land ( 1670 -- 1870 ) British Columbia ( 1793 -- 1871 ) British North America ( 1783 -- 1907 ) British West Indies Belize Courland New Courland ( Tobago ) ( 1654 -- 1689 ) Danish Danish West Indies ( 1754 -- 1917 ) Greenland ( 1814 -- present ) Dutch New Netherland ( 1609 -- 1667 ) Essequibo ( 1616 -- 1815 ) Dutch Virgin Islands ( 1625 -- 1680 ) Berbice ( 1627 -- 1815 ) New Walcheren ( 1628 -- 1677 ) Dutch Brazil ( 1630 -- 1654 ) Pomeroon ( 1650 -- 1689 ) Cayenne ( 1658 -- 1664 ) Demerara ( 1745 -- 1815 ) Suriname ( 1667 -- 1954 ) ( After independence still within the Kingdom Of The Netherlands until 1975 ) Curaçao and Dependencies ( 1634 -- 1954 ) ( Aruba and Curaçao are still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Bonaire ; 1634 -- present ) Sint Eustatius and Dependencies ( 1636 -- 1954 ) ( Sint Maarten is still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Sint Eustatius and Saba ; 1636 -- present ) French Further information : List of French forts in North America New France ( 1604 -- 1763 ) Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Louisiana ( 1699 -- 1763 , 1800 -- 1803 ) Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) French Guiana ( 1763 -- present ) French West Indies Saint - Domingue ( 1659 -- 1804 , now Haiti ) Tobago Virgin Islands France Antarctique ( 1555 -- 1567 ) Equinoctial France ( 1612 -- 1615 ) Knights of Malta Saint Barthélemy ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Christopher ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Croix ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Martin ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Norwegian See also : List of possessions of Norway Greenland ( 986 -- 1814 ) Vinland , known as Newfoundland ( Partly in the 11th century ) Dano - Norwegian West Indies ( 1754 -- 1814 ) Sverdrup Islands ( 1898 -- 1930 ) Erik the Red 's Land ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Portuguese Colonial Brazil ( 1500 -- 1815 ) became a Kingdom , United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . Terra do Labrador ( 1499 / 1500 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Land of the Corte - Real , also known as Terra Nova dos Bacalhaus ( Land of Codfish ) -- Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) ( 1501 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Portugal Cove - St. Philip 's ( 1501 -- 1696 ) Nova Scotia ( 1519 ? -- 1520s ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Barbados ( 1536 -- 1620 ) Colonia do Sacramento ( 1680 -- 1705 / 1714 -- 1762 / 1763 -- 1777 ( 1811 -- 1817 ) ) Cisplatina ( 1811 -- 1822 , now Uruguay ) French Guiana ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Russian Russian America ( Alaska ) ( 1799 -- 1867 ) Scottish Nova Scotia ( 1622 -- 1632 ) Darien Scheme on the Isthmus of Panama ( 1698 -- 1700 ) Stuarts Town , Carolina ( 1684 -- 1686 ) Swedish New Sweden ( 1638 -- 1655 ) Saint Barthélemy ( 1784 -- 1878 ) Guadeloupe ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Exhibitions and collections ( edit ) In 2007 , the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History and the Virginia Historical Society ( VHS ) co-organized a traveling exhibition to recount the strategic alliances and violent conflict between European empires ( English , Spanish , French ) and the Native people living in North America . The exhibition was presented in three languages and with multiple perspectives . Artifacts on display included rare surviving Native and European artifacts , maps , documents , and ceremonial objects from museums and royal collections on both sides of the Atlantic . The exhibition opened in Richmond , Virginia on March 17 , 2007 , and closed at the Smithsonian International Gallery on October 31 , 2009 . The related online exhibition explores the international origins of the societies of Canada and the United States and commemorates the 400th anniversary of three lasting settlements in Jamestown ( 1607 ) , Québec ( 1608 ) , and Santa Fe ( 1609 ) . The site is accessible in three languages . See also ( edit ) Martín de Argüelles Atlantic world Bandeirantes Chronology of the colonization of North America Colonial history of the United States Colonialism Columbian Exchange Conquistador Hernán Cortés European colonization of the Southern United States Former colonies and territories in Canada History of the west coast of North America Indigenous peoples of the Americas Influx of disease in the Caribbean Imperialism List of North American cities founded in chronological order Norse colonization of the Americas Francisco Pizarro Population history of American indigenous peoples Portuguese Empire Romanus Pontifex and Inter caetera Settler colonialism Spanish conquest of Yucatán Spanish Empire Thirteen Colonies , which became the United States in 1776 Timeline of the European colonization of North America Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Treaty of Alcáçovas Treaty of Tordesillas Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pálsson , Hermann ( 1965 ) . The Vinland sagas : the Norse discovery f America . Penguin Classics . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044154 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 9780142002100 . Jump up ^ David Eltis Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic slave trade Jump up ^ T. Douglas Price ( 2015 ) . Ancient Scandinavia : An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings . Oxford University Press . p. 321 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 023198 - 9 . Jump up ^ S.A. Wurm ; Peter Mühlhäusler ; Darrell T. Tyron ( 1996 ) . Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific , Asia , and the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 1048 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 013417 - 9 . Jump up ^ Linda S. Cordell ; Kent Lightfoot ; Francis McManamon ; George Milner ( 30 December 2008 ) . Archaeology in America : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 82 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 02189 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Logan Allen ( 2007 ) . North American Exploration . U of Nebraska Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1015 - 9 . Jump up ^ Axel Kristinsson ( 2010 ) . Expansions : Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age . ReykjavíkurAkademían . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 9979 - 9922 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1536 Inca Rebellion unearthed Peruvian Travel Trends '' . Ferturperu.info. 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` La catastrophe démographique '' ( The Demographic Catastrophe ) in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : `` Espagnols - Indiens : le choc des civilisations '' , in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , pp. 14 -- 21 ( interview with Christian Duverger , teacher at the EHESS ) Jump up ^ Conquest in the Americas . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America '' by James Axtell Archived March 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish Colonial System , 1550 -- 1800 . Population Development '' . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna ( 10 March 2004 ) . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . National Association for Interpretation , Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ John Prebble , Darien : the Scottish Dream of Empire ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brocklehurst , `` The Banker who Led Scotland to Disaster '' . Jump up ^ W.J. Eccles , The Canadian Frontier , 1534 -- 1760 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Leslie Choquette , Frenchmen into peasants : modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ John Chester Miller ( 1966 ) . The First Frontier : Life in Colonial America . University Press of America . p. 80 . ISBN 9780819149770 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopædia Britannica 's Guide to Black History '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ García Icazbalceta , Joaquín `` Colección de documentos para la historia de México '' `` Leyes y ordenanzas '' ( Dada en la ciudad de Barcelona , a veinte días del mes de Noviembre , año del nacimiento de nuestro Salvador Jesucristo de mill e quinientos e cuarenta y dos años ) y addenda 4 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de mayo de 1544 text on Internet Cervantes Virtual Jump up ^ Ronald Segal ( 1995 ) . The Black Diaspora : Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 11396 - 3 . It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic . ( Note in original : Paul E. Lovejoy , `` The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa : A Review of the Literature , '' in Journal of African History 30 ( 1989 ) , p. 368 . ) ... It is widely conceded that further revisions are more likely to be upward than downward . Jump up ^ `` Quick guide : The slave trade '' . bbc.co.uk . March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stephen D. Behrendt , David Richardson , and David Eltis , W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African - American Research , Harvard University . Based on `` records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas '' . Stephen Behrendt ( 1999 ) . `` Transatlantic Slave Trade '' . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . New York : Basic Civitas Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00071 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michael Tadman , `` The Demographic Cost of Sugar : Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas , '' The American Historical Review Dec. 2000 105 : 5 online Archived November 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p. 678 Jump up ^ Includes 10,000 to Spanish Louisiana before 1803 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ American Indian Epidemics Archived February 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Smallpox : Eradicating the Scourge '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Knopf . pp. 106 -- 09 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3205 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Of ... Smallpox '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus ( ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4006 - X ) , Charles C. Mann , Knopf , 2005 . Jump up ^ Thornton , pp. xvii , 36 . Jump up ^ Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson , `` Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long - Run Growth , '' Handbook of Economic Growth 1 : 385 - 472 . 2005 . Jump up ^ James Mahoney , `` Path - Dependent Explanations of Regime Change : Central America in Comparative Perspective . '' Studies in Comparative International Development , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Jamestown , Québec , Santa Fe : Three North American Beginnings '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bailyn , Bernard , ed . Atlantic History : Concept and Contours ( Harvard UP , 2005 ) Bannon , John Francis . History of the Americas ( 2 vols. 1952 ) , older textbook Bolton , Herbert E. `` The Epic of Greater America , '' American Historical Review 38 , no . 3 ( April 1933 ) : 448 -- 74 in JSTOR Davis , Harold E. The Americas in History ( 1953 ) , older textbook Egerton , Douglas R. et al . The Atlantic World : A History , 1400 -- 1888 ( 2007 ) Eltis , David . The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas ( 2000 ) . Hinderaker , Eric ; Horn , Rebecca . `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp. 395 -- 432 in JSTOR Lockhart , James , and Stuart B. Schwartz . Early Latin America : A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil ( 1983 ) . Merriman , Roger Bigelow . The Rise of The Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New ( 4 vol. 1934 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The northern voyages , A.D. 500 -- 1600 ( 1971 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The southern voyages , 1492 -- 1616 ( 1971 ) Parry , J.H. The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery , Exploration , and Settlement , 1450 -- 1650 ( 1982 ) Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds . The American Colonies and the British Empire , 1607 -- 1783 ( 8 vol , 2010 ) ; primary sources Sobecki , Sebastian . `` New World Discovery '' . Oxford Handbooks Online ( 2015 ) . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935338.013. 141 Starkey , Armstrong ( 1998 ) . European - Native American Warfare , 1675 -- 1815 . University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3075 - 0 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2003 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : European colonization of the Americas `` The Political Force of Images , '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America , 1520 - 1820 . History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Colonization and decolonization Earth Exploration Europe Americas Africa Asia Oceania Antarctica -- World oceans Colonization Americas Africa Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Antarctica World oceans Subterranea Decolonization Americas Africa Asia Oceania General topics Exploration Maritime history ( European ) Age of Discovery Solar System discovery Colonization Antiquity -- Imperialism Chartered companies Interventionism Colonialism chronology history empires wars Current : Non-Self - Governing Dependent Space Station -- Space Militarization Commercial use of space Empires in Modernity Overseas , major : British Dutch French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Overseas , minor : American Australian Austro - Hungarian Belgian Danish New Zealand Norwegian Polish - Lithuanian Swedish Mostly contiguous : American Chinese Japanese Ottoman Russian South African Decolonization Wars of national liberation -- Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe in South America Sovereign states formation dates Postcolonialism Independence Internal colonialism Nation - building Postcolonialism ( international relations ) Terra nullius Indigenous peoples Uncontacted peoples Outer space Exploration Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Ceres Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Colonization Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=812274678 '' Categories : Colonization of the Americas History of the Americas History of European colonialism History of indigenous peoples of the Americas History of North America History of Central America History of South America History of the Caribbean Age of Discovery Christianization Colonization history of the United States Genocide of indigenous peoples of the Americas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Latina Lietuvių Magyar Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Patois Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who were the first european to reach the americas and when did they arrive	[ "Norse journeys to Greenland and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence.[4] A Norse colony in Greenland was established in the late 10th century, and lasted until the mid 15th century, with court and parliament assemblies (þing) taking place at Brattahlíð and a bishop located at Garðar.[5] The remains of a Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada, were discovered in 1960 and were dated to around the year 1000 (carbon dating estimate 990–1050 CE).[6] L'Anse aux Meadows is the only site widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. It was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978.[7] It is also notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of Vinland, established by Leif Erikson around the same period or, more broadly, with the West Norse colonization of the Americas.[8]", "Norse journeys to Greenland and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence.[4] A Norse colony in Greenland was established in the late 10th century, and lasted until the mid 15th century, with court and parliament assemblies (þing) taking place at Brattahlíð and a bishop located at Garðar.[5] The remains of a Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada, were discovered in 1960 and were dated to around the year 1000 (carbon dating estimate 990–1050 CE).[6] L'Anse aux Meadows is the only site widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. It was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978.[7] It is also notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of Vinland, established by Leif Erikson around the same period or, more broadly, with the West Norse colonization of the Americas.[8]" ]	[ "Norse", "year 1000" ]
-4114731318561794226	Second Amendment to the United States Constitution	Second Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Second Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Bill of Rights in the National Archives . Close up image of the Second Amendment Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal The Second Amendment ( Amendment II ) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights . The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals , while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices . State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right , per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights . The Second Amendment was based partially on the right to keep and bear arms in English common law and was influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . Sir William Blackstone described this right as an auxiliary right , supporting the natural rights of self - defense and resistance to oppression , and the civic duty to act in concert in defense of the state . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that , `` The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence '' and limited the scope of the Second Amendment 's protections to the federal government . In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not protect weapon types not having a `` reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . In the twenty - first century , the amendment has been subjected to renewed academic inquiry and judicial interest . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court handed down a landmark decision that held the amendment protects an individual right to possess and carry firearms . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court clarified its earlier decisions that limited the amendment 's impact to a restriction on the federal government , expressly holding that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment against state and local governments . In Caetano v. Massachusetts ( 2016 ) , the Supreme Court reiterated its earlier rulings that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' and that its protection is not limited to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . Despite these decisions , the debate between various organizations regarding gun control and gun rights continues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Pre-Constitution background 2.1 Influence of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 2.2 Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution 3 Drafting and adoption of the Constitution 4 Ratification debates 5 Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of Rights 6 Militia in the decades following ratification 7 Scholarly commentary 7.1 Early commentary 7.1. 1 Richard Henry Lee 7.1. 2 George Mason 7.1. 3 Tench Coxe 7.1. 4 Tucker / Blackstone 7.1. 5 William Rawle 7.1. 6 Joseph Story 7.1. 7 Lysander Spooner 7.1. 8 Timothy Farrar 7.1. 9 Judge Thomas Cooley 7.2 Late 20th century commentary 7.3 Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' 7.4 Meaning of `` the right of the People '' 7.5 Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' 8 Supreme Court cases 8.1 United States v. Cruikshank 8.2 Presser v. Illinois 8.3 Miller v. Texas 8.4 Robertson v. Baldwin 8.5 United States v. Miller 8.6 District of Columbia v. Heller 8.6. 1 Judgment 8.6. 2 Notes and analysis 8.7 McDonald v. City of Chicago 8.8 Caetano v. Massachusetts 9 United States Courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller 9.1 Before Heller 9.2 After Heller 10 See also 11 Notes and citations 12 References 12.1 Books 12.2 Periodicals 12.3 Other publications 13 Further reading 14 External links Text There are several versions of the text of the Second Amendment , each with capitalization or punctuation differences . Differences exist between the drafted and ratified copies , the signed copies on display , and various published transcriptions . The importance ( or lack thereof ) of these differences has been the source of debate regarding the meaning and interpretation of the amendment , particularly regarding the importance of the prefatory clause . One version was passed by the Congress , and a slightly different version was ratified . As passed by the Congress and preserved in the National Archives , with the rest of the original handwritten copy of the Bill of Rights prepared by scribe William Lambert , the amendment says : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to show only the text that would later be edited and ratified as the Second Amendment Here is the amendment as ratified by the States and authenticated by Thomas Jefferson , the Secretary of State : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Pre-constitution background Influence of the English Bill of rights of 1689 The right to bear arms in English history is believed to have been regarded in English law as an auxiliary to the long - established natural right of self - defense , auxiliary to the natural and legally defensible rights to life . The English Bill of Rights of 1689 emerged from a tempestuous period in English politics during which two issues were major sources of conflict : the authority of the King to govern without the consent of Parliament , and the role of Catholics in a country that was becoming ever more Protestant . Ultimately , the Catholic James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution , and his successors , the Protestants William III and Mary II , accepted the conditions that were codified in the Bill . One of the issues the Bill resolved was the authority of the King to disarm its subjects , after James II had attempted to disarm many Protestants , and had argued with Parliament over his desire to maintain a standing ( or permanent ) army . The bill states that it is acting to restore `` ancient rights '' trampled upon by James II , though some have argued that the English Bill of Rights created a new right to have arms , which developed out of a duty to have arms . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court did not accept this view , remarking that the English right at the time of the passing of the English Bill of Rights was `` clearly an individual right , having nothing whatsoever to do with service in the militia '' and that it was a right not to be disarmed by the Crown and was not the granting of a new right to have arms . The text of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 includes language protecting the right of Protestants against disarmament by the Crown . This document states : `` That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' It also contained text that aspired to bind future Parliaments , though under English constitutional law no Parliament can bind any later Parliament . Nevertheless , the English Bill of Rights remains an important constitutional document , more for enumerating the rights of Parliament over the monarchy than for its clause concerning a right to have arms . The statement in the English Bill of Rights concerning the right to bear arms is often quoted only in the passage where it is written as above and not in its full context . In its full context it is clear that the bill was asserting the right of Protestant citizens not to be disarmed by the King without the consent of Parliament and was merely restoring rights to Protestants that the previous King briefly and unlawfully had removed . In its full context it reads : Whereas the late King James the Second by the Assistance of diverse evill Councellors Judges and Ministers imployed by him did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant Religion and the Lawes and Liberties of this Kingdome ( list of grievances including ) ... by causing severall good Subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when Papists were both Armed and Imployed contrary to Law , ( Recital regarding the change of monarch ) ... thereupon the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons pursuant to their respective Letters and Elections being now assembled in a full and free Representative of this Nation takeing into their most serious Consideration the best meanes for attaining the Ends aforesaid Doe in the first place ( as their Auncestors in like Case have usually done ) for the Vindicating and Asserting their ancient Rights and Liberties , Declare ( list of rights including ) ... That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . The historical link between the English Bill of Rights and the Second Amendment , which both codify an existing right and do not create a new one , has been acknowledged by the U.S. Supreme Court . The English Bill of Rights includes the proviso that arms must be as `` allowed by law . '' This has been the case before and after the passage of the Bill . While it did not override earlier restrictions on the ownership of guns for hunting , it was written to preserve the hunting rights of the landed aristocracy and is subject to the parliamentary right to implicitly or explicitly repeal earlier enactments . There is some difference of opinion as to how revolutionary the events of 1688 -- 89 actually were , and several commentators make the point that the provisions of the English Bill of Rights did not represent new laws , but rather stated existing rights . Mark Thompson wrote that , apart from determining the succession , the English Bill of Rights did `` little more than set forth certain points of existing laws and simply secured to Englishmen the rights of which they were already posessed ( sic ) . '' Before and after the English Bill of Rights , the government could always disarm any individual or class of individuals it considered dangerous to the peace of the realm . In 1765 , William Blackstone wrote the Commentaries on the Laws of England describing the right to have arms in England during the 18th century as a natural right of the subject that was `` also declared '' in the English Bill of Rights . The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject , that I shall at present mention , is that of having arms for their defence , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is also declared by the same statute 1 W. & M. st. 2 . c. 2 . and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . Although there is little doubt that the writers of the Second Amendment were heavily influenced by the English Bill of Rights , it is a matter of interpretation as to whether they were intent on preserving the power to regulate arms to the states over the federal government ( as the English Parliament had reserved for itself against the monarch ) or whether it was intent on creating a new right akin to the right of others written into the Constitution ( as the Supreme Court decided in Heller ) . Some in the United States have preferred the `` rights '' argument arguing that the English Bill of Rights had granted a right . The need to have arms for self - defence was not really in question . Peoples all around the world since time immemorial had armed themselves for the protection of themselves and others , and as organized nations began to appear these arrangements had been extended to the protection of the state . Without a regular army and police force ( which in England was not established until 1829 ) , it had been the duty of certain men to keep watch and ward at night and to confront and capture suspicious persons . Every subject had an obligation to protect the king 's peace and assist in the suppression of riots . Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution Ideals that helped to inspire the Second Amendment in part are symbolized by the minutemen . Early English settlers in America viewed the right to arms and / or the right to bear arms and / or state militias as important for one or more of these purposes ( in no particular order ) : enabling the people to organize a militia system . participating in law enforcement ; deterring tyrannical government ; repelling invasion ; suppressing insurrection , allegedly including slave revolts ; facilitating a natural right of self - defense . Which of these considerations were thought of as most important and ultimately found expression in the Second Amendment is disputed . Some of these purposes were explicitly mentioned in early state constitutions ; for example , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 asserted that , `` the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state '' . During the 1760s pre-revolutionary period , the established colonial militia was composed of colonists , including many who were loyal to British imperial rule . As defiance and opposition to British rule developed , a distrust of these Loyalists in the militia became widespread among the colonists , known as Patriots , who favored independence from British rule . As a result , some Patriots created their own militias that excluded the Loyalists and then sought to stock independent armories for their militias . In response to this arms build up , the British Parliament established an embargo on firearms , parts and ammunition on the American colonies . British and Loyalist efforts to disarm the colonial Patriot militia armories in the early phases of the American Revolution resulted in the Patriot colonists protesting by citing the Declaration of Rights , Blackstone 's summary of the Declaration of Rights , their own militia laws and common law rights to self - defense . While British policy in the early phases of the Revolution clearly aimed to prevent coordinated action by the Patriot militia , some have argued that there is no evidence that the British sought to restrict the traditional common law right of self - defense . Patrick J. Charles disputes these claims citing similar disarming by the patriots and challenging those scholars ' interpretation of Blackstone . The right of the colonists to arms and rebellion against oppression was asserted , for example , in a pre-revolutionary newspaper editorial in 1769 Boston objecting to the British army suppression of colonial opposition to the Townshend Acts : Instances of the licentious and outrageous behavior of the military conservators of the peace still multiply upon us , some of which are of such nature , and have been carried to such lengths , as must serve fully to evince that a late vote of this town , calling upon its inhabitants to provide themselves with arms for their defense , was a measure as prudent as it was legal : such violences are always to be apprehended from military troops , when quartered in the body of a populous city ; but more especially so , when they are led to believe that they are become necessary to awe a spirit of rebellion , injuriously said to be existing therein . It is a natural right which the people have reserved to themselves , confirmed by the Bill of Rights , to keep arms for their own defence ; and as Mr. Blackstone observes , it is to be made use of when the sanctions of society and law are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . The armed forces that won the American Revolution consisted of the standing Continental Army created by the Continental Congress , together with regular French army and naval forces and various state and regional militia units . In opposition , the British forces consisted of a mixture of the standing British Army , Loyalist militia and Hessian mercenaries . Following the Revolution , the United States was governed by the Articles of Confederation . Federalists argued that this government had an unworkable division of power between Congress and the states , which caused military weakness , as the standing army was reduced to as few as 80 men . They considered it to be bad that there was no effective federal military crackdown on an armed tax rebellion in western Massachusetts known as Shays ' Rebellion . Anti-federalists on the other hand took the side of limited government and sympathized with the rebels , many of whom were former Revolutionary War soldiers . Subsequently , the Constitutional Convention proposed in 1787 to grant Congress exclusive power to raise and support a standing army and navy of unlimited size . Anti-federalists objected to the shift of power from the states to the federal government , but as adoption of the Constitution became more and more likely , they shifted their strategy to establishing a bill of rights that would put some limits on federal power . Modern scholars Thomas B. McAffee and Michael J. Quinlan have stated that James Madison `` did not invent the right to keep and bear arms when he drafted the Second Amendment ; the right was pre-existing at both common law and in the early state constitutions . '' In contrast , historian Jack Rakove suggests that Madison 's intention in framing the Second Amendment was to provide assurances to moderate Anti-Federalists that the militias would not be disarmed . One aspect of the gun control debate is the conflict between gun control laws and the right to rebel against unjust governments . Blackstone in his Commentaries alluded to this right to rebel as the natural right of resistance and self preservation , to be used only as a last resort , exercisable when `` the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . Some believe that the framers of the Bill of Rights sought to balance not just political power , but also military power , between the people , the states and the nation , as Alexander Hamilton explained in 1788 : ( I ) f circumstances should at any time oblige the government to form an army of any magnitude ( , ) that army can never be formidable to the liberties of the people while there is a large body of citizens , little , if at all , inferior to them in discipline and the use of arms , who stand ready to defend their own rights and those of their fellow - citizens . Some scholars have said that it is wrong to read a right of armed insurrection in the Second Amendment because clearly the founding fathers sought to place trust in the power of the ordered liberty of democratic government versus the anarchy of insurrectionists . Other scholars , such as Glenn Reynolds , contend that the framers did believe in an individual right to armed insurrection . The latter scholars cite examples , such as the Declaration of Independence ( describing in 1776 `` the Right of the People to ... institute new Government '' ) and the Constitution of New Hampshire ( stating in 1784 that `` nonresistance against arbitrary power , and oppression , is absurd , slavish , and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind '' ) . There was an ongoing debate beginning in 1789 about `` the people '' fighting governmental tyranny ( as described by Anti-Federalists ) ; or the risk of mob rule of `` the people '' ( as described by the Federalists ) related to the increasingly violent French Revolution . A widespread fear , during the debates on ratifying the Constitution , was the possibility of a military takeover of the states by the federal government , which could happen if the Congress passed laws prohibiting states from arming citizens , or prohibiting citizens from arming themselves . Though it has been argued that the states lost the power to arm their citizens when the power to arm the militia was transferred from the states to the federal government by Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution , the individual right to arm was retained and strengthened by the Militia Acts of 1792 and the similar act of 1795 . Drafting and adoption of the Constitution Further information : Constitutional Convention James Madison ( left ) is known as the `` Father of the Constitution '' and `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' while George Mason ( right ) with Madison is also known as the `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' Patrick Henry ( left ) believed that a citizenry trained in arms was the only sure guarantor of liberty while Alexander Hamilton ( right ) wrote in Federalist No. 29 that `` little more can be reasonably aimed at , with respect to the people at large , than to have them properly armed ... '' In March 1785 , delegates from Virginia and Maryland assembled at the Mount Vernon Conference to fashion a remedy to the inefficiencies of the Articles of Confederation . The following year , at a meeting in Annapolis , Maryland , 12 delegates from five states ( New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Virginia ) met and drew up a list of problems with the current government model . At its conclusion , the delegates scheduled a follow - up meeting in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania for May 1787 to present solutions to these problems , such as the absence of : interstate arbitration processes to handle quarrels between states ; sufficiently trained and armed intrastate security forces to suppress insurrection ; a national militia to repel foreign invaders . It quickly became apparent that the solution to all three of these problems required shifting control of the states ' militias to the federal congress and giving that congress the power to raise a standing army . Article 1 , Section 8 of the Constitution codified these changes by allowing the Congress to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States by doing the following : raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; provide and maintain a navy ; make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union , suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States , reserving to the states respectively , the appointment of the officers , and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Some representatives mistrusted proposals to enlarge federal powers , because they were concerned about the inherent risks of centralizing power . Federalists , including James Madison , initially argued that a bill of rights was unnecessary , sufficiently confident that the federal government could never raise a standing army powerful enough to overcome a militia . Federalist Noah Webster argued that an armed populace would have no trouble resisting the potential threat to liberty of a standing army . Anti-federalists , on the other hand , advocated amending the Constitution with clearly defined and enumerated rights providing more explicit constraints on the new government . Many Anti-federalists feared the new federal government would choose to disarm state militias . Federalists countered that in listing only certain rights , unlisted rights might lose protection . The Federalists realized there was insufficient support to ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights and so they promised to support amending the Constitution to add a bill of rights following the Constitution 's adoption . This compromise persuaded enough Anti-federalists to vote for the Constitution , allowing for ratification . The Constitution was declared ratified on June 21 , 1788 , when nine of the original thirteen states had ratified it . The remaining four states later followed suit , although the last two states , North Carolina and Rhode Island , ratified only after Congress had passed the Bill of Rights and sent it to the states for ratification . James Madison drafted what ultimately became the Bill of Rights , which was proposed by the first Congress on June 8 , 1789 , and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 . Ratification debates The debate surrounding the Constitution 's ratification is of practical importance , particularly to adherents of originalist and strict constructionist legal theories . In the context of such legal theories and elsewhere , it is important to understand the language of the Constitution in terms of what that language meant to the people who wrote and ratified the Constitution . The Second Amendment was relatively uncontroversial at the time of its ratification . Robert Whitehill , a delegate from Pennsylvania , sought to clarify the draft Constitution with a bill of rights explicitly granting individuals the right to hunt on their own land in season , though Whitehill 's language was never debated . There was substantial opposition to the new Constitution , because it moved the power to arm the state militias from the states to the federal government . This created a fear that the federal government , by neglecting the upkeep of the militia , could have overwhelming military force at its disposal through its power to maintain a standing army and navy , leading to a confrontation with the states , encroaching on the states ' reserved powers and even engaging in a military takeover . Article VI of the Articles of Confederation states : No vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State , except such number only , as shall be deemed necessary by the united States in congress assembled , for the defense of such State , or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace , except such number only , as in the judgement of the united States , in congress assembled , shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such State ; but every State shall always keep up a well - regulated and disciplined militia , sufficiently armed and accoutered , and shall provide and constantly have ready for use , in public stores , a due number of field pieces and tents , and a proper quantity of arms , ammunition and camp equipage . In contrast , Article I , Section 8 , Clause 16 of the U.S. Constitution states : To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . A foundation of American political thought during the Revolutionary period was concern about political corruption and governmental tyranny . Even the federalists , fending off their opponents who accused them of creating an oppressive regime , were careful to acknowledge the risks of tyranny . Against that backdrop , the framers saw the personal right to bear arms as a potential check against tyranny . Theodore Sedgwick of Massachusetts expressed this sentiment by declaring that it is `` a chimerical idea to suppose that a country like this could ever be enslaved ... Is it possible ... that an army could be raised for the purpose of enslaving themselves or their brethren ? or , if raised whether they could subdue a nation of freemen , who know how to prize liberty and who have arms in their hands ? '' Noah Webster similarly argued : Before a standing army can rule the people must be disarmed ; as they are in almost every kingdom in Europe . The supreme power in America can not enforce unjust laws by the sword ; because the whole body of the people are armed , and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops that can be , on any pretence , raised in the United States . George Mason argued the importance of the militia and right to bear arms by reminding his compatriots of England 's efforts `` to disarm the people ; that it was the best and most effectual way to enslave them ... by totally disusing and neglecting the militia . '' He also clarified that under prevailing practice the militia included all people , rich and poor . `` Who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . '' Because all were members of the militia , all enjoyed the right to individually bear arms to serve therein . Writing after the ratification of the Constitution , but before the election of the first Congress , James Monroe included `` the right to keep and bear arms '' in a list of basic `` human rights '' , which he proposed to be added to the Constitution . Patrick Henry argued in the Virginia ratification convention on June 5 , 1788 , for the dual rights to arms and resistance to oppression : Guard with jealous attention the public liberty . Suspect everyone who approaches that jewel . Unfortunately , nothing will preserve it but downright force . Whenever you give up that force , you are inevitably ruined . While both Monroe and John Adams supported the Constitution being ratified , its most influential framer was James Madison . In Federalist No. 46 , he confidently contrasted the federal government of the United States to the European kingdoms , which he contemptuously described as `` afraid to trust the people with arms . '' He assured his fellow citizens that they need never fear their government because of `` the advantage of being armed ... '' By January 1788 , Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia and Connecticut ratified the Constitution without insisting upon amendments . Several specific amendments were proposed , but were not adopted at the time the Constitution was ratified . For example , the Pennsylvania convention debated fifteen amendments , one of which concerned the right of the people to be armed , another with the militia . The Massachusetts convention also ratified the Constitution with an attached list of proposed amendments . In the end , the ratification convention was so evenly divided between those for and against the Constitution that the federalists agreed to amendments to assure ratification . Samuel Adams proposed that the Constitution : Be never construed to authorize Congress to infringe the just liberty of the press , or the rights of conscience ; or to prevent the people of the United States , who are peaceable citizens , from keeping their own arms ; or to raise standing armies , unless when necessary for the defence of the United States , or of some one or more of them ; or to prevent the people from petitioning , in a peaceable and orderly manner , the federal legislature , for a redress of their grievances : or to subject the people to unreasonable searches and seizures . Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of rights James Madison 's initial proposal for a bill of rights was brought to the floor of the House of Representatives on June 8 , 1789 , during the first session of Congress . The initial proposed passage relating to arms was : The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . On July 21 , Madison again raised the issue of his bill and proposed a select committee be created to report on it . The House voted in favor of Madison 's motion , and the Bill of Rights entered committee for review . The committee returned to the House a reworded version of the Second Amendment on July 28 . On August 17 , that version was read into the Journal : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no person religiously scrupulous shall be compelled to bear arms . In late August 1789 , the House debated and modified the Second Amendment . These debates revolved primarily around risk of `` mal - administration of the government '' using the `` religiously scrupulous '' clause to destroy the militia as Great Britain had attempted to destroy the militia at the commencement of the American Revolution . These concerns were addressed by modifying the final clause , and on August 24 , the House sent the following version to the Senate : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . The next day , August 25 , the Senate received the amendment from the House and entered it into the Senate Journal . However , the Senate scribe added a comma before `` shall not be infringed '' and changed the semicolon separating that phrase from the religious exemption portion to a comma : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . By this time , the proposed right to keep and bear arms was in a separate amendment , instead of being in a single amendment together with other proposed rights such as the due process right . As a Representative explained , this change allowed each amendment to `` be passed upon distinctly by the States . '' On September 4 , the Senate voted to change the language of the Second Amendment by removing the definition of militia , and striking the conscientious objector clause : A well regulated militia , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . The Senate returned to this amendment for a final time on September 9 . A proposal to insert the words `` for the common defence '' next to the words `` bear arms '' was defeated . An extraneous comma added on August 25 was also removed . The Senate then slightly modified the language and voted to return the Bill of Rights to the House . The final version passed by the Senate was : A well regulated militia being the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . The House voted on September 21 , 1789 to accept the changes made by the Senate , but the amendment as finally entered into the House journal contained the additional words `` necessary to '' : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . On December 15 , 1791 , the Bill of Rights ( the first ten amendments to the Constitution ) was adopted , having been ratified by three - fourths of the states . Militia in the decades following ratification Ketland brass barrel smooth bore pistol common in Colonial America During the first two decades following the ratification of the Second Amendment , public opposition to standing armies , among Anti-Federalists and Federalists alike , persisted and manifested itself locally as a general reluctance to create a professional armed police force , instead relying on county sheriffs , constables and night watchmen to enforce local ordinances . Though sometimes compensated , often these positions were unpaid -- held as a matter of civic duty . In these early decades , law enforcement officers were rarely armed with firearms , using billy clubs as their sole defensive weapons . In serious emergencies , a posse comitatus , militia company , or group of vigilantes assumed law enforcement duties ; these individuals were more likely than the local sheriff to be armed with firearms . On May 8 , 1792 , Congress passed `` ( a ) n act more effectually to provide for the National Defence , by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States '' requiring : ( E ) ach and every free able - bodied white male citizen of the respective States , resident therein , who is or shall be of age of eighteen years , and under the age of forty - five years ( except as is herein after excepted ) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia ... ( and ) every citizen so enrolled and notified , shall , within six months thereafter , provide himself with a good musket or firelock , a sufficient bayonet and belt , two spare flints , and a knapsack , a pouch with a box therein to contain not less than twenty - four cartridges , suited to the bore of his musket or firelock , each cartridge to contain a proper quantity of powder and ball : or with a good rifle , knapsack , shot - pouch and powder - horn , twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle , and a quarter of a pound of powder ; and shall appear , so armed , accoutred and provided , when called out to exercise , or into service , except , that when called out on company days to exercise only , he may appear without a knapsack . The act also gave specific instructions to domestic weapon manufacturers `` that from and after five years from the passing of this act , muskets for arming the militia as herein required , shall be of bores sufficient for balls of the eighteenth part of a pound . '' In practice , private acquisition and maintenance of rifles and muskets meeting specifications and readily available for militia duty proved problematic ; estimates of compliance ranged from 10 to 65 percent . Compliance with the enrollment provisions was also poor . In addition to the exemptions granted by the law for custom - house officers and their clerks , post-officers and stage drivers employed in the care and conveyance of U.S. mail , ferrymen , export inspectors , pilots , merchant mariners and those deployed at sea in active service ; state legislatures granted numerous exemptions under Section 2 of the Act , including exemptions for : clergy , conscientious objectors , teachers , students , and jurors . And though a number of able - bodied white men remained available for service , many simply did not show up for militia duty . Penalties for failure to appear were enforced sporadically and selectively . None is mentioned in the legislation . The Model 1795 Musket was made in the U.S. and used in the War of 1812 The first test of the militia system occurred in July 1794 , when a group of disaffected Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against federal tax collectors whom they viewed as illegitimate tools of tyrannical power . Attempts by the four adjoining states to raise a militia for nationalization to suppress the insurrection proved inadequate . When officials resorted to drafting men , they faced bitter resistance . Forthcoming soldiers consisted primarily of draftees or paid substitutes as well as poor enlistees lured by enlistment bonuses . The officers , however , were of a higher quality , responding out of a sense of civic duty and patriotism , and generally critical of the rank and file . Most of the 13,000 soldiers lacked the required weaponry ; the war department provided nearly two - thirds of them with guns . In October , President George Washington and General Harry Lee marched on the 7,000 rebels who conceded without fighting . The episode provoked criticism of the citizen militia and inspired calls for a universal militia . Secretary of War Henry Knox and Vice-President John Adams had lobbied Congress to establish federal armories to stock imported weapons and encourage domestic production . Congress did subsequently pass `` ( a ) n act for the erecting and repairing of Arsenals and Magazines '' on April 2 , 1794 , two months prior to the insurrection . Nevertheless , the militia continued to deteriorate and twenty years later , the militia 's poor condition contributed to several losses in the War of 1812 , including the sacking of Washington , D.C. , and the burning of the White House in 1814 . Scholarly commentary Early commentary William Rawle of Pennsylvania ( left ) was a lawyer and district attorney ; Thomas M. Cooley of Michigan ( right ) was an educator and judge . Joseph Story of Massachusetts ( left ) became a U.S. Supreme Court justice ; Tench Coxe of Pennsylvania ( right ) was a political economist and delegate to the Continental Congress . Richard Henry Lee In May of 1788 , Richard Henry Lee wrote ( Wikiquote link ) in Additional Letters From The Federal Farmer # 169 or Letter XVIII regarding the definition of a `` militia . '' George Mason In June of 1788 , George Mason addressed ( Wikiquote link ) the Virginia Ratifying Convention regarding a `` militia . '' Tench Coxe In 1792 , Tench Coxe made the following point in a commentary on the Second Amendment : As civil rulers , not having their duty to the people duly before them , may attempt to tyrannize , and as the military forces which must be occasionally raised to defend our country , might pervert their power to the injury of their fellow citizens , the people are confirmed by the next article in their right to keep and bear their private arms . Tucker / Blackstone The earliest published commentary on the Second Amendment by a major constitutional theorist was by St. George Tucker . He annotated a five - volume edition of Sir William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , a critical legal reference for early American attorneys published in 1803 . Tucker wrote : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep , and bear arms , shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 . This may be considered as the true palladium of liberty ... The right of self defence is the first law of nature : in most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible . Wherever standing armies are kept up , and the right of the people to keep and bear arms is , under any colour or pretext whatsoever , prohibited , liberty , if not already annihilated , is on the brink of destruction . In England , the people have been disarmed , generally , under the specious pretext of preserving the game : a never failing lure to bring over the landed aristocracy to support any measure , under that mask , though calculated for very different purposes . True it is , their bill of rights seems at first view to counteract this policy : but the right of bearing arms is confined to protestants , and the words suitable to their condition and degree , have been interpreted to authorise the prohibition of keeping a gun or other engine for the destruction of game , to any farmer , or inferior tradesman , or other person not qualified to kill game . So that not one man in five hundred can keep a gun in his house without being subject to a penalty . In footnotes 40 and 41 of the Commentaries , Tucker stated that the right to bear arms under the Second Amendment was not subject to the restrictions that were part of English law : `` The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 , and this without any qualification as to their condition or degree , as is the case in the British government '' and `` whoever examines the forest , and game laws in the British code , will readily perceive that the right of keeping arms is effectually taken away from the people of England . '' Blackstone himself also commented on English game laws , Vol. II , p. 412 , `` that the prevention of popular insurrections and resistance to government by disarming the bulk of the people , is a reason oftener meant than avowed by the makers of the forest and game laws . '' Blackstone discussed the right of self - defense in a separate section of his treatise on the common law of crimes . Tucker 's annotations for that latter section did not mention the Second Amendment but cited the standard works of English jurists such as Hawkins . Further , Tucker criticized the English Bill of Rights for limiting gun ownership to the very wealthy , leaving the populace effectively disarmed , and expressed the hope that Americans `` never cease to regard the right of keeping and bearing arms as the surest pledge of their liberty . '' William Rawle Tucker 's commentary was soon followed , in 1825 , by that of William Rawle in his landmark text , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Like Tucker , Rawle condemned England 's `` arbitrary code for the preservation of game , '' portraying that country as one that `` boasts so much of its freedom , '' yet provides a right to `` protestant subjects only '' that it `` cautiously describ ( es ) to be that of bearing arms for their defence '' and reserves for `` ( a ) very small proportion of the people ( . ) '' In contrast , Rawle characterizes the second clause of the Second Amendment , which he calls the corollary clause , as a general prohibition against such capricious abuse of government power , declaring bluntly : No clause could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . Speaking of the Second Amendment generally , Rawle said : The prohibition is general . No clause in the Constitution could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . Rawle , long before the concept of incorporation was formally recognized by the courts , or Congress drafted the Fourteenth Amendment , contended that citizens could appeal to the Second Amendment should either the state or federal government attempt to disarm them . He did warn , however , that `` this right ( to bear arms ) ought not ... be abused to the disturbance of the public peace '' and , paraphrasing Coke , observed : `` An assemblage of persons with arms , for unlawful purpose , is an indictable offence , and even the carrying of arms abroad by a single individual , attended with circumstances giving just reason to fear that he purposes to make an unlawful use of them , would be sufficient cause to require him to give surety of the peace . '' Joseph Story Joseph Story articulated in his influential Commentaries on the Constitution the orthodox view of the Second Amendment , which he viewed as the amendment 's clear meaning : The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . Story describes a militia as the `` natural defence of a free country , '' both against foreign foes , domestic revolts and usurpation by rulers . The book regards the militia as a `` moral check '' against both usurpation and the arbitrary use of power , while expressing distress at the growing indifference of the American people to maintaining such an organized militia , which could lead to the undermining of the protection of the Second Amendment . Lysander Spooner Abolitionist Lysander Spooner , commenting on bills of rights , stated that the object of all bills of rights is to assert the rights of individuals against the government and that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms was in support of the right to resist government oppression , as the only security against the tyranny of government lies in forcible resistance to injustice , for injustice will certainly be executed , unless forcibly resisted . Spooner 's theory provided the intellectual foundation for John Brown and other radical abolitionists who believed that arming slaves was not only morally justified , but entirely consistent with the Second Amendment . An express connection between this right and the Second Amendment was drawn by Lysander Spooner who commented that a `` right of resistance '' is protected by both the right to trial by jury and the Second Amendment . The congressional debate on the proposed Fourteenth Amendment concentrated on what the Southern States were doing to harm the newly freed slaves , including disarming the former slaves . Timothy Farrar In 1867 , Judge Timothy Farrar published his Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America , which was written when the Fourteenth Amendment was `` in the process of adoption by the State legislatures . '' : The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to `` life , liberty , and property , '' to `` keep and bear arms , '' to the `` writ of habeas corpus '' to `` trial by jury , '' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . Judge Thomas Cooley Judge Thomas Cooley , perhaps the most widely read constitutional scholar of the nineteenth century , wrote extensively about this amendment , and he explained in 1880 how the Second Amendment protected the `` right of the people '' : It might be supposed from the phraseology of this provision that the right to keep and bear arms was only guaranteed to the militia ; but this would be an interpretation not warranted by the intent . The militia , as has been elsewhere explained , consists of those persons who , under the law , are liable to the performance of military duty , and are officered and enrolled for service when called upon . But the law may make provision for the enrolment of all who are fit to perform military duty , or of a small number only , or it may wholly omit to make any provision at all ; and if the right were limited to those enrolled , the purpose of this guaranty might be defeated altogether by the action or neglect to act of the government it was meant to hold in check . The meaning of the provision undoubtedly is , that the people , from whom the militia must be taken , shall have the right to keep and bear arms ; and they need no permission or regulation of law for the purpose . Late 20th century commentary Assortment of 20th century handguns In the latter half of the 20th century , there was considerable debate over whether the Second Amendment protected an individual right or a collective right . The debate centered on whether the prefatory clause ( `` A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State '' ) declared the amendment 's only purpose or merely announced a purpose to introduce the operative clause ( `` the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed '' ) . Scholars advanced three competing theoretical models for how the prefatory clause should be interpreted . The first , known as the `` states ' rights '' or `` collective right '' model , held that the Second Amendment does not apply to individuals ; rather , it recognizes the right of each state to arm its militia . Under this approach , citizens `` have no right to keep or bear arms , but the states have a collective right to have the National Guard '' . Advocates of collective rights models argued that the Second Amendment was written to prevent the federal government from disarming state militias , rather than to secure an individual right to possess firearms . Prior to 2001 , every circuit court decision that interpreted the Second Amendment endorsed the `` collective right '' model . However , beginning with the Fifth Circuit 's opinion United States v. Emerson in 2001 , some circuit courts recognized that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to bear arms . The second , known as the `` sophisticated collective right model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognizes some limited individual right . However , this individual right could only be exercised by actively participating members of a functioning , organized state militia . Some scholars have argued that the `` sophisticated collective rights model '' is , in fact , the functional equivalent of the `` collective rights model . '' Other commentators have observed that prior to Emerson , five circuit courts specifically endorsed the `` sophisticated collective right model '' . The third , known as the `` standard model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognized the personal right of individuals to keep and bear arms . Supporters of this model argued that `` although the first clause may describe a general purpose for the amendment , the second clause is controlling and therefore the amendment confers an individual right ' of the people ' to keep and bear arms '' . Additionally , scholars who favored this model argued the `` absence of founding - era militias mentioned in the Amendment 's preamble does not render it a ' dead letter ' because the preamble is a ' philosophical declaration ' safeguarding militias and is but one of multiple ' civic purposes ' for which the Amendment was enacted '' . Under both of the collective right models , the opening phrase was considered essential as a pre-condition for the main clause . These interpretations held that this was a grammar structure that was common during that era and that this grammar dictated that the Second Amendment protected a collective right to firearms to the extent necessary for militia duty . However , under the standard model , the opening phrase was believed to be prefatory or amplifying to the operative clause . The opening phrase was meant as a non-exclusive example -- one of many reasons for the amendment . This interpretation is consistent with the position that the Second Amendment protects a modified individual right . The question of a collective right versus an individual right was progressively resolved in favor of the individual rights model , beginning with the Fifth Circuit ruling in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , along with the Supreme Court 's rulings in District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . In Heller , the Supreme Court resolved any remaining circuit splits by ruling that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Although the Second Amendment is the only Constitutional amendment with a prefatory clause , such linguistic constructions were widely used elsewhere in the late eighteenth century . Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' The term `` regulated '' means `` disciplined '' or `` trained '' . In Heller , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` ( t ) he adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' In the year prior to the drafting of the Second Amendment , in Federalist No. 29 Alexander Hamilton wrote the following about `` organizing '' , `` disciplining '' , `` arming '' , and `` training '' of the militia as specified in the enumerated powers : If a well regulated militia be the most natural defence of a free country , it ought certainly to be under the regulation and at the disposal of that body which is constituted the guardian of the national security ... confiding the regulation of the militia to the direction of the national authority ... ( but ) reserving to the states ... the authority of training the militia ... A tolerable expertness in military movements is a business that requires time and practice . It is not a day , or even a week , that will suffice for the attainment of it . To oblige the great body of the yeomanry , and of the other classes of the citizens , to be under arms for the purpose of going through military exercises and evolutions , as often as might be necessary to acquire the degree of perfection which would entitle them to the character of a well - regulated militia , would be a real grievance to the people , and a serious public inconvenience and loss ... Little more can reasonably be aimed at , with respect to the People at large , than to have them properly armed and equipped ; and in order to see that this be not neglected , it will be necessary to assemble them once or twice in the course of a year . Justice Scalia , writing for the Court in Heller : `` In Nunn v. State , 1 Ga . 243 , 251 ( 1846 ) , the Georgia Supreme Court construed the Second Amendment as protecting the ' natural right of self - defence ' and therefore struck down a ban on carrying pistols openly . Its opinion perfectly captured the way in which the operative clause of the Second Amendment furthers the purpose announced in the prefatory clause , in continuity with the English right '' : Nor is the right involved in this discussion less comprehensive or valuable : `` The right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed . '' The right of the whole people , old and young , men , women and boys , and not militia only , to keep and bear arms of every description , not such merely as are used by the militia , shall not be infringed , curtailed , or broken in upon , in the smallest degree ; and all this for the important end to be attained : the rearing up and qualifying a well - regulated militia , so vitally necessary to the security of a free State . Our opinion is , that any law , State or Federal , is repugnant to the Constitution , and void , which contravenes this right , originally belonging to our forefathers , trampled under foot by Charles I. and his two wicked sons and successors , reestablished by the revolution of 1688 , conveyed to this land of liberty by the colonists , and finally incorporated conspicuously in our own Magna Charta ! And Lexington , Concord , Camden , River Raisin , Sandusky , and the laurel - crowned field of New Orleans , plead eloquently for this interpretation ! And the acquisition of Texas may be considered the full fruits of this great constitutional right . Justice Stevens in dissent : When each word in the text is given full effect , the Amendment is most naturally read to secure to the people a right to use and possess arms in conjunction with service in a well - regulated militia . So far as appears , no more than that was contemplated by its drafters or is encompassed within its terms . Even if the meaning of the text were genuinely susceptible to more than one interpretation , the burden would remain on those advocating a departure from the purpose identified in the preamble and from settled law to come forward with persuasive new arguments or evidence . The textual analysis offered by respondent and embraced by the Court falls far short of sustaining that heavy burden . And the Court 's emphatic reliance on the claim `` that the Second Amendment ... codified a pre-existing right , '' ante , at 19 ( refers to p. 19 of the opinion ) , is of course beside the point because the right to keep and bear arms for service in a state militia was also a pre-existing right . Meaning of `` the right of the people '' Justice Antonin Scalia , writing for the majority in Heller , stated : Nowhere else in the Constitution does a `` right '' attributed to `` the people '' refer to anything other than an individual right . What is more , in all six other provisions of the Constitution that mention `` the people , '' the term unambiguously refers to all members of the political community , not an unspecified subset . This contrasts markedly with the phrase `` the militia '' in the prefatory clause . As we will describe below , the `` militia '' in colonial America consisted of a subset of `` the people '' -- those who were male , able bodied , and within a certain age range . Reading the Second Amendment as protecting only the right to `` keep and bear Arms '' in an organized militia therefore fits poorly with the operative clause 's description of the holder of that right as `` the people '' . An earlier case , United States v. Verdugo - Urquidez ( 1990 ) , dealt with nonresident aliens and the Fourth Amendment , but led to a discussion of who are `` the People '' when referred to elsewhere in the Constitution : The Second Amendment protects `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , '' and the Ninth and Tenth Amendments provide that certain rights and powers are retained by and reserved to `` the people '' ... While this textual exegesis is by no means conclusive , it suggests that `` the people '' protected by the Fourth Amendment , and by the First and Second Amendments , and to whom rights and powers are reserved in the Ninth and Tenth Amendments , refers to a class of persons who are part of a national community or who have otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country to be considered part of that community . There were several different reasons for this amendment , and protecting militias was only one of them ; if protecting militias had been the only reason then the amendment could have instead referred to `` the right of the militia to keep and bear arms '' instead of `` the right of the people to keep and bear arms '' . Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' In Heller the majority rejected the view that the term `` to bear arms '' implies only the military use of arms : Before addressing the verbs `` keep '' and `` bear , '' we interpret their object : `` Arms . '' The term was applied , then as now , to weapons that were not specifically designed for military use and were not employed in a military capacity . Thus , the most natural reading of `` keep Arms '' in the Second Amendment is to `` have weapons . '' At the time of the founding , as now , to `` bear '' meant to `` carry . '' In numerous instances , `` bear arms '' was unambiguously used to refer to the carrying of weapons outside of an organized militia . Nine state constitutional provisions written in the 18th century or the first two decades of the 19th , which enshrined a right of citizens `` bear arms in defense of themselves and the state '' again , in the most analogous linguistic context -- that `` bear arms '' was not limited to the carrying of arms in a militia . The phrase `` bear Arms '' also had at the time of the founding an idiomatic meaning that was significantly different from its natural meaning : `` to serve as a soldier , do military service , fight '' or `` to wage war . '' But it unequivocally bore that idiomatic meaning only when followed by the preposition `` against , '' . Every example given by petitioners ' amici for the idiomatic meaning of `` bear arms '' from the founding period either includes the preposition `` against '' or is not clearly idiomatic . In any event , the meaning of `` bear arms '' that petitioners and Justice Stevens propose is not even the ( sometimes ) idiomatic meaning . Rather , they manufacture a hybrid definition , whereby `` bear arms '' connotes the actual carrying of arms ( and therefore is not really an idiom ) but only in the service of an organized militia . No dictionary has ever adopted that definition , and we have been apprised of no source that indicates that it carried that meaning at the time of the founding . Worse still , the phrase `` keep and bear Arms '' would be incoherent . The word `` Arms '' would have two different meanings at once : `` weapons '' ( as the object of `` keep '' ) and ( as the object of `` bear '' ) one - half of an idiom . It would be rather like saying `` He filled and kicked the bucket '' to mean `` He filled the bucket and died . '' In a dissent , joined by Justices Souter , Ginsburg , and Breyer , Justice Stevens said : The Amendment 's text does justify a different limitation : the `` right to keep and bear arms '' protects only a right to possess and use firearms in connection with service in a state - organized militia . Had the Framers wished to expand the meaning of the phrase `` bear arms '' to encompass civilian possession and use , they could have done so by the addition of phrases such as `` for the defense of themselves '' . Supreme Court Cases U.S. Supreme Court See also : Firearm case law in the United States In the century following the ratification of the Bill of Rights , the intended meaning and application of the Second Amendment drew less interest than it does in modern times . The vast majority of regulation was done by states , and the first case law on weapons regulation dealt with state interpretations of the Second Amendment . A notable exception to this general rule was Houston v. Moore , 18 U.S. 1 ( 1820 ) , where the U.S. Supreme Court mentioned the Second Amendment in an aside . In the Dred Scott decision , the opinion of the court stated that if African Americans were considered U.S. citizens , `` It would give to persons of the negro race , who were recognised as citizens in any one State of the Union , the right ... to keep and carry arms wherever they went . '' State and federal courts historically have used two models to interpret the Second Amendment : the `` individual rights '' model , which holds that individuals hold the right to bear arms , and the `` collective rights '' model , which holds that the right is dependent on militia membership . The `` collective rights '' model has been rejected by the Supreme Court , in favor of the individual rights model . The Supreme Court 's primary Second Amendment cases include United States v. Miller , ( 1939 ) ; District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) ; and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . Heller and McDonald supported the individual rights model , under which the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms much as the First Amendment protects the right to free speech . Under this model , the militia is composed of members who supply their own arms and ammunition . This is generally recognized as the method by which militias have historically been armed , as the Supreme Court in Miller said : The signification attributed to the term Militia appears from the debates in the Convention , the history and legislation of Colonies and States , and the writings of approved commentators . These show plainly enough that the Militia comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . ' A body of citizens enrolled for military discipline . ' And further , that ordinarily when called for service these men were expected to appear bearing arms supplied by themselves and of the kind in common use at the time . Of the collective rights model that holds that the right to arms is based on militia membership , the Supreme Court in Heller said : A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . United States v. Cruikshank Main article : United States v. Cruikshank In the Reconstruction Era case of United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) , the defendants were white men who had killed more than sixty black people in what was known as the Colfax massacre and had been charged with conspiring to prevent blacks from exercising their right to bear arms . The Court dismissed the charges , holding that the Bill of Rights restricted Congress but not private individuals . The Court concluded , `` ( f ) or their protection in its enjoyment , the people must look to the States . '' The Court stated that `` ( t ) he Second Amendment ... has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government ... '' Likewise , the Court held that there was no state action in this case , and therefore the Fourteenth Amendment was not applicable : The fourteenth amendment prohibits a State from depriving any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; but this adds nothing to the rights of one citizen as against another . Thus , the Court held a federal anti-Ku - Klux - Klan statute to be unconstitutional as applied in that case . Presser v. Illinois Main article : Presser v. Illinois In Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 ( 1886 ) , Herman Presser headed a German - American paramilitary shooting organization and was arrested for leading a parade group of 400 men , training and drilling with military weapons with the declared intention to fight , through the streets of Chicago as a violation of Illinois law that prohibited public drilling and parading in military style without a permit from the governor . At his trial , Presser argued that the State of Illinois had violated his Second Amendment rights . The Supreme Court reaffirmed Cruikshank , and also held that the Second Amendment prevented neither the States nor Congress from barring private militias that parade with arms ; such a right `` can not be claimed as a right independent of law . '' This decision upheld the States ' authority to regulate the militia and that citizens had no right to create their own militias or to own weapons for semi-military purposes . However the court said : `` A state can not prohibit the people therein from keeping and bearing arms to an extent that would deprive the United States of the protection afforded by them as a reserve military force . '' Miller v. Texas In Miller v. Texas , 153 U.S. 535 ( 1894 ) , Franklin Miller was convicted and sentenced to be executed for shooting a police officer to death with an illegally carried handgun in violation of Texas law . Miller sought to have his conviction overturned , claiming his Second Amendment rights were violated and that the Bill of Rights should be applied to state law . The Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not apply to state laws such as the Texas law : `` As the proceedings were conducted under the ordinary forms of criminal prosecutions there certainly was no denial of due process of law . '' Robertson v. Baldwin In Robertson v. Baldwin , 165 U.S. 275 ( 1897 ) , the Court stated in dicta that laws regulating concealed arms did not infringe upon the right to keep and bear arms and thus were not a violation of the Second Amendment : The law is perfectly well settled that the first ten amendments to the Constitution , commonly known as the `` Bill of Rights , '' were not intended to lay down any novel principles of government , but simply to embody certain guaranties and immunities which we had inherited from our English ancestors , and which had , from time immemorial , been subject to certain well recognized exceptions arising from the necessities of the case . In incorporating these principles into the fundamental law , there was no intention of disregarding the exceptions , which continued to be recognized as if they had been formally expressed . Thus , the freedom of speech and of the press ( Art . I ) does not permit the publication of libels , blasphemous or indecent articles , or other publications injurious to public morals or private reputation ; the right of the people to keep and bear arms ( Art . II ) is not infringed by laws prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons . United States v. Miller Main article : United States v. Miller In United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court rejected a Second Amendment challenge to the National Firearms Act prohibiting the interstate transportation of unregistered Title II weapons : Jack Miller and Frank Layton `` did unlawfully ... transport in interstate commerce from ... Claremore ... Oklahoma to ... Siloam Springs ... Arkansas a certain firearm ... a double barrel ... shotgun having a barrel less than 18 inches in length ... at the time of so transporting said firearm in interstate commerce ... not having registered said firearm as required by Section 1132d of Title 26 , United States Code ... and not having in their possession a stamp - affixed written order ... as provided by Section 1132C ... '' In a unanimous opinion authored by Justice McReynolds , the Supreme Court stated `` the objection that the Act usurps police power reserved to the States is plainly untenable . '' As the Court explained : In the absence of any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a ' shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in length ' at this time has some reasonable relationship to any preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia , we can not say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument . Certainly it is not within judicial notice that this weapon is any part of the ordinary military equipment or that its use could contribute to the common defense . Gun rights advocates claim that the Court in Miller ruled that the Second Amendment protected the right to keep arms that are part of `` ordinary military equipment . '' They also claim that the Court did not consider the question of whether the sawed - off shotgun in the case would be an applicable weapon for personal defense , instead looking solely at the weapon 's suitability for the `` common defense . '' Law professor Andrew McClurg states , `` The only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . '' District of Columbia v. Heller Main article : District of Columbia v. Heller Judgment The Justices who decided Heller According to the syllabus prepared by the U.S. Supreme Court Reporter of Decisions , in District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court held : 1 . The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . pp. 2 -- 53 . ( a ) The Amendment 's prefatory clause announces a purpose , but does not limit or expand the scope of the second part , the operative clause . The operative clause 's text and history demonstrate that it connotes an individual right to keep and bear arms . pp. 2 -- 22 . ( b ) The prefatory clause comports with the Court 's interpretation of the operative clause . The `` militia '' comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . The Antifederalists feared that the Federal Government would disarm the people in order to disable this citizens ' militia , enabling a politicized standing army or a select militia to rule . The response was to deny Congress power to abridge the ancient right of individuals to keep and bear arms , so that the ideal of a citizens ' militia would be preserved . pp. 22 -- 28 . ( c ) The Court 's interpretation is confirmed by analogous arms - bearing rights in state constitutions that preceded and immediately followed the Second Amendment . pp. 28 -- 30 . ( d ) The Second Amendment 's drafting history , while of dubious interpretive worth , reveals three state Second Amendment proposals that unequivocally referred to an individual right to bear arms . pp. 30 -- 32 . ( e ) Interpretation of the Second Amendment by scholars , courts and legislators , from immediately after its ratification through the late 19th century also supports the Court 's conclusion . pp. 32 -- 47 . ( f ) None of the Court 's precedents forecloses the Court 's interpretation . Neither United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , nor Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 , refutes the individual - rights interpretation . United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 , does not limit the right to keep and bear arms to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia , i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes . pp. 47 -- 54 . 2 . Like most rights , the Second Amendment right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose : For example , concealed weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment or state analogues . The Court 's opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . Miller 's holding that the sorts of weapons protected are those `` in common use at the time '' finds support in the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of dangerous and unusual weapons . pp. 54 -- 56 . 3 . The handgun ban and the trigger - lock requirement ( as applied to self - defense ) violate the Second Amendment . The District 's total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition on an entire class of `` arms '' that Americans overwhelmingly choose for the lawful purpose of self - defense . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster . Similarly , the requirement that any lawful firearm in the home be disassembled or bound by a trigger lock makes it impossible for citizens to use arms for the core lawful purpose of self - defense and is hence unconstitutional . Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the D.C. licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumes that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and does not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . pp. 56 -- 64 . There are similar legal summaries of the Supreme Court 's findings in Heller . For example , the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , summed up Heller 's findings and reasoning : In District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court undertook its first - ever `` in - depth examination '' of the second amendment 's meaning Id . at 635 . After a lengthy historical discussion , the Court ultimately concluded that the second amendment `` guarantee ( s ) the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation '' ( id . at 592 ) ; that `` central to '' this right is `` the inherent right of self - defense '' ( id . at 628 ) ; that `` the home '' is `` where the need for defense of self , family , and property is most acute '' ( id . at 628 ) ; and that , `` above all other interests , '' the second amendment elevates `` the right of law - abiding , responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and home '' ( id . at 635 ) . Based on this understanding , the Court held that a District of Columbia law banning handgun possession in the home violated the second amendment . Id . at 635 . Notes and analysis Heller has been widely described as a landmark decision . To clarify that its ruling does not invalidate a broad range of existing firearm laws , the majority opinion , written by Justice Antonin Scalia , said : Like most rights , the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited ... Although we do not undertake an exhaustive historical analysis today of the full scope of the Second Amendment , nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . The Court 's statement that the right is limited has been widely discussed by lower courts and the media . The majority opinion also said that the amendment 's prefatory clause ( referencing the `` militia '' ) serves to clarify the operative clause ( referencing `` the people '' ) , but does not limit the scope of the operative clause , because `` the ' militia ' in colonial America consisted of a subset of ' the people ' ... '' Justice Stevens ' dissenting opinion , which was joined by the three other dissenters , said : The question presented by this case is not whether the Second Amendment protects a `` collective right '' or an `` individual right . '' Surely it protects a right that can be enforced by individuals . But a conclusion that the Second Amendment protects an individual right does not tell us anything about the scope of that right . Stevens went on to say the following : The Second Amendment was adopted to protect the right of the people of each of the several States to maintain a well - regulated militia . It was a response to concerns raised during the ratification of the Constitution that the power of Congress to disarm the state militias and create a national standing army posed an intolerable threat to the sovereignty of the several States . Neither the text of the Amendment nor the arguments advanced by its proponents evidenced the slightest interest in limiting any legislature 's authority to regulate private civilian uses of firearms . Specifically , there is no indication that the Framers of the Amendment intended to enshrine the common - law right of self - defense in the Constitution . This dissent called the majority opinion `` strained and unpersuasive '' and said that the right to possess a firearm exists only in relation to the militia and that the D.C. laws constitute permissible regulation . In the majority opinion , Justice Stevens ' interpretation of the phrase `` to keep and bear arms '' was referred to as a `` hybrid '' definition that Stevens purportedly chose in order to avoid an `` incoherent '' and `` ( g ) rotesque '' idiomatic meeting . Justice Breyer , in his own dissent joined by Stevens , Souter , and Ginsburg , stated that the entire Court subscribes to the proposition that `` the amendment protects an ' individual ' right -- i.e. , one that is separately possessed , and may be separately enforced , by each person on whom it is conferred '' . Regarding the term `` well regulated '' , the majority opinion said , `` The adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' The majority opinion quoted Spooner from The Unconstitutionality of Slavery as saying that the right to bear arms was necessary for those who wanted to take a stand against slavery . The majority opinion also stated that : A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . The dissenting justices were not persuaded by this argument . Reaction to Heller has varied , with many sources giving focus to the ruling referring to itself as being the first in Supreme Court history to read the Second Amendment as protecting an individual right . The majority opinion , authored by Justice Scalia , gives explanation of the majority legal reasoning behind this decision . The majority opinion made clear that the recent ruling did not foreclose the Court 's prior interpretations given in United States v. Cruikshank , Presser v. Illinois , and United States v. Miller though these earlier rulings did not limit the right to keep and bear arms solely to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia ( i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes ) . Heller pertained to three District of Columbia ordinances involving restrictions on firearms amounting to a total ban . These three ordinances were a ban on handgun registration , a requirement that all firearms in a home be either disassembled or have a trigger lock , and licensing requirement that prohibits carrying an unlicensed firearm in the home , such as from one room to another . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster ... Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the District 's licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumed that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and did not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . '' Justice Ginsburg has been a vocal critic of Heller . Speaking in an interview on public radio station WNYC , she called the Second Amendment `` outdated , '' saying : When we no longer need people to keep muskets in their home , then the Second Amendment has no function ... If the Court had properly interpreted the Second Amendment , the Court would have said that amendment was very important when the nation was new ; it gave a qualified right to keep and bear arms , but it was for one purpose only -- and that was the purpose of having militiamen who were able to fight to preserve the nation . McDonald v. City of Chicago Main article : McDonald v. City of Chicago On June 28 , 2010 , the Court in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. 3025 ( 2010 ) , held that the Second Amendment was incorporated , saying that `` ( i ) t is clear that the Framers and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment counted the right to keep and bear arms among those fundamental rights necessary to our system of ordered liberty . '' This means that the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . It also remanded a case regarding a Chicago handgun prohibition . Four of the five Justices in the majority voted to do so by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , while the fifth Justice , Clarence Thomas , voted to do so through the amendment 's Privileges or Immunities Clause . Justice Thomas noted that the Privileges or Immunities Clause refers to `` citizens '' whereas the Due Process Clause refers more broadly to any `` person '' , and therefore Thomas reserved the issue of non-citizens for later decision . After McDonald , many questions about the Second Amendment remain unsettled , such as whether non-citizens are protected through the Equal Protection Clause . In People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , the Illinois Supreme Court summed up the central Second Amendment findings in McDonald : Two years later , in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. ___ , ___ , 130 S. Ct. 3020 , 3050 ( 2010 ) , the Supreme Court held that the second amendment right recognized in Heller is applicable to the states through the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment . In so holding , the Court reiterated that `` the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self - defense '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3026 ) ; that `` individual self - defense is ' the central component ' of the Second Amendment right '' ( emphasis in original ) ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ( quoting Heller , 554 U.S. at 599 ) ) ; and that `` ( s ) elf - defense is a basic right , recognized by many legal systems from ancient times to the present day '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ) . Caetano v. Massachusetts Main article : Caetano v. Massachusetts On March 21 , 2016 , in a per curiam decision the Court vacated a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision upholding the conviction of a woman who carried a stun gun for self defense . The Court reiterated that the Heller and McDonald decisions saying that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' , that `` the Second Amendment right is fully applicable to the States '' , and that the protection is not restricted to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . United States courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller Before Heller Until District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) had been the only Supreme Court decision that `` tested a congressional enactment against ( the Second Amendment ) . '' Miller did not directly mention either a collective or individual right , but for the 62 - year period from Miller until the Fifth Circuit 's decision in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , federal courts recognized only the collective right , with `` courts increasingly referring to one another 's holdings ... without engaging in any appreciably substantive legal analysis of the issue '' . Emerson changed this by addressing the question in depth , with the Fifth Circuit determining that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Subsequently , the Ninth Circuit conflicted with Emerson in Silveira v. Lockyer , and the D.C. Circuit supported Emerson in Parker v. District of Columbia . Parker evolved into District of Columbia v. Heller , in which the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . After Heller Since Heller , the United States courts of appeals have ruled on many Second Amendment challenges to convictions and gun control laws . The following are post-Heller cases , divided by Circuit , along with summary notes : D.C. Circuit Heller v. District of Columbia , Civil Action No. 08 - 1289 ( RMU ) , No. 23. , 25 -- On March 26 , 2010 , the D.C. Circuit denied the follow up appeal of Dick Heller who requested the court to overturn the new District of Columbia gun control ordinances newly enacted after the 2008 Heller ruling . The court refused to do so , stating that the firearms registration procedures , the prohibition on assault weapons , and the prohibition on large capacity ammunition feeding devices were found to not violate the Second Amendment . On September 18 , 2015 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that requiring gun owners to re-register a gun every three years , make a gun available for inspection or pass a test about firearms laws violated the Second Amendment , although the court upheld requirements that gun owners be fingerprinted , photographed , and complete a safety training course . Wrenn v. District of Columbia , No. 16 - 7025 -- On July 25 , 2017 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that a District of Columbia regulation that limited conceal - carry licenses only to those individuals who could demonstrate , to the satisfaction of the chief of police , that they have a `` good reason '' to carry a handgun in public was essentially designed to prevent the exercise of the right to bear arms by most District residents and so violated the Second Amendment by amounting to a complete prohibition on firearms possession . First Circuit United States v. Rene E. , 583 F. 3d 8 ( 1st Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 31 , 2009 , the First Circuit affirmed the conviction of a juvenile for the illegal possession of a handgun as a juvenile , under 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( x ) ( 2 ) ( A ) and 18 U.S.C. § 5032 , rejecting the defendant 's argument that the federal law violated his Second Amendment rights under Heller . The court cited `` the existence of a longstanding tradition of prohibiting juveniles from both receiving and possessing handguns '' and observed `` the federal ban on juvenile possession of handguns is part of a longstanding practice of prohibiting certain classes of individuals from possessing firearms -- those whose possession poses a particular danger to the public . '' Second Circuit Kachalsky v. County of Westchester , 11 - 3942 -- On November 28 , 2012 , the Second Circuit upheld New York 's may - issue concealed carry permit law , ruling that `` the proper cause requirement is substantially related to New York 's compelling interests in public safety and crime prevention . '' Fourth Circuit United States v. Hall , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 4th Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 4 , 2008 , the Fourth Circuit upheld as constitutional the prohibition of possession of a concealed weapon without a permit . United States v. Chester , 628 F. 3d 673 ( 4th Cir. 2010 ) -- On December 30 , 2010 , the Fourth Circuit vacated William Chester 's conviction for possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 9 ) . The court found that the district court erred in perfunctorily relying on Heller 's exception for `` presumptively lawful '' gun regulations made in accordance with `` longstanding prohibitions '' . Kolbe v. Hogan , No. 14 - 1945 ( 4th Cir. 2016 ) -- On February 4 , 2016 , the Fourth Circuit vacated a U.S. District Court decision upholding a Maryland law banning high - capacity magazines and semi-automatic rifles , ruling that the District Court was wrong to have applied intermediate scrutiny . The Fourth Circuit ruled that the higher strict scrutiny standard is to be applied on remand . On March 4 , 2016 , the court agreed to rehear the case en banc on May 11 , 2016 . Fifth Circuit United States v. Dorosan , 350 Fed . Appx. 874 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- On June 30 , 2008 , the Fifth Circuit upheld 39 C.F.R. 232.1 ( l ) , which bans weapons on postal property , sustaining restrictions on guns outside the home , specifically in private vehicles parked in employee parking lots of government facilities , despite Second Amendment claims that were dismissed . The employee 's Second Amendment rights were not infringed since the employee could have instead parked across the street in a public parking lot , instead of on government property . United States v. Bledsoe , 334 Fed . Appx. 771 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- The Fifth Circuit affirmed the decision of a U.S. District Court decision in Texas , upholding 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( a ) ( 6 ) , which prohibits `` straw purchases . '' A `` straw purchase '' occurs when someone eligible to purchase a firearm buys one for an ineligible person . Additionally , the court rejected the request for a strict scrutiny standard of review . United States v. Scroggins , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) -- On March 4 , 2010 , the Fifth Circuit affirmed the conviction of Ernie Scroggins for possession of a firearm as a convicted felon , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 1 ) . The court noted that it had , prior to Heller , identified the Second Amendment as providing an individual right to bear arms , and had already , likewise , determined that restrictions on felon ownership of firearms did not violate this right . Moreover , it observed that Heller did not affect the longstanding prohibition of firearm possession by felons . Sixth Circuit Tyler v. Hillsdale Co . Sheriff 's Dept. , 775 F. 3d 308 ( 6th Cir. 2014 ) -- On December 18 , 2014 , the Sixth Circuit ruled that strict scrutiny should be applied to firearms regulations when regulations burden `` conduct that falls within the scope of the Second Amendment right , as historically understood . '' At issue in this case was whether the Second Amendment is violated by a provision of the Gun Control Act of 1968 that prohibits possession of a firearm by a person who has been involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital . The court did not rule on the provision 's constitutionality , instead remanding the case to the United States district court that has earlier heard this case . On April 21 , 2015 , the Sixth Circuit voted to rehear the case en banc , thereby vacating the December 18 opinion . Seventh Circuit United States v. Skoien , 587 F. 3d 803 ( 7th Cir. 2009 ) -- Steven Skoien , a Wisconsin man convicted of two misdemeanor domestic violence convictions , appealed his conviction based on the argument that the prohibition violated the individual rights to bear arms , as described in Heller . After initial favorable rulings in lower court based on a standard of intermediate scrutiny , on July 13 , 2010 , the Seventh Circuit , sitting en banc , ruled 10 -- 1 against Skoien and reinstated his conviction for a gun violation , citing the strong relation between the law in question and the government objective . Skoien was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for the gun violation , and will thus likely be subject to a lifetime ban on gun ownership . Editorials favoring gun rights sharply criticized this ruling as going too far with the enactment of a lifetime gun ban , while editorials favoring gun regulations praised the ruling as `` a bucket of cold water thrown on the ' gun rights ' celebration '' . Moore v. Madigan ( Circuit docket 12 - 1269 ) -- On December 11 , 2012 , the Seventh Circuit ruled that the Second Amendment protected a right to keep and bear arms in public for self - defense . This was an expansion of the Supreme Court 's decisions in Heller and McDonald , each of which referred only to such a right in the home . Based on this ruling , the court declared Illinois 's ban on the concealed carrying of firearms to be unconstitutional . The court stayed this ruling for 180 days , so Illinois could enact replacement legislation . On February 22 , 2013 , a petition for rehearing en banc was denied by a vote of 5 - 4 . On July 9 , 2013 , the Illinois General Assembly , overriding Governor Quinn 's veto , passed a law permitting the concealed carrying of firearms . Ninth Circuit Nordyke v. King , 2012 WL 1959239 ( 9th Cir. 2012 ) -- On July 29 , 2009 , the Ninth Circuit vacated an April 20 panel decision and reheard the case en banc on September 24 , 2009 . The April 20 decision had held that the Second Amendment applies to state and local governments , while upholding an Alameda County , California ordinance that makes it a crime to bring a gun or ammunition on to , or possess either while on , county property . The en banc panel remanded the case to the three - judge panel . On May 2 , 2011 , that panel ruled that intermediate scrutiny was the correct standard by which to judge the ordinance 's constitutionality and remanded the case to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . On November 28 , 2011 , the Ninth Circuit vacated the panel 's May 2 decision and agreed to rehear the case en banc . On April 4 , 2012 , the panel sent the case to mediation . The panel dismissed the case on June 1 , 2012 , but only after Alameda County officials changed their interpretation of the challenged ordinance . Under the new interpretation , gun shows may take place on county property under the ordinance 's exception for `` events '' , subject to restrictions regarding the display and handling of firearms . Teixeira v. County of Alameda , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) -- On May 16 , 2016 , the Ninth Circuit ruled that the right to keep and bear arms included being able to buy and sell firearms . The court ruled that a county law prohibiting a gun store being within 500 feet of a `` ( r ) esidentially zoned district ; elementary , middle or high school ; pre-school or day care center ; other firearms sales business ; or liquor stores or establishments in which liquor is served '' violated the Second Amendment . See also Right to keep and bear arms -- international views on the concept by country Gun law in the United States List of amendments to the United States Constitution Uniform Firearms Act -- a set of statutes in Pennsylvania that define and amplify the right to bear arms in that state 's Constitution . Second Amendment Caucus -- a Congressional caucus dedicated to supporting the right to bear arms 2nd Amendment Day Notes and citations Jump up ^ Constitutional Law . Casenotes . Jump up ^ Jilson , Cal . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . `` After Heller : What Now for the Second Amendment '' . Santa Clara Law Review . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Senate Annotated Constitution '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Case 1 : 11 - cv - 10644 - DPW Document 31 # 124 ; Memorandum and Order '' ( PDF ) . 30 March 2012 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Permanent resident aliens have second amendment rights too Monachus Lex '' . monachuslex.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee ; Walk , Thomas G. ( September 18 , 2012 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Rights , Liberties and Justice ( 8 ed . ) . CQ Press . pp. 395 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 2674 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England -- Book the First -- Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals , p. 139 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Cruikshank 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) '' . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34446_20080411.pdf . Jump up ^ Pollock , Earl ( 2008 ) . The Supreme Court and American Democracy : Case Studies on Judicial Review and Public Policy . Greenwood . pp. 375 , 423 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 36525 - 6 . Jump up ^ editor , Gregg Lee Carter , . Guns in American society : an encyclopedia of history , politics , culture , and the law ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38670 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ editor , Gregg Lee Carter , . Guns in American society : an encyclopedia of history , politics , culture , and the law ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . p . Introduction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38670 - 1 . Jump up ^ Davies , pp. 209 -- 16 . Jump up ^ The second amendment 's capitalization and punctuation are not uniformly reported ; another version has four commas , after `` militia , '' `` state , '' and `` arms . '' Since documents were at that time copied by hand , variations in punctuation and capitalization are common , and the copy retained by the first Congress , the copies transmitted by it to the state legislatures , and the ratifications returned by them show wide variations in such details . Letter from Marlene McGuirl , Chief , British - American Law Division , Library of Congress ( Oct. 29 , 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Freedman , Adam ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Clause and Effect '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Errors in the Constitution '' . archives.gov . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Amendment Controversy Explained -- Theodore L. Johnson -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Writing Instruction for Generation 2.0 -- Gloria E. Jacobs -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Mythologies : New Perspectives on Controlling the State -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Separation of Powers in Practice -- Thomas Campbell -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How A Comma Gave Americans The Right To Own Guns '' . Business Insider . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clause and Effect '' . The New York Times . 16 December 2007 . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ In Part II - A of the Opinion of the Court in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Supreme Court cited this version of the amendment , but another version is found in the copies distributed and then ratified by them . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis , and Interpretation -- 1992 Edition -- Second Amendment -- Bearing Arms '' . Gpo.gov . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Second Amendment Foundation Online '' . Saf.org. 1995 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Arnheim ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` U.S. Constitution For Dummies '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reading the Second Amendment : The Freeman : Foundation for Economic Education '' . Fee.org . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Archives -- Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . memory.loc.gov . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackstone 's Commentaries Book 1 Ch 1 -- `` The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their defence '' . Jump up ^ From the English Civil War until the Glorious Revolution militias occasionally disarmed Catholics , and the King , without Parliament 's consent , likewise occasionally disarmed Protestants . Malcolm , `` The Role of the Militia , '' pp. 139 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Joyce Lee Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms . Jump up ^ `` They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the ... ( Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : ... This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment ... It was clearly an individual right , having nothing whatever to do with service in a militia . To be sure , it was an individual right not available to the whole population , given that it was restricted to Protestants , and like all written English rights it was held only against the Crown , not Parliament . '' Opinion of the Court in Heller ^ Jump up to : `` 1688 c. 2 1 Will. and Mar . Sess. 2 '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Law , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` This meaning is strongly confirmed by the historical background of the Second Amendment . We look to this because it has always been widely understood that the Second Amendment , like the First and Fourth Amendments , codified a pre-existing right . The very text of the Second Amendment implicitly recognizes the pre-existence of the right and declares only that it `` shall not be infringed . '' As we ( the United States Supreme Court ) said in United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , 553 ( 1876 ) , `` ( t ) his is not a right granted by the Constitution . Neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second amendment declares that it shall not be infringed ... '' . Between the Restoration and the Glorious Revolution , the Stuart Kings Charles II and James II succeeded in using select militias loyal to them to suppress political dissidents , in part by disarming their opponents . See J. Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms 31 -- 53 ( 1994 ) ( hereinafter Malcolm ) ; L. Schwoerer , The Declaration of Rights , 1689 , p. 76 ( 1981 ) . Under the auspices of the 1671 Game Act , for example , the Catholic James II had ordered general disarmaments of regions home to his Protestant enemies . See Malcolm 103 -- 106 . These experiences caused Englishmen to be extremely wary of concentrated military forces run by the state and to be jealous of their arms . They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the Declaration of Right ( which was codified as the English Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : `` That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law . '' 1 W. & M. , c. 2 , § 7 , in 3 Eng . Stat . at Large 441 ( 1689 ) . This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment . See E. Dumbauld , The Bill of Rights and What It Means Today 51 ( 1957 ) ; W. Rawle , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 122 ( 1825 ) ( hereinafter Rawle ) . '' From the Opinion of the Court in District of Coöimbia versus Heller https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/07pdf/07-290.pdf Jump up ^ Justice Antonin Scalia , wrote that `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed '' was a just a controlling one and referred to it as a pre-existing right of individuals to possess and carry personal weapons for self - defense and intrinsically for defense against tyranny . As with the English law `` like most rights , the Second Amendment is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose . '' District of Columbia v Heller Jump up ^ `` Where a later enactment does not expressly repeal an earlier enactment which it has power to override , but the provisions of the later enactment are contrary to those of the earlier , the latter by implication repeals the earlier . '' R v. Burke , ( 1998 ) EWHC Admin 913 ; `` ( T ) he Bill of Rights ... was declaratory of the common law . It contained in it its own words of limitation , namely that the right to have arms for self - defence is limited by the words ' and as allowed by Law ' . The law is a changing thing . Parliament by statute can repeal the common law ... Where the Bill of Rights says that ' the Subjects may have arms for their defence suitable for their condition and as allowed by law ' , ' and as allowed by law ' means ' and as allowed by law for the time being ' ( . ) '' R v. Burke , ( 1999 ) EWCA Civ 923 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark ( 1938 ) . Constitutional History of England . qtd. in Maer and Gay , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Ely and Bodenhamer , pp. 89 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Heyman , pp. 253 -- 59 . `` Finally , we should note that ( contrary to Kates 's assertion ) , Blackstone nowhere suggests that the right to arms derives from `` the common law . '' Instead , this is a right that is secured by `` the constitution , '' and in particular by the Bill of Rights . '' Jump up ^ `` English Bill of Rights , 1689 , `` An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown '' `` . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ e.g. , King Henry II 's Assize of Arms and the Statute of Winchester of 1285 . See `` The history of policing in the West , Collective responsibility in early Anglo - Saxon times '' , Encyclopædia Britannica online . Jump up ^ Levy , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Hardy , p. 1237 . `` Early Americans wrote of the right in light of three considerations : ( 1 ) as auxiliary to a natural right of self - defense ; ( 2 ) as enabling an armed people to deter undemocratic government ; and ( 3 ) as enabling the people to organize a militia system . '' Jump up ^ Malcolm , `` That Every Man Be Armed , '' pp. 452 , 466 . `` The Second Amendment reflects traditional English attitudes toward these three distinct , but intertwined , issues : the right of the individual to protect his life , the challenge to government of an armed citizenry , and the preference for a militia over a standing army . The framers ' attempt to address all three in a single declarative sentence has contributed mightily to the subsequent confusion over the proper interpretation of the Second Amendment . '' Jump up ^ Levy , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . `` ( T ) he right to bear arms was articulated as a civic right inextricably linked to the civic obligation to bear arms for the public defense . '' Jump up ^ Spitzer , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Dulaney , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ( editor ) ; Bellesiles , Michael A. ( contributor ) ( 2001 ) . The Second Amendment in Law and History : Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms . New Press , The . pp. 67 -- 69 , 239 -- 40 . ISBN 1565846990 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . Jump up ^ Elder , Larry ( July 3 , 2008 ) . `` Why Do We ' Keep and Bear Arms ? ' Part 1 '' . Human Events . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ; Professor , Roger Williams University School of Law ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 : 309 -- 408 . SSRN 1465114 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hartmann , Thom ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Second Amendment was Ratified to Preserve Slavery '' . Truthout.org . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitewashing the Second Amendment '' . 2008 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . the `` well - regulated militias '' cited in the Constitution almost certainly referred to state militias that were used to suppress slave insurrections . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DeConde , Alexander ( 2001 ) . Gun Violence in America : The Struggle for Control . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 9781555534868 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston , March 17 '' . N.Y.J. , Supplement : 1 , Col. 3 . April 13 , 1769 . qtd. in Halbrook , A Right to Bear Arms , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Charles , `` Arms for Their Defence ? '' , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Anderson and Horwitz , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Vest , Rose . `` Shay 's Rebellion '' , Home of Heroes . Jump up ^ Pole and Greene , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Vile , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 79 . Jump up ^ McAffee and Quinlan , p. 781 . Jump up ^ Rakove , p. ? Jump up ^ William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Book 1 , Chapter 1 `` the fifth and last auxiliary right ... when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . ^ Jump up to : Millis , p. 49 . `` The founders sought to balance military , as they did political , power , between people , states , and nation ( . ) '' ^ Jump up to : The Federalist Papers No. 29 ( Alexander Hamilton ) ( concerning the militia ) . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. `` Do We Place our Faith in Law or Guns ? '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henigan , p. ? . `` ( A ) generalized constitutional right of all citizens to engage in armed insurrection against their government ... would threaten the rule of law itself . '' Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. ? Jump up ^ `` Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 22 December 1793 '' . Masshist.org . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooke , p. 100 . `` This is another protection against a possible abuse by Congress . The right protected is really the right of a state to maintain an armed militia , or national guard , as we call it now . In the eighteenth century people feared that Congress might , by passing a law , prohibit the states from arming their citizens . Then having all the armed strength at its command , the national government could overwhelm the states . Such a circumstance has never happened , but this amendment would prevent it . The Second Amendment does not give anybody or everybody the right to possess and use firearms . The states may very properly prescribe regulations and permits governing the use of guns within their borders . '' Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 Section 8 To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Jump up ^ `` Elliots Debates Vol 3 , Virginia Convention , Saturday June 14 , 1788 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . January 1 , 1980 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . The national government has an exclusive right to provide for arming , organizing , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States . The state governments have the power of appointing the officers , and of training the militia , according to the discipline prescribed by Congress , if they should think proper to prescribe any . Should the national government wish to render the militia useless , they may neglect them , and let them perish , in order to have a pretence of establishing a standing army . Jump up ^ Mulloy , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 591 , 600 . Jump up ^ Cress , Lawrence . An Armed Community : The Origins and Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms . p. 31 . qtd. in Cottrol , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Vile , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Schmidt et al. , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Story , Joseph . `` Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 904 -- 25 , 927 -- 30 , 946 -- 52 , 954 -- 70 , 972 -- 76 , 988 '' . The Founders Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers No. 46 ( James Madison ) ( concerning the influence of state and federal governments ) . Jump up ^ Webster , Noah . `` An Examination of the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution '' ( October 10 , 1787 ) . Jump up ^ Young , pp. 38 -- 41 . `` A Citizen of America ( Noah Webster ) October 10 , 1787 Pamphlet : An Examination into the leading principles of the Federal Constitution . '' Jump up ^ Foner and Garraty , p. 914 . `` The Massachusetts compromise determined the fate of the Constitution , as it permitted delegates with doubts to vote for it in the hope that it would be amended . '' Jump up ^ Adamson , p. 63 . Jump up ^ See Theories of Constitutional Interpretation , maintained by Doug Linder , University of Missouri - Kansas City Law School . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ( Author cites Robert Bork : `` If the Constitution is law , then presumably its meaning , like that of all other law , is the meaning the lawmakers were understood to have intended . '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 252 . ( `` Until recently , the Second Amendment was a little - visited area of the Constitution . A two thousand - page commentary on the Constitution put out by the Library of Congress in 1973 has copious annotation for most clauses , but less than a page and a half for the Second Amendment . '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , pp. 253 -- 54 . ( `` Whitehill deals with guns in three of his fifteen headings . Article 8 begins : ' The inhabitants of the several states shall have liberty to fowl and hunt in seasonable times ... ' article 7 : ' That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and their own state , or the United States , or for the purposes of killing game ... ' '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 253 . ( `` The items on the ( Whitehill 's ) list were never discussed in the convention , which when on to approve the Constitution . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Usconstitution.net . May 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Library of Congress , repro of original text '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Constitution '' . US Constitution . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 97 ( 2d ed. 1863 ) ^ Jump up to : `` United States of America v. Timothy Joe Emerson -- The Ratification Debates '' . Law.umkc.edu . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Noah Webster , An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution ( 1787 ) , Reprinted in Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During Its Discussion by the People , 1787 -- 1788 , at 56 ( Paul L. Ford , ed. 1971 ) ( 1888 ) Jump up ^ 3 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 425 ( 3d Ed . 1937 ) Jump up ^ James Monroe Papers , New York Public Library ( Miscellaneous Papers of James Monroe ) Jump up ^ Speech on the Federal Constitution , Virginia Ratifying Convention , 1788 Jump up ^ The Federalist No. 46 , at 371 ( James Madison ) ( John . C. Hamilton Ed. , 1864 ) Jump up ^ Annals of Congress , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 451 . Jump up ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States , Vol. 1 : p. 64 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 669 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 778 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America , Vol. 1 : pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to Simeon Baldwin ( Aug. 22 , 1789 ) qtd. in Bickford , et al. , p. 16 See also letter from James Madison to Alexander White ( Aug. 24 , 1789 ) qtd. in Madison , Writings , pp. 418 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America , Vol. 1 : p. 71 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America , Vol. 1 : p. 77 . Jump up ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States , Vol. 1 : p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : 1 Stat. 272 . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 293 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Merkel and Uviller , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 107 . Jump up ^ 1 Stat. 351 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks on the First Part of the Amendments to the Federal Constitution , '' Federal Gazette , June 18 , 1792 , at 2 , col. 1 Jump up ^ Glenn Harlan Reynolds . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . guncite.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1998 ) . Freedmen , the 14th Amendment , and the Right to Bear Arms , 1866 -- 1876 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780275963316 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , p. 490 and Kopel , David B . `` The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century '' . Second Amendment Project . Jump up ^ Blackstone , Sir William ; Tucker , St. George ; Christian , Edward ( 1803 ) . Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference , to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States ; and of the Commonwealth of Virginia . In Five Volumes . With an Appendix to Each Volume , Containing Short Tracts Upon Such Subjects as Appeared Necessary to Form a Connected View of the Laws of Virginia , as a Member of the Federal Union . William Young Birch , and Abraham Small , no . 17 , South Second - street , Robert Carr , printer . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For two radically different views of Blackstone on the Second Amendment , see Heyman , Chicago - Kent , and Volokh , Senate Testimony . ^ Jump up to : Rawle , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Rawle , pp. 125 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . H.C. Carey & I. Lea . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . In the second article , it is declared , that a well regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state ; a proposition from which few will dissent . Although in actual war , the services of regular troops are confessedly more valuable ; yet , while peace prevails , and in the commencement of a war before a regular force can be raised , the militia form the palladium of the country . They are ready to repel invasion , to suppress insurrection , and preserve the good order and peace of government . That they should be well regulated , is judiciously added . A disorderly militia is disgraceful to itself , and dangerous not to the enemy , but to its own country . The duty of the state government is , to adopt such regulations as will tend to make good soldiers with the least interruptions of the ordinary and useful occupations of civil life . In this all the Union has a strong and visible interest . The corollary , from the first position , is , that the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 2011 ) . `` A View to the Constitution of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Portage Publications . Jump up ^ A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . 1833 Jump up ^ Story , Joseph ( 1865 ) . A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 9781886363717 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . The next amendment is , ' A well - regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . ' One of the ordinary modes , by which tyrants accomplish their purposes without resistance , is , by disarming the people , and making it an offence to keep arms , and by substituting a regular army in the stead of a resort to the militia . The friends of a free government can not be too watchful , to overcome the dangerous tendency of the public mind to sacrifice , for the sake of mere private convenience , this powerful check upon the designs of ambitious men . § 451 . The importance of this article will scarcely be doubted by any persons , who have duly reflected upon the subject . The militia is the natural defence of a free country against sudden foreign invasions , domestic insurrections , and domestic usurpations of power by rulers . It is against sound policy for a free people to keep up large military establishments and standing armies in time of peace , both from the enormous expenses , with which they are attended , and the facile means , which they afford to ambitious and unprincipled rulers , to subvert the government , or trample upon the rights of the people . The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . ^ Jump up to : Story , Joseph ( 1833 ) . Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution . Harper & Brothers . pp. § 1890 . Jump up ^ Spooner , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Renehan , pp. 172 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Spooner , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Cramer , p. ? Jump up ^ Farrar , Timothy ( 1872 ) . Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America . Little , Brown . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . § 34 . The people of the United States , in making their Constitution , do not create or confer on themselves any new rights , but they expressly reserve all the rights they then held , except what were delegated for their own benefit ; and they particularly and expressly recognize and perpetuate many natural and civil common - law rights , which , of course , are placed beyond the reach of any subordinate government , and even of their own . Among these are the following : 1 . The right to be , what they call themselves , ' the people of the United States , ' citizens , and component members of the body politic , -- the nation ; and to participate in all the privileges , immunities , and benefits the Constitution was designed to obtain or secure for all the American people , especially the right to be protected and governed according to the provisions of the Constitution . 2 . A right to the privileges and immunities of citizens in any of the several States . Among these is the fundamental and elementary right of suffrage . The Representatives to the national and State legislatures must be chosen by the people , the citizens ( Section 2 ) . Consequently , the citizens must choose them , and have a right to choose them . Am. 14 , § 2 . 3 . A right to the common - law writ of habeas corpus , to protect the other common - law right , as well as natural and constitutional right , of personal liberty . 4 . A right to trial by jury in any criminal case . 5 . A right to keep and bear arms . 6 . A right to life , liberty , and property , unless deprived by due process of law . 7 . A right to just compensation for private property legally taken for public use . 8 . A right to participate in all rights retained by , or reserved to , the people . Most of these rights , with many others , belong by the Constitution not only to the citizens , -- the people of the United States , strictly so called , by reason of the franchise of natural birth or otherwise , -- but also to all persons who may be allowed to be and remain under the jurisdiction and protection of our government . These are a part only of the rights held by every member of the nation , under and by virtue of the Constitution of the United States , independent of any other earthly power , and which , of course , ' can not be destroyed or abridged by the laws of any particular State . ' Who , then , in the United States is destitute of rights ? ... The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to ' life , liberty , and property , ' to ' keep and bear arms , ' to the ' writ of habeas corpus ' to ' trial by jury , ' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas M. ( November 1883 ) . `` The Abnegation of Self - Government '' . Princeton Review : 213 -- 14 -- via University of Michigan Law School . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1871 ) . A treatise on the constitutional limitations which rest upon the legislative power of the states of the American union . Little , Brown and company . p. 381 . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1880 ) . The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States of America . F.B. Rothman . p. 271 . Jump up ^ Right to Keep and Bear Arms , U.S. Senate . 2001 Paladin Press . ISBN 1 - 58160 - 254 - 5 . Jump up ^ United States v. Emerson , 270 F. 3d 203 , 218 -- 19 ( 5th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) ( `` Advocates of the collective theories posit that the Second Amendment was written out of fear that the new central government would disarm state militias needed for local defense . Under any sort of collective theory , the government could completely ban all firearm ownership whatsoever . '' ) Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) ( `` Up until 2001 , every federal circuit court of appeals that ruled on the issue had adopted the collective right approach . '' ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 199 -- 200 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 -- 34 ( 2008 ) ; cf . Silveira v. Lockyer , 312 F. 3d 1052 , 1087 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ( endorsing collective rights model ) . Jump up ^ Barnett , Randy E. ( 2004 ) . Was the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Conditioned on Service in an Organized Militia ? . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 200 ( 2009 ) ( citing United States v. Wright , 117 F. 3d 1265 , 1273 -- 74 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 , 286 ( 3d Cir. 1996 ) ; United States v. Hale , 978 F. 2d 1016 , 1020 ( 8th Cir. 1992 ) ; United States v. Oakes , 564 F. 2d 384 , 387 ( 10th Cir. 1977 ) ; Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 , 923 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ) . Jump up ^ Dorothy J. Hernaez , `` Parker v. District of Columbia : Understanding the Broader Implications for the Future of Gun Control '' , 6 Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y 693 , 696 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , `` Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right '' , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2134 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 150 . `` The linguistically correct reading of this unique construction is as though it said : ' Congress shall not limit the right of the people ( that is , the potential members of the state militia ) to acquire and keep the sort of arms appropriate to their military duty , so long as the following statement remains true : `` an armed , trained , and controlled militia is the best -- if not the only -- way to protect the state government and the liberties of its people against uprisings from within and incursions or oppression from without . ' '' Jump up ^ Winterer , pp. 1 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Amicus Brief , ACRU , Case No. 03 - CV - 0213 - EGS , Shelly Parker , et al. vs. District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . p. 14 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frey and Wellman , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Volokh , `` Commonplace , '' p. 793 . `` The Second Amendment is widely seen as quite unusual , because it has a justification clause as well as an operative clause . Professor Volokh points out that this structure was actually quite commonplace in American constitutions of the Framing era : State Bills of Rights contained justification clauses for many of the rights they secured . '' Jump up ^ Merkel , p. 361 . `` Well - regulated meant well trained , rather than subject to rules and regulations . '' ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-2 . Jump up ^ `` Scalia in Heller '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stevens ' dissent '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David B. ( 1999 ) . The Supreme Court 's Thirty - five Other Gun Cases : What the Supreme Court Has Said about the Second Amendment . Independence Institute . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crooker , Constance . Gun Control and Gun Rights , p. 55 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Lund , Nelson . `` The Past and Future of the Individual 's Right to Arms '' , Georgia Law Review , Volume 31 , p. 26 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 6 . Neither of the two modern theories that have defined public debate over the right to bear arms is faithful to the original understanding of this provision of the Bill of Rights . Jump up ^ Justice Story `` misidentified '' it as the `` 5th Amendment . Several public officials , including James Madison and Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , retained the confusing practice of referring to each of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights by the enumeration found in the first draft ; the fifth article is the Second Amendment . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 553 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 554 . Jump up ^ Doherty , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Lehr und Wehr Verein '' . The New York Times . July 20 , 1886 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Clayton E. ( 1994 ) . For the defense of themselves and the state : the original intent and judicial interpretation of the right to keep and bear arms . Praeger . ISBN 9780275949136 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 539 . Jump up ^ Robertson , at 281 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 175 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 178 . Jump up ^ Fezell , Howard J. `` The misconstruction of United States v. Miller '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Helmke ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` One Court 's Second Amendment Fantasy '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClurg , p. 139 . `` But when all is said and done , the only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . For example , Professor Eugene Volokh describes Miller as ' deliciously and usefully ambiguous ' in an article about using the Second Amendment as a teaching tool in constitutional law . That is probably the most accurate statement that can be made about the case . '' ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v. Heller ( No. 07 - 290 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cornell School of Law Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Witkin Legal Institute Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Witkin.com . June 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Moore Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Mooredefenselaw.com . June 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Global Legal Information Network Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Glin.gov . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Veronica Rose ; Principal Analyst . `` OLR Research Institute 's Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oyez Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Oyez.org . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Legal Community Against Violence '' Summary of the Heller Decision '' ( PDF ) . Lcav.org . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People v. Aguilar , 2013 IL 112116 '' ( PDF ) . Illinois Supreme Court . Illinois Supreme Court . September 12 , 2013 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Gun Ban '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . In a historic 5 -- 4 decision ... the landmark ruling ... Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan & Johnson , Kevin ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Landmark ruling fires challenges to gun laws '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vicini , James ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 -- 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . The landmark ruling ... Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Few Ripples From Supreme Court Ruling on Guns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . The Heller case is a landmark decision that has not changed very much at all ... Jump up ^ Robert A. Sedler ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Ruling upholds most gun control laws '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part III . Jump up ^ Harris , Andrew . `` Illinois Bid for Rehearing of Gun - Carry Appeal Rejected '' , Bloomberg News ( February 22 , 2013 ) : `` The U.S. Court of Appeals in Denver today ruled the constitutional provision does n't guarantee a right to carry a concealed firearm ... . '' Jump up ^ Kirkland , Michael . `` Scalia in ' 08 -- Right to bear arms is ' not unlimited ' '' , UPI ( December 16 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Henigan , Dennis . Lethal Logic : Exploding the Myths That Paralyze American Gun Policy , p. 204 ( Potomac Books 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee and Walk , Thomas . Constitutional Law : Rights , Liberties and Justice , p. 396 ( SAGE 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Huebert , Jacob . Libertarianism Today , p. 147 ( ABC - CLIO , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Stevens dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-1 - b . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Breyer dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - D - 1 '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia v. Heller , 128 S. Ct. 2783 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices Rule for Individual Gun Rights '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . ( A ) dramatic upheaval in the law , Justice Stevens said in a dissent Jump up ^ `` Justice Ginsburg Part II : Gender , the Second Amendment , Immigration & More '' . wnyc.org . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Veronica ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Summary of the Recent McDonald v. Chicago Gun Case '' . Office of Legal Research -- Connecticut General Assembly . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scarola , Matthew ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Analysis : state gun regulations and McDonald '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Duignan , Brian . The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law , pp. 31 -- 32 ( Rosen Publishing Group , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Second Amendment expands , but maybe not by much '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34446_20080411.pdf . Jump up ^ Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ; United States v. Toner , 728 F. 2d 115 ( 2nd Cir. 1984 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 ( 3rd Cir. 1997 ) ; Love v. Peppersack , 47 F. 3d 120 ( 4th Cir. 1995 ) ; United States v. Johnson , 441 F. 2d 1134 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) ; United States v. Warin , 530 F. 2d 103 ( 6th Cir. 1976 ) ; Quilici v. Village of Morton Grove , 695 F. 2d 261 ( 7th Cir. 1983 ) ; United States v. Hale , 978 F. 2d 1016 ( 8th Cir. 1993 ) ; Hickman v. Block , 81 F. 3d 98 ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) ; United States v. Oakes , 564 F. 2d 384 ( 10th Cir. 1978 ) ; and United States v. Wright , 117 F. 3d 1265 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) Jump up ^ Winkler , `` Heller 's Catch 22 , '' p. 14 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Few Ripples From Supreme Court Ruling on Guns '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heller v. District of Columbia 2010 '' . Leagle . March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Some D.C. Gun Laws Unconstitutional '' . U.S. News & World Report . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Major Win for 2nd Amendment Advocates , Federal Court Blocks D.C. from Enforcing Conceal - Carry Restriction '' . Reason . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rene E. , at 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ N.Y. 's Concealed Gun Licensing Scheme Is Upheld by Circuit -- New York Law Journal ^ Jump up to : Winkler , `` Heller 's Catch 22 , '' p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` United States Court of Appeals , Fourth Circuit '' . FindLaw . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Part III of the decision . Jump up ^ Santiago , Matthew ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Fourth Circuit requires application of strict scrutiny in challenge to Maryland gun law '' . JURIST . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Order granting rehearing en banc Jump up ^ Weisselberg , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Text of decision in Dorosan Jump up ^ Tyler v. Hillsdale Co . Sheriff 's Dept. , 775 F. 3d 308 , 317 -- 19 ( 6th Cir. 2014 ) ( internal quotations omitted ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Circuit Court Holds That Involuntary Mental Commitment Cannot Prevent A Person From Asserting His ' Fundamental Right ' Of Gun Ownership '' . Gielow , Groom , Terpstra & McEvoy . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tyler v. Hillsdale County Sheriff 's Dep 't , 2015 U.S. App . LEXIS 6638 ( 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Skoien and the many challenges of Second Amendment jurisprudence '' . Sentencing Law and Policy . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. v. Skoien No. 08 - 3770 '' . Jump up ^ `` Laws , Life , and Legal Matters -- Court Cases and Legal Information at Leagle.com -- All Federal and State Appeals Court Cases in One Search '' . Jump up ^ `` The right to regain the right to own a gun '' . Jump up ^ `` Dennis A. Henigan : New Court Ruling Throws Cold Water on `` Gun Rights '' Celebration `` . Huffington Post . July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Moore v. Madigan ( Circuit docket 12 - 1269 ) '' . United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit . suntimes.com . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Broader gun right declared '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Supreme Court Gun Ruling Does n't Block Proposed Controls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Moore v. Madigan , key points '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Rehearing En Banc Denied in Case Invalidating Illinois ' Ban on Carrying Loaded Guns in Public '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd D. Steenson , Phillip M. Schreiber and Adam R. Young ( 5 August 2013 ) . `` Illinois Firearm Concealed Carry Act Will Require Employers to Take Action '' . Holland & Koch . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Ninth Circuit Will Rehear Nordyke v. King En Banc '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCullagh , Declan ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` High - Profile Gun Rights Case Inches Toward Supreme Court '' . CBS News . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , John ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Appeals Court Sets Rehearing on Ruling That Eased Gun Restrictions '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Second Amendment : Less chance of review ? '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nordyke v. King ( 9th Cir. 2009 ) Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Second Amendment extended '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Circuit Court bolsters gun rights '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Text of November 28 order granting rehearing '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mintz , Howard ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` 9th Circuit agrees to rehear long - running Alameda County gun rights case '' . Oakland Tribune . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Major gun case shunted aside '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Nordyke gun case nears end '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teixeira v. County of Alameda ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . References Books Adams , Les ( 1996 ) . The Second Amendment Primer : A Citizen 's Guidebook to the History , Sources , and Authorities for the Constitutional Guarantee of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms . Birmingham , Alabama : Paladium Press . Adamson , Barry ( 2008 ) . Freedom of Religion , the First Amendment , and the Supreme Court . Pelican Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58980 - 520 - 8 . Anderson , Casey ; Horwitz , Joshua ( 2009 ) . Guns , Democracy , and the Insurrectionist Idea . 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The Second Amendment : The Intent and Its Interpretation by the States and the Supreme Court . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4270 - 6 . Cooke , Edward Francis ( 2002 ) . A Detailed Analysis of the Constitution . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2238 - 5 . Cornell , Saul ( 2006 ) . A Well - Regulated Militia -- The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514786 - 5 . Cottrol , Robert ( 1994 ) . Gun Control and the Constitution : Sources and Explorations on the Second Amendment . Taylor & Francis . Cramer , Clayton E. ; Olson , Joseph ( 2008 ) . `` What Did `` Bear Arms '' Mean in the Second Amendment ? `` . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1086176 . Crooker , Constance Emerson ( 2003 ) . Gun Control and Gun Rights . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32174 - 0 . Denson , John V. ( 1999 ) . The Costs of War : America 's Pyrrhic Victories ( 2 ed . ) . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0487 - 7 . Doherty , Brian ( 2008 ) . Gun Control on Trial : Inside the Supreme Court Battle Over the Second Amendment . Washington , D.C. : Cato Institute . ISBN 1 - 933995 - 25 - 4 . Dulaney , W. Marvin ( 1996 ) . Black Police in America . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21040 - 2 . Ely , James W. ; Bodenhamer , David J. ( 2008 ) . The Bill of Rights in Modern America . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21991 - 4 . Foner , Eric ; Garraty , John Arthur ( 1991 ) . The Reader 's Companion to American History . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 395 - 51372 - 3 . Frey , Raymond ; Wellman , Christopher ( 2003 ) . A Companion to Applied Ethics . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 594 - 9 . Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1989 ) . A Right to Bear Arms : State and Federal Bills of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees . Greenwood Publishing Group . Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1994 ) . That Every Man Be Armed : The Evolution of a Constitutional Right ( Independent Studies in Political Economy ) . Oakland , CA : The Independent Institute . ISBN 0 - 945999 - 38 - 0 . Hemenway , David ( 2007 ) . Private Guns , Public Health . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03162 - 7 . Kruschke , Earl R. ( 1995 ) . Gun Control : A Reference Handbook . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 695 - X . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Bill of Rights . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07802 - 1 . Madison , James ( 2010 ) . The Writings of James Madison : 1787 -- 1790 . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 144 - 58273 - 7 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1996 ) . To Keep and Bear Arms : The Origins of an Anglo - American Right . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 89307 - 7 . Merkel , William G. ; Uviller , H. Richard ( 2002 ) . 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ISBN 0 - 312 - 24060 - 0 . Wills , Garry ( 2002 ) . A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 256 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87026 - 6 . Winterer , Caroline ( 2002 ) . The Culture of Classicism : Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life , 1780 -- 1910 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . Young , David E. ( 2001 ) . The Origin of the Second Amendment : A Documentary History of the Bill of Rights 1787 -- 1792 ( 2 ed . ) . Golden Oak Books . ISBN 0 - 9623664 - 3 - 9 . Periodicals Barnett , Gary E. ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1152102 . Bogus , Carl T. ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' ( PDF ) . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 408 . Blodgett - Ford , Sayoko ( Fall 1995 ) . `` The Changing Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms '' . Seton Hall Const . L.J. 101 . Breen , T.H. ( 1972 ) . `` English Origins and New World Development : The Case of the Covenanted Militia in Seventeenth - Century Massachusetts '' . Past & Present. 57 ( 1 ) : 74 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 57.1. 74 . Sunstein , Cass ( November 2008 ) . `` Comment : Second Amendment Minimalism : Heller as Griswold '' . Harv . L. Rev. 122 . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Charles , Patrick J. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Arms for Their Defence ? ' : An Historical , Legal , and Textual Analysis of the English Right to Have Arms and Whether the Second Amendment should Be Incorporated in McDonald v. City of Chicago '' . Clev . St. L. Rev. 57 ( 3 ) . SSRN 1550768 . Cramer , Clayton ( Winter 1995 ) . `` The Racist Roots of Gun Control '' . Kan . J. Of Pub . Pol'y . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2007 . Davies , Ross ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Which is the Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Green Bag 2d. 11 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 16 . Gunn , Steven H. ( 1998 ) . `` A Lawyer 's Guide to the Second Amendment '' . BYU L. Rev. 35 . Hardy , David ( 2007 ) . `` Book Review : A Well - Regulated Militia : The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 . SSRN 947334 . Henigan , Denis ( 1991 ) . `` Arms , Anarchy , and the Second Amendment '' . Val . L. Rev. 26 ( 107 ) . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Heyman , Stephen ( 2000 ) . `` Natural Rights and the Second Amendment '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 ( 237 ) . Kates Jr. , Don B. ( November 1983 ) . `` Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. Michigan Law Review , Vol. 82 , No. 2 . 82 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 1288537 . JSTOR 1288537 . Konig , David Thomas ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Second Amendment : A Missing Transatlantic Context for the Historical Meaning of `` the Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms '' `` . Law and History Review . American Society for Legal History , Inc. 22 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 4141667 . Lund , Nelson . `` Heller and Second Amendment Precedent '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. SSRN 1235537 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1986 ) . `` Book Review : That Every Man Be Armed '' . 54 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1993 ) . `` The Role of the Militia in the Development of the Englishman 's Right to be Armed -- Clarifying the Legacy '' . J. On Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 5 . McAffee , Thomas B. ; Quinlan , Michael J. ( March 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward the Right to Keep and Bear Arms : Do Text , History , or Precedent Stand in the Way ? '' . N.C.L. Rev . McClurg , Andrew ( 1999 ) . `` Lotts ' More Guns and Other Fallacies Infecting the Gun Control Debate '' . J. Of Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 11 . Merkel , William ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Heller and Scalia 's Originalism '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 13 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1422048 . Pierce , Darell R. ( 1982 ) . `` Second Amendment Survey '' . N. Ky . L. Rev. 10 ( 1 ) . Rakove , Jack ( 2000 ) . `` The Second Amendment : The Highest Stage of Originalism '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 . Reynolds , Glenn ( 1995 ) . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . Tenn . L. Rev. 62 ( 461 ) . SSRN 960788 . Schmidt , Christopher ( February 2007 ) . `` An International Human Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 ( 3 ) : 983 . Smith , Douglas ( 2008 ) . `` The Second Amendment and the Supreme Court '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 . SSRN 1093751 . Volokh , Eugene ( 1998 ) . `` The Commonplace Second Amendment '' . NYU L. Rev. 73 ( 793 ) . Volokh , Eugene ( November -- December 1998 ) . `` Testimony of Eugene Volokh on the Second Amendment , Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution , September 23 , 1998 '' . Cal . Pol. Rev . Weisselberg , Charles D. ( 2009 ) . `` Selected Criminal Law Cases in the Supreme Court 's 2007 -- 2008 Term , and a Look Ahead '' ( PDF ) . Court Review . 44 . Wills , Garry ( 1995 ) . `` To Keep and Bear Arms '' . N.Y. Rev. Books . 42 ( 14 ) . ISSN 0028 - 7504 . Winkler , Adam ( February 2007 ) . `` Scrutinizing the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 105 . Winkler , Adam ( June 2009 ) . `` Heller 's Catch 22 '' . UCLA L. Rev. 56 . SSRN 1359225 . Other publications Maer , Lucinda ; Gay , Oonagh ( 2009 ) . `` The Bill of Rights 1689 '' . Parliament and Constitution Centre . Further reading Tahmassebi , S.B. ( 1991 ) . `` Gun Control and Racism '' . George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 100 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2000 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution Works related to United States Bill of Rights at Wikisource District of Columbia v. Heller National Archives Scanned Image of the Bill of Rights , including the Second Amendment The short film Big Picture : To Keep and Bear Arms is available for free download at the Internet Archive State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions as provided by Prof. Eugene Volokh , UCLA Law School ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book VIAF : 175899205 LCCN : n97009276 GND : 4489472 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=825965672 '' Categories : 1791 in American politics 1791 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Militia in the United States United States federal firearms legislation Gun politics in the United States Firearms - related organizations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 12 : 27 . 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About Wikipedia	which amendment is central to understanding the debate concerning the right to bear arms	[ "The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights.[1][2][3][4] The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals,[5][6] while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices.[7] State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right, per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights." ]	[ "The Second Amendment" ]
-5734519564937982000	Timber, I'm Falling in Love	Timber , I 'm Falling in Love - wikipedia Timber , I 'm Falling in Love Jump to : navigation , search `` Timber , I 'm Falling in Love '' Single by Patty Loveless from the album Honky Tonk Angel B - side `` Go On '' Released May 27 , 1989 Format 7 '' Recorded Genre Country Length 2 : 30 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Kostas Producer ( s ) Tony Brown Patty Loveless singles chronology `` Do n't Toss Us Away '' ( 1989 ) `` Timber , I 'm Falling in Love '' ( 1989 ) `` The Lonely Side of Love '' ( 1989 ) `` Do n't Toss Us Away '' ( 1989 ) `` Timber , I 'm Falling In Love '' ( 1989 ) `` The Lonely Side of Love '' ( 1989 ) `` Timber , I 'm Falling in Love '' is a song written by Kostas , and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless . It was released in May 1989 as the third single from her album Honky Tonk Angel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Sources Background ( edit ) `` Timber , I 'm Falling in Love '' was Loveless ' first No. 1 record on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles chart . The song charted for 18 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart , reaching the top of the chart during the week of August 12 , 1989 . This song was covered on the fourth season of The Voice by winner Danielle Bradbery in a duet with her coach , Blake Shelton . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 42 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 35 Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 206 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 6456 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 28 , 1989 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Patty Loveless -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Patty Loveless . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1989 '' . RPM . December 23 , 1989 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1989 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1989 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Preceded by `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' by Dolly Parton Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single August 12 , 1989 Succeeded by `` Sunday in the South '' by Shenandoah RPM Country Tracks number - one single August 28 , 1989 Succeeded by `` I 'm Still Crazy '' by Vern Gosdin ( hide ) Patty Loveless Discography Patty Loveless `` Lonely Days , Lonely Nights '' `` Wicked Ways '' `` I Did '' `` After All '' If My Heart Had Windows `` You Saved Me '' `` If My Heart Had Windows '' `` A Little Bit in Love '' Honky Tonk Angel `` Blue Side of Town '' `` Do n't Toss Us Away '' `` Timber , I 'm Falling in Love '' `` The Lonely Side of Love '' `` Chains '' On Down the Line `` On Down the Line '' `` The Night 's Too Long '' `` I 'm That Kind of Girl '' `` Blue Memories '' Up Against My Heart `` Hurt Me Bad ( In a Real Good Way ) '' `` Jealous Bone '' `` Ca n't Stop Myself from Loving You '' Only What I Feel `` Blame It on Your Heart '' `` Nothin ' but the Wheel '' `` You Will '' `` How Can I Help You Say Goodbye '' When Fallen Angels Fly `` I Try to Think About Elvis '' `` Here I Am '' `` You Do n't Even Know Who I Am '' `` Halfway Down '' The Trouble with the Truth `` You Can Feel Bad '' `` A Thousand Times a Day '' `` Lonely Too Long '' `` She Drew a Broken Heart '' `` The Trouble with the Truth '' Long Stretch of Lonesome `` You Do n't Seem to Miss Me '' `` To Have You Back Again '' `` High on Love '' `` Like Water into Wine '' Classics `` Ca n't Get Enough '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' Strong Heart `` That 's the Kind of Mood I 'm In '' `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Strong Heart '' Mountain Soul `` The Boys Are Back in Town '' `` Out of Control Raging Fire '' On Your Way Home `` Lovin ' All Night '' `` On Your Way Home '' `` I Wanna Believe '' Dreamin ' My Dreams `` Keep Your Distance '' Sleepless Nights `` Why Baby Why '' Mountain Soul II `` Busted '' Other albums Greatest Hits Bluegrass & White Snow : A Mountain Christmas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timber,_I%27m_Falling_in_Love&oldid=765762800 '' Categories : 1989 singles Patty Loveless songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Kostas ( songwriter ) RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Tony Brown ( record producer ) MCA Records singles 1988 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 February 2017 , at 08 : 48 . About Wikipedia	who sings timber i'm falling in love	[ "\"Timber, I'm Falling in Love\" is a song written by Kostas, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless. It was released in May 1989 as the third single from her album Honky Tonk Angel." ]	[ "Patty Loveless" ]
-8903232767469031858	2017 Las Vegas shooting	2017 Las Vegas shooting - Wikipedia 2017 Las Vegas shooting Jump to : navigation , search `` Las Vegas shooting '' redirects here . For other uses , see Las Vegas shooting ( disambiguation ) . 2017 Las Vegas shooting Mandalay Bay Hotel Route 91 Harvest country music festival grounds ( Full screen ) Location Las Vegas Strip , Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Coordinates 36 ° 5 ′ 42 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 18 '' W / 36.09500 ° N 115.17167 ° W / 36.09500 ; - 115.17167 Coordinates : 36 ° 5 ′ 42 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 18 '' W / 36.09500 ° N 115.17167 ° W / 36.09500 ; - 115.17167 Date October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) c. 10 : 05 -- 10 : 15 p.m. ( PDT ; UTC − 07 : 00 ) Target Audience of the Route 91 Harvest music festival Attack type Mass shooting , murder -- suicide Weapons 24 guns in total , including : 14 . 223 - caliber AR - 15 - type rifles Eight . 308 - caliber AR - 10 - type rifles . 308 - caliber Ruger American bolt - action rifle . 38 - caliber Smith & Wesson Model 342 AirLite TI revolver Deaths 59 ( including the perpetrator ) Non-fatal injuries 851 ( 422 by gunfire ) Perpetrator Stephen Paddock On the night of October 1 , 2017 , a gunman opened fire on a crowd of concertgoers at the Route 91 Harvest music festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada , leaving 58 people dead and 851 injured . Between 10 : 05 and 10 : 15 p.m. PDT , 64 - year - old Stephen Paddock of Mesquite , Nevada , fired more than 1,100 rounds from his suite on the 32nd floor of the nearby Mandalay Bay hotel . About an hour after he fired his last shot into the crowd , he was found dead in his room from a self - inflicted gunshot wound . His motive remains unknown . The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual in the United States . It reignited the debate about gun laws in the U.S. , with attention focused on bump fire stocks , which Paddock used to allow his semi-automatic rifles to fire at a rate similar to that of a fully automatic weapon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Location 1.2 Perpetrator 1.3 Preparation 2 Shooting 3 Casualties 4 Aftermath 4.1 Immediate responses 4.2 Hoaxes 4.3 Political reactions 4.4 Gun control discussion 4.5 Later effects 5 Investigation 5.1 Early reports 5.2 Preliminary investigation 5.3 Weaponry 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Location ( edit ) The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard immediately south of the city of Las Vegas in Clark County , Nevada . The Strip is known for its concentration of casinos and resort hotels , including the 43 - story Mandalay Bay southwest of its intersection with Mandalay Bay Road , in the unincorporated town of Paradise . Las Vegas Village , a 15 - acre ( 6.1 - hectare ) lot used for outdoor performances , is located diagonally across the intersection to the northeast . From 2014 onward , the venue hosted the annual Route 91 Harvest country music festival . The 2017 festival ran from September 29 to October 1 , with over 22,000 attendees on the final day . Perpetrator ( edit ) Main article : Stephen Paddock Stephen Paddock was a 64 - year - old former auditor and real estate businessman , who had been living 80 miles ( 130 km ) northeast of Las Vegas in a retirement community in Mesquite , Nevada . Paddock was twice divorced , had a long - term girlfriend , and had no known children . His father was Benjamin Paddock , a bank robber who was on the FBI 's most - wanted list between 1969 and 1977 . Paddock 's only recorded interaction with law enforcement , however , were traffic citations . Paddock was a high - stakes gambler who placed bets at a high enough level to earn valuable comps -- free benefits such as rooms and meals . He was a familiar figure to casino hosts in Las Vegas , but was not well known among other high - stakes gamblers because he mostly played video poker . He reportedly kept to himself and was a heavy drinker . Paddock had lost a significant amount of his wealth over the previous two years , but had paid off all gambling debts before the shooting . Preparation ( edit ) Paddock may have considered attacking other events . He had researched large - scale venues in cities such as Boston since at least May 2017 , and had reserved a room overlooking the August 2017 Lollapalooza festival in Chicago , but did not use it . According to his girlfriend , during an earlier stay at the Mandalay Bay in early September 2017 , he repeatedly examined Las Vegas Village from different windows in their room . From September 17 , Paddock stayed at The Ogden in Downtown Las Vegas , which overlooked the open - air Life Is Beautiful festival that ran from September 22 to September 24 . His internet search terms from mid-September included `` swat weapons '' , `` ballistics chart 308 '' , `` SWAT Las Vegas '' , and `` do police use explosives '' . Paddock arrived at the Mandalay Bay on September 25 , 2017 . He was booked into Room 32135 , a complimentary room on the 32nd floor . Four days later , he checked into the neighboring suite of Room 32134 , which was connected to Room 32135 via connecting doors . Both suites overlook Las Vegas Village . Between September 25 and October 1 , the day of the shooting , he stockpiled an arsenal of weapons in his rooms -- including ten AR - 15 rifles with 100 - round magazines , -- having transported five suitcases to his room on September 25 , seven on the 26th , two on the 28th , six on the 30th , and two on October 1 . On September 30 , he had placed `` Do not disturb '' signs on both rooms ' doors . Paddock interacted with Mandalay Bay employees more than ten times during his stay , including twice on the day of the shooting ; an MGM Resorts International spokesperson said they were all `` normal in nature '' . Shooting ( edit ) Schematic of the shooting scene . Paddock indiscriminately fired rifle rounds from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay hotel toward the concertgoers at Las Vegas Village . The mass shooting occurred between 10 : 05 and 10 : 15 p.m. PDT on October 1 , 2017 ( the third and final night of the festival ) . When the shooting began , country music singer Jason Aldean was giving the closing performance . Shortly before 10 : 00 p.m. , hotel security guard Jesus Campos was sent to the 32nd floor to investigate an open - door alert . He attempted to open a door that immediately accessed the floor , but found that it would not open . After Campos entered the floor , he discovered an L - shaped bracket screwed into the door and door frame , which was responsible for barring the door from opening . After reporting the discovery to his dispatch center , he heard a rapid drilling sound coming from Room 32135 and he went to investigate the matter . At approximately 10 : 05 , he was hit in the right thigh by one of about 200 bullets that Paddock fired through the door of his suite . After Campos was hit , he took cover in the alcove between Rooms 32122 and 32124 and immediately informed the hotel by radio and cellphone that he had been shot , though he believed he had been shot with a BB or pellet gun . At the same time , maintenance worker Stephen Schuck was on the same floor to fix the barricaded door reported by Campos . Campos , who was already injured , encountered Schuck and told him to take cover . Schuck contacted hotel dispatchers over his radio , informed them of the ongoing shooting , and told them to call the police . Neither Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department nor MGM Resorts International , the Mandalay Bay 's owner , have confirmed when information about the initial shooting was relayed to the police . Mandalay Bay hotel Main stage of Route 91 Harvest festival Jet fuel tanks at McCarran International Airport Paddock had used a hammer to break two of the windows in both of his suites and at 10 : 05 p.m. began shooting through them . He ultimately fired more than 1,100 rifle rounds approximately 490 yards ( 450 m ) into the festival audience . He initially started out with a few single gunshots before firing in prolonged bursts . Many people in the crowd initially mistook the gunfire for fireworks . During the shooting , a security fence hindered concertgoers from fleeing the 15 - acre concrete lot . The gunfire continued , with some momentary pauses , over the span of ten minutes and ended by 10 : 15 p.m. Paddock fired eight bullets at a large jet fuel tank at McCarran International Airport 2,000 feet ( 600 m ) away . Only two of the bullets struck its exterior , and one of them penetrated the tank , but the fuel did not explode because jet fuel is mostly made of kerosene and is unlikely to be ignited by a bullet . During the shooting , police officers were initially confused whether the shots were coming from the Mandalay Bay , the nearby Luxor hotel , or the festival grounds . There were also multiple false reports of additional shooters at other hotels on the Strip . Officers eventually spotted multiple flashes of gunfire in the middle of the northern side of Mandalay Bay and responded to the hotel . At 10 : 12 p.m. , two officers on the 31st floor reported the sounds of gunfire on the floor above them . When officers arrived on the 32nd floor at 10 : 17 p.m. and encountered Campos a minute later , he directed them to Paddock 's room and helped others evacuate . Campos was then directed to seek medical attention for himself . Between 10 : 26 and 10 : 30 p.m. , an additional eight officers arrived at the 32nd floor , with some of them manually breaching through the door Paddock had screwed shut with the bracket . The gunfire had ceased , and the police moved systematically down the hallway , searching and clearing each room , using a master key that was provided by Campos . At 10 : 55 p.m. , the officers finished evacuating guests . At 11 : 20 p.m. , police breached Room 32135 with explosives . Paddock was found dead on the floor from a self - inflicted gunshot wound to the head . Police then breached Room 32134 ; while entering the hotel suite , an officer accidentally fired a three - round burst from his weapon , but the bullets did not hit anyone . At 11 : 27 p.m. , officers announced over the police radio that one suspect was down . Early on October 2 , Sheriff Lombardo identified the suspect as Stephen Paddock . Casualties ( edit ) A total of 58 people ( excluding Paddock ) lost their lives as a result of the shooting . The fatalities included 36 women and 22 men . The oldest was 67 , the youngest 20 . Six were from Nevada , 35 from California , 13 from other states , and four from Canada . The Clark County Coroner 's Office determined that all 58 victims died as a result of gunshot wounds . 31 of the victims were pronounced dead at the scene , while the rest were pronounced dead at hospitals . An additional 851 people were injured , 422 of them with gunshot wounds . In the aftermath , many victims were transported to area hospitals , which included University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center , and at least one of the six hospitals of Valley Health System . Sunrise Hospital treated the largest portion of the wounded : 199 patients , 150 of whom arrived within a timespan of about 40 minutes . For reasons that are unclear , most patients were transported to Sunrise , a Level II trauma center . University Medical Center , a nearby Level I trauma center , treated 104 patients . 8 victims sought medical treatment in Southern California ; St. Joseph Hospital of Orange treated two , UC Irvine Medical Center treated four and Loma Linda University Medical Center treated two . The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual in the United States , surpassing the death toll of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , where 49 people were shot and killed . Aftermath ( edit ) The Las Vegas sign adorned with flowers on October 9 , 2017 , a week after the shooting Immediate responses ( edit ) Much of Las Vegas Boulevard was closed while police SWAT teams combed the venue and neighboring businesses . McCarran International Airport , adjacent to the shooting site , was shut down for several hours . Approximately 300 people entered the airport property as they fled to safety from the shooting . This prompted officials to shut down all four runways . More than 25 flights were rerouted to ensure that no aircraft would be hit by gunfire , while other flights were canceled before airfield operations resumed at 12 : 40 a.m. on October 2 . At approximately 2 : 45 p.m. PDT on October 2 , a state of emergency was declared in Clark County . On the morning after the shooting , lines to donate blood in Las Vegas stretched for blocks . Wait times were as much as six hours or more . Millions of dollars have also been raised to help victims and their families . Hoaxes ( edit ) In the hours and days after the shooting , false information and fake news about the shooter 's identity and motive went viral on social media : A 4chan / pol / thread , which misidentified the shooter and described him as a registered Democrat , briefly featured in the `` Top Stories '' section of a Google search for the man 's name . The misinformation was circulated by a number of websites including The Gateway Pundit . The fake news website YourNewsWire spread false information about a second gunman who was shooting from the fourth floor of the hotel . Two of Facebook 's top trending pages were items from Sputnik , a Russian government news agency . These included one story that falsely claimed the FBI had linked the shooter to a terrorist group . The stories were later removed from Sputnik with an apology . Stories linking the shooter to Antifa have also been discredited . The terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIS ) claimed that Paddock was their `` soldier '' and that he had answered Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi 's call to attack coalition countries . ISIS provided no evidence for its claim , and had previously released multiple false claims of responsibility for incidents with which they had no connection . On October 9 , 2017 , the FBI declared that Paddock 's attack was not linked to international terrorism . Google and Facebook were criticized for displaying such false news stories in some of their search results . The two technology companies were said to have failed in their responsibility of keeping false stories from reaching the public . Facebook later said its algorithms were designed to detect and remove false stories , but failed to work adequately in this instance . In the aftermath of the shooting , some media outlets reported that YouTube search results for information about the shooting returned links to conspiracy videos . YouTube stated that it had tweaked its search algorithm to promote news sources which it considered more authoritative . Political reactions ( edit ) President Trump meets a Las Vegas shooting victim as his wife Melania looks on . Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval called the shooting `` a tragic and heinous act of violence that has shaken the Nevada family '' . Jason Aldean , who was singing when the shooting started , posted his condolences on Instagram and noted all of those working with him at the show had survived the attack . At a press conference , President Donald Trump described Paddock as `` a very very sick individual '' , and `` a demented man , ( with ) a lot of problems '' . He added , `` the police department has done such an incredible job , and we 'll be talking about gun laws as time goes by '' . A White House official talking points memo , distributed to Trump allies , opposed tightening gun control since `` new laws wo n't stop a mad man '' , but `` will curtail the freedoms of law abiding citizens '' . On October 2 , Trump issued a proclamation to honor the victims and their families . On October 4 , Trump visited the shooting victims and first responders . On October 7 , Vice President Mike Pence participated in a unity prayer walk and ceremony in Las Vegas in honor of the dead . Gun control discussion ( edit ) The shooting prompted support in the U.S. Congress for assault weapons legislation that would ban bump fire stocks . The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) came out in favor of administrative bump fire stock regulations . Many Congressional Democrats and some Republicans expressed their support of a prohibition of bump fire stocks . Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced a Senate bill that gained 39 Democratic co-sponsors . Two bipartisan bills have been introduced in the House of Representatives . As of November , no Congressional action has been taken . House leaders said the issue of bump fire stock regulation should be decided by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms , which originally approved gun - stocks . On November 6 , Massachusetts became the first state to ban the sale , possession , or use of the devices . Nine days after the shooting , eighteen Democratic U.S. Senators introduced a bill , the Keep Americans Safe Act , which , if signed into law , would ban gun magazines that hold more than ten rounds of ammunition . Stock prices of firearms manufacturers rose the day after the shooting , as has happened after similar incidents . Investors expect gun sales will increase over concerns that such an event could lead to more stringent gun - control legislation and a rush of customers wishing to defend themselves against future attacks . Later effects ( edit ) Survivors of the shooting have received death threats on social media ; they have also been accused of being paid actors . The annual Rock ' n ' Roll Las Vegas Marathon took place on November 12 and was the largest event to be held in the city since the shooting . The event received a massive amount of security , which included 350 officers , counter-sniper surveillance posts , and a number of barriers composed of dump trucks , buses , and other large vehicles . The future of the Las Vegas Village site remains undetermined . Investigation ( edit ) According to authorities with the Clark County Commissioner , the name `` 1 October '' was declared the official title for investigations into the mass shooting . Early reports ( edit ) Investigators found hidden surveillance cameras that were placed inside and outside the hotel room , presumably so Paddock could monitor the arrival of others . The cameras were not in record mode . Police said a handwritten note found in the room indicated Paddock had been calculating the distance , wind , and trajectory from his 32nd floor hotel suite to the concertgoers he was targeting on the festival lot . At a press conference on October 4 , Clark County Sheriff Joe Lombardo stated there was evidence -- which he declined to discuss -- that Paddock intended to escape the scene , and that he may have had assistance from an accomplice . Investigators searched Paddock 's room and found a `` bulletproof vest '' and breathing apparatus , which were survival gear that Paddock never used . There have been several changes in the official account and timeline of Paddock 's shooting of hotel security guard Campos . Police officials described these adjustments as `` minute changes '' that are common in complex investigations . In their first statement about the incident , police officials inaccurately reported that Campos arrived on the scene after Paddock began firing into the crowd . In a second statement , police officials reported , again inaccurately , that Campos was shot six minutes before Paddock began firing into the crowd . That report had been based on a 9 : 59 p.m. notation in a hotel security log , which in a third statement was determined to have been the time when Campos encountered the barricaded door . Sheriff Lombardo dismissed allegations that the changing timeline was the result of some kind of conspiracy between the police department , the FBI , and MGM Resorts International saying , `` Nobody is attempting to hide anything in reference to this investigation . The dynamics and the size of this investigation requires us to go through voluminous amounts of information in order to draw an accurate picture . '' Preliminary investigation ( edit ) Although the investigation remains ongoing , the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department released a preliminary report on the event on January 18 , 2018 . Police believe Paddock acted alone and have not determined his motive . No links have been identified to any hate groups , terrorist groups or ideologies , and nor did he record a reason for his actions . On February 2 , 2018 , Douglas Haig , an Arizonan ammunition dealer , was charged in a Nevada federal court with `` conspiracy to manufacture and sell armor - piercing ammunition without a license '' after his fingerprints were discovered on unfired armor - piercing ammunition inside Paddock 's suite . Weaponry ( edit ) Twenty - four firearms , a large quantity of ammunition , and numerous high - capacity magazines capable of holding up to 100 rounds apiece were found in the suite . Fourteen of the firearms were . 223 - caliber AR - 15 - type semi-automatic rifles : three manufactured by Colt , two by Daniel Defense , two by FN Herstal , two by LWRC International , two by POF - USA , one with a . 223 Wylde chamber by Christensen Arms , one made - to - order by LMT , and one by Noveske . The others were seven . 308 - caliber AR - 10 - type rifles , one . 308 - caliber Ruger American bolt - action rifle , and one . 38 - caliber Smith & Wesson Model 342 revolver . The AR - 15 rifles were fitted with vertical forward grips and bump fire stocks , the latter of which allowed for recoil to actuate their triggers at a rate of 90 rounds in 10 seconds . The AR - 10 rifles were equipped with various telescopic sights and mounted on bipods . The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives determined that the firearms found in his hotel room , along with more guns found in his homes , had been legally purchased in Nevada , California , Texas , and Utah . In the month preceding the shooting , he had attempted to purchase tracer ammunition , but the gun dealer he approached did not have the item in stock . He bought tracer ammunition from a private seller at a Phoenix , Arizona gun show . During subsequent investigations , ammonium nitrate ( often used in improvised explosive devices ) was found in the trunk of his Hyundai Tucson SUV , along with 1,600 rounds of ammunition and 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of Tannerite , a binary explosive used to make explosive targets for gun ranges . Undersheriff Kevin McMahill said that while Paddock had `` nefarious intent '' with the material , he did not appear to have assembled an explosive device . See also ( edit ) Gun violence in the United States Gun law in the United States Gun politics in the United States Gun laws in Nevada Mass shootings in the United States List of disasters in the United States by death toll List of rampage killers List of rampage killers ( Americas ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For the layout of the festival , see `` Vegas hospitals swamped with victims after high - rise attack '' . MSN . Associated Press . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For a diagram of Paddock 's hotel suite and connecting room , see : `` Why did it take police so long to breach Las Vegas gunman 's room ? Here 's a new timeline '' . Los Angeles Times . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 ... Jump up ^ For an infographic of what occurred at the venue during the shooting , see the fourth image of : `` Las Vegas Shooting : Chaos at a Concert and a Frantic Search at Mandalay Bay '' . The New York Times . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 ... References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas shooting : This is what investigators found in Stephen Paddock 's hotel room '' . KTNV - TV . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Google . `` 2017 Las Vegas shooting '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Festival attacked by Las Vegas shooter had been success story in creating outdoor music destination '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` LVMPD Preliminary Investigative Report 1 October / Mass Casualty Shooting Event : 171001 - 3519 '' ( PDF ) . Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vives , Ruben ; Ryan , Harriet ; Serna , Joseph ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` The mystery of Stephen Paddock -- gambler , real estate investor , mass killer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grinberg , Emanuella ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Something went ' incredibly wrong ' with Las Vegas gunman , brother says '' . CNN . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Torres - Cortez , Ricardo ( 19 January 2018 ) . `` Report : Strip shooter Paddock was ' germaphobic ' and had strong reactions to smells '' . LasVegasSun.com . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Branch , John ; Kovaleski , Serge F. ; Tavernise , Sabrina ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock Chased Gambling 's Payouts and Perks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ; Prince , Todd ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Paddock 's game of choice , video poker , allowed him to blend in '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Holly ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Portrait of Las Vegas gunman : A narcissist on a losing streak '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andone , Dakin ; Sidner , Sara ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` What we learned from the Las Vegas shooting report '' . CNN . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas shooter ' forceful ' with Chicago hotel manager : TMZ '' . Chicago Sun - Times . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` A New Report on the Las Vegas Gunman Was Released . Here Are Some Takeaways '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Lawsuit filed as new questions raised over timeline '' . CNN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Larry ; Chivers , C.J. ; Gibbons - Neff , Thomas ; Griggs , Troy ; Gröndahl , Mika ; Huang , Jon ; Lai , K.K. Rebecca ; Medina , Jennifer ; Singhvi , Anjali ; Watkins , Derek ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the Las Vegas Gunman 's Mandalay Bay Hotel Suite '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Matt ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` The most comprehensive look yet at how the Las Vegas concert massacre unfolded '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Prince , Todd ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Mandalay Bay staff interacted with Las Vegas shooter more than 10 times in days before Oct. 1 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How police zeroed in on the Las Vegas gunman '' . USA Today . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Turkewitz , Julie ; Goldman , Adam ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Another Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Caps Days of Confusion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Mitch ; Turkewitz , Julie ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Raises Questions About Police Response '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas police now say there was no six - minute gap between first shots and concert massacre '' . Washington Post . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worker warned hotel before Las Vegas shooter opened fire on crowd '' . CBS News . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Balsamo , Michael ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Pressure Mounts for Vegas Police to Explain Response Time '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Vegas authorities did not respond to questions about whether hotel security or anyone else in the hotel called 911 to report the gunfire Jump up ^ Smith , Mitch ; Medina , Jennifer ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pressure Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Raises Questions About Police Response '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . It is not known when and how the hotel security officials informed the police that Mr. Campos had been shot ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas police now say no 6 - minute gap between 1st shots and concert attack '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas police defend shifting timeline of shooting , warn it could change again '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . The revelation from Joseph Lombardo , the Las Vegas sheriff , gave way to a new round of questions , including when information about this shooting was relayed to hotel security and when -- or if -- that detail was then given to the local police . So far , neither the police or the hotel have offered any answers Jump up ^ Levenson , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` The cold , calculating timeline of the Las Vegas gunman '' . CNN . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas massacre gunman fired more than 1,100 rounds , sheriff says '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yablonski , Steven ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Only on Boston 25 : Exclusive photos of Las Vegas shooter 's guns '' . WFXT . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Meg ; Rocha , Veronica ; Wills , Amanda ; Grinberg , Emanuella ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Live updates '' . CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Aldean Responds To Route 91 Festival Shooting : ' Tonight Has Been Beyond Horrific ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schick , Camilla ; Horn , Dave ; Cirillo , Chris ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting Live Updates : Multiple Weapons Found in Las Vegas Gunman 's Hotel Room '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How police zeroed in on the Las Vegas gunman '' . USA Today . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ho , Sally ; Garcia Cano , Regina ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' I 'm going to die ' : fear grips Vegas strip ; gunman kills 59 '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why did it take police so long to breach Las Vegas gunman 's room ? Here 's a new timeline '' . The Los Angeles Times . October 4 , 2017 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ German , Jeff ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Commissioner calls for security review of jet fuel tanks after Las Vegas Strip shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : del Castillo Galvan , Severiano ; Rand , Wesley ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Minute - by - minute breakdown of Las Vegas Strip shooting -- TIMELINE '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Christal ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting : Cops Took More Than An Hour to Storm Gunman 's Room '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui , Lynh ; Zapotosky , Matt ; Barrett , Devlin ; Berman , Mark ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` At least 59 killed in Las Vegas shooting rampage , more than 500 others injured '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Law , James ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` What we know about Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock '' . News.com.au . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Wade ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Officer accidentally fired weapon in Las Vegas gunman 's Mandalay Bay suite '' . The Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lupiani , Joyce ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Latest news updates on the mass shooting in Las Vegas '' . KTNV . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Matthew ; Zhou , Naaman ; Levin , Sam ; Yuhas , Alan ; Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Names of Las Vegas victims emerge as police reveal gun stockpile -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Jennifer ; Smith , Mitch ; Landler , Mark ; Jordan , Miriam ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ; Fink , Sheri ; Haag , Matthew ; Goldman , Russell ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` N.R.A. Supports New Rules on ' Bump Stock ' Devices '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coroner releases names of all 58 Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mims , Bob ; Ramseth , Luke ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Third Utahn dies in wake of Las Vegas massacre '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clark County Coroner Releases Names of Deceased from Oct. 1 Mass Shooting '' . Clark County , Nevada . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saul , John ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Coroner releases names of all 58 Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Joe ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Coroner releases all 58 1 October victims ' cause of death '' . KVVU - TV . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Torres - Cortez , Ricardo ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Sheriff : Person of interest part of Strip shooting probe ; Paddock had child porn '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Rachel ; Brean , Henry ; Hassan , Anita ; Munks , Jamie ; Bekker , Jessie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' It was a horror show ' : Mass shooting leaves at least 59 dead , 527 wounded on Las Vegas Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Amanda Lee ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vegas hospitals swamped with victims after high - rise attack '' . MSN . Associated Press . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bekker , Jessie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` 58 still in critical condition after Las Vegas mass shooting '' . The Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woods , Alden ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Is this real ? ' : Seven hours of chaos , bravery at Las Vegas hospital after mass shooting '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Courtney ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` In the minutes and hours after the Las Vegas shooting , here 's what an emergency room nurse from Utah saw '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woods , Alden ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Patients went to wrong hospital as misinformation spread '' . The Arizona Republic . Phoenix : Gannett . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurt , Suzanne ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Southern California hospitals treat at least six Las Vegas mass shooting survivors '' . The Orange County Register . Southern California News Group . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ; Miller , Andrea ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` These are the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Susan ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting now tops list of worst mass shootings in U.S. history '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tchekmedyian , Alene ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas airport temporary closed by mass shooting ; delays continue '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marroquin , Art ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` McCarran 's fence breached by people fleeing Las Vegas Strip shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mary - Anne ; King , Yolanda T. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Declaration of Emergency '' ( PDF ) . Clark County , Nevada . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ ClarkCountyNV ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` An # emergency has been declared in # ClarkCounty as a result of # vegasshooting . It was issued a short time ago . # PrayForVegas '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hauser , Christine ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Donation Lines for Las Vegas Shooting Victims Stretch for Blocks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donations for Las Vegas shooting victims are plentiful but disjointed '' . The Las Vegas Review - Journal . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tech giants sorry for false Vegas news '' . BBC News . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Vynck , Gerrit ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Fake News Fills Information Vacuum in Wake of Las Vegas Shooting '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palma , Bethania ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Did a Second Gunman Shoot From the Fourth Floor of the Mandalay Bay Hotel ? '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Ben ; Robertson , Derek ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Misinformation Is the New Normal of Mass Shootings '' . Politico . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roose , Kevin ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` After Las Vegas Shooting , Fake News Regains Its Megaphone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Saranac Hale ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` No Evidence Linking Vegas Shooter to Antifa '' . FactCheck.org . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizzie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock : Isis gives Las Vegas gunman jihadi name in new claim amid widespread scepticism over terror links '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jason ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Did some media play into ISIS 's hands ? Some conservative outlets hyped the terror group 's claim that it was responsible for the Las Vegas shooting '' . Politico . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Behind ISIS ' bizarre claim on the Las Vegas massacre '' . CBS News . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` FBI : Las Vegas shooting has no connection with international terrorist group '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Sam ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook and Google promote politicized fake news about Las Vegas shooter '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Pierson , David ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook and Google pledged to stop fake news . So why did they promote Las Vegas - shooting hoaxes ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madrigal , Alexis C. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Google and Facebook Failed Us '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Heather ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube changes search to combat Las Vegas conspiracy videos '' . CNN . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guynn , Jessica ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube alters algorithm after searches for Las Vegas shooting turn up conspiracy theories '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandoval , Brian ( @ GovSandoval ) ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` A tragic & heinous act of violence has shaken the # Nevada family . Our prayers are w / the victims & all affected by this act of cowardice '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Petit , Stephanie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Lady Gaga , Jennifer Lopez , Rihanna and More React to Vegas Shooting '' . People . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gambino , Lauren ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Gun control : Trump says lawmakers will discuss issue ' as time goes by ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooting : Trump dubs killer ' sick and demented ' '' . BBC News . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tong , Judy ; Levin , Sam ; Yuhas , Alan ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting suspect 's girlfriend is a ' person of interest ' -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Presidential Proclamation Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Las Vegas , Nevada '' . whitehouse.gov . Washington , D.C. : White House . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Las Vegas , Nevada '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horsley , Scott ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Visits Shooting Victims , First Responders in Las Vegas '' . NPR . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ; Montero , David ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Vice President Mike Pence in Las Vegas : ' We are united in our grief ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting highlights wide gaps in gun laws '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shabad , Rebecca ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proposed bans on bump stocks have stalled in Congress '' . CBS News . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ del Valle , Lauren ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Massachusetts becomes first state to ban bump stocks since Vegas massacre '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murtha , Alex ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Bill to ban high - capacity gun magazines introduced in Senate '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilgore , Tomi ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Gun - maker stocks rally after mass shooting in Las Vegas '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosendz , Polly ; Stock , Kyle ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Horror Drives All - Too - Predictable Gun Stock Rally '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levin , Sam ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' I hope someone truly shoots you ' : online conspiracy theorists harass Vegas victims '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rehbein , Matt ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Heavy security blankets Las Vegas Marathon in wake of shooting '' . CNN . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Segall , Eli ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Site of Las Vegas shooting faces a cloudy future '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 days after Las Vegas massacre many questions remain , few answers '' . ABC News . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Craig , Tim ; Berman , Mark ; Barrett , Devlin ; Zapotosky , Matt ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Police say Las Vegas gunman planned ' extensively , ' used cameras to monitor police as they approached '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slattery , Denis ; Cullen , Terence ; McShane , Larry ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas killer Stephen Paddock was planning to escape after the mass shooting '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas gunman 's nightstand note contained figures for wind , trajectory and distance : Officials '' . ABC News . October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Note in Las Vegas gunman 's hotel room included details of bullet trajectory '' . CBS News . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooting : Paddock may have planned to escape '' . BBC News . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock fired ' incendiary ' rounds at fuel tank '' . News Channel 5 Network . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wang , Amy B. ; Berman , Mark ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Las Vegas shooter was sober , autopsy finds , leaving his motives a mystery '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Rachel ; Thevenot , Carri Geer ( 2 February 2018 ) . `` Prosecutors charge Arizona man who sold ammo to Las Vegas shooter '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Dugan , Kevin ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` High - capacity magazine used by Vegas shooter in high demand '' . The New York Post . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leefeldt , Ed ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock used a ' bump stock ' to make his guns even deadlier '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Becket , Stefan ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` More details revealed about Las Vegas shooter 's arsenal of weapons '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . At least one of the weapons was a made - to - order firearm made by Lewis Machine & Tool Company ( LMT ) . Jump up ^ Fonrouge , Gabrielle ; Celona , Larry ; Fears , Danika ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` The ' tricked out ' guns Las Vegas shooter used in massacre '' . The New York Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horton , Alex ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Las Vegas shooter had 23 guns . Here 's what we know about them '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Larry ; Grothjan , Evan ; Huang , Jon ; Parshina - Kottas , Yuliya ; Pearce , Adam ; Yourish , Karen ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` What Is a Bump Stock and How Does It Work ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ; Elinson , Zusha ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Gunman Had Arsenal in Hotel Room '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Delreal , Jose A. ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock , Las Vegas Suspect , Was a Gambler Who Drew Little Attention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooter 's girlfriend returns to US as police reveal details of his planning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Almaguer , Miguel ; Winter , Tom ; Hunt , Kasie ; Helsel , Phil ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Answer to Question in Las Vegas Massacre , ' Why ? ' , Elusive So Far '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Ken ; Snow , Anita ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Man Says He Sold Ammunition to Las Vegas Shooter for a ' Light Show ' '' . Time . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas shooter ' disturbed , dangerous ' , stockpiled weapons for decades : police '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chia , Jessica ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas mass shooter fired at aviation fuel tanks '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ; Medina , Jennifer ; Smith , Mitch ; Paddock , Richard C. ; Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ; Mele , Christopher ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting : At a Loss on Motive , F.B.I. Turns to Billboards for Leads '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Strip shooting . LVMPD Preliminary Investigative Report 1 October / Mass Casualty Shooting Event : 171001 - 3519 - Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Recording of police radio communications for the incident - from Broadcastify.com Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department : Press Releases , dated : October 2 , 2017 List of victims fatally shot Short tribute to each victim Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Facilities Clark County Detention Center Incidents 2014 Las Vegas shootings 2017 Las Vegas shooting Davis v. City of Las Vegas Misconduct in the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo The Drew ( under construction ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Strip Gaming Area 2010s portal Criminal justice portal Death portal Las Vegas portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Las_Vegas_shooting&oldid=828326777 '' Categories : 2017 in American music 2017 in Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting 2017 mass shootings in the United States 2017 murders in the United States 21st century in Las Vegas Attacks in the United States in 2017 Attacks on music venues Deaths by firearm in Nevada Filmed killings Las Vegas Strip Mandalay Bay Massacres in the United States Massacres in 2017 Mass murder in 2017 Mass murder in the United States Mass shootings in Nevada Murder in Nevada Murder -- suicides in Nevada October 2017 crimes in the United States Suicides by firearm in Nevada Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from October 2017 Use American English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with graphs Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 22 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the date of the shooting in las vegas	[ "On the night of October 1, 2017, a gunman opened fire on a crowd of concertgoers at the Route 91 Harvest music festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, leaving 58 people dead and 851 injured. Between 10:05 and 10:15 p.m. PDT, 64-year-old Stephen Paddock of Mesquite, Nevada, fired more than 1,100 rounds from his suite on the 32nd floor of the nearby Mandalay Bay hotel. About an hour after he fired his last shot into the crowd, he was found dead in his room from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. His motive remains unknown." ]	[ "October 1, 2017" ]
