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Other Angels (Turkish: Teslimiyet) is a 2010 Turkish drama film, directed by Emre Yalgın, which follows the lives of four transgender sex workers living together in the underbelly of Istanbul. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on December 17, 2010 (2010-12-17), was shown at the 22nd Ankara International Film Festival (March 17 to 27, 2011). Plot Sanem (Didem Soylu) is a prostitute who shares the same flat with three transvestites in Istanbul. Every day she dreams of a savior who will one day take her away from this life. One day a young man named Gökhan (Kanbolat Görkem Arslan) moves into the neighborhood, and soon Sanem attracts his attention. Sanem has to move out of her shared flat because of a number of problems that arise with her flatmates and she moves in with Gökhan. This will be the beginning of a journey during which both will question each other's reliability and their choices in life. See also 2010 in film Turkish films of 2010 References External links Official website for the film (Turkish) Other Angels at IMDb
narrative location
{ "answer_start": [ 251 ], "text": [ "Turkey" ] }
Other Angels (Turkish: Teslimiyet) is a 2010 Turkish drama film, directed by Emre Yalgın, which follows the lives of four transgender sex workers living together in the underbelly of Istanbul. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on December 17, 2010 (2010-12-17), was shown at the 22nd Ankara International Film Festival (March 17 to 27, 2011). Plot Sanem (Didem Soylu) is a prostitute who shares the same flat with three transvestites in Istanbul. Every day she dreams of a savior who will one day take her away from this life. One day a young man named Gökhan (Kanbolat Görkem Arslan) moves into the neighborhood, and soon Sanem attracts his attention. Sanem has to move out of her shared flat because of a number of problems that arise with her flatmates and she moves in with Gökhan. This will be the beginning of a journey during which both will question each other's reliability and their choices in life. See also 2010 in film Turkish films of 2010 References External links Official website for the film (Turkish) Other Angels at IMDb
title
{ "answer_start": [ 23 ], "text": [ "Teslimiyet" ] }
Bruno Vlahek (born 11 February 1986 in Zagreb) is a Croatian pianist and composer. Vlahek started his musical education at the age of nine in his hometown. Immediately recognized as a specially gifted child, he entered class of Vladimir Krpan and graduated piano at the Zagreb Academy of Music as one of the youngest students in the history of this institution. He obtained a soloist diploma at the Conservatoire de Lausanne with Jean-François Antonioli and received a master's degree at the Hochschule für Musik Köln where his teachers were Vassily Lobanov (piano), Tilmann Claus and Johannes Fritsch (composition and improvisation). From 2010 to 2013 he studied with Dmitri Bashkirov at the Reina Sofía School of Music in Madrid. Pianist Vlahek's piano playing has been noted for "fantastic virtuosity" and "depth of musical thought that bewitches the audience". The critics have called him a "New Pogorelich". He regularly gives recitals and appears as a soloist with orchestras throughout Europe, in Asia, Africa, South America, Russia and Israel; in the venues such as Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona, Franz Liszt Academy in Budapest, Dubai Opera, St Martin-in-the-Fields, National Auditorium of Music in Madrid, Gasteig in Munich, Mozarteum Salzburg, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Shanghai Concert Hall, Seoul Arts Centre; and at the festivals of Bolzano, Dubrovnik, Vienna, Moscow, Palma de Mallorca, Dar-es-Salaam, Verbier and many others. His performances were broadcast on TV and radio stations such as France Musique, British BBC3, Dutch NPO Radio 4, Catalunya Ràdio, Australian ABC Classic Radio or Radio Suisse Romande, for which he recorded Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 2 with Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne. He regularly performs with his wife Dubravka Vukalović as D&B Duo. He also appears as a concert organist.He is a first prize winner of the international piano competitions “Ricard Viñes” 2008 in Lérida and “Alexander Scriabin” 2010 in Paris, and laureate of the 6th China Shanghai International Piano Competition and Concours International de Piano de Lyon (France), received a title of the Young Musician of The Year 2010 given by Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra in Croatia, and won prizes such as Swiss Prix Paderewski, Yamaha Foundation's Award in Madrid, Pnina Salzman Memorial Award in Israel and Artists on Globe Award 2014. For his achievements he was awarded by the Honorary Diploma of Her Majesty Queen Sofía of Spain. Composer He has composed more than 60 orchestral, chamber, solo and choral works of various genres which have been performed on five continents in cities such as New York City, Chicago, London, Berlin, Amsterdam, Cambridge, Lisbon, Prague, Vienna, Salzburg, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Singapore or Seoul, and at the ISCM's World New Music Days 2010 in Sydney (Australia). In 2012 he won the 1st prize at the XXXIII International competition for organ works "Cristobal Halffter" in Spain. He won the Porin (music award) for the best composition of classical music in 2018, as well as Stjepan Šulek Award for the best composition of the year 2019 in Croatia. His works have been published in United Kingdom and USA. Discography Touches - works by Leonard Bernstein, Gyorgy Ligeti and Igor Stravinsky (Croatia Records) Rachmaninoff: Etudes-Tableaux Op. 33 & Op. 39 (PlayClassics) Scarlatti: Complete Keyboard Sonatas Vol. 26 (Naxos) Ottava alta: Sonatas for violin and piano by Bruno Bjelinski and Stjepan Šulek (Vox primus, with violinist Goran Končar) Scaramouche: Piano Duo works by Alfi Kabiljo, Manuel de Falla, Darius Milhaud and Leonard Bernstein (Vox primus, as D&B Duo)In December 2020 his recording of 22 keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti was published on Naxos label. Some of those sonatas come from various Italian, Spanish and Portuguese manuscripts and are presented here on the first modern piano recording. The album has been critically acclaimed, while the Belgian classical music magazine Crescendo compared it to those of Christian Zacharias and Vladimir Horowitz. References External links Official website of Bruno Vlahek Free scores by Bruno Vlahek at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Free scores by Bruno Vlahek in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
place of birth
{ "answer_start": [ 40 ], "text": [ "Zagreb" ] }