-1079435009111748627	Hotarubi no Mori e	Hotarubi no Mori e - wikipedia Hotarubi no Mori e Hotarubi no Mori e The tankōbon cover of Hotarubi no Mori e , first published in Japan in 2003 蛍火の杜へ Genre Romance , Supernatural Manga Written by Yuki Midorikawa Published by Hakusensha Demographic Shōjo Magazine LaLa DX Published July 2002 Manga Hotarubi no Mori e Tokubetsuhen Written by Yuki Midorikawa Published by Hakusensha Demographic Shōjo Published September 5 , 2011 Anime film Directed by Takahiro Omori Produced by Shuko Yokoyama Music by Makoto Yoshimori Studio Brain 's Base Released September 17 , 2011 Runtime 44 minutes Anime and Manga portal Hotarubi no Mori e ( Japanese : 蛍火の杜へ , lit . `` Into the Forest of Fireflies ' Light '' ) is a one - shot shōjo manga written by Yuki Midorikawa . It was published in the July 2002 issue of LaLa DX in Japan , and in July 2003 it was reprinted in a tankōbon short story collection of the same name , which included four romantic one - shot stories written by Midorikawa . Hotarubi no Mori e tells the story of a young girl named Hotaru and her friendship with Gin , a strange young man wearing a mask , who she meets at the age of six in a mountain forest near her grandfather 's country home . Hotaru learns that her friend is supernatural and that touching Gin will cause him to disappear forever . Hotaru returns every summer to spend time with Gin , and their relationship matures as both struggle with its limitations . The inspiration to write the story came suddenly to Midorikawa , who immediately drew the manga -- a process that went smoothly despite some initial conflicting elements . Hotarubi no Mori e is considered a starting point for Midorikawa 's best - known work , Natsume 's Book of Friends . A 44 - minute anime film with the same title was produced in 2011 at the anime studio Brain 's Base and directed by Takahiro Omori . The film starred Japanese voice actors Ayane Sakura and Kōki Uchiyama , and its soundtrack included music by Makoto Yoshimori . The film maintained a strong following for months in Japan after its opening on September 17 , 2011 . The European premiere of Hotarubi no Mori e was on October 8 , 2011 at the Scotland Loves Animation festival , where it won the Jury Prize . It was screened at the Leeds International Film Festival , Anime Contents Expo and Anime Expo convention , and also won the Animation Film Award at the 66th Annual Mainichi Film Awards . The anime was released on Blu - ray Disc ( BD ) and DVD in Japan on February 22 , 2012 . An additional story related to the original manga and anime film , titled Hotarubi no Mori e Tokubetsuhen ( 蛍火の杜へ特別編 ) , was released in a keepsake edition of the manga 12 days prior to the release of the anime . Both the keepsake edition manga and the limited edition BD ranked No. 13 on Japan 's Oricon sales chart shortly after their release . Sakura reported experiencing a strong emotional reaction to the story while recording the voice of Hotaru , and Midorikawa acknowledged that the story had a positive impact on her career . Reviewers universally praised the anime film for its beauty , simplicity , and tenderness , likening it to the works of Hayao Miyazaki of Studio Ghibli and Makoto Shinkai . There were few criticisms , most commonly focusing on its short length . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Manga 2.2 Anime 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.2 Anime 3.2. 1 Music 4 Reception 5 References 5.1 Literature cited 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The original Hotarubi no Mori e shōjo manga and subsequent film tell the story of a six - year - old girl named Hotaru Takegawa , who gets lost in a forest inhabited by a yamagami , or mountain spirit , as well as yōkai ( strange apparitions from Japanese folklore ) . She is found by a mask - wearing , human - like entity named Gin , who informs Hotaru that he will disappear forever if he is touched by a human . Gin then leads Hotaru out of the forest . Hotaru returns to visit Gin in the forest over the next few days and they become friends despite the limitations on their interactions . Although at summer 's end she must leave Gin to return to the city and her studies , Hotaru promises to return to visit him every summer holiday . As the years go by , Gin hardly ages while Hotaru physically matures and grows closer to his apparent age . Upon reaching adolescence , Hotaru begins to struggle with their budding romance and their uncertain future together , while Gin wishes he could touch and hold the young woman that Hotaru has become . When Hotaru reaches high school , Gin takes her on a date to a festival in the forest hosted by the spirits . The night ends in tragedy when Gin mistakenly touches a young boy who snuck into the spirit festival , though before he disappears , he and Hotaru embrace and confess their love for one another . The story ends with Hotaru accepting her pain and moving on with her life . The 2011 anime film adaptation of the story follows all of the events from the manga , adding only a few additional scenes . Hotarubi no Mori e Tokubetsu - hen ( 蛍火の杜へ特別編 , Hotarubi no Mori e special edition ) , published in 2011 , expands on the original story with a short episode told from Gin 's perspective . When Hotaru is a teenager , she shares some pudding with Gin before she leaves at the end of the summer . After Hotaru leaves , the yōkai attempt to cheer Gin up by bringing him a couple of persimmons , one of the most prized treats on the mountain . Impressed with the taste , Gin thinks of sharing one of these persimmons with Hotaru next year . After discussing ways to preserve the persimmon with the yōkai and a spirit named Matsumino , Gin sets off to find ice on the highest mountain peak , but is disappointed to find none during the summer . When Gin returns scratched up from his fruitless search for ice , Matsumino feels sorry for him and offers to deliver the persimmon to Hotaru for him . However , not knowing where she lives , Matsumino gets lost and grows hungry . After he returns from his unsuccessful attempt to find Hotaru , Matsumino apologizes to Gin for eating the persimmon and Gin forgives him . The story concludes with Gin seeing Hotaru the following summer and wondering if he will be able to tell her about his feelings for her . Production ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) The author , Yuki Midorikawa , explained in the postscript of the Aizoban Hotarubi no Mori e reprint that the idea for the story came to her more easily than for any other work up until that point . Although she had been planning to write a story as challenging as Hotarubi no Mori e once she had gained more experience writing manga , she decided to undertake the project sooner when the idea for the story suddenly came to her . Afraid that she might lose the idea , she promptly began to draw it , and Midorikawa 's writing progressed smoothly despite having numerous conflicting ideas for the development of the story . The story came from Midorikawa 's desire to draw several scenes . She was interested in drawing a scene where a boy dodges a girl who is falling towards him . She also wanted to draw a shadowy summertime forest , which would allow her to expand the range of tones and blacks used in the manga . A third inspiration was the desire to depict a more tranquil summer festival than those she had drawn before . She was also eager to create the mask worn by Gin at the festival , which resembled the face of a fox whose typical slitted eyes were replaced by oval ones to give the mask a `` creepy '' hybrid fox - primate appearance . The supernatural love story between Hotaru and Gin is considered a starting point for Midorikawa 's best known work , Natsume 's Book of Friends , which also depicts ill - fated interactions between humans and yōkai ( sometimes referred to as ayakashi ) . In both stories , differences in lifespan and other insurmountable barriers mar their relationships and attempts to understand each other . Prior to the anime film 's theatrical release in 2011 , Midorikawa published an additional chapter to the story , Hotarubi no Mori e Tokubetsuhen . Since the original story was already complete and she initially felt uncomfortable about adding to it , she opted instead to expand on the story from Gin 's perspective . Anime ( edit ) Cast Voice actor Role Ayane Sakura Hotaru Takegawa Kōki Uchiyama Gin Shinpachi Tsuji Hotaru 's grandfather Izumi Sawada Hotaru 's mother Hayato Taya Ryōta ( 亮太 ) Kanehira Yamamoto Shadow yōkai Masanori Machida Beech Tree Hand yōkai Hiroki Gotō Lion yōkai Asami Imai Masked child ( younger brother ) Mami Uchida Masked child ( older sister ) Kumiko Tashiro Child at the festival According to the animation director , Yumi Satou , the anime project originated with his personal wish to animate original manga , which he enjoyed . The project was given approval in early 2011 , and according to the film 's producer , Shuko Yokoyama , the anime was originally planned as an original video animation , which would not have been released in theaters . However , the popularity of Natsume 's Book of Friends , which was also written by Midorikawa and developed by the same production staff , gave them the support they needed to create an anime film . The film was produced by the studio Brain 's Base and directed by Takahiro Omori , starring Japanese voice actors Ayane Sakura as Hotaru and Kōki Uchiyama as Gin . Satou had frequently worked together with Yokoyama on previous projects . Other staff included Akira Takata ( character design ) , Yukihiro Shibuya ( art ) , Hiromi Miyawaki ( color design ) , Hitoshi Tamura ( photography ) , and Kazuhiko Seki ( editor ) . The anime film had a very small staff because it was a very short film and was produced domestically , unlike the TV series , Natsume 's Book of Friends , which was primarily outsourced to other countries -- a common trend in anime production . In March 2011 , midway through production , the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami struck Japan . Despite the national tragedy , the production crew continued its work , and according to Omori , the team hoped that their work would help soothe the nation after it had time to recover . Omori speculated that this was part of the reason for the strong positive reception and the awards the anime later received . The setting in the manga was based on a shrine in the Kumamoto Prefecture of Japan , known as Kamishikimi Kumanoimasu Shrine , which is dedicated to Izanagi - no - Mikoto and Izanami - no - Mikoto from Japanese mythology . The animation crew spent two hours searching the location for settings on which they could base their art . Because the story was set in the forest of a mountain god , Omori intended the art to represent a `` different world '' where the background scenery was obscure and the blue sky was slightly brighter than normal . Omori and his crew devoted extra attention to lighting and coloring , making the forest dim with light coming through the canopy and landing on the characters with the appropriate intensity . The contrast between light and dark was also used during the festival scene to emphasize its bizarre nature , reminding the audience that Hotaru should not be there . Because of the significance of the summer season to the story , Omori deliberately loaded the film with summer scenes , such as rustling leaves and chirring of cicadas . Both the manga and anime were set at the Kamishikimi Kumanoimasu Shrine in the Kumamoto Prefecture of Japan . According to the Omori , the idea for the opening scene was suggested by Yokoyama ; following traditional cinematography , the images of scenes indirectly related to the main story were played while the opening credits appeared . Originally intended to show Gin 's life before meeting Hotaru , Omori allowed the viewer to decide its relationship in time with the main story . Omori also opted to start Hotaru 's narration from a time after the story 's main events ; showing Hotaru as an 18 - year - old who had just graduated high school and heading back to visit her relatives near the forest . By having Hotaru tell the story in retrospect , Omori thought it provided a more human feel and gave more meaning to the final scene , where Hotaru expresses her hopes for the future by saying , `` Come on , let 's go . '' One of the difficulties in adapting the manga to anime , according to Omori , was that the developing relationship between Hotaru and Gin had to be shown visually , rather than through monologue . One way in which this was done used Hotaru 's yearly change in height -- by subtly showing the convergence of the length of their strides when walking , the audience is led to perceive a change in their relationship . Omori also wanted to portray more depth to Hotaru 's character by expanding on her school life . Although the manga depicted a brief flash of her life in middle school , the anime depicted scenes from both aspects of her life . Omori shared a draft of the film with composer Makoto Yoshimori so that he could write music to match the tempo . However , there was some disagreement over the ending theme , which Omori and Yoshimori discussed at length over email . Although neither would compromise on key points , the issue was eventually settled and the ending theme was finalized . Hotaru 's voice actor in the anime film , Ayane Sakura , was a fan of Midorikawa and owned the original manga . In an interview , she mentioned that she was thrilled to get an audition and ultimately the role , and also admitted that she shed tears while recording . Kōki Uchiyama , who played Gin , read the manga for the audition , and confessed that he was concerned at first about how to portray his character , though his work made him feel good . The film was initially pre-scored , where the voice acting was recorded prior to the creation of the animation , but later re-recorded for the final version . According to Omori , this allowed the animation to emphasize natural pauses in the dialogue and let the cast set the rhythm and tempo . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) The manga was first published in the July 2002 issue of Hakusensha 's LaLa DX in Japan . It was first reprinted on July 10 , 2003 in the tankōbon entitled Hotarubi no Mori e , which included four previously published romantic one - shot stories by Yuki Midorikawa . In addition to the titular short story , the book included `` Hanauta Nagaruru '' ( April 2003 ) , `` Kurukuru Ochiba '' ( November 2002 ) , and `` Hibi Fukaku '' ( January 2003 ) . As part of the 2003 tankōbon short story collection , each of the four one - shot stories were set in a different season : `` Hanauta Nagaruru '' in spring , `` Hotarubi no Mori e '' in summer , `` Kurukuru Ochiba '' in fall , and `` Hibi Fukaku '' in winter . Within the tankōbon , the stories were arranged in order from spring to winter , although they were originally published in a different order . As of May 15 , 2012 , the tankōbon was on its 19th printing . On September 5 , 2011 , 12 days prior to the anime movie 's premiere in Japan , a new story related to Hotarubi no Mori e was published as part of a keepsake edition of the original manga , Aizoban Hotarubi no Mori e ( 愛蔵版蛍火の杜へ ) . The 12 - page story , titled `` Hotarubi no Mori e Tokubetsuhen '' ( 蛍火の杜へ特別編 ) , is one of four short stories included in the keepsake edition , which also includes the original `` Hotarubi no Mori e '' and two other older works by Midorikawa : `` Taion no Kakera '' ( 体温のかけら ) ( 2003 ) and `` Hoshi mo Mienai '' ( 星も見えない ) ( 2005 ) . No . Title Release date ISBN Hotarubi no Mori e ( 蛍火の杜へ ) July 10 , 2003 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 17890 - 3 Story 1 : `` Hanauta Nagaruru '' ( 花唄流るる , lit . `` Overhearing a Flower Song ) Story 2 : `` Hotarubi no Mori e '' ( 蛍火の杜へ ) Story 3 : `` Kurukuru Ochiba '' ( くるくる落ち葉 , lit . `` The Falling of Autumn Leaves ' ) Story 4 : `` Hibi Fukaku '' ( ひび、深く , lit . `` Deepening the Scar '' ) Aizoban Hotarubi no Mori e ( 愛蔵版蛍火の杜へ ) September 5 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19840 - 6 Story 1 : Hotarubi no Mori e ( 蛍火の杜へ ) Story 2 : Taion no Kakera ( 体温のかけら ) Story 3 : Hoshi mo Mienai ( 星も見えない ) Story 4 : Hotarubi no Mori e Tokubetsuhen ( 蛍火の杜へ特別編 ) Anime ( edit ) The anime film , Hotarubi no Mori e , is categorized as a drama / romance , with a running time of 44 minutes . In March 2011 , the anime version was to be put on display at the Anime Contents Expo in Chiba , Japan , along with new work on Natsume 's Book of Friends , but the event was canceled following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . The opening date for the film was announced on June 4 on the film 's official website . On June 18 , special pre-order tickets were sold along with the limited offer of a free poster . Around a week later , four television commercials focused on the anime 's main characters were streamed from the film 's official website . Sixteen days before the official release , a 96 - second trailer was posted on Cinema Today , a Japanese movie website . The film opened in Japan on September 17 , 2011 , playing at Theater Umeda in Osaka and Ikebukuro 's Cine Libre in Tokyo . The European premiere of Hotarubi no Mori e was on October 8 , 2011 at the Scotland Loves Animation festival in Glasgow , followed by interviews and a Q / A session with the animation director and the producer . It was screened again at the Scotland Loves Animation festival in Edinburgh on October 14 , along with two other short films produced by Brain 's Base studio . It was also a late addition to the 2011 Leeds International Film Festival and shown as a free presentation on November 18 in Leeds Town Hall . Hotarubi no Mori e was one of 60 titles screened at the first Anime Contents Expo held at Makuhari Messe in Chiba in late March 2012 . It was also shown on June 30 , 2012 at the Anime Expo convention at the Los Angeles Convention Center . Limited edition copies of the Blu - ray Disc and DVD were released in Japan on February 22 , 2012 . The limited edition sets included card set illustrations , stickers , a 40 - page booklet , a strap with an attached mask ( like Gin 's ) , and other limited time specials . The DVD was also released at the same time without these extras . Music ( edit ) The original soundtrack ( catalog number : SVWC - 7783 ) was released on August 24 , 2011 , less than a month prior to the release of the anime film . The music was recorded by Makoto Yoshimori , and the ending theme , `` Natsu o Miteita '' ( 夏を見ていた , lit . `` I Was Watching Summer '' ) , was sung by Shizuru Ōtaka . All tracks written by Makoto Yoshimori . Hotarubi no Mori e Original Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Natsu o Miteita '' ( 夏を見ていた I Was Watching Summer ) 5 : 28 2 . `` Komorebi no Komichi '' ( 木漏れ日の小道 ) 2 : 58 3 . `` Ojii - chan no Tenohira '' ( おじいちゃんの手のひら ) 3 : 05 4 . `` Aru Hi , Mori no Naka '' ( ある日、森の中 ) 2 : 47 5 . `` Natsu to Machiawasete '' ( 夏と待ち合わせて ) 3 : 44 6 . `` Chiyokoreito '' ( ちよこれいと ) 1 : 52 7 . `` Yurayura to Hirahira to '' ( ゆらゆらとひらひらと ) 4 : 02 8 . `` Aki mo Fuyu mo Haru mo '' ( 秋も冬も春も ) 4 : 26 9 . `` Tsuki no Ito Akaki ni '' ( 月のいとあかきに ) 3 : 34 10 . `` Kanakana Shigure '' ( かなかなしぐれ ) 3 : 48 11 . `` Yamagami no Mori e '' ( 山神の森へ ) 3 : 31 12 . `` Shuiro no Inori '' ( 朱色の祈り ) 1 : 54 Total length : 41 : 14 Reception ( edit ) Year Award Category Result 2011 Scotland Loves Animation Jury Prize Won Mainichi Film Award Animation Film Award Won The keepsake edition manga , Aizoban Hotarubi no Mori e by Midorikawa , ranked No. 13 on Japan 's Oricon comic sales chart during September 5 -- 11 , 2011 , with 40,641 copies sold during its first week . In Japan , the anime was considered a hit , attracting many fans at each screening in Tokyo for several months . Following its European premiere at the Scotland Loves Animation festival in Glasgow , Hotarubi no Mori e was awarded the Jury Award . In January 2012 , it won the Animation Film Award at the 66th Annual Mainichi Film Awards and received at the awards ceremony held on February 13 , 2012 in Kawasaki , Japan . The limited edition Blu - ray Disc also ranked No. 13 on Oricon 's weekly BD sales chart between February 20 -- 26 , 2012 , with 7,171 copies sold in the five days following its release . The anime film of Hotarubi no Mori e was well received by its reviewers , and likened to the works of Hayao Miyazaki of Studio Ghibli and Makoto Shinkai . UK Anime Network 's Andy Hanley , who attended a screening at the Scotland Loves Animation festival , said it is `` beautiful in its simplicity '' , though noting that the climax seemed a bit rushed and sudden , leaving the audience to struggle with their emotions . This is a ten year tale of love , and the weight of the story is on loss . However , what is left at the end is renewal . Director Takahiro Omori , September 2011 Nicoletta Browne of T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews described it as a `` vignette of bittersweet nostalgia '' , praising the anime for being a `` gorgeously detailed piece with beautiful animation . '' Browne also wrote favorably of the story 's progression , noting that its dark undertones grew heavier as the main character matured , and that the consistent characterization of Hotaru from childhood to her early teens was impressive , especially given the film 's length . Browne 's criticisms were limited to noting the film 's short length , a clash between the cartoonish depictions of the forest spirits and the rest of the movie , and an issue with one element of plot development near the end of the film . She did note that sensitive viewers may interpret some aspects of the story as inappropriate , such as the initial age difference between the main characters and the way Gin punishes Hotaru as a child when she tries to touch him . In the case of the former , Browne noted that their romance developed only when Hotaru began to approach Gin 's physical age , and with the latter , she noted that no harm was intended . In both cases , she also mentioned that cultural differences must be considered . Both Yokoyama and Satou noted the `` Japanese - ness '' of the anime during the panel discussion following the main showing at the Scotland Loves Animation festival . Yokoyama had originally been concerned that foreign audiences would not fully understand and appreciate the work , but the reaction of the audience at the Glasgow showing alleviated his concerns . According to Yokoyama and Satou , elements of the story that exhibited strong elements of Japanese culture included the watermelon eating scene , the part where Gin hits young Hotaru over the head with a stick , and the scene where young Hotaru gets scared at night when she sees the face of a yōkai in the patterns of the wood panels on the ceiling . Midorikawa attributed the success of Hotarubi no Mori e to the quality of the story , noting even those readers of the original manga who were critical of her artwork were drawn to read the story from start to finish . She speculated that hiding Gin 's face behind a mask had helped mitigate some of the artistic issues for which her earlier work had been criticized . The intense pressure experienced by Midorikawa early in her manga writing career was relieved as a result of the positive feedback she received upon her success with Hotarubi no Mori e . In 2011 , she expressed excitement for the new anime film and having the manga reprinted in a new short story collection , remarking that her attempts to write about her feelings and recent experiences in relation to Hotarubi no Mori e brought tears to her eyes . She described the story as a `` precious work '' that had help her build social connections . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Yuki Midorikawa : 2 Animes '' ( in French ) . Manga News . February 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Midorikawa 2003 , pp. 49 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , N. `` Hotarubi no Mori e '' . Review . THEMAnime.org . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hotarubi no Mori e '' . Anime Planet . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yuki Midorikawa 's Hotarubi no Mori e Manga Gets Anime Film '' . Anime News Network . February 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hotarubi no Mori e ( DVD ) ( in Japanese and English ) . Aniplex. 2011 . ASIN B0092EXBP6 . ^ Jump up to : Midorikawa 2011 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Midorikawa 2011 , pp. 159 -- 170 . ^ Jump up to : Midorikawa 2003 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Midorikawa 2003 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ 緑川ゆき「蛍火の杜へ」愛蔵版に特別編 12 ページ描き下ろし ( Hotarubi no Mori e keepsake edition ( News ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Comic Natalie . September 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pash ! Deeep ! ! ! 2011 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : スペシャル ( Special - `` Mainichi Film Award '' ) . hotarubi.info ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotarubi no Mori e Slated to Open on September 17 '' . Anime News Network . June 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : スペシャル ( Special - `` Jury Prize '' ) . hotarubi.info ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scotland Loves Anime Begins in Glasgow '' . Anime News Network . October 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ スタッフキャスト ( Staff & cast ) . hotarubi.info ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pash ! Deeep ! ! ! 2011 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Omori 2011 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ スペシャル ( Special - `` Dubbing Report '' ) . hotarubi.info ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Midorikawa 2003 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Midorikawa 2003 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` Natsume 's Midorikawa Draws New Hotarubi no Mori e Story '' . Anime News Network . September 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Contents Expo 2011 Cancelled ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hotarubi no Mori e Film 's TV Ads Streamed '' . Anime News Network . June 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hotarubi no Mori e Anime Film 's Trailer Streamed '' . Anime News Network . September 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland Loves Anime To Return in October '' . Anime News Network . January 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland Loves Anime Comes to Edinburgh Friday to Sunday '' . Anime News Network . October 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Free Children 's Anime Screening at Leeds Festival , November 18 '' . Anime News Network . November 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In the Forest of the Fireflies Light : Leeds International Film Festival '' . Leeds International Film Festival . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Anime Contents Expo 's Title List Announced '' . Anime News Network . December 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Film Society to Screen Hotarubi no Mori e Film at Anime Expo '' . Anime News Network . June 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 商品情報 ( Goods ) . hotarubi.info ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : 音楽 ( Music ) . hotarubi.info ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 蛍火の社へオリジナル・サウンドトラック季節の瞬き ( Hotarubi no Mori e Original Soundtrack Kisetsu no Matataki ) ( CD ) ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Japan . 2011 . ASIN B005470QAS . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking , September 5 -- 11 '' . Anime News Network . September 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hanley , A. ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` Anime Review : In the Forest of the Fireflies Light '' . Review . UK Anime Network . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` コンクールの歴史第 66 回毎日映画コンクール '' ( History of the 66th Mainichi Film Competition ) . Mainichi News . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hotarubi no Mori e , 663114 Win at 66th Mainichi Film Awards '' . Anime News Network . January 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking : February 20 -- 26 '' . Anime News Network . February 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Midorikawa 2011 , p. 19 . Literature cited ( edit ) Midorikawa , Y. ( 2003 ) . Hotarubi no Mori e 蛍火の杜へ ( Into the Forest of Fireflies ' Light ) ( in Japanese ) . Hana to Yume Comics , Hakusensha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 17890 - 3 . Midorikawa , Y. ( 2011 ) . Aizoban Hotarubi no Mori e 愛蔵版蛍火の杜へ ( Favorite Book : Into the Forest of Fireflies ' Light ) ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19840 - 6 . Omori , Takahiro ( 2011 ) . Hotarubi no Mori e 蛍火の杜へ ( Into the Forest of Fireflies ' Light ) ( Blu - ray insert booklet ) ( in Japanese ) . Brain 's Base . `` Hotarubi no Mori e '' . Pash ! Deeep ! ! ! ( in Japanese ) . Shufu to Seikatsusha. 5 : 21 -- 26 . September 2011 . External links ( edit ) Hotarubi no Mori e anime official website ( in Japanese ) Hotarubi no Mori e ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Hotarubi no Mori e on IMDb Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film 1989 -- 2010 Kiki 's Delivery Service ( 1989 ) White Wolf ( 1990 ) Roujin Z ( 1991 ) Porco Rosso ( 1992 ) Patlabor 2 : The Movie ( 1993 ) Pom Poko ( 1994 ) Junkers Come Here ( 1995 ) Black Jack ( 1996 ) Princess Mononoke ( 1997 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's South Sea Adventure ( 1998 ) Jin - Roh : The Wolf Brigade ( 1999 ) Doraemon : A Grandmother 's Recollections ( 2000 ) Spirited Away ( 2001 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Storm Called : The Battle of the Warring States ( 2002 ) Tokyo Godfathers ( 2003 ) The Place Promised in Our Early Days ( 2004 ) Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa ( 2005 ) The Girl Who Leapt Through Time ( 2006 ) Summer Days with Coo ( 2007 ) The Sky Crawlers ( 2008 ) Summer Wars ( 2009 ) Colorful ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Hotarubi no Mori e ( 2011 ) Wolf Children ( 2012 ) The Tale of the Princess Kaguya ( 2013 ) Giovanni 's Island ( 2014 ) Miss Hokusai ( 2015 ) Your Name ( 2016 ) Complex × Complex ( 2017 ) Brain 's Base 2000s Daigunder Pluster World Kamichu ! 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2347618604414877428	Fire sprinkler system	Fire sprinkler system - wikipedia Fire sprinkler system This article is about the complete fire protection system . For the device that actually discharges water , see Fire sprinkler . A glass bulb type sprinkler head will spray water into the room if sufficient heat reaches the bulb and causes it to shatter . Sprinkler heads operate individually . Note the red liquid alcohol in the glass bulb . A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method , consisting of a water supply system , providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system , onto which fire sprinklers are connected . Although historically only used in factories and large commercial buildings , systems for homes and small buildings are now available at a cost - effective price . Fire sprinkler systems are extensively used worldwide , with over 40 million sprinkler heads fitted each year . In buildings completely protected by fire sprinkler systems , over 96 % of fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Usage 3 Regulations 3.1 United States 3.2 Europe 4 Operation 5 Types 5.1 Wet pipe systems 5.2 Dry pipe systems 5.3 Deluge systems 5.4 Pre-action systems 5.5 Foam water sprinkler systems 5.6 Water spray 5.7 Water mist systems 6 Design 7 Costs 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Leonardo da Vinci designed a sprinkler system in the 15th century . Leonardo automated his patron 's kitchen with a super-oven and a system of conveyor belts . In a comedy of errors , everything went wrong during a huge banquet , and a fire broke out . `` The sprinkler system worked all too well , causing a flood that washed away all the food and a good part of the kitchen . '' Ambrose Godfrey created the first successful automated sprinkler system in 1723 . He used gunpowder to release a tank of extinguishing fluid . The world 's first modern recognizable sprinkler system was installed in the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane in the United Kingdom in 1812 by its architect , William Congreve , and was covered by patent No 3606 dated the same year . The apparatus consisted of a cylindrical airtight reservoir of 400 hogsheads ( ~ 95,000 litres ) fed by a 10 - inch ( 250 mm ) water main which branched to all parts of the theatre . A series of smaller pipes fed from the distribution pipe were pierced with a series of ⁄ - inch ( 13 mm ) holes which pour water in the event of a fire . Merit Sprinkler Company states the history as : From 1852 to 1885 , perforated pipe systems were used in textile mills throughout New England as a means of fire protection . However , they were not automatic systems , they did not turn on by themselves . Inventors first began experimenting with automatic sprinklers around 1860 . The first automatic sprinkler system was patented by Philip W. Pratt of Abington , MA , in 1872 . Henry S. Parmalee of New Haven , Connecticut is considered the inventor of the first practical automatic sprinkler head . Parmalee improved upon the Pratt patent and created a better sprinkler system . In 1874 , he installed his fire sprinkler system into the piano factory that he owned . Frederick Grinnell improved Parmalee 's design and in 1881 patented the automatic sprinkler that bears his name . He continued to improve the device and in 1890 invented the glass disc sprinkler , essentially the same as that in use today . `` Until the 1940s , sprinklers were installed almost exclusively for the protection of commercial buildings , whose owners were generally able to recoup their expenses with savings in insurance costs . Over the years , fire sprinklers have become mandatory safety equipment '' in some parts of North America , in certain occupancies , including , but not limited to newly constructed `` hospitals , schools , hotels and other public buildings , '' subject to the local building codes and enforcement . However , outside of the US and Canada , sprinklers are rarely mandated by building codes for normal hazard occupancies which do not have large numbers of occupants ( e.g. factories , process lines , retail outlets , petrol stations , etc . ) Sprinklers are now commonly installed in other buildings including schools and residential premises . This is largely as a result of lobbying by the National Fire Sprinkler Network , the European Fire Sprinkler Network and the British Automatic Fire Sprinkler Association . Building regulations in Scotland and England require fire sprinkler systems to be installed in certain types of properties to ensure safety of occupants . In Scotland , all new schools are sprinkler protected , as are new care homes , sheltered housing and high rise flats . In England all high rise buildings over 30m must have sprinkler protection . In 2011 Wales became the first country in the world to make installation of fire sprinklers in new homes mandatory . The law will apply to newly built houses and blocks of flats , as well as care homes and university halls of residence . This law will be enforced from September 2013 . Usage ( edit ) Sprinklers have been in use in the United States since 1874 , and were used in factory applications where fires at the turn of the century were often catastrophic in terms of both human and property losses . In the US , sprinklers are today required in all new high rise and underground buildings generally 75 feet ( 23 m ) above or below fire department access , where the ability of firefighters to provide adequate hose streams to fires is limited . Sprinklers may be required to be installed by building codes , or may be recommended by insurance companies to reduce potential property losses or business interruption . Building codes in the United States for places of assembly , generally over 100 persons , and places with overnight sleeping accommodation such as hotels , nursing homes , dormitories , and hospitals usually require sprinklers either under local building codes , as a condition of receiving State and Federal funding or as a requirement to obtain certification ( essential for institutions who wish to train medical staff ) . Regulations ( edit ) United states ( edit ) While there is very little specific federal legislation regarding building codes , which are generally left to local jurisdictions , the federal government has used its funding and monetary clout to strongly encourage fire safety standards in construction . In 1990 the US Congress passed PL - 101 - 391 , better known as The Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990 . This law requires that any hotel , meeting hall , or similar institution that receives federal funds ( i.e. for a government traveller 's overnight stay , or a conference , etc . ) , must meet fire and other safety requirements . The most visible of these conditions is the implementation of sprinklers . As more and more hotels and other public accommodations upgraded their facilities to enable acceptance of government visitors , this type of construction became the de facto industry norm - even when not directly mandated by any local building codes . If building codes do not explicitly mandate the use of fire sprinklers , the code often makes it highly advantageous to install them as an optional system . Most US building codes allow for less expensive construction materials , larger floor area limitations , longer egress paths , and fewer requirements for fire rated construction in structures protected by fire sprinklers . Consequently , the total building cost is often decreased by installing a sprinkler system and saving money in the other aspects of the project , as compared to building a non-sprinklered structure . In 2011 , Pennsylvania and California became the first US states to require sprinkler systems in all new residential construction . However , Pennsylvania repealed the law later that same year . Many municipalities now require residential sprinklers , even if they are not required at the state level . Europe ( edit ) Renewed interest in and support for sprinkler systems in the UK has resulted in sprinkler systems being more widely installed . In schools , for example , the government has issued recommendations through Building Bulletin 100 that most new schools should be constructed with sprinkler protection . In 2011 Wales became the first country in the world where sprinklers are compulsory in all new homes . The law applies to newly built houses and blocks of flats , as well as care homes and university halls of residence . In Scotland , all new schools are sprinklered , as are new care homes , sheltered housing and high rise flats . In the UK , since the 1990s sprinklers have gained recognition within the Building Regulations ( England and Wales ) and Scottish Building Standards and under certain circumstances , the presence of sprinkler systems is deemed to provide a form of alternative compliance to some parts of the codes . For example , the presence of a sprinkler system will usually permit doubling of compartment sizes and increases in travel distances ( to fire exits ) as well as allowing a reduction in the fire rating of internal compartment walls . In Norway as of July 2010 , all new housing of more than two storeys , all new hotels , care homes and hospitals must be sprinklered . Other Nordic countries require or soon will require sprinklers in new care homes , and in Finland as of 2010 a third of care homes were retrofitted with sprinklers . A fire in an illegal immigrant detention center at Schiphol airport in The Netherlands on 27 October 2005 killed 11 detainees and led to the retrofitting of sprinklers in all similarly designed prisons in The Netherlands . A fire at Düsseldorf Airport on 11 April 1996 which killed 17 people led to sprinklers being retrofitted in all major German airports . Most European countries also require sprinklers in shopping centers , in large warehouses and in high - rise buildings . Operation ( edit ) A sign warns hotel guests not to hang items from fire sprinklers Each closed - head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat - sensitive glass bulb or a two - part metal link held together with fusible alloy . The glass bulb or link applies pressure to a pipe cap which acts as a plug which prevents water from flowing until the ambient temperature around the sprinkler reaches the design activation temperature of the individual sprinkler head . In a standard wet - pipe sprinkler system , each sprinkler activates independently when the predetermined heat level is reached . Thus , only sprinklers near the fire will operate , normally just one or two . This maximizes water pressure over the point of fire origin , and minimizes water damage to the building . A sprinkler activation will do less water damage than a fire department hose stream , which provide approximately 900 litres / min ( 250 US gallons / min ) . A typical sprinkler used for industrial manufacturing occupancies discharge about 75 - 150 litres / min ( 20 - 40 US gallons / min ) . However , a typical Early Suppression Fast Response ( ESFR ) sprinkler at a pressure of 50 psi ( 340 kPa ) will discharge approximately 380 litres per minute ( 100 US gal / min ) . In addition , a sprinkler will usually activate within one to four minutes of the fire 's start , whereas it typically takes at least five minutes for a fire department to register an alarm and drive to the fire site , and an additional ten minutes to set up equipment and apply hose streams to the fire . This additional time can result in a much larger fire , requiring much more water to extinguish . Types ( edit ) Fire sprinkler control valve assembly . Wet pipe systems ( edit ) By a wide margin , wet pipe sprinkler systems are installed more often than all other types of fire sprinkler systems . They also are the most reliable , because they are simple , with the only operating components being the automatic sprinklers and ( commonly , but not always ) the automatic alarm check valve . An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to the system piping . Dry pipe systems ( edit ) Garage sprinkler system in New York City Dry pipe systems are the second most common sprinkler system type . Dry pipe systems are installed in spaces in which the ambient temperature may be cold enough to freeze the water in a wet pipe system , rendering the system inoperable . Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings , in parking garages , in outside canopies attached to heated buildings ( in which a wet pipe system would be provided ) , or in refrigerated coolers . In regions using NFPA regulations , wet pipe systems can not be installed unless the range of ambient temperatures remains above 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) . Water is not present in the piping until the system operates ; instead , the piping is filled with air at a pressure below the water supply pressure . To prevent the larger water supply pressure from prematurely forcing water into the piping , the design of the dry pipe valve ( a specialized type of check valve ) results in a greater force on top of the check valve clapper by the use of a larger valve clapper area exposed to the piping air pressure , as compared to the higher water pressure but smaller clapper surface area . When one or more of the automatic sprinkler heads is triggered , it opens allowing the air in the piping to vent from that sprinkler . Each sprinkler operates independently , as its temperature rises above its triggering threshold . As the air pressure in the piping drops , the pressure differential across the dry pipe valve changes , allowing water to enter the piping system . Water flow from sprinklers , needed to control the fire , is delayed until the air is vented from the sprinklers . In regions using NFPA 13 regulations , the time it takes water to reach the hydraulically remote sprinkler from the time that sprinkler is activated is limited to a maximum of 60 seconds . In industry practice , this is known as the `` Maximum Time of Water Delivery '' . The maximum time of water delivery may be required to be reduced , depending on the hazard classification of the area protected by the sprinkler system . Some property owners and building occupants may view dry pipe sprinklers as advantageous for protection of valuable collections and other water sensitive areas . This perceived benefit is due to a fear that wet system piping may slowly leak water without attracting notice , while dry pipe systems may not fail in this manner . Disadvantages of using dry pipe fire sprinkler systems include : If the sprinklers share the same standpipe system as the standpipe system which supplies fire hoses , then the water supply to the fire hoses would be severely reduced or even curtailed altogether . Increased complexity - Dry pipe systems require additional control equipment and air pressure supply components which increases system complexity . This puts a premium on proper maintenance , as this increase in system complexity results in an inherently less reliable overall system ( i.e. more single failure points ) as compared to a wet pipe system . Higher installation and maintenance costs - The added complexity impacts the overall dry - pipe installation cost , and increases maintenance expenditure primarily due to added service labor costs . Lower design flexibility - Regulatory requirements limit the maximum permitted size ( i.e. 750 gallons ) of individual dry - pipe systems , unless additional components and design efforts are provided to limit the time from sprinkler activation to water discharge to under one minute . These limitations may increase the number of individual sprinkler zones ( i.e. served from a single riser ) that must be provided in the building , and impact the ability of an owner to make system additions . Increased fire response time - Because the piping is empty at the time the sprinkler operates , there is an inherent time delay in delivering water to the sprinklers which have operated while the water travels from the riser to the sprinkler , partially filling the piping in the process . A maximum of 60 seconds is normally allowed by regulatory requirements from the time a single sprinkler opens until water is discharged onto the fire . This delay in fire suppression results in a larger fire prior to control , increasing property damage . This is a Dry pipe sprinkler system supply main with corrosion debris caused by oxidation Increased corrosion potential - Following operation or testing , dry - pipe sprinkler system piping is drained , but residual water collects in piping low spots , and moisture is also retained in the atmosphere within the piping . This moisture , coupled with the oxygen available in the compressed air in the piping , increases internal pipe corrosion , eventually leading to pin - hole leaks or other piping failures . The internal corrosion rate in wet pipe systems ( in which the piping is constantly full of water ) is much lower , as the amount of oxygen available for the corrosion process is lower . Corrosion can be combated by using copper or stainless steel pipe which is less susceptible to corrosion , or by using dry nitrogen gas to pressurize the system , rather than air . Nitrogen generators can be used as a permanent source of nitrogen gas , which is beneficial because dry pipe sprinkler systems require an uninterrupted supply of supervisory gas . These additional precautions can increase the up - front cost of the system , but will help prevent system failure , increased maintenance costs , and premature need for system replacement in the future . Deluge systems ( edit ) `` Deluge '' systems are systems in which all sprinklers connected to the water piping system are open , in that the heat sensing operating element is removed , or specifically designed as such . These systems are used for special hazards where rapid fire spread is a concern , as they provide a simultaneous application of water over the entire hazard . They are sometimes installed in personnel egress paths or building openings to slow travel of fire ( e.g. openings in a fire - rated wall ) . Water is not present in the piping until the system operates . Because the sprinkler orifices are open , the piping is at atmospheric pressure . To prevent the water supply pressure from forcing water into the piping , a `` deluge valve '' is used in the water supply connection , which is a mechanically latched valve . It is a non-resetting valve , and stays open once tripped . Because the heat sensing elements present in the automatic sprinklers have been removed ( resulting in open sprinklers ) , the deluge valve must be opened as signaled by a fire alarm system . The type of fire alarm initiating device is selected mainly based on the hazard ( e.g. pilot sprinklers , smoke detectors , heat detectors , or optical flame detectors ) . The initiation device signals the fire alarm panel , which in turn signals the deluge valve to open . Activation can also be manual , depending on the system goals . Manual activation is usually via an electric or pneumatic fire alarm pull station , which signals the fire alarm panel , which in turn signals the deluge valve to open . Operation - Activation of a fire alarm initiating device , or a manual pull station , signals the fire alarm panel , which in turn signals the deluge valve to open , allowing water to enter the piping system . Water flows from all sprinklers simultaneously . Pre-action systems ( edit ) Pre-action sprinkler systems are specialized for use in locations where accidental activation is undesired , such as in museums with rare art works , manuscripts , or books ; and data centers , for protection of computer equipment from accidental water discharge . Pre-action systems are hybrids of wet , dry , and deluge systems , depending on the exact system goal . There are two main sub-types of pre-action systems : single interlock , and double interlock . The operation of single interlock systems are similar to dry systems except that these systems require that a `` preceding '' fire detection event , typically the activation of a heat or smoke detector , takes place prior to the `` action '' of water introduction into the system 's piping by opening the pre-action valve , which is a mechanically latched valve ( i.e. similar to a deluge valve ) . In this way , the system is essentially converted from a dry system into a wet system . The intent is to reduce the undesirable time delay of water delivery to sprinklers that is inherent in dry systems . Prior to fire detection , if the sprinkler operates , or the piping system develops a leak , loss of air pressure in the piping will activate a trouble alarm . In this case , the pre-action valve will not open due to loss of supervisory pressure , and water will not enter the piping . The operation of double interlock systems are similar to deluge systems except that automatic sprinklers are used . These systems require that both a `` preceding '' fire detection event , typically the activation of a heat or smoke detector , and an automatic sprinkler operation take place prior to the `` action '' of water introduction into the system 's piping . Activation of either the fire detectors alone , or sprinklers alone , without the concurrent operation of the other , will not allow water to enter the piping . Because water does not enter the piping until a sprinkler operates , double interlock systems are considered as dry systems in terms of water delivery times , and similarly require a larger design area . Foam water sprinkler systems ( edit ) A foam water fire sprinkler system is a special application system , discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate , resulting in a foam spray from the sprinkler . These systems are usually used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires , such as flammable liquids , and airport hangars . Operation is as described above , depending on the system type into which the foam is injected . Water spray ( edit ) `` Water spray '' systems are operationally identical to a deluge system , but the piping and discharge nozzle spray patterns are designed to protect a uniquely configured hazard , usually being three - dimensional components or equipment ( i.e. as opposed to a deluge system , which is designed to cover the horizontal floor area of a room ) . The nozzles used may not be listed fire sprinklers , and are usually selected for a specific spray pattern to conform to the three - dimensional nature of the hazard ( e.g. typical spray patterns being oval , fan , full circle , narrow jet ) . Examples of hazards protected by water spray systems are electrical transformers containing oil for cooling or turbo - generator bearings . Water spray systems can also be used externally on the surfaces of tanks containing flammable liquids or gases ( such as hydrogen ) . Here the water spray is intended to cool the tank and its contents to prevent tank rupture / explosion ( BLEVE ) and fire spread . Water mist systems ( edit ) Water mist systems are used for special applications in which it is decided that creating a heat absorbent vapor is the primary objective . This type of system is typically used where water damage may be a concern , or where water supplies are limited . NFPA 750 defines water mist as a water spray with a droplet size of `` less than 1000 microns at the minimum operation pressure of the discharge nozzle . '' The droplet size can be controlled by the adjusting discharge pressure through a nozzle of a fixed orifice size . By creating a mist , an equal volume of water will create a larger total surface area exposed to the fire . The larger total surface area better facilitates the transfer of heat , thus allowing more water droplets to turn to steam more quickly . A water mist , which absorbs more heat than water per unit time , due to exposed surface area , will more effectively cool the room , thus reducing the temperature of the flame . Operation - Water mist systems can operate with the same functionality as deluge , wet pipe , dry pipe , or pre-action systems . The difference is that a water mist system uses a compressed gas as an atomizing medium , which is pumped through the sprinkler pipe . Instead of compressed gas , some systems use a high - pressure pump to pressurize the water so it atomizes as it exits the sprinkler nozzle . Systems can be applied using local application method or total flooding method , similar to Clean Agent Fire Protection Systems . Design ( edit ) Temperature Color of liquid alcohol inside bulb ° C ° F 57 135 Orange 68 155 Red 79 174 Yellow 93 200 Green 141 286 Blue 182 360 Purple 227 260 440 500 Black This chart from the fire safety standards indicates the colour of the bulb and the respective operating temperature . Sprinkler glass bulbs with different operating temperatures Sprinkler systems are intended to either control the fire or to suppress the fire . Control mode sprinklers are intended to control the heat release rate of the fire to prevent building structure collapse , and pre-wet the surrounding combustibles to prevent fire spread . The fire is not extinguished until the burning combustibles are exhausted or manual extinguishment is effected by firefighters . Suppression mode sprinklers ( formerly known as Early Suppression Fast Response ( ESFR ) sprinklers ) are intended to result in a severe sudden reduction of the heat release rate of the fire , followed quickly by complete extinguishment , prior to manual intervention . Most sprinkler systems installed today are designed using an area and density approach . First the building use and building contents are analyzed to determine the level of fire hazard . Usually buildings are classified as light hazard , ordinary hazard group 1 , ordinary hazard group 2 , extra hazard group 1 , or extra hazard group 2 . After determining the hazard classification , a design area and density can be determined by referencing tables in the National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) standards . The design area is a theoretical area of the building representing the worst case area where a fire could burn . The design density is a measurement of how much water per square foot of floor area should be applied to the design area . For example , in an office building classified as light hazard , a typical design area would be 1,500 square feet ( 140 m ) and the design density would be 0.1 US gallons per minute ( 0.38 l / min ) per 1 square foot ( 0.093 m ) or a minimum of 150 US gallons per minute ( 570 l / min ) applied over the 1,500 - square - foot ( 140 m ) design area . Another example would be a manufacturing facility classified as ordinary hazard group 2 where a typical design area would be 1,500 square feet ( 140 m ) and the design density would be 0.2 US gallons per minute ( 0.76 l / min ) per 1 square foot ( 0.093 m ) or a minimum of 300 US gallons per minute ( 1,100 l / min ) applied over the 1,500 - square - foot ( 140 m ) design area . After the design area and density have been determined , calculations are performed to prove that the system can deliver the required amount of water over the required design area . These calculations account for all of the pressure that is lost or gained between the water supply source and the sprinklers that would operate in the design area . This includes pressure losses due to friction inside the piping and losses or gains due to elevational differences between the source and the discharging sprinklers . Sometimes momentum pressure from water velocity inside the piping is also calculated . Typically these calculations are performed using computer software but before the advent of computer systems these sometimes complicated calculations were performed by hand . This skill of calculating sprinkler systems by hand is still required training for a sprinkler system design technologist who seeks senior level certification from engineering certification organizations such as the National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies ( NICET ) . Sprinkler systems in residential structures are becoming more common as the cost of such systems becomes more practical and the benefits become more obvious . Residential sprinkler systems usually fall under a residential classification separate from the commercial classifications mentioned above . A commercial sprinkler system is designed to protect the structure and the occupants from a fire . Most residential sprinkler systems are primarily designed to suppress a fire in such a way to allow for the safe escape of the building occupants . While these systems will often also protect the structure from major fire damage , this is a secondary consideration . In residential structures sprinklers are often omitted from closets , bathrooms , balconies , garages and attics because a fire in these areas would not usually impact the occupant 's escape route . If water damage or water volume is of particular concern , a technique called Water Mist Fire Suppression may be an alternative . This technology has been under development for over 50 years . It has n't entered general use , but is gaining some acceptance on ships and in a few residential applications . Mist suppression systems work by using the heat of the fire to ' flash ' the water mist cloud to steam . This then smothers the fire . As such , mist systems tend to be highly effective where there is likely to be a free - burning hot fire . Where there is insufficient heat ( as in a deep seated fire such as will be found in stored paper ) no steam will be generated and the mist system will not extinguish the fire . Some tests have shown that the volume of water needed to extinguish a fire with such a system installed can be dramatically less than with a conventional sprinkler system . Costs ( edit ) In 2008 , the installed costs of sprinkler systems ranged from US $0.31 -- $3.66 per square foot , depending on type and location . Residential systems , installed at the time of initial home construction and utilizing municipal water supplies , average about US $0.35 / square foot . Systems can be installed during construction or retrofitted . Some communities have laws requiring residential sprinkler systems , especially where large municipal hydrant water supplies ( `` fire flows '' ) are not available . Nationwide in the United States , one and two - family homes generally do not require fire sprinkler systems , although the overwhelming loss of life due to fires occurs in these spaces . Residential sprinkler systems are inexpensive ( about the same per square foot as carpeting or floor tiling ) , but require larger water supply piping than is normally installed in homes , so retrofitting is usually cost prohibitive . According to the National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) , fires in hotels with sprinklers averaged 78 % less damage than fires in hotels without them ( 1983 -- 1987 ) . The NFPA says the average loss per fire in buildings with sprinklers was $2,300 , compared to an average loss of $10,300 in unsprinklered buildings . The NFPA adds that there is no record of a fatality in a fully sprinklered building outside the point of fire origin . However , in a purely economic comparison , this is not a complete picture ; the total costs of fitting , and the costs arising from non-fire triggered release must be factored . The NFPA states that it `` has no record of a fire killing more than two people in a completely sprinklered building where a sprinkler system was properly operating , except in an explosion or flash fire or where industrial fire brigade members or employees were killed during fire suppression operations . '' The world 's largest fire sprinkler manufacturer is the Fire Protection Products division of Tyco International . See also ( edit ) Active fire protection Architectural engineering Fire protection Fire protection engineering Listing and approval use and compliance Passive fire protection Sprinkler fitting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Industrial Fire sprinklers '' . Fire Safety Advice Centre . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall , John R. Jr . ( June 2013 ) . `` US Experience with Sprinklers '' . NFPA . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gelb , Michael J. ( 1998 ) . How to Think Like Leonardo da Vinci . New York , New York : Dell Publishing . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Sprinkler Systems . '' Associated Fire Protection . Jump up ^ GB 3606 ; `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 ... Jump up ^ Wormald , John ( December 1923 ) . `` History Automatic Fire Sprinklers '' . Olyfire.com . Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Merit Sprinkler Company . `` Sprinkler History '' . Archived from the original on 11 August 2006 . Retrieved 11 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Casey Cavanaugh Grant , PE The Birth of NFPA Archived 28 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. NFPA 1996 Jump up ^ `` History of Fire Sprinkler Systems '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) Jump up ^ Wotapka , Dawn ( 22 December 2010 ) . `` Builders Smokin ' Mad Over New Sprinkler Rules '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania repeals automatic sprinkler requirement '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sprinkler requirements by state '' . Archived from the original on 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fire sprinklers compulsory for all new homes in Wales '' . BBC News . 16 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh History of Sprinklers '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Water Damage & Restoration Planning '' . Property Damage restoration & moisture Division . 19 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ NFPA 13 2007 ed . Sections 7 - 2 and A7 - 2 Jump up ^ NFPA 13 2010 ed . Table 7.2. 3.6. 1 Jump up ^ `` CORROSION IN AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS '' . FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet. 2 -- 1 . 2016 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ NFPA 750 Jump up ^ `` Pump units '' . Hi - Fog . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FRONT MATTER - Fire Suppression Substitutes and Alternatives to Halon for U.S. Navy Applications - The National Academies Press '' . doi : 10.17226 / 5744 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home Fire Sprinkler Cost Assessment '' , published 2008 by the Fire Protection Research Foundation External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fire sprinkler . 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-3228156810154352180	Human brain	Human brain - wikipedia Human brain Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the human brain . For information about brains in other animals , see Brain . Human brain Human brain and skull Cerebral lobes : the frontal lobe ( pink ) , parietal lobe ( green ) and occipital lobe ( blue ) Details Precursor Neural tube System Central nervous system Neuroimmune system Artery Internal carotid arteries , vertebral arteries Vein Internal jugular vein , internal cerebral veins , external veins : ( superior and inferior cerebral veins , and middle cerebral veins ) , basal vein , terminal vein , choroid vein , cerebellar veins Identifiers Latin Cerebrum Greek ἐγκέφαλος ( enképhalos ) MeSH D001921 TA A14. 1.03. 001 FMA 50801 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system , and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system . The brain consists of the cerebrum , the brainstem and the cerebellum . It controls most of the activities of the body , processing , integrating , and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs , and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body . The brain is contained in , and protected by , the skull bones of the head . The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain . It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres . The cerebral cortex is an outer layer of grey matter , covering the core of white matter . The cortex is split into the neocortex and the much smaller allocortex . The neocortex is made up of six neuronal layers , while the allocortex has three or four . Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into four lobes -- the frontal , temporal , parietal , and occipital lobes . The frontal lobe is associated with executive functions including self - control , planning , reasoning , and abstract thought , while the occipital lobe is dedicated to vision . Within each lobe , cortical areas are associated with specific functions , such as the sensory , motor and association regions . Although the left and right hemispheres are broadly similar in shape and function , some functions are associated with one side , such as language in the left and visual - spatial ability in the right . The hemispheres are connected by nerve tracts , the largest being the corpus callosum . The cerebrum is connected by the brainstem to the spinal cord . The brainstem consists of the midbrain , the pons , and the medulla oblongata . The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by pairs of tracts . Within the cerebrum is the ventricular system , consisting of four interconnected ventricles in which cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated . Underneath the cerebral cortex are several important structures , including the thalamus , the epithalamus , the pineal gland , the hypothalamus , the pituitary gland , and the subthalamus ; the limbic structures , including the amygdala and the hippocampus ; the claustrum , the various nuclei of the basal ganglia ; the basal forebrain structures , and the three circumventricular organs . The cells of the brain include neurons and supportive glial cells . There are more than 86 billion neurons in the brain , and a more or less equal number of other cells . Brain activity is made possible by the interconnections of neurons and their release of neurotransmitters in response to nerve impulses . Neurons form elaborate neural networks of neural pathways and circuits . The whole circuitry is driven by the process of neurotransmission . The brain is protected by the skull , suspended in cerebrospinal fluid , and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood -- brain barrier . However , the brain is still susceptible to damage , disease , and infection . Damage can be caused by trauma , or a loss of blood supply known as a stroke . The brain is susceptible to degenerative disorders , such as Parkinson 's disease , dementias including Alzheimer 's disease , and multiple sclerosis . Psychiatric conditions , including schizophrenia and clinical depression , are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions . The brain can also be the site of tumours , both benign and malignant ; these mostly originate from other sites in the body . The study of the anatomy of the brain is neuroanatomy , while the study of its function is neuroscience . A number of techniques are used to study the brain . Specimens from other animals , which may be examined microscopically , have traditionally provided much information . Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging , and electroencephalography ( EEG ) recordings are important in studying the brain . The medical history of people with brain injury has provided insight into the function of each part of the brain . In culture , the philosophy of mind has for centuries attempted to address the question of the nature of consciousness and the mind - body problem . The pseudoscience of phrenology attempted to localise personality attributes to regions of the cortex in the 19th century . In science fiction , brain transplants are imagined in tales such as the 1942 Donovan 's Brain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.1. 1 Cerebrum 1.1. 2 Cerebellum 1.1. 3 Brainstem 1.2 Microanatomy 1.3 Cerebrospinal fluid 1.4 Blood supply 1.4. 1 Blood drainage 1.4. 2 The blood -- brain barrier 2 Development 3 Function 3.1 Motor control 3.2 Sensory 3.3 Regulation 3.4 Language 3.5 Lateralisation 3.6 Emotion 3.7 Cognition 4 Physiology 4.1 Neurotransmission 4.2 Metabolism 5 Research 5.1 Methods 5.2 Imaging 6 Clinical significance 6.1 General 6.2 Stroke 6.3 Brain death 7 Society and culture 7.1 The mind 7.2 Brain size 7.3 In popular culture 8 History 8.1 Early history 8.2 Renaissance 8.3 Modern period 9 Comparative anatomy 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 Notes 14 External links Structure ( edit ) See also : List of regions in the human brain Gross Anatomy ( edit ) The adult human brain weighs on average about 1.2 -- 1.4 kg ( 2.6 -- 3.1 lb ) , or about 2 % of the total body weight , with a volume of around 1260 cm in men and 1130 cm in women , although there is substantial individual variation . Neurological differences between the sexes have not been shown to correlate in any simple way with IQ or other measures of cognitive performance . The cerebrum , consisting of the cerebral hemispheres , forms the largest part of the brain and is situated above the other brain structures . The outer region of the hemispheres , the cerebral cortex , is grey matter , consisting of cortical layers . Each hemisphere is divided into four main lobes . The brainstem , resembling a stalk , attaches to and leaves the cerebrum at the start of the midbrain area . The brainstem includes the midbrain , the pons , and the medulla oblongata . Behind the brainstem is the cerebellum ( Latin : little brain ) . Its cortex is narrowly furrowed horizontally . The cerebrum , brainstem , cerebellum , and spinal cord are covered by three membranes called meninges . The membranes are the tough dura mater ; the middle arachnoid mater and the more delicate inner pia mater . Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the subarachnoid space , which contains the cerebrospinal fluid . In the cerebral cortex , close to the basement membrane of the pia mater , is a limiting membrane called the glia limitans ; this is the outermost layer of the cortex . The living brain is very soft , having a gel - like consistency similar to soft tofu . The neural layers of the cortex constitute much of the brain 's grey matter , while the deeper subcortical regions of the brain , made up of myelinated axons , are the white matter . Structural and functional areas of the human brain Human brain bisected in the sagittal plane , showing the white matter of the corpus callosum Functional areas of the human brain Cerebrum ( edit ) Main articles : Cerebrum and Cerebral cortex Major gyri and sulci on the lateral surface of the cortex Lobes of the brain The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain , and is divided into nearly symmetrical left and right hemispheres by a deep groove , the longitudinal fissure . The outer part of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex , made up of grey matter arranged in layers . It is 2 to 4 millimetres ( 0.079 to 0.157 in ) thick , and deeply folded to give a convoluted appearance . Beneath the cortex is the white matter of the brain . The largest part of the cerebral cortex is the neocortex , which has six neuronal layers . The rest of the cortex is of allocortex , which has three or four layers . The hemispheres are connected by five commissures that span the longitudinal fissure , the largest of these is the corpus callosum . The surface of the brain is folded into ridges ( gyri ) and grooves ( sulci ) , many of which are named , usually according to their position , such as the frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe or the central sulcus separating the central regions of the hemispheres . There are many small variations in the secondary and tertiary folds . Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into four lobes ; the frontal lobe , parietal lobe , temporal lobe , and occipital lobe , named according to the skull bones that overlie them . Each lobe is associated with one or two specialised functions though there is some functional overlap between them . The cortex is mapped by divisions into about fifty different functional areas known as Brodmann 's areas . These areas are distinctly different when seen under a microscope . The cortex is divided into two main functional areas -- a motor cortex and a sensory cortex . The primary sensory areas receive signals from the sensory nerves and tracts by way of relay nuclei in the thalamus . Primary sensory areas include the visual cortex of the occipital lobe , the auditory cortex in parts of the temporal lobe and insular cortex , and the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe . The primary motor cortex , which sends axons down to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord , occupies the rear portion of the frontal lobe , directly in front of the somatosensory area . The remaining parts of the cortex , are called the association areas . These areas receive input from the sensory areas and lower parts of the brain and are involved in the complex cognitive processes of perception , thought , and decision - making . The main functions of the frontal lobe are to control attention , abstract thinking , behavior , problem solving tasks , and physical reactions and personality . The occipital lobe is the smallest lobe ; its main functions are visual reception , visual - spatial processing , movement , and colour recognition . There is a smaller occipital lobule in the lobe known as the cuneus . The temporal lobe controls auditory and visual memories , language , and some hearing and speech . Cortical folds and white matter in horizontal bisection of head The cerebrum contains the ventricles where the cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated . Below the corpus callosum is the septum pellucidum , a membrane that separates the lateral ventricles . Beneath the lateral ventricles is the thalamus and to the front and below this is the hypothalamus . The hypothalamus leads on to the pituitary gland . At the back of the thalamus is the brainstem . The basal ganglia , also called basal nuclei , are a set of structures deep within the hemispheres involved in behaviour and movement regulation . The largest component is the striatum , others are the globus pallidus , the substantia nigra and the subthalamic nucleus . Part of the dorsal striatum , the putamen , and the globus pallidus , lie separated from the lateral ventricles and thalamus by the internal capsule , whereas the caudate nucleus stretches around and abuts the lateral ventricles on their outer sides . Below and in front of the striatum are a number of basal forebrain structures . These include the nucleus accumbens , nucleus basalis , diagonal band of Broca , substantia innominata , and the medial septal nucleus . These structures are important in producing the neurotransmitter , acetylcholine , which is then distributed widely throughout the brain . The basal forebrain , in particular the nucleus basalis , is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the central nervous system to the striatum and neocortex . Cerebellum ( edit ) Main article : Cerebellum Human brain viewed from below , showing cerebellum and brainstem The cerebellum is divided into an anterior lobe , a posterior lobe , and the flocculonodular lobe . The anterior and posterior lobes are connected in the middle by the vermis . The cerebellum has a much thinner outer cortex . Viewed from underneath between the two lobes is the third lobe the flocculonodular lobe . The cerebellum rests at the back of the cranial cavity , lying beneath the occipital lobes , and is separated from these by the cerebellar tentorium , a sheet of fibre . It is connected to the midbrain of the brainstem by the superior cerebellar peduncles , to the pons by the middle cerebellar peduncles , and to the medulla by the inferior cerebellar peduncles . The cerebellum consists of an inner medulla of white matter and an outer cortex of richly folded grey matter . The cerebellum 's anterior and posterior lobes appear to play a role in the coordination and smoothing of complex motor movements , and the flocculonodular lobe in the maintenance of balance although debate exists as to its cognitive , behavioral and motor functions . Brainstem ( edit ) Main article : Brainstem The brainstem lies beneath the cerebrum and consists of the midbrain , pons and medulla . It lies in the back part of the skull , resting on the part of the base known as the clivus , and ends at the foramen magnum , a large opening in the occipital bone . The brainstem continues below this as the spinal cord , protected by the vertebral column . Ten of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves emerge directly from the brainstem . The brainstem also contains nuclei of many cranial and peripheral nerves , as well as nuclei involved in the regulation of many essential processes including breathing , control of eye movements and balance . The reticular formation , a network of nuclei of ill - defined formation , is present within and along the length of the brainstem . Many nerve tracts , which transmit information to and from the cerebral cortex to the rest of the body , pass through the brainstem . Microanatomy ( edit ) The human brain is primarily composed of neurons , glial cells , neural stem cells , and blood vessels . Types of neuron include interneurons , pyramidal cells including Betz cells , motor neurons ( upper and lower motor neurons ) , and cerebellar Purkinje cells . Betz cells are the largest cells ( by size of cell body ) in the nervous system . The adult human brain is estimated to contain 86 ± 8 billion neurons , with a roughly equal number ( 85 ± 10 billion ) of non-neuronal cells . Out of these neurons , 16 billion ( 19 % ) are located in the cerebral cortex , and 69 billion ( 80 % ) are in the cerebellum . Types of glial cell are astrocytes ( including Bergmann glia ) , oligodendrocytes , ependymal cells ( including tanycytes ) , radial glial cells and microglia . Astrocytes are the largest of the glial cells . They are stellate cells with many processes radiating from their cell bodies . Some of these processes end as perivascular end - feet on capillary walls . The glia limitans of the cortex is made up of astrocyte foot processes that serve in part to contain the cells of the brain . Mast cells are white blood cells that interact in the neuroimmune system in the brain . Brain mast cells are present in a number of structures , and in the meninges ; they mediate in inflammatory conditions and help to maintain the blood - brain - brarrier particularly in those areas where the barrier is absent . Across systems , mast cells serve as the main effector cell through which pathogens can affect the gut -- brain axis . Cerebrospinal fluid ( edit ) Cerebrospinal fluid circulates in spaces around and within the brain Main article : Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear , colourless transcellular fluid that circulates around the brain in the subarachnoid space , in the ventricular system , and in the central canal of the spinal cord . It also fills some gaps in the subarachnoid space , known as subarachnoid cisterns . The four ventricles , two lateral , a third , and a fourth ventricle , all contain choroid plexus that produces cerebrospinal fluid . The third ventricle lies in the midline and is connnected to the lateral ventricles . A single duct , the cerebral aqueduct between the pons and the cerebellum , connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle . Three separate openings , the middle and two lateral apertures , drain the cerebrospinal fluid from the fourth ventricle to the cisterna magna one of the major cisterns . From here , cerebrospinal fluid circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space , between the arachnoid mater and pia mater . At any one time , there is about 150mL of cerebrospinal fluid -- most within the subarachnoid space . It is constantly being regenerated and absorbed , and replaces about once every 5 -- 6 hours . In other parts of the body , circulation in the lymphatic vasculature clears extracellular waste products from the cell tissue . For the tissue of the brain , such a system has not yet been identified . However , the presence of a glymphatic pathway has been proposed . Blood supply ( edit ) Main article : Cerebral circulation Two circulations joining at the circle of Willis Diagram showing features of cerebral outer membranes and supply of blood vessels The internal carotid arteries supply oxygenated blood to the front of the brain and the vertebral arteries supply blood to the back of the brain . These two circulations join together in the circulatory anastomosis known as the circle of Willis , a ring of connected arteries that lies in the interpeduncular cistern between the midbrain and pons . The internal carotid arteries are branches of the common carotid arteries . They enter the cranium through the carotid canal , travel through the cavernous sinus and enter the subarachnoid space . They then enter the circle of Willis , with two branches , the anterior cerebral arteries emerging . These branches travel forward and then upward along the longitudinal fissure , and supply the front and midline parts of the brain . One or more small anterior communicating arteries join the two anterior cerebral arteries shortly after they emerge as branches . The internal carotid arteries continue forward as the middle cerebral arteries . They travel sideways along the sphenoid bone of the eye socket , then upwards through the insula cortex , where final branches arise . The middle cerebral arteries send branches along their length . The vertebral arteries emerge as branches of the left and right subclavian arteries . They travel upward through transverse foramina -- spaces in the cervical vertebrae and then emerge as two vessels , one on the left and one on the right of the medulla . They give off one of the three cerebellar branches . The vertebral arteries join in front of the middle part of the medulla to form the larger basilar artery , which sends multiple branches to supply the medulla and pons , and the two other anterior and superior cerebellar branches . Finally , the basilar artery divides into two posterior cerebral arteries . These travel outwards , around the superior cerebellar peduncles , and along the top of the cerebellar tentorium , where it sends branches to supply the temporal and occipital lobes . Each posterior cerebral artery sends a small posterior communicating artery to join with the internal carotid arteries . Blood drainage ( edit ) Cerebral veins drain deoxygenated blood from the brain . The brain has two main networks of veins : an exterior or superficial network , on the surface of the cerebrum that has three branches , and an interior network . These two networks communicate via anastomosing ( joining ) veins . The veins of the brain drain into larger cavities the dural venous sinuses usually situated between the dura mater and the covering of the skull . Blood from the cerebellum and midbrain drains into the great cerebral vein . Blood from the medulla and pons of the brainstem have a variable pattern of drainage , either into the spinal veins or into adjacent cerebral veins . The blood in the deep part of the brain drains , through a venous plexus into the cavernous sinus at the front , and the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses at the sides , and the inferior sagittal sinus at the back . Blood drains from the outer brain into the large superior saggital sinus , which rests in the midline on top of the brain . Blood from here joins with blood from the straight sinus at the confluence of sinuses . Blood from here drains into the left and right transverse sinuses . These then drain into the sigmoid sinuses , which receive blood from the cavernous sinus and superior and inferior petrosal sinuses . The sigmoid drains into the large internal jugular veins . The blood -- brain barrier ( edit ) The larger arteries throughout the brain supply blood to smaller capillaries . These smallest of blood vessels in the brain , are lined with cells joined by tight junctions and so fluids do not seep in or leak out to the same degree as they do in other capillaries , thereby creating the blood - brain barrier . Pericytes play a major role in the formation of the tight junctions . The barrier is less permeable to larger molecules , but is still permeable to water , carbon dioxide , oxygen , and most fat - soluble substances ( including anaesthetics and alcohol ) . The blood - brain barrier is not present in areas of the brain that may need to respond to changes in body fluids , such as the pineal gland , area postrema , and some areas of the hypothalamus . There is a similar blood -- cerebrospinal fluid barrier , which serves the same purpose as the blood -- brain barrier , but facilitates the transport of different substances into the brain due to the distinct structural characteristics between the two barrier systems . Development ( edit ) Main article : Neural development in humans Further information : Human brain development timeline Brain of a human embryo in the sixth week of development Neurulation and neural crest cells At the beginning of the third week of development , the embryonic ectoderm forms a thickened strip called the neural plate . By the fourth week of development the neural plate has widened to give a broad cephalic end , a less broad middle part and a narrow caudal end . These swellings represent the beginnings of the forebrain , midbrain and hindbrain . Neural crest cells ( derived from the ectoderm ) populate the lateral edges of the plate at the neural folds . In the fourth week in the neurulation stage the neural plate folds and closes to form the neural tube , bringing together the neural crest cells at the neural crest . The neural crest runs the length of the tube with cranial neural crest cells at the cephalic end and caudal neural crest cells at the tail . Cells detach from the crest and migrate in a craniocaudal ( head to tail ) wave inside the tube . Cells at the cephalic end give rise to the brain , and cells at the caudal end give rise to the spinal cord . The tube flexes as it grows , forming the crescent - shaped cerebral hemispheres at the head . The cerebral hemispheres first appear on day 32 . Early in the fourth week the cephalic part bends sharply forward in a cephalic flexure . This flexed part becomes the forebrain ( prosencephalon ) ; the adjoining curving part becomes the midbrain ( mesencephalon ) and the part caudal to the flexure becomes the hindbrain ( rhombencephalon ) . In the fifth week of developmement five brain vesicles have formed . The forebrain separates into two vesicles an anterior telencephalon and a posterior diencephalon . The telencephalon gives rise to the cerebral cortex , basal ganglia , and related structures . The diencephalon gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus . The hindbrain also splits into two areas -- the metencephalon and the mylencephalon . The metencephalon gives rise to the cerebellum and pons . The myelencephalon gives rise to the medulla oblongata . Also during the fifth week , the brain divides into repeating segments called neuromeres . These are known as rhombomeres seen in the hindbrain . A characteristic of the brain is gyrification ( wrinkling of the cortex ) . In the womb , the cortex starts off as smooth but starts to form fissures that begin to mark out the different lobes of the brain . Scientists do not have a clear answer as to why the cortex later wrinkles and folds , but the wrinkling and folding is associated with intelligence and neurological disorders . The fissures form as a result of the growing hemispheres that increase in size due to a sudden growth in cells of the grey matter . The underlying white matter does not grow at the same rate and the hemispheres are crowded into the small cranial vault . The first cleft to appear in the fourth month is the lateral cerebral fossa . The expanding caudal end of the hemisphere has to curve over in a forward direction to fit into the restricted space . This covers the fossa and turns it into a much deeper ridge known as the lateral sulcus and this marks out the temporal lobe . By the sixth month other sulci have formed that demarcate the frontal , parietal , and occipital lobes . A gene present in the human genome ( ArhGAP11B ) may play a major role in gyrification and encephalisation . Brain of human embryo at 4.5 weeks , showing interior of forebrain Brain interior at 5 weeks Brain viewed at midline at 3 months Function ( edit ) Motor and sensory regions of the brain Motor control ( edit ) The motor system of the brain is responsible for the generation and control of movement . Generated movements pass from the brain through nerves to motor neurons in the body , which control the action of muscles . The corticospinal tract carries movements from the brain , through the spinal cord , to the torso and limbs . The cranial nerves carry movements related to the eyes , mouth and face . Gross movement -- such as locomotion and the movement of arms and legs -- is generated in the motor cortex , divided into three parts : the primary motor cortex , found in the prefrontal gyrus and has sections dedicated to the movement of different body parts . These movements are supported and regulated by two other areas , lying anterior to the primary motor cortex : the premotor area and the supplementary motor area . The hands and mouth have a much larger area dedicated to them than other body parts , allowing finer movement ; this has been visualised in a motor cortical homunculus . Impulses generated from the motor cortex travel along the corticospinal tract along the front of the medulla and cross over ( decussate ) at the medullary pyramids . These then travel down the spinal cord , with most connecting to interneurons , in turn connecting to lower motor neurons within the grey matter that then transmit the impulse to move to muscles themselves . The cerebellum and basal ganglia , play a role in fine , complex and coordinated muscle movements . Connections between the cortex and the basal ganglia control muscle tone , posture and movement initiation , and are referred to as the extrapyramidal system . Sensory ( edit ) Cortical areas Routing of neural signals from the two eyes to the brain The sensory nervous system is involved with the reception and processing of sensory information . This information is received through the cranial nerves , through tracts in the spinal cord , and directly at centres of the brain exposed to the blood . The brain also receives and interprets information from the special senses ( vision , smell , hearing , and taste ) . Mixed motor and sensory signals are also integrated . From the skin , the brain receives information about fine touch , pressure , pain , vibration and temperature . From the joints , the brain receives information about joint position . The sensory cortex is found just near the motor cortex , and , like the motor cortex , has areas related to sensation from different body parts . Sensation collected by a sensory receptor on the skin is changed to a nerve signal , that is passed up a series of neurons through tracts in the spinal cord . The posterior column -- medial lemniscus pathway contains information about fine touch , vibration and position of joints . Neurons travel up the back part of the spinal cord to the back part of the medulla , where they connect with `` second order '' neurons that immediately swap sides . These neurons then travel upwards into the ventrobasal complex in the thalamus where they connect with `` third order '' neurons , and travel up to the sensory cortex. The spinothalamic tract carries information about pain , temperature , and gross touch . Neurons travel up the spinal cord and connect with second - order neurons in the reticular formation of the brainstem for pain and temperature , and also at the ventrobasal complex of the medulla for gross touch . Vision is generated by light that hits the retina of the eye . Photoreceptors in the retina transduce the sensory stimulus of light into an electrical nerve signal that is sent to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe . Vision from the left visual field is received on the right side of each retina ( and vice versa ) and passes through the optic nerve until some information changes sides , so that all information about one side of the visual field passes through tracts in the opposite side of the brain . The nerves reach the brain at the lateral geniculate nucleus , and travel through the optic radiation to reach the visual cortex . Hearing and balance are both generated in the inner ear . The movement of liquids within the inner ear is generated by motion ( for balance ) and transmitted vibrations generated by the ossicles ( for sound ) . This creates a nerve signal that passes through the vestibulocochlear nerve . From here , it passes through to the cochlear nuclei , the superior olivary nucleus , the medial geniculate nucleus , and finally the auditory radiation to the auditory cortex . The sense of smell is generated by receptor cells in the epithelium of the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity . This information passes through a relatively permeable part of the skull to the olfactory nerve . This nerve transmits to the neural circuitry of the olfactory bulb from where information is passed to the olfactory cortex . Taste is generated from receptors on the tongue and passed along the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves into the solitary tract in the brainstem . Some taste information is also passed from the pharynx into this area via the vagus nerve . Information is then passed from here through the thalamus into the gustatory cortex . Regulation ( edit ) Autonomic functions of the brain include the regulation , or rhythmic control of the heart rate and rate of breathing , and maintaining homeostasis . Blood pressure and heart rate are influenced by the vasomotor centre of the medulla , which causes arteries and veins to be somewhat constricted at rest . It does this by influencing the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems via the vagus nerve . Information about blood pressure is generated by baroreceptors in aortic bodies in the aortic arch , and passed to the brain along the afferent fibres of the vagus nerve . Information about the pressure changes in the carotid sinus comes from carotid bodies located near the carotid artery and this is passed via a nerve joining with the glossopharyngeal nerve . This information travels up to the solitary nucleus in the medulla . Signals from here influence the vasomotor centre to adjust vein and artery constriction accordingly . The brain controls the rate of breathing , mainly by respiratory centres in the medulla and pons . The respiratory centres control respiration , by generating motor signals that are passed down the spinal cord , along the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm and other muscles of respiration . This is a mixed nerve that carries sensory information back to the centres . There are four respiratory centres , three with a more clearly defined function , and an apneustic centre with a less clear function . In the medulla a dorsal respiratory group causes the desire to breathe in and receives sensory information directly from the body . Also in the medulla , the ventral respiratory group influences breathing out during exertion . In the pons the pneumotaxic centre influences the duration of each breath , and the apneustic centre seems to have an influence on inhalation . The respiratory centres directly senses blood carbon dioxide and pH . Information about blood oxygen , carbon dioxide and pH levels are also sensed on the walls of arteries in the peripheral chemoreceptors of the aortic and carotid bodies . This information is passed via the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves to the respiratory centres . High carbon dioxide , an acidic pH , or low oxygen stimulate the respiratory centres . The desire to breathe in is also affected by pulmonary stretch receptors in the lungs which , when activated , prevent the lungs from overinflating by transmitting information to the respiratory centres via the vagus nerve . The hypothalamus in the diencephalon , is involved in regulating many functions of the body . Functions include neuroendocrine regulation , regulation of the circadian rhythm , control of the autonomic nervous system , and the regulation of fluid , and food intake . The circadian rhythm is controlled by two main cell groups in the hypothalamus . The anterior hypothalamus includes the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus which through gene expression cycles , generates a roughly 24 hour circadian clock . In the circadian day an ultradian rhythm takes control of the sleeping pattern . Sleep is an essential requirement for the body and brain and allows the closing down and resting of the body 's systems . There are also findings that suggest that the daily build - up of toxins in the brain are removed during sleep . Whilst awake the brain consumes a fifth of the body 's total energy needs . Sleep necessarily reduces this use and gives time for the restoration of energy - giving ATP . The effects of sleep deprivation show the absolute need for sleep . The lateral hypothalamus contains orexinergic neurons that control appetite and arousal through their projections to the ascending reticular activating system . The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland through the release of peptides such as oxytocin , and vasopressin , as well as dopamine into the median eminence . Through the autonomic projections , the hypothalamus is involved in regulating functions such as blood pressure , heart rate , breathing , sweating , and other homeostatic mechanisms . The hypothalamus also plays a role in thermal regulation , and when stimulated by the immune system , is capable of generating a fever . The hypothalamus is influenced by the kidneys -- when blood pressure falls , the renin released by the kidneys stimulates a need to drink . The hypothalamus also regulates food intake through autonomic signals , and hormone release by the digestive system . Language ( edit ) Broca 's area and Wernicke 's area are linked by the arcuate fasciculus . Main article : Language processing in the brain See also : Two - streams hypothesis § Two auditory systems While language functions were traditionally thought to be localized to Wernicke 's area and Broca 's area , it is now mostly accepted that a wider network of cortical regions contributes to language use . The study on how language is represented , processed , and acquired by the brain is called neurolinguistics , which is a large multidisciplinary field drawing from cognitive neuroscience , cognitive linguistics , and psycholinguistics . Lateralisation ( edit ) Main article : Lateralization of brain function Further information : Functional specialization ( brain ) Each hemisphere of the brain interacts primarily with one half of the body : the left side of the brain interacts with the right side of the body , and vice versa . The developmental cause for this is uncertain . Motor connections from the brain to the spinal cord , and sensory connections from the spinal cord to the brain , both cross sides in the brainstem . Visual input follows a more complex rule : the optic nerves from the two eyes come together at a point called the optic chiasm , and half of the fibres from each nerve split off to join the other . The result is that connections from the left half of the retina , in both eyes , go to the left side of the brain , whereas connections from the right half of the retina go to the right side of the brain . Because each half of the retina receives light coming from the opposite half of the visual field , the functional consequence is that visual input from the left side of the world goes to the right side of the brain , and vice versa . Thus , the right side of the brain receives somatosensory input from the left side of the body , and visual input from the left side of the visual field . The left and right sides of the brain appear symmetrical , but they function asymmetrically . For example , the counterpart of the left - hemisphere motor area controlling the right hand is the right - hemisphere area controlling the left hand . There are , however , several important exceptions , involving language and spatial cognition . The left frontal lobe is dominant for language . If a key language area in the left hemisphere is damaged , it can leave the victim unable to speak or understand , whereas equivalent damage to the right hemisphere would cause only minor impairment to language skills . A substantial part of current understanding of the interactions between the two hemispheres has come from the study of `` split - brain patients '' -- people who underwent surgical transection of the corpus callosum in an attempt to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures . These patients do not show unusual behavior that is immediately obvious , but in some cases can behave almost like two different people in the same body , with the right hand taking an action and then the left hand undoing it . These patients , when briefly shown a picture on the right side of the point of visual fixation , are able to describe it verbally , but when the picture is shown on the left , are unable to describe it , but may be able to give an indication with the left hand of the nature of the object shown . Emotion ( edit ) Main article : Emotion Further information : Affective neuroscience Emotions are generally defined as two - step multicomponent processes involving elicitation , followed by psychological feelings , appraisal , expression , autonomic responses , and action tendencies . Attempts to localize basic emotions to certain brain regions have been controversial , with some research finding no evidence for specific locations corresponding to emotions , and instead circuitry involved in general emotional processes . The amygdala , orbitofrontal cortex , mid and anterior insula cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex , appeared to be involved in generating the emotions , while weaker evidence was found for the ventral tegmental area , ventral pallidum and nucleus accumbens in incentive salience . Others , however , have found evidence of activation of specific regions , such as the basal ganglia in happiness , the subcallosal cingulate cortex in sadness , and amygdala in fear . Cognition ( edit ) Main article : Cognition The executive function of the brain is the set of cognitive processes that allow the cognitive control of behavior : selecting and successfully monitoring behaviors that facilitate the attainment of chosen goals . Executive functions include the ability to filter information and tune out irrelevant stimuli with attentional control and cognitive inhibition , the ability to process and manipulate information held in working memory , the ability to think about multiple concepts simultaneously and switch tasks with cognitive flexibility , the ability to inhibit impulses and prepotent responses with inhibitory control , and the ability to determine the relevance of information or appropriateness of an action . Higher order executive functions , require multiple cognitive processes including planning , reasoning , and problem solving . The prefrontal cortex plays a significant role in mediating executive functions . Neuroimaging during neuropsychological tests of executive function , such as the stroop test and working memory tests , have found that cortical maturation of the prefrontal cortex correlates with executive function in children . Planning involves activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( DLPFC ) , anterior cingulate cortex , angular prefrontal cortex , right prefrontal cortex , and supramarginal gyrus . Working memory manipulation involves the DLPFC , inferior frontal gyrus , and areas of the parietal cortex . Inhibitory control involves multiple areas of the prefrontal cortex as well as the caudate nucleus and subthalamic nucleus . Task shifting does n't involve specific regions of the brain , but instead involves multiple regions of the prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe . Physiology ( edit ) Neurotransmission ( edit ) Main article : Neurotransmission Brain activity is made possible by the interconnections of neurons that are linked together to reach their targets . A neuron consists of a cell body , axon , and dendrites . Dendrites are often extensive branches that receive information in the form of signals from the axon terminals of other neurons . The signals received may cause the neuron to initiate an action potential ( an electrochemical signal or nerve impulse ) which is sent along its axon to the axon terminal , to connect with the dendrites or with the cell body of another neuron . An action potential is initiated at the initial segment of an axon , which contains a complex of proteins . When an action potential , reaches the axon terminal it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter at a synapse that propagates a signal that acts on the target cell . These chemical neurotransmitters include dopamine , serotonin , glutamate , and acetylcholine . In the brain glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter . Neurons link at synapses to form pathways and elaborate neural networks , and the activity between them is driven by the process of neurotransmission . Metabolism ( edit ) PET image of the human brain showing energy consumption The brain consumes up to twenty percent of the energy used by the human body , more than any other organ . Brain metabolism normally relies upon blood glucose as an energy source , but during times of low glucose ( such as fasting , endurance exercise , or limited carbohydrate intake ) , the brain uses ketone bodies for fuel with a smaller need for glucose . The brain can also utilize lactate during exercise . Long - chain fatty acids can not cross the blood -- brain barrier , but the liver can break these down to produce ketone bodies . However , short - chain fatty acids ( e.g. , butyric acid , propionic acid , and acetic acid ) and the medium - chain fatty acids , octanoic acid and heptanoic acid , can cross the blood -- brain barrier and be metabolized by brain cells . The brain stores glucose in the form of glycogen , albeit in significantly smaller amounts than that found in the liver or skeletal muscle . Although the human brain represents only 2 % of the body weight , it receives 15 % of the cardiac output , 20 % of total body oxygen consumption , and 25 % of total body glucose utilization . The brain mostly uses glucose for energy , and deprivation of glucose , as can happen in hypoglycemia , can result in loss of consciousness . The energy consumption of the brain does not vary greatly over time , but active regions of the cortex consume somewhat more energy than inactive regions : this fact forms the basis for the functional brain imaging methods PET and fMRI . These functional imaging techniques provide a three - dimensional image of metabolic activity . The function of sleep is not fully understood , but there is evidence it allows for metabolic waste to be removed from the brain , and may permit repair . It may also have a cognitive function , weakening unnecessary connections . Research ( edit ) The brain is not fully understood , and research is ongoing . Neuroscientists , along with researchers from allied disciplines , study how the human brain works . The boundaries between the specialties of neuroscience , neurology and other disciplines such as psychiatry have faded as they are all influenced by basic research in neuroscience . Neuroscience research has expanded considerably in recent decades . The `` Decade of the Brain '' , an initiative of the United States Government in the 1990s , is considered to have marked much of this increase in research , and was followed in 2013 by the BRAIN Initiative . The Human Connectome Project was a five - year study launched in 2009 to analyse the anatomical and functional connections of parts of the brain , and has provided much data . Methods ( edit ) Information about the structure and function of the human brain comes from a variety of experimental methods , including animals and humans . Information about brain trauma and stroke has provided information about the function of parts of the brain and the effects of brain damage . Neuroimaging is used to visualise the brain and record brain activity . Electrophysiology is used to measure , record and monitor the electrical activity of the cortex . Measurements may be of local field potentials of cortical areas , or of the activity of a single neuron . An electroencephalogram can record the electrical activity of the cortex using electrodes placed non-invasively on the scalp . Invasive measures include electrocorticography , which uses electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain . This method is used in cortical stimulation mapping , used in the study of the relationship between cortical areas and their systemic function . By using much smaller microelectrodes , single - unit recordings can be made from a single neuron that give a high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution . This has enabled the linking of brain activity to behaviour , and the creation of neuronal maps . Imaging ( edit ) Further information : Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain Functional neuroimaging techniques show changes in brain activity that relate to the function of specific brain areas . One technique is functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) which has the advantages over earlier methods of SPECT and PET of not needing the use of radioactive materials and of offering a higher resolution . Another technique is functional near - infrared spectroscopy . These methods rely on the haemodynamic response that shows changes in brain activity in relation to changes in blood flow , useful in mapping functions to brain areas . Resting state fMRI looks at the interaction of brain regions whilst the brain is not performing a specific task . This is also used to show the default mode network . Any electrical current generates a magnetic field ; neural oscillations induce weak magnetic fields , and in functional magnetoencephalography the current produced can show localised brain function in high resolution . Tractography uses MRI and image analysis to create 3D images of the nerve tracts of the brain . Connectograms give a graphical representation of the neural connections of the brain . Differences in brain structure can be measured in some disorders , notably schizophrenia and dementia . Different biological approaches using imaging have given more insight for example into the disorders of depression and obsessive - compulsive disorder . A key source of information about the function of brain regions is the effects of damage to them . Advances in neuroimaging have enabled objective insights into mental disorders , leading to faster diagnosis , more accurate prognosis , and better monitoring . Clinical significance ( edit ) General ( edit ) Brain damage , or disease of the brain can manifest in a wide variety of ways . Traumatic brain injury , for example in contact sport , after a fall , or in traffic or work accidents , can be associated with both immediate and longer - term problems . Immediate problems that develop may include bleeding within the skull , compressing the brain tissue or damaging its blood supply , skull fractures , injury to a particular area , deafness , and concussion . In addition to the site of injury , the opposite side of the brain may be affected , termed a contrecoup injury . Longer - term issues that may develop include post-traumatic stress , hydrocephalus , and chronic traumatic encephalopathy . Neurodegenerative diseases result in progressive damage to different parts of the brain 's function , and progressively worsen with age . Common examples include dementia such as Alzheimer 's disease , alcoholic dementia or vascular dementia ; Parkinson 's disease ; and other rarer infectious , genetic , or metabolic causes such as Huntington 's disease , motor neuron diseases , HIV dementia , syphilis - related dementia and Wilson 's disease . Neurodegenerative diseases can affect different parts of the brain , and can affect movement , memory , and cognition . The brain , although protected by the blood - brain barrier , can be affected by infections including viruses , bacteria and fungi . Infection may be of the meninges ( meningitis ) , the brain matter ( encephalitis ) , or within the brain matter ( such as a cerebral abscess ) . Rare prion diseases including Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease and its variant , and kuru may also affect the brain . The most common cancers in the brain come from elsewhere in the body -- most commonly the lung , breast and skin . Cancers of brain tissue can also occur , and originate from any tissue in and around the brain . Meningioma , cancer of the meninges around the brain , is more common than cancers of brain tissue . Cancers within the brain may cause symptoms related to their size or position , with symptoms including headache and nausea , or the gradual development of focal symptoms such as gradual difficulty seeing , swallowing , talking , or as a change of mood . Cancers are in general investigated through the use of CT scans and MRI scans . A variety of other tests including blood tests and lumbar puncture may be used to investigate for the cause of the cancer and evaluate the type and stage of the cancer . The corticosteroid dexamethasone is often given to decrease the swelling of brain tissue around a tumour . Surgery may be considered , however given the complex nature of many tumours or based on tumour stage or type , radiotherapy or chemotherapy may be considered more suitable . Mental disorders , such as major depressive disorder , schizophrenia , bipolar disorder , post-traumatic stress disorder , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , obsessive - compulsive disorder , Tourette syndrome , and addiction , are known to relate to the functioning of the brain . Treatment for mental disorders may include psychotherapy , psychiatry , social intervention and personal recovery work or cognitive behavioural therapy ; the underlying issues and associated prognoses vary significantly between individuals . Epileptic seizures are thought to relate to abnormal electrical activity . Seizure activity can manifest as absence ( of consciousness ) , focal effects such as limb movement or impediments of speech , or be generalized in nature . Status epilepticus refers to a seizure or series of seizures that have not terminated within 30 minutes , although this definition has recently been revised . Seizures have a large number of causes , however many seizures occur without a definitive cause being found . In a person with epilepsy , risk factors for further seizures may include sleeplessness , drug and alcohol intake , and stress . Seizures may be assessed using blood tests , EEG and various medical imaging techniques based on the medical history and exam findings . In addition to treating an underlying cause and reducing exposure to risk factors , anticonvulsant medications can play a role in preventing further seizures . Some brain disorders such as Tay -- Sachs disease are congenital , and linked to genetic and chromosomal mutations . A rare group of congenital cephalic disorders known as lissencephaly is characterised by the lack of , or inadequacy of , cortical folding . Normal development of the brain can be affected during pregnancy by nutritional deficiencies , teratogens , infectious diseases , and by the use of recreational drugs and alcohol . Stroke ( edit ) Main article : Stroke CT scan of a cerebral hemorrhage , showing an intraparenchymal bleed ( bottom arrow ) with surrounding edema ( top arrow ) A stroke is a decrease in blood supply to an area of the brain causing cell death and brain injury . This can lead to a wide range of symptoms , including the `` FAST '' symptoms of facial droop , arm weakness , and speech difficulties ( including with speaking and finding words or forming sentences ) . Symptoms relate to the function of the affected area of the brain and can point to the likely site and cause of the stroke . Difficulties with movement , speech , or sight usually relate to the cerebrum , whereas imbalance , double vision , vertigo and symptoms affecting more than one side of the body usually relate to the brainstem or cerebellum . Most strokes result from loss of blood supply , typically because of an embolus , rupture of a fatty plaque or narrowing of small arteries . Strokes can also result from bleeding within the brain . Transient ischaemic attacks ( TIAs ) are strokes in which symptoms resolve within 24 hours . Investigation into the stroke will involve a medical examination ( including a neurological examination ) and the taking of a medical history , focusing on the duration of the symptoms and risk factors ( including high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , and smoking ) . Further investigation is needed in younger patients . An ECG and biotelemetry may be conducted to identify atrial fibrillation ; an ultrasound can investigate narrowing of the carotid arteries ; an echocardiogram can be used to look for clots within the heart , diseases of the heart valves or the presence of a patent foramen ovale . Blood tests are routinely done as part of the workup including diabetes tests and a lipid profile . Some treatments for stroke are time - critical . These include clot dissolution or surgical removal of a clot for ischaemic strokes , and decompression for haemorrhagic strokes . As stroke is time critical , hospitals and even pre-hospital care of stroke involves expedited investigations -- usually a CT scan to investigate for a haemorrhagic stroke and a CT or MR angiogram to evaluate arteries that supply the brain . MRI scans , not as widely available , may be able to demonstrate the affected area of the brain more accurately , particularly with ischaemic stroke . Having experienced a stroke , a person may be admitted to a stroke unit , and treatments may be directed as preventing future strokes , including ongoing anticoagulation ( such as aspirin or clopidogrel ) , antihypertensives , and lipid - lowering drugs . A multidisciplinary team including speech pathologists , physiotherapists , occupational therapists , and psychologists plays a large role in supporting a person affected by a stroke and their rehabilitation . Brain death ( edit ) Main article : Brain death Brain death refers to an irreversible total loss of brain function . This is characterised by coma , loss of reflexes , and apnoea , however , the declaration of brain death varies geographically and is not always accepted . In some countries there is also a defined syndrome of brainstem death . Declaration of brain death can have profound implications as the declaration , under the principle of medical futility , will be associated with the withdrawal of life support , and as those with brain death often have organs suitable for organ donation . The process is often made more difficult by poor communication with patients ' families . When brain death is suspected , reversible differential diagnoses such as hypothermia - induced coma , electrolyte , neurological and drug - related cognitive suppression need to be excluded . Testing for reflexes can be of help in the decision , as can the absence of response and breathing . Clinical observations , including a total lack of responsiveness , a known diagnosis , and neural imaging evidence , may all play a role in the decision to pronounce brain death . Society and culture ( edit ) Neuroanthropology is the study of the relationship between culture and the brain . It explores how the brain gives rise to culture , and how culture influences brain development . Cultural differences and their relation to brain development and structure are researched in different fields . The mind ( edit ) Main articles : Cognition and Mind The skull of Phineas Gage , with the path of the iron that passed through it without killing him , but altering his cognition . The case helped to convince people that mental functions were localized in the brain . The philosophy of the mind studies such issues as the problem of understanding consciousness and the mind -- body problem . The relationship between the brain and the mind is a significant challenge both philosophically and scientifically . This is because of the difficulty in explaining how mental activities , such as thoughts and emotions , can be implemented by physical structures such as neurons and synapses , or by any other type of physical mechanism . This difficulty was expressed by Gottfried Leibniz in the analogy known as Leibniz 's Mill : One is obliged to admit that perception and what depends upon it is inexplicable on mechanical principles , that is , by figures and motions . In imagining that there is a machine whose construction would enable it to think , to sense , and to have perception , one could conceive it enlarged while retaining the same proportions , so that one could enter into it , just like into a windmill . Supposing this , one should , when visiting within it , find only parts pushing one another , and never anything by which to explain a perception . -- Leibniz , Monadology Doubt about the possibility of a mechanistic explanation of thought drove René Descartes , and most other philosophers along with him , to dualism : the belief that the mind is to some degree independent of the brain . There has always , however , been a strong argument in the opposite direction . There is clear empirical evidence that physical manipulations of , or injuries to , the brain ( for example by drugs or by lesions , respectively ) can affect the mind in potent and intimate ways . In the 19th century , the case of Phineas Gage , a railway worker who was injured by a stout iron rod passing through his brain , convinced both researchers and the public that cognitive functions were localised in the brain . Following this line of thinking , a large body of empirical evidence for a close relationship between brain activity and mental activity has led most neuroscientists and contemporary philosophers to be materialists , believing that mental phenomena are ultimately the result of , or reducible to , physical phenomena . Brain size ( edit ) Main article : Brain size The size of the brain and a person 's intelligence are not strongly related . Studies tend to indicate small to moderate correlations ( averaging around 0.3 to 0.4 ) between brain volume and IQ . The most consistent associations are observed within the frontal , temporal , and parietal lobes , the hippocampi , and the cerebellum , but these only account for a relatively small amount of variance in IQ , which itself has only a partial relationship to general intelligence and real - world performance . Other animals , including whales and elephants have larger brains than humans . However , when the brain - to - body mass ratio is taken into account , the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin , and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee . However , a high ratio does not of itself demonstrate intelligence : very small animals have high ratios and the treeshrew has the largest quotient of any mammal . Phrenology summarized in an 1883 chart In Popular culture ( edit ) Research has disproved some common misconceptions about the brain . These include both ancient and modern myths . It is not true that neurons are not replaced after the age of two ; nor that only ten per cent of the brain is used . Popular culture has also oversimplified the lateralisation of the brain , suggesting that functions are completely specific to one side of the brain or the other . Akio Mori coined the term game brain for the unreliably supported theory that spending long periods playing video games harmed the brain 's pre-frontal region and the expression of emotion and creativity . Historically , the brain featured in popular culture through phrenology , a pseudoscience that assigned personality attributes to different regions of the cortex . The cortex remains important in popular culture as covered in books and satire . The brain features in science fiction , with themes such as brain transplants and cyborgs ( beings with features like partly artificial brains ) . The 1942 science fiction book ( adapted three times for cinema ) Donovan 's Brain tells the tale of an isolated brain kept alive in vitro , gradually taken over by a malign intelligence . History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Hieroglyph for the word `` brain '' ( c. 1700 BC ) The Edwin Smith Papyrus , an ancient Egyptian medical treatise written in the 17th century BC , contains the earliest recorded reference to the brain . The hieroglyph for brain , occurring eight times in this papyrus , describes the symptoms , diagnosis , and prognosis of two traumatic injuries to the head . The papyrus mentions the external surface of the brain , the effects of injury ( including seizures and aphasia ) , the meninges , and cerebrospinal fluid . In the fifth century BC , Alcmaeon of Croton in Magna Grecia , first considered the brain to be the seat of the mind . Also in the fifth century BC in Athens , Hippocrates believed the brain to be the seat of intelligence . Aristotle , in his biology initially believed the heart to be the seat of intelligence , and saw the brain as a cooling mechanism for the blood . He reasoned that humans are more rational than the beasts because , among other reasons , they have a larger brain to cool their hot - bloodedness . Aristotle did describe the meninges and distinguished between the cerebrum and cerebellum . Herophilus of Chalcedon in the fourth and third centuries BC distinguished the cerebrum and the cerebellum , and provided the first clear description of the ventricles ; and with Erasistratus of Ceos experimented on living brains . Their works are now mostly lost , and we know about their achievements due mostly to secondary sources . Some of their discoveries had to be re-discovered a millennium after their deaths . Anatomist physician Galen in the second century AD , during the time of the Roman Empire , dissected the brains of sheep , monkeys , dogs , and pigs . He concluded that , as the cerebellum was denser than the brain , it must control the muscles , while as the cerebrum was soft , it must be where the senses were processed . Galen further theorized that the brain functioned by movement of animal spirits through the ventricles . Renaissance ( edit ) Andreas Vesalius 's drawing of the base of the brain , in his 1543 De humani corporis fabrica In 1316 , Mondino de Luzzi 's Anathomia began the modern study of brain anatomy . Niccolò Massa discovered in 1536 that the ventricles were filled with fluid . Archiangelo Piccolomini of Rome was the first to distinguish between the cerebrum and cerebral cortex . In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published his seven - volume De humani corporis fabrica . The seventh book covered the brain and eye , with detailed images of the ventricles , cranial nerves , pituitary gland , meninges , structures of the eye , the vascular supply to the brain and spinal cord , and an image of the peripheral nerves . Vesalius rejected the common belief that the ventricles were responsible for brain function , arguing that many animals have a similar ventricular system to humans , but no true intelligence . One of Leonardo da Vinci 's sketches of the human skull René Descartes proposed the theory of dualism to tackle the issue of the brain 's relation to the mind . He suggested that the pineal gland was where the mind interacted with the body after recording the brain mechanisms responsible for circulating cerebrospinal fluid . This dualism likely provided impetus for later anatomists to further explore the relationship between the anatomical and functional aspects of brain anatomy . Thomas Willis is considered a second pioneer in the study of neurology and brain science . In 1664 in Cerebri Anatome ( Latin : Anatomy of the brain ) , followed by Cerebral Pathology in 1667 . In these he described the structure of the cerebellum , the ventricles , the cerebral hemispheres , the brainstem , and the cranial nerves , studied its blood supply ; and proposed functions associated with different areas of the brain . The circle of Willis was named after his investigations into the blood supply of the brain , and he was the first to use the word `` neurology . '' Willis removed the brain from the body when examining it , and rejected the commonly held view that the cortex only consisted of blood vessels and the view of the last two millennia that the cortex was only incidentally important . In the late 19th century , Emil du Bois - Reymond and Hermann von Helmholtz , following the work of their teacher Johannes Peter Müller showed the electrical inpulses which pass along nerves ; but unlike Müller 's views , that such impulses were able to be observed . Richard Caton in 1875 demonstrated electrical in the cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys . In the 1820s , Jean Pierre Flourens pioneered the experimental method of damaging specific parts of animal brains describing the effects on movement and behavior . Modern period ( edit ) Drawing by Camillo Golgi of vertical section of rabbit hippocampus , from his `` Sulla fina anatomia degli organi centrali del sistema nervoso '' , 1885 Studies of the brain became more sophisticated with the use of the microscope and the development of a silver staining method by Camillo Golgi during the 1870s . This was able to show the intricate structures of single neurons . This was used by Santiago Ramón y Cajal and led to the formation of the neuron doctrine , the then revolutionary hypothesis that the neuron is the functional unit of the brain . He used microscopy to uncover many cell types , and proposed functions for the cells he saw . For this , Golgi and Cajal are considered the founders of twentieth century neuroscience , both sharing the Nobel prize in 1906 for their studies and discoveries in this field . Drawing of cells in chick cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal , from `` Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves '' , Madrid , 1905 Charles Sherrington published his influential 1906 work The Integrative Action of the Nervous System examining the function of reflexes , evolutionary development of the nervous system , functional specialisation of the brain , and layout and cellular function of the central nervous system . John Farquhar Fulton , founded the Journal of Neurophysiology and published the first comprehensive textbook on the physiology of the nervous system during 1938 . Neuroscience during the twentieth century began to be recognized as a distinct unified academic discipline , with David Rioch , Francis O. Schmitt , and Stephen Kuffler playing critical roles in establishing the field . Rioch originated the integration of basic anatomical and physiological research with clinical psychiatry at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , starting in the 1950s . During the same period , Schmitt established the Neuroscience Research Program , an inter-university and international organisation , bringing together biology , medicine , psychological and behavioural sciences . The word neuroscience itself arises from this program . Paul Broca associated regions of the brain with specific functions , in particular language in Broca 's area , following work on brain - damaged patients . John Hughlings Jackson described the function of the motor cortex by watching the progression of epileptic seizures through the body . Carl Wernicke described a region associated with language comprehension and production . Korbinian Brodmann divided regions of the brain based on the appearance of cells . By 1950 , Sherrington , Papez , and MacLean had identified many of the brainstem and limbic system functions . The capacity of the brain to re-organise and change with age , and a recognised critical development period , were attributed to neuroplasticity , pioneered by Margaret Kennard , who experimented on monkeys during the 1930 - 40s . Harvey Cushing ( 1869 -- 1939 ) is recognised as the first proficient brain surgeon in the world . In 1937 , Walter Dandy began the practice of vascular neurosurgery by performing the first surgical clipping of an intracranial aneurysm . Comparative Anatomy ( edit ) See also : Evolution of the brain The human brain has many properties that are common to all vertebrate brains , and shares many features common to all mammalian brains , most notably a six - layered cerebral cortex and a set of associated structures , including the hippocampus and amygdala . The cortex is proportionally larger in greater mammals and humans than many other animals . Humans have more association cortex , sensory and motor parts than other mammals such as the rat and the cat . As a primate brain , the human brain has a much larger cerebral cortex , in proportion to body size , than most mammals , and a highly developed visual system . As a hominid brain , the human brain is substantially enlarged even in comparison to the brain of a typical monkey . The sequence of human evolution from Australopithecus ( four million years ago ) to Homo sapiens ( modern man ) was marked by a steady increase in brain size . As brain size increased , this altered the size and shape of the skull , from about 600 cm in Homo habilis to an average of about 1520 cm in Homo neanderthalensis . Differences in DNA , gene expression and gene -- environment interactions help explain the differences between the function of the human brain and other primates . See also ( edit ) Neuroscience portal Thinking portal Aging brain Cephalic disorder Cerebral atrophy Cortical spreading depression Enchanted loom History of neuroscience List of neuroscience databases Outline of the human brain References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cerebrum Etymology '' . dictionary.