Bruno Vlahek (born 11 February 1986 in Zagreb) is a Croatian pianist and composer. Vlahek started his musical education at the age of nine in his hometown. Immediately recognized as a specially gifted child, he entered class of Vladimir Krpan and graduated piano at the Zagreb Academy of Music as one of the youngest students in the history of this institution. He obtained a soloist diploma at the Conservatoire de Lausanne with Jean-François Antonioli and received a master's degree at the Hochschule für Musik Köln where his teachers were Vassily Lobanov (piano), Tilmann Claus and Johannes Fritsch (composition and improvisation). From 2010 to 2013 he studied with Dmitri Bashkirov at the Reina Sofía School of Music in Madrid. Pianist Vlahek's piano playing has been noted for "fantastic virtuosity" and "depth of musical thought that bewitches the audience". The critics have called him a "New Pogorelich". He regularly gives recitals and appears as a soloist with orchestras throughout Europe, in Asia, Africa, South America, Russia and Israel; in the venues such as Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona, Franz Liszt Academy in Budapest, Dubai Opera, St Martin-in-the-Fields, National Auditorium of Music in Madrid, Gasteig in Munich, Mozarteum Salzburg, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Shanghai Concert Hall, Seoul Arts Centre; and at the festivals of Bolzano, Dubrovnik, Vienna, Moscow, Palma de Mallorca, Dar-es-Salaam, Verbier and many others. His performances were broadcast on TV and radio stations such as France Musique, British BBC3, Dutch NPO Radio 4, Catalunya Ràdio, Australian ABC Classic Radio or Radio Suisse Romande, for which he recorded Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 2 with Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne. He regularly performs with his wife Dubravka Vukalović as D&B Duo. He also appears as a concert organist.He is a first prize winner of the international piano competitions “Ricard Viñes” 2008 in Lérida and “Alexander Scriabin” 2010 in Paris, and laureate of the 6th China Shanghai International Piano Competition and Concours International de Piano de Lyon (France), received a title of the Young Musician of The Year 2010 given by Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra in Croatia, and won prizes such as Swiss Prix Paderewski, Yamaha Foundation's Award in Madrid, Pnina Salzman Memorial Award in Israel and Artists on Globe Award 2014. For his achievements he was awarded by the Honorary Diploma of Her Majesty Queen Sofía of Spain. Composer He has composed more than 60 orchestral, chamber, solo and choral works of various genres which have been performed on five continents in cities such as New York City, Chicago, London, Berlin, Amsterdam, Cambridge, Lisbon, Prague, Vienna, Salzburg, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Singapore or Seoul, and at the ISCM's World New Music Days 2010 in Sydney (Australia). In 2012 he won the 1st prize at the XXXIII International competition for organ works "Cristobal Halffter" in Spain. He won the Porin (music award) for the best composition of classical music in 2018, as well as Stjepan Šulek Award for the best composition of the year 2019 in Croatia. His works have been published in United Kingdom and USA. Discography Touches - works by Leonard Bernstein, Gyorgy Ligeti and Igor Stravinsky (Croatia Records) Rachmaninoff: Etudes-Tableaux Op. 33 & Op. 39 (PlayClassics) Scarlatti: Complete Keyboard Sonatas Vol. 26 (Naxos) Ottava alta: Sonatas for violin and piano by Bruno Bjelinski and Stjepan Šulek (Vox primus, with violinist Goran Končar) Scaramouche: Piano Duo works by Alfi Kabiljo, Manuel de Falla, Darius Milhaud and Leonard Bernstein (Vox primus, as D&B Duo)In December 2020 his recording of 22 keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti was published on Naxos label. Some of those sonatas come from various Italian, Spanish and Portuguese manuscripts and are presented here on the first modern piano recording. The album has been critically acclaimed, while the Belgian classical music magazine Crescendo compared it to those of Christian Zacharias and Vladimir Horowitz. References External links Official website of Bruno Vlahek Free scores by Bruno Vlahek at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Free scores by Bruno Vlahek in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
country of citizenship
{ "answer_start": [ 53 ], "text": [ "Croatia" ] }
Bruno Vlahek (born 11 February 1986 in Zagreb) is a Croatian pianist and composer. Vlahek started his musical education at the age of nine in his hometown. Immediately recognized as a specially gifted child, he entered class of Vladimir Krpan and graduated piano at the Zagreb Academy of Music as one of the youngest students in the history of this institution. He obtained a soloist diploma at the Conservatoire de Lausanne with Jean-François Antonioli and received a master's degree at the Hochschule für Musik Köln where his teachers were Vassily Lobanov (piano), Tilmann Claus and Johannes Fritsch (composition and improvisation). From 2010 to 2013 he studied with Dmitri Bashkirov at the Reina Sofía School of Music in Madrid. Pianist Vlahek's piano playing has been noted for "fantastic virtuosity" and "depth of musical thought that bewitches the audience". The critics have called him a "New Pogorelich". He regularly gives recitals and appears as a soloist with orchestras throughout Europe, in Asia, Africa, South America, Russia and Israel; in the venues such as Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona, Franz Liszt Academy in Budapest, Dubai Opera, St Martin-in-the-Fields, National Auditorium of Music in Madrid, Gasteig in Munich, Mozarteum Salzburg, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Shanghai Concert Hall, Seoul Arts Centre; and at the festivals of Bolzano, Dubrovnik, Vienna, Moscow, Palma de Mallorca, Dar-es-Salaam, Verbier and many others. His performances were broadcast on TV and radio stations such as France Musique, British BBC3, Dutch NPO Radio 4, Catalunya Ràdio, Australian ABC Classic Radio or Radio Suisse Romande, for which he recorded Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 2 with Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne. He regularly performs with his wife Dubravka Vukalović as D&B Duo. He also appears as a concert organist.He is a first prize winner of the international piano competitions “Ricard Viñes” 2008 in Lérida and “Alexander Scriabin” 2010 in Paris, and laureate of the 6th China Shanghai International Piano Competition and Concours International de Piano de Lyon (France), received a title of the Young Musician of The Year 2010 given by Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra in Croatia, and won prizes such as Swiss Prix Paderewski, Yamaha Foundation's Award in Madrid, Pnina Salzman Memorial Award in Israel and Artists on Globe Award 2014. For his achievements he was awarded by the Honorary Diploma of Her Majesty Queen Sofía of Spain. Composer He has composed more than 60 orchestral, chamber, solo and choral works of various genres which have been performed on five continents in cities such as New York City, Chicago, London, Berlin, Amsterdam, Cambridge, Lisbon, Prague, Vienna, Salzburg, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Singapore or Seoul, and at the ISCM's World New Music Days 2010 in Sydney (Australia). In 2012 he won the 1st prize at the XXXIII International competition for organ works "Cristobal Halffter" in Spain. He won the Porin (music award) for the best composition of classical music in 2018, as well as Stjepan Šulek Award for the best composition of the year 2019 in Croatia. His works have been published in United Kingdom and USA. Discography Touches - works by Leonard Bernstein, Gyorgy Ligeti and Igor Stravinsky (Croatia Records) Rachmaninoff: Etudes-Tableaux Op. 33 & Op. 39 (PlayClassics) Scarlatti: Complete Keyboard Sonatas Vol. 26 (Naxos) Ottava alta: Sonatas for violin and piano by Bruno Bjelinski and Stjepan Šulek (Vox primus, with violinist Goran Končar) Scaramouche: Piano Duo works by Alfi Kabiljo, Manuel de Falla, Darius Milhaud and Leonard Bernstein (Vox primus, as D&B Duo)In December 2020 his recording of 22 keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti was published on Naxos label. Some of those sonatas come from various Italian, Spanish and Portuguese manuscripts and are presented here on the first modern piano recording. The album has been critically acclaimed, while the Belgian classical music magazine Crescendo compared it to those of Christian Zacharias and Vladimir Horowitz. References External links Official website of Bruno Vlahek Free scores by Bruno Vlahek at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Free scores by Bruno Vlahek in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 74 ], "text": [ "composer" ] }
Bruno Vlahek (born 11 February 1986 in Zagreb) is a Croatian pianist and composer. Vlahek started his musical education at the age of nine in his hometown. Immediately recognized as a specially gifted child, he entered class of Vladimir Krpan and graduated piano at the Zagreb Academy of Music as one of the youngest students in the history of this institution. He obtained a soloist diploma at the Conservatoire de Lausanne with Jean-François Antonioli and received a master's degree at the Hochschule für Musik Köln where his teachers were Vassily Lobanov (piano), Tilmann Claus and Johannes Fritsch (composition and improvisation). From 2010 to 2013 he studied with Dmitri Bashkirov at the Reina Sofía School of Music in Madrid. Pianist Vlahek's piano playing has been noted for "fantastic virtuosity" and "depth of musical thought that bewitches the audience". The critics have called him a "New Pogorelich". He regularly gives recitals and appears as a soloist with orchestras throughout Europe, in Asia, Africa, South America, Russia and Israel; in the venues such as Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona, Franz Liszt Academy in Budapest, Dubai Opera, St Martin-in-the-Fields, National Auditorium of Music in Madrid, Gasteig in Munich, Mozarteum Salzburg, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Shanghai Concert Hall, Seoul Arts Centre; and at the festivals of Bolzano, Dubrovnik, Vienna, Moscow, Palma de Mallorca, Dar-es-Salaam, Verbier and many others. His performances were broadcast on TV and radio stations such as France Musique, British BBC3, Dutch NPO Radio 4, Catalunya Ràdio, Australian ABC Classic Radio or Radio Suisse Romande, for which he recorded Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 2 with Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne. He regularly performs with his wife Dubravka Vukalović as D&B Duo. He also appears as a concert organist.He is a first prize winner of the international piano competitions “Ricard Viñes” 2008 in Lérida and “Alexander Scriabin” 2010 in Paris, and laureate of the 6th China Shanghai International Piano Competition and Concours International de Piano de Lyon (France), received a title of the Young Musician of The Year 2010 given by Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra in Croatia, and won prizes such as Swiss Prix Paderewski, Yamaha Foundation's Award in Madrid, Pnina Salzman Memorial Award in Israel and Artists on Globe Award 2014. For his achievements he was awarded by the Honorary Diploma of Her Majesty Queen Sofía of Spain. Composer He has composed more than 60 orchestral, chamber, solo and choral works of various genres which have been performed on five continents in cities such as New York City, Chicago, London, Berlin, Amsterdam, Cambridge, Lisbon, Prague, Vienna, Salzburg, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Singapore or Seoul, and at the ISCM's World New Music Days 2010 in Sydney (Australia). In 2012 he won the 1st prize at the XXXIII International competition for organ works "Cristobal Halffter" in Spain. He won the Porin (music award) for the best composition of classical music in 2018, as well as Stjepan Šulek Award for the best composition of the year 2019 in Croatia. His works have been published in United Kingdom and USA. Discography Touches - works by Leonard Bernstein, Gyorgy Ligeti and Igor Stravinsky (Croatia Records) Rachmaninoff: Etudes-Tableaux Op. 33 & Op. 39 (PlayClassics) Scarlatti: Complete Keyboard Sonatas Vol. 26 (Naxos) Ottava alta: Sonatas for violin and piano by Bruno Bjelinski and Stjepan Šulek (Vox primus, with violinist Goran Končar) Scaramouche: Piano Duo works by Alfi Kabiljo, Manuel de Falla, Darius Milhaud and Leonard Bernstein (Vox primus, as D&B Duo)In December 2020 his recording of 22 keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti was published on Naxos label. Some of those sonatas come from various Italian, Spanish and Portuguese manuscripts and are presented here on the first modern piano recording. The album has been critically acclaimed, while the Belgian classical music magazine Crescendo compared it to those of Christian Zacharias and Vladimir Horowitz. References External links Official website of Bruno Vlahek Free scores by Bruno Vlahek at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Free scores by Bruno Vlahek in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
given name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Bruno" ] }
Bruno Vlahek (born 11 February 1986 in Zagreb) is a Croatian pianist and composer. Vlahek started his musical education at the age of nine in his hometown. Immediately recognized as a specially gifted child, he entered class of Vladimir Krpan and graduated piano at the Zagreb Academy of Music as one of the youngest students in the history of this institution. He obtained a soloist diploma at the Conservatoire de Lausanne with Jean-François Antonioli and received a master's degree at the Hochschule für Musik Köln where his teachers were Vassily Lobanov (piano), Tilmann Claus and Johannes Fritsch (composition and improvisation). From 2010 to 2013 he studied with Dmitri Bashkirov at the Reina Sofía School of Music in Madrid. Pianist Vlahek's piano playing has been noted for "fantastic virtuosity" and "depth of musical thought that bewitches the audience". The critics have called him a "New Pogorelich". He regularly gives recitals and appears as a soloist with orchestras throughout Europe, in Asia, Africa, South America, Russia and Israel; in the venues such as Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona, Franz Liszt Academy in Budapest, Dubai Opera, St Martin-in-the-Fields, National Auditorium of Music in Madrid, Gasteig in Munich, Mozarteum Salzburg, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Shanghai Concert Hall, Seoul Arts Centre; and at the festivals of Bolzano, Dubrovnik, Vienna, Moscow, Palma de Mallorca, Dar-es-Salaam, Verbier and many others. His performances were broadcast on TV and radio stations such as France Musique, British BBC3, Dutch NPO Radio 4, Catalunya Ràdio, Australian ABC Classic Radio or Radio Suisse Romande, for which he recorded Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 2 with Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne. He regularly performs with his wife Dubravka Vukalović as D&B Duo. He also appears as a concert organist.He is a first prize winner of the