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Encephalo - Etymology '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parent , A. ; Carpenter , M.B. ( 1995 ) . `` Ch. 1 '' . Carpenter 's Human Neuroanatomy . Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 683 - 06752 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bigos , K.L. ; Hariri , A. ; Weinberger , D. ( 2015 ) . Neuroimaging Genetics : Principles and Practices . Oxford University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 0199920222 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Cosgrove , KP ; Mazure , C.M. ; Staley , J.K. ( 2007 ) . `` Evolving knowledge of sex differences in brain structure , function , and chemistry '' . 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The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 513 ( 5 ) : 532 -- 541 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 21974 . despite the widespread quotes that the human brain contains 100 billion neurons and ten times more glial cells , the absolute number of neurons and glial cells in the human brain remains unknown . Here we determine these numbers by using the isotropic fractionator and compare them with the expected values for a human - sized primate . We find that the adult male human brain contains on average 86.1 ± 8.1 billion NeuN - positive cells ( `` neurons '' ) and 84.6 ± 9.8 billion NeuN - negative ( `` nonneuronal '' ) cells . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Pavel , Fiala ; Jiří , Valenta ( January 1 , 2013 ) . `` Central Nervous System '' . Karolinum Press . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Polyzoidis , S. ; Koletsa , T. ; Panagiotidou , S. ; Ashkan , K. ; Theoharides , T.C. ( 2015 ) . `` Mast cells in meningiomas and brain inflammation '' . J Neuroinflammation. 12 ( 1 ) : 170 . PMC 4573939 . PMID 26377554 . doi : 10.1186 / s12974 - 015 - 0388 - 3 . MCs originate from a bone marrow progenitor and subsequently develop different phenotype characteristics locally in tissues . Their range of functions is wide and includes participation in allergic reactions , innate and adaptive immunity , inflammation , and autoimmunity ( 34 ) . In the human brain , MCs can be located in various areas , such as the pituitary stalk , the pineal gland , the area postrema , the choroid plexus , thalamus , hypothalamus , and the median eminence ( 35 ) . In the meninges , they are found within the dural layer in association with vessels and terminals of meningeal nociceptors ( 36 ) . MCs have a distinct feature compared to other hematopoietic cells in that they reside in the brain ( 37 ) . MCs contain numerous granules and secrete an abundance of prestored mediators such as corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) , neurotensin ( NT ) , substance P ( SP ) , tryptase , chymase , vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP ) , vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , TNF , prostaglandins , leukotrienes , and varieties of chemokines and cytokines some of which are known to disrupt the integrity of the blood - brain barrier ( BBB ) ( 38 -- 40 ) . ( The ) key role of MCs in inflammation ( 34 ) and in the disruption of the BBB ( 41 -- 43 ) suggests areas of importance for novel therapy research . Increasing evidence also indicates that MCs participate in neuroinflammation directly ( 44 -- 46 ) and through microglia stimulation ( 47 ) , contributing to the pathogenesis of such conditions such as headaches , ( 48 ) autism ( 49 ) , and chronic fatigue syndrome ( 50 ) . In fact , a recent review indicated that peripheral inflammatory stimuli can cause microglia activation ( 51 ) , thus possibly involving MCs outside the brain . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lindsberg , P.J. ; Strbian , D. ; Karjalainen - Lindsberg , ML ( April 2010 ) . `` Mast cells as early responders in the regulation of acute blood - brain barrier changes after cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage . '' . Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 30 ( 4 ) : 689 -- 702 . PMC 2949160 . PMID 20087366 . doi : 10.1038 / jcbfm. 2009.282 . ^ Jump up to : Guyton & Hall 2011 , pp. 748 -- 749 . Jump up ^ Budzyński , J ; Kłopocka , M. ( 2014 ) . `` Brain - gut axis in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection '' . World J. Gastroenterol. 20 ( 18 ) : 5212 -- 25 . PMC 4017036 . PMID 24833851 . doi : 10.3748 / wjg. v20. i18. 5212 . 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CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Armony , J ( 2013 ) . The Cambridge handbook of human affective neuroscience ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge ( u.a. ) : Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780521171557 . Jump up ^ Lindquist , KA. ; Wager , TD. ; Kober , H ; Bliss - Moreau , E ; Barrett , LF ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` The brain basis of emotion : A meta - analytic review '' . Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 35 ( 03 ) : 121 -- 143 . doi : 10.1017 / S0140525X11000446 . Jump up ^ Phan , KL ; Wager , Tor ; Taylor , SF. ; Liberzon , l ( June 1 , 2002 ) . `` Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion : A Meta - Analysis of Emotion Activation Studies in PET and fMRI '' . NeuroImage. 16 ( 2 ) : 331 -- 348 . PMID 12030820 . doi : 10.1006 / nimg. 2002.1087 . ^ Jump up to : Malenka , RC ; Nestler , EJ ; Hyman , SE ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Widely Projecting Systems : Monoamines , Acetylcholine , and Orexin '' . In Sydor , A ; Brown , RY . Molecular Neuropharmacology : A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . pp. 155 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 148127 - 4 . DA has multiple actions in the prefrontal cortex . It promotes the `` cognitive control '' of behavior : the selection and successful monitoring of behavior to facilitate attainment of chosen goals . Aspects of cognitive control in which DA plays a role include working memory , the ability to hold information `` on line '' in order to guide actions , suppression of prepotent behaviors that compete with goal - directed actions , and control of attention and thus the ability to overcome distractions ... Noradrenergic projections from the LC thus interact with dopaminergic projections from the VTA to regulate cognitive control ... ^ Jump up to : Diamond , A ( 2013 ) . `` Executive functions '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 64 : 135 -- 168 . PMC 4084861 . PMID 23020641 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - psych - 113011 - 143750 . Core EFs are inhibition ( response inhibition ( self - control -- resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively ) and interference control ( selective attention and cognitive inhibition ) ) , working memory , and cognitive flexibility ( including creatively thinking `` outside the box , '' seeing anything from different perspectives , and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances ) . Figure 4 : Executive functions and related terms ^ Jump up to : Chan , R.C. ; Shum , D. ; Toulopoulou , T. ; Chen , E.Y. ( March 2008 ) . `` Assessment of executive functions : review of instruments and identification of critical issues '' . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists. 23 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 216 . PMID 18096360 . doi : 10.1016 / j. acn. 2007.08. 010 . The term `` executive functions '' is an umbrella term comprising a wide range of cognitive processes and behavioral competencies which include verbal reasoning , problem - solving , planning , sequencing , the ability to sustain attention , resistance to interference , utilization of feedback , multitasking , cognitive flexibility , and the ability to deal with novelty ( Burgess , Veitch , de lacy Costello , & Shallice , 2000 ; Damasio , 1995 ; Grafman & Litvan , 1999 ; Shallice , 1988 ; Stuss & Benson , 1986 ; Stuss , Shallice , Alexander , & Picton , 1995 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Souza , MJ ; Bunge , SA ( 2009 ) . `` Executive Function and Higher - Order Cognition : Neuroimaging '' . Encyclopedia of Neuroscience ( 4 ) : 111 -- 116 . ^ Jump up to : Hyun JC , Weyandt , LL , Swentosky , A ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 2 : The Physiology of Executive Functioning '' . In Goldstein S , Naglieri J. Handbook of Executive Functioning . New York : Springer . pp. 13 -- 23 . ISBN 9781461481065 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Malenka , R.C. ; Nestler ; E.J. , Hyman , S.E. ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 13 : Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control '' . In Sydor , A. ; Brown , R.Y. Molecular Neuropharmacology : A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . pp. 313 -- 324 . ISBN 9780071481274 . These diverse inputs and back projections to both cortical and subcortical structures put the prefrontal cortex in a position to exert what is often called `` top - down '' control or cognitive control of behavior ... In conditions in which prepotent responses tend to dominate behavior , such as in drug addiction , where drug cues can elicit drug seeking ( Chapter 15 ) , or in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ; described below ) , significant negative consequences can result ... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function ; specifically , ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior . Compared with healthy individuals , those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli ( impaired response inhibition ) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli ( impaired interference suppression ) ... Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus ( part of the striatum ) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior ... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age - matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex , areas involved in working memory and attention . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pocock 2006 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Clark , B.D. ; Goldberg , E.M. ; Rudy , B. 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Based on these reports , valproic acid is thought to be transported bidirectionally between blood and brain across the BBB via two distinct mechanisms , monocarboxylic acid - sensitive and medium - chain fatty acid - sensitive transporters , for efflux and uptake , respectively . Jump up ^ Vijay , N. ; Morris , M.E. ( 2014 ) . `` Role of monocarboxylate transporters in drug delivery to the brain '' . Curr . Pharm . Des. 20 ( 10 ) : 1487 -- 98 . PMC 4084603 . PMID 23789956 . doi : 10.2174 / 13816128113199990462 . Monocarboxylate transporters ( MCTs ) are known to mediate the transport of short chain monocarboxylates such as lactate , pyruvate and butyrate ... MCT1 and MCT4 have also been associated with the transport of short chain fatty acids such as acetate and formate which are then metabolized in the astrocytes ( 78 ) . 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( link ) Jump up ^ Purves 2012 , pp. 632 -- 633 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , J. ( 2012 ) . `` Mapping the Motor and Sensory Cortices : A Historical Look and a Current Case Study in Sensorimotor Localization and Direct Cortical Motor Stimulation '' . The Neurodiagnostic Journal . 52 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 68 . PMID 22558647 . Jump up ^ Boraud , T. ; Bezard , E. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` From single extracellular unit recording in experimental and human Parkinsonism to the development of a functional concept of the role played by the basal ganglia in motor control '' . Progress in Neurobiology. 66 ( 4 ) : 265 -- 283 . doi : 10.1016 / s0301 - 0082 ( 01 ) 00033 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Magnetic Resonance , a critical peer - reviewed introduction ; functional MRI '' . European Magnetic Resonance Forum . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Buxton , R. ; Uludag , K. ; Liu , T. ( 2004 ) . `` Modeling the Haemodynamic Response to Brain Activation '' . 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Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dawodu , S.T. ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` Traumatic Brain Injury ( TBI ) - Definition and Pathophysiology : Overview , Epidemiology , Primary Injury '' . Medscape . Jump up ^ Davidson 's 2010 , p. 1196 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson 's 2010 , p. 1205 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson 's 2010 , p. 1216 - 7 . Jump up ^ Volkow , N.D. ; Koob , G.F. ; McLellan , A.T. ( January 2016 ) . `` Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 374 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 371 . PMID 26816013 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1511480 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Simpson , JM. ; Moriarty , GL . ( 2013 ) . Multimodal Treatment of Acute Psychiatric Illness : A Guide for Hospital Diversion . Columbia University Press . pp. 22 -- 24 . ISBN 0231536097 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Davidson 's 2010 , p. 1172 - 9 . 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The history of neuroscience in autobiography . Washington DC : Society for Neuroscience . pp. 475 -- 97 . ISBN 0126603057 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cowan , W.M. ; Harter , D.H. ; Kandel , E.R. ( 2000 ) . `` The emergence of modern neuroscience : Some implications for neurology and psychiatry '' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 23 : 345 -- 346 . PMID 10845068 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 23.1. 343 . Jump up ^ Brady , Joseph V. ; Nauta , Walle J.H. Principles , Practices , and Positions in Neuropsychiatric Research : Proceedings of a Conference Held in June 1970 at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Washington , D.C. , in Tribute to Dr. David Mckenzie Rioch upon His Retirement as Director of the Neuropsychiatry Division of That Institute . Elsevier . p. vii . ISBN 9781483154534 . Jump up ^ Adelman , George ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Neurosciences Research Program at MIT and the Beginning of the Modern Field of Neuroscience '' . Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 19 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 23 . doi : 10.1080 / 09647040902720651 . ^ Jump up to : Principles of Neural Science , 4th ed . Eric R. Kandel , James H. Schwartz , Thomas M. Jessel , eds . McGraw - Hill : New York , NY . 2000 . Jump up ^ Papez , J.W. ( Feb 1995 ) . `` A proposed mechanism of emotion . 1937 . '' . The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 7 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 12 . PMID 7711480 . doi : 10.1176 / jnp. 7.1. 103 . Jump up ^ `` A proposed mechanism of emotion . 1937 ( classical article ) '' . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1 February 1995 . pp. 103 -- 112 . doi : 10.1176 / jnp. 7.1. 103 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Kelly G. ( August 2003 ) . `` The life and career of Paul MacLean '' . Physiology & Behavior . 79 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 349 . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9384 ( 03 ) 00147 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Anjan ; Coslett , H. Branch . The Roots of Cognitive Neuroscience : Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology . OUP USA . pp. 337 -- 8 . ISBN 9780195395549 . Jump up ^ M. Bliss . Harvey Cushing : A Life in Surgery : A Life in Surgery ( page ix . & x . ) . Oxford University Press , USA , October 1 , 2005 , 610 pages , ISBN 0195346955 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kretzer , RM ; Coon , AL ; Tamargo , RJ ( June 2010 ) . `` Walter E. Dandy 's contributions to vascular neurosurgery '' . Journal of Neurosurgery. 112 ( 6 ) : 1182 -- 91 . PMID 20515365 . doi : 10.3171 / 2009.7. JNS09737 . Jump up ^ Glees , Paul ( 2005 ) . The Human Brain . Cambridge University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 9780521017817 . Jump up ^ C. Alexander Simpkins , Annellen M. Simpkins ( 2012 ) . Neuroscience for Clinicians : Evidence , Models , and Practice . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 143 . ISBN 1461448425 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Marc H. Bornstein , Michael E. Lamb ( 2015 ) . Developmental Science : An Advanced Textbook . Psychology Press . p. 220 . ISBN 1136282203 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Douglas Bernstein ( 2010 ) . Essentials of Psychology . Cengage Learning . p. 64 . ISBN 049590693X . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hofman , Michel A. ( 27 March 2014 ) . `` Evolution of the human brain : when bigger is better '' . Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 8 . doi : 10.3389 / fnana. 2014.00015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Peter ( 2002 ) . Psychology ( 4th ed . ) . Worth Publishers . ISBN 0716751623 . OCLC 46640860 . Jump up ^ Lu , Zhong - Lin ; Dosher , Barbara ( 2013 ) . Visual Psychophysics : From Laboratory to Theory . MIT Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0262019450 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Mike Sharwood Smith ( 2017 ) . Introducing Language and Cognition . Cambridge University Press . p. 206 . ISBN 1107152895 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kolb , Bryan ; Whishaw , Ian Q. ( 2013 ) . Introduction to Brain and Behavior . Macmillan Higher Education . p. 21 . ISBN 1464139601 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Nieuwenhuys , Rudolf ; ten Donkelaar , Hans J. ; Nicholson , Charles ( 2014 ) . The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates . Springer . p. 2127 . ISBN 3642182623 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lerner , Lee ; Lerner , Brenda Wilmoth ( 2004 ) . The Gale Encyclopedia of Science : Pheasants - Star . Gale . p. 3759 . ISBN 0787675598 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . As human 's position changed and the manner in which the skull balanced on the spinal column pivoted , the brain expanded , altering the shape of the cranium . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Begun , David R. ( 2012 ) . A Companion to Paleoanthropology . John Wiley & Sons . p. 388 . ISBN 9781118332375 . Jump up ^ Jones , R. ( 2012 ) . `` Neurogenetics : What makes a human brain ? '' . Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 13 ( 10 ) : 655 . PMID 22992645 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn3355 . Sources ( edit ) Britton ( 2010 ) . Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston , eds . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Hall , John ( 2011 ) . Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology ( 12th ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pa. : Saunders / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4574 - 8 . Larsen , William J. ( 2001 ) . Human embryology ( 3rd ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pa. : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06583 - 7 . Ort , Bruce Ian Bogart , Victoria ( 2007 ) . Elsevier 's integrated anatomy and embryology . Philadelphia , Pa. : Elsevier Saunders . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 3165 - 9 . Pocock , G. ; Richards , C. ( 2006 ) . Human physiology : the basis of medicine ( 3rd ed. ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Purves , Dale ( 2012 ) . Neuroscience ( 5th ed . ) . Sunderland , Ma. : Sinauer associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 695 - 3 . Squire , Larry ( 2013 ) . Fundamental Neuroscience . Waltham , MA : Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 385 - 870 - 2 . Standring , Susan ( editor - in - chief ) ; Borley , Neil R. et al. ( section editors ) ( 2008 ) . Gray 's Anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Specifically the oculomotor , trochlear nerve , trigeminal nerve , abducens nerve , facial nerve , vestibulocochlear nerve , glossopharyngeal nerve , vagus nerve , accessory nerve and hypoglossal nerves . Jump up ^ Including the vestibulo - ocular reflex , corneal reflex , gag reflex and dilation of the pupils in response to light , Jump up ^ Illustrated by architect Christopher Wren External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brain . Brain basics by NIMH Atlas of the Human Brain The Whole Brain Atlas Brain Facts and Figures Interactive Human Brain 3D Tool Anatomy of the human brain Anatomy of the medulla Grey matter Cranial nuclei afferent : Solitary nucleus tract Dorsal respiratory group Gustatory nucleus Vestibular nuclei Lateral Medial Inferior efferent : Hypoglossal nucleus Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Inferior salivatory nucleus Dorsal Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus Accessory cuneate nucleus Ventral Ventral respiratory group Arcuate nucleus of medulla Rostral ventromedial medulla Botzinger complex Pre-Bötzinger complex White matter Dorsal Sensory Sensory decussation Medial lemniscus Juxtarestiform body Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Motor Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Ventral Descending tracts Olivocerebellar tract Rubro - olivary tract Surface Front Pyramid decussation Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Olive Inferior olivary nucleus Back Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Area postrema Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Medial eminence Inferior cerebellar peduncle Grey Reticular formation Gigantocellular Parvocellular Ventral Lateral Paramedian Raphe nuclei Obscurus Magnus Pallidus Perihypoglossal nuclei Anatomy of the pons Dorsal / ( tegmentum ) Surface Cerebellopontine angle Superior medullary velum Sulcus limitans Medial eminence Facial colliculus White : Sensory Trapezoid body Trigeminal lemniscus Dorsal trigeminal tract Ventral trigeminal tract Medial lemniscus Lateral lemniscus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Central tegmental tract White : Motor Inferior cerebellar peduncle Vestibulocerebellar tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulospinal tract Medial vestibulospinal tract Lateral vestibulospinal tract Grey : Cranial nuclei afferent : GSA Trigeminal Principal Spinal Cochlear nucleus Dorsal Anterior Vestibular nuclei Superior efferent : SVE : Trigeminal motor nucleus Facial motor nucleus GSE : Abducens nucleus GVE : Superior salivary nucleus Inferior salivary nucleus Other Apneustic center Parabrachial area Pneumotaxic center Subparabrachial nucleus Medial parabrachial nucleus Lateral parabrachial nucleus Superior olivary nucleus Caerulean nucleus Ventral / ( base ) Grey Pontine nuclei White : Motor / descending Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine fibers MCP Pontocerebellar fibers Surface Basilar sulcus Other grey : Raphe / reticular Reticular formation Caudal Oral Tegmental Paramedian Raphe nuclei Median Anatomy of the midbrain Tectum ( Dorsal ) Surface Corpora quadrigemina : Inferior colliculus Brachium Superior colliculus Brachium Grey matter Pretectal area White : Sensory / ascending Spinotectal tract Central tegmental tract White : Motor / descending Tectospinal tract Peduncle ( Ventral ) Tegmentum White : Sensory / ascending Lemnisci Medial Lateral Ascending MLF Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Spinothalamic tract Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Dentatothalamic tract White : Motor / descending Rubrospinal tract Rubro - olivary tract Descending MLF Grey : cranial nuclei GSA Mesencephalic - GSE Oculomotor nucleus , Trochlear nucleus - GVE Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Grey : other Periaqueductal gray Raphe nuclei dorsal Ventral tegmental area Rostromedial tegmental nucleus Pedunculopontine nucleus Red nucleus Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus Parabrachial area Interpeduncular nucleus Midbrain reticular formation Ventricular system Cerebral aqueduct Base White : Motor / descending Cerebral crus : Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine tract / Frontopontine fibers / Temporopontine fibers Grey : Substantia nigra Pars compacta Pars reticulata Surface Superior cerebellar peduncle Decussation Interpeduncular fossa Anatomy of the cerebellum Surface Lobes Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Flocculonodular lobe Flocculus Nodule Primary fissure Medial / lateral Vermis : anterior Central lobule Culmen Lingula posterior Folium Tuber Uvula Vallecula of cerebellum Hemisphere : anterior Alar central lobule posterior Biventer lobule Cerebellar tonsil Grey matter Deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate interposed Emboliform Globose Fastigial Cerebellar cortex Molecular layer Stellate cell Basket cell Purkinje cell layer Purkinje cell Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell Fañanas cell Granule cell layer Golgi cell Granule cell Unipolar brush cell Fibers : Mossy fibers Climbing fiber Parallel fiber White matter Internal Arbor vitae Peduncles Inferior ( medulla ) : Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Olivocerebellar tract Cuneocerebellar tract Juxtarestiform body ( Vestibulocerebellar tract ) Trigeminocerebellar fibers Middle ( pons ) : Pontocerebellar fibers Superior ( midbrain ) : Ventral spinocerebellar tract Dentatothalamic tract ( hide ) Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain Epithalamus Surface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ Thalamus Surface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter / nuclei paired : AN Ventral VA / VL VP / VPM / VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline : MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic fasciculus Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae Hypothalamus Surface Median eminence / Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matter Autonomic zones Anterior ( parasympathetic / heat loss ) Posterior ( sympathetic / heat conservation ) Endocrine posterior pituitary : Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin / vasopressin other : Arcuate ( dopamine / GHRH ) Preoptic ( GnRH ) Suprachiasmatic ( melatonin ) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic fasciculus Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon , but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis ( Fields of Forel ) Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain Frontal lobe Superolateral Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus : 11 47 - Pars orbitalis Broca 's area 44 - Pars opercularis 45 - Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial / inferior Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus / Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri / Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobe Superolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial / inferior Paracentral lobule 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus / Primary somatosensory cortex Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobe Superolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial / inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobe Superolateral Transverse temporal gyrus / Auditory cortex 41 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22 / Wernicke 's area Middle temporal gyrus 21 Superior temporal sulcus Medial / inferior Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus Interlobar sulci / fissures Superolateral Central ( frontal + parietal ) Lateral ( frontal + parietal + temporal ) Parieto - occipital Preoccipital notch Medial / inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate ( frontal + cingulate ) Collateral ( temporal + occipital ) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobe Parahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex / gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus : Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations , and some Brodmann areas span gyri . Rostral basal ganglia of the human brain and associated structures Basal ganglia Grey matter Striatum Dorsal striatum Putamen Caudate nucleus Ventral striatum Nucleus accumbens Olfactory tubercle Globus pallidus GPe GPi Other Amygdala Claustrum White matter Centrum semiovale Internal capsule Anterior limb Genu Posterior limb Optic radiation Corona radiata External capsule Extreme capsule Pallidothalamic tracts : Thalamic fasciculus Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Subthalamic fasciculus Rhinencephalon Grey matter Anterior olfactory nucleus Anterior perforated substance Olfactory bulb White matter Olfactory tract Medial olfactory stria Lateral olfactory stria Olfactory trigone Other basal forebrain Grey matter Substantia innominata Nucleus basalis Nucleus of diagonal band White matter Diagonal band of Broca Stria terminalis Archicortex : Hippocampal formation / Hippocampus anatomy Grey matter Hippocampus proper CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 Dentate gyrus Fascia dentata Subiculum White matter Alveus Fimbria Perforant path Schaffer collateral Meninges of the brain and spinal cord Layers Dura mater Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli Diaphragma sellae Trigeminal cave Arachnoid mater Arachnoid granulation Arachnoid trabeculae Subarachnoid cisterns : Cisterna magna Pontine cistern Interpeduncular cistern Chiasmatic Of lateral cerebral fossa Of great cerebral vein Of lamina terminalis Pia mater Denticulate ligaments Tela choroidea Choroid plexus Perivascular space Combined Filum terminale Leptomeninges Spaces Epidural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space Cerebrospinal fluid The ventricular system of the human brain Lateral ventricles Body Lamina affixa Stria terminalis Collateral eminence Occipital horn Calcar avis Septum pellucidum Third ventricle Recesses Optic recess Infundibular recess Suprapineal recess Pineal recess Hypothalamic sulcus Tela choroidea Subfornical organ Posterior commissure Fourth ventricle Roof Superior medullary velum Frenulum Inferior medullary velum Taenia Floor Upper Facial colliculus Locus coeruleus Lower Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Area postrema Obex Medial eminence Sulcus limitans Fastigium Apertures Median / Magendie Lateral recess to Lateral / Luschka Other Rhomboid fossa Tela choroidea Cerebrospinal fluid Blood -- brain barrier Cerebral aqueduct Interventricular foramina Perilymphatic duct Commissural fibers in the human brain Corpus callosum Genu Splenium Tapetum Rostrum Archicortex Supracallosal gyrus Lamina terminalis Vascular organ of lamina terminalis Anterior commissure Fornix Fornix Septum pellucidum Septal nuclei Medial septal nucleus Subfornical organ Cave of septum pellucidum Other Posterior commissure The cranial nerves terminal Nuclei Septal nuclei Course no significant branches olfactory Nuclei Anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract optic Nuclei Lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract oculomotor Nuclei Oculomotor nucleus Edinger - Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion / ciliary ganglion inferior trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches trigeminal Nuclei PSN Spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches facial near origin intermediate nerve geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion nerve to the stapedius chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus vestibulocochlear Nuclei Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion glossopharyngeal before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus vagus before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus superior laryngeal external internal recurrent laryngeal ( inferior ) superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac pulmonary vagal trunks anterior posterior abdomen celiac renal hepatic anterior gastric posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus accessory Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Spinal accessory nucleus cranial spinal hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual Arteries of the head and neck CC EC sup . thyroid superior laryngeal sternocleidomastoid branch infrahyoid branch cricothyroid branch glandular branches asc . pharyngeal posterior meningeal pharyngeal branches inferior tympanic lingual suprahyoid dorsal lingual deep lingual sublingual facial cervical branches ( ascending palatine , tonsillar , submental , glandular ) facial branches ( inferior labial superior labial / nasal septum lateral nasal angular ) occipital sternocleidomastoid meningeal occipital auricular descending post . auricular stylomastoid stapedial auricular occipital Parotid sup . temporal transverse facial middle temporal ( zygomatico - orbital ) anterior auricular frontal parietal maxillary 1st part / mandibular anterior tympanic deep auricular middle meningeal ( superior tympanic , petrosal ) accessory meningeal inferior alveolar 2nd part / pterygoid to muscles of mastication ( deep temporal , pterygoid , masseteric ) buccal 3rd part / pterygopalatine posterior superior alveolar infraorbital ( anterior superior alveolar ) descending palatine ( greater palatine , lesser palatine ) artery of the pterygoid canal sphenopalatine ( posterior septal branches , posterior lateral nasal ) pharyngeal IC cervical carotid sinus petrous Vidian caroticotympanic cavernous / ophthalmic orbital group : anterior ethmoidal posterior ethmoidal lacrimal ( lateral palpebral ) medial palpebral terminal ( supraorbital , supratrochlear , dorsal nasal ) ocular group : central retinal ciliary ( short posterior , long posterior , anterior ) Circulus arteriosus major hypophysial ( superior , inferior ) brain Circle of Willis ACA ( anterior communicating , medial striate , Orbitofrontal artery ) MCA ( anterolateral central , Prefrontal artery , Superior terminal branch , Inferior terminal branch , Anterior temporal branch ) posterior communicating anterior choroidal SC vertebral artery meningeal spinal ( posterior , anterior ) basilar : pontine labyrinthine cerebellar ( AICA , SCA , PICA ) cerebral ( PCA ) thyrocervical trunk inferior thyroid inferior laryngeal tracheal esophageal ascending cervical pharyngeal glandular branches transverse cervical superficial branch deep branch / dorsal scapular scapular anastomosis suprascapular acromial branch scapular anastomosis costocervical trunk deep cervical Supreme Intercostal artery Veins of the head and neck External jugular Retromandibular maxillary pterygoid plexus superficial temporal anterior auricular Direct posterior auricular transverse cervical suprascapular anterior jugular jugular venous arch Internal jugular Diploic / brain Cerebral Superficial : superior superficial middle inferior inferior anastomotic ( Labbé ) superior anastomotic ( Trolard ) Deep : great internal basal deep middle superior thalamostriate Cerebellar superior inferior Sinuses To COS superior sagittal straight inferior sagittal occipital To CS sphenoparietal intercavernous superior ophthalmic ethmoidal central retinal nasofrontal vorticose veins inferior ophthalmic To IJV sigmoid : transverse petrosquamous superior petrosal inferior petrosal basilar plexus internal auditory veins condylar Facial / common facial frontal supraorbital angular superior labial inferior labial deep facial Direct lingual dorsal lingual deep lingual sublingual pharyngeal superior thyroid superior laryngeal middle thyroid Brachiocephalic Vertebral occipital occipital emissary suboccipital venous plexus deep cervical Direct inferior thyroid inferior laryngeal thymic Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull ( cranium ) Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia Ib or Golgi II or Aβ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Brain and spinal cord : neural tracts and fasciculi Sensory / ascending PCML 1 ° : Pacinian corpuscle / Meissner 's corpuscle → Posterior column ( Gracile fasciculus / Cuneate fasciculus ) → Gracile nucleus / Cuneate nucleus 2 ° : → sensory decussation / arcuate fibers ( Posterior external arcuate fibers , Internal arcuate fibers ) → Medial lemniscus / Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus ( VPL , VPM ) 3 ° : → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus Anterolateral / pain Fast / lateral 1 ° ( Free nerve ending → A delta fiber ) → 2 ° ( Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Postcentral gyrus ) → 4 ° ( Posterior parietal cortex ) 2 ° ( Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum ) Slow / medial 1 ° ( Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation ) → 2 ° ( MD of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Cingulate cortex ) Motor / descending Pyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract ( Lateral , Anterior ) → Neuromuscular junction Extrapyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles flexion : Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck Basal ganglia direct : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPi ) → 3 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 4 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 5 ° ( Motor cortex ) indirect : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPe ) → 3 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus ) → 4 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi ) → 5 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 6 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 7 ° ( Motor cortex ) nigrostriatal pathway : Pars compacta → Striatum Cerebellar Afferent Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei Efferent Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere / pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere / spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation , or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe / vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei Bidirectional : Spinocerebellar Unconscious proprioception lower limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal / posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum ) Reflex arc lower limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Ventral / anterior spinocerebellar tract → SCP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum ) Neuropsychology Topics Brain -- computer interface Brain regions Clinical neuropsychology Cognitive neuroscience Human brain Misconceptions Neuroanatomy Neurophysiology Phrenology Traumatic brain injury Brain functions Arousal Attention Consciousness Decision making Executive functions Learning Memory Motor coordination Natural language Perception Planning Problem solving Thought People Arthur Lester Benton David Bohm António Damásio Phineas Gage Norman Geschwind Elkhonon Goldberg Kurt Goldstein Donald O. Hebb Kenneth Heilman Edith Kaplan Muriel Lezak Benjamin Libet Rodolfo Llinás Alexander Luria Brenda Milner Karl H. Pribram Oliver Sacks Roger Wolcott Sperry H.M. K.C. Tests Bender - Gestalt Test Benton Visual Retention Test Clinical Dementia Rating Continuous Performance Task Glasgow Coma Scale Hayling and Brixton tests Johari window Lexical decision task Mini-mental state examination Stroop effect Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wisconsin card sorting Mind and Brain portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_brain&oldid=801965747 '' Categories : Brain Human anatomy by organ Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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3235254655602178678	List of United States university campuses by enrollment	List of United States University campuses by Enrollment - wikipedia List of United States University campuses by Enrollment Jump to : navigation , search ASU UCF OSU FIU TAMU UT MSU UF UMN IU The ten largest university campuses in the United States This list of largest United States public university campuses by enrollment includes only individual four - year campuses , not four - year universities . Universities can have multiple campuses with a single administration . What this list includes : A single Individual campus with a single physical location of a four - year public university within the United States Enrollment is the sum of the headcount of undergraduate and graduate students Enrollment is counted by the 21st - day headcount , as provided to the United States Department of Education under the Common Data Set program . Campuses that have small secondary physical locations that are not reported separately ( for extended education , outreach , etc . ) are indicated with a footnote . What this list does not include : University systems , or universities that have multiple physical campuses . Not all enrollment counts are directly comparable . See notes . For other lists that measure university enrollment , see the see also section below . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 -- 18 enrollment 2 2016 -- 17 enrollment 3 2015 -- 16 enrollment 4 2013 -- 14 enrollment 5 2012 -- 13 enrollment 6 2011 -- 12 enrollment 7 2010 -- 11 enrollment 8 2009 -- 10 enrollment 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links 2017 -- 18 enrollment ( edit ) Ten largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2017 -- 18 academic year Ranking University Location Enrollment Reference ( s ) Texas A&M University College Station , Texas 68,603 University of Central Florida Orlando , Florida 66,180 Ohio State University Columbus , Ohio 59,837 Florida International University Miami , Florida 56,851 5 University of Florida Gainesville , Florida 52,367 6 University of Minnesota Minneapolis / Saint Paul , Minnesota 51,848 7 University of Texas at Austin Austin , Texas 51,525 8 Arizona State University Tempe , Arizona 51,164 9 Georgia State University Atlanta , Georgia 51,000 10 Michigan State University East Lansing , Michigan 50,019 2016 -- 17 enrollment ( edit ) Ten largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2016 -- 17 academic year Ranking University Location Enrollment Reference ( s ) University of Central Florida Orlando , Florida 64,335 Texas A&M University College Station , Texas 60,435 Ohio State University Columbus , Ohio 59,482 Florida International University Miami , Florida 55,111 5 University of Florida Gainesville , Florida 52,367 6 Arizona State University Tempe , Arizona 51,869 7 University of Minnesota Minneapolis / Saint Paul , Minnesota 51,580 8 University of Texas at Austin Austin , Texas 51,331 9 Michigan State University East Lansing , Michigan 50,344 10 Indiana University Bloomington , Indiana 49,695 2015 -- 16 enrollment ( edit ) Ten largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2015 -- 16 academic year Ranking University Location Enrollment Reference ( s ) University of Central Florida Orlando , Florida 63,016 Ohio State University Columbus , Ohio 58,663 Texas A&M University College Station , Texas 58,515 Florida International University Miami , Florida 54,058 5 University of Florida Gainesville , Florida 52,518 6 Arizona State University Tempe , Arizona 51,984 7 University of Texas at Austin Austin , Texas 50,950 8 University of Minnesota Minneapolis / Saint Paul , Minnesota 50,678 9 Michigan State University East Lansing , Michigan 50,543 10 Indiana University Bloomington , Indiana 48,514 2013 -- 14 enrollment ( edit ) Ten largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2013 -- 14 academic year Ranking University Location Enrollment Reference ( s ) Arizona State University Tempe , Arizona 62,599 University of Central Florida Orlando , Florida 59,770 Ohio State University Columbus , Ohio 58,322 Florida International University Miami , Florida 52,986 5 Texas A&M University College Station , Texas 52,449 6 University of Minnesota Minneapolis / Saint Paul , Minnesota 51,147 7 University of Texas at Austin Austin , Texas 51,145 8 Michigan State University East Lansing , Michigan 50,085 9 University of Florida Gainesville , Florida 49,042 10 Indiana University Bloomington , Indiana 46,817 2012 -- 13 enrollment ( edit ) Ten largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2012 -- 13 academic year Ranking University Location Enrollment Reference ( s ) Arizona State University Tempe , Arizona 60,169 University of Central Florida Orlando , Florida 60,048 Ohio State University Columbus , Ohio 57,466 University of Texas at Austin Austin , Texas 52,186 5 University of Minnesota Minneapolis / Saint Paul , Minnesota 51,853 6 Florida International University Miami , Florida 50,396 7 Texas A&M University College Station , Texas 50,227 8 University of Florida Gainesville , Florida 49,913 9 Michigan State University East Lansing , Michigan 48,906 10 Pennsylvania State University University Park , Pennsylvania 45,351 2011 -- 12 enrollment ( edit ) Ten largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2011 -- 12 academic year Ranking University Location Enrollment Reference ( s ) Arizona State University Tempe , Arizona 59,794 University of Central Florida Orlando , Florida 58,587 Ohio State University Columbus , Ohio 56,867 University of Minnesota Minneapolis / Saint Paul , Minnesota 52,557 5 University of Texas at Austin Austin , Texas 51,112 6 Texas A&M University College Station , TX 49,861 7 University of Florida Gainesville , Florida 49,589 8 Florida International University Miami , Florida 47,966 9 Michigan State University East Lansing , Michigan 47,800 10 Pennsylvania State University University Park , Pennsylvania 44,485 2010 -- 11 enrollment ( edit ) Ten largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2010 -- 11 academic year Ranking University Location Enrollment Reference ( s ) Arizona State University Tempe , Arizona 58,000 University of Central Florida Orlando , Florida 56,235 Ohio State University Columbus , Ohio 56,064 University of Minnesota Minneapolis / Saint Paul , Minnesota 51,721 5 University of Texas at Austin Austin , Texas 51,195 6 University of Florida Gainesville , Florida 49,827 7 Texas A&M University College Station , Texas 49,129 8 Michigan State University East Lansing , Michigan 47,131 9 Pennsylvania State University University Park , Pennsylvania 44,034 10 Florida International University Miami , Florida 44,010 2009 -- 10 enrollment ( edit ) Ten largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2009 -- 10 academic year Ranking University Location Enrollment Reference ( s ) Arizona State University Tempe , Arizona 55,552 Ohio State University Columbus , Ohio 55,014 University of Central Florida Orlando , Florida 53,537 University of Minnesota Minneapolis / Saint Paul , Minnesota 51,659 5 University of Texas at Austin Austin , Texas 51,032 6 University of Florida Gainesville , Florida 50,691 7 Texas A&M University College Station , Texas 48,885 8 Michigan State University East Lansing , Michigan 47,100 9 Pennsylvania State University University Park , Pennsylvania 44,832 10 Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington , Indiana 42,347 See also ( edit ) University portal United States portal World 's largest universities List of largest United States universities by enrollment List of largest United States universities by undergraduate enrollment Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ASU consists of four campuses located in the same metro area ; this count is for the Tempe , Arizona campus only . ^ Jump up to : ASU consists of four campuses located in the same metro area ; this count is for the Tempe , Arizona campus only . Jump up ^ OSU - Columbus campus lists their undergraduate , graduate , and professional enrollments at 45,289 and 10,219 , and 3,155 , respectively , for a total enrollment of 58,663 students . Jump up ^ OSU consists of six campuses spread across the state of Ohio ; this count is for the Columbus , Ohio campus only . ^ Jump up to : Official main campus enrollment count includes students enrolled in relatively small regional campuses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University Enrollment Profile - Fall 2017 '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Institutional Knowledge Management - 2017 - 2018 Enrollment '' . University of Central Florida . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Ohio State University 2017 Enrollment Report '' ( PDF ) . The Ohio State University . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Common Data Set 2017 - 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Florida International University . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Common Data Set 2016 - 2017 - UF Main Campus '' ( PDF ) . University of Florida . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Campus and Unit Enrollment by Academic Level for Fall 2017 '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Institutional Reporting , Research , and Information Systems '' . The University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Enrollment Trends '' . Arizona State University . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Template : Https://www.gsu.edu/about/ Jump up ^ `` Michigan State University Fall 2017 Enrollment Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Institutional Knowledge Management - 2016 - 2017 Enrollment '' . University of Central Florida . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University Enrollment Profile - Fall 2016 '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Ohio State University Autumn Term Enrollment By Level Columbus Campus 1957 - Present '' ( PDF ) . The Ohio State University . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Common Data Set 2016 - 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Florida International University . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Common Data Set 2016 - 2017 - UF Main Campus '' ( PDF ) . University of Florida . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Enrollment Trends '' . Arizona State University . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Campus and Unit Enrollment by Academic Level for Fall 2016 '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Institutional Reporting , Research , and Information Systems '' . The University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State University Fall 2016 Enrollment Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` University Institutional Research and Reporting - Bloomington Fast Facts - Fall 2016 '' . Indiana University . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Institutional Knowledge Management - 2015 - 2016 Enrollment '' . University of Central Florida . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Ohio State University Autumn Term Enrollment By Level Columbus Campus 1957 - Present '' ( PDF ) . The Ohio State University . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University Enrollment Profile - Fall 2015 '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis and Information Management - Quick Facts '' . Florida International University . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Enrollment - Office of Institutional Planning '' . University of Florida . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona State University at the Tempe campus Common Data Set 2015 - 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Arizona State University . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The University of Texas System Quick Facts for Fall 2016 '' ( PDF ) . University of Texas System . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` All Enrollment Data for Fall 2015 '' . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State University Office of the Registrar Comparison of Student Enrollments '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` University Institutional Research and Reporting - Bloomington Fast Facts - Fall 2015 '' . Indiana University . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona State University Quick Facts Fall 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Arizona State University . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` UCF Current Enrollment Facts ( Archived June 30 , 2014 ) '' . University of Central Florida . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Ohio State University Autumn Term Enrollment By Level Columbus Campus 1957 - Present '' ( PDF ) . The Ohio State University . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` FIU Historical Fall Headcount '' ( PDF ) . Florida International University . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University Enrollment Profile - Fall 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` All Enrollment Data for Fall 2014 '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The University of Texas System Quick Facts for Fall 2013 '' ( PDF ) . University of Texas System . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` MSU Facts '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` University of Florida Fact Book - First Day Enrollment '' . University of Florida . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` University Institutional Research and Reporting - Bloomington Fast Facts - Fall 2013 '' . Indiana University . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Arizona State University Quick Facts Fall 2012 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Freshman Class Sets New Records , Fall Enrollment May Top 60,000 Jump up ^ The Ohio State University - Statistical Summary Autumn 2012 Jump up ^ The University of Texas at Austin Office of Information Management and Analysis -- Summary Enrollment Data Fall 2012 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ University of Minnesota OIR : Enrollment Headcount Data for Fall 2012 Jump up ^ Florida International University Quick Facts - University Headcount Fall 2012 Archived 2011 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Texas A&M University Common Data Set 2012 - 2013 Jump up ^ University of Florida Fall Enrollment 2012 ^ Jump up to : Michigan State University Facts Jump up ^ Undergraduate and Graduate / First PSU Professional Fall Enrollment 2012 and 2011 Jump up ^ Arizona State University Quick Facts Fall 2011 ( PDF ) Archived 2012 - 02 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Big East : A Monumental Week for UCF Jump up ^ The Ohio State University - Statistical Summary Autumn 2011 Jump up ^ University of Minnesota OIR : Enrollment Headcount Data for Fall 2011 Jump up ^ The University of Texas at Austin Office of Information Management and Analysis -- Summary Enrollment Data Fall 2011 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Texas A&M University Common Data Set 2011 - 2012 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ University of Florida Fall Enrollment 2011 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Florida International University . En.wikipedia.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ PSU Fall to Fall Enrollment Comparison 2012 and 2011 Jump up ^ Fall 2010 enrollment shows record high retention , quality , diversity Jump up ^ Growth With Quality : UCF is Nation 's Second - Largest University Jump up ^ Ohio State sets new enrollment records Jump up ^ University of Minnesota OIR : Campus and Unit Enrollment by Academic Level for Fall 2010 Jump up ^ The University of Texas at Austin Office of Information Management and Analysis -- Summary Enrollment Data Fall 2010 Jump up ^ University of Florida Fall Enrollment 2010 Jump up ^ Texas A&M University -- Enrollment Profile Fall 2010 Jump up ^ MSU Facts ^ Jump up to : PSU 10 Year Historical Enrollment Jump up ^ Florida International University Quick Facts - University Headcount Fall 2010 Archived 2011 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ASU fall 2009 enrollment sets record Archived 2009 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ASU 's Tempe campus now nation 's largest Jump up ^ UCF Moves Up , Now Nation 's 3rd Largest Jump up ^ University of Minnesota releases enrollment numbers for current school year : UMNews : University of Minnesota Jump up ^ The University of Texas at Austin Preliminary Enrollment Analysis for Fall 2009 Jump up ^ University of Florida Fall Enrollment 2009 Jump up ^ A&M Fall Enrollment Record High Jump up ^ MSU enrollment up slightly from a year ago Jump up ^ Indiana University Fact Book Bloomington Enrollment by Level Fall 2009 External links ( edit ) National Center for Educational Statistics Enrollment Graph 2002 National Center for Educational Statistics Enrollment Graph 2004 National Center for Education Statistics Enrollment Graph 2005 ( hide ) Largest United States university campuses by enrollment Arizona State University University of Central Florida The Ohio State University Florida International University Texas A&M University University of Texas at Austin Michigan State University University of Florida University of Minnesota Indiana University ( 2013 -- 14 Academic Year ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_university_campuses_by_enrollment&oldid=841721237 '' Categories : Lists of universities and colleges in the United States United States - related lists of superlatives Statistics of education Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 16 : 35 . About Wikipedia	what are the largest colleges in the us	[ "\n\nTen largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2017–18 academic year\n\nRanking\nUniversity\nLocation\nEnrollment\nReference(s)\n\n\n\n1\nTexas A&M University\nCollege Station, Texas\n68,603\n[1]\n\n\n2\nUniversity of Central Florida\nOrlando, Florida\n66,180\n[2]\n\n\n3\nOhio State University\nColumbus, Ohio\n59,837\n[3]\n\n\n4\nFlorida International University\nMiami, Florida\n56,851\n[4]\n\n\n5\nUniversity of Florida\nGainesville, Florida\n52,367\n[5]\n\n\n6\nUniversity of Minnesota\nMinneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota\n51,848\n\n\n7\nUniversity of Texas at Austin\nAustin, Texas\n51,525\n[7]\n\n\n8\nArizona State University [note 1]\nTempe, Arizona\n51,164\n[8]\n\n\n9\nGeorgia State University\nAtlanta, Georgia\n51,000\n[9]\n\n\n10\nMichigan State University\nEast Lansing, Michigan\n50,019\n[10]\n\n", "\n\nTen largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2017–18 academic year\n\nRanking\nUniversity\nLocation\nEnrollment\nReference(s)\n\n\n\n1\nTexas A&M University\nCollege Station, Texas\n68,603\n[1]\n\n\n2\nUniversity of Central Florida\nOrlando, Florida\n66,180\n[2]\n\n\n3\nOhio State University\nColumbus, Ohio\n59,837\n[3]\n\n\n4\nFlorida International University\nMiami, Florida\n56,851\n[4]\n\n\n5\nUniversity of Florida\nGainesville, Florida\n52,367\n[5]\n\n\n6\nUniversity of Minnesota\nMinneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota\n51,848\n\n\n7\nUniversity of Texas at Austin\nAustin, Texas\n51,525\n[7]\n\n\n8\nArizona State University [note 1]\nTempe, Arizona\n51,164\n[8]\n\n\n9\nGeorgia State University\nAtlanta, Georgia\n51,000\n[9]\n\n\n10\nMichigan State University\nEast Lansing, Michigan\n50,019\n[10]\n\n", "\n\nTen largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2017–18 academic year\n\nRanking\nUniversity\nLocation\nEnrollment\nReference(s)\n\n\n\n1\nTexas A&M University\nCollege Station, Texas\n68,603\n[1]\n\n\n2\nUniversity of Central Florida\nOrlando, Florida\n66,180\n[2]\n\n\n3\nOhio State University\nColumbus, Ohio\n59,837\n[3]\n\n\n4\nFlorida International University\nMiami, Florida\n56,851\n[4]\n\n\n5\nUniversity of Florida\nGainesville, Florida\n52,367\n[5]\n\n\n6\nUniversity of Minnesota\nMinneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota\n51,848\n\n\n7\nUniversity of Texas at Austin\nAustin, Texas\n51,525\n[7]\n\n\n8\nArizona State University [note 1]\nTempe, Arizona\n51,164\n[8]\n\n\n9\nGeorgia State University\nAtlanta, Georgia\n51,000\n[9]\n\n\n10\nMichigan State University\nEast Lansing, Michigan\n50,019\n[10]\n\n", "\n\nTen largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2017–18 academic year\n\nRanking\nUniversity\nLocation\nEnrollment\nReference(s)\n\n\n\n1\nTexas A&M University\nCollege Station, Texas\n68,603\n[1]\n\n\n2\nUniversity of Central Florida\nOrlando, Florida\n66,180\n[2]\n\n\n3\nOhio State University\nColumbus, Ohio\n59,837\n[3]\n\n\n4\nFlorida International University\nMiami, Florida\n56,851\n[4]\n\n\n5\nUniversity of Florida\nGainesville, Florida\n52,367\n[5]\n\n\n6\nUniversity of Minnesota\nMinneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota\n51,848\n\n\n7\nUniversity of Texas at Austin\nAustin, Texas\n51,525\n[7]\n\n\n8\nArizona State University [note 1]\nTempe, Arizona\n51,164\n[8]\n\n\n9\nGeorgia State University\nAtlanta, Georgia\n51,000\n[9]\n\n\n10\nMichigan State University\nEast Lansing, Michigan\n50,019\n[10]\n\n", "\n\nTen largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2017–18 academic year\n\nRanking\nUniversity\nLocation\nEnrollment\nReference(s)\n\n\n\n1\nTexas A&M University\nCollege Station, Texas\n68,603\n[1]\n\n\n2\nUniversity of Central Florida\nOrlando, Florida\n66,180\n[2]\n\n\n3\nOhio State University\nColumbus, Ohio\n59,837\n[3]\n\n\n4\nFlorida International University\nMiami, Florida\n56,851\n[4]\n\n\n5\nUniversity of Florida\nGainesville, Florida\n52,367\n[5]\n\n\n6\nUniversity of Minnesota\nMinneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota\n51,848\n\n\n7\nUniversity of Texas at Austin\nAustin, Texas\n51,525\n[7]\n\n\n8\nArizona State University [note 1]\nTempe, Arizona\n51,164\n[8]\n\n\n9\nGeorgia State University\nAtlanta, Georgia\n51,000\n[9]\n\n\n10\nMichigan State University\nEast Lansing, Michigan\n50,019\n[10]\n\n", "\n\nTen largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2017–18 academic year\n\nRanking\nUniversity\nLocation\nEnrollment\nReference(s)\n\n\n\n1\nTexas A&M University\nCollege Station, Texas\n68,603\n[1]\n\n\n2\nUniversity of Central Florida\nOrlando, Florida\n66,180\n[2]\n\n\n3\nOhio State University\nColumbus, Ohio\n59,837\n[3]\n\n\n4\nFlorida International University\nMiami, Florida\n56,851\n[4]\n\n\n5\nUniversity of Florida\nGainesville, Florida\n52,367\n[5]\n\n\n6\nUniversity of Minnesota\nMinneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota\n51,848\n\n\n7\nUniversity of Texas at Austin\nAustin, Texas\n51,525\n[7]\n\n\n8\nArizona State University [note 1]\nTempe, Arizona\n51,164\n[8]\n\n\n9\nGeorgia State University\nAtlanta, Georgia\n51,000\n[9]\n\n\n10\nMichigan State University\nEast Lansing, Michigan\n50,019\n[10]\n\n", "\n\nTen largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2017–18 academic year\n\nRanking\nUniversity\nLocation\nEnrollment\nReference(s)\n\n\n\n1\nTexas A&M University\nCollege Station, Texas\n68,603\n[1]\n\n\n2\nUniversity of Central Florida\nOrlando, Florida\n66,180\n[2]\n\n\n3\nOhio State University\nColumbus, Ohio\n59,837\n[3]\n\n\n4\nFlorida International University\nMiami, Florida\n56,851\n[4]\n\n\n5\nUniversity of Florida\nGainesville, Florida\n52,367\n[5]\n\n\n6\nUniversity of Minnesota\nMinneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota\n51,848\n\n\n7\nUniversity of Texas at Austin\nAustin, Texas\n51,525\n[7]\n\n\n8\nArizona State University [note 1]\nTempe, Arizona\n51,164\n[8]\n\n\n9\nGeorgia State University\nAtlanta, Georgia\n51,000\n[9]\n\n\n10\nMichigan State University\nEast Lansing, Michigan\n50,019\n[10]\n\n", "\n\nTen largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2017–18 academic year\n\nRanking\nUniversity\nLocation\nEnrollment\nReference(s)\n\n\n\n1\nTexas A&M University\nCollege Station, Texas\n68,603\n[1]\n\n\n2\nUniversity of Central Florida\nOrlando, Florida\n66,180\n[2]\n\n\n3\nOhio State University\nColumbus, Ohio\n59,837\n[3]\n\n\n4\nFlorida International University\nMiami, Florida\n56,851\n[4]\n\n\n5\nUniversity of Florida\nGainesville, Florida\n52,367\n[5]\n\n\n6\nUniversity of Minnesota\nMinneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota\n51,848\n\n\n7\nUniversity of Texas at Austin\nAustin, Texas\n51,525\n[7]\n\n\n8\nArizona State University [note 1]\nTempe, Arizona\n51,164\n[8]\n\n\n9\nGeorgia State University\nAtlanta, Georgia\n51,000\n[9]\n\n\n10\nMichigan State University\nEast Lansing, Michigan\n50,019\n[10]\n\n", "\n\nTen largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2017–18 academic year\n\nRanking\nUniversity\nLocation\nEnrollment\nReference(s)\n\n\n\n1\nTexas A&M University\nCollege Station, Texas\n68,603\n[1]\n\n\n2\nUniversity of Central Florida\nOrlando, Florida\n66,180\n[2]\n\n\n3\nOhio State University\nColumbus, Ohio\n59,837\n[3]\n\n\n4\nFlorida International University\nMiami, Florida\n56,851\n[4]\n\n\n5\nUniversity of Florida\nGainesville, Florida\n52,367\n[5]\n\n\n6\nUniversity of Minnesota\nMinneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota\n51,848\n\n\n7\nUniversity of Texas at Austin\nAustin, Texas\n51,525\n[7]\n\n\n8\nArizona State University [note 1]\nTempe, Arizona\n51,164\n[8]\n\n\n9\nGeorgia State University\nAtlanta, Georgia\n51,000\n[9]\n\n\n10\nMichigan State University\nEast Lansing, Michigan\n50,019\n[10]\n\n", "\n\nTen largest public university campuses by enrollment during the 2017–18 academic year\n\nRanking\nUniversity\nLocation\nEnrollment\nReference(s)\n\n\n\n1\nTexas A&M University\nCollege Station, Texas\n68,603\n[1]\n\n\n2\nUniversity of Central Florida\nOrlando, Florida\n66,180\n[2]\n\n\n3\nOhio State University\nColumbus, Ohio\n59,837\n[3]\n\n\n4\nFlorida International University\nMiami, Florida\n56,851\n[4]\n\n\n5\nUniversity of Florida\nGainesville, Florida\n52,367\n[5]\n\n\n6\nUniversity of Minnesota\nMinneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota\n51,848\n\n\n7\nUniversity of Texas at Austin\nAustin, Texas\n51,525\n[7]\n\n\n8\nArizona State University [note 1]\nTempe, Arizona\n51,164\n[8]\n\n\n9\nGeorgia State University\nAtlanta, Georgia\n51,000\n[9]\n\n\n10\nMichigan State University\nEast Lansing, Michigan\n50,019\n[10]\n\n" ]	[ "Texas A&M University", "University of Central Florida", "Ohio State University", "Florida International University", "University of Florida", "University of Minnesota", "University of Texas at Austin", "Arizona State University", "Georgia State University", "Michigan State University" ]
380089363579077994	Punta Cana International Airport	Punta Cana International airport - wikipedia Punta Cana International airport Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Punta Cana International Airport Aeropuerto Internacional Punta Cana IATA : PUJ ICAO : MDPC Summary Airport type Public - private Owner / Operator Punta Cana Resort and Club / Grupo Punta Cana Serves Punta Cana , Higuey Location Punta Cana in La Altagracia Province , Dominican Republic Opened December 17 , 1983 Elevation AMSL 40 ft / 12.2 m Coordinates 18 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 68 ° 21 ′ 07 '' W / 18.56667 ° N 68.35194 ° W / 18.56667 ; - 68.35194 Coordinates : 18 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 68 ° 21 ′ 07 '' W / 18.56667 ° N 68.35194 ° W / 18.56667 ; - 68.35194 Website www.puntacanainternationalairport.com Map MDPC Location of airport in Dominican Republic Runways Direction Length Surface ft m 08 / 26 10,171 3,100 Asphalt , concrete 09 / 27 10,171 3,100 Asphalt , concrete Statistics ( 2017 ) Passengers 7,331,415 Aircraft Operations ( 2013 ) 54,060 Source : Banco Central República Dominicana Runway 08 / 26 All traffic . Runway 09 / 27 Light traffic only . Punta Cana International Airport ( IATA : PUJ , ICAO : MDPC ) is a privately owned commercial airport in Punta Cana , eastern Dominican Republic . The airport is built in a traditional Dominican style with open - air terminals with their roofs covered in palm fronds . Grupo PuntaCana built the airport , which was designed by architect Oscar Imbert , and inaugurated it in December 1983 . It became the first privately owned international airport in the world . A number of scheduled and charter airlines fly to Punta Cana ; more than 6.3 million passengers ( arrivals and departures combined ) pass through the terminals , moved by almost 60,000 commercial aircraft operations . The operators of the airport , Corporación Aeroportuaria del Este , S.A. ( a private corporation run by Puntacana Resort and Club ) , expanded the facility in November 2011 with a new runway and air traffic control tower designed to support the robust growth of travel to the region . In 2014 , the airport accounted for 60 % of all air arrivals in the Dominican Republic . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Former airstrip 1.2 Planning and construction 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000s 2 Facilities 2.1 Terminals 2.2 Expansion projects 2.3 U.S. preclearance 3 Airlines and destinations 3.1 Passenger 4 Statistics 5 Accidents and incidents 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aerial view Apron view Check - in area Former airstrip ( edit ) The history of aviation in the Punta Cana region started in 1971 , when Grupo PuntaCana built its first hotel and a small airstrip where aircraft could land . There were no terminals and no runway ; it was just a flat piece of land . The only problem was that the area was very secluded from the rest of the Dominican Republic . Also , many more people were starting to go to Punta Cana for vacation , with more and more small cabins being built . Since there were no roads nor harbors , the only way to get into Punta Cana was by air . In the late 1970s a road was built , to connect the area with the capital of that province , Higüey . Tourists from various countries started to come in . They had to pass through Las Américas International Airport in Santo Domingo , then take a short flight in a single - engine plane to Punta Cana . The airstrip itself had significant problems , such as having a very short runway and still no terminal . This meant passengers would exit their plane and be directed onto a road to be picked up to ride to their hotel , which was inconvenient . Grupo PuntaCana knew it needed a real airport . Planning and construction ( edit ) In late 1974 , Grupo PuntaCana started to plan the first private international airport . However , the local government disapproved of the new airport . After eight full years of arguing with the province , a contract was made to begin construction on the new airport . The airport would be built were the old airstrip stood . In early 1981 planning started on the airport . Oscar Imbert ( son of General Imbert ) was chosen to as architect . He wanted the terminal architecture to be based on Native American Taines and Arawak structures . At the same time , he wanted to give the passengers a paradise feeling . The problem is that the planners did not want to pay for expensive air conditioning . The solution to this problem was to build the terminal in such a way that the coastal breezes from the Caribbean Sea would come in and cool down the passengers . The terminal building was planned to have fronds of cane palms of the roof , and for the walls , stone from the nearby jungles . For the columns , they would use eucalyptus logs . Construction on the new airport started in early 1982 , and the small airstrip had to close down . To substitute for the loss , a small concrete airstrip was made into a temporary airport . This strip would turn into a runway when the airport opened . Since the terminal was small and there was not a lot of construction needed , the terminal was completed in under four months . The runway and tarmac took a long time since there were not many construction workers building the airport . The area was secluded , which dissuaded many construction workers from trying to build the airport . However , after eight years of persuading the government , and two more years of construction , the airport began operations on December 17 , 1983 . 1980s ( edit ) The airport started out with a 5,000 - foot runway , which could fit larger propeller planes . The building was 300 square meters in area , and could assist 150 passengers every hour and a half . The small control tower began to be used . In January 1984 , Punta Cana had its first international flight from San Juan , Puerto Rico operated by the local airline Prinair . The aircraft was a small double turbo propeller aircraft with 20 passengers . In its first year , 1984 , it received 2,976 passengers With a proper airport , many new hotels were built during this time period . However , now that there were more hotels , more people wanted to fly to Punta Cana . There was an increased demand to bring jet aircraft to Punta Cana . This led to the airport 's first expansion in 1987 . The runway was expanded to 7,500 feet , along with a small expansion of the terminal . The tarmac was expanded to accommodate jet aircraft . The terminal was renovated and more check - in stands were built . This expansion allowed many more aircraft to land at the airport . The small control tower was also renovated , with new radar systems added . However , large jet aircraft did not fly to Punta Cana until the early 1990s . During this time , new airlines from around the Caribbean started to fly here . The second expansion was added in 1988 , in which a new taxiway was added so it could be easier to get off the runway and onto the tarmac. 1989 was also when the first private jets started to fly to the airport . There were only about four airlines in 1988 . All of these small airlines were regional , coming from different parts of the Caribbean . Towards the end of 1989 , another expansion started to expand the runway to 10,171 feet . This expansion was completed in late 1990 . 1990s ( edit ) The 1990s brought a major change to the airport . Now that the runway was 10,171 feet , long - haul jets could fly there . In late 1992 , the airline Condor Flugdienst acquired several new Boeing 767s . During this time , the airline was expanding rapidly . One of its new destinations was Punta Cana . The planes would fly from Frankfurt on a 10 - hour flight . This became the first route from Europe , and the first long - haul route in the airport 's history . Around the same time , LTU International started a route from Berlin . Also , many airlines around the Caribbean stopped operations to the airport , since now there were long - haul flights . In 1993 , the airline Hapag - Lloyd Flug began a route from Düsseldorf . Air Transat began a route from Montréal , which became the first route from Canada . In 1994 , American Airlines started operations to Miami International Airport . The same year , Lauda Air began operations from Vienna . The Dutch wanted a route to Punta Cana , so in January 1995 , Martinair began operations from Amsterdam Schiphol . ATA Airlines started to fly to Midway International Airport in early 1996 . In October 1996 , the Chilean airline Lan Chile began to fly 767s from Bogota and Santiago . Over time , more airlines from Europe , Canada , and the US began operations to Punta Cana . In 1997 , three more airlines were added . There was increasing demand for an expansion , as the tarmac was not big enough to fit all of the new jet aircraft . This was becoming a major problem , as new airlines could not introduce new routes unless the airport expanded . In 1998 , two new airlines began operations . Towards the end of 1998 , the tarmac was extremely busy and dangerous , since the aircraft had to taxi on the runway itself , turn and then take off . There was a high risk of a collision on the runway if two planes were on it at the same time . Sometimes the narrow taxiways were so full , some airplanes had to wait 20 minutes before beginning to taxi to the runway . During 1999 , only one airline started to fly there , because the small airport was too crowded . As the number of passengers only escalated , Grupo PuntaCana began to plan a massive expansion . The expansion began in late 1999 , and ended in late 2000 . 2000s ( edit ) In 2000 , there was a major expansion : the terminal was expanded twice its original size and was renovated again , there was a long taxiway added to prevent a collision on the runway , and the tarmac was expanded and renovated to fit six aircraft . This expansion was completed in 2001 . By then one more airline was added , and by 2001 , two more . During this time , Punta Cana was changing ; malls and roads were being built , along with brand new hotels . Now , many people were flying to Punta Cana , and once again the airport was crowded by 2002 . A new parking lot was built along with the new Punta Cana Village . That year , no new airlines flew there . By 2003 , there was a small expansion of the terminal and the tarmac was expanded to allow seven passenger airplanes to park at the airport . This was also the year the Grupo Puntacana had begun the planning of a second runway . In 2004 , there was a second expansion on the tarmac to allow many more aircraft to fly there . This was also when older airlines started to cease operations to the airport . By 2005 , only 15 airlines flew to the airport . That same year , the construction of a second runway was approved , and planning on the runway started . Facilities ( edit ) Terminals ( edit ) The airport has five terminals : International Terminals A and B for international passenger travel ; FBO Terminal , located west of terminal B , for executive general aviation , both national and international ; National Terminal , located east of the FBO terminal , for national charter and general aviation ; and VIP Terminal , located east of Terminal A , a private terminal including an aircraft parking apron . Punta Cana International Airport serves 96 cities in 28 countries . Terminal B was built to hold larger aircraft like the Airbus A380 along with seven airbridges , one being for the Airbus A380 . This new terminal was completed in 2014 and can comfortably accommodate 6,500 travelers daily and over 2 million travelers annually . Expansion projects ( edit ) Punta Cana 's airport operators completed an airport expansion project in November 2011 , which included a new runway and a control tower equipped with modern radio and air traffic control equipment . There are also a new Terminal Approach Radar Control facility and a new Automated Weather Observation Station ( AWOS ) . This new facility provides a back - up to the National Radar System located in Santo Domingo . A second international terminal which opened in 2014 is designed to accommodate about 6,500 passengers daily . The operators plan to open a third terminal and renovate runway 09 / 27 while also constructing a cargo terminal . US preclearance ( edit ) Plans were underway for a U.S. Customs and Border Protection preclearance station to be opened at the airport by the end of summer 2009 ; however , this has not yet begun . According to Frank Rainieri , president of Grupo Puntacana , negotiations have re-opened ( as of June 2015 ) and he anticipates that this airport will be the first in Latin America to offer such preclearance service . Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Aerolíneas Argentinas Buenos Aires -- Ezeiza Air Antilles Express Seasonal : Pointe - à - Pitre Air Canada Seasonal : Halifax , Ottawa Air Canada Rouge Montreal -- Trudeau , Toronto -- Pearson Air Caraibes Paris -- Orly Air Europa Madrid Air France Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Air Transat Montréal -- Trudeau , Québec City , Toronto -- Pearson Seasonal : Calgary , Edmonton , Fredericton , Halifax , Hamilton , London ( ON ) , Moncton , Ottawa , Regina , Saskatoon , Sault Ste . Marie , St. John 's , Thunder Bay , Vancouver , Windsor , Winnipeg American Airlines Charlotte , Miami , Philadelphia Seasonal : Boston , Chicago -- O'Hare , Dallas / Fort Worth , New York -- JFK Apple Vacations Charter : Cincinnati Seasonal charter : Boston , Cleveland , Detroit , Lansing , Milwaukee , Pittsburgh , St. Louis Avianca Bogotá Avianca Ecuador Charter : Quito Avianca Peru Lima Azur Air Moscow -- Domodedovo , St. Petersburg Azur Air ( Germany ) Charter : Düsseldorf British Airways London -- Gatwick Condor Düsseldorf , Frankfurt , Munich Copa Airlines Panama City Copa Airlines Colombia Panama City Delta Air Lines Atlanta , New York -- JFK Seasonal : Boston , Detroit , Minneapolis / St. Paul Edelweiss Air Zürich Eurowings Cologne / Bonn ( ends 27 October 2018 ) Seasonal : Düsseldorf , Munich ( begins May 4 , 2018 ) Evelop Airlines Madrid French Bee Paris -- Orly Frontier Airlines Chicago -- O'Hare , Philadelphia Gol Transportes Aéreos São Paulo -- Guarulhos I - Fly Seasonal charter : Moscow -- Vnukovo JetBlue Airways Boston , Fort Lauderdale , New York -- JFK , San Juan LATAM Brasil Brasília LATAM Chile Miami , Santiago de Chile LATAM Perú Lima LOT Polish Airlines Seasonal charter : Warsaw -- Chopin Magni Seasonal charter : Monterrey Nordwind Seasonal charter : Moscow -- Sheremetyevo Orbest Seasonal : Lisbon , Madrid Rutaca Airlines Caracas Rossiya Airlines Seasonal Charter : Moscow -- Vnukovo Servicios Aéreos Profesionales Charter : Antigua , Aruba , Barbados , Curaçao , Holguin , Pointe - à - Pitre , Port of Spain , St. Maarten , Santo Domingo -- Las Américas , Varadero Southwest Airlines Atlanta , Baltimore , Chicago -- Midway , Fort Lauderdale Spirit Airlines Fort Lauderdale Sun Country Airlines Seasonal : Dallas / Fort Worth , Minneapolis / St. Paul Sunwing Airlines Montreal - Trudeau , Québec City , Toronto - Pearson Seasonal : Calgary , Edmonton , Halifax , Hamilton , Kitchener , Mont - Joli , Ottawa , Vancouver , Winnipeg TAME Charter : Quito Thomas Cook Airlines Manchester ( UK ) Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia Charter : Copenhagen , Stockholm -- Arlanda Travel Service Polska Seasonal charter : Warsaw -- Chopin TUI Airways Manchester Seasonal : Birmingham , Bristol , London -- Gatwick TUI fly Belgium Brussels TUI fly Netherlands Seasonal : Amsterdam Seasonal charter : Katowice , Poznań , Warsaw United Airlines Houston -- Intercontinental , Newark Seasonal : Chicago -- O'Hare , Washington -- Dulles Vacation Express Charter : Cincinnati Seasonal charter : Atlanta , Austin ( begins May 28 , 2018 ) , Baltimore , Buffalo , Charlotte , Chicago -- O'Hare , Cleveland , Columbus -- Glenn , Dallas / Fort Worth , Detroit , Houston -- Intercontinental , Indianapolis , Kansas City , Nashville , New Orleans , Newark , Pittsburgh , Tampa Wamos Air Madrid WestJet Toronto -- Pearson Wingo Bogota XL Airways France Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Seasonal : Bordeaux , Lyon , Nantes , Toulouse Statistics ( edit ) Busiest international routes from PUJ ( 2017 ) Rank City Passengers Carriers Toronto - Pearson 479,743 Air Canada Rouge , Air Transat , Sunwing Airlines , Westjet New York -- JFK 410,886 American Airlines , Delta Air Lines , JetBlue Atlanta 380,133 Delta Air Lines , Southwest Airlines , Vacation Express Moscow ( Domodedovo , Sheremetyevo , Vnukovo ) 350,000 Azur Air , I - Fly , Nordwind , Rossiya 5 Panama City 342,964 Copa Airlines 6 Miami 321,755 American Airlines , LATAM Chile 7 Montreal 302,008 Air Canada , Air Transat , Sunwing Airlines 8 Lima 253,739 Avianca Peru , LATAM Perú , Latin American Wings 9 Newark 235,750 United Airlines , Vacation Express 10 Charlotte 231,409 American Airlines 11 Paris - Charles de Gaulle 231,343 Air France , XL Airways 12 Philadelphia 190,865 American Airlines , Frontier Airlines 13 Chicago - O'Hare 178,639 American Airlines , Frontier Airlines , United Airlines , Vacation Express 14 Bogota 162,036 Avianca , Wingo 15 London - Gatwick 142,784 British Airways , TUI Airways 16 Baltimore 135,461 Southwest Airlines , Vacation Express 17 San Juan 129,254 JetBlue 18 Dusseldorf 95,373 Air Berlin , Condor Flugdienst , Eurowings 19 Buenos Aires 79,081 Aerolineas Argentinas 20 Frankfurt 76,604 Condor Flugdienst 21 Cologne 76,418 Eurowings 22 Washington - Dulles 75,772 United Airlines 23 Brussels 74,347 TUI fly Belgium 24 Boston 68,540 American Airlines , Apple Vacations , JetBlue 25 Minneapolis 67,864 Delta Airlines , Sun Country Airlines 26 São Paulo 60,187 Gol Transportes Aereos 27 Munich 53,754 Condor Flugdienst , Eurowings 28 St. Petersburg 52,344 Azur Air 29 Zurich 47,734 Edelweiss Air 30 Birmingham 41,152 TUI Airways Accidents and incidents ( edit ) On October 13 , 2014 , the engine of a Jetstream Bae 32 aircraft belonging to Air Century Airlines caught fire while landing after a charter flight from Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in San Juan , Puerto Rico . The airplane crew declared an emergency and landed the aircraft at 20 : 45 local time , after a 49 - minute flight , but the plane was destroyed in a subsequent fire . There were no injuries among the 13 passengers and two crew members . See also ( edit ) List of the busiest airports in Dominican Republic List of the busiest airports in the Caribbean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Grupo PuntaCana '' . GrupoPuntaCana.com.do . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.puntacanainternationalairport.com/assets/punta-cana-tech-data-fact-sheet_2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` -- Airport Information '' . Puntacanainternationalairport.com . ^ Jump up to : Major , Brian ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` North Americans Drove Dominican Republic 's Record 2014 Tourism Growth '' . travAlliancemedia . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Airport , Punta Cana International . `` The Official Website of Punta Cana International AirportDominican Republic flights to Punta Cana International Airport '' . www.PuntaCanaInternationalAirport.com . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PUJ is ready to inaugurate modern , convenient air travel with Terminal B '' . Puntacana Blogs . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Busiest Dominican airport to have U.S. Customs , Immigration station , Nuevo Diario reports Archived 8 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . from the Dominican Times retrieved 25 July 2008 Jump up ^ Bavaro News ; Year X ; edition 287 ; page 4 ^ Jump up to : `` airtransat adds new nonstop sectors for W17 '' . Routes Online . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Condor Flugdienst GmbH press release : Even more Caribbean : Condor starts long - haul flights from Düsseldorf '' 19 September 2017 Jump up ^ 2018 . `` Eurowings verlegt Langstrecke von Köln nach Düsseldorf '' . rp-online.de . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/274888/eurowings-adds-dusseldorf-caribbean-routes-in-w17/ Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/273710/eurowings-outlines-new-s18-long-haul-routes/ Jump up ^ 2017 , UBM ( UK ) Ltd . `` Southwest expands Ft . Lauderdale international routes from Nov 2017 '' . RoutesOnline.com . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ https://patch.com/texas/north-austin/austin-airport-launch-nonstop-service-punta-cana-dominican-republic Jump up ^ http://www.kansascity.com/news/business/article164543847.html Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://www.jac.gob.do/transparencia/images/docs/estadisticas/Informe%20Estad%C3%ADstico%20sobre%20el%20Transporte%20A%C3%A9reo%20en%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%202016.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Se incendia avión que despegó desde San Juan '' . El Nuevo Dia . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Punta Cana International Airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website Airport information for MDPC at World Aero Data . Data current as of October 2006 . ( hide ) Airports in the Dominican Republic International Barahona La Romana -- International Puerto Plata Punta Cana Samaná -- Arroyo Barril Samaná -- El Catey Santiago Santo Domingo -- Las Américas Santo Domingo -- La Isabela Domestic Constanza Dajabón Montecristi Pedernales Sabana de la Mar San Juan de la Maguana San Pedro Military San Isidro Air Base Field Azua Boca Chica Consuelo Consuelo -- Batey Anita Cotuí -- Angelina Cotuí -- San Miguel El Valle Enriquillo Esperanza Higüey Jimani La Romana -- La Caleta La Vega -- El Ponton Montecristi -- Walterio Monte Plata San Cristobal San Pedro -- Ingenio Quisqueya Closed Herrera International Airport Samaná -- El Portillo Santiago Municipal Airport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punta_Cana_International_Airport&oldid=835691790 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in La Altagracia Province Airports in the Dominican Republic Airports established in 1984 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from February 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2017 All articles needing style editing Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from October 2017 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Тоҷикӣ Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 05 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the airport code for punta cana	[ "Punta Cana International Airport (IATA: PUJ, ICAO: MDPC) is a privately owned commercial airport in Punta Cana, eastern Dominican Republic. The airport is built in a traditional Dominican style with open-air terminals with their roofs covered in palm fronds. Grupo PuntaCana[1] built the airport, which was designed by architect Oscar Imbert, and inaugurated it in December 1983. It became the first privately owned international airport in the world.[2]", "Punta Cana International Airport (IATA: PUJ, ICAO: MDPC) is a privately owned commercial airport in Punta Cana, eastern Dominican Republic. The airport is built in a traditional Dominican style with open-air terminals with their roofs covered in palm fronds. Grupo PuntaCana[1] built the airport, which was designed by architect Oscar Imbert, and inaugurated it in December 1983. It became the first privately owned international airport in the world.[2]" ]	[ "PUJ", "MDPC" ]
-2865635537344537703	Daylight saving time in the United States	Daylight saving time in the United states - Wikipedia Daylight saving time in the United states Jump to : navigation , search Ohio Clock in the U.S. Capitol being turned forward for the country 's first daylight saving time in 1918 Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year , so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less . Most areas of the United States observe daylight saving time ( DST ) , the exceptions being Arizona ( except for the Navajo , who do observe daylight saving time on tribal lands ) , Hawaii , and the overseas territories of American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the United States Virgin Islands . The Uniform Time Act of 1966 established the system of uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US . In the U.S. , daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November , with the time changes taking place at 2 : 00 a.m. local time . With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons , clocks `` spring forward , fall back '' -- that is , in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2 : 00 a.m. to 3 : 00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks ( 238 days ) every year , about 65 % of the entire year . The following table lists recent past and near future starting and ending dates of daylight saving time in the United States : Year Start End 2015 March 8 November 1 2016 March 13 November 6 2017 March 12 November 5 2018 March 11 November 4 2019 March 10 November 3 2020 March 8 November 1 2021 March 14 November 7 2022 March 13 November 6 2023 March 12 November 5 2024 March 10 November 3 Contents ( hide ) 1 History of DST in the United States 1.1 1916 -- 1966 : Early , inconsistent use 1.2 1966 -- 1972 : Federal standard established 1.3 1973 -- 1975 : Year - round experiment 1.4 1975 -- 1986 : Extension of daylight saving time 1.5 2005 -- 2009 : Second extension 2 Procedure for modifications 2.1 Changing an area 's time zone 2.2 Moving an area on or off DST 3 Local DST observance 3.1 Alaska 3.2 Arizona 3.2. 1 Reservations in Arizona 3.3 California 3.4 Florida 3.5 Hawaii 3.6 Indiana 3.7 Michigan 3.8 Nevada 3.9 Washington 3.10 Other U.S. locations 4 Time zones 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History of DST in the United states ( edit ) Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784 . His essay , `` An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light '' , written to the editor of The Journal of Paris , observed that Parisians could save on candles by getting out of bed earlier in the morning , making use of the natural morning light instead . Franklin 's suggestion seems to have been more of a joke than a real proposal , and nothing came of it . 1916 -- 1966 : early , inconsistent use ( edit ) During World War I , in an effort to conserve fuel , Germany began observing DST on May 1 , 1916 . The rest of Europe soon followed . The plan was not adopted in the United States until the Standard Time Act of March 19 , 1918 , which confirmed the existing standard time zone system and set summer DST to begin on March 31 , 1918 ( reverting October 27 ) . The idea was unpopular and Congress abolished DST after the war , overriding President Woodrow Wilson 's veto . DST became a local option and was observed in some states until World War II , when President Franklin Roosevelt instituted year - round DST , called `` War Time '' , on February 9 , 1942 . It lasted until the last Sunday ( the 30th ) in September 1945 . After 1945 many states and cities east of the Mississippi River ( and mostly north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers ) adopted summer DST . From 1945 to 1966 there was no federal law on daylight saving time , so localities could choose when it began and ended or drop it entirely . As of 1954 , only California and Nevada had statewide DST west of the Mississippi , and only a few cities between Nevada and St. Louis . In the 1964 Official Railway Guide , 21 of the 48 contiguous states had no DST anywhere . 1966 -- 1972 : federal standard established ( edit ) By 1962 , the transportation industry found the lack of consistency confusing enough to push for federal regulation . The result was the Uniform Time Act of 1966 ( P.L. 89 - 387 ) . Beginning in 1967 , the act mandated standard time within the established time zones and provided for advanced time : clocks would be advanced one hour beginning at 2 : 00 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and turned back one hour at 2 : 00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October . States were allowed to exempt themselves from DST as long as the entire state did so . If a state chose to observe DST , the time changes were required to begin and end on the established dates . In 1967 , Arizona and Michigan became the first states to exempt themselves from DST ( Michigan would begin observing DST in 1972 ) . In 1972 , the act was amended ( P.L. 92 - 267 ) , allowing those states split between time zones to exempt either the entire state or that part of the state lying within a different time zone . The newly created Department of Transportation ( DOT ) was given power to enforce the law . As of 2014 , the following states and territories are not observing DST : Arizona , Hawaii , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands . 1973 -- 1975 : year - round Experiment ( edit ) During the 1973 oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OAPEC ) , in an effort to conserve fuel , Congress enacted a trial period of year - round DST ( P.L. 93 - 182 ) , beginning January 6 , 1974 , and ending April 27 , 1975 . The trial was hotly debated . Those in favor pointed to increased daylight hours in the summer evening : more time for recreation , reduced lighting and heating demands , reduced crime , and reduced automobile accidents . The opposition was concerned about children leaving for school in the dark . The act was amended in October 1974 ( P.L. 93 - 434 ) to return to standard time for the period beginning October 27 , 1974 , and ending February 23 , 1975 , when DST resumed . When the trial ended in 1975 , the country returned to observing summer DST ( with the aforementioned exceptions ) . 1975 -- 1986 : extension of daylight saving time ( edit ) The DOT , evaluating the plan of extending DST into March , reported in 1975 that `` modest overall benefits might be realized by a shift from the historic six - month DST ( May through October ) in areas of energy conservation , overall traffic safety and reduced violent crime . '' However , DOT also reported that these benefits were minimal and difficult to distinguish from seasonal variations and fluctuations in energy prices . Congress then asked the National Bureau of Standards ( NBS , today NIST ) to evaluate the DOT report . Its report , `` Review and Technical Evaluation of the DOT Daylight Saving Time Study '' ( April 1976 ) , found no significant energy savings or differences in traffic fatalities . It did find statistically significant evidence of increased fatalities among school - age children in the mornings during the four - month period January -- April 1974 as compared with the same period ( non-DST ) of 1973 . NBS stated that it was impossible to determine , what , if any , of this increase was due to DST . When this data was compared between 1973 and 1974 for the months of March and April , no significant difference was found in fatalities among school - age children in the mornings . In 1986 Congress enacted P.L. 99 - 359 , amending the Uniform Time Act by changing the beginning of DST to the first Sunday in April and having the end remain the last Sunday in October . These start and end dates were in effect from 1987 to 2006 . The time was adjusted at 2 : 00 a.m. local time . 2005 -- 2009 : second extension ( edit ) By the Energy Policy Act of 2005 , daylight saving time ( DST ) was extended in the United States beginning in 2007 . As from that year , DST begins on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November . In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday , these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer ; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer . In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2 : 00 a.m. DST ( 0200 ) ( 1 : 00 a.m. ST ) on Sunday , November 2 , and in 2009 it began at 2 : 00 a.m. ( 3 : 00 a.m. DST ) on Sunday , March 8 . Under Section 110 of the Act , the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine months after the change took effect . The report , released in October 2008 , reported a nationwide electricity savings of 0.03 % for the year of 2007 . An October 2008 study conducted by the University of California at Santa Barbara for the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the 2006 DST adoption in Indiana increased energy consumption in Indiana by an average of 1 % . Although consumption for lighting dropped as a result of the DST adoption , consumption for heating and cooling increased by 2 % to 4 % . The cost to the average Indiana household of the DST adoption was determined to be $3.29 per year , for an aggregate cost of $1.7 million to $5.5 million per year . The United States Chamber of Commerce has praised the extension of daylight 's saving under the 2005 law , which increased the amount of shopping and commerce from after work in evenings . In the golf industry , the group has noted exceptional increase in revenue of `` $200 million in additional sales of golf clubs and greens fees '' . The extension of Daylight 's Saving has also had a notable impact on Halloween and candy sales . Wyoming Senator Michael Enzi and Michigan Representative Fred Upton advocated the extension from October into November especially to allow children to go trick - or - treating in more daylight . In some areas , the extension of daylight saving time in March and November has pushed back sunrise to as late as 8 : 30 am . Procedure for modifications ( edit ) Changing an area 's time zone ( edit ) Under the Standard Time Act of 1918 , as amended by the Uniform Time Act of 1966 , moving a state or an area within a state from one time zone to another requires a regulation issued by DOT . The governor or state legislature may initiate a request for the state or any part of the state ; the highest elected officials in the county may make a request for that county . The standard in the statute for such decisions is the convenience of commerce in that area . The convenience of commerce is defined broadly to consider such circumstances as the shipment of goods within the community ; the origin of television and radio broadcasts ; the areas where most residents work , attend school , worship , or receive health care ; the location of airports , railway , and bus stations ; and the major elements of the community 's economy . After receiving a request for altering a time zone , DOT determines whether it meets the requirement of minimum statutory criteria before issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking , soliciting public comment and scheduling a public hearing . Usually the hearing is held in the area requesting the change so that all affected parties can be represented . After the close of the comment period , the comments are reviewed and appropriate final action taken . If the Secretary agrees that the statutory requirement has been met , the change is instituted , usually at the next changeover to or from DST . Moving an area on or off DST ( edit ) Under the Uniform Time Act , moving an area on or off DST is accomplished through legal action at the state level . Some states require legislation while others require executive action such as a governor 's executive order . Information on procedures required in a specific state may be obtained from that state 's legislature or governor 's office . Although it may exempt itself , if a state decides to observe DST , the dates of observance must comply with federal legislation . Local DST observance ( edit ) Alaska ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2017 ) Alaska observes DST . Due to its high latitude , Alaska has nearly round - the - clock daylight during summer , and DST is seen by some Alaskans as unnecessary and a nuisance . Another issue is that the Alaskan mainland 's single time zone , which approximates solar time in the capital , Juneau , leads to a large disparity between civil time and solar time for much of the state , with solar noon occurring as late as 2 : 00 p.m. in the population centers of Anchorage and Fairbanks , and as late as 3 : 00 p.m. in places such as Nome . In Fairbanks , for example , sunset occurs well after civil midnight in the summer . Others argue that ending daylight saving time will place Alaska as much as five hours from Eastern Daylight Time , making coordination of travel and phone conversations more difficult . In March 2015 the Alaska Senate passed a bill , introduced by state senator Anna MacKinnon , to end daylight saving time . The Alaska House formed a sub-committee that was due to look into the issue during the 2016 legislative session . Arizona ( edit ) Arizona observed DST in 1967 under the Uniform Time Act because the state legislature did not enact an exemption statute that year . In March 1968 the DST exemption statute was enacted and the state of Arizona has not observed DST since 1967 . This is in large part due to an effort to conserve energy . Phoenix and Tucson are among the hottest U.S. metropolitan areas during the summer , resulting in more power usage from air conditioning units and evaporative coolers in homes and businesses . An extra hour of sunlight while people are active would cause people to run their cooling systems longer , thereby using more energy . Reservations in Arizona ( edit ) The Navajo Indian Reservation extends into Utah and New Mexico and does observe daylight saving time . The Hopi Reservation is entirely within the state of Arizona and is an enclave within the Navajo Indian Reservation , but does not observe DST . California ( edit ) California voters passed Proposition 12 in 1949 , approving DST in the state . In February 2017 , California Assembly member Kansen Chu introduced A.B. 807 , proposing to enable the legislature to eliminate DST in the state , or , if federal law allows , to adopt DST for the entire year . However , Chu later shelved his bill in September 2017 . Florida ( edit ) Daylight time is less useful in Florida compared to other states because its southern location leads to less variations in day length between winter and summer . Without DST , Miami , for instance , would experience similar sunrise and sunset times throughout the year to cities including Honolulu or Hong Kong , which have both abandoned DST for decades . There is opposition to DST in Florida . State senator Bill Posey introduced a bill in March 2008 to abolish daylight time in the state and keep Florida on year - round standard time . Because Florida straddles two time zones , the Florida legislature has the option of returning all or part of the state to standard time along time zone boundaries ( i.e. placing the portion of the state in the Eastern time zone on standard time , while leaving the portion in the Central time zone on DST , so that the whole state had a common time ) . There are currently no states that keep daylight saving time year round . On March 6 , 2018 , the Florida Senate approved the `` Sunshine Protection Act '' which would put Florida on permanent Daylight Saving Time year round , and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23 . Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change . Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaii has never observed daylight saving time under the Uniform Time Act , having opted out of the Act 's provisions in 1967 . Because of Hawaii 's tropical latitude , there is not a large variation in daylight length between winter and summer . Advancing the clock in Hawaii would make sunrise times close to 7 : 00 a.m. even in June . Most of the inhabited islands are located close to the west end of the Hawaii - Aleutian time zone , but Oahu , Kauai , and Niihau are located more than 7 degrees west of the Hawaii - Aleutian time zone 's meridian and should , theoretically , be located in the next time zone to the west . ( Until about 1946 Hawaiian standard time was based on longitude 157.5 degrees west rather than 150 degrees . ) On April 26 , 1933 , the Territorial Legislature enacted a bill placing Hawaii on daylight saving time from the last Sunday in April ( April 30 in that year ) to the last Sunday in September , but the law was repealed three weeks later on May 21 , 1933 . During World War II between February 9 , 1942 and September 30 , 1945 , Hawaiian Standard Time was advanced one hour to so - called `` Hawaiian War Time , '' effectively placing the territory on year - round daylight saving time . Indiana ( edit ) See also : Time in Indiana From 1970 until 2006 , most of Indiana in the Eastern Time Zone did not observe daylight saving time , but the entire state started to do so in April 2006 after eight counties in western Indiana were shifted from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone . One goal for observing DST was to get more Indiana counties observing the same time zone ; formerly , 77 counties observed EST , 5 observed EST / EDT ( the EDT usage being unofficial only ) , and 10 observed CST / CDT . As of 2016 , Indiana has 12 counties observing Central Daylight Time while the remaining 80 counties observe Eastern Daylight Time . Those counties observing CST are in two groups : one near or in the Chicago metropolitan area , and the other around Evansville in the southwest corner of the state . Michigan ( edit ) In 1967 , the Michigan Legislature adopted a statute , Act 6 of the Public Acts of 1967 , exempting the state from the observance of DST . The exemption statute was suspended on June 14 , 1967 , however , when the referendum was invoked . From June 14 , 1967 until the last Sunday in October 1967 , Michigan observed DST , and did so in 1968 as well . The exemption statute was submitted to the voters at the General Election held in November 1968 , and , in a close vote , the exemption statute was sustained . As a result , Michigan did not observe DST in 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , or 1972 . ( Radio station CKLW in Windsor , Ontario , just across the river from Detroit , was popular on both sides of the border and would often give both times on the air , e.g. `` It 's 4 : 30 in Detroit and 5 : 30 in Windsor ! '' ) In November 1972 , an initiative measure , repealing the exemption statute , was approved by the voters . Michigan again observed DST in 1973 , and has continued to do so since then . The vast majority of Michigan is in the Eastern Time Zone . Only the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin ( Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee ) are in the Central Time Zone . Nevada ( edit ) In 2015 , the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4 , which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year . This would mean that Nevada is on the same time as Arizona all year , but would be an hour ahead of California in the winter . The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard . Washington ( edit ) In 2015 , Rep. Elizabeth Scott ( R - Monroe ) filed a House bill to end DST in Washington , and a companion bill was filed in the Senate . She told a House committee that the semiannual time switches are not only inconvenient but lead to health problems and accidents due to lost sleep . She added that the bill to drop daylight saving time would reduce heart attacks , car wrecks , and work accidents found to increase with the sleep - schedule disruptions . A different Senate Bill would petition the federal government for year - round DST . The bills were defeated . Other U.S. locations ( edit ) All U.S. insular territories with civilian government ( American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands ) lie in the tropics and do not observe DST . While neighboring Samoa began observing DST in September 2010 , the smaller American Samoa can not legally follow because of the DST observation period mandated by the Uniform Time Act . This period is actually wintertime in this Southern Hemisphere territory . Time zones ( edit ) Many computer operating systems ( such as Microsoft Windows , Linux , UNIX , and macOS ) and programming languages ( such as Java , perl , and most shell languages ) allow a local time zone setting in the format of ( standard time zone abbreviation ) ( UTC hour difference ) ( daylight saving time zone abbreviation ) . This allows programs and programming languages that must do calculations based on local time to more easily calculate differences between local time and UTC , as well as knowing whether calculations should be changed during daylight saving time . For example , a time zone setting of EST5EDT indicates that local time on the computer is 5 hours behind UTC and should be adjusted for daylight saving time . Time Zone Standard Time Daylight Saving Time TZ Atlantic Time Zone AST ( UTC - 4 ) ADT ( UTC - 3 ) AST4ADT Eastern Time Zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) EST5EDT Central Time Zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) CST6CDT Mountain Time Zone MST ( UTC - 7 ) MDT ( UTC - 6 ) MST7MDT Pacific Time Zone PST ( UTC - 8 ) PDT ( UTC - 7 ) PST8PDT Alaska Time Zone AKST ( UTC - 9 ) AKDT ( UTC - 8 ) AKST9AKDT Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone HAST ( UTC - 10 ) HADT ( UTC - 9 ) Aleutian Islands only HAST10HADT See also ( edit ) General topic Daylight saving time Daylight saving time by country CHU distributes official time in Canada History of time in the United States includes a list of historical daylight saving dates back to 1918 Official civil time distribution WWV and WWVH ( NIST Shortwave ) WWVB ( NIST Longwave ) Quasi-governmental time distribution systems CDMA cellphone stratum 2 time distribution system GNSS global navigation stratum 1 time distribution system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most of Exempt from Daylight Saving Time '' , timeanddate.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daylight Time '' . United States Naval Observatory . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ History of Daylight Saving Time , timeanddate.com ; accesses 2017.03. 05 . Jump up ^ Editors ( 25 October 1918 ) . `` Clocks Change Tomorrow '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times Company . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ 66th U.S. Congress . `` CHAP. 51 . An Act For the repeal of the daylight - saving law '' ( pdf ) . Legis Works . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . ( Pub. L. 66 -- 40 , 41 Stat. 280 , enacted August 20 , 1919 ) Jump up ^ 77th U.S. Congress . `` AN ACT To promote the national security and defense by establishing daylight saving time '' ( pdf ) . Legis Works . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . ( Pub. L. 77 -- 403 , 56 Stat. 9 , enacted January 20 , 1942 ) ^ Jump up to : Source : CRS Report to Congress s : Congressional Research Service Report RS22284 Daylight Saving Time Jump up ^ 93rd U.S. Congress . `` AN ACT To provide for daylight saving time on a year - round basis for a two - year trial period , ... '' ( pdf ) . United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . ( Pub. L. 93 -- 182 , 87 Stat. 707 , enacted December 15 , 1973 ) Jump up ^ Dunning , Brian . `` Skeptoid # 172 : Daylight Saving Time Myths '' . Skeptoid . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 109th U.S. Congress . `` Sec. 110 . Daylight Savings '' ( PDF ) . An Act To ensure jobs for our future with secure , affordable , and reliable energy . United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . ( Pub. L. 109 -- 58 , 119 Stat. 594 , enacted August 8 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Douma , Michael ( 2008 ) . `` Daylight Saving Time -- When do we change our clocks ? '' . Institute for Dynamic Educational Advancement . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Time and Frequency Division FAQ '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Jump up ^ Belzer , David B. ( October 2008 ) . `` Impact of Extended Daylight Saving Time on National Energy Consumption '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Energy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lotchen , Matthew ( October 2008 ) . `` Does Daylight Saving Time Save Energy ? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Indiana '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunshine daydream : Florida bill would make daylight saving time year - round '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Reasoning Behind Changing Daylight - Saving '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ast , William F. III ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Time shifts backward early Sunday morning '' . The Herald - Palladium . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moritz , Katie ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Clock Stopped on Daylight Saving Time Repeal -- For Now '' . Juneau Empire . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shimoda , Yoshiyuki ; Asahi , Takahiro ; Taniguchi , Ayako ; Mizuno , Minoru ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of city - scale impact of residential energy conservation measures using the detailed end - use simulation model '' . Energy . 32 ( 9 ) : 1617 . doi : 10.1016 / j. energy. 2007.01. 007 . Jump up ^ `` Navajo Nation '' . Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Proposition 12 : Daylight Saving Time '' . UC Hastings Scholarship Repository . University of California Hastings . 1949 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California Wants To Ban Daylight Saving Time '' . The Huffington Post . March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A.B. 807 , 2017 -- 2018 Reg . Sess . ( Cal. 2017 ) . An act to add Section 6808 to the Government Code , and to repeal Sections 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 of the Daylight Saving Time Act , an initiative measure approved at the November 8 , 1949 , special election , relating to daylight saving time . Jump up ^ Murphy , Katy ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` California debates daylight saving time -- again '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexei , Koseff ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Daylight saving time survives another year in the California Legislature '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HB 701 -- Daylight Saving Time '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Colavecchio - Van Sickler , Shannon ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Posey 's daylight savings bill moves '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ `` Florida Gov. says yes to daylight saving time year - round '' . The Charlotte Observer . Associated Press . 2018 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Revised Statutes , § 1 - 31 '' . Capitol.hawaii.gov . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Astronomical Data Applications '' . U.S. Naval Meteorology & Oceanography Command . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Session Laws of Hawaii , 933 , enacted by Act 90 ( approved April 26 , 1933 ) and repealed by Act 163 ( approved May 21 , 1933 ) . Cited in Schmitt , Robert ; Cox , Doak ( 1992 ) . `` Hawaiian Time '' . The Hawaiian Journal of History . 26 : 220 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitt and Cox , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana ( a 139 KB PDF file ) Jump up ^ Assembly Joint Resolution No. 4 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Nevada Legislature. 2015 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Nevada lawmakers urge Congress to allow state to stay on daylight savings time '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill would end daylight saving time in Washington state '' . The Oregonian . AP . February 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nunnally , Derrick ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Lawmakers want to end Daylight Saving Time in Washington '' . AP . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate bill to end Daylight Saving Time in Washington dies '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Washington Post : Overview of anti-DST initiatives by states in 2015 Steverman , Ben ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Proof daylight saving time is dumb , dangerous , and costly '' . Boston Globe . Bloomberg News . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ( hide ) Daylight saving time in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=832231051 '' Categories : Daylight saving time in the United States Daylight saving time by country 1918 introductions 1918 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 17 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is arizona the only state that doesn't do daylight savings time	[]	[]