international piano competitions “Ricard Viñes” 2008 in Lérida and “Alexander Scriabin” 2010 in Paris, and laureate of the 6th China Shanghai International Piano Competition and Concours International de Piano de Lyon (France), received a title of the Young Musician of The Year 2010 given by Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra in Croatia, and won prizes such as Swiss Prix Paderewski, Yamaha Foundation's Award in Madrid, Pnina Salzman Memorial Award in Israel and Artists on Globe Award 2014. For his achievements he was awarded by the Honorary Diploma of Her Majesty Queen Sofía of Spain. Composer He has composed more than 60 orchestral, chamber, solo and choral works of various genres which have been performed on five continents in cities such as New York City, Chicago, London, Berlin, Amsterdam, Cambridge, Lisbon, Prague, Vienna, Salzburg, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Singapore or Seoul, and at the ISCM's World New Music Days 2010 in Sydney (Australia). In 2012 he won the 1st prize at the XXXIII International competition for organ works "Cristobal Halffter" in Spain. He won the Porin (music award) for the best composition of classical music in 2018, as well as Stjepan Šulek Award for the best composition of the year 2019 in Croatia. His works have been published in United Kingdom and USA. Discography Touches - works by Leonard Bernstein, Gyorgy Ligeti and Igor Stravinsky (Croatia Records) Rachmaninoff: Etudes-Tableaux Op. 33 & Op. 39 (PlayClassics) Scarlatti: Complete Keyboard Sonatas Vol. 26 (Naxos) Ottava alta: Sonatas for violin and piano by Bruno Bjelinski and Stjepan Šulek (Vox primus, with violinist Goran Končar) Scaramouche: Piano Duo works by Alfi Kabiljo, Manuel de Falla, Darius Milhaud and Leonard Bernstein (Vox primus, as D&B Duo)In December 2020 his recording of 22 keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti was published on Naxos label. Some of those sonatas come from various Italian, Spanish and Portuguese manuscripts and are presented here on the first modern piano recording. The album has been critically acclaimed, while the Belgian classical music magazine Crescendo compared it to those of Christian Zacharias and Vladimir Horowitz. References External links Official website of Bruno Vlahek Free scores by Bruno Vlahek at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Free scores by Bruno Vlahek in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
instrument
{ "answer_start": [ 258 ], "text": [ "piano" ] }
Bruno Vlahek (born 11 February 1986 in Zagreb) is a Croatian pianist and composer. Vlahek started his musical education at the age of nine in his hometown. Immediately recognized as a specially gifted child, he entered class of Vladimir Krpan and graduated piano at the Zagreb Academy of Music as one of the youngest students in the history of this institution. He obtained a soloist diploma at the Conservatoire de Lausanne with Jean-François Antonioli and received a master's degree at the Hochschule für Musik Köln where his teachers were Vassily Lobanov (piano), Tilmann Claus and Johannes Fritsch (composition and improvisation). From 2010 to 2013 he studied with Dmitri Bashkirov at the Reina Sofía School of Music in Madrid. Pianist Vlahek's piano playing has been noted for "fantastic virtuosity" and "depth of musical thought that bewitches the audience". The critics have called him a "New Pogorelich". He regularly gives recitals and appears as a soloist with orchestras throughout Europe, in Asia, Africa, South America, Russia and Israel; in the venues such as Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona, Franz Liszt Academy in Budapest, Dubai Opera, St Martin-in-the-Fields, National Auditorium of Music in Madrid, Gasteig in Munich, Mozarteum Salzburg, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Shanghai Concert Hall, Seoul Arts Centre; and at the festivals of Bolzano, Dubrovnik, Vienna, Moscow, Palma de Mallorca, Dar-es-Salaam, Verbier and many others. His performances were broadcast on TV and radio stations such as France Musique, British BBC3, Dutch NPO Radio 4, Catalunya Ràdio, Australian ABC Classic Radio or Radio Suisse Romande, for which he recorded Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 2 with Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne. He regularly performs with his wife Dubravka Vukalović as D&B Duo. He also appears as a concert organist.He is a first prize winner of the international piano competitions “Ricard Viñes” 2008 in Lérida and “Alexander Scriabin” 2010 in Paris, and laureate of the 6th China Shanghai International Piano Competition and Concours International de Piano de Lyon (France), received a title of the Young Musician of The Year 2010 given by Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra in Croatia, and won prizes such as Swiss Prix Paderewski, Yamaha Foundation's Award in Madrid, Pnina Salzman Memorial Award in Israel and Artists on Globe Award 2014. For his achievements he was awarded by the Honorary Diploma of Her Majesty Queen Sofía of Spain. Composer He has composed more than 60 orchestral, chamber, solo and choral works of various genres which have been performed on five continents in cities such as New York City, Chicago, London, Berlin, Amsterdam, Cambridge, Lisbon, Prague, Vienna, Salzburg, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Singapore or Seoul, and at the ISCM's World New Music Days 2010 in Sydney (Australia). In 2012 he won the 1st prize at the XXXIII International competition for organ works "Cristobal Halffter" in Spain. He won the Porin (music award) for the best composition of classical music in 2018, as well as Stjepan Šulek Award for the best composition of the year 2019 in Croatia. His works have been published in United Kingdom and USA. Discography Touches - works by Leonard Bernstein, Gyorgy Ligeti and Igor Stravinsky (Croatia Records) Rachmaninoff: Etudes-Tableaux Op. 33 & Op. 39 (PlayClassics) Scarlatti: Complete Keyboard Sonatas Vol. 26 (Naxos) Ottava alta: Sonatas for violin and piano by Bruno Bjelinski and Stjepan Šulek (Vox primus, with violinist Goran Končar) Scaramouche: Piano Duo works by Alfi Kabiljo, Manuel de Falla, Darius Milhaud and Leonard Bernstein (Vox primus, as D&B Duo)In December 2020 his recording of 22 keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti was published on Naxos label. Some of those sonatas come from various Italian, Spanish and Portuguese manuscripts and are presented here on the first modern piano recording. The album has been critically acclaimed, while the Belgian classical music magazine Crescendo compared it to those of Christian Zacharias and Vladimir Horowitz. References External links Official website of Bruno Vlahek Free scores by Bruno Vlahek at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Free scores by Bruno Vlahek in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
languages spoken, written or signed
{ "answer_start": [ 53 ], "text": [ "Croatian" ] }
Bruno Vlahek (born 11 February 1986 in Zagreb) is a Croatian pianist and composer. Vlahek started his musical education at the age of nine in his hometown. Immediately recognized as a specially gifted child, he entered class of Vladimir Krpan and graduated piano at the Zagreb Academy of Music as one of the youngest students in the history of this institution. He obtained a soloist diploma at the Conservatoire de Lausanne with Jean-François Antonioli and received a master's degree at the Hochschule für Musik Köln where his teachers were Vassily Lobanov (piano), Tilmann Claus and Johannes Fritsch (composition and improvisation). From 2010 to 2013 he studied with Dmitri Bashkirov at the Reina Sofía School of Music in Madrid. Pianist Vlahek's piano playing has been noted for "fantastic virtuosity" and "depth of musical thought that bewitches the audience". The critics have called him a "New Pogorelich". He regularly gives recitals and appears as a soloist with orchestras throughout Europe, in Asia, Africa, South America, Russia and Israel; in the venues such as Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona, Franz Liszt Academy in Budapest, Dubai Opera, St Martin-in-the-Fields, National Auditorium of Music in Madrid, Gasteig in Munich, Mozarteum Salzburg, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Shanghai Concert Hall, Seoul Arts Centre; and at the festivals of Bolzano, Dubrovnik, Vienna, Moscow, Palma de Mallorca, Dar-es-Salaam, Verbier and many others. His performances were broadcast on TV and radio stations such as France Musique, British BBC3, Dutch NPO Radio 4, Catalunya Ràdio, Australian ABC Classic Radio or Radio Suisse Romande, for which he recorded Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 2 with Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne. He regularly performs with his wife Dubravka Vukalović as D&B Duo. He also appears as a concert organist.He is a first prize winner of the international piano competitions “Ricard Viñes” 2008 in Lérida and “Alexander Scriabin” 2010 in Paris, and laureate of the 6th China Shanghai International Piano Competition and Concours International de Piano de Lyon (France), received a title of the Young Musician of The Year 2010 given by Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra in Croatia, and won prizes such as Swiss Prix Paderewski, Yamaha Foundation's Award in Madrid, Pnina Salzman Memorial Award in Israel and Artists on Globe Award 2014. For his achievements he was awarded by the Honorary Diploma of Her Majesty Queen Sofía of Spain. Composer He has composed more than 60 orchestral, chamber, solo and choral works of various genres which have been performed on five continents in cities such as New York City, Chicago, London, Berlin, Amsterdam, Cambridge, Lisbon, Prague, Vienna, Salzburg, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Singapore or Seoul, and at the ISCM's World New Music Days 2010 in Sydney (Australia). In 2012 he won the 1st prize at the XXXIII International competition for organ works "Cristobal Halffter" in Spain. He won the Porin (music award) for the best composition of classical music in 2018, as well as Stjepan Šulek Award for the best composition of the year 2019 in Croatia. His works have been published in United Kingdom and USA. Discography Touches - works by Leonard Bernstein, Gyorgy Ligeti and Igor Stravinsky (Croatia Records) Rachmaninoff: Etudes-Tableaux Op. 33 & Op. 39 (PlayClassics) Scarlatti: Complete Keyboard Sonatas Vol. 26 (Naxos) Ottava alta: Sonatas for violin and piano by Bruno Bjelinski and Stjepan Šulek (Vox primus, with violinist Goran Končar) Scaramouche: Piano Duo works by Alfi Kabiljo, Manuel de Falla, Darius Milhaud and Leonard Bernstein (Vox primus, as D&B Duo)In December 2020 his recording of 22 keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti was published on Naxos label. Some of those sonatas come from various Italian, Spanish and Portuguese manuscripts and are presented here on the first modern piano recording. The album has been critically acclaimed, while the Belgian classical music magazine Crescendo compared it to those of Christian Zacharias and Vladimir Horowitz. References External links Official website of Bruno Vlahek Free scores by Bruno Vlahek at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Free scores by Bruno Vlahek in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
CPDL ID
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Bruno Vlahek" ] }
Bal Chandra Misra (born 17 July 1942) is an Indian politician and former cabinet minister in the Government of Uttar Pradesh. Life He was elected four times as MLA from Govind Nagar assembly seat of Kanpur which is the largest assembly seat in Asia as BJP candidate. After 1996 election, CM Kalyan Singh made him minister in his cabinet. He was also minister in Raj Nath Singh cabinet for the department of Food & Civil Supplies and Labour. He was later made regional president of BJP unit Kanpur zone. He is known to take tough decisions with ease and not bowing down to corruption and inappropriate orders from senior leaders. Moreover, many senior leaders consider him as 'Bal Thackeray' of BJP. He is still considered one of the most honest politicians of his time. He actively contributed to rescuing Sikhs, at the risk of his life, during the 1984 Sikh Massacre. He hasn't been properly rewarded for his excellence due to rift between him and senior leaders, (allegedly Murli Manohar Joshi, Member of Parliament from Kanpur seat during 2014–2019) for not accepting their illegitimate demands and has made himself a little apart from politics citing medical reasons but, is still a gem in Indian politics. == References ==
country of citizenship
{ "answer_start": [ 44 ], "text": [ "India" ] }
Bal Chandra Misra (born 17 July 1942) is an Indian politician and former cabinet minister in the Government of Uttar Pradesh. Life He was elected four times as MLA from Govind Nagar assembly seat of Kanpur which is the largest assembly seat in Asia as BJP candidate. After 1996 election, CM Kalyan Singh made him minister in his cabinet. He was also minister in Raj Nath Singh cabinet for the department of Food & Civil Supplies and Labour. He was later made regional president of BJP unit Kanpur zone. He is known to take tough decisions with ease and not bowing down to corruption and inappropriate orders from senior leaders. Moreover, many senior leaders consider him as 'Bal Thackeray' of BJP. He is still considered one of the most honest politicians of his time. He actively contributed to rescuing Sikhs, at the risk of his life, during the 1984 Sikh Massacre. He hasn't been properly rewarded for his excellence due to rift between him and senior leaders, (allegedly Murli Manohar Joshi, Member of Parliament from Kanpur seat during 2014–2019) for not accepting their illegitimate demands and has made himself a little apart from politics citing medical reasons but, is still a gem in Indian politics. == References ==
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 51 ], "text": [ "politician" ] }
The Balembouche River is a coastal river in Laborie Quarter, Saint Lucia that flows into the Caribbean Sea. See also List of rivers of Saint Lucia Balembouche (plantation, populated place, bay) References Higgins, Chris (2001). St. Lucia. Montreal: Ulysses Travel Guides. ISBN 2-89464-396-9.
country
{ "answer_start": [ 61 ], "text": [ "Saint Lucia" ] }
The Balembouche River is a coastal river in Laborie Quarter, Saint Lucia that flows into the Caribbean Sea. See also List of rivers of Saint Lucia Balembouche (plantation, populated place, bay) References Higgins, Chris (2001). St. Lucia. Montreal: Ulysses Travel Guides. ISBN 2-89464-396-9.