4140447421200259112	Public-key cryptography	Public - key cryptography - wikipedia Public - key cryptography Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents . To comply with Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines , please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article 's key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article . ( discuss ) . ( December 2015 ) An unpredictable ( typically large and random ) number is used to begin generation of an acceptable pair of keys suitable for use by an asymmetric key algorithm . In an asymmetric key encryption scheme , anyone can encrypt messages using the public key , but only the holder of the paired private key can decrypt . Security depends on the secrecy of the private key . In the Diffie -- Hellman key exchange scheme , each party generates a public / private key pair and distributes the public key . After obtaining an authentic copy of each other 's public keys , Alice and Bob can compute a shared secret offline . The shared secret can be used , for instance , as the key for a symmetric cipher . Public key cryptography , or asymmetrical cryptography , is any cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys : public keys which may be disseminated widely , and private keys which are known only to the owner . This accomplishes two functions : authentication , where the public key verifies a holder of the paired private key sent the message , and encryption , where only the paired private key holder can decrypt the message encrypted with the public key . In a public key encryption system , any person can encrypt a message using the receiver 's public key . That encrypted message can only be decrypted with the receiver 's private key . To be practical , the generation of a public and private key - pair must be computationally economical . The strength of a public key cryptography system relies on the computational effort ( work factor in cryptography ) required to find the private key from its paired public key . If so , effective security only requires keeping the private key private ; the public key can be openly distributed without compromising security . Public key cryptography systems often rely on cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems that currently admit no efficient solution -- particularly those inherent in certain integer factorization , discrete logarithm , and elliptic curve relationships . Public key algorithms , unlike symmetric key algorithms , do not require a secure channel for the initial exchange of one ( or more ) secret keys between the parties . Because of the computational complexity of asymmetric encryption , it is usually used only for small blocks of data , typically the transfer of a symmetric encryption key ( e.g. a session key ) . This symmetric key is then used to encrypt the rest of the potentially long message sequence . The symmetric encryption / decryption is based on simpler algorithms and is much faster . In a public key signature system , a person can combine a message with a private key to create a short digital signature on the message . Anyone with the corresponding public key can combine a message , a putative digital signature on it , and the known public key to verify whether the signature was valid -- made by the owner of the corresponding private key . Changing the message , even replacing a single letter , will cause verification to fail : in a secure signature system , it is computationally infeasible for anyone who does not know the private key to deduce it from the public key or from any number of signatures , or to find a valid signature on any message for which a signature has not hitherto been seen . Thus the authenticity of a message can be demonstrated by the signature , provided the owner of the private key keeps the private key secret . Public key algorithms are fundamental security ingredients in cryptosystems , applications and protocols . They underpin various Internet standards , such as Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) , S / MIME , PGP , and GPG . Some public key algorithms provide key distribution and secrecy ( e.g. , Diffie -- Hellman key exchange ) , some provide digital signatures ( e.g. , Digital Signature Algorithm ) , and some provide both ( e.g. , RSA ) . Public key cryptography finds application in , among others , the information technology security discipline , information security . Information security ( IS ) is concerned with all aspects of protecting electronic information assets against security threats . Public key cryptography is used as a method of assuring the confidentiality , authenticity and non-repudiability of electronic communications and data storage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Classified discovery 2.2 Public discovery 3 Typical use 4 Security 5 Practical considerations 5.1 Enveloped Public Key Encryption 5.1. 1 Public Key Encryption 5.1. 2 Digital signatures 5.2 Certification authority 5.3 Postal analogies 5.4 Actual algorithms : two linked keys 5.5 Weaknesses 5.6 Computational cost 5.7 Associating public keys with identities 5.8 Relation to real world events 5.8. 1 Privilege of key revocation 5.8. 2 Distribution of a new key 5.8. 3 Spreading the revocation 5.8. 4 Recovery from a leaked key 6 Examples 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) Two of the best - known uses of public key cryptography are : Public key encryption , in which a message is encrypted with a recipient 's public key . The message can not be decrypted by anyone who does not possess the matching private key , who is thus presumed to be the owner of that key and the person associated with the public key . This is used in an attempt to ensure confidentiality . Digital signatures , in which a message is signed with the sender 's private key and can be verified by anyone who has access to the sender 's public key . This verification proves that the sender had access to the private key , and therefore is likely to be the person associated with the public key . This also ensures that the message has not been tampered with , as a signature is mathematically bound to the message it originally was made with , and verification will fail for practically any other message , no matter how similar to the original message . An analogy to public key encryption is that of a locked mail box with a mail slot . The mail slot is exposed and accessible to the public -- its location ( the street address ) is , in essence , the public key . Anyone knowing the street address can go to the door and drop a written message through the slot . However , only the person who possesses the key can open the mailbox and read the message . An analogy for digital signatures is the sealing of an envelope with a personal wax seal . The message can be opened by anyone , but the presence of the unique seal authenticates the sender . A central problem with the use of public key cryptography is confidence / proof that a particular public key is authentic , in that it is correct and belongs to the person or entity claimed , and has not been tampered with or replaced by a malicious third party . The usual approach to this problem is to use a public key infrastructure ( PKI ) , in which one or more third parties -- known as certificate authorities -- certify ownership of key pairs . PGP , in addition to being a certificate authority structure , has used a scheme generally called the `` web of trust '' , which decentralizes such authentication of public keys by a central mechanism , and substitutes individual endorsements of the link between user and public key . To date , no fully satisfactory solution to the `` public key authentication problem '' has been found . History ( edit ) During the early history of cryptography , two parties would rely upon a key that they would exchange by means of a secure , but non-cryptographic , method such as a face - to - face meeting or a trusted courier . This key , which both parties kept absolutely secret , could then be used to exchange encrypted messages . A number of significant practical difficulties arise with this approach to distributing keys . In his 1874 book The Principles of Science , William Stanley Jevons wrote : Can the reader say what two numbers multiplied together will produce the number 8616460799 ? I think it unlikely that anyone but myself will ever know . Here he described the relationship of one - way functions to cryptography , and went on to discuss specifically the factorization problem used to create a trapdoor function . In July 1996 , mathematician Solomon W. Golomb said : `` Jevons anticipated a key feature of the RSA Algorithm for public key cryptography , although he certainly did not invent the concept of public key cryptography . '' Classified discovery ( edit ) In 1970 , James H. Ellis , a British cryptographer at the UK Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) , conceived of the possibility of `` non-secret encryption '' , ( now called public key cryptography ) , but could see no way to implement it . In 1973 , his colleague Clifford Cocks implemented what has become known as the RSA encryption algorithm , giving a practical method of `` non-secret encryption '' , and in 1974 , another GCHQ mathematician and cryptographer , Malcolm J. Williamson , developed what is now known as Diffie -- Hellman key exchange . The scheme was also passed to the USA 's National Security Agency . With a military focus , and low computing power , the power of public key cryptography was unrealised in both organisations : I judged it most important for military use ... if you can share your key rapidly and electronically , you have a major advantage over your opponent . Only at the end of the evolution from Berners - Lee designing an open internet architecture for CERN , its adaptation and adoption for the Arpanet ... did public key cryptography realise its full potential . -- Ralph Benjamin Their discovery did not become public knowledge for 27 years , until the research was declassified by the British government in 1997 . Public discovery ( edit ) In 1976 , an asymmetric key cryptosystem was published by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman who , influenced by Ralph Merkle 's work on public key distribution , disclosed a method of public key agreement . This method of key exchange , which uses exponentiation in a finite field , came to be known as Diffie -- Hellman key exchange . This was the first published practical method for establishing a shared secret - key over an authenticated ( but not confidential ) communications channel without using a prior shared secret . Merkle 's `` public key - agreement technique '' became known as Merkle 's Puzzles , and was invented in 1974 and published in 1978 . In 1977 , a generalization of Cocks ' scheme was independently invented by Ron Rivest , Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman , all then at MIT . The latter authors published their work in 1978 , and the algorithm came to be known as RSA , from their initials . RSA uses exponentiation modulo a product of two very large primes , to encrypt and decrypt , performing both public key encryption and public key digital signature . Its security is connected to the extreme difficulty of factoring large integers , a problem for which there is no known efficient general technique . In 1979 , Michael O. Rabin published a related cryptosystem that is probably secure as long as the factorization of the public key remains difficult -- it remains an assumption that RSA also enjoys this security . Since the 1970s , a large number and variety of encryption , digital signature , key agreement , and other techniques have been developed in the field of public key cryptography . The ElGamal cryptosystem , invented by Taher ElGamal relies on the similar and related high level of difficulty of the discrete logarithm problem , as does the closely related DSA , which was developed at the US National Security Agency ( NSA ) and published by NIST as a proposed standard . The introduction of elliptic curve cryptography by Neal Koblitz and Victor Miller , independently and simultaneously in the mid-1980s , has yielded new public key algorithms based on the discrete logarithm problem . Although mathematically more complex , elliptic curves provide smaller key sizes and faster operations for approximately equivalent estimated security . Typical use ( edit ) Public key cryptography is often used to secure electronic communication over an open networked environment such as the Internet , without relying on a hidden or covert channel , even for key exchange . Open networked environments are susceptible to a variety of communication security problems , such as man - in - the - middle attacks and spoofs . Communication security typically includes requirements that the communication must not be readable during transit ( preserving confidentiality ) , the communication must not be modified during transit ( preserving the integrity of the communication ) , the communication must originate from an identified party ( sender authenticity ) , and the recipient must not be able to repudiate or deny receiving the communication . Combining public key cryptography with an Enveloped Public Key Encryption ( EPKE ) method , allows for the secure sending of a communication over an open networked environment . In other words , even if an adversary listens to an entire conversation including the key exchange , the adversary would not be able to interpret the conversation . The distinguishing technique used in public key cryptography is the use of asymmetric key algorithms , where a key used by one party to perform encryption is not the same as the key used by another in decryption . Each user has a pair of cryptographic keys -- a public encryption key and a private decryption key . For example , a key pair used for digital signatures consists of a private signing key and a public verification key . The public key may be widely distributed , while the private key is known only to its proprietor . The keys are related mathematically , but the parameters are chosen so that calculating the private key from the public key is unfeasible . In contrast , symmetric key algorithms use a single secret key , which must be shared and kept private by both the sender ( for encryption ) and the receiver ( for decryption ) . To use a symmetric encryption scheme , the sender and receiver must securely share a key in advance . Because symmetric key algorithms are nearly always much less computationally intensive than asymmetric ones , it is common to exchange a key using a key - exchange algorithm , then transmit data using that key and a symmetric key algorithm . PGP and the SSL / TLS family of schemes use this procedure , and are thus called hybrid cryptosystems . Security ( edit ) Some encryption schemes can be proven secure on the basis of the presumed difficulty of a mathematical problem , such as factoring the product of two large primes or computing discrete logarithms . Note that `` secure '' here has a precise mathematical meaning , and there are multiple different ( meaningful ) definitions of what it means for an encryption scheme to be `` secure '' . The `` right '' definition depends on the context in which the scheme will be deployed . The most obvious application of a public key encryption system is confidentiality -- a message that a sender encrypts using the recipient 's public key can be decrypted only by the recipient 's paired private key . This assumes , of course , that no flaw is discovered in the basic algorithm used . Another application in public key cryptography is the digital signature . Digital signature schemes can be used for sender authentication and non-repudiation . The sender computes a digital signature for the message to be sent , then sends the signature ( together with the message ) to the intended receiver . Digital signature schemes have the property that signatures can be computed only with the knowledge of the correct private key . To verify that a message has been signed by a user and has not been modified , the receiver needs to know only the corresponding public key . In some cases ( e.g. , RSA ) , a single algorithm can be used to both encrypt and create digital signatures . In other cases ( e.g. , DSA ) , each algorithm can only be used for one specific purpose . To achieve both authentication and confidentiality , the sender should include the recipient 's name in the message , sign it using his private key , and then encrypt both the message and the signature using the recipient 's public key . These characteristics can be used to construct many other ( sometimes surprising ) cryptographic protocols and applications , such as digital cash , password - authenticated key agreement , multi-party key agreement , time - stamping services , non-repudiation protocols , etc . Practical considerations ( edit ) Enveloped public key encryption ( edit ) Enveloped Public Key Encryption ( EPKE ) is the method of applying public key cryptography and ensuring that an electronic communication is transmitted confidentially , has the contents of the communication protected against being modified ( communication integrity ) and can not be denied from having been sent ( non-repudiation ) . This is often the method used when securing communication on an open networked environment such by making use of the Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) or Secure Sockets Layer ( SSL ) protocols . EPKE consists of a two - stage process that includes both Public Key Encryption ( PKE ) and a digital signature . Both Public Key Encryption and digital signatures make up the foundation of Enveloped Public Key Encryption ( these two processes are described in full in their own sections ) . For EPKE to work effectively , it is required that : Every participant in the communication has their own unique pair of keys . The first key that is required is a public key and the second key that is required is a private key . Each person 's own private and public keys must be mathematically related where the private key is used to decrypt a communication sent using a public key and vice versa . Some well - known asymmetric encryption algorithms are based on the RSA cryptosystem . The private key must be kept absolutely private by the owner , though the public key can be published in a public directory such as with a certification authority . To send a message using EPKE , the sender of the message first signs the message using their own private key , this ensures non-repudiation of the message . The sender then encrypts their digitally signed message using the receiver 's public key thus applying a digital envelope to the message . This step ensures confidentiality during the transmission of the message . The receiver of the message then uses their private key to decrypt the message thus removing the digital envelope and then uses the sender 's public key to decrypt the sender 's digital signature . At this point , if the message has been unaltered during transmission , the message will be clear to the receiver . Due to the computationally complex nature of RSA - based asymmetric encryption algorithms , the time taken to encrypt large documents or files to be transmitted can be relatively long . To speed up the process of transmission , instead of applying the sender 's digital signature to the large documents or files , the sender can rather hash the documents or files using a cryptographic hash function and then digitally sign the generated hash value , therefore enforcing non-repudiation . Hashing is a much faster computation to complete as opposed to using an RSA - based digital signature algorithm alone . The sender would then sign the newly generated hash value and encrypt the original documents or files with the receiver 's public key . The transmission would then take place securely and with confidentiality and non-repudiation still intact . The receiver would then verify the signature and decrypt the encrypted documents or files with their private key . Note : The sender and receiver do not usually carry out the process mentioned above manually though , but rather rely on sophisticated software to automatically complete the EPKE process . Public key encryption ( edit ) The goal of Public Key Encryption ( PKE ) is to ensure that the communication being sent is kept confidential during transit . To send a message using PKE , the sender of the message uses the public key of the receiver to encrypt the contents of the message . The encrypted message is then transmitted electronically to the receiver and the receiver can then use their own matching private key to decrypt the message . The encryption process of using the receiver 's public key is useful for preserving the confidentiality of the message as only the receiver has the matching private key to decrypt the message . Therefore , the sender of the message can not decrypt the message once it has been encrypted using the receiver 's public key . However , PKE does not address the problem of non-repudiation , as the message could have been sent by anyone that has access to the receiver 's public key . Digital signatures ( edit ) Main article : Digital signature A digital signature is meant to prove a message came from a particular sender ; neither can anyone impersonate the sender nor can the sender deny having sent the message . This is useful for example when making an electronic purchase of shares , allowing the receiver to prove who requested the purchase . Digital signatures do not provide confidentiality for the message being sent . The message is signed using the sender 's private signing key . The digitally signed message is then sent to the receiver , who can then use the sender 's public key to verify the signature . Certification authority ( edit ) In order for Enveloped Public Key Encryption to be as secure as possible , there needs to be a `` gatekeeper '' of public and private keys , or else anyone could create key pairs and masquerade as the intended sender of a communication , proposing them as the keys of the intended sender . This digital key `` gatekeeper '' is known as a certification authority . A certification authority is a trusted third party that can issue public and private keys , thus certifying public keys . It also works as a depository to store key chain and enforce the trust factor . Postal analogies ( edit ) An analogy that can be used to understand the advantages of an asymmetric system is to imagine two people , Alice and Bob , who are sending a secret message through the public mail . In this example , Alice wants to send a secret message to Bob , and expects a secret reply from Bob . With a symmetric key system , Alice first puts the secret message in a box , and locks the box using a padlock to which she has a key . She then sends the box to Bob through regular mail . When Bob receives the box , he uses an identical copy of Alice 's key ( which he has somehow obtained previously , maybe by a face - to - face meeting ) to open the box , and reads the message . Bob can then use the same padlock to send his secret reply . In an asymmetric key system , Bob and Alice have separate padlocks . First , Alice asks Bob to send his open padlock to her through regular mail , keeping his key to himself . When Alice receives it , she uses it to lock a box containing her message , and sends the locked box to Bob . Bob can then unlock the box with his key and read the message from Alice . To reply , Bob must similarly get Alice 's open padlock to lock the box before sending it back to her . The critical advantage in an asymmetric key system is that Bob and Alice never need to send a copy of their keys to each other . This prevents a third party -- perhaps , in this example , a corrupt postal worker who opens unlocked boxes -- from copying a key while it is in transit , allowing the third party to spy on all future messages sent between Alice and Bob . So , in the public key scenario , Alice and Bob need not trust the postal service as much . In addition , if Bob were careless and allowed someone else to copy his key , Alice 's messages to Bob would be compromised , but Alice 's messages to other people would remain secret , since the other people would be providing different padlocks for Alice to use . Another kind of asymmetric key system , called a three - pass protocol , requires neither party to even touch the other party 's padlock ( or key to get access ) ; Bob and Alice have separate padlocks . First , Alice puts the secret message in a box , and locks the box using a padlock to which only she has a key . She then sends the box to Bob through regular mail . When Bob receives the box , he adds his own padlock to the box , and sends it back to Alice . When Alice receives the box with the two padlocks , she removes her padlock and sends it back to Bob . When Bob receives the box with only his padlock on it , Bob can then unlock the box with his key and read the message from Alice . Note that , in this scheme , the order of decryption is NOT the same as the order of encryption -- this is only possible if commutative ciphers are used . A commutative cipher is one in which the order of encryption and decryption is interchangeable , just as the order of multiplication is interchangeable ( i.e. , A * B * C = A * C * B = C * B * A ) . This method is secure for certain choices of commutative ciphers , but insecure for others ( e.g. , a simple XOR ) . For example , let E ( ) and E ( ) be two encryption functions , and let `` M '' be the message so that if Alice encrypts it using E ( ) and sends E ( M ) to Bob . Bob then again encrypts the message as E ( E ( M ) ) and sends it to Alice . Now , Alice decrypts E ( E ( M ) ) using E ( ) . Alice will now get E ( M ) , meaning when she sends this again to Bob , he will be able to decrypt the message using E ( ) and get `` M `` . Although none of the keys were ever exchanged , the message '' M `` may well be a key ( e.g. , Alice 's Public key ) . This three - pass protocol is typically used during key exchange . Actual algorithms : two linked keys ( edit ) Not all asymmetric key algorithms operate in this way . In the most common , Alice and Bob each own two keys , one for encryption and one for decryption . In a secure asymmetric key encryption scheme , the private key should not be deducible from the public key . This makes possible public key encryption , since an encryption key can be published without compromising the security of messages encrypted with that key . In other schemes , either key can be used to encrypt the message . When Bob encrypts a message with his private key , only his public key will successfully decrypt it , authenticating Bob 's authorship of the message . In the alternative , when a message is encrypted with the public key , only the private key can decrypt it . In this arrangement , Alice and Bob can exchange secret messages with no prior secret agreement , each using the other 's public key to encrypt , and each using his own private key to decrypt . Weaknesses ( edit ) Among symmetric key encryption algorithms , only the one - time pad can be proven to be secure against any adversary -- no matter how much computing power is available . However , there is no public key scheme with this property , since all public key schemes are susceptible to a `` brute - force key search attack '' . Such attacks are impractical if the amount of computation needed to succeed -- termed the `` work factor '' by Claude Shannon -- is out of reach of all potential attackers . In many cases , the work factor can be increased by simply choosing a longer key . But other algorithms may have much lower work factors , making resistance to a brute - force attack irrelevant . Some special and specific algorithms have been developed to aid in attacking some public key encryption algorithms -- both RSA and ElGamal encryption have known attacks that are much faster than the brute - force approach . These factors have changed dramatically in recent decades , both with the decreasing cost of computing power and with new mathematical discoveries . Aside from the resistance to attack of a particular key pair , the security of the certification hierarchy must be considered when deploying public key systems . Some certificate authority -- usually a purpose - built program running on a server computer -- vouches for the identities assigned to specific private keys by producing a digital certificate . Public key digital certificates are typically valid for several years at a time , so the associated private keys must be held securely over that time . When a private key used for certificate creation higher in the PKI server hierarchy is compromised , or accidentally disclosed , then a `` man - in - the - middle attack '' is possible , making any subordinate certificate wholly insecure . Major weaknesses have been found for several formerly promising asymmetric key algorithms . The ' knapsack packing ' algorithm was found to be insecure after the development of a new attack . Recently , some attacks based on careful measurements of the exact amount of time it takes known hardware to encrypt plain text have been used to simplify the search for likely decryption keys ( see `` side channel attack '' ) . Thus , mere use of asymmetric key algorithms does not ensure security . A great deal of active research is currently underway to both discover , and to protect against , new attack algorithms . Another potential security vulnerability in using asymmetric keys is the possibility of a `` man - in - the - middle '' attack , in which the communication of public keys is intercepted by a third party ( the `` man in the middle '' ) and then modified to provide different public keys instead . Encrypted messages and responses must also be intercepted , decrypted , and re-encrypted by the attacker using the correct public keys for different communication segments , in all instances , so as to avoid suspicion . This attack may seem to be difficult to implement in practice , but it is not impossible when using insecure media ( e.g. , public networks , such as the Internet or wireless forms of communications ) -- for example , a malicious staff member at Alice or Bob 's Internet Service Provider ( ISP ) might find it quite easy to carry out . In the earlier postal analogy , Alice would have to have a way to make sure that the lock on the returned packet really belongs to Bob before she removes her lock and sends the packet back . Otherwise , the lock could have been put on the packet by a corrupt postal worker pretending to be Bob , so as to fool Alice . One approach to prevent such attacks involves the use of a certificate authority , a trusted third party responsible for verifying the identity of a user of the system . This authority issues a tamper - resistant , non-spoofable digital certificate for the participants . Such certificates are signed data blocks stating that this public key belongs to that person , company , or other entity . This approach also has its weaknesses -- for example , the certificate authority issuing the certificate must be trusted to have properly checked the identity of the key - holder , must ensure the correctness of the public key when it issues a certificate , must be secure from computer piracy , and must have made arrangements with all participants to check all their certificates before protected communications can begin . Web browsers , for instance , are supplied with a long list of `` self - signed identity certificates '' from PKI providers -- these are used to check the bona fides of the certificate authority and then , in a second step , the certificates of potential communicators . An attacker who could subvert any single one of those certificate authorities into issuing a certificate for a bogus public key could then mount a `` man - in - the - middle '' attack as easily as if the certificate scheme were not used at all . In an alternate scenario rarely discussed , an attacker who penetrated an authority 's servers and obtained its store of certificates and keys ( public and private ) would be able to spoof , masquerade , decrypt , and forge transactions without limit . Despite its theoretical and potential problems , this approach is widely used . Examples include SSL and its successor , TLS , which are commonly used to provide security for web browser transactions ( for example , to securely send credit card details to an online store ) . Computational cost ( edit ) The public key algorithms known thus far are relatively computationally costly compared with most symmetric key algorithms of apparently equivalent security . The difference factor is the use of typically quite large keys . This has important implications for their practical use . Most are used in hybrid cryptosystems for reasons of efficiency -- in such a cryptosystem , a shared secret key ( `` session key '' ) is generated by one party , and this much briefer session key is then encrypted by each recipient 's public key . Each recipient then uses his own private key to decrypt the session key . Once all parties have obtained the session key , they can use a much faster symmetric algorithm to encrypt and decrypt messages . In many of these schemes , the session key is unique to each message exchange , being pseudo-randomly chosen for each message . Associating public keys with identities ( edit ) The binding between a public key and its `` owner '' must be correct , or else the algorithm may function perfectly and yet be entirely insecure in practice . As with most cryptography applications , the protocols used to establish and verify this binding are critically important . Associating a public key with its owner is typically done by protocols implementing a public key infrastructure -- these allow the validity of the association to be formally verified by reference to a trusted third party in the form of either a hierarchical certificate authority ( e.g. , X. 509 ) , a local trust model ( e.g. , SPKI ) , or a web of trust scheme , like that originally built into PGP and GPG , and still to some extent usable with them . Whatever the cryptographic assurance of the protocols themselves , the association between a public key and its owner is ultimately a matter of subjective judgment on the part of the trusted third party , since the key is a mathematical entity , while the owner -- and the connection between owner and key -- are not . For this reason , the formalism of a public key infrastructure must provide for explicit statements of the policy followed when making this judgment . For example , the complex and never fully implemented X. 509 standard allows a certificate authority to identify its policy by means of an object identifier , which functions as an index into a catalog of registered policies . Policies may exist for many different purposes , ranging from anonymity to military classifications . Relation to real world events ( edit ) A public key will be known to a large and , in practice , unknown set of users . All events requiring revocation or replacement of a public key can take a long time to take full effect with all who must be informed ( i.e. , all those users who possess that key ) . For this reason , systems that must react to events in real time ( e.g. , safety - critical systems or national security systems ) should not use public key encryption without taking great care . There are four issues of interest : Privilege of key revocation ( edit ) A malicious ( or erroneous ) revocation of some ( or all ) of the keys in the system is likely , or in the second case , certain , to cause a complete failure of the system . If public keys can be revoked individually , this is a possibility . However , there are design approaches that can reduce the practical chance of this occurring . For example , by means of certificates , we can create what is called a `` compound principal '' -- one such principal could be `` Alice and Bob have Revoke Authority '' . Now , only Alice and Bob ( in concert ) can revoke a key , and neither Alice nor Bob can revoke keys alone . However , revoking a key now requires both Alice and Bob to be available , and this creates a problem of reliability . In concrete terms , from a security point of view , there is now a `` single point of failure '' in the public key revocation system . A successful Denial of Service attack against either Alice or Bob ( or both ) will block a required revocation . In fact , any partition of authority between Alice and Bob will have this effect , regardless of how it comes about . Because the principle allowing revocation authority for keys is very powerful , the mechanisms used to control it should involve both as many participants as possible ( to guard against malicious attacks of this type ) , while at the same time as few as possible ( to ensure that a key can be revoked without dangerous delay ) . Public key certificates that include an expiration date are unsatisfactory in that the expiration date may not correspond with a real - world revocation but at least such certificates need not all be tracked down system - wide , nor must all users be in constant contact with the system at all times . Distribution of a new key ( edit ) After a key has been revoked or when a new user is added to a system , a new key must be distributed in some predetermined manner . Assume that Carol 's key has been revoked . Until a new key has been distributed , no one will be able to send her messages and messages from her can not be signed without violating system protocols ( i.e. , without a valid public key , no one can encrypt messages to her ) . One could leave the power to create , certify , and revoke keys in the hands of each user , as the original PGP design did , but this raises problems of user understanding and operation . For security reasons , this approach has considerable difficulties -- if nothing else , some users could be forgetful , inattentive , or confused . On one hand , a message revoking a public key certificate should be spread as fast as possible , while on the other hand , parts of the system might be rendered inoperable before a new key can be installed . The time window can be reduced to zero by always issuing the new key together with the certificate that revokes the old one , but this requires co-location of authority to both revoke keys and generate new keys . It is most likely a system - wide failure if the ( possibly combined ) principal that issues new keys fails by issuing keys improperly . This is an instance of a `` common mutual exclusion '' -- a design can make the reliability of a system high , but only at the cost of system availability ( and vice versa ) . Spreading the revocation ( edit ) Notification of a key certificate revocation must be spread to all those who might potentially hold it , and as rapidly as possible . There are but two means of spreading information ( i.e. , a key revocation ) in a distributed system : either the information is `` pushed '' to users from a central point ( or points ) , or else it is `` pulled '' from a central point ( or points ) by the end users . Pushing the information is the simplest solution , in that a message is sent to all participants . However , there is no way of knowing whether all participants will actually receive the message . If the number of participants is large , and some of their physical or network distances are great , then the probability of complete success ( which is , in ideal circumstances , required for system security ) will be rather low . In a partly updated state , the system is particularly vulnerable to `` denial of service '' attacks as security has been breached , and a vulnerability window will continue to exist as long as some users have not `` gotten the word '' . Put another way , pushing certificate revocation messages is neither easy to secure , nor very reliable . The alternative to pushing is pulling . In the extreme , all certificates contain all the keys needed to verify that the public key of interest ( i.e. , the one belonging to the user to whom one wishes to send a message , or whose signature is to be checked ) is still valid . In this case , at least some use of the system will be blocked if a user can not reach the verification service ( i.e. , one of the systems that can establish the current validity of another user 's key ) . Again , such a system design can be made as reliable as one wishes , at the cost of lowering security -- the more servers to check for the possibility of a key revocation , the longer the window of vulnerability . Another trade - off is to use a somewhat less reliable , but more secure , verification service , but to include an expiration date for each of the verification sources . How long this `` timeout '' should be is a decision that requires a trade - off between availability and security that will have to be decided in advance , at the time of system design . Recovery from a leaked key ( edit ) Assume that the principal authorized to revoke a key has decided that a certain key must be revoked . In most cases , this happens after the fact -- for instance , it becomes known that at some time in the past an event occurred that endangered a private key . Let us denote the time at which it is decided that the compromise occurred as T . Such a compromise has two implications . First , messages encrypted with the matching public key ( now or in the past ) can no longer be assumed to be secret . One solution to avoid this problem is to use a protocol that has perfect forward secrecy . Second , signatures made with the no - longer - trusted - to - be-actually - private key after time T can no longer be assumed to be authentic without additional information ( i.e. , who , where , when , etc . ) about the events leading up to the digital signature . These will not always be available , and so all such digital signatures will be less than credible . A solution to reduce the impact of leaking a private key of a signature scheme is to use timestamps . Loss of secrecy and / or authenticity , even for a single user , has system - wide security implications , and a strategy for recovery must thus be established . Such a strategy will determine who has authority to , and under what conditions one must , revoke a public key certificate . One must also decide how to spread the revocation , and ideally , how to deal with all messages signed with the key since time T ( which will rarely be known precisely ) . Messages sent to that user ( which require the proper -- now compromised -- private key to decrypt ) must be considered compromised as well , no matter when they were sent . Examples ( edit ) Examples of well - regarded asymmetric key techniques for varied purposes include : Diffie -- Hellman key exchange protocol DSS ( Digital Signature Standard ) , which incorporates the Digital Signature Algorithm ElGamal Various elliptic curve techniques Various password - authenticated key agreement techniques Paillier cryptosystem RSA encryption algorithm ( PKCS # 1 ) Cramer -- Shoup cryptosystem YAK authenticated key agreement protocol Examples of asymmetric key algorithms not widely adopted include : NTRUEncrypt cryptosystem McEliece cryptosystem Examples of notable -- yet insecure -- asymmetric key algorithms include : Merkle -- Hellman knapsack cryptosystem Examples of protocols using asymmetric key algorithms include : S / MIME GPG , an implementation of OpenPGP Internet Key Exchange PGP ZRTP , a secure VoIP protocol Secure Socket Layer , now codified as the IETF standard Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) SILC SSH Bitcoin Off - the - Record Messaging See also ( edit ) Cryptography portal Books on cryptography GNU Privacy Guard ID - based encryption ( IBE ) Key escrow Key - agreement protocol PGP word list Pretty Good Privacy Pseudonymity Public key fingerprint Public key infrastructure ( PKI ) Quantum computing Quantum cryptography Secure Shell ( SSH ) Secure Sockets Layer ( SSL ) Symmetric - key algorithm Threshold cryptosystem Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stallings , William ( 1990 - 05 - 03 ) . Cryptography and Network Security : Principles and Practice . Prentice Hall . p. 165 . ISBN 9780138690175 . Jump up ^ See OTAR to contrast . Jump up ^ Stallings , William ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . Cryptography and Network Security : Principles and Practice . Prentice Hall . p. 164 . ISBN 9780138690175 . Jump up ^ Alfred J. Menezes , Paul C. van Oorschot , and Scott A. Vanstone ( October 1996 ) . `` 11 : Digital Signatures '' ( PDF ) . Handbook of Applied Cryptography . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8523 - 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Daniel J. Bernstein ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Protecting communications against forgery '' ( PDF ) . Algorithmic Number Theory . MSRI Publications . 44 . § 5 : Public - key signatures , pp. 543 -- 545 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Information Security Resources '' . SANS Institute . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Jevons , William Stanley , The Principles of Science : A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method p. 141 , Macmillan & Co. , London , 1874 , 2nd ed. 1877 , 3rd ed. 1879 . Reprinted with a foreword by Ernst Nagel , Dover Publications , New York , NY , 1958 . Jump up ^ This came to be known as `` Jevons 's number '' . The only nontrivial factor pair is 89681 × 96079 . Jump up ^ Principles of Science , Macmillan & Co. , 1874 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Golob , Solomon W. ( 1996 ) . `` ON FACTORING JEVONS ' NUMBER '' . Cryptologia. 20 ( 3 ) : 243 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 119691884933 . Jump up ^ Sawer , Patrick ( 11 Mar 2016 ) . `` The unsung genius who secured Britain 's computer defences and paved the way for safe online shopping '' . The Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Tom Espiner ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` GCHQ pioneers on birth of public key crypto '' . www.zdnet.com . Jump up ^ Singh , Simon ( 1999 ) . The Code Book . Doubleday . pp. 279 -- 292 . Jump up ^ `` What is a digital envelope ? '' . RSA Laboratories . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . References ( edit ) Hirsch , Frederick J. `` SSL / TLS Strong Encryption : An Introduction '' . Apache HTTP Server . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 ... The first two sections contain a very good introduction to public - key cryptography . Ferguson , Niels ; Schneier , Bruce ( 2003 ) . Practical Cryptography . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 22357 - 3 . Katz , Jon ; Lindell , Y. ( 2007 ) . Introduction to Modern Cryptography . CRC Press . ISBN 1 - 58488 - 551 - 3 . Menezes , A.J. ; van Oorschot , P.C. ; Vanstone , Scott A. ( 1997 ) . Handbook of Applied Cryptography . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8523 - 7 . IEEE 1363 : Standard Specifications for Public - Key Cryptography Christof Paar , Jan Pelzl , `` Introduction to Public - Key Cryptography '' , Chapter 6 of `` Understanding Cryptography , A Textbook for Students and Practitioners '' . ( companion web site contains online cryptography course that covers public - key cryptography ) , Springer , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Oral history interview with Martin Hellman , Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota . Leading cryptography scholar Martin Hellman discusses the circumstances and fundamental insights of his invention of public key cryptography with collaborators Whitfield Diffie and Ralph Merkle at Stanford University in the mid-1970s . An account of how GCHQ kept their invention of PKE secret until 1997 Public - key cryptography Algorithms Integer factorization Benaloh Blum -- Goldwasser Cayley -- Purser Damgård -- Jurik GMR Goldwasser -- Micali Paillier Rabin RSA Okamoto -- Uchiyama Schmidt -- Samoa Discrete logarithm Cramer -- Shoup DH DSA ECDH ECDSA EdDSA EKE ElGamal signature scheme MQV Schnorr SPEKE SRP STS Others AE CEILIDH EPOC HFE IES Lamport McEliece Merkle -- Hellman Naccache -- Stern Naccache -- Stern knapsack cryptosystem NTRUEncrypt NTRUSign Three - pass protocol XTR Theory Discrete logarithm Elliptic - curve cryptography Non-commutative cryptography RSA problem Trapdoor function Standardization CRYPTREC IEEE P1363 NESSIE NSA Suite B Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Post-quantum cryptography Cryptography History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography Crypto - shredding Portal WikiProject TLS and SSL Protocols and technologies Transport Layer Security / Secure Sockets Layer ( TLS / SSL ) Datagram Transport Layer Security ( DTLS ) DNS Certification Authority Authorization ( CAA ) DNS - based Authentication of Named Entities ( DANE ) HTTPS HTTP Public Key Pinning ( HPKP ) HTTP Strict Transport Security ( HSTS ) OCSP stapling Perfect forward secrecy Server Name Indication ( SNI ) STARTTLS Application - Layer Protocol Negotiation ( ALPN ) Public - key infrastructure Automated Certificate Management Environment ( ACME ) Certificate authority ( CA ) CA / Browser Forum Certificate policy Certificate revocation list ( CRL ) Domain - validated certificate ( DV ) Extended Validation Certificate ( EV ) Online Certificate Status Protocol ( OCSP ) Public key certificate Public - key cryptography Public key infrastructure ( PKI ) Root certificate Self - signed certificate See also Domain Name System Security Extensions ( DNSSEC ) Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec ) Secure Shell ( SSH ) History Export of cryptography from the United States Server - Gated Cryptography Implementations Bouncy Castle BoringSSL Botan CryptoComply by SafeLogic cryptlib GnuTLS JSSE LibreSSL MatrixSSL mbed TLS NSS OpenSSL RSA BSAFE SChannel SSLeay stunnel wolfSSL Notaries Certificate Transparency Convergence HTTPS Everywhere / SSL Observatory Perspectives Project Vulnerabilities Theory Man - in - the - middle attack Padding oracle attack Cipher Bar mitzvah attack Protocol BEAST BREACH CRIME DROWN Logjam POODLE ( in regards to SSL 3.0 ) Implementation Certificate authority compromise Random number generator attacks FREAK goto fail Heartbleed Lucky Thirteen attack POODLE ( in regards to TLS 1.0 ) GND : 4209133 - 0 NDL : 00966793 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public-key_cryptography&oldid=816629096 '' Categories : Public - key cryptography Banking technology Public key infrastructure Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use dmy dates from July 2012 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 16 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who inspired the creation of the first public key exchange	[]	[]
9179882241627421288	Return to normalcy	Return to normalcy - Wikipedia Return to normalcy Jump to : navigation , search Harding called for `` A Return to Normalcy . '' Return to normalcy , a return to the way of life before World War I , was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding 's campaign slogan for the election of 1920 . Although detractors of the time tried to belittle the word `` normalcy '' as a neologism as well as a malapropism , saying that it was poorly coined by Harding ( as opposed to the more accepted term normality ) , there was contemporaneous discussion and evidence that normalcy had been listed in dictionaries as far back as 1857 . Harding 's promise was to return the United States ' prewar mentality , without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people . To sum up his points , he stated : `` America 's present need is not heroics , but healing ; not nostrums , but normalcy ; not revolution , but restoration ; not agitation , but adjustment ; not surgery , but serenity ; not the dramatic , but the dispassionate ; not experiment , but equipoise ; not submergence in internationality , but sustainment in triumphant nationality . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 1920 election 2 See also 3 References 4 External links 1920 election ( edit ) Harding 's position attracted support and was important during the United States presidential election , 1920 , which he won with 60.3 % of the popular vote . During the campaign , Harding addressed the issue of the word 's origin , claiming that `` normalcy '' but not `` normality '' appeared in his dictionary : I have noticed that word caused considerable news editors to change it to `` normality '' . I have looked for `` normality '' in my dictionary and I do not find it there . `` Normalcy '' , however , I did find , and it is a good word . See also ( edit ) Creeping normalcy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` normalcy '' , Answers.com . Jump up ^ The Mavens ' Word of the Day : normalcy , June 25 , 1999 , randomhouse.com . Jump up ^ `` Return to Normalcy '' , teachingamericanhistory.org Jump up ^ `` Election of 1920 : Republican and the Return to Normalcy '' . Jump up ^ Kory Stamper ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Obama did n't use improper grammar . Cut him and other public figures a break '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Look up normalcy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Normalcy '' , The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy , 3rd ed. , edited by E.D. Hirsch , Jr. , et al. Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 22647 - 8 . `` A Time for Normalcy '' by Evan Jenkins , Columbia Journalism Review , January / February 2002 . This article related to the politics of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This vocabulary - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article relating to the history of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_to_normalcy&oldid=839953251 '' Categories : American political neologisms United States presidential domestic programs United States politics stubs Vocabulary and usage stubs United States history stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 20 : 04 . About Wikipedia	who called for a return to normalcy following the war	[ "Return to normalcy, a return to the way of life before World War I, was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding's campaign slogan for the election of 1920. Although detractors of the time tried to belittle the word \"normalcy\" as a neologism as well as a malapropism, saying that it was poorly coined by Harding (as opposed to the more accepted term normality), there was contemporaneous discussion and evidence that normalcy had been listed in dictionaries as far back as 1857.[1][2] Harding's promise was to return the United States' prewar mentality, without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people. To sum up his points, he stated:" ]	[ "Warren G. Harding" ]
3495136235138399326	Chief Justice of the United States	Chief justice of the United States - wikipedia Chief justice of the United States Chief Justice of the United States Seal of the U.S. Supreme Court Incumbent John Roberts since September 29 , 2005 United States Supreme Court Federal judiciary of the United States Style Mr. Chief Justice ( informal ) Your Honor ( when addressed in court ) The Honorable ( formal ) Status Chief Justice Head of a court system Highest judicial officer Member of Supreme Court Judicial Conference Administrative Office of the Courts Seat Supreme Court Building , Washington , D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Life tenure Constituting instrument United States Constitution Formation March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) First holder John Jay as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ( September 26 , 1789 ) Website www.supremecourt.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch 1 seat vacant Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and thus the head of the United States federal court system , which functions as the judicial branch of the nation 's federal government . The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices ; the other eight have the title of Associate Justice . The Chief Justice , as the highest judicial officer in the country , serves as a spokesperson for the federal government 's judicial branch and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts . The Chief Justice is also head of the Judicial Conference of the United States and , in that capacity , appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts . By law , the Chief Justice is also a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution and , by custom , is elected chancellor of the board . The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments . When the court renders an opinion , the Chief Justice -- when in the majority -- decides who writes the court 's opinion . The Chief Justice also has significant agenda - setting power over the court 's meetings . In the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States , which has occurred twice , the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the U.S. Senate . Additionally , the presidential oath of office is typically administered by the Chief Justice ( although the Constitution does not assign this duty to anyone in particular ) . Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 17 persons have served as chief justice . The first was John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ) . The current chief justice is John Roberts ( since 2005 ) . Four -- Edward Douglass White , Charles Evans Hughes , Harlan Fiske Stone , and William Rehnquist -- were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately . Contents 1 Origin , title , and appointment to office 2 Duties 2.1 Impeachment trials 2.2 Seniority 2.3 Oath of office 2.4 Other duties 3 Disability or vacancy 4 List of Chief Justices 4.1 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Origin , title , and appointment to office ( edit ) John Jay , by Gilbert Stuart The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice , but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 : `` When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside . '' Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office . Article III , Section 1 , which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court , refers to all members of the Court simply as `` judges . '' The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . In 1866 , at the urging of Salmon P. Chase , Congress restyled the chief justice 's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States . The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888 . The associate justices ' title was not altered in 1866 , and remains as originally created . The chief justice , like all federal judges , is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate . Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior '' . This language means that the appointments are effectively for life , and that , once in office , a justice 's tenure ends only when they die , retire , resign , or are removed from office through the impeachment process . Since 1789 , 15 presidents have made a total of 22 official nominations to the position . The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress ; the current ( 2018 ) annual salary is $267,000 , which is slightly higher than that of associate justices , which is $255,300 . The practice of appointing an individual to serve as chief justice is grounded in tradition ; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice , it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom . There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court . Constitutional law scholar Todd Pettys has proposed that presidential appointment of chief justices should be done away with , and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own chief justice . Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice : Edward Douglass White in 1910 , Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941 , and William Rehnquist in 1986 . A fourth , Abe Fortas , was nominated to the position in 1968 , but was not confirmed . As an associate justice does not have to resign his or her seat on the Court in order to be nominated as chief justice , Fortas remained an associate justice . Similarly , when associate justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief justice in January 1796 , but declined the office , he too remained on the Court . Two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the Court as chief justice . John Rutledge was the first . President Washington gave him a recess appointment in 1795 . However , his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate , and he left office and the Court . In 1933 , former associate justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as chief justice . Additionally , in December 1800 , former chief justice John Jay was nominated and confirmed to the position a second time , but ultimately declined it ; opening the way for the appointment of John Marshall . Duties ( edit ) Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court , the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill . Impeachment trials ( edit ) Article I , section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate . Two Chief Justices , Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist , have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the president -- Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton . Both presidents were subsequently acquitted . Seniority ( edit ) John Marshall , the fourth and longest serving Chief Justice . Many of the procedures and inner workings of the Court turn on the seniority of the justices . Traditionally , the chief justice has been regarded as primus inter pares ( first among equals ) -- that is , the chief justice is the highest - ranking and foremost member of the Court , regardless of that officeholder 's length of service when compared against that of any associate justice . This seniority and added prestige enables a chief justice to define the Court 's culture and norms and , thus , influence how it functions . The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari , to decide whether to hear or deny each case . The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it . While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda , in practice this initial agenda - setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court . Nonetheless , a chief justice 's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices ' understanding of legal principles ; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari . Despite the chief justice 's elevated stature , his vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice . Additionally , he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them . The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority . Thus , when the chief justice is in the majority , he always assigns the opinion . Early in his tenure , Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the Court 's national prestige . In doing so , Marshall would often write the opinions himself , and actively discouraged dissenting opinions . Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the Court to adopt its present practice : one justice writes an opinion for the majority , and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not , whether concurring or dissenting . The chief justice 's formal prerogative -- when in the majority -- to assign which justice will write the Court 's opinion is perhaps his most influential power , as this enables him to influence the historical record . He `` may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition , to an ideologically amenable colleague , or to himself . '' Opinion authors can have a big influence on the content of an opinion ; two justices in the same majority , given the opportunity , might write very different majority opinions . A chief justice who knows well the associate justices can therefore do much -- by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court -- to affect the general character or tone of an opinion , which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come . Additionally , the chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices . He normally speaks first and so has influence in framing the discussion . Although the chief justice votes first -- the Court votes in order of seniority -- he may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired . It is reported that : Chief Justice Warren Burger was renowned , and even vilified in some quarters , for voting strategically during conference discussions on the Supreme Court in order to control the Court 's agenda through opinion assignment . Indeed , Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition , cast `` phony votes '' by voting against his preferred position , and declined to express a position at conference . Oath of office ( edit ) The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States . This is a tradition , rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice ; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular , simply that it be taken by the president . Law empowers any federal and state judge , as well as notaries public ( such as John Calvin Coolidge , Sr . ) , to administer oaths and affirmations . William Rehnquist ( left ) takes the oath as Chief Justice from retiring Chief Justice Warren E. Burger in 1986 , as his wife , Natalie , holds the Bible and President Ronald Reagan ( far right ) looks on . If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated , the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court . Seven times , someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President . Robert Livingston , as Chancellor of the State of New York ( the state 's highest ranking judicial office ) , administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration ; there was no Chief Justice of the United States , nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration . William Cushing , an associate justice of the Supreme Court , administered Washington 's second oath of office in 1793 . Calvin Coolidge 's father , a notary public , administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding . This , however , was contested upon Coolidge 's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling , Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia . Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt 's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office . On November 22 , 1963 , after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , Judge Sarah T. Hughes , a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas , administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane . In addition , the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices , whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president . Other duties ( edit ) Since the tenure of William Howard Taft , the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals . The Chief Justice also : Serves as the head of the federal judiciary . Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States , the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts . The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules , which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court ( subject to disapproval by Congress under the Congressional Review Act ) , to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts . Major portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Evidence have been adopted by most state legislatures and are considered canonical by American law schools . Appoints sitting federal judges to the membership of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC ) , a `` secret court '' which oversees requests for surveillance warrants by federal police agencies ( primarily the F.B.I. ) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States . ( see 50 U.S.C. § 1803 ) . Appoints the members of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation , a special tribunal of seven sitting federal judges responsible for selecting the venue for coordinated pretrial proceedings in situations where multiple related federal actions have been filed in different judicial districts . Serves ex officio as a member of the Board of Regents , and by custom as the Chancellor , of the Smithsonian Institution . Supervises the acquisition of books for the Law Library of the Library of Congress . Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other `` office of trust or profit '' of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats , the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions . Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so - called Jay Treaty ( also known as the Treaty of London of 1794 ) , Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis , and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President 's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy . As described above , the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress . Disability or vacancy ( edit ) Under 28 USC , when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions , or that office is vacant , the duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice who is able to act , until the disability or vacancy ends , as chief justice . Clarence Thomas is the most senior associate justice . List of Chief justices ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice : Chief Justice Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Prior position John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington Acting United States Secretary of State ( 1789 -- 1790 ) John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days Chief Justice of the South Carolina Court of Common Pleas and Sessions ( 1791 -- 1795 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1789 -- 1791 ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days United States Senator from Connecticut ( 1789 -- 1796 ) John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days John Adams 4th United States Secretary of State ( 1800 -- 1801 ) 5 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days Andrew Jackson 12th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1833 -- 1834 ) 6 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days Abraham Lincoln 25th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1861 -- 1864 ) 7 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days Ulysses S. Grant Ohio State Senator ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Presiding officer , Ohio constitutional convention ( 1873 ) 8 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days Grover Cleveland President , Illinois State Bar Association ( 1886 ) Illinois State Representative ( 1863 -- 1865 ) 9 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days William Howard Taft Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1894 -- 1910 ) 10 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 27th President of the United States ( 1909 -- 1913 ) 11 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 44th United States Secretary of State ( 1921 -- 1925 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1910 -- 1916 ) 12 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days Franklin D. Roosevelt Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1925 -- 1941 ) 13 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days Harry S. Truman 53rd United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1945 -- 1946 ) 14 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 30th Governor of California ( 1943 -- 1953 ) 15 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1956 -- 1969 ) 16 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days Ronald Reagan Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1972 -- 1986 ) 17 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003471400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 331 days George W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The start date given here for each chief justice is the day they took the oath of office , and the end date is the day of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . Jump up ^ Listed here ( unless otherwise noted ) is the position -- either with a U.S. state or the federal government -- held by the individual immediately prior to becoming Chief Justice of the United States . Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the United States Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . The nomination of a sitting associate justice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process . See also ( edit ) Lists of United States Supreme Court cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Administrative Agencies : Office of the Chief Justice , 1789 -- present '' . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McMillion , Barry J. ; Rutkus , Denis Steven ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Supreme Court Nominations , 1789 to 2017 : Actions by the Senate , the Judiciary Committee , and the President '' ( PDF ) . fas.org ( Federation of American Scientists ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pettys , Todd E. ( 2006 ) . `` Choosing a Chief Justice : Presidential Prerogative or a Job for the Court ? '' . Journal of Law & Politics . The University of Iowa College of Law . 22 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 281 . SSRN 958829 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judiciary '' . Ithaca , New York : Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Frank B. ; Lindquist , Stefanie ( June 2006 ) . `` The decisional significance of the Chief Justice '' ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Law School . 154 ( 6 ) : 1665 -- 1707 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Timothy R. ; Spriggs II , James F. ; Wahlbeck , Paul J. ( June 2005 ) . `` Passing and Strategic Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Law & Society Review . Law and Society Association , through Wiley . 39 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 377 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inaugurations : Presidential Oaths of Office '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Coolidge 's autobiography '' . Historicvermont.org . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prologue : Selected Articles '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Swearing - In Ceremony , Part 5 of 6 '' . Inaugural.senate.gov . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Legacy : A Brief History of the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . March 6 , 2006 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 28 U.S. Code § 3 -- Vacancy in office of Chief Justice ; disability LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7 . Flanders , Henry . The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1874 at Google Books . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4 . Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Chief Justice of the United States at Wikimedia Commons Chief Justices of the United States John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ; cases ) John Rutledge ( 1795 ; cases ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1796 -- 1800 ; cases ) John Marshall ( 1801 -- 1835 ; cases ) Roger B. Taney ( 1836 -- 1864 ; cases ) Salmon P. Chase ( 1864 -- 1873 ; cases ) Morrison Waite ( 1874 -- 1888 ; cases ) Melville Fuller ( 1888 -- 1910 ; cases ) Edward Douglass White ( 1910 -- 1921 ; cases ) William Howard Taft ( 1921 -- 1930 ; cases ) Charles Evans Hughes ( 1930 -- 1941 ; cases ) Harlan F. Stone ( 1941 -- 1946 ; cases ) Fred M. Vinson ( 1946 -- 1953 ; cases ) Earl Warren ( 1953 -- 1969 ; cases ) Warren E. Burger ( 1969 -- 1986 ; cases ) William Rehnquist ( 1986 -- 2005 ; cases ) John Roberts ( 2005 -- present ; cases ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice : John Roberts Associate Justices : Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Current nominations For Associate Justice : Brett Kavanaugh Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States&oldid=853928658 '' Categories : Chief Justices of the United States Legal professions Supreme Court of the United States people 1789 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 21 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who is the head of the supreme court	[ "Chief Justice of the United States\nSeal of the U.S. Supreme Court\nIncumbentJohn Robertssince September 29, 2005\nUnited States Supreme CourtFederal judiciary of the United StatesStyle\nMr. Chief Justice(informal)Your Honor(when addressed in court)The Honorable(formal)Status\nChief JusticeHead of a court systemHighest judicial officerMember of\nSupreme CourtJudicial ConferenceAdministrative Office of the CourtsSeat\nSupreme Court Building, Washington, D.C.Appointer\nThe Presidentwith Senate advice and consentTerm length\nLife tenureConstituting instrument\nUnited States ConstitutionFormation\nMarch 4, 1789(229 years ago) (1789-03-04)First holder\nJohn Jayas Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (September 26, 1789)Website\nwww.supremecourt.gov" ]	[ "John Roberts" ]
-8883138146478855585	Perfect storm	Perfect storm - wikipedia Perfect storm Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Perfect storm ( disambiguation ) . A perfect storm is an event in which a rare combination of circumstances drastically aggravates the event . The term is used by analogy to an unusually severe storm that results from a rare combination of meteorological phenomena . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Other uses 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) The Oxford English Dictionary has published references going back to 1718 for `` perfect storm '' , though the earliest citations use the phrase in the sense of `` absolute '' or `` complete '' , or for emphasis , as in `` a perfect stranger '' . The phrase appears in William Makepeace Thackeray 's novel Vanity Fair : `` I have heard a brother of the story - telling trade at Naples preaching to a pack of good - for - nothing honest , lazy fellows by the sea - shore , work himself up into such a rage and passion with some of the villains whose wicked deeds he was describing and inventing , that the audience could not resist it ; and they and the poet together would burst out into a roar of oaths and execrations against the fictitious monster of the tale , so that the hat went round , and the bajocchi tumbled into it , in the midst of a perfect storm of sympathy . '' -- William Makepeace Thackeray , Vanity Fair The first use of the expression in the meteorological sense comes from the March 20 , 1936 , issue of the Port Arthur News in Texas : `` The weather bureau describes the disturbance as `` the perfect storm '' of its type . Seven factors were involved in the chain of circumstances that led to `` the flood '' . In 1993 , journalist and author Sebastian Junger planned to write a book about the 1991 Halloween Nor'easter storm . Technically , this storm was an extratropical cyclone . In the course of his research , he spoke with Bob Case , who had been a deputy meteorologist in the Boston office of the National Weather Service at the time of the storm . Case described to Junger the confluence of three different weather - related phenomena that combined to create what Case referred to as the `` perfect situation '' to generate such a storm : warm air from a low - pressure system coming from one direction a flow of cool and dry air generated by a high - pressure from another direction tropical moisture provided by Hurricane Grace From that , Junger keyed on Case 's use of the word perfect and coined the phrase perfect storm , choosing to use The Perfect Storm as the title of his book . Junger published his book The Perfect Storm in 1997 and its success brought the phrase into popular culture . Its adoption was accelerated with the release of the 2000 feature film adaptation of Junger 's book . Since the release of the movie , the phrase has grown to mean any event where a situation is aggravated drastically by an exceptionally rare combination of circumstances . Although the 1991 Halloween Nor'easter was a powerful storm by any measure , there have been other storms that have exceeded its strength . According to Case , the type of convergence of weather events to which he was referring , while unusual , is not exceptionally rare or unique , despite the way the phrase is commonly used . Other uses ( edit ) The term `` perfect storm '' is nearly synonymous with `` worst - case scenario '' , although the latter carries more of a hypothetical connotation . `` Perfect storm '' has also been used as a metaphor for a relationship such as in the popular hit songs `` Dark Horse '' by Katy Perry , `` Blank Space '' by Taylor Swift , `` Perfect Storm '' by Brad Paisley , `` Invincible '' by Kelly Clarkson , and `` Should 've Been Us '' by Tori Kelly . From the beginning , the phrase was in heavy use during the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2012 , even to the point of pundits anticipating `` another perfect storm '' . The phrase was awarded the top prize by Lake Superior State University in their 2007 list of words that deserve to be banned for overuse . See also ( edit ) Blizzard Butterfly effect Hypercane Spring tide Superstorm Synergy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andrew Stern ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Wordsmiths , avoid these words '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ May 8th , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ) . `` The Grammarphobia Blog : The imperfect storm '' . Grammarphobia.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 2000 , June 29 ) . `` ( https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/06/000628101549.htm Meteorologists Say `` Perfect Storm '' `` ( Not So Perfect ) '' , Science Daily Jump up ^ West , James . ( 2000 , July 6 ) . `` ( https://www.usatoday.com/weather/movies/ps/psname.htm The naming of ( '' The Perfect Storm `` ) , USA Today Jump up ^ `` Prepare for another perfect storm Archived 2010 - 07 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . '' External links ( edit ) Look up perfect storm in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . National Climate Data Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_storm&oldid=828138320 '' Categories : Weather hazards Storm Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Italiano Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 19 : 56 . About Wikipedia	what is meant by a turnaround in the perfect storm	[]	[]
-3017752305381279251	Saved by the Bell	Saved by the Bell - wikipedia Saved by the Bell This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 July 2018 . For the Robin Gibb song , see Saved by the Bell ( song ) . Saved by the Bell Genre Teen sitcom Created by Sam Bobrick Developed by Peter Engel Starring Mark - Paul Gosselaar Mario Lopez Dustin Diamond Tiffani - Amber Thiessen Elizabeth Berkley Lark Voorhies Ed Alonzo Dennis Haskins Leanna Creel Theme music composer Scott Gale Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 86 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Engel Camera setup Videotape ; multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Peter Engel Productions NBC Productions Distributor Rysher Entertainment CBS Studios International ( internationally ) Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) Original release August 20 , 1989 ( 1989 - 08 - 20 ) -- May 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 22 ) Chronology Preceded by Good Morning , Miss Bliss Followed by Saved by the Bell : The College Years Saved by the Bell : The New Class Saved by the Bell is an American television sitcom that aired on NBC from 1989 to 1993 . A reboot of the Disney Channel series Good Morning , Miss Bliss , the show follows a group of high school friends and their principal . Primarily focusing on lighthearted comedic situations , it occasionally touches on serious social issues , such as drug use , driving under the influence , homelessness , remarriage , death , women 's rights , and environmental issues . The series starred Mark - Paul Gosselaar , Dustin Diamond , Lark Voorhies , Dennis Haskins , Tiffani - Amber Thiessen , Elizabeth Berkley , and Mario Lopez . The show spawned two spin - off series : Saved by the Bell : The College Years ( 1993 -- 1994 ) , a primetime series that follows several of the characters to college , and Saved by the Bell : The New Class ( 1993 -- 2000 ) , a Saturday morning series that follows a new group of students at Bayside High School . The series also spawned two TV movies , Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style in 1992 and Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas in 1994 . In recent years , Saved by the Bell has been classified as educational and informational . The show was named one of the `` 20 Best School Shows of all Time '' by AOL TV . Contents 1 Characters 2 Production 2.1 Good Morning , Miss Bliss 2.2 Saved by the Bell 3 Episodes 4 Films 4.1 Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style 4.2 Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas 5 Spin - offs 5.1 Saved by the Bell : The College Years 5.2 Saved by the Bell : The New Class 6 Reunions 7 Theme song 8 Merchandise 8.1 DVD releases 8.2 Soundtrack 8.3 List of Saved By the Bell Novels 8.4 Comic books 9 Behind the Bell 10 Bayside ! The Musical ! The Saved by the Bell Parody 11 See also 12 References 12.1 General references 13 External links Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Saved by the Bell characters In casting Good Morning , Miss Bliss , Peter Engel knew the success of the show would not hinge on Miss Bliss herself , but on her students . Engel particularly envisioned one character , Zack Morris , who `` would be that incorrigible kid who could lie to your face , letting you know very well that he 's lying , and make you love him for it all the same . '' Engel insisted that the show could not go on without Zack Morris , but he turned out to be one of the most difficult characters to cast . Engel 's casting director , Shana Landsburg , finally happened across fourteen - year old Mark - Paul Gosselaar and was immediately struck by the teen 's charisma , charm , and good looks . After a quick read - through , Gosselaar was immediately given the role . After casting Zack Morris , the next character sought after was Morris 's nerdy friend , Samuel `` Screech '' Powers . Gosselaar was asked to read through the script with a number of kids , and a second audition was scheduled for finalists . It was Gosselaar himself who insisted that Dustin Diamond was right for the part as he believed Diamond was Screech in real life . After reading through the script , Diamond was given the part , although Engel later found out that he had misread his head shot and Diamond was considerably younger than the rest of the cast -- a fact that , had he been aware , might have prevented Engel from casting him . Lisa Turtle was originally conceived as a rich Jewish princess from Long Island , spoiled , materialistic , and obsessed with shopping . While still casting from the role , African - American actress Lark Voorhies was brought into Engel 's office , and he immediately knew she was perfect for the role despite the fact that it meant rewriting the character . The school principal , Mr. Gerald Belding , as originally conceived on Good Morning , Miss Bliss , was an older , humorless man , and was played in the 1987 pilot by character actor Oliver Clark . After the show was retooled for Disney Channel , the character 's first name was changed to Richard and he was recast , with Dennis Haskins ultimately winning the role . Mr. Belding was rewritten to be significantly younger and to have a much different sense of humor When Good Morning , Miss Bliss was retooled as Saved by the Bell , four actors and their respective characters from the original series were brought over to the new series : Gosselaar , Diamond , Voorhies , and Haskins . The rest of the cast was fired , and Engel sought to replace them with new characters who would complement the old ones . The cast of Saved by the Bell , clockwise from left : Screech , Slater , Lisa , Mr. Belding , Jessie , Zack , and Kelly The first of the new characters , A.C. Slater , was conceived as a young John Travolta type who would be an army brat and wear a leather jacket . He was originally conceived of as Italian - American . However , when all efforts to cast the character were unsuccessful , Engel asked that the part be opened up to other races . Two days later , Mario Lopez , a dancer and drummer of Latino descent from Kids Incorporated auditioned for the role . Lopez was , by far , the best actor who auditioned , and was cast . For Kelly Kapowski , the love interest of both Zack and Slater , producers were able to narrow the field down to three actresses : Tiffani - Amber Thiessen , Elizabeth Berkley , and Jennie Garth . Engel had originally met Thiessen in 1988 while casting for Good Morning , Miss Bliss and was impressed with how much her acting had improved . He wanted her for the role , believing she had the perfect all - American girl appeal for the role , while others felt that Berkley , as the more experienced actress , would be a more reliable choice . Ultimately , Engel convinced the others after a read - through with Lopez , and Thiessen received the role . Engel and the other producers did not want to lose Berkley , however , as she was the strongest actress they 'd seen during casting . Berkley originally auditioned for the role of Karen , a love - interest of Zack 's on Good Morning , Miss Bliss , but lost the role because she was so much taller than Gosselaar at the time . Engel believed that , now that her height was more even with the rest of the cast , she could be perfect . They were not having much luck in casting the third new character , Jessie Spano , who was conceived as a strong , feminist activist and a straight - A student , so Engel suggested offering the role to Berkley , who gladly accepted it . Rounding out the new cast was real - life magician Ed Alonzo as Max , the owner of the gang 's frequent cafe hangout , The Max , who frequently performed magic tricks . Alonzo 's role , however , would ultimately only last through the end of the first season , and he left after a single guest appearance during season two . In 1992 , Saved by the Bell unexpectedly received an order for an additional eleven episodes to be shot after the graduation episode . However , Thiessen and Berkley had already decided to leave the show . Though producers knew they could n't replace Kelly and Jessie , they also knew they could n't leave Lisa as the only girl on the show . A new character , Tori Scott , was created as a cool but pretty biker girl who would also serve as a love interest for Zack and also act as a nemesis for him initially . Leanna Creel was cast for the part . Rather than develop a second new character , the producers decided to rely more on minor recurring characters such as Ginger , Ox , and Big Pete . Production ( edit ) Good Morning , Miss Bliss ( edit ) Main article : Good Morning , Miss Bliss In 1986 , Brandon Tartikoff , then - president of NBC , asked Peter Engel to develop the pilot for a new prime time series , Good Morning , Miss Bliss Tartikoff had been inspired by his sixth grade teacher , Miss Bliss , and had long wanted to make a show about someone like her . The series would focus on Miss Carrie Bliss , a recently married sixth grade teacher at the fictional John F. Kennedy Junior High School in Indianapolis . Though Sandy Duncan was originally considered for the titular role , the series ultimately became a vehicle for former British child star Hayley Mills . Veteran writer Sam Bobrick was brought on to write the episode and the cast included future stars Jonathan Brandis , Brian Austin Green , and Jaleel White . The pilot aired on June 11 , 1987 , but NBC had decided not to pick up the series even before it was shown . Tartikoff did n't want to give up on the show , though , and made a deal with the Disney Channel to air thirteen episodes of the series in prime time . If the initial order did well , Disney was prepared to order an additional seven - seven . The show was completely retooled , with Mills the sole remaining cast member from the pilot . Miss Bliss 's class was changed from the sixth grade to the eighth grade , and the kids would be more central to the story . Good Morning , Miss Bliss aired from 1988 to 1989 . However , the show failed to pick up a following and did poorly in the ratings . By the time the last episode aired , Disney had already decided against ordering more . Saved by the Bell ( edit ) Tartikoff felt there had been strong elements to Good Morning , Miss Bliss and wanted to try the show again with a different time slot and a different approach . The elements featuring the kids had been well - received , so Tartikoff wanted to drop Miss Bliss from the show altogether and focus entirely on the teens . NBC had been losing the high end of their animated audience , kids from ten to twelve , so the idea was to create a live action comedy to air on Saturday mornings , a new idea at the time . Engel was skeptical of the new format at first , and did not want to make children 's programming . However , his wife convinced him that making the show would be a worthwhile endeavor , and he soon told Tartikoff he would do the show . Engel felt , however , that Indianapolis was not exciting as a location , and moved the show to a semi-fictional part of Los Angeles , `` the Palisades . '' The main locations of the show would be the teenager 's school , Bayside High , and The Max , a fictional eatery they frequent . In addition , they would film before a live studio audience . The majority of the cast was replaced , and Tartikoff gave a seven episode commitment for the show . In a meeting with Engel and Tartikoff , senior producer Tom Tenowich suggested the name Saved by the Bell . Though Engel hated the name , Tartikoff loved it . The name stuck , and filming commenced , with the first episode , `` Dancing to the Max , '' airing in prime time on August 20 , 1989 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Saved by the Bell episodes Season / Series Episodes Originally aired Network First aired Last aired Good Morning , Miss Bliss Pilot July 11 , 1987 ( 1987 - 07 - 11 ) NBC 13 November 30 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 30 ) March 18 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 18 ) Disney Channel Season 1 16 August 20 , 1989 ( 1989 - 08 - 20 ) December 16 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 16 ) NBC Season 2 18 September 8 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 08 ) December 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 23 ) Season 3 26 September 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 14 ) December 21 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 21 ) Season 4 26 September 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 12 ) May 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 22 ) Hawaiian Style November 27 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 27 ) The College Years 19 May 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 22 ) February 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 08 ) Wedding in Las Vegas October 7 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 07 ) Films ( edit ) Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style ( edit ) In 1992 , NBC approved the production of a feature - length made - for - television Saved by the Bell film to air in prime time . Titled Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style , the film followed the six teenagers from the show as they vacationed in Hawaii with Kelly 's grandfather , Harry Bannister ( Dean Jones ) . They soon discover Mr. Belding also happens to be there , and the seven are caught up in a plan to save Harry 's resort from a greedy developer . The film was written by Bennet Tramer and directed by Don Barnhart . Due to budget constraints , the much of the film was shot in Santa Monica , with only location shots that could not easily be faked were shot in Hawaii . The shooting schedule in Hawaii turned out to be massive , even after Engel and Barnhart scouted the location . Real - life lifeguards were hired as extras during beach scenes to ensure the safety of the cast . Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style was ultimately successful in the ratings , and ultimately paved the way for Saved by the Bell : The College Years airing in prime time . Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas ( edit ) Following the cancellation of Saved by the Bell : The College Years on a cliffhanger in 1994 , NBC President Warren Littlefield commissioned a second Saved by the Bell film to both conclude the story started in the final episode of Saved by the Bell : The College Years in which Zack and Kelly become engaged , and acts as a series finale for the original Saved by the Bell . The story features Zack , Kelly , Slater , Screech , and Lisa travelling to Las Vegas so Zack and Kelly can elope after their parents disapprove of their impending marriage . Spin - offs ( edit ) The show was popular enough to justify two spin - offs , both of which premiered in 1993 . Saved by the Bell : the College years ( edit ) Main article : Saved by the Bell : The College Years Following the conclusion of Saved by the Bell , an idea came out of a focus group for Saved by the Bell : The New Class , in addition to creating a new cast of characters , to continue the story of the original Saved by the Bell cast . The new show aired in prime time and feature only Zack , Slater , and Screech from the original cast attending the fictional California University and living in a suite with a new cast of girls . Kelly later joined the cast after the pilot . Although ratings started out promising , they quickly plateaued against the competition of Full House and Rescue 911 , two well - established , popular shows in prime time . Saved by the Bell : The College Years was ultimately cancelled after only one season of nineteen episodes . The events of the final episode would lead directly into the second Saved by the Bell film : Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas . Saved by the Bell : the new Class ( edit ) Main article : Saved by the Bell : The New Class In 1993 , NBC decided it wanted to extend the Saved by the Bell franchise with a new show , Saved by the Bell : The New Class . Also set at Bayside , the show would follow a new cast of characters as they navigate their high school years . Reprising his role from the original series was Dennis Haskins , once again as their principal , Mr. Belding . Following the cancellation of Saved by the Bell : The College Years in 1994 , Peter Engel asked Dustin Diamond to reprise his role as Samuel `` Screech '' Powers , who was returning to Bayside on a work - study program as Mr. Belding 's administrative assistant . Saved by the Bell : The New Class ran for seven seasons and 143 episodes , from 1993 to 2000 . The cast was constantly revolving , with Haskins as the only constant throughout all seven seasons . By the end of the series , the show had run out of ideas . The show was not generally well - received , and some today believe that it failed to recapture the charm of the original series . Reunions ( edit ) On April 9 , 2006 , Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim announced that Saved by the Bell would air at midnight as a two - week special starting April 17 . On April 19 , 2006 , Adult Swim also posted on their website that Saved by the Bell was back in production . A week later , the announcement was exposed as a joke . On March 27 , 2009 , NBC 's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon launched a campaign to get the cast on board for a Saved by the Bell reunion . Fans signed an online petition and pledged their support for the cast to reunite on the show . Dennis Haskins , Lark Voorhies , Mario Lopez , Elizabeth Berkley , and Mark - Paul Gosselaar agreed to a reunion . Gosselaar reprised his role as Zack Morris in a skit on Late Night on June 8 , 2009 , while promoting his then current TNT drama , Raising the Bar . The spoof interview closed with a performance of `` Friends Forever , '' originally by Zack Attack , where Zack played guitar and sang with backing from Fallon 's house band , The Roots . Tiffani Thiessen posted a parody video to the website Funny or Die , where she claimed she was too busy to join the reunion . The cast reunited in August 2009 for a photo shoot in People Magazine . Diamond was not invited to participate in the photo shoot because of poor relationships with the rest of the cast . Diamond 's image was also edited out of the 1989 cast photo that was used on the cover inset of an issue of People Magazine to show how the cast looked 20 years later . The cast convened again when Haskins , Diamond , Gosselaar , Voorhies , and Lopez did their own voices in a Saved by the Bell Saw parody , called `` Sawed by the Bell '' , on `` Boo Cocky '' , a season three episode of Robot Chicken . Gosselaar also provided audio commentary for the episode on the DVD . On February 4 , 2015 , the cast appeared on a skit on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon while episodes of the program were taped in Los Angeles . Haskins , Gosselaar , Lopez , Berkley and Thiessen all participated , though Voorhies and Diamond did not , with Thiessen 's real - life pregnancy , Lopez 's involvement with Dancing with the Stars and Berkley 's film Showgirls the targets of some of the humor . Theme song ( edit ) The theme song for Saved by the Bell was written by composer Scott Gayle against the implicit instructions of Engel . Though Engel had not been able to keep the show from being named Saved by the Bell , he was determined to prevent the phrase from showing up in the theme . He gave explicit orders to his team of composers that he would not accept any theme that referenced the title , and the group agreed to leave out the phrase . A week later , Engel listened to the first four composers and , though they followed his instructions , the songs were flat and nothing special . Gayle played his song next and , though he explicitly violated Engel 's instructions , Engel could n't help but admit it was the best and perfect for the show . Engel would later comment that he was glad Gayle had not followed his instructions . Merchandise ( edit ) DVD releases ( edit ) Lionsgate Home Entertainment released all four seasons of Saved By The Bell , broken into five seasons ( season 4 split in two ) on DVD in Region 1 . However , the episodes on these and all subsequent releases are the edited versions as used in syndication , with scenes cut for time . Lionsgate released the two feature - length TV movies on DVD , in Region 1 , on August 7 , 2007 . On March 13 , 2012 , Lionsgate ( distributed by Alliance Films ) released Saved By The Bell : The Complete Collection on DVD in Canada . The 13 - disc set features all 86 episodes of the series as well as the two reunion tele - films . On November 5 , 2013 , Lionsgate released a complete - series set in the United States . It does not contain the reunion movies but does include some bonus commentaries . In Region 2 , Fabulous Films has released all 5 seasons on DVD in the UK . Contender Entertainment Group released the 2 reunion tele - films on DVD in the UK in 2004 . In Region 4 , Shock Entertainment released Season One on DVD in Australia on February 10 , 2010 . DVD name Ep # Region 1 Special Features Saved By The Bell : Seasons One & Two 33 September 2 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 02 ) None Saved By The Bell : Seasons Three & Four 29 April 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 27 ) Selected Episodes Commentaries Saved By The Bell : Season Five 24 July 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 19 ) In - depth Documentary Focusing on Series Phenomenon Saved By The Bell : Hawaiian Style / Wedding In Las Vegas August 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 07 ) None Saved By The Bell : The Complete Collection ( CAN ) 88 March 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) Selected Episodes Commentaries In - depth Documentary Focusing on Series Phenomenon 2 Saved By The Bell Movies Saved By The Bell : The Complete Series ( USA ) 86 November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) Saturday Morning : from toons to teens It 's Alright : Back To The Bell Selected Episodes Commentaries In - depth Documentary Focusing On Series Phenomenon DVD name Ep # Region 2 ( UK ) Special Features Hawaiian Style Film May 17 , 2004 Behind The Scenes Wedding In Las Vegas Film May 17 , 2004 Behind The Scenes Season One 16 March 20 , 2010 Season Two 18 October 1 , 2012 Season Three 26 October 1 , 2012 Season Four 26 October 1 , 2012 Complete Series 86 July 2 , 2012 Soundtrack ( edit ) Saved by the Bell : Soundtrack to the Original Hit TV Series Saved by the Bell soundtrack cover . Soundtrack album by Various artists Released April 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 11 ) Recorded 1989 -- 1992 Genre Rock / Pop A CD and cassette tape soundtrack was released on April 11 , 1995 . It contained songs used throughout the series . The track listing is as follows : `` Saved by the Bell '' `` Do n't Leave With Your Love '' `` Go for It ! '' `` Love Me Now '' `` Make My Day '' `` Friends Forever '' `` Did We Ever Have a Chance ? '' `` Deep Within My Heart '' `` Surfer Dude '' `` Gone Hawaiian '' `` School Song '' `` Saved by the Bell '' with Michael Damian List of Saved by the Bell novels ( edit ) There have 21 novelizations based on the show , released by the publisher Boxtree Ltd , all written by Beth Cruise . The books all feature the main cast and have the same storylines that relate to the main - plots in the TV shows . Title ISBN Number Release Date ( s ) Zack Strikes Back ( ISBN 0020427778 ) 1 Jul 1992 Class Trip Chaos ( ISBN 0020427654 ) 1 Oct 1992 Bayside Madness ( ISBN 0020427751 ) 15 Mar 1993 California Scheming ( ISBN 002042776X ) 15 Mar 1993 Zack 's Last Scam ( ISBN 0020427670 ) 15 Mar 1993 Girl 's Night Out ( ISBN 0020427662 ) 15 Apr 1993 Impeach Screech ( ISBN 002042762X ) 1 May 1993 One Wild Weekend ( ISBN 0020427638 ) 1 May 1993 Kelly 's Hero ( ISBN 0020427697 ) 1 Oct 1993 Computer Confusion ( ISBN 0020427840 ) 31 May 1994 Best Friend 's Girl ( ISBN 0020427867 ) 30 Aug 1994 Zack in Action ( ISBN 0020419775 ) 31 Oct 1994 Operation Clean Sweep ( ISBN 002042793X ) 2 Dec 1994 That Old Zack Magic ( ISBN 0752206133 ) 30 Mar 1995 Surf 's Up ! ( ISBN 0689802099 ) 1 Aug 1995 Fireside Manners ( ISBN 0689800924 ) 31 Dec 1995 Picture Perfect ( ISBN 0689800932 ) 31 Dec 1995 Screech in Love ( ISBN 0689802102 ) 31 Dec 1995 Ex-Zack - Ly ( ISBN 0689802102 ) 31 Dec 1995 Silver Spurs ( ISBN 0752201867 ) 15 Apr 1996 Do n't Tell a Soul ( ISBN 0752201913 ) 15 Apr 1996 Several unofficial books relating to the show have also been published . Title Writer ISBN Number Publisher Release Date ( s ) `` Behind the Scenes at ' Saved by the Bell ' : An inside Look at TV 's Hottest Teen Show '' Beth Cruise ( ISBN 0020427786 ) Prentice Hall & IBD 15 Feb 1993 `` Super Saved by the Bell Scrapbook '' Beth Goodman ( ISBN 0590471686 ) Scholastic Trade 1 May 1993 `` Saved by the Bell : Ring Out the Old , Ring in the New Scrapbook '' Nancy E. Krulik ( ISBN 0590480863 ) Scholastic Paperbacks 1 May 1994 `` Saved by the Bell : Guide to Life '' Alan Sepinwall ( ISBN 076244326X ) Running Press , U.S. 9 Aug 2011 Comic books ( edit ) In 1992 , Harvey Comics published a short - lived Saved by the Bell Comic series . Seven issues were released , including a Christmas and a Summer special . The comic was generally not well - received , with comic book critic Matt D. Wilson saying `` its character likenesses for the show 's starts were rough at best . '' In 2014 , Lion Forge Comics announced that its new all - ages imprint , ROAR Comics , would publish a new Saved by the Bell comic . Set initially during the gang 's freshman year of high school , the comic serves as a modern update to the classic series . It premiered in March 2014 alongside ROAR 's adaptation of Punky Brewster . Behind the Bell ( edit ) In 2009 , Dustin Diamond published an inside story of the show 's cast and crew from his point of view , entitled Behind the Bell . The book paints an unflattering portrait of many of Diamond 's colleagues and their alleged backstage behavior . Some of Diamond 's claims have been refuted by colleagues and questioned by critics . Diamond also alleges in the book that he had sex with 2,000 women , one of them being NBC 's Vice President of children 's programming , Linda Mancuso , who was 18 years his senior . Diamond later disclaimed responsibility for much of the book 's content , blaming his ghostwriter for fabricating salacious stories . The Unauthorized Saved by the Bell Story aired on Lifetime on September 1 , 2014 . Bayside ! The Musical ! The Saved by the Bell parody ( edit ) In September 2013 , Bayside ! The Musical ! The unauthorized parody of Saved by the Bell opened at NYC 's Theatre 80 . Bayside ! The Musical ! was named a New York Times Critics ' Pick . Bayside ! The Musical ! was written and directed by Bob and Tobly McSmith , the same creative team behind Showgirls ! The Musical ! In contrast to the wholesome nature of Saved by the Bell , Bayside ! The Musical ! contains strong language and adult situations throughout . The show 's run has been extended 6 times . Bayside ! originally debuted in 2005 under the title Bayside ! The UnMusical ! The following year a sequel was produced called Bayside 2 ! Electric Screechio The show then took several years off , reopening in 2012 at NYC 's Kraine Theatre with a revamped script and new cast Following the success of Showgirls ! The Musical ! the show 's creators Bob and Tobly McSmith revisited their script and reworked it from the ground up . The show has had appearances from original Saved by the Bell cast members such as Dustin Diamond and Dennis Haskins . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal 1980s portal 1990s portal List of Saved by the Bell episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mendoza , N.F. ( September 26 , 1993 ) . `` Can ' Saved by the Bell ' And ' Beverly Hills , 90210 ' Pass The Test as they Head Off To College ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Levi , Lili ( April 2010 ) . `` A `` Pay or Play '' Experiment to Improve Children 's Educational Television `` . Federal Communications Law Journal , Volume 62 , Issue 2 . Indiana University Maurer School of Law . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . Perhaps because of its concerns about trenching on broadcasters ' expressive rights , and / or because of differences regarding qualitative programming assessments even by experts , the FCC has not engaged in extensive , intensive , or timely enforcement of its children 's programming rules . It has let slide claims that shows like Saved By The Bell satisfy E / I requirements , taken a leisurely approach to empirical study , and delayed for years the resolution of still pending test claims of noncompliance . Jump up ^ `` Best School Shows of all Time '' . AOL TV . Aol , Income . August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Engel ( 2016 ) , pp. 169 -- 171 Jump up ^ Engel ( 2016 ) , pp. 161 -- 163 Jump up ^ Engel ( 2016 ) , pp. 180 -- 184 ^ Jump up to : `` Saved by the Bell '' . E ! True Hollywood Story . Season 7 . December 1 , 2002 . E ! . Jump up ^ Sam Bobrick ( writer ) & Peter Bonerz ( director ) ( July 11 , 1987 ) . `` Pilot '' . Good Morning , Miss Bliss . NBC . ^ Jump up to : Engel ( 2016 ) , pp. 169 -- 173 Jump up ^ `` About Ed Alonzo '' . Ed Alonzo . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Goldstein ( writer ) & Don Barnhart ( director ) ( September 22 , 1990 ) . `` Save the Max '' . Saved by the Bell . Season 2 . NBC . Jump up ^ Engel ( 2016 ) , pp. 220 -- 224 ^ Jump up to : Engel ( 2016 ) , pp. 157 -- 159 ^ Jump up to : Engel ( 2016 ) , pp. 164 -- 166 Jump up ^ Saturday Morning : From Toons to Teens ( DVD Bonus Feature ) . Lionsgate Shop . November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Engel ( 2016 ) , pp. 166 -- 169 Jump up ^ Engel ( 2016 ) , pp 184 -- 187 ^ Jump up to : Engel ( 2016 ) , pp. 211 - 216 Jump up ^ Engel ( 2016 ) , pp. 229 - 231 ^ Jump up to : Engel ( 2016 ) pp. 224 - 229 ^ Jump up to : Engel ( 2016 ) pp. 231 - 234 Jump up ^ Berman , Nat ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Why There Will Never Be A Show Like Saved by the Bell Again '' . TV Over Mind . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry , Screech -- ' Saved By The Bell ' Is n't Coming Back '' . Jump up ^ Friedman , Jon ( March 28 , 2009 ) . `` Sign the Saved By the Bell Petition '' . Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Amy ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` ' Saved By The Bell ' Cast : Then & Now '' . GetBack.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffani Thiessen is Busy '' . Funny or Die . July 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Saved by the Bell 's 20 - Year Reunion ! From Zack & Kelly to A.C. Slater , PEOPLE catches up with Bayside 's Class of ' 89 ! . People . August 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Freydkin , Donna ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` So about that time Jimmy Fallon reunited the ' Saved by the Bell ' cast '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Saved by the Bell DVD news : Announcement for Saved By The Bell - Hawaiian Style / Wedding In Las Vegas Double Feature - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Saved by the Bell DVD news : Update about Saved by the Bell - The Complete Collection - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Saved by the Bell DVD news : Announcement for Saved by the Bell - The Complete Collection - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Saved By The Bell / Season 1 '' . FabulousFilms.com . Jump up ^ `` Saved By The Bell / Season 2 '' . FabulousFilms.com . Jump up ^ `` Saved By The Bell / Season 3 '' . FabulousFilms.com . Jump up ^ `` Saved By The Bell / Season 4 '' . FabulousFilms.com . Jump up ^ `` Saved By The Bell : Hawaiian Style '' . 17 May 2004 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas '' . 17 May 2004 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Saved By The Bell -- Season 1 ( 3 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Saved By The Bell : Soundtrack To The Original Hit TV Series '' . 11 April 1995 -- via Amazon . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Matt D. ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` New ' Saved By The Bell ' And ' Punky Brewster ' Digital Comics Debut Today '' . Comics Alliance . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CBR , News Team ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` '' Saved By the Bell '' & `` Punky Brewster '' Digital Comics from Lion Forge Debut Today `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dustin Diamond ( 2009 ) . Behind the Bell . Transit Publishing , Inc . Jump up ^ `` ' Behind The Bell ' : Dustin Diamond , Screech , Spills Secrets From ' Saved By The Bell ' ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nathan Rabin ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Silly Little Show - Biz Book Club Dustin Diamond 's Behind The Bell '' . AV Club . Jump up ^ Sam Greenspan ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` 11 Most Scandalous Saved by the Bell Revelations in Screech 's Autobiography '' . 11 Points . Jump up ^ `` ' Saved By The Bell ' Book Left Dustin Diamond With Major Regrets '' . 5 December 2013 -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saved by the Bell ' Movie to Air on Lifetime '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Catherine Rampell ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bayside ! The Musical ! , ' a Parody From Bob and Tobly McSmith '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Jessica . `` To Do : Dance the Sprain at the Max '' . Jump up ^ `` BAYSIDE 2 ! ELECTRIC SCREECHIO ! '' . www.theateronline.com . Jump up ^ `` East Village News , Culture & Life - The Local East Village Blog - NYTimes.com '' . eastvillage.thelocal.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Dustin ' Screech ' Diamond To Appear In Saved By the Bell Musical '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` SAVED BY THE BELL 's Dennis Haskins to Appear in Off - Broadway 's BAYSIDE ! THE MUSICAL ! , 2 / 7 - 8 '' . General references ( edit ) Engel , Peter ( November 13 , 2016 ) . I Was Saved by the Bell : Stories of Life , Love , and Dreams That Do Come True . San Bernardino : Top Hat Words . ISBN 978 - 0997943108 . 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-7146709992898233665	2011 NBA Finals	2011 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2011 NBA Finals Jump to : navigation , search 2011 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Dallas Mavericks Rick Carlisle Miami Heat Erik Spoelstra Dates May 31 -- June 12 MVP Dirk Nowitzki ( Dallas Mavericks ) Television ABC & ESPN 3D ( U.S. ) TSN ( Canada ) Announcers Mike Breen , Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy ( ABC ) Mark Jones , Bruce Bowen ( Gms 1 - 2 , 5 - 6 ) , and Tim Legler ( Gms 3 - 4 ) ( ESPN 3D ) Radio network ESPN Announcers Mike Tirico , Hubie Brown , and Jack Ramsay Referees Game 1 : Steve Javie , Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy Game 2 : Joe Crawford , Ed Malloy , Ken Mauer Game 3 : Danny Crawford , Scott Foster , Derrick Stafford Game 4 : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis , Greg Willard Game 5 : Joe Crawford , Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy Game 6 : Steve Javie , Scott Foster , Derrick Stafford Eastern Finals Heat defeated Bulls , 4 -- 1 Western Finals Mavericks defeated Thunder , 4 -- 1 < 2010 NBA Finals 2012 > The 2011 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 2010 -- 11 season , and the conclusion of the season 's playoffs . The Western Conference champion Dallas Mavericks defeated the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat 4 games to 2 to win their first NBA championship . Dallas became the last NBA team from Texas to win its first title , after the Houston Rockets won back - to - back titles in 1994 and 1995 , and the San Antonio Spurs won four NBA championships in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 and 2007 , and a fifth one subsequently in 2014 ; all three Texas NBA teams have now won at least one NBA championship . It was also the first time in four years that the Los Angeles Lakers did not make the Finals , having been swept in the Western Conference semifinals by the eventual champion Dallas Mavericks . The series was held from May 31 to June 12 , 2011 -- the first to start before June 1 since the 1986 NBA Finals . Under the 2 -- 3 -- 2 rotation , the Miami Heat had home - court advantage ; the Heat hosted Games 1 , 2 , and 6 , and was set to host a deciding Game 7 , had one been necessary . German player Dirk Nowitzki was named the Finals MVP . Nowitzki was the second European to win the award after Tony Parker ( 2007 ) ; he is the first German to win the award . Going into the series , the Heat were heavy favorites with their newly acquired superstars LeBron James and Chris Bosh along with returning superstar Dwyane Wade . The series was a rematch of the 2006 NBA Finals , which was won by the Heat in six games after Dallas blew a 2 -- 0 series lead . The Dallas Mavericks became the first team in NBA history since the institution of the 2 -- 3 -- 2 format to enter Game 3 tied at one , lose Game 3 and still win the Finals . The previous 11 times this occurred , the Game 3 winner went on to win the series . The Dallas Mavericks also became just the 7th team , and the first since 1988 , to come back and win the Finals after being down in the series two or more separate times ( one game to none , and later two games to one ) . The previous six times this happened , the Finals ended in seven games ; Dallas became the first team in NBA history to do it in six games . ABC averaged a 10.1 rating , 11.7 million households and nearly 17.3 million viewers with the 2011 Finals , according to Nielsen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Road to the Finals 1.2 Regular - season series 2 Series summary 2.1 Game 1 2.2 Game 2 2.3 Game 3 2.4 Game 4 2.5 Game 5 2.6 Game 6 3 Statistical leaders 4 Rosters 4.1 Dallas Mavericks 4.2 Miami Heat 5 Player statistics 6 Broadcast notes 7 Aftermath 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) See also : 2010 -- 11 Dallas Mavericks season and 2010 -- 11 Miami Heat season Both the Mavericks and Heat made their second appearance in the NBA Finals , the first for both teams being the 2006 NBA Finals . This Finals marked a rematch of the 2006 Finals , won by Miami in six games , after the Mavericks were up 2 -- 0 . It was also the first time since 2006 that neither the Los Angeles Lakers nor the San Antonio Spurs represented the Western Conference in the Finals and only the second time since 1998 , and also the thirteenth consecutive NBA Finals to feature a Western Conference Champion from either the states of California or Texas . This was the first finals since 1998 not to feature , Kobe Bryant ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 ) or Tim Duncan ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 ) The Mavericks ' appearance also meant that three of North America 's four major professional sports championships were played in the Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex in a span of eight months , with the 2010 World Series and Super Bowl XLV both occurring in nearby Arlington . The Heat had home - court advantage by virtue of a better regular - season record than the Mavericks . This was only the second time that the Eastern Conference had home court advantage during the Finals since the end of the Michael Jordan era in 1998 . It also marks the first time since 1995 that the Eastern Conference team lost in the Finals despite having home court advantage . The 2011 series marked the first time a Finals match ( Game 1 ) was played in the month of May since 1986 . Among the players from both teams , only Dirk Nowitzki and Jason Terry of Dallas , and Dwyane Wade and Udonis Haslem of Miami , appeared in the 2006 series with the same team . Heat center Erick Dampier played for the Mavericks in 2006 . Aside from Dampier , Caron Butler , Juwan Howard and Shawn Marion are the only other players who have played for both the Mavericks and Heat . Eddie House , Žydrūnas Ilgauskas , LeBron James and Jason Kidd have appeared in the Finals with different teams , with House ( as a member of Boston 's 2008 championship team ) , Wade and Haslem winning a championship ring . Mavericks head coach Rick Carlisle won a championship as a reserve for Boston 's 1986 championship team making him only the eleventh person in NBA history to win a Finals as both a player and a coach . Road to the Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2011 NBA Playoffs Dallas Mavericks ( Western Conference Champion ) Miami Heat ( Eastern Conference Champion ) # Western Conference Team PCT GB c - San Antonio Spurs 61 21 . 744 -- y - Los Angeles Lakers 57 25 . 695 x-Dallas Mavericks 57 25 . 695 y - Oklahoma City Thunder 55 27 . 671 6 5 x-Denver Nuggets 50 32 . 610 11 6 x-Portland Trail Blazers 48 34 . 585 13 7 x-New Orleans Hornets 46 36 . 561 15 8 x-Memphis Grizzlies 46 36 . 561 15 9 Houston Rockets 43 39 . 524 18 10 Phoenix Suns 40 42 . 488 21 11 Utah Jazz 39 43 . 476 22 12 Golden State Warriors 36 46 . 439 25 13 Los Angeles Clippers 32 50 . 390 29 14 Sacramento Kings 24 58 . 293 37 15 Minnesota Timberwolves 17 65 . 207 44 3rd seed in the West , 5th best league record Regular season # Eastern Conference Team PCT GB z - Chicago Bulls 62 20 . 756 -- y - Miami Heat 58 24 . 707 y - Boston Celtics 56 26 . 683 6 x-Orlando Magic 52 30 . 634 10 5 x-Atlanta Hawks 44 38 . 537 18 6 x-New York Knicks 42 40 . 512 20 7 x-Philadelphia 76ers 41 41 . 500 21 8 x-Indiana Pacers 37 45 . 451 25 9 Milwaukee Bucks 35 47 . 427 27 10 Charlotte Bobcats 34 48 . 415 28 11 Detroit Pistons 30 52 . 366 32 12 New Jersey Nets 24 58 . 293 38 13 Washington Wizards 23 59 . 280 39 14 Toronto Raptors 22 60 . 268 40 15 Cleveland Cavaliers 19 63 . 232 43 2nd seed in the East , 3rd best league record Defeated the 6th seeded Portland Trail Blazers , 4 -- 2 First round Defeated the 7th seeded Philadelphia 76ers , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 2nd seeded Los Angeles Lakers , 4 -- 0 Conference Semifinals Defeated the 3rd seeded Boston Celtics , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 4th seeded Oklahoma City Thunder , 4 -- 1 Conference Finals Defeated the 1st seeded Chicago Bulls , 4 -- 1 Regular - season series ( edit ) The Dallas Mavericks won both games in the regular season . November 27 , 2010 Recap Miami Heat 95 , Dallas Mavericks 106 American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas December 20 , 2010 Recap Dallas Mavericks 98 , Miami Heat 96 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home team Result Road team Game 1 Tuesday , May 31 Miami Heat 92 -- 84 ( 1 -- 0 ) Dallas Mavericks Game 2 Thursday , June 2 Miami Heat 93 -- 95 ( 1 -- 1 ) Dallas Mavericks Game 3 Sunday , June 5 Dallas Mavericks 86 -- 88 ( 1 -- 2 ) Miami Heat Game 4 Tuesday , June 7 Dallas Mavericks 86 -- 83 ( 2 -- 2 ) Miami Heat Game 5 Thursday , June 9 Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 103 ( 3 -- 2 ) Miami Heat Game 6 Sunday , June 12 Miami Heat 95 -- 105 ( 2 -- 4 ) Dallas Mavericks All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) . Game 1 ( edit ) ABC May 31 9 : 00 pm Recap with video Dallas Mavericks 84 , Miami Heat 92 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 16 , 27 -- 27 , 17 -- 22 , 23 -- 27 Pts : Dirk Nowitzki 27 Rebs : Shawn Marion 10 Asts : Jason Kidd 6 Pts : LeBron James 24 Rebs : Dwyane Wade 10 Asts : Dwyane Wade 6 Miami leads series , 1 -- 0 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida Attendance : 20,003 Referees : Steve Javie , Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy The Heat made only 28.6 percent of their shots during the first quarter , and this low scoring percentage early on left the Mavs with an 8 - point lead early into the 3rd quarter . The Heat changed course from this point on , outscoring the Mavs 22 -- 10 and taking a 65 -- 61 lead going into the 4th quarter . Mavs power forward Dirk Nowitzki injured his finger within the last four minutes of the game , but remained in play , wearing a splint to support the torn tendon . Despite having a below - average performance early in the game , Heat shooting guard Dwyane Wade and small forward LeBron James collaborated on both defensive and offensive ends of the court in the fourth quarter , leading the Heat to win Game 1 over the Mavs 92 -- 84 . Game 2 ( edit ) ABC June 2 9 : 00 pm Recap with video Dallas Mavericks 95 , Miami Heat 93 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 28 , 23 -- 23 , 20 -- 24 , 24 -- 18 Pts : Dirk Nowitzki 24 Rebs : Dirk Nowitzki 11 Asts : Terry , Kidd 5 each Pts : Dwyane Wade 36 Rebs : James , Bosh 8 each Asts : Dwyane Wade 6 Series tied , 1 -- 1 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida Attendance : 20,003 Referees : Joe Crawford , Ed Malloy , Ken Mauer The Mavs ' 15 - point comeback was the biggest in an NBA Finals game since the 24 - point comeback the Celtics made against the Lakers in Game 4 of the 2008 NBA Finals . Dirk Nowitzki hit a 3 with 26.7 seconds left to give the Mavericks a 93 -- 90 lead . However , Mario Chalmers tied it with a 3 of his own with 24.5 seconds left when Jason Terry left him wide open . After Jason Kidd ran the clock down , Nowitzki then made a driving layup with his injured left hand with 3.6 seconds left . The Heat had no timeouts left , and Dwyane Wade 's potential game - winning 3 hit the back rim at the buzzer as he fell to the ground in an attempt to draw a foul on Nowitzki . The Mavs win broke the Heat 's 9 - game home winning streak in the playoffs , costing them a chance to tie the 1996 Bulls ' mark of 10 straight . This was the second straight Finals with a 1 -- 1 split after two games , after five straight years with one team leading 2 -- 0 ( 2005 -- 09 ) . Game 3 ( edit ) ABC June 5 8 : 00 pm Recap with video Miami Heat 88 , Dallas Mavericks 86 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 22 , 18 -- 20 , 20 -- 22 , 21 -- 22 Pts : Dwyane Wade 29 Rebs : Dwyane Wade 11 Asts : LeBron James 9 Pts : Dirk Nowitzki 34 Rebs : Chandler , Nowitzki 11 each Asts : Jason Kidd 10 Miami leads series , 2 -- 1 American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas Attendance : 20,340 Referees : Danny Crawford , Scott Foster , Derrick Stafford The Heat led most of the game , but the Mavericks fought back from a 14 - point deficit . With 39.6 seconds left in the 4th , LeBron James found Chris Bosh for a 20 - foot baseline jumper ; Dirk Nowitzki had a chance to force OT , but missed a well - defended fadeaway jumper at the buzzer as the Heat handed Dallas another defeat to go up 2 -- 1 in the series . It was Miami 's 6th win in its last 7 NBA Finals games , 4 by 3 points or less . Game 4 ( edit ) ABC June 7 9 : 00 pm Recap with video Miami Heat 83 , Dallas Mavericks 86 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 21 , 26 -- 24 , 22 -- 20 , 14 -- 21 Pts : Dwyane Wade 32 Rebs : LeBron James 9 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : Dirk Nowitzki 21 Rebs : Tyson Chandler 16 Asts : José Juan Barea 4 Series tied , 2 -- 2 American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas Attendance : 20,430 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis , Greg Willard Game 4 was a back - and - forth affair , with 12 lead changes and 15 ties . Miami went up 74 -- 65 early in the fourth quarter on a baseline jumpshot by Udonis Haslem , tallying their largest lead of the game . After a timeout , Dallas answered with 4 straight points by Jason Terry , similar to the 6 straight he scored with Dallas down 15 halfway through the fourth quarter of Game 2 . Dallas would take their first lead of the fourth quarter with 5 : 15 left on a fastbreak layup by Terry . They held the lead for the rest of the game , although Miami cut the lead to 1 twice in the final minute . Up 82 -- 81 with 20 seconds left after Wade missed 1 of 2 free throws , Dirk Nowitzki hit a driving layup with 14.4 seconds left to extend the lead to 3 . After a dunk by Wade with 9 seconds left , 2 free throws by Terry pushed the lead back up to 3 . With a chance to tie the game with a 3 , Wade fumbled the inbounds pass with 6.7 seconds left , only to make a diving save to prevent a backcourt violation . The ball landed in Mike Miller 's hands , whose desperation 3 airballed at the buzzer , preserving Dallas 's 86 -- 83 win . LeBron James scored just eight total points in Game 4 . Game 5 ( edit ) ABC June 9 9 : 00 pm Recap with video Miami Heat 103 , Dallas Mavericks 112 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 30 , 26 -- 30 , 22 -- 24 , 24 -- 28 Pts : Dwyane Wade 23 Rebs : James , Bosh 10 each Asts : LeBron James 10 Pts : Dirk Nowitzki 29 Rebs : Tyson Chandler 7 Asts : Kidd , Terry 6 each Dallas leads series , 3 -- 2 American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas Attendance : 20,433 Referees : Joe Crawford , Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy After four low - scoring games , Game 5 saw the first time either team would break 100 points in this series . Dallas connected 13 times out of their 19 tries from three - point range . Jason Terry , Jason Kidd , and J.J. Barea combined to make 10 of those 13 made threes . Late in the first quarter , Dwyane Wade ran into Brian Cardinal and had to go to the locker room with a hip injury ; he eventually returned and hit a 3 to cap a 9 -- 0 run that put Miami in front 99 -- 95 with less than 5 minutes left in the game . Unhappy with Terry for missing a defensive assignment and setting a poor cross-screen , Mavs coach Rick Carlisle pulled Terry from the game , telling him , `` Refocus . I 'm putting you right back in . '' After less than a minute , Carlisle subbed in Terry and made the crucial decision to run the offense through him for the rest of the game . This move ignited Dallas ' offense , leading them on a game - winning 15 -- 3 run in which Terry scored or assisted on 11 points . With Miami leading 100 -- 97 , Terry passed to Dirk Nowitzki , who drew a double team and then kicked it back out to Terry for a game - tying 3 . Nowitzki then drove baseline on Chris Bosh for a two - handed dunk ( assisted by Terry ) with 2 : 44 left in the game to give the Mavs a 102 -- 100 lead they would not relinquish . After LeBron James was called for an offensive foul ( Tyson Chandler drew the charge ) , Terry found Kidd for another wide - open 3 that gave the Mavs a 105 -- 100 lead with 1 : 26 left . After Chandler blocked Dwyane Wade with 1 : 04 left , Chris Bosh made 1 of 2 free throws to cut the Mavs ' lead to 105 -- 101 . On the Mavs ' next possession , Terry knocked down a 28 - foot 3 with LeBron James closely guarding him to give the Mavs an insurmountable 108 -- 101 lead with 33.3 seconds left . The Mavericks won 112 -- 103 and grabbed a 3 -- 2 series lead going back to Miami . Game 6 ( edit ) ABC June 12 8 : 00 pm Recap with video Dallas Mavericks 105 , Miami Heat 95 Scoring by quarter : 32 -- 27 , 21 -- 24 , 28 -- 21 , 24 -- 23 Pts : Jason Terry 27 Rebs : Dirk Nowitzki 11 Asts : Jason Kidd 8 Pts : LeBron James 21 Rebs : Udonis Haslem 9 Asts : Mario Chalmers 7 Dallas wins NBA Finals , 4 -- 2 American Airlines Arena , Miami , Florida Attendance : 20,003 Referees : Steve Javie , Scott Foster , Derrick Stafford Lebron James made his first four shots to contribute to the Heat taking a 20 -- 11 lead . The Mavericks went to a zone defense that perplexed Miami and Dallas went on a 21 -- 4 run in a span of 5 1⁄2 minutes . They made 9 of 12 shots during this stretch with DeShawn Stevenson making two 3 's in a 24 - second duration to give Dallas a 40 -- 28 lead with 9 : 42 left in the first half . Dallas turned Miami 's first six turnovers into 14 points . The Heat then went on a 14 -- 0 run to take a 42 -- 40 lead . With 6 : 25 left in the half , Stevenson along with Udonis Haslem and Mario Chalmers received technical fouls after a scuffle occurred at midcourt during a timeout . In the second half , James did not score until making a layup with 1 : 49 remaining in the third . The Mavericks led by nine going into the 4th quarter after Ian Mahinmi hit a buzzer beater to give Dallas an 81 -- 72 lead . The Mavericks took a 12 - point lead with 8 : 12 remaining . With 2 : 27 left , Nowitzki made a jump shot to help build the Mavericks ' lead to 99 -- 89 . The Mavericks , who led for the final 22 minutes in the game , won their first championship in franchise history . Nowitzki was named Finals MVP . He had a poor shooting performance in the first half but managed to score 18 points in the second half . When the final buzzer sounded , an emotional Nowitzki went straight to the locker room in tears , although he re-emerged for the trophy presentation . Statistical leaders ( edit ) High Average Player Team Total Player Team Avg . Games played Points Dwyane Wade Miami Heat 36 Dwyane Wade Miami Heat 26.5 6 Rebounds Tyson Chandler Dallas Mavericks 16 Dirk Nowitzki Dallas Mavericks 9.7 6 Assists Jason Kidd LeBron James Dallas Mavericks Miami Heat 10 LeBron James Miami Heat 6.8 6 Steals Mike Bibby LeBron James Miami Heat Miami Heat LeBron James Miami Heat 1.7 6 Blocks Joel Anthony Brendan Haywood Tyson Chandler Dirk Nowitzki Miami Heat Dallas Mavericks Dallas Mavericks Dallas Mavericks Dwyane Wade Miami Heat 1.5 6 Rosters ( edit ) Dallas Mavericks ( edit ) 2010 -- 11 Dallas Mavericks roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 PUR ! Barea , J.J. 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1984 -- 06 -- 26 Northeastern 1.5 ! G 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 FRA ! Beaubois , Rodrigue ( IN ) 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1988 -- 02 -- 24 France 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 USA ! Brewer , Corey 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 188 lb ( 85 kg ) 1986 -- 03 -- 05 Florida 4.0 ! F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 USA ! Butler , Caron ( IN ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 228 lb ( 103 kg ) 1980 -- 03 -- 13 Connecticut 4.0 ! F 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 USA ! Cardinal , Brian 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1977 -- 05 -- 02 Purdue 6.0 ! C 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 USA ! Chandler , Tyson 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1982 -- 10 -- 02 Dominguez HS ( California ) 6.0 ! C 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 USA ! Haywood , Brendan 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 263 lb ( 119 kg ) 1979 -- 11 -- 27 North Carolina 1.5 ! G 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 USA ! Jones , Dominique ( IN ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1988 -- 10 -- 15 South Florida 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 USA ! Kidd , Jason ( C ) 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1973 -- 03 -- 23 UC Berkeley 6.0 ! C 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 FRA ! Mahinmi , Ian 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1986 -- 11 -- 05 France 4.0 ! F 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 USA ! Marion , Shawn 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 228 lb ( 103 kg ) 1978 -- 05 -- 07 UNLV 4.0 ! F 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 GER ! Nowitzki , Dirk ( C ) 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1978 -- 06 -- 19 Germany 1.5 ! G 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 USA ! Stevenson , DeShawn 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) 1981 -- 04 -- 03 Washington Union HS ( California ) 4.0 ! F 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 SRB ! Stojaković , Peja 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 229 lb ( 104 kg ) 1977 -- 06 -- 09 Serbia 1.5 ! G 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 USA ! Terry , Jason 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) 1977 -- 09 -- 15 Arizona Head coach Rick Carlisle ( Virginia ) Assistant coach ( es ) Terry Stotts ( Oklahoma ) Dwane Casey ( Kentucky ) Darrell Armstrong ( Fayetteville State ) Monte Mathis ( Toledo ) Robert Hackett ( Wisconsin ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Miami Heat ( edit ) 2010 -- 11 Miami Heat roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 6.0 ! C 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 CAN ! Anthony , Joel 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1982 -- 08 -- 09 UNLV 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 USA ! Bibby , Mike 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1978 -- 05 -- 13 Arizona 4.0 ! F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 USA ! Bosh , Chris 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1984 -- 03 -- 24 Georgia Tech 1.5 ! G 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 USA ! Chalmers , Mario 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1986 -- 05 -- 19 Kansas 6.0 ! C 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 USA ! Dampier , Erick ( IN ) 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 265 lb ( 120 kg ) 1975 -- 07 -- 14 Mississippi State 4.0 ! F 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 USA ! Haslem , Udonis 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1980 -- 06 -- 09 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 USA ! House , Eddie 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 178 lb ( 81 kg ) 1978 -- 05 -- 14 Arizona State 4.0 ! F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 USA ! Howard , Juwan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1973 -- 02 -- 07 Michigan 6.0 ! C 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Lithuania ! Ilgauskas , Žydrūnas 7000220980000000000 ♠ 7 ft 3 in ( 2.21 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1975 -- 06 -- 05 Lithuania 4.0 ! F 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 USA ! James , LeBron 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1984 - 12 - 30 St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School ( Ohio ) 4.0 ! F 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 USA ! Jones , James 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1980 -- 10 -- 04 Miami ( FL ) 6.0 ! C 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 CAN ! Magloire , Jamaal ( IN ) 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1978 -- 05 -- 21 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 USA ! Miller , Mike 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) 1980 -- 02 -- 19 Florida 6.0 ! C 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 USA ! Pittman , Dexter ( IN ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 290 lb ( 132 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 02 Texas 1.5 ! G 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 USA ! Wade , Dwyane ( C ) 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1982 -- 01 -- 17 Marquette Head coach Erik Spoelstra ( Portland ) Assistant coach ( es ) Bob McAdoo ( North Carolina ) Keith Askins ( Alabama ) Ron Rothstein ( Rhode Island ) David Fizdale ( San Diego ) Chad Kammerer ( Westmont ) Octavio De La Grana ( Liberty ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Player statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Dallas Mavericks Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Barea , José Juan José Juan Barea 6 21.4 . 382 . 333 . 714 2.2 3.2 0.5 0.0 8.8 Cardinal , Brian Brian Cardinal 5 0 6.1 . 667 . 667 . 500 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.4 Chandler , Tyson Tyson Chandler 6 6 37.3 . 594 . 000 . 625 8.8 0.7 1.2 1.2 9.7 Haywood , Brendan Brendan Haywood 0 8.5 . 333 . 000 . 500 2.3 0.0 0.3 1.0 1.7 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 6 6 37.4 . 389 . 429 . 750 4.5 6.3 1.2 0.8 7.7 Mahinmi , Ian Ian Mahinmi 0 9.0 . 600 . 000 . 600 1.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 3.0 Marion , Shawn Shawn Marion 6 6 35.8 . 479 . 000 . 824 6.3 2.3 0.8 0.7 13.7 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki 6 6 40.4 . 416 . 368 . 978 9.7 2.0 0.7 0.7 26.0 Stevenson , DeShawn DeShawn Stevenson 6 17.2 . 542 . 565 . 750 1.5 0.3 0.7 0.2 7.0 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković 0 6.4 . 200 . 000 . 000 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 Terry , Jason Jason Terry 6 0 32.6 . 494 . 393 . 750 2.0 3.2 1.3 0.0 18.0 Miami Heat Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Anthony , Joel Joel Anthony 6 6 20.6 . 286 . 000 . 000 3.5 0.3 0.2 1.2 1.3 Bibby , Mike Mike Bibby 5 5 17.4 . 350 . 294 . 000 1.4 1.0 1.4 0.2 3.8 Bosh , Chris Chris Bosh 6 6 39.4 . 413 . 000 . 778 7.3 1.0 0.2 0.5 18.5 Chalmers , Mario Mario Chalmers 6 28.9 . 426 . 400 . 739 2.7 3.5 1.7 0.0 11.8 Haslem , Udonis Udonis Haslem 6 0 29.4 . 450 . 000 . 800 5.2 0.7 0.5 0.5 6.7 House , Eddie Eddie House 0 12.3 . 333 . 375 . 000 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 4.5 Howard , Juwan Juwan Howard 5 0 5.9 . 600 . 000 . 500 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.8 James , LeBron LeBron James 6 6 43.6 . 478 . 321 . 600 7.2 6.8 1.7 0.5 17.8 Miller , Mike Mike Miller 6 0 15.6 . 304 . 389 . 000 2.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 3.5 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade 6 6 39.0 . 546 . 304 . 694 7.0 5.2 1.5 1.5 26.5 Broadcast notes ( edit ) The Finals were originally projected to begin on Thursday , June 9 , but ( along with the entire NBA schedule ) were pushed up ahead one week to Thursday , June 2 due to negotiations on an impending league - wide lockout at the end of the season . They were again pushed ahead to a start date of May 31 as both conference finals series ended in five games . This series marked the first time since 2002 ( or the last game of the NBA 's coverage on NBC ) that the NBA Finals ended before the NHL 's Stanley Cup Finals . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) 9.0 15 15.171 9.3 16 15.522 9.1 15 15.338 9.6 16 16.126 5 10.8 19 18.318 6 13.3 22 23.880 The Finals were televised in the United States through ABC , with Mike Breen , Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy as announcers . Doris Burke was the sideline reporter , while Stuart Scott hosted the championship presentation . Scott also hosted the pre-game and halftime shows along with Jon Barry , Michael Wilbon and Magic Johnson . ESPN Radio aired the Finals nationally on radio , with Mike Tirico , Hubie Brown and Jack Ramsay announcing . Aftermath ( edit ) Weeks after the NBA Finals ended , the league went to a lockout after the expiration of the previous collective bargaining agreement on July 1 . The lockout would last until December 8 , after which the league played an abbreviated 66 - game season beginning on Christmas Day . On Opening Day , the Heat beat the Mavericks 105 -- 94 in Dallas , on the afternoon the Mavericks raised their championship banner . Dallas fielded a virtually different team from the previous year , letting free agents Tyson Chandler , JJ Barea , Caron Butler and DeShawn Stevenson go . The Mavericks struggled with their makeshift lineup , which included Lamar Odom and Vince Carter , finishing with 36 wins . The seventh - seeded Mavericks were swept in the first round of the playoffs by the Oklahoma City Thunder , who went on to make the 2012 NBA Finals . The Heat would maintain the momentum of their opening day win , starting the season with five straight wins , before finishing second in the Eastern Conference behind the Chicago Bulls with 46 wins . The Heat returned to the Finals by beating the New York Knicks , Indiana Pacers and Boston Celtics in five , six , and seven games respectively . After losing Game 1 to the Thunder , the Heat would win four straight games to capture their second NBA championship . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gutty performance earns Nowitzki Finals MVP honors '' . National Basketball Association . June 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Michael ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` NBA Finals : Dirk Nowitzki and the Dallas Mavericks complete stunning run to the championship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Ziller ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` NBA Finals 2011 Odds : Heat Heavy Favorites Over Mavericks '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharper , Drew ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 NBA Finals Odds To Win : Heat Favored Over Mavericks '' . TheSpread.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sekou ( June 5 , 2011 ) . `` Game 3 ? The Heat Is on ! '' . NBA . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Falgoust , J. Michael ; Kaplan , Jake ; Zillgitt , Jeff ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 NBA Finals a rematch of 2006 won by the Miami Heat '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Welcome to center of sports world '' . ESPN Dallas . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Dirk Nowitzki : Finger ' not that sore ' '' . ESPN Dallas . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Opportunistic Heat take Game 1 as Mavericks struggle to find rhythm '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Mavericks ' duo pull off the incredible '' . ESPNDallas.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirk Nowitzki , Mavericks rally in fourth quarter to even Finals at 1 -- 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirk Nowitzki 's late charge comes one shot short as Heat take 2 -- 1 Finals lead '' . ESPN.com wires . ESPN . June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirk Nowitzki fights off fever to rally Mavs past Heat , even Finals at 2 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Jeff ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Jason Terry backs up his big talk '' . ESPNDallas.com . Jump up ^ `` Dallas pulls away in 4th quarter , takes 3 -- 2 lead in Finals '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Mavericks finish off Heat 4 -- 2 as Dallas wins its first NBA title '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Dallas Mavericks take their talents to South Beach , leave with NBA championship , 105 -- 95 , over Miami '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Mavericks Defeat Heat for First Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Rapid Reaction : Mavericks win NBA title '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Karpuk , Brian ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Will There Be An NBA Lockout in 2011 ? '' . Newsburglar . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Top Summer 's First Full Week '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Dominate Primetime Week '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the 2011 NBA Finals 2011 NBA Finals at ESPN 2011 NBA Finals at Basketball-Reference.com NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1994 1995 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Dallas Mavericks 2010 -- 11 NBA champions 0 Marion 2 Kidd 3 Beaubois 4 Butler 6 Chandler 11 Barea 13 Brewer 16 Stojaković 20 Jones 28 Mahinmi 31 Terry 33 Haywood 35 Cardinal 41 Nowitzki ( Finals MVP ) 92 Stevenson Head coach Carlisle Assistant coaches Armstrong Casey Grgurich Hackett Mathis Stotts Regular season Playoffs Dallas Mavericks Founded in 1980 Based in Dallas , Texas Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Draft history Expansion Draft Head coaches Current season Arenas Reunion Arena Moody Coliseum American Airlines Center General managers Norm Sonju Keith Grant Frank Zaccanelli Nelson Sr . 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9212297869559207709	Backboard (basketball)	Backboard ( basketball ) - wikipedia Backboard ( basketball ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Typical professional hoop with backboard Typical privately owned basketball hoop with backboard A backboard is a piece of basketball equipment . It is a raised vertical board with an attached basket consisting of a net suspended from a hoop . It is made of a flat , rigid piece of , often Plexiglas or tempered glass which also has the properties of safety glass when accidentally shattered . It is usually rectangular as used in NBA , NCAA and international basketball . In recreational environments , a backboard may be oval or a fan - shape , particularly in non-professional games . The top of the hoop is 10 feet ( 305 cm ) above the ground . Regulation backboards are 72 inches ( 183 cm ) wide by 42 inches ( 110 cm ) tall . All basketball rims ( hoops ) are 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter . The inner rectangle on the backboard is 24 inches ( 61 cm ) wide by 18 inches ( 46 cm ) tall . In professional and most higher college settings , the backboard is part of a portable stanchion that can be moved out of the way in other sports , though in most high schools and examples such as Stanford University 's Maples Pavilion , backboards are mounted as part of a suspended system using ceiling joists to support the goal and allow them to be put out of the way in the ceiling when not in use . The first glass backboard was used by the Indiana Hoosiers men 's basketball team at the Men 's Gymnasium at Indiana University . After the first few games at their new facility in 1917 , spectators complained that they could not see the game because of opaque wooden backboards . As a result the Nurre Mirror Plate Company in Bloomington was employed to create new backboards that contained 1 ⁄ - inch - thick ( 3.8 cm ) plate glass so that fans could see games without an obstructed view . It was the first facility in the country to use glass backboards . Professional glass backboards used to break from 625 pounds ( 283 kg ) of force or more . Modern professional and higher - level college play backboards do not have the glass absorbing any weight to avoid breaking . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/analysis/rules_1.html Oct 17 2006 4 : 32AM ^ Jump up to : Hiner , Jason ( 2005 ) . Indiana University Basketball Encyclopedia . United States : Sports Publishing . p. 447 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 655 - 8 . Jump up ^ rockboy1138 ( 2009 - 12 - 01 ) , Sports Science puts NBA backboards to the test ! , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 Basketball Outline of basketball General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backboard_(basketball)&oldid=852780795 '' Categories : Basketball equipment Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Dansk Deutsch Français Polski Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 09 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how tall is a middle school basketball hoop	[]	[]
-1451464174057263780	Smooth muscle tissue	Smooth muscle tissue - wikipedia Smooth muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue Layers of Esophageal Wall : Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Adventitia Striated muscle Striated and smooth Smooth muscle Lamina muscularis mucosae Esophageal glands Details Identifiers Latin textus muscularis levis ; textus muscularis nonstriatus MeSH D009130 TH H2. 00.05. 1.00001 FMA 14070 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle . It is divided into two subgroups ; the single - unit ( unitary ) and multiunit smooth muscle . Within single - unit cells , the whole bundle or sheet contracts as a syncytium . It occurs in the walls of hollow organs , including the stomach , intestines , urinary bladder and uterus , and is found in the walls of passageways , such as the arteries and veins of the circulatory system , and the tracts of the respiratory , urinary , and reproductive systems . Furthermore , it is present in the eyes , where it functions to change the size of the iris and alter the shape of the lens ; and in the skin where it causes hair to stand erect in response to cold temperature or fear . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Molecular structure 1.1. 1 Myosin 1.1. 2 Actin 1.1. 3 Other proteins of the contractile apparatus 1.1. 4 Other tensile structures 1.1. 5 Caveolae 2 Excitation - contraction coupling 2.1 Inducing stimuli and factors 2.1. 1 External substances 2.2 Spread of impulse 2.3 Contraction 2.3. 1 Phasic or tonic 2.3. 2 Activation of myosin heads 2.3. 3 Sustained maintenance 2.3. 4 Other contractile mechanisms 2.4 Relaxation 3 Invertebrate smooth muscle 4 Specific effects 5 Growth and rearrangement 6 Related diseases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The dense bodies and intermediate filaments are networked through the sarcoplasm , which cause the muscle fiber to contract . A series of axon - like swelling , called varicosities or `` boutons '' , from autonomic neurons form motor units through the smooth muscle . Most smooth muscle is of the single - unit variety , that is , either the whole muscle contracts or the whole muscle relaxes , but there is multiunit smooth muscle in the trachea , the large elastic arteries , and the iris of the eye . Single unit smooth muscle , however , is most common and lines blood vessels ( except large elastic arteries ) , the urinary tract , and the digestive tract . However , the terms single - and multi-unit smooth muscle represents an oversimplification . This is due to the fact that smooth muscles for the most part are controlled and influenced by a combination of different neural elements . In addition , it has been observed that most of the time there will be some cell to cell communication and activators / inhibitors produced locally . This leads to a somewhat coordinated response even in multiunit smooth muscle . Smooth muscle is fundamentally different from skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle in terms of structure , function , regulation of contraction , and excitation - contraction coupling . Smooth muscle cells known as myocytes , have a fusiform shape and , like striated muscle , can tense and relax . However , smooth muscle tissue tends to demonstrate greater elasticity and function within a larger length - tension curve than striated muscle . This ability to stretch and still maintain contractility is important in organs like the intestines and urinary bladder . In the relaxed state , each cell is spindle - shaped , 20 - 500 micrometers in length . Molecular structure ( edit ) A substantial portion of the volume of the cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells are taken up by the molecules myosin and actin , which together have the capability to contract , and , through a chain of tensile structures , make the entire smooth muscle tissue contract with them . Myosin ( edit ) Myosin is primarily class II in smooth muscle . Myosin II contains two heavy chains which constitute the head and tail domains . Each of these heavy chains contains the N - terminal head domain , while the C - terminal tails take on a coiled - coil morphology , holding the two heavy chains together ( imagine two snakes wrapped around each other , such as in a caduceus ) . Thus , myosin II has two heads . In smooth muscle , there is a single gene ( MYH11 ) that codes for the heavy chains myosin II , but there are splice variants of this gene that result in four distinct isoforms . Also , smooth muscle may contain MHC that is not involved in contraction , and that can arise from multiple genes . Myosin II also contains 4 light chains , resulting in 2 per head , weighing 20 ( MLC ) and 17 ( MLC ) kDa . These bind the heavy chains in the `` neck '' region between the head and tail . The MLC is also known as the regulatory light chain and actively participates in muscle contraction . Two MLC isoforms are found in smooth muscle , and they are encoded by different genes , but only one isoform participates in contraction . The MLC is also known as the essential light chain . Its exact function is unclear , but it 's believed that it contributes to the structural stability of the myosin head along with MLC . Two variants of MLC ( MLC ) exist as a result of alternate splicing at the MLC gene . Different combinations of heavy and light chains allow for up to hundreds of different types of myosin structures , but it is unlikely that more than a few such combinations are actually used or permitted within a specific smooth muscle bed . In the uterus , a shift in myosin expression has been hypothesized to avail for changes in the directions of uterine contractions that are seen during the menstrual cycle . Actin ( edit ) The thin filaments that form part of the contractile machinery are predominantly composed of α - and γ - actin . Smooth muscle α - actin ( alpha actin ) is the predominant isoform within smooth muscle . There are also lots of actin ( mainly β - actin ) that does not take part in contraction , but that polymerizes just below the plasma membrane in the presence of a contractile stimulant and may thereby assist in mechanical tension . Alpha actin is also expressed as distinct genetic isoforms such as smooth muscle , cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle specific isoforms of alpha actin . The ratio of actin to myosin is between 2 : 1 and 10 : 1 in smooth muscle . Conversely , from a mass ratio standpoint ( as opposed to a molar ratio ) , myosin is the dominant protein in striated skeletal muscle with the actin to myosin ratio falling in the 1 : 2 to 1 : 3 range . A typical value for healthy young adults is 1 : 2.2. ; ; Other proteins of the contractile apparatus ( edit ) Smooth muscle does not contain the protein troponin ; instead calmodulin ( which takes on the regulatory role in smooth muscle ) , caldesmon and calponin are significant proteins expressed within smooth muscle . Tropomyosin is present in smooth muscle , spanning seven actin monomers and is laid out end to end over the entire length of the thin filaments . In striated muscle , tropomyosin serves to block actin -- myosin interactions until calcium is present , but in smooth muscle , its function is unknown . Calponin molecules may exist in equal number as actin , and has been proposed to be a load - bearing protein . Caldesmon has been suggested to be involved in tethering actin , myosin and tropomyosin , and thereby enhance the ability of smooth muscle to maintain tension . Also , all three of these proteins may have a role in inhibiting the ATPase activity of the myosin complex that otherwise provides energy to fuel muscle contraction . Other tensile structures ( edit ) The myosin and actin are the contractile parts of continuous chains of tensile structures that stretch both across and between smooth muscle cells . The actin filaments of contractile units are attached to dense bodies . Dense bodies are rich in α - actinin , and also attach intermediate filaments ( consisting largely of vimentin and desmin ) , and thereby appear to serve as anchors from which the thin filaments can exert force . Dense bodies also are associated with β - actin , which is the type found in the cytoskeleton , suggesting that dense bodies may coordinate tensions from both the contractile machinery and the cytoskeleton . Dense bodies appear darker under an electron microscope , and so they are sometimes described as electron dense . The intermediate filaments are connected to other intermediate filaments via dense bodies , which eventually are attached to adherens junctions ( also called focal adhesions ) in the cell membrane of the smooth muscle cell , called the sarcolemma . The adherens junctions consist of large number of proteins including α - actinin , vinculin and cytoskeletal actin . The adherens junctions are scattered around dense bands that are circumfering the smooth muscle cell in a rib - like pattern . The dense band ( or dense plaques ) areas alternate with regions of membrane containing numerous caveolae . When complexes of actin and myosin contract , force is transduced to the sarcolemma through intermediate filaments attaching to such dense bands . During contraction , there is a spatial reorganization of the contractile machinery to optimize force development . part of this reorganization consists of vimentin being phosphorylated at Ser by a p21 activated kinase , resulting in some disassembly of vimentin polymers . Also , the number of myosin filaments is dynamic between the relaxed and contracted state in some tissues as the ratio of actin to myosin changes , and the length and number of myosin filaments change . Smooth muscle cells have been observed contracting in a spiral corkscrew fashion , and contractile proteins have been observed organizing into zones of actin and myosin along the axis of the cell . Smooth muscle - containing tissue needs to be stretched often , so elasticity is an important attribute of smooth muscle . Smooth muscle cells may secrete a complex extracellular matrix containing collagen ( predominantly types I and III ) , elastin , glycoproteins , and proteoglycans . Smooth muscle also has specific elastin and collagen receptors to interact with these proteins of the extracellular matrix . These fibers with their extracellular matrices contribute to the viscoelasticity of these tissues . For example , the great arteries are viscolelastic vessels that act like a Windkessel , propagating ventricular contraction and smoothing out the pulsatile flow , and the smooth muscle within the tunica media contributes to this property . Caveolae ( edit ) The sarcolemma also contains caveolae , which are microdomains of lipid rafts specialized to cell signaling events and ion channels . These invaginations in the sarcoplasma contain a host of receptors ( prostacyclin , endothelin , serotonin , muscarinic receptors , adrenergic receptors ) , second messenger generators ( adenylate cyclase , phospholipase C ) , G proteins ( RhoA , G alpha ) , kinases ( rho kinase - ROCK , protein kinase C , protein Kinase A ) , ion channels ( L type calcium channels , ATP sensitive potassium channels , calcium sensitive potassium channels ) in close proximity . The caveolae are often close to sarcoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria , and have been proposed to organize signaling molecules in the membrane . Excitation - contraction coupling ( edit ) A smooth muscle is excited by external stimuli , which causes contraction . Each step is further detailed below . Inducing stimuli and factors ( edit ) Smooth muscle may contract spontaneously ( via ionic channel dynamics ) or as in the gut special pacemakers cells interstitial cells of Cajal produce rhythmic contractions . Also , contraction , as well as relaxation , can be induced by a number of physiochemical agents ( e.g. , hormones , drugs , neurotransmitters - particularly from the autonomic nervous system ) . Smooth muscle in various regions of the vascular tree , the airway and lungs , kidneys and vagina is different in their expression of ionic channels , hormone receptors , cell - signaling pathways , and other proteins that determine function . External substances ( edit ) For instance , blood vessels in skin , gastrointestinal system , kidney and brain respond to norepinephrine and epinephrine ( from sympathetic stimulation or the adrenal medulla ) by producing vasoconstriction ( this response is mediated through alpha - 1 adrenergic receptors ) . However , blood vessels within skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle respond to these catecholamines producing vasodilation because the smooth muscle possess beta - adrenergic receptors . So there is a difference in the distribution of the various adrenergic receptors that explains the difference in why blood vessels from different areas respond to the same agent norepinephrine / epinephrine differently as well as differences due to varying amounts of these catecholamines that are released and sensitivities of various receptors to concentrations . Generally , arterial smooth muscle responds to carbon dioxide by producing vasodilation , and responds to oxygen by producing vasoconstriction . Pulmonary blood vessels within the lung are unique as they vasodilate to high oxygen tension and vasoconstrict when it falls . Bronchiole , smooth muscle that line the airways of the lung , respond to high carbon dioxide producing vasodilation and vasoconstrict when carbon dioxide is low . These responses to carbon dioxide and oxygen by pulmonary blood vessels and bronchiole airway smooth muscle aid in matching perfusion and ventilation within the lungs . Further different smooth muscle tissues display extremes of abundant to little sarcoplasmic reticulum so excitation - contraction coupling varies with its dependence on intracellular or extracellular calcium . Recent research indicates that sphingosine - 1 - phosphate ( S1P ) signaling is an important regulator of vascular smooth muscle contraction . When transmural pressure increases , sphingosine kinase 1 phosphorylates sphingosine to S1P , which binds to the S1P2 receptor in plasma membrane of cells . This leads to a transient increase in intracellular calcium , and activates Rac and Rhoa signaling pathways . Collectively , these serve to increase MLCK activity and decrease MLCP activity , promoting muscle contraction . This allows arterioles to increase resistance in response to increased blood pressure and thus maintain constant blood flow . The Rhoa and Rac portion of the signaling pathway provides a calcium - independent way to regulate resistance artery tone . Spread of impulse ( edit ) To maintain organ dimensions against force , cells are fastened to one another by adherens junctions . As a consequence , cells are mechanically coupled to one another such that contraction of one cell invokes some degree of contraction in an adjoining cell . Gap junctions couple adjacent cells chemically and electrically , facilitating the spread of chemicals ( e.g. , calcium ) or action potentials between smooth muscle cells . Single unit smooth muscle displays numerous gap junctions and these tissues often organize into sheets or bundles which contract in bulk . Contraction ( edit ) Smooth muscle contraction is caused by the sliding of myosin and actin filaments ( a sliding filament mechanism ) over each other . The energy for this to happen is provided by the hydrolysis of ATP . Myosin functions as an ATPase utilizing ATP to produce a molecular conformational change of part of the myosin and produces movement . Movement of the filaments over each other happens when the globular heads protruding from myosin filaments attach and interact with actin filaments to form crossbridges . The myosin heads tilt and drag along the actin filament a small distance ( 10 - 12 nm ) . The heads then release the actin filament and then changes angle to relocate to another site on the actin filament a further distance ( 10 - 12 nm ) away . They can then re-bind to the actin molecule and drag it along further . This process is called crossbridge cycling and is the same for all muscles ( see muscle contraction ) . Unlike cardiac and skeletal muscle , smooth muscle does not contain the calcium - binding protein troponin . Contraction is initiated by a calcium - regulated phosphorylation of myosin , rather than a calcium - activated troponin system . Crossbridge cycling causes contraction of myosin and actin complexes , in turn causing increased tension along the entire chains of tensile structures , ultimately resulting in contraction of the entire smooth muscle tissue . Phasic or tonic ( edit ) Smooth muscle may contract phasically with rapid contraction and relaxation , or tonically with slow and sustained contraction . The reproductive , digestive , respiratory , and urinary tracts , skin , eye , and vasculature all contain this tonic muscle type . This type of smooth muscle can maintain force for prolonged time with only little energy utilization . There are differences in the myosin heavy and light chains that also correlate with these differences in contractile patterns and kinetics of contraction between tonic and phasic smooth muscle . Activation of myosin heads ( edit ) Crossbridge cycling can not occur until the myosin heads have been activated to allow crossbridges to form . When the light chains are phosphorylated , they become active and will allow contraction to occur . The enzyme that phosphorylates the light chains is called myosin light - chain kinase ( MLCK ) , also called MLC kinase . In order to control contraction , MLCK will work only when the muscle is stimulated to contract . Stimulation will increase the intracellular concentration of calcium ions . These bind to a molecule called calmodulin , and form a calcium - calmodulin complex . It is this complex that will bind to MLCK to activate it , allowing the chain of reactions for contraction to occur . Activation consists of phosphorylation of a serine on position 19 ( Ser19 ) on the MLC light chain , which causes a conformational change that increases the angle in the neck domain of the myosin heavy chain , which corresponds to the part of the cross-bridge cycle where the myosin head is unattached to the actin filament and relocates to another site on it . After attachment of the myosin head to the actin filament , this serine phosphorylation also activates the ATPase activity of the myosin head region to provide the energy to fuel the subsequent contraction . Phosphorylation of a threonine on position 18 ( Thr18 ) on MLC20 is also possible and may further increase the ATPase activity of the myosin complex . Sustained maintenance ( edit ) Phosphorylation of the MLC myosin light chains correlates well with the shortening velocity of smooth muscle . During this period there is a rapid burst of energy utilization as measured by oxygen consumption . Within a few minutes of initiation the calcium level markedly decrease , MLC myosin light chains phosphorylation decreases , and energy utilization decreases and the muscle can relax . Still , smooth muscle has the ability of sustained maintenance of force in this situation as well . This sustained phase has been attributed to certain myosin crossbridges , termed latch - bridges , that are cycling very slowly , notably slowing the progression to the cycle stage whereby dephosphorylated myosin detaches from the actin , thereby maintaining the force at low energy costs . This phenomenon is of great value especially for tonically active smooth muscle . Isolated preparations of vascular and visceral smooth muscle contract with depolarizing high potassium balanced saline generating a certain amount of contractile force . The same preparation stimulated in normal balanced saline with an agonist such as endothelin or serotonin will generate more contractile force . This increase in force is termed calcium sensitization . The myosin light chain phosphatase is inhibited to increase the gain or sensitivity of myosin light chain kinase to calcium . There are number of cell signalling pathways believed to regulate this decrease in myosin light chain phosphatase : a RhoA - Rock kinase pathway , a Protein kinase C - Protein kinase C potentiation inhibitor protein 17 ( CPI - 17 ) pathway , telokin , and a Zip kinase pathway . Further Rock kinase and Zip kinase have been implicated to directly phosphorylate the 20kd myosin light chains . Other contractile mechanisms ( edit ) Other cell signaling pathways and protein kinases ( Protein kinase C , Rho kinase , Zip kinase , Focal adhesion kinases ) have been implicated as well and actin polymerization dynamics plays a role in force maintenance . While myosin light chain phosphorylation correlates well with shortening velocity , other cell signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of force and maintenance of force . Notably the phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues on the focal adhesion adapter protein - paxillin by specific tyrosine kinases has been demonstrated to be essential to force development and maintenance . For example , cyclic nucleotides can relax arterial smooth muscle without reductions in crossbridge phosphorylation , a process termed force suppression . This process is mediated by the phosphorylation of the small heat shock protein , hsp20 , and may prevent phosphorylated myosin heads from interacting with actin . Relaxation ( edit ) The phosphorylation of the light chains by MLCK is countered by a myosin light - chain phosphatase , which dephosphorylates the MLC myosin light chains and thereby inhibits contraction . Other signaling pathways have also been implicated in the regulation actin and myosin dynamics . In general , the relaxation of smooth muscle is by cell - signaling pathways that increase the myosin phosphatase activity , decrease the intracellular calcium levels , hyperpolarize the smooth muscle , and / or regulate actin and myosin muscle can be mediated by the endothelium - derived relaxing factor - nitric oxide , endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factor ( either an endogenous cannabinoid , cytochrome P450 metabolite , or hydrogen peroxide ) , or prostacyclin ( PGI2 ) . Nitric oxide and PGI2 stimulate soluble guanylate cyclase and membrane bound adenylate cyclase , respectively . The cyclic nucleotides ( cGMP and cAMP ) produced by these cyclases activate Protein Kinase G and Protein Kinase A and phosphorylate a number of proteins . The phosphorylation events lead to a decrease in intracellular calcium ( inhibit L type Calcium channels , inhibits IP3 receptor channels , stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium pump ATPase ) , a decrease in the 20kd myosin light chain phosphorylation by altering calcium sensitization and increasing myosin light chain phosphatase activity , a stimulation of calcium sensitive potassium channels which hyperpolarize the cell , and the phosphorylation of amino acid residue serine 16 on the small heat shock protein ( hsp20 ) by Protein Kinases A and G . The phosphorylation of hsp20 appears to alter actin and focal adhesion dynamics and actin - myosin interaction , and recent evidence indicates that hsp20 binding to 14 - 3 - 3 protein is involved in this process . An alternative hypothesis is that phosphorylated Hsp20 may also alter the affinity of phosphorylated myosin with actin and inhibit contractility by interfering with crossbridge formation . The endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor stimulates calcium sensitive potassium channels and / or ATP sensitive potassium channels and stimulate potassium efflux which hyperpolarizes the cell and produces relaxation . Invertebrate smooth muscle ( edit ) In invertebrate smooth muscle , contraction is initiated with the binding of calcium directly to myosin and then rapidly cycling cross-bridges , generating force . Similar to the mechanism of vertebrate smooth muscle , there is a low calcium and low energy utilization catch phase . This sustained phase or catch phase has been attributed to a catch protein that has similarities to myosin light - chain kinase and the elastic protein - titin called twitchin . Clams and other bivalve mollusks use this catch phase of smooth muscle to keep their shell closed for prolonged periods with little energy usage . Specific effects ( edit ) Although the structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs , their specific effects or end - functions differ . The contractile function of vascular smooth muscle regulates the lumenal diameter of the small arteries - arterioles called resistance vessels , thereby contributing significantly to setting the level of blood pressure and blood flow to vascular beds . Smooth muscle contracts slowly and may maintain the contraction ( tonically ) for prolonged periods in blood vessels , bronchioles , and some sphincters . Activating arteriole smooth muscle can decrease the lumenal diameter 1 / 3 of resting so it drastically alters blood flow and resistance . Activation of aortic smooth muscle does n't significantly alter the lumenal diameter but serves to increase the viscoelasticity of the vascular wall . In the digestive tract , smooth muscle contracts in a rhythmic peristaltic fashion , rhythmically forcing foodstuffs through the digestive tract as the result of phasic contraction . A non-contractile function is seen in specialized smooth muscle within the afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus , which secretes renin in response to osmotic and pressure changes , and also it is believed to secrete ATP in tubuloglomerular regulation of glomerular filtration rate . Renin in turn activates the renin -- angiotensin system to regulate blood pressure . Growth and rearrangement ( edit ) The mechanism in which external factors stimulate growth and rearrangement is not yet fully understood . A number of growth factors and neurohumoral agents influence smooth muscle growth and differentiation . The Notch receptor and cell - signaling pathway have been demonstrated to be essential to vasculogenesis and the formation of arteries and veins . The proliferation is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is inhibited by nitric oxide . The embryological origin of smooth muscle is usually of mesodermal origin , after the creation of muscle fibers in a process known as myogenesis . However , the smooth muscle within the Aorta and Pulmonary arteries ( the Great Arteries of the heart ) is derived from ectomesenchyme of neural crest origin , although coronary artery smooth muscle is of mesodermal origin . Related diseases ( edit ) `` Smooth muscle condition '' is a condition in which the body of a developing embryo does not create enough smooth muscle for the gastrointestinal system . This condition is fatal . Anti-smooth muscle antibodies ( ASMA ) can be a symptom of an auto - immune disorder , such as hepatitis , cirrhosis , or lupus . Vascular smooth muscle tumors are very rare . They can be malignant or benign , and morbidity can be significant with either type . Intravascular leiomyomatosis is a benign neoplasm that extends through the veins ; angioleiomyoma is a benign neoplasm of the extremities ; vascular leiomyosarcomas is a malignant neoplasm that can be found in the inferior vena cava , pulmonary arteries and veins , and other peripheral vessels . See Atherosclerosis . See also ( edit ) Atromentin has been shown to be a smooth muscle stimulant . Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 10.8 Smooth Muscle -- Anatomy and Physiology '' . opentextbc.ca . Archived from the original on 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Berne & Levy - Physiology , 6th Edition ^ Jump up to : Page 174 in : The vascular smooth muscle cell : molecular and biological responses to the extracellular matrix . Authors : Stephen M. Schwartz , Robert P. Mecham . Editors : Stephen M. Schwartz , Robert P. Mecham . Contributors : Stephen M. Schwartz , Robert P. Mecham . Publisher : Academic Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 632310 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 632310 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Aguilar HN , Mitchell BF ( 2010 ) . `` Physiological pathways and molecular mechanisms regulating uterine contractility '' . Hum . Reprod . Update. 16 ( 6 ) : 725 -- 744 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmq016 . PMID 20551073 . Jump up ^ Matsuoka R , Yoshida MC , Furutani Y , Imamura S , Kanda N , Yanagisawa M , Masaki T , Takao A ( 1993 ) . `` Human smooth muscle myosin heavy chain gene mapped to chromosomal region 16q12 '' . Am. J. Med . Genet. 46 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 67 . doi : 10.1002 / ajmg. 1320460110 . PMID 7684189 . Jump up ^ Perrin BJ , Ervasti JM ( 2010 ) . `` The actin gene family : function follows isoform '' . Cytoskeleton ( Hoboken ) . 67 ( 10 ) : 630 -- 4 . doi : 10.1002 / cm. 20475 . PMC 2949686 . PMID 20737541 . Jump up ^ Aguilar_2010 ( above reference ) `` In skeletal or striated muscle , there is 3-fold more myosin than actin . '' Jump up ^ Trappe S , Gallagher P , et al. Single muscle fibre contractile properties in young and old men and women . J Physiol ( 2003 ) , 552.1 , pp. 47 -- 58 , Table 8 Jump up ^ Greger R , Windhorst U ; Comprehensive Human Physiology , Vol. II . Berlin , Springer , 1996 ; Chapter 46 , Table 46.1 , Myosin 45 % , Actin 22 % of skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteins , p 937 Jump up ^ Lawrie 's Meat Science , Lawrie RA , Ledward , D ; 2014 ; Chapter 4 , Table 4.1 , Chemical Composition of Typical Mammalian Adult Muscle , percent of skeletal muscle tissue wet weight ; myosin 5.5 % , actin 2.5 % , p 76 Jump up ^ Ultrastructure of Smooth Muscle , Volume 8 of Electron Microscopy in Biology and Medicine , Editor P. Motta , Springer Science & Business Media , 2012 , ISBN 1461306833 , 9781461306832 . ( page 163 Archived 2017 - 05 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Scherer EQ , Lidington D , Oestreicher E , Arnold W , Pohl U , Bolz SS ( 2006 ) . `` Sphingosine - 1 - phosphate modulates spiral modiolar artery tone : A potential role in vascular - based inner ear pathologies ? '' . Cardiovasc . Res. 70 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 87 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cardiores. 2006.01. 011 . PMID 16533504 . Jump up ^ Sullivan G , Guess WL ( 1969 ) . `` Atromentin : a smooth muscle stimulant in Clitocybe subilludens '' . Lloydia. 32 ( 1 ) : 72 -- 75 . PMID 5815216 . External links ( edit ) BBC - baby born with smooth muscle condition has 8 organs transplanted Smooth muscle antibody Stomach smooth muscle identified using antibody UIUC Histology Subject 265 Histology at KUMC muscular - muscle08 `` Smooth Muscle '' Histology image : 21701ooa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Smooth muscle histology photomicrographs hide Muscular system Tissue Muscle tissue Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Fascia Superficial Deep Visceral Fascial compartment Tendon / Aponeurosis Shape Fusiform Pennate muscle Unipennate Bipennate Other Anatomical terms of muscle Origin Insertion List of muscles of the human body Composite muscle hide Muscle tissue Smooth muscle Calmodulin Vascular smooth muscle Striated muscle Skeletal muscle Costamere / DAPC Membrane / extracellular DAP : Sarcoglycan SGCA SGCB SGCD SGCE SGCG SGCZ Dystroglycan Sarcospan Laminin , alpha 2 Intracellular Dystrophin Dystrobrevin Syntrophin B1 B2 G1 G2 Syncoilin Dysbindin Synemin / desmuslin related : NOS1 Caveolin 3 Sarcomere / ( a , i , and h bands ; z and m lines ) Myofilament thin filament / actin thick filament / myosin elastic filament / titin nebulin Tropomyosin Troponin Connective tissue Epimysium Fascicle Perimysium Endomysium Connective tissue in skeletal muscle General Neuromuscular junction Motor unit Muscle spindle Excitation -- contraction coupling Sliding filament mechanism Cardiac muscle Myocardium Intercalated disc Nebulette Both Fiber Muscle fiber intrafusal extrafusal Myofibril Microfilament / Myofilament Sarcomere Cells Myoblast / Myocyte Myosatellite cell Other Desmin Sarcoplasm Sarcolemma T - tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum Other / ungrouped Myotilin Telethonin Dysferlin Fukutin Fukutin - related protein NDL : 00563066 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smooth_muscle_tissue&oldid=844751540 '' Categories : Muscular system Muscle tissue Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 22 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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-784184148908421937	Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India	Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India - wikipedia Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India Jump to : navigation , search The Preamble of the Constitution of India -- India declaring itself as a country . The Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties are sections of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the states to its citizens and the duties and the rights of the citizens to the State . These sections comprise a constitutional bill of rights for government policy - making and the behaviour and conduct of citizens . These sections are considered vital elements of the constitution , which was developed between 1947 and 1949 by the Constituent assembly of India . The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens . These rights , defined in Part III of the Constitution , applied irrespective of race , place of birth , religion , caste , creed , or gender . They are enforceable by the courts , subject to specific restrictions . The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government . These provisions , set out in Part IV of the Constitution , are not enforceable by the courts , but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing policies and passing laws . The Fundamental Duties are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India . These duties , set out in Part IV -- A of the Constitution , concern individuals and the nation . Like the Directive Principles , they are not enforceable by courts unless otherwise made enforceable by a parliamentary law . Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Fundamental Rights 2.1 Right to Equality 2.2 Right to Freedom 2.3 Right to Freedom of Religion 2.4 Cultural and Educational Rights 2.5 Right to Constitutional Remedies 3 Directive Principles of State Policy 4 Fundamental Duties 5 Criticism and analysis 6 Relationship between the Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Bibliography 9.3 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) See also : Indian independence movement , Constituent Assembly of India , Constitution of India , and India The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles had their origins in the Indian independence movement , which strove to achieve the values of liberty and social welfare as the goals of an independent Indian state . The development of constitutional rights in India was inspired by historical documents such as England 's Bill of Rights , the United States Bill of Rights and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man . The demand for civil liberties formed an important part of the Indian independence movement , with one of the objectives of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) being to end discrimination between the British rulers and their Indian subjects . This demand was explicitly mentioned in resolutions adopted by the INC between 1917 and 1919 . The demands articulated in these resolutions included granting to Indians the rights to equality before law , free speech , trial by juries composed at least half of Indian members , political power , and equal terms for bearing arms as British citizens . The experiences of the First World War , the unsatisfactory Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 , and the rise to prominence of M.K. Gandhi in the Indian independence movement marked a change in the attitude of its leaders towards articulating demands for civil rights . The focus shifted from demanding equality of status between Indians and the British to assuring liberty for all Indians . The Commonwealth of India Bill , drafted by Annie Beasant in 1925 , specifically included demands for seven fundamental rights -- individual liberty , freedom of conscience , free expression of opinion , freedom of assembly , non-discrimination on the ground of sex , free elementary education and free use of public spaces . In 1927 , the INC resolved to set up a committee to draft a `` Swaraj Constitution '' for India based on a declaration of rights that would provide safeguards against oppression . The 11 - member committee , led by Motilal Nehru , was constituted in 1928 . Its report made a number of recommendations , including proposing guaranteed fundamental rights to all Indians . These rights resembled those of the American Constitution and those adopted by post-war European countries , and several of them were adopted from the 1925 Bill . Several of these provisions were later replicated in various parts of the Indian Constitution , including the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles . In 1931 , the Indian National Congress , at its Karachi session , adopted a resolution committing itself to the defence of civil rights and economic freedom , with the stated objectives of putting an end to exploitation , providing social security and implementing land reforms . Other new rights proposed by the resolution were the prohibition of State titles , universal adult franchise , abolition of capital punishment and freedom of movement . Drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru , the resolution , which later formed the basis for some of the Directive Principles , placed the primary responsibility of carrying out social reform on the State , and marked the increasing influence of socialism and Gandhian philosophy on the independence movement . The final phase of the Independence movement saw a reiteration of the socialist principles of the 1930s , along with an increased focus on minority rights -- which had become an issue of major political concern by then -- which were published in the Sapru Report in 1945 . The report , apart from stressing on protecting the rights of minorities , also sought to prescribe a `` standard of conduct for the legislatures , government and the courts '' . During the final stages of the British Raj , the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India proposed a Constituent Assembly to draft a Constitution for India as part of the process of transfer of power . The Constituent Assembly of India , composed of indirectly elected representatives from the British provinces and Princely states , commenced its proceedings in December 1946 , and completed drafting the Constitution of India by November 1949 . According to the Cabinet Mission plan , the Assembly was to have an Advisory Committee to advise it on the nature and extent of fundamental rights , protection of minorities and administration of tribal areas . Accordingly , the Advisory Committee was constituted in January 1947 with 64 members , and from among these a twelve - member sub-committee on Fundamental Rights was appointed under the chairmanship of J.B. Kripalani in February 1947 . The sub-committee drafted the Fundamental Rights and submitted its report to the Committee by April 1947 , and later that month the Committee placed it before the Assembly , which debated and discussed the rights over the course of the following year , adopting the drafts of most of them by , December 1948 . The drafting of the Fundamental Rights was influenced by the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the U.N. General Assembly and the activities of the United Nations Human Rights Commission , as well as decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court in interpreting the Bill of Rights in the American Constitution . The Directive Principles , which were also drafted by the sub-committee on Fundamental Rights , expounded the socialist precepts of the Indian independence movement , and were inspired by similar principles contained in the Irish Constitution . The Fundamental Duties were later added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 . Fundamental Rights ( edit ) Main article : Fundamental Rights in India The Fundamental Rights , embodied in Part III of the Constitution , guarantee civil rights to all Indians , and prevent the State from encroaching on individual liberty while simultaneously placing upon it an obligation to protect the citizens ' rights from encroachment by society . Seven fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution -- right to equality , right to freedom , right against exploitation , right to freedom of religion , cultural and educational rights , right to property and right to constitutional remedies . However , the right to property was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44th Amendment in 1978 . The purpose of the Fundamental Rights is to preserve individual liberty and democratic principles based on equality of all members of society . Dr Ambedkar said that the responsibility of the legislature is not just to provide fundamental rights but also and rather more importantly , to safeguard them . They act as limitations on the powers of the legislature and executive , under Article 13 , and in case of any violation of these rights the Supreme Court of India and the High Courts of the states have the power to declare such legislative or executive action as unconstitutional and void . These rights are largely enforceable against the State , which as per the wide definition provided in Article 12 , includes not only the legislative and executive wings of the federal and state governments , but also local administrative authorities and other agencies and institutions which discharge public functions or are of a governmental character . However , there are certain rights -- such as those in Articles 15 , 17 , 18 , 23 , 24 -- that are also available against private individuals . Further , certain Fundamental Rights -- including those under Articles 14 , 20 , 21 , 25 -- apply to persons of any nationality upon Indian soil , while others -- such as those under Articles 15 , 16 , 19 , 30 -- are applicable only to citizens of India . Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people Water and sanitation The Fundamental Rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of public interest . In the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case in 1973 , the Supreme Court , overruling a previous decision of 1967 , held that the Fundamental Rights could be amended , subject to judicial review in case such an amendment violated the basic structure of the Constitution . The Fundamental Rights can be enhanced , removed or otherwise altered through a constitutional amendment , passed by a two - thirds majority of each House of Parliament . The imposition of a state of emergency may lead to a temporary suspension any of the Fundamental Rights , excluding Articles 20 and 21 , by order of the President . The President may , by order , suspend the right to constitutional remedies as well , thereby barring citizens from approaching the Supreme Court for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights , except Articles 20 and 21 , during the period of the emergency . Parliament may also restrict the application of the Fundamental Rights to members of the Indian Armed Forces and the police , in order to ensure proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline , by a law made under Article 33 . Right to equality ( edit ) The Right to Equality is one of the chief guarantees of the Constitution . It is embodied in Articles 14 -- 16 , which collectively encompass the general principles of equality before law and non-discrimination , and Articles 17 -- 18 which collectively encompass further the philosophy of social equality . Article 14 guarantees equality before law as well as equal protection of the law to all persons within the territory of India . This includes the equal subjection of all persons to the authority of law , as well as equal treatment of persons in similar circumstances . The latter permits the State to classify persons for legitimate purposes , provided there is a reasonable basis for the same , meaning that the classification is required to be non-arbitrary , based on a method of intelligible differentiation among those sought to be classified , as well as have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the classification . Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the grounds only of religion , race , caste , sex , place of birth , or any of them . This right can be enforced against the State as well as private individuals , with regard to free access to places of public entertainment or places of public resort maintained partly or wholly out of State funds . However , the State is not precluded from making special provisions for women and children or any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens , including the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . This exception has been provided since the classes of people mentioned therein are considered deprived and in need of special protection . Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and prevents the State from discriminating against anyone in matters of employment on the grounds only of religion , race , caste , sex , descent , place of birth , place of residence or any of them . It creates exceptions for the implementation of measures of affirmative action for the benefit of any backward class of citizens in order to ensure adequate representation in public service , as well as reservation of an office of any religious institution for a person professing that particular religion . The practice of untouchability has been declared an offence punishable by law under Article 17 , and the Protection of Civil Rights Act , 1955 has been enacted by the Parliament to further this objective . Article 18 prohibits the State from conferring any titles other than military or academic distinctions , and the citizens of India can not accept titles from a foreign state . Thus , Indian aristocratic titles and title of nobility conferred by the British have been abolished . However , awards such as the Bharat Ratna have been held to be valid by the Supreme Court on the ground that they are merely decorations and can not be used by the recipient as a title . Right to freedom ( edit ) The Right to Freedom is covered in Articles 19 - 22 , with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the Constitution , and these Articles also include certain restrictions that may be imposed by the State on individual liberty under specified conditions . Article 19 guarantees six freedoms in the nature of civil rights , which are available only to citizens of India . These include the freedom of speech and expression , freedom of assembly without arms , freedom of association , freedom of movement throughout the territory of our country , freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country of India and the freedom to practice any profession . All these freedoms are subject to reasonable restrictions that may imposed on them by the State , listed under Article 19 itself . The grounds for imposing these restrictions vary according to the freedom sought to be restricted , and include national security , public order , decency and morality , contempt of court , incitement to offences , and defamation . The State is also empowered , in the interests of the general public to nationalise any trade , industry or service to the exclusion of the citizens . The freedoms guaranteed by Article 19 are further sought to be protected by Articles 20 -- 22 . The scope of these articles , particularly with respect to the doctrine of due process , was heavily debated by the Constituent Assembly . It was argued , especially by Benegal Narsing Rau , that the incorporation of such a clause would hamper social legislation and cause procedural difficulties in maintaining order , and therefore it ought to be excluded from the Constitution altogether . The Constituent Assembly in 1948 eventually omitted the phrase `` due process '' in favour of `` procedure established by law '' . As a result , Article 21 , which prevents the encroachment of life or personal liberty by the State except in accordance with the procedure established by law , was , until 1978 , construed narrowly as being restricted to executive action . However , in 1978 , the Supreme Court in the case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India extended the protection of Article 21 to legislative action , holding that any law laying down a procedure must be just , fair and reasonable , and effectively reading due process into Article 21 . In the same case , the Supreme Court also ruled that `` life '' under Article 21 meant more than a mere `` animal existence '' ; it would include the right to live with human dignity and all other aspects which made life `` meaningful , complete and worth living '' . Subsequent judicial interpretation has broadened the scope of Article 21 to include within it a number of rights including those to livelihood , good health , clean environment , water , speedy trial and humanitarian treatment while imprisoned . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the Fundamental Rights under Article 21A by the 86th Constitutional amendment of 2002 . Article 20 provides protection from conviction for offences in certain respects , including the rights against ex post facto laws , double jeopardy and freedom from self - incrimination . Article 22 provides specific rights to arrested and detained persons , in particular the rights to be informed of the grounds of arrest , consult a lawyer of one 's own choice , be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest , and the freedom not to be detained beyond that period without an order of the magistrate . The Constitution also authorizes the State to make laws providing for preventive detention , subject to certain other safeguards present in Article 22 . The provisions pertaining to preventive detention were discussed with skepticism and misgivings by the Constituent Assembly , and were reluctantly approved after a few amendments in 1949 . Article 22 provides that when a person is detained under any law of preventive detention , the State can detain such person without trial for only three months , and any detention for a longer period must be authorised by an Advisory Board . The person being detained also has the right to be informed about the grounds of detention , and be permitted to make a representation against it , at the earliest opportunity . Right against Exploitation Child labour and Beggar is prohibited under the Right against Exploitation . The Right against Exploitation , contained in Articles 23 -- 24 , lays down certain provisions to prevent exploitation of the weaker sections of the society by individuals or the State . Article 23 prohibits human trafficking , making it an offence punishable by law , and also prohibits forced labour or any act of compelling a person to work without wages where he was legally entitled not to work or to receive remuneration for it . However , it permits the State to impose compulsory service for public purposes , including conscription and community service . The Bonded Labour system ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 , has been enacted by Parliament to give effect to this Article . Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories , mines and other hazardous jobs . Parliament has enacted the Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act , 1986 , providing regulations for the abolition of , and penalties for employing , child labour , as well as provisions for rehabilitation of former child labourers . Right to freedom of religion ( edit ) The Right to Freedom of Religion , covered in Articles 25 -- 28 , provides religious freedom to all citizens and ensures a secular state in India . According to the Constitution , there is no official State religion , and the State is required to treat all religions impartially and neutrally . Article 25 guarantees all persons the freedom of conscience and the right to preach , practice and propagate any religion of their choice . This right is , however , subject to public order , morality and health , and the power of the State to take measures for social welfare and reform . The right to propagate , however , does not include the right to convert another individual , since it would amount to an infringement of the other 's right to freedom of conscience . Article 26 guarantees all religious denominations and sects , subject to public order , morality and health , to manage their own affairs in matters of religion , set up institutions of their own for charitable or religious purposes , and own , acquire and manage property in accordance with law . These provisions do not derogate from the State 's power to acquire property belonging to a religious denomination . The State is also empowered to regulate any economic , political or other secular activity associated with religious practice . Article 27 guarantees that no person can be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of any particular religion or religious institution . Article 28 prohibits religious instruction in a wholly State - funded educational institution , and educational institutions receiving aid from the State can not compel any of their members to receive religious instruction or attend religious worship without their ( or their guardian 's ) consent . Cultural and educational Rights ( edit ) See also : Eighty - sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India and Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act The Cultural and Educational rights , given in Articles 29 and 30 , are measures to protect the rights of cultural , linguistic and religious minorities , by enabling them to conserve their heritage and protecting them against discrimination . Article 29 grants any section of citizens having a distinct language , script culture of its own , the right to conserve and develop the same , and thus safeguards the rights of minorities by preventing the State from imposing any external culture on them . It also prohibits discrimination against any citizen for admission into any educational institutions maintained or aided by the State , on the grounds only of religion , race , caste , language or any of them . However , this is subject to reservation of a reasonable number of seats by the State for socially and educationally backward classes , as well as reservation of up to 50 percent of seats in any educational institution run by a minority community for citizens belonging to that community . Article 30 confers upon all religious and linguistic minorities the right to set up and administer educational institutions of their choice in order to preserve and develop their own culture , and prohibits the State , while granting aid , from discriminating against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a religious or cultural minority . The term `` minority '' , while not defined in the Constitution , has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to mean any community which numerically forms less than 50 % of the population of the state in which it seeks to avail the right under Article 30 . In order to claim the right , it is essential that the educational institution must have been established as well as administered by a religious or linguistic minority . Further , the right under Article 30 can be availed of even if the educational institution established does not confine itself to the teaching of the religion or language of the minority concerned , or a majority of students in that institution do not belong to such minority . This right is subject to the power of the State to impose reasonable regulations regarding educational standards , conditions of service of employees , fee structure , and the utilisation of any aid granted by it . Right to Constitutional remedies ( edit ) The Right to Constitutional Remedies empowers citizens to approach the Supreme Court of India to seek enforcement , or protection against infringement , of their Fundamental Rights . Article 32 provides a guaranteed remedy , in the form of a Fundamental Right itself , for enforcement of all the other Fundamental Rights , and the Supreme Court is designated as the protector of these rights by the Constitution . The Supreme Court has been empowered to issue writs , namely habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , certiorari and quo warranto , for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights , while the High Courts have been empowered under Article 226 -- which is not a Fundamental Right in itself -- to issue these prerogative writs even in cases not involving the violation of Fundamental Rights . The Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to enforce the Fundamental Rights even against private bodies , and in case of any violation , award compensation as well to the affected individual . Exercise of jurisdiction by the Supreme Court can also be suo motu or on the basis of a public interest litigation . This right can not be suspended , except under the provisions of Article 359 when a state of emergency is declared . Directive Principles of State Policy ( edit ) Main article : Directive Principles in India The Directive Principles of State Policy , embodied in Part IV of the Constitution , are directions given to the state to guide the establishment of an economic and social democracy , as proposed by the Preamble . They set forth the humanitarian and socialist instructions that were the aim of social revolution envisaged in India by the Constituent Assembly . The state is expected to keep these principles in mind while framing laws and policies , even though they are non-justiciable in nature . The Directive Principles may be classified under the following categories : ideals that the state ought to strive towards achieving ; directions for the exercise of legislative and executive power ; and rights of the citizens which the State must aim towards securing . Despite being non-justiciable , the Directive Principles act as a check on the state ; theorised as a yardstick in the hands of the electorate and the opposition to measure the performance of a government at the time of an election . Article 37 , while stating that the Directive Principles are not enforceable in any court of law , declares them to be `` fundamental to the governance of the country '' and imposes an obligation on the State to apply them in matters of legislation . Thus , they serve to emphasise the welfare state model of the Constitution and emphasise the positive duty of the state to promote the welfare of the people by affirming social , economic and political justice , as well as to fight income inequality and ensure individual dignity , as mandated by Article 38 . Article 39 lays down certain principles of policy to be followed by the State , including providing an adequate means of livelihood for all citizens , equal pay for equal work for men and women , proper working conditions , reduction of the concentration of wealth and means of production from the hands of a few , and distribution of community resources to `` subserve the common good '' . These clauses highlight the Constitutional objectives of building an egalitarian social order and establishing a welfare state , by bringing about a social revolution assisted by the State , and have been used to support the nationalisation of mineral resources as well as public utilities . Further , several legislation pertaining to agrarian reform and land tenure have been enacted by the federal and state governments , in order to ensure equitable distribution of land resources . Articles 41 -- 43 mandate the State to endeavour to secure to all citizens the right to work , a living wage , social security , maternity relief , and a decent standard of living . These provisions aim at establishing a socialist state as envisaged in the Preamble . Article 43 also places upon the State the responsibility of promoting cottage industries , and the federal government has , in furtherance of this , established several Boards for the promotion of khadi , handlooms etc. , in coordination with the state governments . Article 39A requires the State to provide free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are available to all citizens irrespective of economic or other disabilities . Article 43A mandates the State to work towards securing the participation of workers in the management of industries . The State , under Article 46 , is also mandated to promote the interests of and work for the economic uplift of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and protect them from discrimination and exploitation . Several enactments , including two Constitutional amendments , have been passed to give effect to this provision . Article 44 encourages the State to secure a uniform civil code for all citizens , by eliminating discrepancies between various personal laws currently in force in the country . However , this has remained a `` dead letter '' despite numerous reminders from the Supreme Court to implement the provision . Article 45 originally mandated the State to provide free and compulsory education to children between the ages of six and fourteen years , but after the 86th Amendment in 2002 , this has been converted into a Fundamental Right and replaced by an obligation upon the State to secure childhood care to all children below the age of six . Article 47 commits the State to raise the standard of living and improve public health , and prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health . As a consequence , partial or total prohibition has been introduced in several states , but financial constraints have prevented its full - fledged application . The State is also mandated by Article 48 to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines by improving breeds and prohibiting slaughter of cattle . Article 48A mandates the State to protect the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country , while Article 49 places an obligation upon the State to ensure the preservation of monuments and objects of national importance . Article 50 requires the State to ensure the separation of judiciary from executive in public services , in order to ensure judicial independence , and federal legislation has been enacted to achieve this objective . The State , according to Article 51 , must also strive for the promotion of international peace and security , and Parliament has been empowered under Article 253 to make laws giving effect to international treaties . Fundamental Duties ( edit ) Any act of disrespect towards the Indian National Flag is illegal . The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 , upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted by the government earlier that year . Originally ten in number , the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002 , which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the ages of six and fourteen years . The other Fundamental Duties obligate all citizens to respect the national symbols of India , including the Constitution , to cherish its heritage , preserve its composite culture and assist in its defence . They also obligate all Indians to promote the spirit of common brotherhood , protect the environment and public property , develop scientific temper , abjure violence , and strive towards excellence in all spheres of life . However , many of these are non-justifiable , without any legal sanction in case of their violation or non-compliance . There is reference to such duties in international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and Article 51A brings the Indian Constitution into conformity with these treaties . The Fundamental Duties noted in the constitution are as follows : It shall be the duty of every citizen of India -- To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions , the National Flag and the National Anthem ; To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom ; To uphold and protect the sovereignty , unity and integrity of India ; To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so ; To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious , linguistic and regional or sectional diversities ; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women ; To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture ; To protect and improve the natural environment including forests , lakes , rivers , wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures ; To develop the scientific temper , humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform ; To safeguard public property and to abjure violence ; To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity , so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement ; Who is a parent or guardian , to provide opportunities for education to his child , or as the case may be , ward between the age of six to fourteen years . ( This fundamental duty has been added to the Constitution of India by the 86th constitutional amendment in 2002 ) Criticism and analysis ( edit ) Main article : Directive Principles Fewer children are now employed in hazardous environments , but their employment in non-hazardous jobs , prevalently as domestic help , violates the spirit of the constitution in the eyes of many critics and human rights advocates . More than 16.5 million children are in employment . India was ranked 88 out of 159 countries in 2005 , according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians . The year 1990 -- 1991 was declared as the `` Year of Social Justice '' in the memory of B.R. Ambedkar . The government provides free textbooks to students belonging to scheduled castes and tribes pursuing medicine and engineering courses . During 2002 -- 2003 , a sum of Rs. 4.77 crore ( 47.7 million ) was released for this purpose . In order to protect scheduled castes and tribes from discrimination , the government enacted the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 , prescribing severe punishments for such actions . The Minimum Wages Act of 1948 empowers government to fix minimum wages for people working across the economic spectrum . The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 provides for the better protection of consumers . The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976 provides for equal pay for equal work for both men and women . The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana ( Universal Rural Employment Program ) was launched in 2001 to attain the objective of providing gainful employment for the rural poor . The program was implemented through the Panchayati Raj institutions . A system of elected village councils , known as Panchayati Raj covers almost all states and territories of India . One - third of the total number of seats have been reserved for women in Panchayats at every level ; and in the case of Bihar , half the seats have been reserved for women . The judiciary has been separated from the executive `` in all the states and territories except Jammu and Kashmir and Nagaland . '' India 's foreign policy has been influenced by the Directive Principles . India supported the United Nations in peace - keeping activities , with the Indian Army having participated in 37 UN peace - keeping operations . The implementation of a uniform civil code for all citizens has not been achieved owing to widespread opposition from various religious groups and political parties . The Shah Bano case ( 1985 -- 86 ) provoked a political firestorm in India when the Supreme Court ruled that Shah Bano , a Muslim woman who had been divorced by her husband in 1978 was entitled to receive alimony from her former husband under Indian law applicable for all Indian women . This decision evoked outrage in the Muslim community , which sought the application of the Muslim personal law and in response the Parliament passed the Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act , 1986 overturning the Supreme Court 's verdict . This act provoked further outrage , as jurists , critics and politicians alleged that the fundamental right of equality for all citizens irrespective of religion or gender was being jettisoned to preserve the interests of distinct religious communities . The verdict and the legislation remain a source of heated debate , with many citing the issue as a prime example of the poor implementation of Fundamental Rights . Per Article 38 ( 1 ) , prompt rendering of the justice by courts is part of animating judiciary . Rendering prompt justice is the foremost purpose of the constitution as enshrined in the Preamble to the constitution also . However the judiciary is failing dismally in this respect by causing inordinate delay considering time of rendering justice in a case arbitrarily is its constitutional liberty . Relationship between the Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties ( edit ) The Directive Principles have been used to uphold the Constitutional validity of legislations in case of a conflict with the Fundamental Rights . Article 31C , added by the 25th Amendment in 1971 , provided that any law made to give effect to the Directive Principles in Article 39 ( b ) -- ( c ) would not be invalid on the grounds that they derogated from the Fundamental Rights conferred by Articles 14 , 19 and 31 . The application of this article was sought to be extended to all the Directive Principles by the 42nd Amendment in 1970 , but the Supreme Court struck down the extension as void on the ground that it violated the basic structure of the Constitution . The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles have also been used together in forming the basis of legislation for social welfare . The Supreme Court , after the judgement in the Kesavananda Bharati case , has adopted the view of the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles being complementary to each other , each supplementing the other 's role in aiming at the same goal of establishing a welfare state by means of social revolution . Similarly , the Supreme Court has used the Fundamental Duties to uphold the Constitutional validity of statutes which seeks to promote the objects laid out in the Fundamental Duties . These Duties have also been held to be obligatory for all citizens , subject to the State enforcing the same by means of a valid law . The Supreme Court has also issued directions to the State in this regard , with a view towards making the provisions effective and enabling a citizens to properly perform their duties . See also ( edit ) Fundamental Rights in India Writs in Indian law Human rights in India Constitutional economics Rule according to higher law Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to Articles 12 and 36 , the term State , for the purposes of the chapters on Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles , includes all authorities within the territory of India . It includes the Government of India , the Parliament of India , the Government and legislature of the states of India . It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations , Municipal Boards , District Boards , Panchayats etc . To avoid confusion with the term states , the administrative divisions , State ( encompassing all the authorities in India ) has been capitalized and the term state is in lowercase . Jump up ^ The right to property is still a Constitutionally recognised right , but is now contained outside the Part on Fundamental Rights , in Article 300A which states : No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . Jump up ^ According to Article 13 , The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall , to the extent of the contravention , be void . The term law has been defined to include not only legislation made by Parliament and the legislatures of the states , but also ordinances , rules , regulations , bye laws , notifications , or customs having the force of law . Jump up ^ His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , AIR 1973 SC 1461 . This was popularly known as the Fundamental Rights Case . Jump up ^ Article 14 states : The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India . Jump up ^ Article 21 states : No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , p . A-23 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 62 -- 63 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 73 -- 74 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 114 Jump up ^ `` Constituent Assembly debate on Fundamental Rights '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 78 -- 79 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , p . A-25 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 1647 -- 1649 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 1645 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 1615 -- 1616 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 1617 -- 1618 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 129 -- 130 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , pp. 93 -- 94 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 90 -- 91 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 164 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 167 -- 168 Jump up ^ `` Right To Freedom '' . GKBASIC . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 104 -- 105 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 258 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 259 Jump up ^ Khosla , Madhav ( 2011 ) . `` Making social rights conditional : Lessons from India '' ( PDF ) . I con ( 2010 ) . 8 ( 4 ) : 761 . doi : 10.1093 / icon / mor005 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Narain , Vrinda . `` Water as a Fundamental Right : A Perspective from India '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Law Review . 34 : 917 : 920 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaur , K.D. ( 2002 ) . Article - Law and the Poor : Some Recent Developments in India ( Book - Criminal Law and Criminology ) . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 564 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 410 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dam , Shubhankar . `` Criminal Rights and Constitutional Wrongs : A View from India ( page 718 ) '' ( PDF ) . Singapore Academy of Law Journal . ( 2013 ) 25 SAcLJ : 714 -- 735 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 260 -- 261 ^ Jump up to : 86th Amendment Act , 2002 Archived 9 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 282 -- 284 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 110 -- 112 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 325 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 326 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 327 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 327 -- 328 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 336 -- 337 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 343 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 345 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 346 -- 347 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 354 -- 355 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 391 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 140 -- 142 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 448 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 448 -- 449 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 449 -- 450 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 454 -- 456 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 456 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 453 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 457 -- 458 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 456 -- 457 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 457 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 459 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 459 -- 460 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 460 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 461 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 461 -- 462 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 465 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , p . A-35 Jump up ^ PART IV A Fundamental Duties , The Constitution of India Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Child labour in India '' . India Together . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Index of perception of corruption , published by Transparency International . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar '' . Dr. Ambedkar Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , p . A-45 Jump up ^ `` Prevention of Atrocities Act , 1995 '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages Act , 1948 '' . Helplinelaw.com . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Equal Remuneration Act , 1976 '' . IndianLawInfo.com . Archived from the original on 22 March 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana , 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Rural Development , India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 29 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Panchayati Raj in India '' . Poorest Areas Civil Society . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ 73rd Amendment Act , 1992 Archived 5 May 2003 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Seat Reservation for Women in Local Panchayats '' ( PDF ) . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` India and United Nations '' . Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations . Archived from the original on 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shah Bano legacy '' . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of law index , 2016 '' . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 114 -- 115 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 444 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 466 Bibliography ( edit ) Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . p. 390 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564959 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1993 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 15th ed . ) . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . p. 475 . ISBN 81 - 203 - 0839 - 5 . Basu , Durga Das ( 2003 ) . Shorter Constitution of India ( 13th ed . ) . Nagpur : Wadhwa & Co. p. 1972 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 206 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . Date of ruling 15 December 1995 Laski , Harold Joseph ( 1930 ) . Liberty in the Modern State . New York and London : Harpers and Brothers . Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India ; AIR 1978 S.C. 597 , ( 1978 ) . Pylee , M.V. ( 1999 ) . India 's constitution . New Delhi : S. Chand and Company . ISBN 81 - 219 - 1907 - X . O'Flaharty , W.D. ; J.D.M. , Derrett ( 1981 ) . The Concept of Duty in Asia ; African Charter on Human and People 's Right of 1981 . Article 29 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . 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4710078231755373704	Epiphany (holiday)	Epiphany ( holiday ) - Wikipedia Epiphany ( holiday ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Christian feast day . For other uses , see Epiphany . Epiphany The Adoration of the Magi by Edward Burne - Jones ( 1904 ) Also called Baptism of Jesus , Three Kings ' Day , Little Christmas , Theophany Observed by Christians Type Church service , winter swimming , chalking the door , house blessings , star singing Significance In Eastern Christianity : commemoration of the Baptism of Jesus only In Western Christianity : commemoration of the Adoration of the Magi , with subordinate commemorations of the Baptism of Jesus and the Wedding at Cana Date January 6 ( Gregorian calendar ) January 19 ( Gregorian equivalent of Julian calendar January 6 ) Second Monday of January ( Colombia ) Frequency Annual Related to Epiphanytide , Christmastide , Christmas , Baptism of the Lord , Nativity of Christ Epiphany ( / ɪˈpɪfəni / i - PIFF - ə - nee ) , also Theophany , Little Christmas , or Three Kings ' Day , is a Christian feast day that celebrates the revelation of God incarnate as Jesus Christ . In Western Christianity , the feast commemorates principally ( but not solely ) the visit of the Magi to the Christ Child , and thus Jesus ' physical manifestation to the Gentiles . Moreover , the feast of the Epiphany , in some Western Christian denominations , also initiates the liturgical season of Epiphanytide . Eastern Christians , on the other hand , commemorate the baptism of Jesus on both sides of the Jordan River , seen as his manifestation to the world as the Son of God . Qasr el Yahud in the West Bank , and Al - Maghtas in Jordan on the east bank , Al - Maghtas is considered to be the original site of the baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist . The traditional date for the feast is January 6 . However , since 1970 , the celebration is held in some countries on the Sunday after January 1 . Eastern Churches following the Julian calendar observe the feast on what for most countries is January 19 because of the 13 - day difference today between that calendar and the generally used Gregorian calendar . In many Western Christian Churches , the eve of the feast is celebrated as Twelfth Night . The Monday after Epiphany is known as Plough Monday . Popular Epiphany customs include Epiphany singing , chalking the door , having one 's house blessed , consuming Three Kings Cake , winter swimming , as well as attending church services . It is customary for Christians in many localities to remove their Christmas decorations on Epiphany Eve ( Twelfth Night ) , although those in other Christian countries historically remove them on Candlemas , the conclusion of Epiphanytide . According to the first tradition , those who fail to remember to remove their Christmas decorations on Epiphany Eve must leave them untouched until Candlemas , the second opportunity to remove them ; failure to observe this custom is considered inauspicious . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and original word usage 2 History 3 Music 3.1 Classical 3.2 Carols and hymns 4 Date of celebration 5 Epiphany season 6 Epiphany in different Christian traditions 6.1 Western Christian churches 6.1. 1 Liturgical practice in Western churches 6.2 Eastern Orthodox Christian churches 6.2. 1 Liturgical practice in Eastern churches 6.3 Oriental Orthodox 7 National and local customs 7.1 Argentina , Paraguay , and Uruguay 7.2 Bulgaria 7.3 Benelux 7.4 Brazil 7.5 Egypt 7.6 England 7.7 Eritrea and Ethiopia 7.8 Finland 7.9 Francophone Europe 7.10 German - speaking Europe 7.11 Greece , Cyprus 7.12 Guadeloupe Islands 7.13 India 7.14 Ireland 7.15 Italy 7.16 Jordan 7.17 Latvia 7.18 Lebanon 7.19 Macedonia 7.20 Malta 7.21 Mexico 7.22 Peru 7.23 Philippines 7.24 Poland 7.25 Portugal 7.26 Puerto Rico 7.27 Romania and Moldova 7.28 Russia 7.29 Slovenia 7.30 Spain 7.31 Sweden 7.32 United States 7.33 Wales 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Etymology and original word usage ( edit ) The word Epiphany is from Koine Greek ἐπιφάνεια , epipháneia , meaning manifestation or appearance . It is derived from the verb φαίνειν , phainein , meaning `` to appear . '' In classical Greek it was used of the appearance of dawn , of an enemy in war , but especially of a manifestation of a deity to a worshiper ( a theophany ) . In the Septuagint the word is used of a manifestation of the God of Israel ( 2 Maccabees 15 : 27 ) . In the New Testament the word is used in 2 Timothy 1 : 10 to refer either to the birth of Christ or to his appearance after his resurrection , and five times to refer to his Second Coming . Alternative names for the feast in Greek include τα Θεοφάνια , ta Theopháneia `` Theophany '' ( a neuter plural rather than feminine singular ) , η Ημέρα των Φώτων , i Iméra ton Fóton ( modern Greek pronunciation ) , hē Hēméra tōn Phṓtōn ( restored classical pronunciation ) , `` The Day of the Lights '' , and τα Φώτα , ta Fóta , `` The Lights '' . History ( edit ) Epiphany may have originated in the Greek - speaking eastern half of the Roman Empire as a feast to honor the baptism of Jesus . Around 200 , Clement of Alexandria wrote that , `` But the followers of Basilides celebrate the day of His Baptism too , spending the previous night in readings . And they say that it was the 15th of the month Tybi of the 15th year of Tiberius Caesar . And some say that it was observed the 11th of the same month . '' The Egyptian dates given correspond to January 6 and 10 . The Basilides were a Gnostic sect . Adoration of the Magi by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo , 17th century The reference to `` readings '' suggests that the Basilides were reading the Gospels . In ancient gospel manuscripts , the text is arranged to indicate passages for liturgical readings . If a congregation began reading Mark at the beginning of the year , it might arrive at the story of the Baptism on January 6 , thus explaining the date of the feast . If Christians read Mark in the same format the Basilides did , the two groups could have arrived at the January 6 date independently . The earliest reference to Epiphany as a Christian feast was in A.D. 361 , by Ammianus Marcellinus . The holiday is listed twice , which suggests a double feast of baptism and birth . The Nativity was assigned to the same date as the birth because Luke 3 : 23 was misread to mean that Jesus was exactly 30 when he was baptized . Epiphanius of Salamis says that January 6 is Christ 's `` Birthday ; that is , His Epiphany '' ( hemera genethlion toutestin epiphanion ) . He also asserts that the Miracle at Cana occurred on the same calendar day . Epiphanius assigns the Baptism to November 6 . The scope to Epiphany expanded to include the commemoration of his birth ; the visit of the magi , all of Jesus ' childhood events , up to and including the Baptism by John the Baptist ; and even the miracle at the wedding at Cana in Galilee . Adoration of the Magi by El Greco , 1568 , Museo Soumaya , Mexico City In the Latin - speaking West , the holiday emphasized the visit of the magi . The magi represented the non-Jewish peoples of the world , so this was considered a `` revelation to the gentiles . '' In this event , Christian writers also inferred a revelation to the Children of Israel . John Chrysostom identified the significance of the meeting between the magi and Herod 's court : `` The star had been hidden from them so that , on finding themselves without their guide , they would have no alternative but to consult the Jews . In this way the birth of Jesus would be made known to all . '' In 385 , the pilgrim Egeria ( also known as Silvia ) described a celebration in Jerusalem and Bethlehem , which she called `` Epiphany '' that commemorated the Nativity . Even at this early date , there was an octave associated with the feast . In a sermon delivered on 25 December 380 , St. Gregory of Nazianzus referred to the day as `` the Theophany '' ( ta theophania ) , saying expressly that it is a day commemorating `` the holy nativity of Christ '' and told his listeners that they would soon be celebrating the baptism of Christ . Then , on January 6 and 7 , he preached two more sermons , wherein he declared that the celebration of the birth of Christ and the visitation of the Magi had already taken place , and that they would now commemorate his Baptism . At this time , celebration of the two events was beginning to be observed on separate occasions , at least in Cappadocia . Saint John Cassian says that even in his time ( beginning of the 5th century ) , Egyptian monasteries celebrated the Nativity and the Baptism together on January 6 . The Armenian Apostolic Church continues to celebrate January 6 as the only commemoration of the Nativity . Music ( edit ) Classical ( edit ) Johann Sebastian Bach composed in Leipzig two cantatas for the feast which concluded Christmastide : Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen , BWV 65 ( 1724 ) Liebster Immanuel , Herzog der Frommen , BWV 123 ( 1725 ) Part VI of his Christmas Oratorio , Herr , wenn die stolzen Feinde schnauben , was also designed to be performed during the service for Epiphany . Carols and hymns ( edit ) Two very familiar Christmas carols associated with Epiphany are `` As with gladness , men of old '' , written by William Chatterton Dix in 1860 as a response to the many legends which had grown up surrounding the Magi , and `` We Three Kings of Orient Are '' , written by the Reverend John Henry Hopkins Jr. , then an ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church , instrumental in organizing an elaborate holiday pageant ( which featured this hymn ) for the students of the General Theological Seminary in New York City in 1857 while serving as the seminary 's music director . Another popular hymn , less known culturally as a carol , is `` Songs of thankfulness and praise '' , with words written by Christopher Wordsworth and commonly sung to the tune `` St. Edmund '' by Charles Steggall . A carol used as an anthem for Epiphany is `` The Three Kings '' . Date of celebration ( edit ) Until 1955 , when Pope Pius XII abolished all but three liturgical octaves , the Latin Church celebrated Epiphany as an eight - day feast , known as the Octave of Epiphany , beginning on January 6 and ending on January 13 . The Sunday within that octave was since 1893 the feast of the Holy Family , and Christmastide was reckoned as the twelve days ending on January 5 , followed by the January 6 -- 13 octave . The 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar made the date to some extent variable , stating : `` The Epiphany of the Lord is celebrated on 6 January , unless , where it is not observed as a holy day of obligation , it has been assigned to the Sunday occurring between 2 and 8 January . '' It also made the Feast of the Epiphany part of Christmas Time , which it defined as extending from the First Vespers of Christmas ( the evening of December 24 ) up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany ( the Sunday after January 6 ) . Prior to 1976 , Anglican churches also observed an eight - day feast , beginning on January 6 . Today , The Epiphany of our Lord , classified as a Principal Feast , is observed in some Anglican provinces on January 6 exclusively ( e.g. , the Anglican Church of Canada ) but in the Church of England the celebration is `` on 6 January or transferred to the Sunday falling between 2 and 8 January '' . Lutheran , United Methodist and United Church of Christ congregations , along with those of other denominations , may celebrate Epiphany on January 6 , on the following Sunday within the Epiphany week ( octave ) , or at another time ( Epiphany Eve January 5 , the nearest Sunday , etc . ) as local custom dictates . Eastern churches celebrate Epiphany ( Theophany ) on January 6 . Some , as in Greece , employ the modern Revised Julian calendar , which until the year 2800 coincides with the Gregorian calendar , the one in use for civil purposes in most countries . Other Eastern churches , as in Russia , hold to the older Julian calendar for reckoning church dates . In these old - calendar churches Epiphany falls at present on Gregorian January 19 -- which is January 6 in the Julian calendar . Epiphany season ( edit ) Main article : Epiphany season In some Churches , the feast of the Epiphany initiates the Epiphany season , also known as Epiphanytide . In Advent 2000 , the Church of England , Mother Church of the Anglican Communion , introduced into its liturgy an optional Epiphany season by approving the Common Worship series of services as an alternative to those in the Book of Common Prayer , which remains the Church 's normative liturgy and in which no such liturgical season appears . An official publication of the Church of England states : `` The Christmas season is often celebrated for twelve days , ending with the Epiphany . Contemporary use has sought to express an alternative tradition , in which Christmas lasts for a full forty days , ending with the Feast of the Presentation on 2 February . '' It presents the latter part of this period as the Epiphany season , comprising the Sundays of Epiphany and ending `` only with the Feast of the Presentation ( Candlemas ) '' . Another interpretation of `` Epiphany season '' applies the term to the period from Epiphany to the day before Ash Wednesday . Some Methodists in the United States and Singapore follow these liturgics . Lutherans celebrate the last Sunday before Ash Wednesday as the Transfiguration of our Lord , and it has been said that they call the whole period from Epiphany to then as Epiphany season . The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America used the terms `` Time after Epiphany '' to refer to this period . The expression with `` after '' has been interpreted as making the period in question correspond to that of Ordinary Time . The Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) does not celebrate Epiphany nor Pentecost as seasons ; for this Church , expressions such as `` Fifth Sunday after Epiphany '' indicate the passing of time , rather than a liturgical season . It instead uses the term `` Ordinary Time '' . In the Catholic Church , `` Christmas Time runs from First Vespers ( Evening Prayer I ) of the Nativity of the Lord up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany or after 6 January '' ; and `` Ordinary Time begins on the Monday which follows the Sunday occurring after 6 January '' . Before the 1969 revision of its liturgy , the Sundays following the Octave of Epiphany or , when this was abolished , following the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord , which was instituted to take the place of the Octave Day of Epiphany were named as the `` Second ( etc. , up to Sixth ) Sunday after Epiphany '' , as the at least 24 Sundays following Pentecost Sunday and Trinity Sunday were known as the `` Second ( etc . ) Sunday after Pentecost '' . ( If a year had more than 24 Sundays after Pentecost , up to four unused post-Epiphany Sundays were inserted between the 23rd and the 24th Sunday after Pentecost . ) The Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices , which has received the imprimatur of John Michael D'Arcy , with reference to Epiphanytide , thus states that `` The Epiphany season extends from January 6 to Septuagesima Sunday , and has from one to six Sundays , according to the date of Easter . White is the color for the octave ; green is the liturgical color for the season . '' Epiphany in different Christian traditions ( edit ) Epiphany is celebrated by both the Eastern and Western Churches , but a major difference between them is precisely which events the feast commemorates . For Western Christians , the feast primarily commemorates the coming of the Magi , with only a minor reference to the baptism of Jesus and the miracle at the Wedding at Cana . Eastern churches celebrate the Baptism of Christ in the Jordan . In both traditions , the essence of the feast is the same : the manifestation of Christ to the world ( whether as an infant or in the Jordan ) , and the Mystery of the Incarnation . The miracle at the Wedding at Cana is also celebrated during Epiphany as a first manifestation of Christ 's public life . Western Christian churches ( edit ) The Three Magi : Balthasar , Melchior , and Gaspar , from a late 6th century mosaic at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna , Italy . K † M † B † 2009 written on a door of rectory in Lstiboř ( cs ) village , Czech Republic to bless the house by Christ Even before the year 354 , the Western Church had separated the celebration of the Nativity of Christ as the feast of Christmas and set its date as December 25 ; it reserved January 6 as a commemoration of the manifestation of Christ , especially to the Magi , but also at his baptism and at the wedding feast of Cana . In 1955 a separate feast of the Baptism of the Lord was instituted , thus weakening further the connection in the West between the feast of the Epiphany and the commemoration of the baptism of Christ . However , Hungarians , in an apparent reference to baptism , refer to the January 6 celebration as Vízkereszt , a term that recalls the words `` víz '' ( water ) and `` kereszt , kereszt - ség '' ( baptism ) . Liturgical practice in Western churches ( edit ) Many in the West observe a twelve - day festival , starting on December 25 , and ending on January 5 , known as Christmastide or the Twelve Days of Christmas . However , for the Catholic Church today , `` Christmas Time runs from First Vespers ( Evening Prayer I ) of the Nativity of the Lord up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany or after January 6 '' , a period not limited to twelve days . Some Christian cultures , especially those of Latin America and some in Europe , extend the season to as many as forty days , ending on Candlemas ( February 2 ) . On the Feast of the Epiphany in some parts of central Europe the priest , wearing white vestments , blesses Epiphany water , frankincense , gold , and chalk . The chalk is used to write the initials of the three magi over the doors of churches and homes . The letters stand for the initials of the Magi ( traditionally named Caspar , Melchior , and Balthasar ) , and also the phrase Christus mansionem benedicat , which translates as `` may Christ bless the house '' . According to ancient custom , the priest announced the date of Easter on the feast of Epiphany . This tradition dated from a time when calendars were not readily available , and the church needed to publicize the date of Easter , since many celebrations of the liturgical year depend on it . The proclamation may be sung or proclaimed at the ambo by a deacon , cantor , or reader either after the reading of the Gospel or after the postcommunion prayer . The Roman Missal thus provides a formula with appropriate chant ( in the tone of the Exsultet ) for proclaiming on Epiphany , wherever it is customary to do so , the dates in the calendar for the celebration of Ash Wednesday , Easter Sunday , Ascension of Jesus Christ , Pentecost , the Body and Blood of Christ , and the First Sunday of Advent that will mark the following liturgical year . Eastern Orthodox Christian churches ( edit ) See also : Tabor light and theoria Russian icon of the Theophany ( Kirillo - Belozersky Monastery , 1497 ) . The name of the feast as celebrated in the Orthodox churches may be rendered in English as the Theophany , as closer in form to the Greek Θεοφάνεια ( `` God shining forth '' or `` divine manifestation '' ) . Here it is one of the Great Feasts of the liturgical year , being third in rank , behind only Paskha ( Easter ) and Pentecost in importance . It is celebrated on January 6 of the calendar that a particular Church uses . On the Julian calendar , which some of the Orthodox churches follow , that date corresponds , during the present century , to January 19 on the Gregorian or Revised Julian calendar . The earliest reference to the feast in the Eastern Church is a remark by St. Clement of Alexandria in Stromateis , I , xxi , 45 : And there are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord 's birth , but also the day ... And the followers of Basilides hold the day of his baptism as a festival , spending the night before in readings . And they say that it was the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar , the fifteenth day of the month of Tubi ; and some that it was the eleventh of the same month . ( 11 and 15 of Tubi are January 6 and 10 respectively . ) If this is a reference to a celebration of Christ 's birth , as well as of his baptism , on January 6 , it corresponds to what continues to be the custom of the Armenian Apostolic Church , which celebrates the birth of Jesus on January 6 of the calendar used , calling the feast that of the Nativity and Theophany of Our Lord . Origen 's list of festivals ( in Contra Celsum , VIII , xxii ) omits any reference to Epiphany . The first reference to an ecclesiastical feast of the Epiphany , in Ammianus Marcellinus ( XXI : ii ) , is in 361 . In parts of the Eastern Church , January 6 continued for some time as a composite feast that included the Nativity of Jesus : though Constantinople adopted December 25 to commemorate Jesus ' birth in the fourth century , in other parts the Nativity of Jesus continued to be celebrated on January 6 , a date later devoted exclusively to commemorating his Baptism . Today in Eastern Orthodox churches , the emphasis at this feast is on the shining forth and revelation of Jesus Christ as the Messiah and Second Person of the Trinity at the time of his baptism . It is also celebrated because , according to tradition , the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River by St. John the Baptist marked one of only two occasions when all three Persons of the Trinity manifested themselves simultaneously to humanity : God the Father by speaking through the clouds , God the Son being baptized in the river , and God the Holy Spirit in the shape of a dove descending from heaven ( the other occasion was the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor ) . Thus the holy day is considered to be a Trinitarian feast . The Orthodox consider Jesus ' Baptism to be the first step towards the Crucifixion , and there are some parallels in the hymnography used on this day and the hymns chanted on Good Friday . Liturgical practice in Eastern churches ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Forefeast : The liturgical Forefeast of Theophany begins on January 1 , and concludes with the Paramony on January 5 . Paramony : The Eve of the Feast is called Paramony ( Greek : παραμονή , Slavonic : navechérie ) . Paramony is observed as a strict fast day , on which those faithful who are physically able , refrain from food until the first star is observed in the evening , when a meal with wine and oil may be taken . On this day the Royal Hours are celebrated , thus tying together the feasts of Nativity and Good Friday . The Royal Hours are followed by the Divine Liturgy of St. Basil which combines Vespers with the Divine Liturgy . During the Vespers , fifteen Old Testament lections which foreshadow the Baptism of Christ are read , and special antiphons are chanted . If the Feast of the Theophany falls on a Sunday or Monday , the Royal Hours are chanted on the previous Friday , and on the Paramony the Vesperal Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated and the fasting is lessened to some degree . Theophany Crucession in Bulgaria . The priests are going to throw a wooden cross in the Yantra river . Believers will then jump into the icy waters to `` save '' the cross . Blessing of Waters : The Orthodox Churches perform the Great Blessing of Waters on Theophany . The blessing is normally done twice : once on the Eve of the Feast -- usually at a Baptismal font inside the church -- and then again on the day of the feast , outdoors at a body of water . Following the Divine Liturgy , the clergy and people go in a Crucession ( procession with the cross ) to the nearest body of water , be it a beach , harbor , quay , river , lake , swimming pool , water depot , etc. ( ideally , it should be a body of `` living water '' ) . At the end of the ceremony the priest will bless the waters . In the Greek practice , he does this by casting a cross into the water . If swimming is feasible on the spot , any number of volunteers may try to recover the cross . The person who gets the cross first swims back and returns it to the priest , who then delivers a special blessing to the swimmer and their household . Certain such ceremonies have achieved particular prominence , such as the one held annually at Tarpon Springs , Florida . In Russia , where the winters are severe , a hole will be cut into the ice so that the waters may be blessed . In such conditions , the cross is not cast into the water , but is held securely by the priest and dipped three times into the water . Greek Orthodox bishop at the Great Blessing of Waters on Theophany , releasing the cross off the Glenelg Jetty , South Australia , for one of the swimmers below to retrieve . The water that is blessed on this day is sometimes known as `` Theophany Water '' , though usually just `` holy water '' , and is taken home by the faithful , and used with prayer as a blessing . People will not only bless themselves and their homes by sprinkling with holy water , but will also drink it . The Orthodox Church teaches that holy water differs from regular water in that with holy water , the very nature of the water is changed and becomes incorrupt , a miracle attested to as early as St. John Chrysostom . Theophany is a traditional day for performing Baptisms , and this is reflected in the Divine Liturgy by singing the baptismal hymn , `` As many as have been baptized into Christ , have put on Christ . Alleluia , '' in place of the Trisagion . House Blessings : On Theophany the priest will begin making the round of the parishioner 's homes to bless them . He will perform a short prayer service in each home , and then go through the entire house , gardens and outside - buildings , blessing them with the newly blessed Theophany Water , while all sing the Troparion and Kontakion of the feast . This is normally done on Theophany , or at least during the Afterfeast , but if the parishioners are numerous , and especially if many live far away from the church , it may take some time to bless each house . Traditionally , these blessings should all be finished before the beginning of Great Lent . Afterfeast : The Feast of Theophany is followed by an eight - day Afterfeast on which the normal fasting laws are suspended . The Saturday and Sunday after Theophany have special readings assigned to them , which relate to the Temptation of Christ and to penance and perseverance in the Christian struggle . There is thus a liturgical continuum between the Feast of Theophany and the beginning of Great Lent . Oriental Orthodox ( edit ) In the Ethiopian Orthodox Church , the feast is known as Timkat and is celebrated on the day that the Gregorian calendar calls January 19 , but on January 20 in years when Enkutatash in the Ethiopian calendar falls on Gregorian September 12 ( i.e. when the following February in the Gregorian calendar will have 29 days ) . The celebration of this feast features blessing of water and solemn processions with the sacred tabot . A priest carries this to a body of water where it stays overnight , with the Metsehafe Qeddassie celebrated in the early morning . Later in the morning , the water is blessed to the accompaniment of the reading of the four Gospel accounts of the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan and the people are sprinkled with or go into the water . The tabot returns in procession to the church . Among the Syriac Christians the feast is called denho ( up - going ) , a name to be connected with the notion of rising light expressed in Luke 1 : 78 . In the Armenian Apostolic Church , January 6 is celebrated as the Nativity ( Surb Tsnund ) and Theophany of Christ . The feast is preceded by a seven - day fast . On the eve of the feast , the Divine Liturgy is celebrated . This liturgy is referred to as the Chragaluytsi Patarag ( the Eucharist of the lighting of the lamps ) in honor of the manifestation of Jesus as the Son of God . Both the Armenian Apostolic Church 's and Assyrian Church of the East 's liturgy is followed by a blessing of water , during which the cross is immersed in the water , symbolizing Jesus ' descent into the Jordan , and holy myron ( chrism ) is poured in , symbolic of the descent of the Holy Spirit upon Jesus . The next morning , after the Liturgy , the cross is removed from the vessel of holy water and all come forward to kiss the cross and partake of the blessed water . National and local customs ( edit ) A traditional Bulgarian all - male horo dance in ice - cold water on Theophany Epiphany is celebrated with a wide array of customs around the world . In some cultures , the greenery and nativity scenes put up at Christmas are taken down at Epiphany . In other cultures these remain up until Candlemas on February 2 . In countries historically shaped by Western Christianity ( Roman Catholicism , Protestantism ) these customs often involve gift giving , `` king cakes '' and a celebratory close to the Christmas season . In traditionally Orthodox nations , water , baptismal rites and house blessings are typically central to these celebrations . Argentina , Paraguay , and Uruguay ( edit ) In Argentina , Paraguay , and Uruguay , the day is called `` Día de Reyes '' ( The Day of Kings , a reference to the Three Wise Men ) , commemorating the arrival of the Magi to confirm Jesus as son of God . The night of January 5 into the morning of January 6 is known as `` Noche de Reyes '' ( The Night of Kings ) and children leave their shoes by the door , along with grass and water for the camels . In the morning of January 6 , they get a present . On January 6 , a `` Rosca de Reyes '' ( a ring - shaped Epiphany cake ) is eaten and all Christmas decorations are traditionally put away . Bulgaria ( edit ) In Bulgaria , Epiphany is celebrated on January 6 and is known as Bogoyavlenie ( `` Manifestation of God '' ) , Кръщение Господне ( Krashtenie Gospodne or `` Baptism of the Lord '' ) or Yordanovden ( `` Day of Jordan '' , referring to the river ) . On this day , a wooden cross is thrown by a priest into the sea , river or lake and young men race to retrieve it . As the date is in early January and the waters are close to freezing , this is considered an honourable act and it is said that good health will be bestowed upon the home of the swimmer who is the first to reach the cross . In the town of Kalofer , a traditional horo with drums and bagpipes is played in the icy waters of the Tundzha river before the throwing of the cross . Benelux ( edit ) Children in Flanders celebrating Driekoningen The Dutch and Flemish call this day Driekoningen , while German speakers call it Dreikönigstag ( Three Kings ' Day ) . In the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg and neighboring Germany , children in groups of three ( symbolising the three kings ) proceed in costume from house to house while singing songs typical for the occasion , and receiving a coin or some sweets at each door . They may each carry a paper lantern symbolizing the star . In some places , especially Holland , these troupes gather for competitions and present their skits / songs for an audience . As in Belgium , Koningentaart ( Kings ' tart ) , puff pastry with almond filling , is prepared with a black bean hidden inside . Whoever finds the bean in his or her piece is king or queen for the day . A more typically Dutch version is Koningenbrood , or Kings ' bread . Another Low Countries tradition on Epiphany is to open up doors and windows to let good luck in for the coming year . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , the day is called `` Dia dos Reis '' ( The Day of Kings ) and in the rest of Latin America `` Día de Reyes '' commemorating the arrival of the Magi to confirm Jesus as son of God . The night of January 5 into the morning of January 6 is known as `` Night of Kings '' ( also called the Twelfth Night ) and is feasted with music , sweets and regional dishes as the last night of Nativity , when Christmas decorations are traditionally put away . Egypt ( edit ) The feast of the Epiphany is celebrated by the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria , which falls on 11 Tobe of the Coptic calendar , as the moment when in the baptism of Jesus the skies opened and God himself revealed to all as father of Jesus and all mankind . It is then a moment of revelation of epiphany . This celebration started to include all the processes of incarnation of Jesus , from his birth on Christmas until his baptism in the river Jordan . For the Coptic Orthodox Church it is also a moment in which the path of Jesus to the Cross begins . Therefore , in many celebrations there are certain similarities with the celebrations of Holy Friday during the time of Easter . Since the Epiphany is one of the seven great feasts of the Coptic Orthodox Church , it is a day of strict fasting , and several religious celebrations are held on this day . The day is related to the blessing of waters that are used all throughout the year in the church celebrations , and it is a privileged day to celebrate baptisms . It is also a day in which many houses are blessed with water . It may take several days for the local priest to bless all the houses of the parishioners that ask for it , and so the blessing of the houses may go into the after - feasts of the Epiphany celebrations . However , it must be done before the beginning of Lent . England ( edit ) In England , the celebration of the Night before Epiphany , Epiphany Eve , is known as Twelfth Night ( The first night of Christmas is December 25 -- 26 , and Twelfth Night is January 5 -- 6 ) , and was a traditional time for mumming and the wassail . The yule log was left burning until this day , and the charcoal left was kept until the next Christmas to kindle next year 's yule log , as well as to protect the house from fire and lightning . In the past , Epiphany was also a day for playing practical jokes , similar to April Fool 's Day . Today in England , Twelfth Night is still as popular a day for plays as when Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night was first performed in 1601 , and annual celebrations involving the Holly Man are held in London . A traditional dish for Epiphany was Twelfth Cake , a rich , dense , typically English fruitcake . As in Europe , whoever found the baked - in bean was king for a day , but unique to English tradition other items were sometimes included in the cake . Whoever found the clove was the villain , the twig , the fool , and the rag , the tart . Anything spicy or hot , like ginger snaps and spiced ale , was considered proper Twelfth Night fare , recalling the costly spices brought by the Wise Men . Another English Epiphany dessert was the jam tart , but made into a six - point star for the occasion to symbolize the Star of Bethlehem , and thus called Epiphany tart . The discerning English cook sometimes tried to use thirteen different coloured jams on the tart on this day for luck , creating a dessert with the appearance of stained glass . Eritrea and ethiopia ( edit ) Orthodox priests dancing during the celebration of Timkat In the Eritrean Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church , the feast is known as Timkat and is celebrated on the day that the Gregorian calendar calls January 19 , but on January 20 in years when Timket in the Ethiopian calendar falls on Gregorian September 12 ( i.e. when the following February in the Gregorian calendar will have 29 days ) . The celebration of this feast features blessing of water and solemn processions with the sacred Tabot . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , Epiphany is called loppiainen , a name which goes back to the 1600s . In the 1500s the Swedish - Finnish Lutheran church called Epiphany `` Day of the Holy Three Kings '' , while before this , the older term Epiphania was used . In the Karelian language Epiphany is called vieristä , meaning cross , from the Orthodox custom of submerging a cross three times to bless water on this day . Today , in the Lutheran church , Epiphany is a day dedicated to a focus on missionary work in addition to the Wise Men narrative . Between the years 1973 and 1991 Epiphany was observed in Finland on a Saturday each year no earlier than January 6 , and no later than January 12 . After that time however , the traditional date of January 6 was restored and has since been observed once again as a national public holiday . Piparkakut or Finnish gingerbread cookies , in the shape of a star , are a treat typically served on this day . These cookies are broken in the palm of one 's hand , while making a silent wish . If a piparkakku star should break into three pieces , and all three are eaten without speaking a word , it is said that the wish will come true . The Christmas tree is traditionally taken out of the house on Epiphany . While the term loppiainen means `` ending ( of Christmas time ) , '' in reality , Christmas celebrations in Finland are extended to Nuutti 's or St. Canute 's Day on January 13 , completing the Scandinavian Twenty Days of Christmas . Francophone Europe ( edit ) In France people share one of two types of king cake . In the northern half of France and Belgium the cake is called a galette des Rois , and is a round , flat , and golden cake made with flake pastry and often filled with frangipane , fruit , or chocolate . In the south , in Provence , and in the south - west , a crown - shaped cake or brioche filled with fruit called a gâteau des Rois is eaten . In Romandie , both types can be found though the latter is more common . Both types of cake contain a charm , usually a porcelain or plastic figurine , called a fève ( broad bean in French ) . The cake is cut by the youngest ( and therefore most innocent ) person at the table to assure that the recipient of the bean is random . The person who gets the piece of cake with the trinket becomes `` king '' or `` queen '' and wears a paper crown provided with the cake . In some regions this person has a choice between offering a beverage to everyone around the table ( usually a sparkling wine or champagne ) , or volunteering to host the next king cake at their home . This can extend the festivities through all of January . German - speaking Europe ( edit ) Star singers visit President Karl Carstens ( 1982 ) Traditional house blessing in chalk , written by Sternsinger on the door beam of the home January 6 is a public holiday in Austria , three federal states of Germany , and three cantons of Switzerland , as well as in parts of Graubünden . In the German - speaking lands , groups of young people called Sternsinger ( star singers ) travel from door to door . They are dressed as the three Wise Men , plus the leader carrying a star , usually of painted wood attached to a broom handle . Often these groups are four girls , or two boys and two girls for the benefit of singing their songs in four - part harmony . They sing traditional songs and newer ones such as `` Stern über Bethlehem '' . They are not necessarily three wise men . German Lutherans often note in a lighthearted fashion that the Bible never specifies that the Weisen ( Magi ) were men , or that there were three . The star singers solicit donations for worthy causes , such as efforts to end hunger in Africa , organized jointly by the Catholic and Protestant churches , and they also will be offered treats at the homes they visit . The young people then perform the traditional house blessing , by marking the year over the doorway with chalk . In Roman Catholic communities this may be a serious spiritual event with the priest present even today , but among Protestants it is more a tradition , and a part of the German notion of Gemütlichkeit . Usually on the Sunday following Epiphany , these donations are brought into churches . Here all of the children who have gone out as star singers , once again in their costumes , form a procession of sometimes dozens of wise men and stars . The German Chancellor and Parliament also receive a visit from the star singers at Epiphany . Some Germans eat a Three Kings cake which may be a golden pastry ring filled with orange and spice representing gold , frankincense and myrrh . Most often found in Switzerland , these cakes take the form of Buchteln but for Epiphany , studded with citron , and baked as seven large buns in a round rather than square pan , forming a crown . Or they may be made of typical rich Christmas bread dough with cardamom and pearl sugar in the same seven bun crown shape . These varieties are most typically purchased in supermarkets with the trinket , and gold paper crown included . As in other countries , the person who receives the piece or bun containing the trinket or whole almond becomes the king or queen for a day . Epiphany is also an especially joyful occasion for the young and young at heart as this is the day dedicated to plündern -- that is , when Christmas trees are `` plundered '' of their cookies and sweets by eager children ( and adults ) and when gingerbread houses , and any other good things left in the house from Christmas are devoured . Lastly , there is a German rhyme saying , or Bauernregel , that goes Ist 's bis Dreikönigs kein Winter , kommt keiner dahinter meaning `` If there has n't been any Winter ( weather ) until Epiphany , none is coming afterward . '' Another of these Bauernregel , ( German farmer 's rules ) for Epiphany states : Dreikönigsabend hell und klar , verspricht ein gutes Weinjahr or `` If the eve of Epiphany is bright and clear , it foretells a good wine year . '' Greece , Cyprus ( edit ) In Greece , Cyprus and the Greek diaspora throughout the world , the feast is called the Theophany , or colloquially called the Phōta ( Greek : Φώτα , `` Lights '' ) and customs revolve around the Great Blessing of the Waters . It marks the end of the traditional ban on sailing , as the tumultuous winter seas are cleansed of the mischief - prone kalikántzaroi , the goblins that try to torment God - fearing Christians through the festive season . At this ceremony , a cross is thrown into the water , and the men clamour to retrieve it for good luck . The Phota form the middle of another festive triduum , together with Epiphany Eve , January 6 ( and eve of January 5 ) , when children sing the Epiphany carols , and the great feast of St. John the Baptist on January 7 ( and eve of January 6 ) , when the numerous Johns and Joans celebrate their name - day . The Feast of Epiphany includes many events which are perpetuating the ancient Greek customs . In the perception of the Greek people , Epiphany is `` Great celebration Theotromi '' . For some even regions of Macedonia ( West ) are the biggest festival of the year and each new garment `` protoforoun the lights to illuminate . '' But when dogmatic The Baptism of Christ symbolizes the rebirth of man having so great importance , which is why until the fourth century Christians celebrated New Year in Baptism of Christ on January 6 . Epiphany is the `` water sanctification '' the dive of the Cross in imitation of the Baptism of Christ . But in Greek ethimology , that Sanctification is the notion of expiation , purification of the people and the exemption from the influence of demons . The most recently this concept is certainly not strictly Christian , but has roots in ancient worship . In most parts of Greece sanctification for the first time ( in those days ) the eve of Epiphany called `` small sanctification '' or `` Protagiasi '' or `` Enlightenment '' . By protagiasi the priest turns all the houses and the Cross and one strand royal `` sanctifies '' or `` brighten '' ( sprinkling ) rooms of houses . The protagiasi is the effective means by which permitted in wild flight goblins except the lighting of a large outdoor fire . The Great Blessing however is the day of the Epiphany in the Churches in a special rig embellished upon which brought large pot full of water . Then , a dive of Cross Sea or nearby river or lake or the need to tank ( as in Athens ) . Diving the Cross , according to popular belief gives the water cleansing and sanitizing capabilities . The inhabitants of many areas after diving run on sea beaches or along rivers or lakes and wash their agricultural tools and even icons . In common folk belief even the icons with the passage of time lose their original strength and value to the gain but again the holy water . It is this process not only exactly true survival of ancient beliefs . The ancient example Athenians had the ceremony ( procedure ) of known `` Wash '' as it was called at that carried `` in procession '' on the Faliro coast of the statue of Athena . There , they washed with salt water to cleanse from Fmoc and renewed the sacred powers of the statue . At Delphi the Theophania was an annual festival celebrating the return of Apollo from his winter quarters in Hyperborea . Today , women in many parts repeating this ancient custom of washing the images but combined with other instruments of medieval and ancient magic . As the plate of Mytilene while the divers dive to catch the Cross women at the same time `` getting a detaining ( = pumpkin ) water from 40 waves and then with cotton dipped it clean icons without talking to throughout this process ( '' dumb water `` ) and then the water is thrown out of the not pressed ( in the crucible of the church ) . The first Blessing of Epiphany , `` the protagiasi or enlightenment '' is the eve of the feast in the church . Then the priest takes one by one the houses with the Cross in his hand and sprinkles with one strand basil throughout the home . Old tradition of Crete , was the preparation of Fotokollyvon the eve of Epiphany . From Fotokollyva ( boiled wheat with legumes ) ate housewives but they gave and their animals for good health and good luck in their home . The great sanctification is the day of the Epiphany on January 5 . A large procession formed and takes the road leading to the sea or a river , maybe a tank . Confronting the cherubim behind the priests in their best vestments , after the authorities of the place and parapiso the crowd . In the cities the procession becomes richer with the music and the military faction . Once sanctification , the priest throws a cross in the water , thereby realizing the Blessing of the Waters . Guadeloupe islands ( edit ) Celebrations in Guadeloupe have a different feel from elsewhere in the world . Epiphany here does not mean the last day of Christmas celebrations , but rather the first day of Kannaval ( Carnival ) , which lasts until the evening before Ash Wednesday . Carnival in turn ends with the grand brilé Vaval , the burning of Vaval , the king of the Kannaval , amidst the cries and wails of the crowd . India ( edit ) In parts of southern India , Epiphany is called the Three Kings Festival and is celebrated in front of the local church like a fair . This day marks the close of the Advent and Christmas season and people remove the cribs and nativity sets at home . In Goa Epiphany may be locally known by its Portuguese name Festa dos Reis . In the village of Reis Magos , in Goa , there is a fort called Reis Magos ( Wise Men ) or Três Reis Magos for three wise men . Celebrations include a widely attended procession , with boys arrayed as the Three Kings , leading to the Franciscan Chapel of the Magi near the Goan capital of Panjim . Other popular Epiphany processions are held in Chandor . Here three young boys in regal robes and splendid crowns descend the nearby hill of Our Lady of Mercy on horseback towards the main church where a three - hour festival Mass is celebrated . The route before them is decorated with streamers , palm leaves and balloons with the smallest children present lining the way , shouting greetings to the Kings . The Kings are traditionally chosen , one each , from Chandor 's three hamlets of Kott , Cavorim and Gurdolim , whose residents helped build the Chandor church in 1645 . In the past the kings were chosen only from among high - caste families , but since 1946 the celebration has been open to all . Participation is still expensive as it involves getting a horse , costumes , and providing a lavish buffet to the community afterwards , in all totaling some 100,000 rupees ( about US $2,250 ) per king . This is undertaken gladly since having son serve as a king is considered a great honour and a blessing on the family . Cansaulim in South Goa is similarly famous for its Three Kings festival , which draws tourists from around the state and India . Three boys are selected from the three neighbouring villages of Quelim , Cansaulim and Arrosim to present the gifts of gold , frankincense and myrrh in a procession . Only a native of these villages may serve as king ; outsiders are barred from the role . Throughout the year , excitement runs high in the villages to see who will be chosen . The boys selected are meticulously groomed , and must grow their hair long in time for the festival . The procession involves the three kings wearing jeweled red velvet robes and crowns , riding white horses decked with flowers and fine cloth , and they are shaded by colourful parasols , with a retinue of hundreds . The procession ends at the local church built in 1581 , and in its central window a large white star hangs , and coloured banners stream out across the square from those around it . Inside , the church will have been decorated with garlands . After presenting their gifts and reverencing the altar and Nativity scene , the kings take special seats of honour and assist at the High Mass . The Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala State , Epiphany is known by its Syriac name Denha . Saint Thomas Christians , like other Eastern Christians , celebrate Denha as a great feast to commemorate the Baptism of Jesus in the river Jordan . The liturgical season Denhakalam ( `` Weeks of Epiphany '' ) commemorates the second revelation at the Baptism and the subsequent public life of Jesus . Denha is celebrated on January 6 by the Syro - Malabar Church , the largest Church of the Thomas Christians , in two ways -- Pindiperunnal ( `` Plantain trunk feast '' ) and Rakkuliperunal ( `` Feast with a night bath '' ) . Ireland ( edit ) The Irish call Epiphany the Feast of the Epiphany or traditionally Little Christmas or `` Women 's Christmas '' ( Irish : Nollaig na mBan ) . On the feast of the Three Kings , women traditionally rested and celebrated for themselves after the cooking and work of the Christmas holidays . The custom was for women to gather on this day for a special meal , but on the occasion of Epiphany accompanied by wine , to honor the Miracle at the Wedding at Cana . Today , women may dine at a restaurant or gather in a pub in the evening . They may also receive gifts from children , grandchildren or other family members on this day . Other Epiphany customs , which symbolize the end of the Christmas season , are popular in Ireland , such as the burning the sprigs of Christmas holly in the fireplace which have been used as decorations during the past twelve days . The Epiphany celebration serves as the initial setting for -- and anchors the action , theme , and climax of -- James Joyce 's short story The Dead from his 1914 collection , Dubliners . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , Epiphany is a national holiday and is associated with the figure of the Befana ( the name being a corruption of the word Epifania ) , a broomstick - riding old woman who , in the night between January 5 and 6 , brings gifts to children , and / or a lump of `` coal '' ( really black candy ) for the times they have not been good during the year . The legend told of her is that , having missed her opportunity to bring a gift to the child Jesus together with the Three Wise Men , she now brings gifts to other children on that night . Epiphany Al - Maghtas ruins on the Jordanian side of the Jordan River are the location for the Baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist . UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Al - Maghtas Location Balqa Governorate , Jordan Criteria Cultural : iii , vi Reference 1446 Inscription 2015 ( 39th Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Jordan ( edit ) Thousands of Jordanian Christians , tourists and pilgrims flock to Al - Maghtas site on the east bank of the Jordan River in January every year to mark Epiphany , where large masses and celebrations are held . `` Al - Maghtas '' meaning `` baptism '' or `` immersion '' in Arabic , is an archaeological World Heritage site in Jordan , officially known as `` Baptism Site `` Bethany Beyond the Jordan '' ( Al - Maghtas ) `` . It is considered to be the original location of the Baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist and has been venerated as such since at least the Byzantine period . John 1 : 28 : These things took place in Bethany beyond the Jordan , where John was baptising . The site has then seen several archaeological digs , 4 papal visits and state visits and attracts tourists and pilgrimage activity . Approximately 81,000 people visited the site in 2016 , mostly European , American and Arab tourists . Latvia ( edit ) Epiphany is known in Latvia as Trijkungu diena ( Three Kings Day ) by Catholics or Zvaigznes diena ( Star Day ) by Lutherans after the custom of star singing , and the Star of Bethlehem which led the Magi to the Christ Child . In the past bright stars of fabric were sewn onto the background of dark colored quilts , representing the night sky . Epiphany was a day of enjoyment , spent in horse - drawn open sleighs , and these quilts would then be taken along to cover the laps of the merry riders . If Epiphany Day was bright and mild and the sun `` warmed the horses ' backs '' it was said that the coming year would bring only peace . If the night before Epiphany saw clear starry skies , it meant Latvia could expect a fine harvest in the coming Summer . Weaving and wood - cutting were `` bad luck '' , giving both men and women a proper holiday , and if a dog was heard barking on Epiphany one ought to look for his or her future spouse in that same direction . Special three corner apple cakes are eaten on this day , and as in other countries , star singing , visiting and house blessings have long been popular . Lebanon ( edit ) Epiphany , celebrated on January 6 , is the feast for the Roman Church that commemorates the visit of the Wise Men , the magi . However , in the Maronite Church , in accordance with the ancient tradition , it represents the public announcement of Jesus ' mission when he was baptized in the Jordan by John the Forerunner , also known as `` John the Baptist '' . On the occasion , Lebanese Christians pray for their deceased . It is celebrated by attending church most often to the midnight mass by the maronites . The reason why it is at midnight is because the Christ will be passing to bless homes , also Lebanese Christians who gathered for the mass congratulate each other on that day by saying : `` El Deyim Deyim '' ( Arabic : دايم دايم ‎ ) which translates as `` The permanent is permanent '' . They also mix dough made out of water and flour only and it rises outdoors with no yeast by being blessed . Macedonia ( edit ) Epiphany procession in the Macedonian capital Skopje near Stone Bridge on Vardar river in the early 1920s Epiphany in Macedonia is known as Vodici ( Водици ) . On this day the priest throws a wooden cross into the water , to symbolize the baptism of Christ . Men jump into the cold water to retrieve the cross , and whoever retrieves it is believed to be blessed during the whole year . These are very festive gatherings with lots of spectacles attending the sites . Special food jelly from pork and beef meat and bones called `` pacha '' ( пача ) or `` pivtii '' ( пивтии ) is prepared the day before , but served on the day after Epiphany , together with warm local brandy , rakija ( ракија ) . Epiphany is a non-working day for the Orthodox believers in Macedonia . Malta ( edit ) In Malta , Epiphany is commonly known as It - Tre Re ( The Three Kings ) . Until the 1980s , January 6 was a public holiday , but today the Maltese celebrate Epiphany on the first Sunday of the year . Children and students still take January 6 as a school holiday and Christmas decorations are lit up through this day on most public streets . The Maltese also have a long - standing custom of presenting concerts in honor of Epiphany , including the prestigious annual Epiphany Concert organized by the Malta Council for Culture and Arts , performed by the National Orchestra . In 2010 , the Epiphany Concert which used to be held before a select audience , was opened to the general public following a decision by the President . The Ministry of Education and Culture therefore moved from the venue from the Palace to the historic Sacra Infermeria , also known as the Mediterranean Conference Centre . Qagħaq tal - Għasel or tal - Qastanija ( Maltese honey rings ) are typically served at Epiphany in Malta . Mexico ( edit ) The evening of January 5 marks the Twelfth Night of Christmas and is when the figurines of the three wise men are added to the nativity scene . Traditionally in Mexico , as with many other Latin American countries , Santa Claus does n't hold the cachet that he does in the United States . Rather , it is the three wise men who are the bearers of gifts , who leave presents in or near the shoes of small children . Mexican families also commemorate the date by eating Rosca de reyes . In modern Mexico however , and particularly in the larger cities and in the North , local traditions are now being observed and intertwined with the greater North American Santa Claus tradition , as well as with other holidays such as Halloween , due to Americanization via film and television , creating an economy of gifting tradition that spans from Christmas Day until January 6 . Peru ( edit ) Feast of Día de Reyes in Peru . Peru shares Epiphany customs with Spain and the rest of Latin America . Peruvian national lore holds that Francisco Pizarro was the first to call Lima `` Ciudad de los Reyes '' ( City of the Kings ) because the date of the Epiphany coincided with the day he and his two companions searched for , and found , an ideal location for a new capital . Even more popular in Peru than gift giving is the custom of the Bajada de Reyes when parties are held in honor of the taking down of family and public nativity scenes , and carefully putting them away until the next Christmas . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , this day is known as Araw ng mga Tatlóng Harì ( `` Three Kings ' Day '' ; Spanish : Día de los Tres Reyes ) or Pasko ng Matatanda ( `` Christmas of the Elderly '' ) , and marks the official close of the country 's long Christmas season . Filipino children customarily leave their shoes out , so that the Kings will leave behind gifts like candy or money inside . Most others on this day simply give the common greeting of `` Happy Three Kings ! '' . In some localities , there is the practice of having three men or three boys , dressed as the Tatlóng Harì , ride around on horseback , distributing trinkets and candy to the children of the area . The collective name for the group is immortalised as the Filipino surname Tatlóngharì . The Spanish name for the holiday has survived to the present in the Philippines as the masculine given name Epifanio ( e.g. Epifanio de los Santos ) . Due to American influence , the position of the Three Kings as gift - givers has been supplanted by Santa Claus . Poland ( edit ) In Poland , Epiphany , or `` Trzech Króli '' ( Three Kings ) is celebrated in grand fashion , with huge parades held welcoming the Wise Men , often riding on camels or other animals from the zoo , in Warsaw , Poznań and other cities . The Wise Men pass out sweets , children process in renaissance wear , carols are sung , and living nativity scenes are enacted , all similar to celebrations in Italy or Spain , pointing to the country 's Catholic heritage . Children may also dress in colors signifying Europe , Asia , and Africa ( the supposed homes of the Wise Men ) and at the end of the parade route , church leaders often preach on the spiritual significance of the Epiphany . In 2011 , by an act of Parliament , Epiphany was restored as an official non-working national public holiday in Poland for the first time since it was cancelled under communism fifty years earlier . Poles though take small boxes containing chalk , a gold ring , incense and a piece of amber , in memory of the gifts of the Magi , to church to be blessed . Once at home , they inscribe `` K + M + B + '' and the year with the blessed chalk above every door in the house , according to tradition , to provide protection against illness and misfortune for those within . The letters , with a cross after each one , are said to stand either for the traditionally applied names of the Three Kings in Polish -- Kacper , Melchior and Baltazar -- or for a Latin inscription meaning `` Christ bless this house . '' They remain above the doors all year until they are inadvertently dusted off or replaced by new markings the next year . On January 6 , as in much of Europe , a Polish style Three Kings cake is served with a coin or almond baked inside . The one who gets it is king or queen for the day , signified by wearing the paper crown that decorates the cake . According to Polish tradition this person will be lucky in the coming year . Recipes vary by region . Some serve a French - type puff pastry cake with almond paste filling , others favor a sponge cake with almond cream filling , and yet others enjoy a light fruitcake . Epiphany in Poland also signals the beginning of zapusty or carnival time , when pączki ( doughnuts ) and chrust ( Angel wings ) are served . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , Epiphany , January 6 , is called dia dos Reis ( Day of the Kings ) , during which the traditional Bolo Rei ( King cake ) is baked and eaten . Plays and pageants are popular on this day , and parents often hold parties for their children . Epiphany is also a time when the traditional Portuguese dances known as Mouriscadas and Paulitos are performed . The latter is an elaborate stick dance . The dancers , who are usually men but may be dressed as women , manipulate sticks or staves ( in imitation swords ) in two opposing lines . It is a tradition too in Portugal for people to gather in small groups and to go from house to house to sing the Reis ( meaning `` Kings '' ) which are traditional songs about the life of Jesus . The singers also bring greetings to the owners of the house . After singing for a while outside , they are invited in , and the owners of the house offer them sweets , liqueurs , and other Epiphany delicacies . These Reis usually begin on Epiphany eve and last until January 20 . Puerto Rico ( edit ) In Puerto Rico , Epiphany is an important festive holiday , and is commonly referred as Dia de Los Tres Reyes Magos , or Three Kings ' Day . It is traditional for children to fill a box with fresh grass or hay and put it underneath their bed , for the Wise Men 's camels . The three kings will then take the grass to feed the camels and will leave gifts under the bed as a reward . These traditions are analogous to the customs of children leaving mince pies and sherry out for Father Christmas in Western Europe or leaving milk and cookies for Santa Claus in the United States . On the day before the feast ( January 5 ) , the `` Rosario de Reyes '' or `` Promesa de Reyes '' is celebrated with songs ( aguinaldos ) promised to be sung to the Kings , usually before a little table with figures of the Nativity and the Kings or with the Kings alone and their camels . This celebration is accompanied with a chicken soup , snacks , and drinks . Romania and Moldova ( edit ) Star boys . Postage stamp depicting traditional Christmas & Epiphany star singing in Moldova . In Romania and Moldova , Epiphany , is called Boboteaza . In south - eastern Romania , following religious services , men participate in winter horse races . Before the race , the men line up with their horses before the priest , who will bless them by sprinkling them with green branches that have been dipped into Epiphany holy water . Sometimes people desire to have this blessing for themselves as well . Winning the Epiphany race is a great honor for both horse and rider , while the post-race celebrations , win or not , are highly festive . As in other Orthodox heritage countries , water rites play a special role on this day . A unique piece of Romanian folk wisdom holds that if a girl slips on ice -- or better yet falls into water - on Epiphany , she will surely marry before the year is out . In Transylvania ( Erdély / Siebenbürgen ) , Lutheran and Reformed Christians of Hungarian and Saxon descent celebrate Epiphany with star singing and house blessing , as in Central Europe . The star singing custom had long ago spread throughout Romania and the Republic of Moldova . Here the star , called Steaua , today resembles a stained - glass lantern and features an orthodox icon at its center , a tradition pointing to the blending of both East and West which characterizes the two nations on the river Prut . Russia ( edit ) An ice hole is cut in the form of a cross in Russia to celebrate the Epiphany The Epiphany , celebrated in Russia on January 19 , marks the baptism of Jesus in the Orthodox Church . As elsewhere in the Orthodox world , the Russian Church conducts the rite of the Great Blessing of the Waters , also known as `` the Great Sanctification of the Water '' on that day ( or the eve before ) . The priest - led procession could simply proceed to the font , but traditionally the worshipers would go to a nearby lake or river . Historical records indicate that the blessing of the waters events took place at the courts of Moscow Czars since no later than 1525 . According to historians , the blessing of the waters procession was the most magnificent of the annual Czar 's court 's ceremonies , comparable only to such special events as royal coronations and weddings . After a divine liturgy in the Kremlin 's Dormition Cathedral , the procession , led by the Czar and the Patriarch of Moscow would proceed to the frozen Moskva River . A small gazebo , called Iordan ' , would have been erected on the ice and decorated with holy icons , one of which would depict the Baptism of Christ . The Patriarch would immerse his cross into the river 's water ; and sprinkle the Czar , his boyars , and the banners of Czar 's army 's regiments with the holy water . A load of holy water would then be brought back to the Kremlin , to be used in blessing the Czar 's palace . On a smaller scale , similar events would take place in the parishes throughout the nation . Believing that on this day water becomes holy and is imbued with special powers , Russians cut holes in the ice of lakes and rivers , often in the shape of the cross , to bathe in the freezing water . This practice is said to be popularized comparatively recently ; it was fairly uncommon in the czarist days , but has flourished since the 1990s . Participants in the ritual may dip themselves three times under the water , honoring the Holy Trinity , to symbolically wash away their sins from the past year , and to experience a sense of spiritual rebirth . Orthodox priests are on hand to bless the water , and rescuers are on hand to monitor the safety of the swimmers in the ice - cold water . Others limit their participation in the Epiphany rites to those conducted inside churches , where priests perform the Great Blessing of Waters , both on Epiphany Eve and Epiphany ( Theophany ) proper . The water is then distributed to attendees who may store it to use in times of illness , to bless themselves , family members , and their homes , or to drink . Some Russians think any water -- even from the taps on the kitchen sink -- poured or bottled on Epiphany becomes holy water , since all the water in the world is blessed this day . In the more mild climate of the southern city of Sochi meanwhile , where air and water temperatures both hover in the low to mid 10 degree Celsius range ( 50 degrees Fahrenheit ) in January , thousands of people jump into the Black Sea at midnight each year on Epiphany and begin to swim in celebration of the feast . Slovenia ( edit ) In Slovenia , especially in the Western part of the country , during the first day of the year and on Epiphany , children go from house to house because villagers will give them almonds , dried figs , nuts , cookies or other good things that they have at home . Spain ( edit ) In Spain and some Latin American countries , Epiphany day is called El Día de los Reyes i.e. , the day when a group of Kings or Magi , as related in the second chapter of the Gospel of Matthew , arrived to worship and bring three gifts to the baby Jesus after following a star in the heavens . This day is sometimes known as the Día de los Tres Reyes Magos ( The day of the Three Royal Magi ) or La Pascua de los Negros ( Holy Day of the Black men ) in Chile , although the latter is rarely heard . In Spanish tradition on January 6 , three of the Kings : Melchior , Gaspar , and Balthazar , representing Arabia , the Orient , and Africa , arrived on horse , camel and elephant , bringing respectively gold , frankincense and myrrh to the baby Jesus . Before going to bed on the eve of January 6 , children polish their shoes and leave them ready for the Kings ' presents to be put in them . The next morning presents will appear under their shoes , or if the children are deemed to have misbehaved during the year , coal ( usually a lump of hard sugar candy dyed black , called Carbón Dulce ) . Most towns in Spain arrange colorful parades representing the arrival of the Reyes Magos to town so children can see them on their camels or carriages before they go to bed . The oldest of these parades is held in Alcoi , Alacant -- Alicante ( Valencian Community ) which has hosted an annual parade since 1885 . Sweet wine , nibbles , fruit and milk are left for the Kings and their camels . In Spain , children typically receive presents on this day , rather than on Christmas , though this tradition has changed lately , and children now receive presents on both days . The Epiphany bread / cake is known as Roscón , Tortell de Reis in Catalan , and in Mexico as Rosca de reyes . Sweden ( edit ) Epiphany is a public holiday in Sweden , where it is known as `` trettondedag jul '' ( `` Thirteenth Day Yule '' ) , as January 6 is the thirteenth day after Christmas Eve , the main day on which Christmas is celebrated in Sweden . However , the end of the Christmas celebration is on January 13 , St. Knut 's Day , more commonly known as `` Twentieth Day Yule '' ( or `` Twentieth Day Knut '' ) . United states ( edit ) King cakes of the type locally called `` French style '' on display at the chain bakery / restaurant `` La Madeline '' branch in Carrollton , New Orleans . They come with cardboard `` crowns '' to be worn by whoever gets the slice with the token and becomes monarch of the event . In Louisiana , Epiphany is the beginning of the Carnival season , during which it is customary to bake King Cakes , similar to the Rosca mentioned above . It is round in shape , filled with cinnamon , glazed white , and coated in traditional carnival color sanding sugar . The person who finds the doll ( or bean ) must provide the next king cake . The interval between Epiphany and Mardi Gras is sometimes known as `` king cake season '' , and many may be consumed during this period . The Carnival season begins on King 's Day ( Epiphany ) , and there are many traditions associated with that day in Louisiana and along the Catholic coasts of Mississippi , Alabama , and Florida . King cakes are first sold then , Carnival krewes begin having their balls on that date , and the first New Orleans krewe parades in street cars that night . In Colonial Virginia , Epiphany , or 12th Night , was an occasion of great merriment , and was considered especially appropriate as a date for balls and dancing , as well as for weddings . On 12th Night , Great Cake was prepared , consisting in two giant layers of fruitcake , coated and filled with royal icing . Custom dictated that the youngest child present cut and serve the cake and whoever found the bean or prize in the Twelfth Night cake was crowned `` King of the Bean '' similar to the European king cake custom . Tarpon Springs , Florida is known for elaborate religious ceremonies related to the Greek Orthodox Church , the most notable being the Epiphany celebration . The Metropolitan of Atlanta usually presides over the blessings , sometimes joined by the Archbishop of America . The blessings conclude with the ceremonial throwing of a wooden cross into the city 's Spring Bayou , and boys ages 16 to 18 diving in to retrieve it . Whoever recovers the cross is said to be blessed for a full year . Following the blessings , the celebration moves to the Sponge Docks where food and music are made part of the festivities . Tarpon Springs has given itself the nickname Epiphany City . The celebration attracts Greek Americans from across the country , and the city 's population is known to triple in size for that day . In Manitou Springs , Colorado , Epiphany is marked by the Great Fruitcake Toss . Fruitcakes are thrown , participants dress as kings , fools , etc. , and competitions are held for the farthest throw , the most creative projectile device , etc . As with customs in other countries , the fruitcake toss is a sort of festive symbolic leave - taking of the Christmas holidays until next year , but with humorous twist , since fruitcake is considered with a certain degree of derision in most of the United States , and is the source of many jokes . Wales ( edit ) On January 9 , the Feast of the Epiphany has long been an important celebration in Wales , known there as Ystwyll . In Glamorganshire , a huge loaf or cake was prepared , which was then divided up into three parts to represent Christ , the Virgin Mary and the three Wise Men . A large company of neighbors was invited to be present at the dividing of the cake in which rings were concealed . Whoever discovered a ring in his piece of cake ( or bread ) was elected as King or Queen and presided over the day 's festivities . January 6 was the old - calendar Christmas Day and many of the festivities connected with it lasted well over a century after the new calendar was introduced in 1752 . Wales shares other Twelfth Night customs with its neighbor , England , including the yule log , and the wassail to wish farmers a good harvest in the coming year , but here the yule log 's ashes were saved then buried along with the seeds planted in the ensuing spring to ensure a good harvest , while the wassail bowl was taken to the house of newlyweds or to a family which had recently come to live in the district and songs sung outside the house door . Those inside the house would recite or sing special verses , to be answered by the revelers outside . Another Welsh custom associated with Epiphany was the Hunting of the Wren . A group of young men would go out into the countryside to capture a wren ( the smallest bird in the British Isles after the goldcrest / firecrest ) . The bird would then be placed in a small , decorated cage and carried around from house to house and shown in exchange for money or gifts of food and drink . ( If a wren could not be found then a sparrow would have to undergo the ritual . ) See also ( edit ) Paul S.L. Johnson Perchta References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Byzantine Blessing of Water on the Vigil of the Epiphany '' . Jump up ^ Heiligman , Deborah ( 2007 ) . Celebrate Christmas . National Geographic . p. 27 . ISBN 9781426301223 . At the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas comes a special day called the Epiphany , or Three Kings Day . This holiday , which falls on January 6th , is celebrated as the day when the three wise men , also called the three kings , first saw baby Jesus and gave him gifts . Jump up ^ Packer , George Nichols ( 1893 ) . Our Calendar . Union and Advertiser Co. p. 110 . The length of Christmastide or season is twelve days , lasting from the 25th of December to Epiphany . Epiphany ( Greek Epiphania , Theophania or Christophania ) , is a festival in commemoration of the manifestation of Jesus Christ to the world as the Son of God , and referring to the appearance of the star which announced our Saviour 's birth to the Gentiles , and the visit of the Magi , or Wise Men of the East to the infant Jesus . This festival is held on the 6th of January invariably , consequently is not a moveable feast , though the length of Epiphany - tide depends upon the date of Easter . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Epiphany and Epiphanytide '' . The Parish of St Clement and St James . The Church of England . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . The current pattern in the Anglican Church is to have an extended Epiphany season ( called Epiphanytide ) . This is why Nativity scenes are sometimes kept in churches throughout January . Epiphanytide : Rather confusingly , however , the other two main ' manifestations ' marked in Epiphanytide concern Jesus as an adult : his baptism in the River Jordan , when the Holy Spirit descends on him in the form of a dove ( on the Sunday after Epiphany ) , and his first sign : the turning of water into wine at the marriage feast in Cana in Galilee . This latter event -- the third ' epiphany ' of the season -- is only to be found in John 's gospel . ^ Jump up to : `` Epiphany '' . Christian Advocate . United Methodist Publishing House . 7 : 15 . 1963 ... in Methodist usage the Epiphany Season includes all the Sundays between that date and Ash Wednesday , which for 1964 will be February 12 , the beginning of Lent . Jump up ^ The Church Eclectic . XXV . The Young Churchman Co. 1898 . p. 1089 . The Provincial Synod established in 1883 the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada , framed largely upon the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the American Church . No concerted action had been taken by the Church in Canada till the formation of this society but by the regular issuing of appeals from the Board of Management each year , at Ascensiontide for Domestic , and at Epiphanytide for Foreign Missions , a certain amount of interest in the great question of missions has been created . Jump up ^ `` The Origins and Spirituality of the Epiphany '' . Catholicireland.net . February 14 , 1969 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evaluations of Nominations of Cultural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List : ICOMOS Report '' ( pdf ) . UNESCO Organization . August 2014 . pp. 49 -- 50 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Calendar of the Orthodox Church '' . Goarch.org . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Holger Oertel ( September 22 , 2007 ) . `` The Julian Calendar '' . Ortelius.de . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Twelve days of Christmas '' . Full Homely Divinity . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . We prefer , like good Anglicans , to go with the logic of the liturgy and regard January 5th as the Twelfth Day of Christmas and the night that ends that day as Twelfth Night . That does make Twelfth Night the Eve of the Epiphany , which means that , liturgically , a new feast has already begun . Jump up ^ Funk , Tim ( December 25 , 2009 ) . `` Presbyterians bring Twelfth Night '' . Heritage echoes down through Christmases : Chorus of cherished rituals arises from immigrants to the Carolinas . The Charlotte Observer . Christmas was a day to go to church -- the simpler the service , the better , Todd says -- and maybe have a quiet dinner with family . It was a slower time in the agricultural year , so there was an opportunity for some leisure . As long as you did n't overdo it . But even Scots - Irish Presbyterians had to have a little fun sometimes . The occasion to let go was Twelfth Night on Jan. 5 or 6 . For Christians , it marks the arrival in Bethlehem of the Magi , or Three Wise Men . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bridge '' . The Diocese of Southwark . Newsletter dated December 2011 / January 2012 . Jump up ^ Polon , Linda ; Cantwell , Aileen ( 1983 ) . The Whole Earth Holiday Book . Good Year Books . p. 97 . ISBN 9780673165855 . Jump up ^ A Study Guide for William Shakespeare 's `` Twelfth Night '' ( 2 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 29 . ISBN 9781410361349 . Twelfth Night saw people feasting and taking down Christmas decorations . The king cake is traditionally served in France and England on the Twelfth Night to commemorate the journey of the Magi to visit the Christ child . Jump up ^ Edworthy , Niall ( 7 October 2008 ) . The Curious World of Christmas . Penguin Group . p. 83 . ISBN 9780399534577 . The time - honoured epoch for taking down Christmas decorations from Church and house in Candlemas Day , February 2nd . Terribly withered they are by that time . Candlemas in old times represented the end of the Christmas holidays , which , when `` fine old leisure '' reigned , were far longer than they are now . Jump up ^ Roud , Steve ( 31 January 2008 ) . The English Year . Penguin Books Limited . p. 690 . ISBN 9780141919270 . As indicated in Herrick 's poem , quoted above , in the mid seventeenth century Christmas decorations were expected to stay in place until Candlemas ( 2 February ) , and this remained the norm until the nineteenth century . Jump up ^ Groome , Imogen ( 31 December 2016 ) . `` When is Twelfth Night and what does it mean ? '' . Metro . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Twelfth Night 2017 is on Thursday 5 January , which is when we 're meant to put away our Christmas decorations or there 'll be bad luck in the year ahead . If you miss the date , some believe it 's necessary to keep decorations up until Candlemas on 2 February -- or you 'll definitely have a rubbish year . Jump up ^ `` Candlemas '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night ( January 5th ) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymological Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lexicon '' . Blue Letter Bible . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cf . Schaff , Philip . `` History of the Christian Church , Volume II : Ante - Nicene Christianity . A.D. 100 - 325 . § 64 . The Epiphany '' . Christian Classics Etheral Library . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cyril Martindale , The Catholic Encyclopedia , Vol. 5 ( Robert Appleton Company , New York 1905 ) , s.v. , `` Epiphany '' . Jump up ^ Schmemann , Alexander , `` The Pre-Constantinian Origins of the Church Year '' Jump up ^ Carrington , P. , The Primitive Christian Calendar , 1952 , -- `` In the secondary arrangement of Mark which is found in the non-B manuscripts , the Roman Year was followed . This arrangement would be the most natural way of explaining the origin of January 6 as a festival of the Baptism of Jesus . '' ( p. 71 ) . Jump up ^ Carrington , `` The ' heretical ' festival of ' Epiphany ' became a universal festival throughout the whole Christian world , commemorating both the Baptism and the Nativity of Jesus . It is hard to explain this as a world - wide imitation of the Basilides ; it is quite easy to explain if the 48 ( 49 ) - lection arrangement of Mark was used as a Calendar fairly widely at one time . '' ( p. 54 ) . Jump up ^ Ammianus Marcellinus , XXI , ii Jump up ^ Epiphanius , Panarion , li , 27 , in Migne , Patrologia Graecae ( P.G. ) , XLI , 936 ( where it is called by its Latin name : Adversus Haereses ) Jump up ^ Epiphanius , & chapters xxviii and xxix P.G. , XLI , 940 sq . Jump up ^ Nicholas Pokhilko , `` History of Epiphany '' : `` The birth of Christ , the story of the Magi , Christ 's baptism , His divine manifestation , miracle at Cana , and the feeding of the crowds formed the festival of Epiphany on January 6 as indicated in earlier Alexandrian and Syrian traditions . '' Jump up ^ Keener , Matthew , 1997 , ( InterVarsity Press , Downers Grove , Illinois , USA ) , ISBN 0 - 8308 - 1801 - 4 , page 65 . Jump up ^ St John Chrysostom , Homilies on St Matthew , 7 Jump up ^ Egeria ( 1970 ) , Diary of a Pilgrimage , Chapter 26 , ( tr . George E. Gingras ) New York : Paulist Press , p. 96 , ISBN 0 - 8091 - 0029 - 0 Jump up ^ St. Gregory Nazianzus , Oration xxxviii in P.G. , XXXVI. 312 Jump up ^ Nazianzus , & Orations xxxix and xl P.G. Jump up ^ Nazianzus , & col. 349 . Jump up ^ St. John Cassian , Conferences , X , 2 , in Migne , Patrologia Latina ( P.L. ) , XLIX ; 820 Jump up ^ `` Cantata No. 65 , `` Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen , '' BWV 65 ( BC A27 ) -- Johann Sebastian Bach , Johann Sebastian Bach -- Details , Parts / Movements and Recordings -- AllMusic `` . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach '' . Jump up ^ Back Bay Chorale Jump up ^ `` As with Gladness , Men of Old '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As with Gladness Men of Old '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Today the Church has been joined to her heavenly bridegroom , since Christ has purified her of her sins in the river Jordan : the Magi hasten to the royal wedding and offer gifts : the wedding guests rejoice since Christ has changed water into wine , alleluia '' ( Benedictus antiphon , Liturgy of the Hours , Roman Rite ) . `` Three wonders mark this day we celebrate : today the star led the Magi to the manger ; today water was changed into wine at the marriage feast ; today Christ desired to be baptized by John in the river Jordan to bring us salvation , alleluia '' ( Magnificat antiphon at Second Vespers , Liturgy of the Hours , Roman Rite ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Proclamation of the Date of Easter at Epiphany '' , 1970 Roman Missal , The Catholic Liturgical Library , 1989 , retrieved May 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` The Feasts of the Church Year '' . Armenianchurch.net . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in the Old Country '' . Armenianchurch.net . 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Popular Antiquities . pp. 180 , 183 Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia : Epiphany New Advent ^ Jump up to : http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/catholics-celebrate-epiphany-coexistence-faiths-baptism-site#sthash.arczgCyW.dpuf Jump up ^ `` الفرجات : 81 ألفا زاروا المغطس العام الماضي '' . Al Ghad ( in Arabic ) . 2 January 2017 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Baister , Stephen ; Patrick , Chris ( November 1 , 2007 ) , Latvia , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 201 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Zvaigznes diena '' . Liis.lv . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zvaigznes Diena -- Definition '' . WordIQ.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maronite Eparchy of Australia -- The Maronite Liturgical Year '' . Maronite.org.au . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` водици -- резултати од пребарување -- Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик '' . Jump up ^ Wong , Curtis ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Epiphany , Or Three Kings Day Celebrations Around The World ( PHOTOS ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vodici e neraboten den za pravoslavnite , Alfa.mk ; accessed January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Epiphany Concert opened to the public '' . timesofmalta.com . December 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ricardo Botto . `` Dia de Reyes , the story of Los Tres Reyes Magos '' . Mexonline.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ricardo Botto . `` No Hay Navidad Sin Jesús : La Bajada de Reyes '' . Celebrandonavidad.blogspot.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ephiphany Day Procession attended by thousands in Poznan '' . www.demotix.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Poland Restores Epiphany Public Holiday '' . Qppstudio.net . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Feast of the Three Kings -- How Poles Celebrate the Feast of the Three Kings -- Trzech Króli '' . Easteuropeanfood.about.com. April 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Three Kings '' . www.inyourpocket.com/poland . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barbara Rolek ; About.com Guide ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Three Kings Cake Recipe -- Recipe for Polish Ciasto Trzech Króli or Three Kings Cake '' . Easteuropeanfood.about.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Epiphany ( Portugal ) ( Día de Reis ) : Information from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Figueiredo , Jose M. ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Portuguese Club party will be fit for a king '' . Wickedlocal.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ carmen ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Boboteaza ( Epiphany in Romania ) '' . PocketCultures . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Traditii si obiceiuri de Boboteaza '' . Crestinortodox.ro . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Carol * Steaua '' . Roembus.org . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bute ( Marquess of ) , John Patrick Crichton - Stuart ; Budge , Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis ( 1901 ) , The blessing of the waters on the eve of the Epiphany : the Greek , Latin , Syriac , Coptic , and Russian versions , edited or translated from the original texts , Oxford University Press , pp. 47 sq . Jump up ^ Bushkovitch , Paul ( 1992 ) , Religion and Society in Russia : The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries , Oxford University Press , p. 42 , ISBN 9780195069464 Jump up ^ `` Epiphany in Russia -- Baptism of Jesus '' . Goeasteurope.about.com . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Katia Moskvitch , Russia 's trend for dipping children in frozen rivers ; accessed January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tens of thousands bathe in icy water on Epiphany in Russia '' . En.rian.ru . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenska Istra - En '' . Slovenska-istra.si . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Con un pasacalle se iniciarán las celebraciones de la Pascua de los Negros en Arica '' . www.soychile.cl . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carbón Dulce ( Sweet Coal ) '' . www.diamondsfordessert.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ALcoy Three Kings Parade '' . Instituto de Turismo de España ( TURESPAÑA ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lisa & Tony Sierra ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Twelfth Night Bread Recipe -- Roscon de Reyes Recipe '' . Spanishfood.about.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chelsie Kenyon ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Rosca de Reyes '' . Mexicanfood.about.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff . `` Epiphany festival draws travelers to Tarpon Springs , Florida '' . masslive.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Feast Day of Epiphany 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schantz , Mark . `` Tarpon Springs to again become Epiphany City USA '' . The Suncoast News . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Great Fruitcake Toss '' . Colorado-for-free.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fruitcake Toss Day ! '' . Gone-ta-pott.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Some folks decided that ' Old Christmas Eve ' , which fell 11 days later on January 4 , 1753 , should be celebrated ... the difference between the two calendars increased to 12 days after February 1800 and then to 13 days a century later . Thus shifting Old Christmas Eve to January 5 and then to January 6 '' ( The Change to the Gregorian Calendar in England , Wales and Scotland ) . Jump up ^ `` Wales on Britannia : Welsh Culture & Traditions '' . Britannia.com . Archived from the original on August 16 , 1997 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Sources ( edit ) Epiphanius , Panarion , li , 27 , in Migne , Patrologia Graecae ( P.G. ) , XLI , 936 ( where it is called by its Latin name : Adversus Haereses ) St. Gregory Nazianzus , Oration xxxviii in P.G. , XXXVI. 312 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epiphany ( holiday ) . Look up Epiphany in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Catholic Encyclopedia : Epiphany The Epiphany Season at the Christian Resource Institute Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - 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-5030220149413520561	List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality	List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality - wikipedia List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality Jump to : navigation , search The Victoria Cross This is a list of recipients of the Victoria Cross by nationality . This list does not include the Victoria Cross awarded to the American Unknown Soldier of World War I Tomb of the Unknowns , buried in Arlington National Cemetery . He was awarded the VC posthumously in 1921 . This gesture reciprocated the award of the Medal of Honor to the British Unknown Warrior . The Victoria Cross ( VC ) is a military decoration awarded for valour `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of the British armed forces . A small number of Commonwealth countries still participate in the British ( Imperial ) honours system and would still be eligible to make Victoria Cross recommendations for their service personal but none of these countries have ever been awarded the Victoria Cross . The last occasion a Commonwealth country was awarded the Victoria Cross was in 1969 during the Vietnam War and today all Commonwealth countries whose armed forces had been awarded the Victoria Cross under the British honours systems have their own honours systems and their own orders , decorations and medals . The Victoria Cross takes precedence over all other British orders , decorations and medals and may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and although civilians under military command are eligible for the award none has been awarded since 1879 . The Victoria Cross has often been presented to the recipient during an investiture by the British monarch . The last award of the reign of King George VI and all awards of the reign of the present Queen with the exception of the two posthumous awards to the Australian Army during the Vietnam War have been presented by Queen Elizabeth II . The VC has been awarded on 1358 occasions to 1355 individual recipients . The original Royal Warrant and all warrants to this day contain both expulsion and restoration clauses . Eight recipients between 1861 and 1908 had their awards rescinded and although no award has ever been restored the names of the eight are included in the list . The original warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards , although official policy was to not award the VC posthumously . Between 1857 and 1901 , twelve notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived . In a partial reversal of policy for the South African War 1899 - 1902 , the next of kin of three of the soldiers were sent medals by registered post in 1902 . In the same gazette the first three posthumous awards were awarded and also sent to the next of kin . In 1907 , the posthumous policy was reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six officers and men . The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous . For a short time in the middle 1800s , the VC was awarded for actions taken not in the face of the enemy . Six were awarded at this time for actions taken not in the face of the enemy . ( Campbell Mellis Douglas was one of these recipients . ) Until 1921 the Victoria Cross could not be awarded to women , and to this day no VC has been awarded to members of that gender . With the approval of Queen Victoria , Elizabeth Weber Harris was awarded a gold VC for her valour in nursing cholera - ridden soldiers in India in 1869 . Most Commonwealth countries have now created their own honours systems . Since 1991 , three Commonwealth countries ; Australia , Canada and New Zealand have created their own operational gallantry awards . In each case , their highest award for most conspicuous bravery was named in honour of the British ( Imperial ) Victoria Cross ; the Victoria Cross for Australia , the Victoria Cross ( Canada ) and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand . One Victoria Cross for New Zealand was awarded to Willie Apiata on 26 July 2007 ; four Victoria Crosses for Australia have been awarded to Mark Donaldson , Ben Roberts - Smith , Daniel Keighran and Cameron Baird . All five awards were for actions in Afghanistan . As these are separate medals , they are not included in this list . Recipients are described in the following list by nationality ( birthplace ) or ( citizenship ) or ( county of service ) or ( uncertain ) or in the case of New Zealand born Captain Alfred John Shout of the Australian Army by both ( birthplace ) and ( county of service ) . The country lists are compiled differently with the Australian list only being members of the Australian forces , the Canadian list being members of the Canadian forces including Danish Thomas Dinesen who served in Canadian Army plus others who are considered by Canadians as Canadian recipients while the English list only includes a few of the many English born recipients who were decorated as members of Commonwealth and Indian forces . There have been 1355 individual recipients including the American unknown who is not listed but the list has 1356 names including Alfred John Shout and another listed twice . Recipients by nationality ( edit ) Rows highlighted in orange contain links to separate pages which contain the recipients of countries with over 75 recipients This along with the * , indicates that the Victoria Cross was awarded posthumously Name Nationality Date of action Conflict Unit Place of action Notes Hutcheson , Bellenden Bellenden Hutcheson American 1918 First World War 75th Bn Canadian Expeditionary Force Drocourt - Quéant Support Line , France Metcalf , William William Metcalf American 1918 First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force Arras , France Mullin , George George Mullin American 1917 First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force Passchendaele , Belgium Seeley , William William Seeley American 1864 Bombardment of Shimonoseki HMS Euryalus Shimonoseki , Japan Zengel , Raphael Raphael Zengel American 1918 First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force Warvillers , France AAA Australia List of 91 Australian recipients AAA AAA AA01 AAA Carton de Wiart , Adrian Adrian Carton de Wiart Belgian 1916 First World War BB004 4th Dragoon Guards La Boiselle , France Hodge , Samuel Samuel Hodge British Virgin Islander 1866 Gambia Campaign BB004 4th West India Regiment Tubabecelong , Gambia AAB Canada List of 96 Canadian recipients AAB AAB AA02 AAB Bruce , William William Bruce Channel Islander 1914 First World War BB059 59th Scinde Rifles Givenchy , France Halliday , Lewis Lewis Halliday Channel Islander 1900 Boxer Rising Royal Marine Light Infantry Peking , China Home , Duncan Duncan Home Channel Islander 1857 Indian Mutiny Bengal Sappers and Miners Delhi , India Ingouville , George George Ingouville Channel Islander 1855 Crimean War HMS Arrogant Vyborg , Russia Le Patourel , Herbert Herbert Le Patourel Channel Islander 1942 Second World War Hampshire Regiment Tebourba , Tunisia Le Quesne , Ferdinand Ferdinand Le Quesne Channel Islander 1889 British rule in Burma Royal Army Medical Corps Voklaak , Burma McCrea , John John McCrea Channel Islander 1881 Basuto Gun War BB001 1st Cape Mounted Yeomanry Tweefontein , South Africa McReady - Diarmid , Allastair Allastair McReady - Diarmid Channel Islander 1917 First World War Duke of Cambridge 's Own ( Middlesex Regiment ) Moeuvres , France Nurse , George George Nurse Channel Islander 1899 Second Boer War Royal Field Artillery Colenso , South Africa Sartorious , Euston Euston Sartorious Channel Islander 1859 Second Afghan War BB059 59th Regiment of Foot Shahjui , Afghanistan Sartorious , Reginald Reginald Sartorious Channel Islander 1874 First Ashanti Expedition BB006 6th Bengal Cavalry Obugu , Ashanti Dinesen , Thomas Thomas Dinesen Danish 1918 First World War BB042 42nd Bn CEF Canadian Expeditionary Force Parvillers , France Hansen , Percy Percy Hansen Danish 1915 First World War BB006 6th Lincolnshire Regiment Gallipoli , Turkey Lassen , Anders Anders Lassen Danish 1945 * Second World War Special Boat Service Comacchio , Italy AAC England List of 600 + English recipients ( may be incomplete ) AAC AAC AA03 AAC Sukanaivalu , Sefanaia Sefanaia Sukanaivalu Fijian 1944 * Second World War Fiji Infantry Regiment Mawaraka , Bougainville Island Wooden , Charles Charles Wooden German 1854 Crimean War BB017 17th Lancers Balaklava , Crimea Beharry , Johnson Johnson Beharry Grenadian Iraq War Princess of Wales 's Royal Regiment Amarah , Iraq Johnstone , William William Johnstone Hanoverian 1854 Crimean War HMS Arrogant , RN Åland Islands , Finland Bhagat , Premindra Premindra Bhagat British Indian 1941 Second World War Corps of Indian Engineers Gallabat , Abyssinia Ghadge , Yeshwant Yeshwant Ghadge British Indian 1944 * Second World War Maratha Light Infantry Upper Tiber Valley , Italy Hafiz , Abdul Abdul Hafiz British Indian 1944 * Second World War BB009 9th Jat Regiment Imphal , India Jadav , Namdeo Namdeo Jadav British Indian 1945 Second World War BB005 5th Maratha Light Infantry Senio River , Italy Judge , Karamjeet Karamjeet Judge British Indian 1945 * Second World War BB415 4 / 15th Punjab Regiment Meiktila , Burma Lala British Indian 1916 First World War BB041 41st Dogras El Orah , Mesopotamia Negi , Darwan Darwan Negi British Indian 1914 First World War BB039 39th Garhwal Rifles Festubert , France Negi , Gabar Singh Gabar Singh Negi British Indian 1915 * First World War BB039 39th Garhwal Rifles Neuve Chapelle , France Ram , Bhandari Bhandari Ram British Indian 1944 Second World War BB010 Garhwal Rifles Arakan State , Burma Ram , Chhelu Chhelu Ram British Indian 1943 * Second World War BB006 6th Rajputana Rifles Djebel Garci , Tunisia Ram , Kamal Kamal Ram British Indian 1944 Second World War BB008 8th Punjab Regiment River Gari , Italy Ram , Richhpal Richhpal Ram British Indian 1941 * Second World War BB006 6th Rajputana Rifles Keren , Eritrea Singh , Badlu Badlu Singh British Indian 1918 * First World War BB014 14th Murray 's Jat Lancers River Jordan , Palestine Singh , Chatta Chatta Singh British Indian 1916 First World War BB009 Garhwal Rifles Battle of the Wadi , Mesopotamia Singh , Gian Gian Singh British Indian 1945 Second World War BB015 15th Punjab Regiment Myingyan , Burma Singh , Gobind Gobind Singh British Indian 1917 First World War BB028 Garhwal Rifles Pezières , France Singh , Ishar Ishar Singh British Indian 1921 Waziristan Campaign BB028 28th Punjab Regiment Haidari Kach , India Singh , Nand Nand Singh British Indian 1944 Second World War BB111 1 / 11th Garhwal Rifles Maungdaw -- Buthidaung Road , Burma Singh , Parkash Parkash Singh British Indian 1943 Second World War BB008 8th Punjab Regiment Donbaik , Burma Singh , Prakash Prakash Singh British Indian 1945 * Second World War BB013 13th Frontier Force Rifles Kanlan Ywathit , Burma Singh , Ram Ram Singh British Indian 1944 * Second World War BB001 Garhwal Rifles Kennedy Peak , Burma Dast , Mir Mir Dast British Indian 1915 First World War BB055 55th Coke 's Rifles Wieltje , Belgium Din , Fazal Fazal Din British Indian 1945 Second World War BB010 10th Baluch Regiment Meiktila , Burma Haidar , Ali Ali Haidar British Indian 1945 Second World War BB013 13th Frontier Force Rifles Fusignano , Italy Khan , Khudadad Khudadad Khan British Indian 1914 First World War BB129 129th Duke of Connaught 's Own Baluchis Hollebeke , Belgium Khan , Shahamad Shahamad Khan British Indian 1916 First World War BB089 89th Punjab Regiment Beit Ayeesa , Mesopotamia Shah , Sher Sher Shah British Indian 1945 * Second World War BB016 16th Punjab Regiment Kyeyebyin , Burma Singh , Umrao Umrao Singh British Indian 1944 Second World War Royal Indian Artillery Kaladan Valley , Burma AAD Ireland List of 195 Irish recipients AAD AAD AA04 AAD Gordon , William William Gordon Jamaican 1892 Second Gambian Campaign West India Regiment Toniataba , Gambia Leakey , Nigel Nigel Leakey Kenyan 1941 * Second World War BB012 King 's African Rifles Colito , Abyssinia Cain , Robert Henry Robert Henry Cain Manx 1944 Second World War BB002 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment Arnhem , Netherlands Ghale , Gaje Gaje Ghale Nepalese 1943 Second World War BB005 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles Chin Hills , Burma Gurung , Bhanbhagta Bhanbhagta Gurung Nepalese 1945 Second World War BB002 2nd Gurkha Rifles Tamandu , Burma Gurung , Lachhiman Lachhiman Gurung Nepalese 1945 Second World War BB008 8th Gurkha Rifles Taungdaw , Burma Gurung , Thaman Thaman Gurung Nepalese 1944 * Second World War BB005 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles Monte San Bartolo , Italy Lama , Ganju Ganju Lama Nepalese 1944 Second World War BB007 7th Gurkha Rifles Ningthoukhong , Burma Limbu , Rambahadur Rambahadur Limbu Nepalese 1965 Indonesia - Malaysia confrontation BB010 10th Gurkha Rifles Sarawak , Borneo Pun , Tulbahadur Tulbahadur Pun Nepalese 1944 Second World War BB006 6th Gurkha Rifles Mogaung , Burma Rai , Agansing Agansing Rai Nepalese 1944 Second World War BB005 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles Bishenpur , Burma Rana , Karanbahadur Karanbahadur Rana Nepalese 1918 First World War BB003 3rd Gurkha Rifles El Kefr , Egypt Thapa , Kulbir Kulbir Thapa Nepalese 1915 First World War BB003 3rd Gurkha Rifles Fauquissart , France Thapa , Netrabahadur Netrabahadur Thapa Nepalese 1944 * Second World War BB005 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles Bishenpur , Burma Thapa , Sher Sher Thapa Nepalese 1944 * Second World War BB009 9th Gurkha Rifles San Marino , Italy Andrew , Leslie Leslie Andrew New Zealander 1917 First World War Wellington Infantry Regiment La Basse Ville , Belgium Bassett , Cyril Cyril Bassett New Zealander 1915 First World War New Zealand Divisional Signal Company Gallipoli , Turkey Brown , Donald Donald Brown New Zealander 1916 First World War Otago Infantry Regiment High Wood , France Crichton , James James Crichton New Zealander 1918 First World War BB500 Auckland Infantry Regiment Crèvecœur , France D'arcy , Cecil Cecil D'arcy New Zealander 1879 Anglo - Zulu War Frontier Light Horse Ulundi , South Africa Elliott , Keith Keith Elliott New Zealander 1942 Second World War BB022 22nd , 2nd New Zealand Division Ruweisat , Egypt Forsyth , Samuel Samuel Forsyth New Zealander 1918 * First World War Royal New Zealand Engineers Grévillers , France Freyberg , Bernard Bernard Freyberg New Zealander 1916 First World War BB063 63rd ( Royal Naval ) Division Beaucourt sur Ancre , France Frickleton , Samuel Samuel Frickleton New Zealander 1917 First World War New Zealand Rifle Brigade Messines , Belgium Grant , John John Grant New Zealander 1918 First World War Wellington Infantry Regiment Bancourt , France Hardham , William William Hardham New Zealander 1901 Second Boer War BB004 4th New Zealand Contingent Naauwpoort , South Africa Heaphy , Charles Charles Heaphy New Zealander 1864 New Zealand Wars BB501 Auckland Militia Mangapiko River , New Zealand Hinton , John John Hinton New Zealander 1941 Second World War BB020 20th , 2nd New Zealand Division Kalamai , Greece Hulme , Clive Clive Hulme New Zealander 1941 Second World War BB023 23rd , 2nd New Zealand Division Crete , Greece Judson , Reginald Reginald Judson New Zealander 1918 First World War BB500 Auckland Infantry Regiment Bapaume , France Laurent , Harry Harry Laurent New Zealander 1918 First World War New Zealand Rifle Brigade Gouzeaucourt Wood , France Ngarimu , Moana - Nui - a-Kiwa Moana - Nui - a-Kiwa Ngarimu New Zealander 1943 * Second World War BB028 28th , 2nd New Zealand Division Tebaga Gap , Tunisia Nicholas , Henry Henry Nicholas New Zealander 1917 First World War Canterbury Infantry Regiment Polderhoek , Belgium Sanders , William William Sanders New Zealander 1917 * First World War HMS Prize ( HMS Prize ) Atlantic Shout , Alfred Alfred Shout New Zealander 1915 * First World War First Australian Imperial Force Gallipoli Travis , Richard Richard Travis New Zealander 1918 * First World War Otago Infantry Regiment Rossignol Wood , France Trent , Leonard Leonard Trent New Zealander 1943 Second World War No. 487 Squadron RNZAF Amsterdam , Netherlands Apiata , Willie Willie Apiata New Zealander Afghanistan War New Zealand Special Air Service Afghanistan , Afghanistan Trigg , Lloyd Lloyd Trigg New Zealander 1943 * Second World War No. 200 Squadron RAF Atlantic Upham , Charles Charles Upham New Zealander 1941 1942 Second World War BB020 20th , 2nd New Zealand Division Crete , Greece , ( 1941 ) , Ruweisat Ridge , Egypt ( 1942 ) Ward , James James Ward New Zealander 1941 * Second World War No. 75 Squadron RNZAF Munster , Germany Croak , John John Croak Newfoundlander 1918 * First World War BB013 13th Battalion , CEF Amiens , France Ricketts , Thomas Thomas Ricketts Newfoundlander 1918 First World War Royal Newfoundland Regiment Ledeghem , Belgium Baxter , Frank Frank Baxter Rhodesian 1896 * Matabeleland Rebellion Bulawayo Field Force Umguza , Rhodesia Booth , Frederick Frederick Booth Rhodesian 1917 First World War British South Africa Police Johannesburg , German East Africa Henderson , Herbert Herbert Henderson Rhodesian 1897 Matabeleland Rebellion Bulawayo Field Force Bulawayo , Rhodesia AAE Scotland List of 164 Scottish recipients AAE AAE AA05 AAE Albrecht , Herman Herman Albrecht South African 1900 * Second Boer War Imperial Light Horse Ladysmith , South Africa Beauchamp - Proctor , Andrew Andrew Beauchamp - Proctor South African 1918 First World War No. 84 Squadron RFC Western Front , France Clements , John John Clements South African 1901 Second Boer War Rimington 's Guides Strijdenburg , South Africa Crowe , Joseph Joseph Crowe South African 1857 Indian Mutiny BB078 78th Regiment of Foot Boursekee Chowkee , India D'arcy , Cecil Cecil D'arcy South African 1879 Zulu War Frontier Light Horse Ulundi , South Africa Faulds , William William Faulds South African 1916 First World War BB001 1st South African Infantry Delville Wood , France Gristock , George George Gristock South African 1940 * Second World War Royal Norfolk Regiment Tournai , Belgium Hartley , Edmund Edmund Hartley South African 1879 Zulu War Cape Mounted Riflemen Morosi 's Mountain , South Africa Hayward , Reginald Reginald Hayward South African 1918 First World War Wiltshire Regiment Fremicourt , France Hewitt , William William Hewitt South African 1917 First World War BB002 2nd South African Light Infantry Ypres , Belgium Martineau , Horace Horace Martineau South African 1899 Second Boer War Protectorate Regiment Mafeking , South Africa McCrea , John John McCrea South African 1881 First Boer War BB001 1st Cape Mounted Yeomanry Tweefontein , South Africa Mullins , Charles Charles Mullins South African 1899 Second Boer War Imperial Light Horse Elandslaagte , South Africa Nesbitt , Randolph Randolph Nesbitt South African 1896 Mashona Rebellion Mashonaland Mounted Police Salisbury , Rhodesia Nettleton , John John Nettleton South African 1942 Second World War No. 44 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron RAF Augsburg , Germany Norton , Gerard Gerard Norton South African 1944 Second World War Kaffrarian Rifles Monte Gidolfo , Italy Reid , Oswald Oswald Reid South African 1917 First World War King 's ( Liverpool ) Regiment Dialah River , Mesopotamia Robertson , Clement Clement Robertson South African 1917 First World War Queen 's Royal Regiment Zonnebeke , Belgium Sherwood - Kelly , John John Sherwood - Kelly South African 1917 First World War Norfolk Regiment Marcoing , France Smythe , Quentin Quentin Smythe South African 1942 Second World War Natal Carbineers Alem Hamza , Egypt Swales , Edwin Edwin Swales South African 1945 Second World War South African Air Force Pforzheim , Germany Horsfall , Basil Basil Horsfall Sri Lankan ( Ceylonese ) 1918 * First World War East Lancashire Regiment Ablainzevelle , France Brown , Peter Peter Brown Swedish 1879 Basuto Gun War Mounted Riflemen Morosi 's Mountain , South Africa Schiess , Christian Christian Schiess Swiss 1879 Anglo - Zulu War Natal Native Contingent Rorke 's Drift , South Africa Konowal , Filip Filip Konowal Ukrainian 1917 First World War BB047 47th ( British Columbia ) Lens , France AAE Scotland List of 58 uncertain nationality recipients AAE AAE AA05 AAE Barter , Frederick Frederick Barter Welsh 1915 First World War Royal Welch Fusiliers Festubert , France Beattie , Stephen Stephen Beattie Welsh 1942 Second World War HMS Campbeltown Saint - Nazaire , France Bye , Robert Robert Bye Welsh 1917 First World War Welsh Guards Yser Canal , Belgium Chapman , Edward Edward Chapman Welsh 1945 Second World War Monmouthshire Regiment Dortmund - Ems Canal , Germany Davies , James James Davies Welsh 1917 * First World War Royal Welch Fusiliers Polygon Wood , Belgium Evans , Lewis Lewis Evans Welsh 1917 First World War Black Watch ( Royal Highlanders ) Zonnebeke , Belgium Fox - Russell , John John Fox - Russell Welsh 1917 * First World War Royal Army Medical Corps Tel - el - Khuweilfeh , Palestine Fuller , William William Fuller Welsh 1914 First World War Welch Regiment Chivy - sur - Aisne , France Jones , Robert Robert Jones Welsh 1879 Zulu War BB024 24th Regiment of Foot Rorke 's Drift , South Africa Lewis , Hubert Hubert Lewis Welsh 1916 First World War Welch Regiment Macukovo , Greece Linton , John John Linton Welsh 1943 * Second World War HMS Turbulent At sea Monaghan , Thomas Thomas Monaghan Welsh 1858 Indian Mutiny BB002 2nd Dragoon Guards ( Queen 's Bays ) Jamo , India Rees , Ivor Ivor Rees Welsh 1917 First World War South Wales Borderers Pilkem , Belgium Rees , Lionel Lionel Rees Welsh 1916 First World War Royal Flying Corps Double Crassieurs , France Rowlands , Hugh Hugh Rowlands Welsh 1854 Crimean War BB041 41st ( Welsh ) Regiment of Foot Battle of Inkerman , Crimea Shields , Robert Robert Shields Welsh 1855 Crimean War BB023 23rd Regiment Sebastopol , Crimea Thomas , Jacob Jacob Thomas Welsh 1857 Indian Mutiny Bengal Artillery Lucknow , India Wain , Richard Richard Wain Welsh 1917 * First World War BB499 `` A '' Battalion , Tank Corps Cambrai / Marcoing , France Warburton - Lee , Bernard Bernard Warburton - Lee Welsh 1940 * Second World War British 2nd Destroyer Flotilla Narvik , Norway Waring , William William Waring Welsh 1918 * First World War Royal Welch Fusiliers Ronssoy , France Watkins , Tasker Tasker Watkins Welsh 1944 Second World War Welch Regiment Barfour , France Weale , Henry Henry Weale Welsh 1918 First World War Royal Welch Fusiliers Bazentin - le - Grand , France Williams , Jack Jack Williams Welsh 1918 First World War South Wales Borderers Villers Outreaux , France Williams , John John Williams Welsh 1879 Zulu War BB024 24th Regiment of Foot Rorke 's Drift , South Africa Williams , William William Williams Welsh 1917 First World War HMS Pargust ( HMS Pargust ) Atlantic , near France Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` No. 27986 '' . The London Gazette. 