instance of
{ "answer_start": [ 35 ], "text": [ "river" ] }
Edgar Bolaños (born 20 February 1951) is a Guatemalan former footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics. References External links Edgar Bolaños at FootballDatabase.eu Edgar Bolaños at WorldFootball.net Edgar Bolaños at Olympics.com Edgar Bolaños at Olympedia Edgar Bolaños at WorldFootball.net
given name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Edgar" ] }
The Admiral Joe Fowler was a riverboat ride vehicle named after Park Construction Administrator Joe Fowler, a former US Navy rear admiral who was in charge of the construction of both Disneyland and Walt Disney World. History The Admiral Joe Fowler riverboat was built at the Tampa Ship Repair & Dry Dock Company in Tampa, Florida, the same place where the Walt Disney World Railroad's four steam locomotives were refurbished. The riverboat entered service a day after the Magic Kingdom park opened on October 1, 1971. On May 20, 1973, a second riverboat named the Richard F. Irvine, which would later be renamed as the Liberty Belle in 1996, entered service.But in late 1980, the Admiral Joe Fowler riverboat was accidentally dropped from a crane while being lifted into the dry dock area for a routine overhaul, and its hull was completely destroyed beyond repair. The damaged riverboat was taken to a boneyard for a while before being broken up for scrap as it was decided that the Magic Kingdom park no longer needed two riverboats on the Rivers of America. The riverboat's steam engine machinery was being shipped to Tokyo Disneyland to be used as part of the Mark Twain riverboat.In 1997, the Magic Kingdom I ferry, which crosses the Seven Seas Lagoon taking guests between the Transportation and Ticket Center and the Magic Kingdom park, was renamed to Admiral Joe Fowler. The Magic Kingdom II ferry was renamed to Richard F. Irvine. See also Disney riverboats References External links Rivers of America Riverboats
named after
{ "answer_start": [ 12 ], "text": [ "Joe Fowler" ] }
The Admiral Joe Fowler was a riverboat ride vehicle named after Park Construction Administrator Joe Fowler, a former US Navy rear admiral who was in charge of the construction of both Disneyland and Walt Disney World. History The Admiral Joe Fowler riverboat was built at the Tampa Ship Repair & Dry Dock Company in Tampa, Florida, the same place where the Walt Disney World Railroad's four steam locomotives were refurbished. The riverboat entered service a day after the Magic Kingdom park opened on October 1, 1971. On May 20, 1973, a second riverboat named the Richard F. Irvine, which would later be renamed as the Liberty Belle in 1996, entered service.But in late 1980, the Admiral Joe Fowler riverboat was accidentally dropped from a crane while being lifted into the dry dock area for a routine overhaul, and its hull was completely destroyed beyond repair. The damaged riverboat was taken to a boneyard for a while before being broken up for scrap as it was decided that the Magic Kingdom park no longer needed two riverboats on the Rivers of America. The riverboat's steam engine machinery was being shipped to Tokyo Disneyland to be used as part of the Mark Twain riverboat.In 1997, the Magic Kingdom I ferry, which crosses the Seven Seas Lagoon taking guests between the Transportation and Ticket Center and the Magic Kingdom park, was renamed to Admiral Joe Fowler. The Magic Kingdom II ferry was renamed to Richard F. Irvine. See also Disney riverboats References External links Rivers of America Riverboats
part of
{ "answer_start": [ 475 ], "text": [ "Magic Kingdom" ] }
The Berezayka (Russian: Береза́йка) is a river in Valdaysky District of Novgorod Oblast and Bologovsky District of Tver Oblast of Russia. It is left tributary of the Msta and belongs to the drainage basin of the Neva and the Baltic Sea. It is 150 kilometres (93 mi) long, and the area of its drainage basin is 3,230 square kilometres (1,250 sq mi). The principal tributary of the Berezayka is the Valdayka (left).The course of Berezayka lies in the Valdai Hills. The source of the river is in Lake Berezay. The Berezayka flows north, empties into Lake Kholmskoye, and flows out of this lake to the east. It enters Tver Oblast, flows through a number of lakes, and turns north. It flows through the southeastern part of Lake Piros and turns east. The mouth of the Berezayka is at the village of Berezovsky Ryadok. The drainage basin of the Berezayka includes the major parts of Valdaysky and Bologovsky Districts, as well as minor areas at Okulovsky and Borovichsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and the urban-type settlement of Ozyorny in Tver Oblast. The towns of Bologoye and Valday lie in the basin of the Berezayka. The basin also includes many lakes of the Valdai Hills, the biggest of which are Lake Valdayskoye, Lake Kaftino, and Lake Piros. The Berezayka is a popular rafting route. == References ==
country
{ "answer_start": [ 15 ], "text": [ "Russia" ] }
The Berezayka (Russian: Береза́йка) is a river in Valdaysky District of Novgorod Oblast and Bologovsky District of Tver Oblast of Russia. It is left tributary of the Msta and belongs to the drainage basin of the Neva and the Baltic Sea. It is 150 kilometres (93 mi) long, and the area of its drainage basin is 3,230 square kilometres (1,250 sq mi). The principal tributary of the Berezayka is the Valdayka (left).The course of Berezayka lies in the Valdai Hills. The source of the river is in Lake Berezay. The Berezayka flows north, empties into Lake Kholmskoye, and flows out of this lake to the east. It enters Tver Oblast, flows through a number of lakes, and turns north. It flows through the southeastern part of Lake Piros and turns east. The mouth of the Berezayka is at the village of Berezovsky Ryadok. The drainage basin of the Berezayka includes the major parts of Valdaysky and Bologovsky Districts, as well as minor areas at Okulovsky and Borovichsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and the urban-type settlement of Ozyorny in Tver Oblast. The towns of Bologoye and Valday lie in the basin of the Berezayka. The basin also includes many lakes of the Valdai Hills, the biggest of which are Lake Valdayskoye, Lake Kaftino, and Lake Piros. The Berezayka is a popular rafting route. == References ==
instance of
{ "answer_start": [ 41 ], "text": [ "river" ] }
The Berezayka (Russian: Береза́йка) is a river in Valdaysky District of Novgorod Oblast and Bologovsky District of Tver Oblast of Russia. It is left tributary of the Msta and belongs to the drainage basin of the Neva and the Baltic Sea. It is 150 kilometres (93 mi) long, and the area of its drainage basin is 3,230 square kilometres (1,250 sq mi). The principal tributary of the Berezayka is the Valdayka (left).The course of Berezayka lies in the Valdai Hills. The source of the river is in Lake Berezay. The Berezayka flows north, empties into Lake Kholmskoye, and flows out of this lake to the east. It enters Tver Oblast, flows through a number of lakes, and turns north. It flows through the southeastern part of Lake Piros and turns east. The mouth of the Berezayka is at the village of Berezovsky Ryadok. The drainage basin of the Berezayka includes the major parts of Valdaysky and Bologovsky Districts, as well as minor areas at Okulovsky and Borovichsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and the urban-type settlement of Ozyorny in Tver Oblast. The towns of Bologoye and Valday lie in the basin of the Berezayka. The basin also includes many lakes of the Valdai Hills, the biggest of which are Lake Valdayskoye, Lake Kaftino, and Lake Piros. The Berezayka is a popular rafting route. == References ==
located in the administrative territorial entity
{ "answer_start": [ 72 ], "text": [ "Novgorod Oblast" ] }
The Berezayka (Russian: Береза́йка) is a river in Valdaysky District of Novgorod Oblast and Bologovsky District of Tver Oblast of Russia. It is left tributary of the Msta and belongs to the drainage basin of the Neva and the Baltic Sea. It is 150 kilometres (93 mi) long, and the area of its drainage basin is 3,230 square kilometres (1,250 sq mi). The principal tributary of the Berezayka is the Valdayka (left).The course of Berezayka lies in the Valdai Hills. The source of the river is in Lake Berezay. The Berezayka flows north, empties into Lake Kholmskoye, and flows out of this lake to the east. It enters Tver Oblast, flows through a number of lakes, and turns north. It flows through the southeastern part of Lake Piros and turns east. The mouth of the Berezayka is at the village of Berezovsky Ryadok. The drainage basin of the Berezayka includes the major parts of Valdaysky and Bologovsky Districts, as well as minor areas at Okulovsky and Borovichsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and the urban-type settlement of Ozyorny in Tver Oblast. The towns of Bologoye and Valday lie in the basin of the Berezayka. The basin also includes many lakes of the Valdai Hills, the biggest of which are Lake Valdayskoye, Lake Kaftino, and Lake Piros. The Berezayka is a popular rafting route. == References ==
mouth of the watercourse
{ "answer_start": [ 166 ], "text": [ "Msta" ] }