15 January 1907 . p. 325 . Jump up ^ Crook , MJ , Chapter 8 pp. 68 -- 90 Jump up ^ `` No. 31946 '' . The London Gazette. 18 June 1920 . p. 6702 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Honours only Woman to have `` Won VC '' '' ^ Jump up to : Also considered Canadian recipient . Ricketts , Bruce . `` American Victoria Cross recipients '' . Mysteries of Canada . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zengel was American born , considered Canadian . Bishop , Arthur ( September 2005 ) . `` On The Offensive In 1918 '' . Legionmagazine . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Biography : John Bythesea VC '' . Royal Naval Museum . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` SIXTH SUPPLEMENT TO The London Gazette Of TUESDAY , the 8th of JANUARY , 1918 '' . The London Gazette ( 30471 ) : 725 . 11 January 1918 . Jump up ^ `` Second report of the Tynwald Honours Committee 2004 / 2005 '' ( PDF ) . June 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brown died in action three weeks after the action that led to his award . Lintock , A.H. `` Awards to New Zealand Servicemen '' . An Encyclopedia of New Zealand , 1966 . newzealand.govt.nz . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Charles Upham is one of only three people to have won the Victoria Cross twice . Lintock , A.H. `` Awards to New Zealand Servicemen '' . An Encyclopedia of New Zealand , 1966 . newzealand.govt.nz . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Newfoundlander recipients of the Victoria Cross are sometimes erroneously included with Canadian awards , as Newfoundland became part of Canada in 1949 . `` Memorial to fallen Newfoundland soldiers declared National Historic Site '' . Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 1997 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Born in London Jump up ^ Commanding officer of 1st Bn Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers at time Jump up ^ and Captain of HMS Hardy Jump up ^ Besly , Edward ( 2004 - 02 - 03 ) . `` A ' mystery ' Victoria Cross and a stuffed parrot '' . National Museums & Galleries of Wales . Archived from the original on 27 May 2007 . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality . `` Victoria Cross Research page '' . Alfred J. Askin . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . `` Victoria Cross Registers '' . National Archives ( UK ) . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . Lintock , A.H. `` Victoria Cross '' . An Encyclopedia of New Zealand , 1966 . newzealand.govt.nz . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Sys , Ian . `` Victoria Cross '' . Military History . South African Military History society . 1 ( 7 ) . Archived from the original on 15 August 2007 . Victoria Cross Victoria Cross for Australia for Canada for New Zealand Recipients by nationality Australian Canadian English Irish New Zealand Scottish Uncertain by armed force Royal Navy Royal Air Force Indian Army by branch of service Artillery Cavalry Royal Engineers Guards Gurkhas ( Nepalese ) Medical by campaign Crimean War Indian Mutiny New Zealand Wars Zulu War Second Anglo - Afghan War Second Boer War First World War Second World War by Name A -- F G -- M N -- Z Other Living By school Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Victoria_Cross_recipients_by_nationality&oldid=796678132 '' Categories : Lists of recipients of the Victoria Cross by nationality Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 12 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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About Wikipedia	who has been awarded the victoria cross twice	[ "\n\nName\nNationality\nDate of action\nConflict\nUnit\nPlace of action\nNotes\n\n\nHutcheson, BellendenBellenden Hutcheson\nAmerican\n1918\nFirst World War\n75th Bn Canadian Expeditionary Force\nDrocourt-Quéant Support Line, France\n[5]\n\n\nMetcalf, WilliamWilliam Metcalf\nAmerican\n1918\nFirst World War\nCanadian Expeditionary Force\nArras, France\n[5]\n\n\nMullin, GeorgeGeorge Mullin\nAmerican\n1917\nFirst World War\nCanadian Expeditionary Force\nPasschendaele, Belgium\n[5]\n\n\nSeeley, WilliamWilliam Seeley\nAmerican\n1864\nBombardment of Shimonoseki\nHMS Euryalus\nShimonoseki, Japan\n\n\n\nZengel, RaphaelRaphael Zengel\nAmerican\n1918\nFirst World War\nCanadian Expeditionary Force\nWarvillers, France\n[6]\n\n\nAAA\nAustraliaList of 91 Australian recipients\nAAA\nAAA\nAA01\nAAA\n\n\n\nCarton de Wiart, AdrianAdrian Carton de Wiart\nBelgian\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB0044th Dragoon Guards\nLa Boiselle, France\n\n\n\nHodge, SamuelSamuel Hodge\nBritish Virgin Islander\n1866\nGambia Campaign\nBB0044th West India Regiment\nTubabecelong, Gambia\n\n\n\nAAB\nCanadaList of 96 Canadian recipients\nAAB\nAAB\nAA02\nAAB\n\n\n\nBruce, WilliamWilliam Bruce\nChannel Islander\n1914\nFirst World War\nBB05959th Scinde Rifles\nGivenchy, France\n\n\n\nHalliday, LewisLewis Halliday\nChannel Islander\n1900\nBoxer Rising\nRoyal Marine Light Infantry\nPeking, China\n\n\n\nHome, DuncanDuncan Home\nChannel Islander\n1857\nIndian Mutiny\nBengal Sappers and Miners\nDelhi, India\n\n\n\nIngouville, GeorgeGeorge Ingouville\nChannel Islander\n1855\nCrimean War\nHMS Arrogant\nVyborg, Russia\n\n\n\nLe Patourel, HerbertHerbert Le Patourel\nChannel Islander\n1942\nSecond World War\nHampshire Regiment\nTebourba, Tunisia\n\n\n\nLe Quesne, FerdinandFerdinand Le Quesne\nChannel Islander\n1889\nBritish rule in Burma\nRoyal Army Medical Corps\nVoklaak, Burma\n\n\n\nMcCrea, JohnJohn McCrea\nChannel Islander\n1881\nBasuto Gun War\nBB0011st Cape Mounted Yeomanry\nTweefontein, South Africa\n\n\n\nMcReady-Diarmid, AllastairAllastair McReady-Diarmid\nChannel Islander\n1917\nFirst World War\nDuke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment)\nMoeuvres, France\n\n\n\nNurse, GeorgeGeorge Nurse\nChannel Islander\n1899\nSecond Boer War\nRoyal Field Artillery\nColenso, South Africa\n\n\n\nSartorious, EustonEuston Sartorious\nChannel Islander\n1859\nSecond Afghan War\nBB05959th Regiment of Foot\nShahjui, Afghanistan\n\n\n\nSartorious, ReginaldReginald Sartorious\nChannel Islander\n1874\nFirst Ashanti Expedition\nBB0066th Bengal Cavalry\nObugu, Ashanti\n\n\n\nDinesen, ThomasThomas Dinesen\nDanish\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB04242nd Bn CEF Canadian Expeditionary Force\nParvillers, France\n\n\n\nHansen, PercyPercy Hansen\nDanish\n1915\nFirst World War\nBB0066th Lincolnshire Regiment\nGallipoli, Turkey\n\n\n\nLassen, AndersAnders Lassen\nDanish\n1945\nSecond World War\nSpecial Boat Service\nComacchio, Italy\n\n\n\nAAC\nEnglandList of 600+ English recipients\n(may be incomplete)\nAAC\nAAC\nAA03\nAAC\n\n\n\nSukanaivalu, SefanaiaSefanaia Sukanaivalu\nFijian\n1944\nSecond World War\nFiji Infantry Regiment\nMawaraka, Bougainville Island\n\n\n\nWooden, CharlesCharles Wooden\nGerman\n1854\nCrimean War\nBB01717th Lancers\nBalaklava, Crimea\n\n\n\nBeharry, JohnsonJohnson Beharry\nGrenadian\n2004\nIraq War\nPrincess of Wales's Royal Regiment\nAmarah, Iraq\n\n\n\nJohnstone, WilliamWilliam Johnstone\nHanoverian\n1854\nCrimean War\nHMS Arrogant, RN\nÅland Islands, Finland\n[7]\n\n\nBhagat, PremindraPremindra Bhagat\nBritish Indian\n1941\nSecond World War\nCorps of Indian Engineers\nGallabat, Abyssinia\n\n\n\nGhadge, YeshwantYeshwant Ghadge\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nMaratha Light Infantry\nUpper Tiber Valley, Italy\n\n\n\nHafiz, AbdulAbdul Hafiz\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0099th Jat Regiment\nImphal, India\n\n\n\nJadav, NamdeoNamdeo Jadav\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB0055th Maratha Light Infantry\nSenio River, Italy\n\n\n\nJudge, KaramjeetKaramjeet Judge\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB4154/15th Punjab Regiment\nMeiktila, Burma\n\n\n\nLala\nBritish Indian\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB04141st Dogras\nEl Orah, Mesopotamia\n\n\n\nNegi, DarwanDarwan Negi\nBritish Indian\n1914\nFirst World War\nBB03939th Garhwal Rifles\nFestubert, France\n\n\n\nNegi, Gabar SinghGabar Singh Negi\nBritish Indian\n1915\nFirst World War\nBB03939th Garhwal Rifles\nNeuve Chapelle, France\n\n\n\nRam, BhandariBhandari Ram\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB010Garhwal Rifles\nArakan State, Burma\n\n\n\nRam, ChheluChhelu Ram\nBritish Indian\n1943\nSecond World War\nBB0066th Rajputana Rifles\nDjebel Garci, Tunisia\n\n\n\nRam, KamalKamal Ram\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0088th Punjab Regiment\nRiver Gari, Italy\n\n\n\nRam, RichhpalRichhpal Ram\nBritish Indian\n1941\nSecond World War\nBB0066th Rajputana Rifles\nKeren, Eritrea\n\n\n\nSingh, BadluBadlu Singh\nBritish Indian\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB01414th Murray's Jat Lancers\nRiver Jordan, Palestine\n\n\n\nSingh, ChattaChatta Singh\nBritish Indian\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB009Garhwal Rifles\nBattle of the Wadi, Mesopotamia\n\n\n\nSingh, GianGian Singh\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB01515th Punjab Regiment\nMyingyan, Burma\n\n\n\nSingh, GobindGobind Singh\nBritish Indian\n1917\nFirst World War\nBB028Garhwal Rifles\nPezières, France\n[8]\n\n\nSingh, IsharIshar Singh\nBritish Indian\n1921\nWaziristan Campaign\nBB02828th Punjab Regiment\nHaidari Kach, India\n\n\n\nSingh, NandNand Singh\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB1111/11th Garhwal Rifles\nMaungdaw–Buthidaung Road, Burma\n\n\n\nSingh, ParkashParkash Singh\nBritish Indian\n1943\nSecond World War\nBB0088th Punjab Regiment\nDonbaik, Burma\n\n\n\nSingh, PrakashPrakash Singh\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB01313th Frontier Force Rifles\nKanlan Ywathit, Burma\n\n\n\nSingh, RamRam Singh\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB001Garhwal Rifles\nKennedy Peak, Burma\n\n\n\nDast, MirMir Dast\nBritish Indian\n1915\nFirst World War\nBB05555th Coke's Rifles\nWieltje, Belgium\n\n\n\nDin, FazalFazal Din\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB01010th Baluch Regiment\nMeiktila, Burma\n\n\n\nHaidar, AliAli Haidar\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB01313th Frontier Force Rifles\nFusignano, Italy\n\n\n\nKhan, KhudadadKhudadad Khan\nBritish Indian\n1914\nFirst World War\nBB129129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis\nHollebeke, Belgium\n\n\n\nKhan, ShahamadShahamad Khan\nBritish Indian\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB08989th Punjab Regiment\nBeit Ayeesa, Mesopotamia\n\n\n\nShah, SherSher Shah\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB01616th Punjab Regiment\nKyeyebyin, Burma\n\n\n\nSingh, UmraoUmrao Singh\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nRoyal Indian Artillery\nKaladan Valley, Burma\n\n\n\nAAD\nIrelandList of 195 Irish recipients\nAAD\nAAD\nAA04\nAAD\n\n\n\nGordon, WilliamWilliam Gordon\nJamaican\n1892\nSecond Gambian Campaign\nWest India Regiment\nToniataba, Gambia\n\n\n\nLeakey, NigelNigel Leakey\nKenyan\n1941\nSecond World War\nBB012King's African Rifles\n\nColito, Abyssinia\n\n\n\n\nCain, Robert HenryRobert Henry Cain\nManx\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0022nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment\nArnhem, Netherlands\n[9]\n\n\nGhale, GajeGaje Ghale\nNepalese\n1943\nSecond World War\nBB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles\nChin Hills, Burma\n\n\n\nGurung, BhanbhagtaBhanbhagta Gurung\nNepalese\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB0022nd Gurkha Rifles\nTamandu, Burma\n\n\n\nGurung, LachhimanLachhiman Gurung\nNepalese\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB0088th Gurkha Rifles\nTaungdaw, Burma\n\n\n\nGurung, ThamanThaman Gurung\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles\nMonte San Bartolo, Italy\n\n\n\nLama, GanjuGanju Lama\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0077th Gurkha Rifles\nNingthoukhong, Burma\n\n\n\nLimbu, RambahadurRambahadur Limbu\nNepalese\n1965\nIndonesia-Malaysia confrontation\nBB01010th Gurkha Rifles\nSarawak, Borneo\n\n\n\nPun, TulbahadurTulbahadur Pun\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0066th Gurkha Rifles\nMogaung, Burma\n\n\n\nRai, AgansingAgansing Rai\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles\nBishenpur, Burma\n\n\n\nRana, KaranbahadurKaranbahadur Rana\nNepalese\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB0033rd Gurkha Rifles\nEl Kefr, Egypt\n\n\n\nThapa, KulbirKulbir Thapa\nNepalese\n1915\nFirst World War\nBB0033rd Gurkha Rifles\nFauquissart, France\n\n\n\nThapa, NetrabahadurNetrabahadur Thapa\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles\nBishenpur, Burma\n\n\n\nThapa, SherSher Thapa\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0099th Gurkha Rifles\nSan Marino, Italy\n\n\n\nAndrew, LeslieLeslie Andrew\nNew Zealander\n1917\nFirst World War\nWellington Infantry Regiment\nLa Basse Ville, Belgium\n\n\n\nBassett, CyrilCyril Bassett\nNew Zealander\n1915\nFirst World War\nNew Zealand Divisional Signal Company\nGallipoli, Turkey\n\n\n\nBrown, DonaldDonald Brown\nNew Zealander\n1916\nFirst World War\nOtago Infantry Regiment\nHigh Wood, France\n[10]\n\n\nCrichton, JamesJames Crichton\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB500Auckland Infantry Regiment\nCrèvecœur, France\n\n\n\nD'arcy, CecilCecil D'arcy\nNew Zealander\n1879\nAnglo-Zulu War\nFrontier Light Horse\nUlundi, South Africa\n\n\n\nElliott, KeithKeith Elliott\nNew Zealander\n1942\nSecond World War\nBB02222nd, 2nd New Zealand Division\nRuweisat, Egypt\n\n\n\nForsyth, SamuelSamuel Forsyth\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nRoyal New Zealand Engineers\nGrévillers, France\n\n\n\nFreyberg, BernardBernard Freyberg\nNew Zealander\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB06363rd (Royal Naval) Division\nBeaucourt sur Ancre, France\n\n\n\nFrickleton, SamuelSamuel Frickleton\nNew Zealander\n1917\nFirst World War\nNew Zealand Rifle Brigade\nMessines, Belgium\n\n\n\nGrant, JohnJohn Grant\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nWellington Infantry Regiment\nBancourt, France\n\n\n\nHardham, WilliamWilliam Hardham\nNew Zealander\n1901\nSecond Boer War\nBB0044th New Zealand Contingent\nNaauwpoort, South Africa\n\n\n\nHeaphy, CharlesCharles Heaphy\nNew Zealander\n1864\nNew Zealand Wars\nBB501Auckland Militia\nMangapiko River, New Zealand\n\n\n\nHinton, JohnJohn Hinton\nNew Zealander\n1941\nSecond World War\nBB02020th, 2nd New Zealand Division\nKalamai, Greece\n\n\n\nHulme, CliveClive Hulme\nNew Zealander\n1941\nSecond World War\nBB02323rd, 2nd New Zealand Division\nCrete, Greece\n\n\n\nJudson, ReginaldReginald Judson\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB500Auckland Infantry Regiment\nBapaume, France\n\n\n\nLaurent, HarryHarry Laurent\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nNew Zealand Rifle Brigade\nGouzeaucourt Wood, France\n\n\n\nNgarimu, Moana-Nui-a-KiwaMoana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu\nNew Zealander\n1943\nSecond World War\nBB02828th, 2nd New Zealand Division\nTebaga Gap, Tunisia\n\n\n\nNicholas, HenryHenry Nicholas\nNew Zealander\n1917\nFirst World War\nCanterbury Infantry Regiment\nPolderhoek, Belgium\n\n\n\nSanders, WilliamWilliam Sanders\nNew Zealander\n1917\nFirst World War\nHMS Prize (HMS Prize)\nAtlantic\n\n\n\nShout, AlfredAlfred Shout\nNew Zealander\n1915\nFirst World War\nFirst Australian Imperial Force\nGallipoli\n\n\n\nTravis, RichardRichard Travis\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nOtago Infantry Regiment\nRossignol Wood, France\n\n\n\nTrent, LeonardLeonard Trent\nNew Zealander\n1943\nSecond World War\nNo. 487 Squadron RNZAF\nAmsterdam, Netherlands\n\n\n\nApiata, WillieWillie Apiata\nNew Zealander\n2004\nAfghanistan War\nNew Zealand Special Air Service\nAfghanistan, Afghanistan\n\n\n\nTrigg, LloydLloyd Trigg\nNew Zealander\n1943\nSecond World War\nNo. 200 Squadron RAF\nAtlantic\n\n\n\nUpham, CharlesCharles Upham\nNew Zealander\n1941\n1942\nSecond World War\nBB02020th, 2nd New Zealand Division\nCrete, Greece, (1941),\nRuweisat Ridge, Egypt (1942)\n[11]\n\n\nWard, JamesJames Ward\nNew Zealander\n1941\nSecond World War\nNo. 75 Squadron RNZAF\nMunster, Germany\n\n\n\nCroak, JohnJohn Croak\nNewfoundlander\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB01313th Battalion, CEF\nAmiens, France\n[12]\n\n\nRicketts, ThomasThomas Ricketts\nNewfoundlander\n1918\nFirst World War\nRoyal Newfoundland Regiment\nLedeghem, Belgium\n[12]\n\n\nBaxter, FrankFrank Baxter\nRhodesian\n1896\nMatabeleland Rebellion\nBulawayo Field Force\nUmguza, Rhodesia\n\n\n\nBooth, FrederickFrederick Booth\nRhodesian\n1917\nFirst World War\nBritish South Africa Police\nJohannesburg, German East Africa\n[13]\n\n\nHenderson, HerbertHerbert Henderson\nRhodesian\n1897\nMatabeleland Rebellion\nBulawayo Field Force\nBulawayo, Rhodesia\n\n\n\nAAE\nScotlandList of 164 Scottish recipients\nAAE\nAAE\nAA05\nAAE\n\n\n\nAlbrecht, HermanHerman Albrecht\nSouth African\n1900\nSecond Boer War\nImperial Light Horse\nLadysmith, South Africa\n\n\n\nBeauchamp-Proctor, AndrewAndrew Beauchamp-Proctor\nSouth African\n1918\nFirst World War\nNo. 84 Squadron RFC\nWestern Front, France\n\n\n\nClements, JohnJohn Clements\nSouth African\n1901\nSecond Boer War\nRimington's Guides\nStrijdenburg, South Africa\n\n\n\nCrowe, JosephJoseph Crowe\nSouth African\n1857\nIndian Mutiny\nBB07878th Regiment of Foot\nBoursekee Chowkee, India\n\n\n\nD'arcy, CecilCecil D'arcy\nSouth African\n1879\nZulu War\nFrontier Light Horse\nUlundi, South Africa\n\n\n\nFaulds, WilliamWilliam Faulds\nSouth African\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB0011st South African Infantry\nDelville Wood, France\n\n\n\nGristock, GeorgeGeorge Gristock\nSouth African\n1940\nSecond World War\nRoyal Norfolk Regiment\nTournai, Belgium\n\n\n\nHartley, EdmundEdmund Hartley\nSouth African\n1879\nZulu War\nCape Mounted Riflemen\nMorosi's Mountain, South Africa\n\n\n\nHayward, ReginaldReginald Hayward\nSouth African\n1918\nFirst World War\nWiltshire Regiment\nFremicourt, France\n\n\n\nHewitt, WilliamWilliam Hewitt\nSouth African\n1917\nFirst World War\nBB0022nd South African Light Infantry\nYpres, Belgium\n\n\n\nMartineau, HoraceHorace Martineau\nSouth African\n1899\nSecond Boer War\nProtectorate Regiment\nMafeking, South Africa\n\n\n\nMcCrea, JohnJohn McCrea\nSouth African\n1881\nFirst Boer War\nBB0011st Cape Mounted Yeomanry\nTweefontein, South Africa\n\n\n\nMullins, CharlesCharles Mullins\nSouth African\n1899\nSecond Boer War\nImperial Light Horse\nElandslaagte, South Africa\n\n\n\nNesbitt, RandolphRandolph Nesbitt\nSouth African\n1896\nMashona Rebellion\nMashonaland Mounted Police\nSalisbury, Rhodesia\n\n\n\nNettleton, JohnJohn Nettleton\nSouth African\n1942\nSecond World War\nNo. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF\nAugsburg, Germany\n\n\n\nNorton, GerardGerard Norton\nSouth African\n1944\nSecond World War\nKaffrarian Rifles\nMonte Gidolfo, Italy\n\n\n\nReid, OswaldOswald Reid\nSouth African\n1917\nFirst World War\nKing's (Liverpool) Regiment\nDialah River, Mesopotamia\n\n\n\nRobertson, ClementClement Robertson\nSouth African\n1917\nFirst World War\nQueen's Royal Regiment\nZonnebeke, Belgium\n\n\n\nSherwood-Kelly, JohnJohn Sherwood-Kelly\nSouth African\n1917\nFirst World War\nNorfolk Regiment\nMarcoing, France\n[14]\n\n\nSmythe, QuentinQuentin Smythe\nSouth African\n1942\nSecond World War\nNatal Carbineers\nAlem Hamza, Egypt\n\n\n\nSwales, EdwinEdwin Swales\nSouth African\n1945\nSecond World War\nSouth African Air Force\nPforzheim, Germany\n\n\n\nHorsfall, BasilBasil Horsfall\nSri Lankan (Ceylonese)\n1918\nFirst World War\nEast Lancashire Regiment\nAblainzevelle, France\n\n\n\nBrown, PeterPeter Brown\nSwedish\n1879\nBasuto Gun War\nMounted Riflemen\nMorosi's Mountain, South Africa\n\n\n\nSchiess, ChristianChristian Schiess\nSwiss\n1879\nAnglo-Zulu War\nNatal Native Contingent\nRorke's Drift, South Africa\n\n\n\nKonowal, FilipFilip Konowal\nUkrainian\n1917\nFirst World War\nBB04747th (British Columbia)\nLens, France\n[5]\n\n\nAAE\nScotlandList of 58 uncertain nationality recipients\nAAE\nAAE\nAA05\nAAE\n\n\n\nBarter, FrederickFrederick Barter\nWelsh\n1915\nFirst World War\nRoyal Welch Fusiliers\nFestubert, France\n\n\n\nBeattie, StephenStephen Beattie\nWelsh\n1942\nSecond World War\nHMS Campbeltown\nSaint-Nazaire, France\n\n\n\nBye, RobertRobert Bye\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nWelsh Guards\nYser Canal, Belgium\n\n\n\nChapman, EdwardEdward Chapman\nWelsh\n1945\nSecond World War\nMonmouthshire Regiment\nDortmund-Ems Canal, Germany\n\n\n\nDavies, JamesJames Davies\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nRoyal Welch Fusiliers\nPolygon Wood, Belgium\n\n\n\nEvans, LewisLewis Evans\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nBlack Watch (Royal Highlanders)\nZonnebeke, Belgium\n\n\n\nFox-Russell, JohnJohn Fox-Russell\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nRoyal Army Medical Corps\nTel-el-Khuweilfeh, Palestine\n\n\n\nFuller, WilliamWilliam Fuller\nWelsh\n1914\nFirst World War\nWelch Regiment\nChivy-sur-Aisne, France\n\n\n\nJones, RobertRobert Jones\nWelsh\n1879\nZulu War\nBB02424th Regiment of Foot\nRorke's Drift, South Africa\n\n\n\nLewis, HubertHubert Lewis\nWelsh\n1916\nFirst World War\nWelch Regiment\nMacukovo, Greece\n\n\n\nLinton, JohnJohn Linton\nWelsh\n1943\nSecond World War\nHMS Turbulent\nAt sea\n\n\n\nMonaghan, ThomasThomas Monaghan\nWelsh\n1858\nIndian Mutiny\nBB0022nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays)\nJamo, India\n\n\n\nRees, IvorIvor Rees\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nSouth Wales Borderers\nPilkem, Belgium\n\n\n\nRees, LionelLionel Rees\nWelsh\n1916\nFirst World War\nRoyal Flying Corps\nDouble Crassieurs, France\n\n\n\nRowlands, HughHugh Rowlands\nWelsh\n1854\nCrimean War\nBB04141st (Welsh) Regiment of Foot\nBattle of Inkerman, Crimea\n\n\n\nShields, RobertRobert Shields\nWelsh\n1855\nCrimean War\nBB02323rd Regiment\nSebastopol, Crimea\n\n\n\nThomas, JacobJacob Thomas\nWelsh\n1857\nIndian Mutiny\nBengal Artillery\nLucknow, India\n\n\n\nWain, RichardRichard Wain\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nBB499\"A\" Battalion, Tank Corps\nCambrai/Marcoing, France\n\n\n\nWarburton-Lee, BernardBernard Warburton-Lee\nWelsh\n1940\nSecond World War\nBritish 2nd Destroyer Flotilla\nNarvik, Norway\n[15]\n\n\nWaring, WilliamWilliam Waring\nWelsh\n1918\nFirst World War\nRoyal Welch Fusiliers\nRonssoy, France\n\n\n\nWatkins, TaskerTasker Watkins\nWelsh\n1944\nSecond World War\nWelch Regiment\nBarfour, France\n\n\n\nWeale, HenryHenry Weale\nWelsh\n1918\nFirst World War\nRoyal Welch Fusiliers\nBazentin-le-Grand, France\n\n\n\nWilliams, JackJack Williams\nWelsh\n1918\nFirst World War\nSouth Wales Borderers\nVillers Outreaux, France\n\n\n\nWilliams, JohnJohn Williams\nWelsh\n1879\nZulu War\nBB02424th Regiment of Foot\nRorke's Drift, South Africa\n\n\n\nWilliams, WilliamWilliam Williams\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nHMS Pargust (HMS Pargust)\nAtlantic, near France\n[16]\n\n" ]	[ "Singh, Parkash" ]
8562728891184955693	The House of the Rising Sun	The House of the Rising Sun - wikipedia The House of the Rising Sun For other uses , see The House of the Rising Sun ( disambiguation ) . `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is a traditional folk song , sometimes called `` Rising Sun Blues '' . It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans ; many versions also urge a sibling or parents and children to avoid the same fate . The most successful commercial version , recorded in 1964 by British rock group The Animals , was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France . As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band , it has been described as the `` first folk rock hit '' . Contents 1 Origin and early versions 1.1 Origin 1.2 Early folk and blues releases 1.3 Van Ronk arrangement 2 The Animals ' version 2.1 Recording and releases 2.2 Reception 2.3 Charts 3 Frijid Pink version 3.1 Sales and certifications 4 Billboard Country Chart 4.1 Jody Miller version 4.2 Geordie version 4.3 Thin Lizzy instrumental version 4.4 Dolly Parton version 5 Five Finger Death Punch version 6 Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) 6.1 Charts 7 Possible real locations 8 References 9 External links Origin and early versions ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Like many classic folk ballads , `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is of uncertain authorship . Musicologists say that it is based on the tradition of broadside ballads , and thematically it has some resemblance to the 16th - century ballad The Unfortunate Rake . According to Alan Lomax , `` Rising Sun '' was used as the name of a bawdy house in two traditional English songs , and it was also a name for English pubs . He further suggested that the melody might be related to a 17th - century folk song , `` Lord Barnard and Little Musgrave '' , also known as `` Matty Groves '' , but a survey by Bertrand Bronson showed no clear relationship between the two songs . Lomax proposed that the location of the house was then relocated from England to New Orleans by white southern performers . However , Vance Randolph proposed an alternative French origin , the `` rising sun '' referring to the decorative use of the sunburst insignia dating to the time of Louis XIV , which was brought to North America by French immigrants . `` House of Rising Sun '' was said to have been known by miners in 1905 . The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925 , in a column `` Old Songs That Men Have Sung '' in Adventure magazine . The lyrics of that version begin : There is a house in New Orleans , it 's called the Rising Sun It 's been the ruin of many a poor girl Great God , and I for one The oldest known recording of the song , under the title `` Rising Sun Blues '' , is by Appalachian artists Clarence `` Tom '' Ashley and Gwen Foster , who recorded it in 1928 . Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather , Enoch Ashley . Roy Acuff , an `` early - day friend and apprentice '' of Ashley 's , learned it from him and recorded it as `` Rising Sun '' on November 3 , 1938 . Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated , for example , `` Rising Sun Blues '' by Ivy Smith ( 1927 ) and `` The Risin ' Sun '' by Texas Alexander ( 1928 ) . The song was among those collected by folklorist Alan Lomax , who , along with his father , was a curator of the Archive of American Folk Song for the Library of Congress . On an expedition with his wife to eastern Kentucky , Lomax set up his recording equipment in Middlesboro , Kentucky , in the house of the singer and activist Tilman Cadle . In 1937 , he recorded a performance by Georgia Turner , the 16 - year - old daughter of a local miner . He called it The Rising Sun Blues . Lomax later recorded a different version sung by Bert Martin and a third sung by Daw Henson , both eastern Kentucky singers . In his 1941 songbook Our Singing Country , Lomax credits the lyrics to Turner , with reference to Martin 's version . Early folk and Blues releases ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1941 , Woody Guthrie recorded a version . A recording made in 1947 by Libby Holman and Josh White ( who is also credited with having written new words and music that have subsequently been popularized in the versions made by many other later artists ) was released by Mercury Records in 1950 . White learned the song from a `` white hillbilly singer '' , who might have been Ashley , in North Carolina in 1923 -- 1924 . Lead Belly recorded two versions of the song , in February 1944 and in October 1948 , called `` In New Orleans '' and `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , respectively ; the latter was recorded in sessions that were later used on the album Lead Belly 's Last Sessions ( 1994 , Smithsonian Folkways ) . In 1957 , Glenn Yarbrough recorded the song for Elektra Records . The song is also credited to Ronnie Gilbert on an album by The Weavers released in the late 1940s or early 1950s . Pete Seeger released a version on Folkways Records in 1958 , which was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2009 . Andy Griffith recorded the song on his 1959 album Andy Griffith Shouts the Blues and Old Timey Songs . In 1960 , Miriam Makeba recorded the song on her eponymous RCA album . Joan Baez recorded it in 1960 on her self - titled debut album ; she frequently performed the song in concert throughout her career . Nina Simone recorded her first version for the album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962 . Tim Hardin sang it on This is Tim Hardin , recorded in 1964 but not released until 1967 . The Chambers Brothers recorded a version on Feelin ' the Blues , released on Vault records ( 1970 ) . Van Ronk arrangement ( edit ) In late 1961 , Bob Dylan recorded the song for his debut album , released in March 1962 . That release had no songwriting credit , but the liner notes indicate that Dylan learned this version of the song from Dave Van Ronk . In an interview for the documentary No Direction Home , Van Ronk said that he was intending to record the song and that Dylan copied his version . Van Ronk recorded it soon thereafter for the album Just Dave Van Ronk . I had learned it sometime in the 1950s , from a recording by Hally Wood , the Texas singer and collector , who had got it from an Alan Lomax field recording by a Kentucky woman named Georgia Turner . I put a different spin on it by altering the chords and using a bass line that descended in half steps -- a common enough progression in jazz , but unusual among folksingers . By the early 1960s , the song had become one of my signature pieces , and I could hardly get off the stage without doing it . Then , one evening in 1962 , I was sitting at my usual table in the back of the Kettle of Fish , and Dylan came slouching in . He had been up at the Columbia studios with John Hammond , doing his first album . He was being very mysterioso about the whole thing , and nobody I knew had been to any of the sessions except Suze , his lady . I pumped him for information , but he was vague . Everything was going fine and , `` Hey , would it be okay for me to record your arrangement of'House of the Rising Sun ? ' '' Oh , shit . `` Jeez , Bobby , I 'm going into the studio to do that myself in a few weeks . Ca n't it wait until your next album ? '' A long pause . `` Uh - oh . '' I did not like the sound of that . `` What exactly do you mean , ' Uh - oh ' ? '' `` Well , '' he said sheepishly , `` I 've already recorded it . '' The Animals ' version ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for US release Single by The Animals from the album The Animals B - side `` Talkin ' ' bout You '' Released June 19 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 19 ) ( UK ) August 1964 ( USA ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded May 18 , 1964 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 59 , 4 : 29 Label Columbia Graphophone Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) An interview with Eric Burdon revealed that he first heard the song in a club in Newcastle , England , where it was sung by the Northumbrian folk singer Johnny Handle . The Animals were on tour with Chuck Berry and chose it because they wanted something distinctive to sing . The Animals ' version transposes the narrative of the song from the point of view of a woman led into a life of degradation to that of a man whose father was now a gambler and drunkard , rather than the sweetheart in earlier versions . The Animals had begun featuring their arrangement of `` House of the Rising Sun '' during a joint concert tour with Chuck Berry , using it as their closing number to differentiate themselves from acts that always closed with straight rockers . It got a tremendous reaction from the audience , convincing initially reluctant producer Mickie Most that it had hit potential , and between tour stops the group went to a small recording studio on Kingsway in London to capture it . Recording and releases ( edit ) The song was recorded in just one take on May 18 , 1964 , and it starts with a now - famous electric guitar A minor chord arpeggio by Hilton Valentine . According to Valentine , he simply took Dylan 's chord sequence and played it as an arpeggio . The performance takes off with Burdon 's lead vocal , which has been variously described as `` howling , '' `` soulful , '' and as `` ... deep and gravelly as the north - east English coal town of Newcastle that spawned him . '' Finally , Alan Price 's pulsating organ part ( played on a Vox Continental ) completes the sound . Burdon later said , `` We were looking for a song that would grab people 's attention . '' As recorded , `` House of the Rising Sun '' ran four and a half minutes , regarded as far too long for a pop single at the time . Producer Most , who initially did not really want to record the song at all , said that on this occasion : `` Everything was in the right place ... It only took 15 minutes to make so I ca n't take much credit for the production '' . He was nonetheless now a believer and declared it a single at its full length , saying `` We 're in a microgroove world now , we will release it . '' In the United States , however , the original single ( MGM 13264 ) was a 2 : 58 version . The MGM Golden Circle reissue ( KGC 179 ) featured the unedited 4 : 29 version , although the record label gives the edited playing time of 2 : 58 . The edited version was included on the group 's 1964 U.S. debut album The Animals , while the full version was later included on their best - selling 1966 U.S. greatest hits album , The Best of the Animals . However , the very first American release of the full - length version was on a 1965 album of various groups entitled Mickie Most Presents British Go - Go ( MGM SE - 4306 ) , the cover of which , under the listing of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , described it as the `` Original uncut version '' . Americans could also hear the complete version in the movie Go Go Mania in the spring of 1965 . `` House of the Rising Sun '' was not included on any of the group 's British albums , but it was reissued as a single twice in subsequent decades , charting both times , reaching number 25 in 1972 and number 11 in 1982 , using the famous Wittelsbach organ . The Animals version was played in 6 / 8 meter , unlike the 4 / 4 of most earlier versions . Arranging credit went only to Alan Price . According to Burdon , this was simply because there was insufficient room to name all five band members on the record label , and Alan Price 's first name was first alphabetically . However , this meant that only Price received songwriter 's royalties for the hit , a fact that has caused bitterness ever since , especially with Valentine . Reception ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' was a trans - Atlantic hit : after reaching the top of the UK pop singles chart in July 1964 , it topped the U.S. pop singles chart two months later , on September 5 , 1964 , where it stayed for three weeks , and became the first British Invasion number one unconnected with The Beatles . It was the group 's breakthrough hit in both countries and became their signature song . The song was also a hit in a number of other countries , including Ireland , where it reached No. 10 and dropped off the charts one week later . According to John Steel , Bob Dylan told him that when he first heard The Animals ' version on his car radio , he stopped to listen , `` jumped out of his car '' and `` banged on the bonnet '' , inspiring him to go electric . Dave Van Ronk said that The Animals ' version -- like Dylan 's version before it -- was based on his arrangement of the song . Dave Marsh described the Animals ' take on `` The House of the Rising Sun '' as `` ... the first folk - rock hit , '' sounding `` ... as if they 'd connected the ancient tune to a live wire . '' Writer Ralph McLean of the BBC agreed that `` It was arguably the first folk rock tune , '' calling it `` a revolutionary single '' , after which `` the face of modern music was changed forever . '' The Animals ' rendition of the song is recognized as one of the classics of British pop music . Writer Lester Bangs labeled it `` a brilliant rearrangement '' and `` a new standard rendition of an old standard composition . '' It ranked number 122 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . It is also one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The RIAA ranked it number 240 on their list of `` Songs of the Century '' . In 1999 it received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It has long since become a staple of oldies and classic rock radio formats . A 2005 Channel Five poll ranked it as Britain 's fourth - favorite number one song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Frijid Pink version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for Danish , French and German releases ( French pressing pictured ) Single by Frijid Pink from the album Frijid Pink B - side `` Drivin ' Blues '' Released March 1970 ( 1970 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Psychedelic rock Length 4 : 44 ( album ) 3 : 23 ( single ) Label Parrot Records Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Michael Valvano Frijid Pink singles chronology `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) In 1969 , the Detroit band Frijid Pink recorded a psychedelic version of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , which became an international hit in 1970 . Their version is in 4 / 4 time ( like Van Ronk 's and most earlier versions , rather than the 6 / 8 used by the Animals ) and was driven by Gary Ray Thompson 's distorted guitar with fuzz and wah - wah effects , set against the frenetic drumming of Richard Stevers . According to Stevers , the Frijid Pink recording of `` House of the Rising Sun '' was done impromptu when there was time left over at a recording session booked for the group at the Tera Shirma Recording Studios . Stevers later played snippets from that session 's tracks for Paul Cannon , the music director of Detroit 's premier rock radio station , WKNR ; the two knew each other , as Cannon was the father of Stevers 's girlfriend . Stevers recalled , `` we went through the whole thing and ( and Cannon ) did n't say much . Then ' House ( of the Rising Sun ) ' started up and I immediately turned it off because it was n't anything I really wanted him to hear . '' However , Cannon was intrigued and had Stevers play the complete track for him , then advising Stevers , `` Tell Parrot ( Frijid Pink 's label ) to drop God Gave Me You ( the group 's current single ) and go with this one . '' Frijid Pink 's `` House of the Rising Sun '' debuted at # 29 on the WKNR hit parade dated January 6 , 1970 , and broke nationally after some seven weeks -- during which the track was re-serviced to radio three times -- with a number 73 debut on the Hot 100 in Billboard dated February 27 , 1970 ( number 97 Canada 1970 / 01 / 31 ) with a subsequent three - week ascent to the Top 30 en route to a Hot 100 peak of number 7 on April 4 , 1970 . The certification of the Frijid Pink single `` House of the Rising Sun '' as a gold record for domestic sales of one million units was reported in the issue of Billboard dated May 30 , 1970 . The Frijid Pink single of `` House of the Rising Sun '' would give the song its most widespread international success , with Top Ten status reached in Austria ( number 3 ) , Belgium ( Flemish region , number 6 ) , Canada ( number 3 ) , Denmark ( number 3 ) , Germany ( two weeks at number 1 ) , Greece , Ireland ( number 7 ) , Israel ( number 4 ) , the Netherlands ( number 3 ) , Norway ( seven weeks at number 1 ) , Poland ( number 2 ) , Sweden ( number 6 ) , Switzerland ( number 2 ) , and the UK ( number 4 ) . The single also charted in Australia ( number 14 ) , France ( number 36 ) , and Italy ( number 54 ) . Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Billboard country chart ( edit ) The song has twice been a hit record on Billboard 's country chart . Jody Miller version ( edit ) In 1973 , Jody Miller 's version reached number 29 on the country charts and number 41 on the adult contemporary chart . Geordie version ( edit ) Recorded by Brian Johnson 's band ' Geordie ' for their 1974 album `` Do n't Be Fooled By The Name '' , Johnson went on to become vocalist for AC / DC . Thin Lizzy instrumental version ( edit ) The song was recorded as an electric but fairly mellow instrumental on the Deep Purple tribute album recorded by Thin Lizzy circa 1972 , Funky Junction Play a Tribute to Deep Purple . Here it was simply called Rising Sun , and credited to Leo Muller ( producer ) , the German businessman and label - owner . Dolly Parton version ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for German release Single by Dolly Parton from the album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs B - side `` Workin ' Girl '' Released September 1981 ( 1981 - 09 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded November 1980 Genre Country pop Length 4 : 02 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Producer ( s ) Mike Post Dolly Parton singles chronology `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) In September 1981 , Dolly Parton released a cover of the song as the third single from her album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs . Like Miller 's earlier country hit , Parton 's remake returns the song to its original lyric of being about a fallen woman . The Parton version makes it quite blunt , with a few new lyric lines that were written by Parton . Parton 's remake reached number 14 on the U.S. country singles chart and crossed over to the pop charts , where it reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; it also reached number 30 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart . Parton has occasionally performed the song live , including on her 1987 -- 88 television show , in an episode taped in New Orleans . Five Finger Death Punch version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Single by Five Finger Death Punch from the album The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 Released February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Recorded November 2013 Genre Folk metal Length 4 : 07 Label Prospect Park Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Five Finger Death Punch singles chronology `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch released a cover of `` House of the Rising Sun '' on their fifth studio album , The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 , which was later released as the album 's second single and the band 's third single of the Wrong Side era . The references to New Orleans have been changed to Sin City , a reference to the negative effects of gambling in Las Vegas . The song was a top ten hit on mainstream rock radio in the United States . It was also featured in the video game Guitar Hero Live . Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) ( edit ) `` Le Pénitencier '' Single by Johnny Hallyday from the album ' Le Pénitencier ' Released October 1964 ( 1964 - 10 ) ( France ) Format 7 - inch single , 25 - cm LP Recorded September 1964 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Hugues Aufray / Vline Buggy , Alan Price Producer ( s ) Lee Hallyday Johnny Hallyday singles chronology `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) Music video `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live on French TV , 1966 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live at the Théâtre de Paris , 2013 ) on YouTube The song was covered in French by Johnny Hallyday . His version ( titled `` Le Pénitencier '' ) was released in October 1964 and spent one week at no . 1 on the singles sales chart in France ( from October 17 to 23 ) . In Wallonia ( French Belgium ) his single spent 28 weeks on the chart , also peaking at number 1 . He performed the song during his 2014 USA tour . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) France ( singles sales ) Possible real locations ( edit ) Various places in New Orleans have been proposed as the inspiration for the song , with varying plausibility . The phrase `` House of the Rising Sun '' is often understood as a euphemism for a brothel , but it is not known whether the house described in the lyrics was an actual or a fictitious place . One theory is that the song is about a woman who killed her father , an alcoholic gambler who had beaten his wife . Therefore , the House of the Rising Sun may be a jailhouse , from which one would be the first person to see the sunrise ( an idea supported by the lyric mentioning `` a ball and chain , '' though that phrase has been slang for marital relationships for at least as long as the song has been in print ) . Because women often sang the song , another theory is that the House of the Rising Sun was where prostitutes were detained while being treated for syphilis . Since cures with mercury were ineffective , going back was very unlikely . 1867 advertisement noting the `` Rising Sun Coffee House '' building for rent or lease Only three candidates that use the name Rising Sun have historical evidence -- from old city directories and newspapers . The first was a small , short - lived hotel on Conti Street in the French Quarter in the 1820s . It burned down in 1822 . An excavation and document search in early 2005 found evidence that supported this claim , including an advertisement with language that may have euphemistically indicated prostitution . Archaeologists found an unusually large number of pots of rouge and cosmetics at the site . The second possibility was a `` Rising Sun Hall '' listed in late 19th - century city directories on what is now Cherokee Street , at the riverfront in the uptown Carrollton neighborhood , which seems to have been a building owned and used for meetings of a Social Aid and Pleasure Club , commonly rented out for dances and functions . It also is no longer extant . Definite links to gambling or prostitution ( if any ) are undocumented for either of these buildings . A third was `` The Rising Sun '' , which advertised in several local newspapers in the 1860s , located on what is now the lake side of the 100 block of Decatur Street . In various advertisements it is described as a `` Restaurant , '' a `` Lager Beer Salon , '' and a `` Coffee House . '' At the time , New Orleans businesses listed as coffee houses often also sold alcoholic beverages . Dave Van Ronk claimed in his biography `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' that at one time when he was in New Orleans someone approached him with a number of old photos of the city from the turn of the century . Among them `` was a picture of a forbidding stone doorway with a carving on the lintel of a stylized rising sun ... It was the Orleans Parish women 's prison . '' Bizarre New Orleans , a guidebook on New Orleans , asserts that the real house was at 1614 Esplanade Avenue between 1862 and 1874 and was said to have been named after its madam , Marianne LeSoleil Levant , whose surname means `` the rising sun '' in French . Another guidebook , Offbeat New Orleans , asserts that the real House of the Rising Sun was at 826 -- 830 St. Louis St. between 1862 and 1874 , also purportedly named for Marianne LeSoleil Levant . The building still stands , and Eric Burdon , after visiting at the behest of the owner , said , `` The house was talking to me . '' There is a contemporary B&B called the House of the Rising Sun , decorated in brothel style . The owners are fans of the song , but there is no connection with the original place . Not everyone believes that the house actually existed . Pamela D. Arceneaux , a research librarian at the Williams Research Center in New Orleans , is quoted as saying : I have made a study of the history of prostitution in New Orleans and have often confronted the perennial question , `` Where is the House of the Rising Sun ? '' without finding a satisfactory answer . Although it is generally assumed that the singer is referring to a brothel , there is actually nothing in the lyrics that indicate that the `` house '' is a brothel . Many knowledgeable persons have conjectured that a better case can be made for either a gambling hall or a prison ; however , to paraphrase Freud : sometimes lyrics are just lyrics . An alternative view proposed by Drew Maloney is that the ' House of the Rising Sun ' refers to a place of worship such as a Masonic Temple , Christian Church or perhaps a Pagan Roman Temple . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : York , Barry ( July 9 , 2004 ) . `` House of worship '' . The Age . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Marsh , The Heart of Rock & Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made , NAL , 1989 . Entry # 91 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Ralph . `` Stories Behind the Song : ' House of the Rising Sun ' '' . BBC . BBC . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 21 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 9780810882966 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Matteson , Jr. , Richard L. , Richard Matteson . Bluegrass Picker 's Tune Book . Mel Bay Music . p. 111 . ISBN 9781609745523 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` House of the Rising Sun - the History and the Song '' . BBC h2g2 . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Todd ( 2001 ) . The Formative Dylan : Transmission and Stylistic Influences 1961 - 1963 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0810841154 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Matteson was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 , Scarecrow Press ( 2013 ) ISBN 0810882965 , 9780810882966 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ The same opening lyrics are in the early recorded version in 1933 : Robert B. Waltz and David G. Engle , `` House of the Rising Sun , The , '' The Traditional Ballad Index , 4.0 , Fresno State University , ( 2016 ) ( accessed October 19 , 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pete Seeger - American Favorite Ballads '' ( PDF ) . Volume 2 ( pages 11 -- 12 ) . Smithsonian Folkways. 2009 . pp. 27 -- 28 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` This is Tim Hardin '' . Allmusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Mayor of MacDougal Street , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81479 - 2 , p. 115 Jump up ^ The Mayor of MacDougal Street , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81479 - 2 , p. 115 ^ Jump up to : BBC Radio 4 program January 18 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Eric Burdon , I Used to Be an Animal , but I 'm All Right Now , Faber and Faber , 1986 , pp. 60 - 62 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Marshall , `` The rise of supergroup '' , Newcastle Evening Chronicle , August 17 , 2005 . Accessed May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 146 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gina Vivinetto , `` More animal magnetism '' , St. Petersburg Times , January 15 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' House of the Rising Sun `` '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Rolling Stone , posted December 9 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Kutner , Spencer Leigh , 1000 UK Number One Hits , Omnibus Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference McLean was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Sullivan , S. ( 2013 ) , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 , Scarecrow Press , ISBN 978 - 0810882959 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 149 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 1994 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muze article , `` Best Of The Animals ( Abkco ) '' , Tower Records . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 19 June 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 151 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Jump up ^ Dave Van Ronk : The Mayor of MacDougal Street . Then , sometime in 1968 , Eric Burdon and the Animals made a number - one chart hit out of the damn thing . Same arrangement . I would have loved to sue for royalties , but I found that it is impossible to defend the copyright on an arrangement . Jump up ^ Lester Bangs , The British Invasion , in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll , 1980 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4715 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1964 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animals : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Animals Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Frijid Pink entry , Allmusic . Accessed May 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David A. Carson . Grit , Noise , and Revolution : The Birth of Detroit Rock ' n ' Roll The University of Michigan Press ( 2009 reprint ) p. 239 Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Frijid Pink -- House of the Rising Sun '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Le pénitencier - Johnny Hallyday - Hit-Parade.net '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` spanishcharts.com - Johnny Hallyday - Le pénitencier '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Le Pénitencier -- Wikipédia Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Johnny Hallyday -- Le pénitencier '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Unknown title '' . New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ New Digs For Old Things , June 26 , 2007 , New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) , retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LEJ 's Blog '' . Jump up ^ Van Ronk , Dave , and Wald , Elijah , `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' 2005 , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82216 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` In Search of the House of the Rising Sun '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ B&B site , more theories Jump up ^ `` House of the Rising Sun '' . Drew Maloney . External links ( edit ) Songfacts `` House Of The Rising Sun '' entry The sheet music The REAL Meaning Behind The Song `` House Of The Rising Sun The Rising Sun Blues : Turner , Georgia , Free Borrow & Streaming : Internet Archive Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bob Dylan ( album ) Side one `` You 're No Good '' `` Talkin ' New York '' `` In My Time of Dyin ' '' `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' `` Fixin ' to Die '' `` Pretty Peggy - O '' `` Highway 51 '' Side two `` Gospel Plow '' `` Baby , Let Me Follow You Down '' `` House of the Risin ' Sun '' `` Freight Train Blues '' `` Song to Woody '' `` See That My Grave Is Kept Clean '' The Animals The ( Original ) Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1977 , 1983 ) : Eric Burdon Chas Chandler Mick Gallagher Barry Jenkins Alan Price Dave Rowberry John Steel Hilton Valentine Eric Burdon & The ( New ) Animals ( 1966 -- 1969 ) : Vic Briggs Eric Burdon Barry Jenkins Danny McCulloch Zoot Money Andy Summers John Weider Studio albums The Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 ) ( UK ) The Animals Animal Tracks Animalisms ( US ) The Animals The Animals on Tour Animal Tracks Animalization Animalism Eric Burdon and the Animals Eric Is Here ( US only ) Winds of Change The Twain Shall Meet Every One of Us ( US only ) Love Is The Animals ( 1977 , 1983 ) Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted Ark Compilations The Best of The Animals ( 1966 ) The Greatest Hits of Eric Burdon and The Animals The Most of Animals The Best of The Animals ( 1988 ) The Best of The Animals ( 1997 ) Absolute Animals 1964 -- 1968 Hit singles `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` I 'm Crying '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Inside - Looking Out '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` See See Rider '' `` Help Me Girl '' `` When I Was Young '' `` Good Times '' `` San Franciscan Nights '' `` Monterey '' `` Sky Pilot '' `` The Night '' Related articles The Animals discography Eric Burdon discography Book Category Sandi Thom Albums Smile ... It Confuses People The Pink & the Lily Merchants and Thieves Singles `` I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker ( With Flowers in My Hair ) '' `` What If I 'm Right '' `` Lonely Girl '' `` The Devil 's Beat '' `` Saturday Night '' `` This Ol ' World '' `` Gold Dust '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Maggie McCall '' Related articles Discography RCA Records Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love and Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You ( 2017 ) Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category Five Finger Death Punch Zoltan Bathory Jeremy Spencer Ivan Moody Jason Hook Chris Kael Caleb Bingham Darrell Roberts Matt Snell Studio albums The Way of the Fist ( 2007 ) War Is the Answer ( 2009 ) American Capitalist ( 2011 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 ( 2013 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 ( 2013 ) Got Your Six ( 2015 ) And Justice for None ( 2018 ) Compilation albums A Decade of Destruction ( 2017 ) Singles `` The Bleeding '' `` Never Enough '' `` Stranger than Fiction '' `` Hard to See '' `` Walk Away '' `` Dying Breed '' `` No One Gets Left Behind '' `` Bad Company '' `` Far from Home '' `` Under and Over It '' `` Back for More '' `` Remember Everything '' `` Coming Down '' `` The Pride '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` Battle Born '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' `` Jekyll and Hyde '' `` Wash It All Away '' `` My Nemesis '' `` Gone Away '' Related articles Discography Invidia Miriam Makeba Studio albums Miriam Makeba ( 1960 ) The Many Voices of Miriam Makeba ( 1962 ) The World of Miriam Makeba ( 1963 ) The Voice of Africa ( 1964 ) Makeba Sings ! ( 1965 ) An Evening with Belafonte / Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magic of Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magnificent Miriam Makeba ( 1966 ) All About Miriam ( 1966 ) Pata Pata ( 1967 ) Makeba ! ( 1968 ) Keep Me in Mind ( 1970 ) A Promise ( 1974 ) Miriam Makeba & Bongi ( 1975 ) Country Girl ( 1978 ) Comme une symphonie d'amour ( 1979 ) Sangoma ( 1988 ) Welela ( 1989 ) Eyes on Tomorrow ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Song ( 1994 ) Homeland ( 2000 ) Reflections ( 2004 ) Compilations Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba ( 1975 ) The Queen of African Music ( 1987 ) Africa ( 1991 ) Singles `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1960 ) `` The Click Song '' / `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( 1963 ) `` Malaika '' / `` Malcolm X '' ( 1965 ) `` Pata Pata '' ( 1967 ) `` Mas que Nada '' ( 1967 ) `` I Shall Be Released '' / `` Iphi Ndilela ( Show Me the Way ) '' ( 1969 ) `` Soweto Blues '' ( 1988 ) `` Brand New Day '' `` Chauffeur Blues '' `` Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika '' People Bongi Makeba ( daughter ) Hugh Masekela ( 3rd husband ) Stokely Carmichael ( 4th husband ) Johnny Hallyday Studio albums Je t'aime , je t'aime , je t'aime Solitudes à deux Hollywood À partir de maintenant En pièces détachées Pas facile Quelque part un aigle La Peur Hallyday 84 : Nashville en direct Rock'n'Roll Attitude Gang Cadillac Ça ne change pas un homme Rough Town Lorada Ce que je sais Sang pour sang À la vie , à la mort ! Ma vérité Le Cœur d'un homme L'Attente Singles `` T'aimer follement '' `` Souvenirs , souvenirs '' `` Itsy bitsy petit bikini '' `` Kili watch '' `` Viens danser le twist '' `` Retiens la nuit '' `` Ya ya twist '' `` Elle est terrible '' `` Tes tendres années '' `` Les Bras en croix '' ( c / w `` Quitte - moi doucement '' and `` Dis - moi oui '' on the EP ) `` Da dou ron ron '' `` Ma guitare '' `` Pour moi la vie va commencer '' `` Le Pénitencier '' `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' `` Quand revient la nuit '' `` Cheveux longs et idées courtes '' `` Noir c'est noir '' `` Si j'étais un charpentier '' `` Hey Joe '' `` Petite fille '' `` San Francisco '' `` À tout casser '' `` Cours plus vite Charlie '' `` Que je t'aime '' `` Ceux que l'amour a blessé '' `` Jésus Christ '' `` Deux amis pour un amour '' `` Essayez '' `` Oh ! Ma jolie Sarah '' `` Comme un corbeau blanc '' `` J'ai un problème '' ( with Sylvie Vartan ) `` Noël interdit '' `` Prends ma vie '' `` Je t'aime , je t'aime , je t'aime '' `` Johnny Rider '' `` La Fille de l'été dernier '' `` La Terre promise '' `` Requiem pour un fou '' `` Derrière l'amour '' ( c / w `` Joue pas de rock'n'roll pour moi '' ) `` Gabrielle '' `` Ne me quitte pas '' ( live ) `` L'Envie '' ( live ) `` Que je t'aime '' ( live ) `` Tous ensemble '' `` Marie '' `` Mon plus beau Noël '' `` Ça n'finira jamais '' Other songs `` Je n'suis pas un héros '' Films Tales of Paris D'où viens - tu Johnny ? Cherchez l'idole À tout casser The Specialist Point de chute L'aventure , c'est l'aventure L'Animal Détective Terminus The Iron Triangle Why Not Me ? The Man on the Train Crime Spree Crimson Rivers II : Angels of the Apocalypse Quartier V.I.P. Jean - Philippe Vengeance The Pink Panther 2 Titeuf Salaud , on t'aime Rock'n Roll Chacun sa vie et son intime conviction Family Sylvie Vartan David Hallyday Laura Smet Related articles Johnny Hallyday discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_of_the_Rising_Sun&oldid=856648434 '' Categories : American folk songs Music of New Orleans Songs about New Orleans Year of song unknown 1964 singles 1970 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway The Animals songs Alan Price songs B.B. 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-3977257411282493816	History of road transport	History of road transport - wikipedia History of road transport Jump to : navigation , search The history of road transport started with the development of tracks by humans and their beasts of burden . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early roads 1.1 Harrapan roads 1.2 Wheeled transport 1.3 Roman roads 1.4 Early tar - paved roads 2 New road networks 2.1 Toll roads 3 Industrial civil engineering 3.1 Metcalf 3.2 Trésaguet 3.3 Telford 3.4 Macadam 4 Modern roads 5 See also 6 References 7 Notes 8 External links Early roads ( edit ) The first forms of road transport were horses , oxen or even humans carrying goods over tracks that often followed game trails , such as the Natchez Trace . In the Stone Age humans did not need constructed tracks in open country . The first improved trails would have been at fords , mountain passes and through swamps . The first improvements would have consisted largely of clearing trees and big stones from the path . As commerce increased , the tracks were often flattened or widened to accommodate human and animal traffic . Some of these dirt tracks were developed into fairly extensive networks , allowing communications , trade and governance over wide areas . The Incan Empire in South America and the Iroquois Confederation in North America , neither of which had the wheel , are examples of effective use of such paths . The first goods transport was on human backs and heads , but the use of pack animals , including donkeys and horses , developed during the Stone Age . The first vehicle is believed to have been the travois , a frame used to drag loads , which probably developed in Eurasia after the first use of bullocks ( castrated cattle ) for pulling ploughs . In about 5000 BC , sleds developed , which are more difficult to build than travois , but are easier to propel over smooth surfaces . Pack animals , ridden horses and bullocks dragging travois or sleds require wider paths and higher clearances than people on foot and improved tracks were required . As a result , by about 5000 BC roads , including the Ridgeway , developed along ridges in England to avoid crossing rivers and bogging . In central Germany , such ridgeways remained the predominant form of long - distance road till the mid 18th century . Harrapan roads ( edit ) Street paving has been found from the first human settlements around 4000 BC in cities of the Indus Valley Civilization on the Indian subcontinent , such as Harappa and Mohenjo - daro . Roads in the towns were straight and long , intersecting one another at right angles . Wheeled transport ( edit ) Greek street - 4th or 3rd century BC - The Porta Rosa was the main street of Elea . It connects the northern quarter with the southern quarter . The street is five meters wide and has an incline of 18 % in the steepest part . It is paved with limestone blocks and on one side there is a small gutter for drainage . Wheels appear to have been developed in ancient Sumer in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC , perhaps originally for the making of pottery . Their original transport use may have been as attachments to travois or sleds to reduce resistance . It has been argued that logs were used as rollers under sleds prior to the development of wheels , but there is no archeological evidence for this . Most early wheels appear to have been attached to fixed axles , which would have required regular lubrication by animal fats or vegetable oils or separation by leather to be effective . The first simple two - wheel carts , apparently developed from travois , appear to have been used in Mesopotamia and northern Iran in about 3000 BC and two - wheel chariots appeared in about 2800 BC . They were hauled by onagers , related to donkeys . Heavy four - wheeled wagons developed about 2500 BC , which were only suitable for oxen - haulage , and therefore were only used where crops were cultivated , particularly Mesopotamia . Two - wheeled chariots with spoked wheels appear to have been developed around 2000 BC by the Andronovo culture in southern Siberia and Central Asia . At much the same time the first primitive harness enabling horse - haulage was invented . Wheeled - transport created the need for better roads . Generally natural materials can not be both soft enough to form well - graded surfaces and strong enough to bear wheeled vehicles , especially when wet , and stay intact . In urban areas it began to be worthwhile to build stone - paved streets and , in fact , the first paved streets appear to have been built in Ur in 4000 BC . Corduroy roads were built in Glastonbury , England in 3300 BC and brick - paved roads were built in the Indus Valley Civilization on the Indian subcontinent from around the same time . Improvements in metallurgy meant that by 2000 BC stone - cutting tools were generally available in the Middle East and Greece allowing local streets to be paved . Notably , in about 2000 BC , the Minoans built a 50 km paved road from Knossos in north Crete through the mountains to Gortyn and Lebena , a port on the south coast of the island , which had side drains , a 200 mm thick pavement of sandstone blocks bound with clay - gypsum mortar , covered by a layer of basaltic flagstones and had separate shoulders . This road could be considered superior to any Roman road . In 500 BC , Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for Persia ( Iran ) , including the famous Royal Road which was one of the finest highways of its time . The road was used even after the Roman times . Because of the road 's superior quality , mail couriers could travel 2,699 kilometres ( 1,677 mi ) in seven days . Roman roads ( edit ) Main article : Roman roads Road construction , depicted on Trajan 's Column With the advent of the Roman Empire , there was a need for armies to be able to travel quickly from one area to another , and the roads that existed were often muddy , which greatly delayed the movement of large masses of troops . To solve this problem , the Romans built great roads . These ' Roman roads ' used deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry , as the water would flow out from the crushed stone , instead of becoming mud in clay soils . The legions made good time on these roads and some are still used millennia later . On the more heavily traveled routes , there were additional layers that included six sided capstones , or pavers , that reduced the dust and reduced the drag from wheels . The pavers allowed the Roman chariots to travel very quickly , ensuring good communication with the Roman provinces . Farm roads were often paved first on the way into town , to keep produce clean . Early forms of springs and shocks to reduce the bumps were incorporated in horse - drawn transport , as the original pavers were sometimes not perfectly aligned . Roman roads deteriorated in medieval Europe because of lack of resources and skills to maintain them , but many continued to be used . The alignments are still partially used today , for instance , parts of England 's A1 . Early tar - paved roads ( edit ) In the medieval Islamic world , many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire . The most sophisticated roads were those of Baghdad , Iraq , which were paved with tar in the 8th century . Tar was derived from petroleum , accessed from oil fields in the region , through the chemical process of destructive distillation . New road networks ( edit ) In medieval Europe , before the 1200s , there were no organized networks of streets inside cities , merely shifting footpaths . With the invention of the horse harness and wagons with swivelled front axles that could make tight turns , urban street networks stabilized . As states developed and became richer , especially with the Renaissance , new roads and bridges began to be built , often based on Roman designs . Although there were attempts to rediscover Roman methods , there was little useful innovation in road building before the 18th century . Between 1725 and 1737 General George Wade constructed 250 miles ( 400 km ) of road and 40 bridges to improve Britain 's control of the Scottish Highlands , using Roman road designs with large stones at the bottom and gravel on top , with a typical overall depth of two metres . They were so poorly aligned and steep , according to Thomas Telford , `` as to be unfit for the purposes of civil life '' and also rough and poorly drained . Toll roads ( edit ) Main article : Turnpike trusts The Great North Road near Highgate on the approach to London before turnpiking . The highway was deeply rutted and spread onto adjoining land . Responsibility for the state of the roads lay with the local parish since Tudor times . In 1656 the parish of Radwell , Hertfordshire petitioned Parliament for help to maintain their section of the Great North Road . Parliament passed an act that gave the local justices powers to erect toll - gates on a section of the Great North Road , between Wadesmill , Hertfordshire ; Caxton , Cambridgeshire ; and Stilton , Huntingdonshire for a period of eleven years and the revenues so raised should be used for the maintenance of the Great North Road in their jurisdictions . The toll-gate erected at Wadesmill became the first effective toll-gate in England . The first scheme that had trustees who were not justices was established through a Turnpike Act in 1707 , for a section of the London - Chester road between Fornhill and Stony Stratford . The basic principle was that the trustees would manage resources from the several parishes through which the highway passed , augment this with tolls from users from outside the parishes and apply the whole to the maintenance of the main highway . This became the pattern for the turnpiking of a growing number of highways , sought by those who wished to improve flow of commerce through their part of a county . The schedule of maximum tolls allowed on the Woodstock to Rollright Turnpike Trust on the Great Road to Worcester in 1751 During the first three decades of the 18th century , sections of the main radial roads into London were put under the control of individual turnpike trusts . The pace at which new turnpikes were created picked up in the 1750s as trusts were formed to maintain the cross-routes between the Great Roads radiating from London . Roads leading into some provincial towns , particularly in Western England , were put under single trusts and key roads in Wales were turnpiked . In South Wales , the roads of complete counties were put under single turnpike trusts in the 1760s . A further surge of trust formation occurred in the 1770s , with the turnpiking of subsidiary connecting roads , routes over new bridges , new routes in the growing industrial areas and roads in Scotland . About 150 trusts were established by 1750 ; by 1772 a further 400 were established and , in 1800 , there were over 700 trusts . In 1825 about 1,000 trusts controlled 18,000 miles ( 29,000 km ) of road in England and Wales . The Acts for these new trusts and the renewal Acts for the earlier trusts incorporated a growing list of powers and responsibilities . From the 1750s , Acts required trusts to erect milestones indicating the distance between the main towns on the road . Users of the road were obliged to follow what were to become rules of the road , such as driving on the left and not damaging the road surface . Trusts could take additional tolls during the summer to pay for watering the road in order to lay the dust thrown up by fast - moving vehicles . Parliament also passed a few general Turnpike Acts dealing with the administration of the trusts and restrictions on the width of wheels - narrow wheels were said to cause a disproportionate amount of damage to the road . The quality of early turnpike roads was varied . Although turnpiking did result in some improvement to each highway , the technologies used to deal with geological features , drainage , and the effects of weather , were all in their infancy . Road construction improved slowly , initially through the efforts of individual surveyors such as John Metcalf in Yorkshire in the 1760s . British turnpike builders began to realise the importance of selecting clean stones for surfacing , and excluding vegetable material and clay to make better lasting roads . Main article : History of turnpikes and canals in the United States Turnpikes were also later built in the United States . They were usually built by private companies under a government franchise . They typically paralleled or replaced routes already with some volume of commerce , hoping the improved road would divert enough traffic to make the enterprise profitable . Plank roads were particularly attractive as they greatly reduced rolling resistance and mitigated the problem of getting mired in mud . Another improvement , better grading to lessen the steepness of the worst stretches , allowed draft animals to haul heavier loads . Industrial civil engineering ( edit ) Metcalf ( edit ) John Metcalf , also known as Blind Jack of Knaresborough . Drawn by JR Smith in The Life of John Metcalf published 1801 . By the late 18th and early 19th centuries , new methods of highway construction had been pioneered by the work of two British engineers , Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam , and by the French road engineer Pierre - Marie - Jérôme Trésaguet . The first professional road builder to emerge during the Industrial Revolution was John Metcalf , who constructed about 180 miles ( 290 km ) of turnpike road , mainly in the north of England , from 1765 , when Parliament passed an act authorising the creation of turnpike trusts to build new toll funded roads in the Knaresborough area . Metcalf won a contract to build a three - mile ( 5 km ) section of road between Minskip and Ferrensby on a new road from Harrogate to Boroughbridge . He explored the section of countryside alone and worked out the most practical route . He believed a good road should have good foundations , be well drained and have a smooth convex surface to allow rainwater to drain quickly into ditches at the side . He understood the importance of good drainage , knowing it was rain that caused most problems on the roads . He worked out a way to build a road across a bog using a series of rafts made from ling ( a type of heather ) and furze ( gorse ) tied in bundles as foundations . This established his reputation as a road builder since other engineers had believed it could not be done . He acquired a mastery of his trade with his own method of calculating costs and materials , which he could never successfully explain to others . Trésaguet ( edit ) Pierre - Marie - Jérôme Trésaguet is widely credited with establishing the first scientific approach to road building in France at the same time . He wrote a memorandum on his method in 1775 , which became general practice in France . It involved a layer of large rocks , covered by a layer of smaller gravel . The lower layer improved on Roman practice in that it was based on the understanding that the purpose of this layer ( the sub-base or base course ) is to transfer the weight of the road and its traffic to the ground , while protecting the ground from deformation by spreading the weight evenly . Therefore , the sub-base did not have to be a self - supporting structure . The upper running surface provided a smooth surface for vehicles , while protecting the large stones of the sub-base . Trésaguet understood the importance of drainage by providing deep side ditches , but he insisted on building his roads in trenches , so that they could be accessed from the sides , which undermined this principle . Well - maintained surfaces and drains protect the integrity of the sub-base and Trésaguet introduced a system of continuous maintenance , where a roadman was allocated a section of road to be kept up to a standard . Telford ( edit ) Thomas Telford , the `` Colossus of the Roads '' in early 19th century Britain The surveyor and engineer Thomas Telford also made substantial advances in the engineering of new roads and the construction of bridges . His method of road building involved the digging of a large trench in which a foundation of heavy rock was set . He also designed his roads so that they sloped downwards from the centre , allowing drainage to take place , a major improvement on the work of Trésaguet . The surface of his roads consisted of broken stone . He also improved on methods for the building of roads by improving the selection of stone based on thickness , taking into account traffic , alignment and slopes . During his later years , Telford was responsible for rebuilding sections of the London to Holyhead road , a task completed by his assistant of ten years , John MacNeill . His engineering work on the Holyhead Road ( now the A5 ) in the 1820s reduced the journey time of the London mail coach from 45 hours to just 27 hours , and the best mail coach speeds rose from 5 - 6 mph ( 8 -- 10 km / h ) to 9 - 10 mph ( 14 -- 16 km / h ) . Between London and Shrewsbury , most of his work on the road amounted to improvements . Beyond Shrewsbury , and especially beyond Llangollen , the work often involved building a highway from scratch . Notable features of this section of the route include the Waterloo Bridge across the River Conwy at Betws - y - Coed , the ascent from there to Capel Curig and then the descent from the pass of Nant Ffrancon towards Bangor . Between Capel Curig and Bethesda , in the Ogwen Valley , Telford deviated from the original road , built by Romans during their occupation of this area . Macadam ( edit ) It was another Scottish engineer , John Loudon McAdam , who designed the first modern roads . He developed an inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate ( known as macadam ) . His road building method was simpler than Telford 's , yet more effective at protecting roadways : he discovered that massive foundations of rock upon rock were unnecessary , and asserted that native soil alone would support the road and traffic upon it , as long as it was covered by a road crust that would protect the soil underneath from water and wear . Construction of the first macadamized road in the United States ( 1823 ) . In the foreground , workers are breaking stones `` so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two - inch ring '' . Also unlike Telford and other road builders , McAdam laid his roads as level as possible . His 30 - foot - wide ( 9.1 m ) road required only a rise of three inches from the edges to the center . Cambering and elevation of the road above the water table enabled rain water to run off into ditches on either side . Size of stones was central to McAdam 's road building theory . The lower 200 - millimetre ( 7.9 in ) road thickness was restricted to stones no larger than 75 millimetres ( 3.0 in ) . The upper 50 - millimetre ( 2.0 in ) layer of stones was limited to 20 millimetres ( 0.79 in ) size and stones were checked by supervisors who carried scales . A workman could check the stone size himself by seeing if the stone would fit into his mouth . The importance of the 20 mm stone size was that the stones needed to be much smaller than the 100 mm width of the iron carriage tyres that traveled on the road . McAdam believed that the `` proper method '' of breaking stones for utility and rapidity was accomplished by people sitting down and using small hammers , breaking the stones so that none of them was larger than six ounces in weight . He also wrote that the quality of the road would depend on how carefully the stones were spread on the surface over a sizeable space , one shovelful at a time . McAdam directed that no substance that would absorb water and affect the road by frost should be incorporated into the road . Neither was anything to be laid on the clean stone to bind the road . The action of the road traffic would cause the broken stone to combine with its own angles , merging into a level , solid surface that would withstand weather or traffic . Through his road - building experience McAdam had learned that a layer of broken angular stones would act as a solid mass and would not require the large stone layer previously used to build roads . By keeping the surface stones smaller than the tyre width , a good running surface could be created for traffic . The small surface stones also provided low stress on the road , so long as it could be kept reasonably dry . In practice , his roads proved to be twice as strong as Telford 's roads . Although McAdam had been adamantly opposed to the filling of the voids between his small cut stones with smaller material , in practice road builders began to introduce filler materials such as smaller stones , sand and clay , and it was observed that these roads were stronger as a result . Macadam roads were being built widely in the United States and Australia in the 1820s and in Europe in the 1830s and 1840s . Modern roads ( edit ) Edgar Purnell Hooley , inventor of tarmac Macadam roads were adequate for use by horses and carriages or coaches , but they were very dusty and subject to erosion with heavy rain . The Good Roads Movement occurred in the United States between the late 1870s and the 1920s . Advocates for improved roads led by bicyclists such as the League of American Bicyclists turned local agitation into a national political movement . Outside cities , roads were dirt or gravel ; mud in the winter and dust in the summer . Early organizers cited Europe where road construction and maintenance was supported by national and local governments . In its early years , the main goal of the movement was education for road building in rural areas between cities and to help rural populations gain the social and economic benefits enjoyed by cities where citizens benefited from railroads , trolleys and paved streets . Even more than traditional vehicles , the newly invented bicycles could benefit from good country roads . Later on , they did not hold up to higher - speed motor vehicle use . Methods to stabilise macadam roads with tar date back to at least 1834 when John Henry Cassell , operating from Cassell 's Patent Lava Stone Works in Millwall , patented `` Pitch Macadam '' . This method involved spreading tar on the subgrade , placing a typical macadam layer , and finally sealing the macadam with a mixture of tar and sand . Tar - grouted macadam was in use well before 1900 , and involved scarifying the surface of an existing macadam pavement , spreading tar , and re-compacting . Although the use of tar in road construction was known in the 19th century , it was little used and was not introduced on a large scale until the motorcar arrived on the scene in the early 20th century . Modern tarmac was patented by British civil engineer Edgar Purnell Hooley , who noticed that spilled tar on the roadway kept the dust down and created a smooth surface . He took out a patent in 1901 for tarmac . Hooley 's 1901 patent for Tarmac involved mechanically mixing tar and aggregate prior to lay - down , and then compacting the mixture with a steamroller . The tar was modified by adding small amounts of Portland cement , resin , and pitch . See also ( edit ) Auto trails in the United States Caravanserai Dromography Trade route Horses in the Middle Ages References ( edit ) Johnson , Allen ( 1915 ) . Union and Democracy . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin Company . Lay , MG ( 1992 ) . Ways of the World . Sydney : Primavera Press . p. 401 . ISBN 1 - 875368 - 05 - 1 . Dalakoglou , Dimitris ( 2017 ) . The road . Manchester : Manchester University press . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , p5 Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , p7 Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , p25 Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , p9 Jump up ^ Landau , Georg : Beiträge zur Geschichte der alten Heer - und Handelsstraßen in Deutschland , Kassel , Bärenreiter , 1958 Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , p27 ^ Jump up to : Lay ( 1992 ) , p28 Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , p51 Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , p43 Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , p44 Jump up ^ Dr. Kasem Ajram ( 1992 ) . The Miracle of Islam Science ( 2nd ed . ) . Knowledge House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 911119 - 43 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1913.htm ^ Jump up to : Lay ( 1992 ) , p72 ^ Jump up to : Webb . English Local Government . pp. 157 - 159 Jump up ^ Statute , 15 Car . II , c. 1 . Jump up ^ Pawson 1977 , pp. 341 , 260 . Jump up ^ Hampshire Maps University of Portsmouth . Accessdate 6 December 2012 Jump up ^ Parliamentary Papers , 1840 , Vol 256 xxvii . Jump up ^ The Turnpike Trust Schools History.org , Accessed July 2011 Jump up ^ Huxford , Robert ( 3 September 2003 ) . `` How old is that route ? '' ( pdf ) . Institution of Civil Engineers . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , p73 - 74 Jump up ^ Bellis , Mary ( 2007 ) . `` Thomas Telford '' . About : inventors . About , Inc , New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Craig , David , `` The Colossus of Roads '' , Palimpsest , Strum.co.uk , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` 1823 - First American Macadam Road '' ( Painting - Carl Rakeman ) US Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration ( Accessed 2008 - 10 - 10 ) Jump up ^ McAdam ( 1824 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ McAdam ( 1824 ) , pp. 39 - 40 Jump up ^ McAdam ( 1824 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , pp. 76 - 77 Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , p77 Jump up ^ Lay ( 1992 ) , p83 Jump up ^ From : ' Northern Millwall : Tooke Town ' , Survey of London : volumes 43 and 44 : Poplar , Blackwall and Isle of Dogs ( 1994 ) , pp. 423 - 433 Date accessed : 24 May 2009 Jump up ^ Ralph Morton ( 2002 ) , Construction UK : Introduction to the Industry , Oxford : Blackwell Science , p. 51 , ISBN 0 - 632 - 05852 - 8 , retrieved 22 June 2010 . ( Details of this story vary a bit , but the essence of is the same , as are the basic facts ) . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ian ( 2004 ) , The Book of Inventions , Washington , DC : National Geographic Society , p. 277 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7922 - 8296 - 9 , retrieved 23 June 2010 Jump up ^ Hooley , E. Purnell , U.S. Patent 765,975 , `` Apparatus for the preparation of tar macadam '' , July 26 , 1904 External links ( edit ) Macadam - Road Building in America UK Vehicle Recovery History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_road_transport&oldid=801205366 '' Categories : History of road transport Pavements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were the first roads built in america	[]	[]
-7961931440832136332	Nitrogen cycle	Nitrogen cycle - wikipedia Nitrogen cycle Jump to : navigation , search Schematic representation of the flow of nitrogen through the land environment . The importance of bacteria in the cycle is immediately recognized as being a key element in the cycle , providing different forms of nitrogen compounds assimilable by higher organisms The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere , terrestrial , and marine ecosystems . The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes . Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation , ammonification , nitrification , and denitrification . The majority of Earth 's atmosphere ( 78 % ) is nitrogen , making it the largest source of nitrogen . However , atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use , leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems . The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes , including primary production and decomposition . Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion , use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers , and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle . A simple diagram of the nitrogen cycle . The blue boxes represent stores of nitrogen , the green writing is for processes that occur to move the nitrogen from one place to another and the red writing are all the bacteria involved Classical representation of nitrogen cycle Contents ( hide ) 1 Processes 1.1 Nitrogen fixation 1.2 Assimilation 1.3 Ammonification 1.4 Nitrification 1.5 Denitrification 1.6 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium 1.7 Anaerobic ammonia oxidation 1.8 Other processes 2 Marine nitrogen cycle 2.1 New vs. regenerated nitrogen 3 Human influences on the nitrogen cycle 3.1 Environmental impacts 4 See also 5 References Processes ( edit ) Nitrogen is present in the environment in a wide variety of chemical forms including organic nitrogen , ammonium ( NH ) , nitrite ( NO ) , nitrate ( NO ) , nitrous oxide ( N O ) , nitric oxide ( NO ) or inorganic nitrogen gas ( N ) . Organic nitrogen may be in the form of a living organism , humus or in the intermediate products of organic matter decomposition . The processes of the nitrogen cycle transform nitrogen from one form to another . Many of those processes are carried out by microbes , either in their effort to harvest energy or to accumulate nitrogen in a form needed for their growth . For example , the nitrogenous wastes in animal urine are broken down by nitrifying bacteria in the soil to be used as new . The diagram besides shows how these processes fit together to form the nitrogen cycle . Nitrogen fixation ( edit ) Main article : Nitrogen fixation Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric , industrial and biological processes is called as nitrogen fixation . Atmospheric nitrogen must be processed , or `` fixed '' , in a usable form to be taken up by plants . Between 5x10 and 10x10 g per year are fixed by lightning strikes , but most fixation is done by free - living or symbiotic bacteria known as diazotrophs . These bacteria have the nitrogenase enzyme that combines gaseous nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia , which is converted by the bacteria into other organic compounds . Most biological nitrogen fixation occurs by the activity of Mo - nitrogenase , found in a wide variety of bacteria and some Archaea . Mo - nitrogenase is a complex two - component enzyme that has multiple metal - containing prosthetic groups . An example of free - living bacteria is Azotobacter . Symbiotic nitrogen - fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium usually live in the root nodules of legumes ( such as peas , alfalfa , and locust trees ) . Here they form a mutualistic relationship with the plant , producing ammonia in exchange for carbohydrates . Because of this relationship , legumes will often increase the nitrogen content of nitrogen - poor soils . A few non-legumes can also form such symbioses . Today , about 30 % of the total fixed nitrogen is produced industrially using the Haber - Bosch process , which uses high temperatures and pressures to convert nitrogen gas and a hydrogen source ( natural gas or petroleum ) into ammonia . Assimilation ( edit ) Main articles : Assimilation ( biology ) and Nitrogen assimilation Plants can absorb nitrate or ammonium from the soil via their root hairs . If nitrate is absorbed , it is first reduced to nitrite ions and then ammonium ions for incorporation into amino acids , nucleic acids , and chlorophyll . In plants that have a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia , some nitrogen is assimilated in the form of ammonium ions directly from the nodules . It is now known that there is a more complex cycling of amino acids between Rhizobia bacteroids and plants . The plant provides amino acids to the bacteroids so ammonia assimilation is not required and the bacteroids pass amino acids ( with the newly fixed nitrogen ) back to the plant , thus forming an interdependent relationship . While many animals , fungi , and other heterotrophic organisms obtain nitrogen by ingestion of amino acids , nucleotides , and other small organic molecules , other heterotrophs ( including many bacteria ) are able to utilize inorganic compounds , such as ammonium as sole N sources . Utilization of various N sources is carefully regulated in all organisms . Ammonification ( edit ) When a plant or animal dies or an animal expels waste , the initial form of nitrogen is organic . Bacteria or fungi convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonium ( NH ) , a process called ammonification or mineralization . Enzymes involved are : GS : Gln Synthetase ( Cytosolic & Plastic ) GOGAT : Glu 2 - oxoglutarate aminotransferase ( Ferredoxin & NADH - dependent ) GDH : Glu Dehydrogenase : Minor Role in ammonium assimilation . Important in amino acid catabolism . A schematic representation of the microbial nitrogen cycle . ANAMMOX is anaerobic ammonium oxidation , DNRA is dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium , and COMMAMOX is complete ammonium oxidation . Nitrification ( edit ) Main article : Nitrification The conversion of ammonium to nitrate is performed primarily by soil - living bacteria and other nitrifying bacteria . In the primary stage of nitrification , the oxidation of ammonium ( NH ) is performed by bacteria such as the Nitrosomonas species , which converts ammonia to nitrites ( NO ) . Other bacterial species such as Nitrobacter , are responsible for the oxidation of the nitrites ( NO ) into nitrates ( NO ) . It is important for the ammonia ( NH ) to be converted to nitrates or nitrites because ammonia gas is toxic to plants . Due to their very high solubility and because soils are highly unable to retain anions , nitrates can enter groundwater . Elevated nitrate in groundwater is a concern for drinking water use because nitrate can interfere with blood - oxygen levels in infants and cause methemoglobinemia or blue - baby syndrome . Where groundwater recharges stream flow , nitrate - enriched groundwater can contribute to eutrophication , a process that leads to high algal population and growth , especially blue - green algal populations . While not directly toxic to fish life , like ammonia , nitrate can have indirect effects on fish if it contributes to this eutrophication . Nitrogen has contributed to severe eutrophication problems in some water bodies . Since 2006 , the application of nitrogen fertilizer has been increasingly controlled in Britain and the United States . This is occurring along the same lines as control of phosphorus fertilizer , restriction of which is normally considered essential to the recovery of eutrophied waterbodies . Denitrification ( edit ) Main article : Denitrification Denitrification is the reduction of nitrates back into nitrogen gas ( N ) , completing the nitrogen cycle . This process is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Clostridium in anaerobic conditions . They use the nitrate as an electron acceptor in the place of oxygen during respiration . These facultatively anaerobic bacteria can also live in aerobic conditions . Denitrification happens in anaerobic conditions e.g. waterlogged soils . The denitrifying bacteria use nitrates in the soil to carry out respiration and consequently produce nitrogen gas , which is inert and unavailable to plants . Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium ( edit ) Main article : Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium ( DNRA ) , or nitrate / nitrite ammonification , is an anaerobic respiration process . Microbes which undertake DNRA oxidise organic matter and use nitrate as an electron acceptor , reducing it to nitrite , then ammonium ( NO → NO → NH ) . Both denitrifying and nitrate ammonification bacteria will be competing for nitrate in the environment , although DNRA acts to conserve bioavailable nitrogen as soluble ammonium rather than producing dinitrogen gas . Anaerobic ammonia oxidation ( edit ) Main article : Ammonia In this biological process , nitrite and ammonia are converted directly into molecular nitrogen ( N ) gas . This process makes up a major proportion of nitrogen conversion in the oceans . The balanced formula for this `` anammox '' chemical reaction is : NH + NO = > N + 2H O ( ΔG ° = - 357 kJ mol - 1 ) . Other processes ( edit ) Though nitrogen fixation is the primary source of plant - available nitrogen in most ecosystems , in areas with nitrogen - rich bedrock , the breakdown of this rock also serves as a nitrogen source . Marine nitrogen cycle ( edit ) A schematic representing the Marine Nitrogen Cycle The nitrogen cycle is an important process in the ocean as well . While the overall cycle is similar , there are different players and modes of transfer for nitrogen in the ocean . Nitrogen enters the water through the precipitation , runoff , or as N from the atmosphere . Nitrogen can not be utilized by phytoplankton as N so it must undergo nitrogen fixation which is performed predominately by cyanobacteria . Without supplies of fixed nitrogen entering the marine cycle , the fixed nitrogen would be used up in about 2000 years . Phytoplankton need nitrogen in biologically available forms for the initial synthesis of organic matter . Ammonia and urea are released into the water by excretion from plankton . Nitrogen sources are removed from the euphotic zone by the downward movement of the organic matter . This can occur from sinking of phytoplankton , vertical mixing , or sinking of waste of vertical migrators . The sinking results in ammonia being introduced at lower depths below the euphotic zone . Bacteria are able to convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrate but they are inhibited by light so this must occur below the euphotic zone . Ammonification or Mineralization is performed by bacteria to convert organic nitrogen to ammonia . Nitrification can then occur to convert the ammonium to nitrite and nitrate . Nitrate can be returned to the euphotic zone by vertical mixing and upwelling where it can be taken up by phytoplankton to continue the cycle . N can be returned to the atmosphere through denitrification . Ammonium is thought to be the preferred source of fixed nitrogen for phytoplankton because its assimilation does not involve a redox reaction and therefore requires little energy . Nitrate requires a redox reaction for assimilation but is more abundant so most phytoplankton have adapted to have the enzymes necessary to undertake this reduction ( nitrate reductase ) . There are a few notable and well - known exceptions that include Prochlorococcus and some Synechococcus . These species can only take up nitrogen as ammonium . The nutrients in the ocean are not uniformly distributed . Areas of upwelling provide supplies of nitrogen from below the euphotic zone . Coastal zones provide nitrogen from runoff and upwelling occurs readily along the coast . However , the rate at which nitrogen can be taken up by phytoplankton is decreased in oligotrophic waters year - round and temperate water in the summer resulting in lower primary production . The distribution of the different forms of nitrogen varies throughout the oceans as well . Nitrate is depleted in near - surface water except in upwelling regions . Coastal upwelling regions usually have high nitrate and chlorophyll levels as a result of the increased production . However , there are regions of high surface nitrate but low chlorophyll that are referred to as HNLC ( high nitrogen , low chlorophyll ) regions . The best explanation for HNLC regions relates to iron scarcity in the ocean , which may play an important part in ocean dynamics and nutrient cycles . The input of iron varies by region and is delivered to the ocean by dust ( from dust storms ) and leached out of rocks . Iron is under consideration as the true limiting element to ecosystem productivity in the ocean . Ammonium and nitrite show a maximum concentration at 50 -- 80 m ( lower end of the euphotic zone ) with decreasing concentration below that depth . This distribution can be accounted for by the fact that nitrite and ammonium are intermediate species . They are both rapidly produced and consumed through the water column . The amount of ammonium in the ocean is about 3 orders of magnitude less than nitrate . Between ammonium , nitrite , and nitrate , nitrite has the fastest turnover rate . It can be produced during nitrate assimilation , nitrification , and denitrification ; however , it is immediately consumed again . New vs. regenerated nitrogen ( edit ) Nitrogen entering the euphotic zone is referred to as new nitrogen because it is newly arrived from outside the productive layer . The new nitrogen can come from below the euphotic zone or from outside sources . Outside sources are upwelling from deep water and nitrogen fixation . If the organic matter is eaten , respired , delivered to the water as ammonia , and re-incorporated into organic matter by phytoplankton it is considered recycled / regenerated production . New production is an important component of the marine environment . One reason is that only continual input of new nitrogen can determine the total capacity of the ocean to produce a sustainable fish harvest . Harvesting fish from regenerated nitrogen areas will lead to a decrease in nitrogen and therefore a decrease in primary production . This will have a negative effect on the system . However , if fish are harvested from areas of new nitrogen the nitrogen will be replenished . Human influences on the nitrogen cycle ( edit ) Main article : Human impact on the nitrogen cycle As a result of extensive cultivation of legumes ( particularly soy , alfalfa , and clover ) , growing use of the Haber -- Bosch process in the creation of chemical fertilizers , and pollution emitted by vehicles and industrial plants , human beings have more than doubled the annual transfer of nitrogen into biologically available forms . In addition , humans have significantly contributed to the transfer of nitrogen trace gases from Earth to the atmosphere and from the land to aquatic systems . Human alterations to the global nitrogen cycle are most intense in developed countries and in Asia , where vehicle emissions and industrial agriculture are highest . Nitrous oxide ( N O ) has risen in the atmosphere as a result of agricultural fertilization , biomass burning , cattle and feedlots , and industrial sources . N O has deleterious effects in the stratosphere , where it breaks down and acts as a catalyst in the destruction of atmospheric ozone . Nitrous oxide is also a greenhouse gas and is currently the third largest contributor to global warming , after carbon dioxide and methane . While not as abundant in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide , it is , for an equivalent mass , nearly 300 times more potent in its ability to warm the planet . Ammonia ( NH ) in the atmosphere has tripled as the result of human activities . It is a reactant in the atmosphere , where it acts as an aerosol , decreasing air quality and clinging to water droplets , eventually resulting in nitric acid ( H NO ) that produces acid rain . Atmospheric ammonia and nitric acid also damage respiratory systems . The very high temperature of lightning naturally produces small amounts of NO , NH , and HNO , but high - temperature combustion has contributed to a 6 - or 7-fold increase in the flux of NO to the atmosphere . Its production is a function of combustion temperature - the higher the temperature , the more NO is produced . Fossil fuel combustion is a primary contributor , but so are biofuels and even the burning of hydrogen . However , the rate that hydrogen is directly injected into the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines can be controlled to prevent the higher combustion temperatures that produce NO . Ammonia and nitrous oxides actively alter atmospheric chemistry . They are precursors of tropospheric ( lower atmosphere ) ozone production , which contributes to smog and acid rain , damages plants and increases nitrogen inputs to ecosystems . Ecosystem processes can increase with nitrogen fertilization , but anthropogenic input can also result in nitrogen saturation , which weakens productivity and can damage the health of plants , animals , fish , and humans . Decreases in biodiversity can also result if higher nitrogen availability increases nitrogen - demanding grasses , causing a degradation of nitrogen - poor , species - diverse heathlands . Environmental impacts ( edit ) Additional risks posed by increased availability of inorganic nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems include water acidification ; eutrophication of fresh and saltwater systems ; and toxicity issues for animals , including humans . Eutrophication often leads to lower dissolved oxygen levels in the water column , including hypoxic and anoxic conditions , which can cause death of aquatic fauna . Relatively sessile benthos , or bottom - dwelling creatures , are particularly vulnerable because of their lack of mobility , though large fish kills are not uncommon . Oceanic dead zones near the mouth of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico are a well - known example of algal bloom - induced hypoxia . The New York Adirondack Lakes , Catskills , Hudson Highlands , Rensselaer Plateau and parts of Long Island display the impact of nitric acid rain deposition , resulting in the killing of fish and many other aquatic species . Ammonia ( NH ) is highly toxic to fish and the level of ammonia discharged from wastewater treatment facilities must be closely monitored . To prevent fish deaths , nitrification via aeration prior to discharge is often desirable . Land application can be an attractive alternative to the aeration . See also ( edit ) Planetary boundaries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steven B. Carroll ; Steven D. Salt ( 2004 ) . Ecology for gardeners . Timber Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88192 - 611 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kuypers , MMM ; Marchant , HK ; Kartal , B ( 2011 ) . `` The Microbial Nitrogen - Cycling Network '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro. 2018.9 . PMID 29398704 . Jump up ^ Galloway , J.N. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Nitrogen cycles : past , present , and future generations '' . Biogeochemistry. 70 : 153 -- 226 . doi : 10.1007 / s10533 - 004 - 0370 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moir , JWB ( editor ) ( 2011 ) . Nitrogen Cycling in Bacteria : Molecular Analysis . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 86 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith , B. , R.L. Richards , and W.E. Newton . 2004 . Catalysts for nitrogen fixation : nitrogenases , relevant chemical models and commercial processes . Kluwer Academic Publishers , Dordrecht ; Boston . ^ Jump up to : Smil , V ( 2000 ) . Cycles of Life . Scientific American Library , New York . Jump up ^ Willey , Joanne M. ( 2011 ) . Prescott 's Microbiology 8th Ed . New York , N.Y. : McGraw Hill . p. 705 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 337526 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sparacino - Watkins , Courtney ; Stolz , John F. ; Basu , Partha ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases '' . Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 ( 2 ) : 676 -- 706 . doi : 10.1039 / c3cs60249d . ISSN 1460 - 4744 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jörg ; Klotz , Martin G. `` Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Bioenergetics. 1827 ( 2 ) : 114 -- 135 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbabio. 2012.07. 005 . Jump up ^ `` Nitrogen Cycle '' . ^ Jump up to : Vitousek , PM ; Aber , J ; Howarth , RW ; Likens , GE ; Matson , PA ; Schindler , DW ; Schlesinger , WH ; Tilman , GD ( 1997 ) . `` Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle : Sources and consequences '' . Issues in Ecology. 1 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1890 / 1051 - 0761 ( 1997 ) 007 ( 0737 : HAOTGN ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Lam , Phyllis and Kuypers , Marcel M.M. ( 2011 ) . `` Microbial Nitrogen Processes in Oxygen Minimum Zones '' . Annual Review of Marine Science . 3 : 317 -- 345 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Marchant , H.K. , Lavik , G. , Holtappels , M. , and Kuypers , M.M.M. ( 2014 ) . `` The Fate of Nitrate in Intertidal Permeable Sediments '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 8 ) . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0104517 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Anammox '' . Anammox - MicrobeWiki . MicrobeWiki . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nitrogen Study Could ' Rock ' A Plant 's World '' . 2011 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Schuur , E.A.G. ( 2011 ) . `` Ecology : Nitrogen from the deep '' . Nature . 477 ( 7362 ) : 39 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / 477039a . PMID 21886152 . Jump up ^ Morford , S.L. ; Houlton , B.Z. ; Dahlgren , R.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Increased forest ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage from nitrogen rich bedrock '' . Nature . 477 ( 7362 ) : 78 -- 81 . doi : 10.1038 / nature10415 . PMID 21886160 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Charles ( 2008 ) . Biological Oceanography. 350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd . pp. 60 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05536 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Gruber , Nicolas ( 2008 ) . Nitrogen in the Marine Environment. 30 Corporate Drive , Suite 400 , Burlington , MA 01803 : Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 372522 - 6 . Jump up ^ Miller , Charles ( 2008 ) . Biological oceanography. 350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd . pp. 60 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05536 - 4 . Jump up ^ Boyes , Elliot , Susan , Michael . `` Learning Unit : Nitrogen Cycle Marine Environment '' . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lalli , Parsons , Carol , Timothy ( 1997 ) . Biological oceanography : An introduction . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 3384 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lalli , Parsons , Carol , Timothy ( 1997 ) . Biological Oceanography : An introduction . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 3384 - 0 . Jump up ^ Holland , Elisabeth A. ; Dentener , Frank J. ; Braswell , Bobby H. ; Sulzman , James M. ( 1999 ) . `` Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets '' . Biogeochemistry. 46 : 7 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01007572 . Jump up ^ Chapin , S.F. III , Matson , P.A. , Mooney H.A. 2002 . Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology . Springer , New York 2002 ISBN 0 - 387 - 95443 - 0 , p. 345 Jump up ^ Proceedings of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment ( SCOPE ) International Biofuels Project Rapid Assessment , 22 -- 25 September 2008 , Gummersbach , Germany , R.W. Howarth and S. Bringezu , editors . 2009 Executive Summary , p. 3 Jump up ^ Smil , V ( 2004 ) . Cycles Of Life : Civilization And The Biosphere . Diane Pub Co . ISBN 0 - 7567 - 7350 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aerts , Rien & Berendse , Frank ( 1988 ) . `` The Effect of Increased Nutrient Availability on Vegetation Dynamics in Wet Heathlands '' . Vegetatio. 76 ( 1 / 2 ) : 63 -- 69 . JSTOR 20038308 . Jump up ^ Camargo , J.A. & Alonso , A. ( 2006 ) . Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatics ecosystems : A global assessment . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 , from http://www.aseanenvironment.info/Abstract/41013039.pdf Jump up ^ Rabalais , Nancy N. , R. Eugene Turner , and William J. Wiseman , Jr. ( 2002 ) . `` Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia , aka `` The Dead Zone '' `` . Annu. Rev. Ecol . Syst. 33 : 235 -- 63 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 33.010802. 150513 . JSTOR 3069262 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dybas , Cheryl Lyn. ( 2005 ) . `` Dead Zones Spreading in World Oceans '' . BioScience. 55 ( 7 ) : 552 -- 557 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2005 ) 055 ( 0552 : DZSIWO ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ New York State Environmental Conservation , Environmental Impacts of Acid Deposition : Lakes ( 1 ) ( hide ) Biogeochemical cycles Cycles Carbon cycle Hydrogen cycle Iron cycle Mercury cycle Mineral cycle Nitrogen cycle Oxygen cycle ozone Phosphorus cycle Rock cycle Selenium cycle Sulfur cycle Water cycle Research groups DAAC GEOTRACES IMBER NOBM SOLAS Related topics Biogeochemistry geochemical cycle chemical cycling environmental chemistry Biosequestration carbon sequestration carbon sink soil carbon biological pump mycorrhizal fungi Ocean acidification acid rain Methane clathrate clathrate gun hypothesis Arctic methane emissions Human impact on the nitrogen cycle Nitrification Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen assimilation Phosphorus assimilation Sulfur assimilation Planetary boundaries GND : 4183276 - 0 NDL : 01133695 Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen_cycle&oldid=826439144 '' Categories : Nitrogen Biogeochemical cycle Soil biology Nitrogen cycle Metabolism Biogeography Fishkeeping Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 02 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the largest source of nitrogen on earth	[ "The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is nitrogen,[1] making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle.[2][3]" ]	[ "Earth's atmosphere" ]

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