The Berezayka (Russian: Береза́йка) is a river in Valdaysky District of Novgorod Oblast and Bologovsky District of Tver Oblast of Russia. It is left tributary of the Msta and belongs to the drainage basin of the Neva and the Baltic Sea. It is 150 kilometres (93 mi) long, and the area of its drainage basin is 3,230 square kilometres (1,250 sq mi). The principal tributary of the Berezayka is the Valdayka (left).The course of Berezayka lies in the Valdai Hills. The source of the river is in Lake Berezay. The Berezayka flows north, empties into Lake Kholmskoye, and flows out of this lake to the east. It enters Tver Oblast, flows through a number of lakes, and turns north. It flows through the southeastern part of Lake Piros and turns east. The mouth of the Berezayka is at the village of Berezovsky Ryadok. The drainage basin of the Berezayka includes the major parts of Valdaysky and Bologovsky Districts, as well as minor areas at Okulovsky and Borovichsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and the urban-type settlement of Ozyorny in Tver Oblast. The towns of Bologoye and Valday lie in the basin of the Berezayka. The basin also includes many lakes of the Valdai Hills, the biggest of which are Lake Valdayskoye, Lake Kaftino, and Lake Piros. The Berezayka is a popular rafting route. == References ==
length
{ "answer_start": [ 243 ], "text": [ "150" ] }
Chang Yong-heung (born 12 November 1993) is a South Korean rugby sevens player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics. He also represented South Korea at the 2022 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Cape Town, South Africa. References External links Chang Yong-heung at Olympedia
sport
{ "answer_start": [ 59 ], "text": [ "rugby sevens" ] }
Xindian (Chinese: 辛店镇; pinyin: Xīndiàn Zhèn) is a township-level division situated in Mengcun Hui Autonomous County, Cangzhou, Hebei, China. See also List of township-level divisions of Hebei == References ==
located in the administrative territorial entity
{ "answer_start": [ 87 ], "text": [ "Mengcun Hui Autonomous County" ] }
"9AM in Dallas" is a song by rapper Drake from his debut album Thank Me Later. It was released as a promotional track for the album on June 12, 2010, with its eventual release onto the iTunes Store on June 15. The song features the rapper making a freestyle, and due to strong sales it charted at number 57 in the Billboard Hot 100. Recorded in the days leading up to the release of the album, it was not included in the track list for the US version of the album but is present on the UK iTunes version as a bonus track. Charts == References ==
performer
{ "answer_start": [ 36 ], "text": [ "Drake" ] }
"9AM in Dallas" is a song by rapper Drake from his debut album Thank Me Later. It was released as a promotional track for the album on June 12, 2010, with its eventual release onto the iTunes Store on June 15. The song features the rapper making a freestyle, and due to strong sales it charted at number 57 in the Billboard Hot 100. Recorded in the days leading up to the release of the album, it was not included in the track list for the US version of the album but is present on the UK iTunes version as a bonus track. Charts == References ==
part of
{ "answer_start": [ 63 ], "text": [ "Thank Me Later" ] }
"9AM in Dallas" is a song by rapper Drake from his debut album Thank Me Later. It was released as a promotional track for the album on June 12, 2010, with its eventual release onto the iTunes Store on June 15. The song features the rapper making a freestyle, and due to strong sales it charted at number 57 in the Billboard Hot 100. Recorded in the days leading up to the release of the album, it was not included in the track list for the US version of the album but is present on the UK iTunes version as a bonus track. Charts == References ==
form of creative work
{ "answer_start": [ 21 ], "text": [ "song" ] }
Paul Takao Takagi (May 3, 1923 – September 13, 2015) was a Japanese-American sociologist, criminologist, social justice activist, and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He had been a prisoner at the Manzanar War Relocation Center located near Independence, California, beginning in 1942, as part of the enforcement of Executive Order 9066. About He was born on May 3, 1923, in Auburn, California, with the name Takao Takagi. His father was Tomokichi Takagi and he was from Hiroshima.Takagi was a sociologist, criminologist, and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He taught at the university's School of Criminology until it was shut down by Governor Ronald Reagan in 1974. Unlike all of the other faculty members at the School, however, he remained at Berkeley after the school's closure, since he had already been granted tenure.Takagi and his wife provided a residence for Wendy Yoshimura released on bail to them in 1975. He was a noted advocate for social justice and community policing, and was a key figure in the Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 on Berkeley's campus. A leading scholar of radical criminology, he was also active in researching racial disparities in police use of force in the United States. In 2008, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Association for Asian American Studies. References External links "Densho interview links: Paul Takagi". 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
place of birth
{ "answer_start": [ 165 ], "text": [ "California" ] }
Paul Takao Takagi (May 3, 1923 – September 13, 2015) was a Japanese-American sociologist, criminologist, social justice activist, and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He had been a prisoner at the Manzanar War Relocation Center located near Independence, California, beginning in 1942, as part of the enforcement of Executive Order 9066. About He was born on May 3, 1923, in Auburn, California, with the name Takao Takagi. His father was Tomokichi Takagi and he was from Hiroshima.Takagi was a sociologist, criminologist, and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He taught at the university's School of Criminology until it was shut down by Governor Ronald Reagan in 1974. Unlike all of the other faculty members at the School, however, he remained at Berkeley after the school's closure, since he had already been granted tenure.Takagi and his wife provided a residence for Wendy Yoshimura released on bail to them in 1975. He was a noted advocate for social justice and community policing, and was a key figure in the Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 on Berkeley's campus. A leading scholar of radical criminology, he was also active in researching racial disparities in police use of force in the United States. In 2008, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Association for Asian American Studies. References External links "Densho interview links: Paul Takagi". 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 77 ], "text": [ "sociologist" ] }
Paul Takao Takagi (May 3, 1923 – September 13, 2015) was a Japanese-American sociologist, criminologist, social justice activist, and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He had been a prisoner at the Manzanar War Relocation Center located near Independence, California, beginning in 1942, as part of the enforcement of Executive Order 9066. About He was born on May 3, 1923, in Auburn, California, with the name Takao Takagi. His father was Tomokichi Takagi and he was from Hiroshima.Takagi was a sociologist, criminologist, and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He taught at the university's School of Criminology until it was shut down by Governor Ronald Reagan in 1974. Unlike all of the other faculty members at the School, however, he remained at Berkeley after the school's closure, since he had already been granted tenure.Takagi and his wife provided a residence for Wendy Yoshimura released on bail to them in 1975. He was a noted advocate for social justice and community policing, and was a key figure in the Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 on Berkeley's campus. A leading scholar of radical criminology, he was also active in researching racial disparities in police use of force in the United States. In 2008, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Association for Asian American Studies. References External links "Densho interview links: Paul Takagi". 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
employer
{ "answer_start": [ 151 ], "text": [ "University of California, Berkeley" ] }
Paul Takao Takagi (May 3, 1923 – September 13, 2015) was a Japanese-American sociologist, criminologist, social justice activist, and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He had been a prisoner at the Manzanar War Relocation Center located near Independence, California, beginning in 1942, as part of the enforcement of Executive Order 9066. About He was born on May 3, 1923, in Auburn, California, with the name Takao Takagi. His father was Tomokichi Takagi and he was from Hiroshima.Takagi was a sociologist, criminologist, and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He taught at the university's School of Criminology until it was shut down by Governor Ronald Reagan in 1974. Unlike all of the other faculty members at the School, however, he remained at Berkeley after the school's closure, since he had already been granted tenure.Takagi and his wife provided a residence for Wendy Yoshimura released on bail to them in 1975. He was a noted advocate for social justice and community policing, and was a key figure in the Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 on Berkeley's campus. A leading scholar of radical criminology, he was also active in researching racial disparities in police use of force in the United States. In 2008, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Association for Asian American Studies. References External links "Densho interview links: Paul Takagi". 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
given name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Paul" ] }
Western calligraphy is the art of writing and penmanship as practiced in the Western world, especially using the Latin alphabet (but also including calligraphic use of the Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, as opposed to "Eastern" traditions such as Turko-Perso-Arabic, Chinese or Indian calligraphy). A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner." The story of writing is one of aesthetic development framed within the technical skills, transmission speed(s) and material limitations of a person, time and place.A style of writing is described as a script, hand or alphabet.Calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not supersede the legibility of the letters. Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.Calligraphic writing continued to play a role long after the introduction of the printing press in the West, official documents being drawn up in engrossed or handwritten form well into the 18th century. A revival of calligraphy in the later 19th century was associated with the Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts movements, and it continues to be practiced, typically commissioned for private purposes such as wedding invitations, logo design, memorial documents, etc. History Late Antiquity The rolls of papyrus used in classical antiquity (the biblia or librī) in Late Antiquity were gradually replaced by the codex. Reed pens were replaced by quill pens.Isidore of Seville explained the then-current relation between codex, liber ('book') and volumen ('scroll') in his Etymologiae (VI.13): Codex multorum librorum est; liber unius voluminis. Et dictus codex per translationem a codicibus arborum seu vitium, quasi caudex, quod ex se multitudinem librorum quasi ramorum contineat. "A codex is composed of many books; a book is of one scroll. It is called codex by way of metaphor from the trunks of trees or vines, as if it were a wooden stock (caudex), because it contains in itself a multitude of books, as it were of branches."A tradition of biblical manuscripts in codex form goes back to the 2nd century (Codex Vaticanus), and from about the 5th century, two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin uncia, or 'inch') developed from various Roman bookhands. Early Middle Ages With the onset of the Middle Ages from about the 7th century, literacy in Latin Europe was increasingly limited to the monasteries. The tradition of illumination has its origins in Late Antiquity, and reaches early medieval Europe in about the 8th century, notable early examples including the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells.Charlemagne's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in the recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to Alcuin, the Abbot of York. Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or Carolingian minuscule. The first manuscript in this hand was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) — a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends. Later Middle Ages Blackletter (also known as Gothic) and its variation Rotunda, gradually developed from the Carolingian hand during the 12th century. Over the next three centuries, the scribes in northern Europe used an ever more compressed and spiky form of Gothic. Those in Italy and Spain preferred the rounder but still heavy-looking Rotunda. During the 15th century, Italian scribes returned to the Roman and Carolingian models of writing and designed the Italic hand, also called Chancery cursive, and Roman bookhand. These three hands — Gothic, Italic, and Roman bookhand — became the models for printed letters. Johannes Gutenberg used Gothic to print his famous Bible, but the lighter-weight Italic and Roman bookhand have since become the standard. During the Middle Ages, hundreds of thousands of manuscripts were produced: some illuminated with gold and fine painting, some illustrated with line drawings, and some just textbooks.Towards the end of the Middle Ages, administration in the states of Western Europe became more centralised. Paper was again widely available in Europe, which allowed a bureaucracy with standardized bookkeeping. In late medieval England, this led to the development of the Chancery Standard of Late Middle English, along with new forms of standardised calligraphy used for the production of legal or official documents. By the mid-15th century, Chancery Standard was used for most official purposes except by the Church, which still used Latin, and for some legal purposes, for which Law French and some Latin were used. It was disseminated around England by bureaucrats on official business and slowly gained prestige. The production of finalized, calligraphic copies of documents in Chancery hand came to be known as "engrossing", from Anglo-French engrosser (Old French en gros 'in large (letters)'). In the late 1490s and early 1500s, the English bookprinting engineer Richard Pynson favored Chancery Standard in his published works, and consequently pushed the English spelling further towards standardization. Early Modern era In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of the Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the coulée, the rhonde, (known as Round hand in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes simply called the bastarda.While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published Les Ecritures Financière et Italienne Bastarde dans Leur Naturel circa 1650.With the destruction of the Camera Apostolica during the sack of Rome (1527), the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English Roundhand.In England, Ayres and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before the aforementioned. Modern revival After printing became ubiquitous from the 15th century, the production of illuminated manuscripts began to decline. However, the rise of printing did not mean the end of calligraphy.The modern revival of calligraphy began at the end of the 19th century, influenced by the aesthetics and philosophy of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. Edward Johnston is regarded as being the father of modern calligraphy. After studying published copies of manuscripts by architect William Harrison Cowlishaw, he was introduced to William Lethaby in 1898, principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts, who advised him to study manuscripts at the British Museum.This triggered Johnston's interest in the art of calligraphy with the use of a broad edged pen. He began a teaching course in calligraphy at the Central School in Southampton Row, London from September 1899, where he influenced the typeface designer and sculptor Eric Gill. He was commissioned by Frank Pick to design a new typeface for London Underground, still used today (with minor modifications).He has been credited for reviving the art of modern penmanship and lettering single-handedly through his books and teachings - his handbook on the subject, Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering (1906) was particularly influential on a generation of British typographers and calligraphers, including Graily Hewitt, Stanley Morison, Eric Gill, Alfred Fairbank and Anna Simons. Johnston also devised the simply crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the Foundational hand, . Johnston initially taught his students an uncial hand using a flat pen angle, but later taught his hand using a slanted pen angle. He first referred to this hand as "Foundational Hand" in his 1909 publication, Manuscript & Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen. 20th century Graily Hewitt taught at the Central School of Arts and Crafts and published together with Johnston throughout the early part of the century. Hewitt was central to the revival of gilding in calligraphy, and his prolific output on type design also appeared between 1915 and 1943. He is attributed with the revival of gilding with gesso and gold leaf on vellum. Hewitt helped to found the Society of Scribes & Illuminators (SSI) in 1921, probably the world's foremost calligraphy society. Hewitt is not without both critics and supporters in his rendering of Cennino Cennini's medieval gesso recipes. Donald Jackson, a British calligrapher, has sourced his gesso recipes from earlier centuries a number of which are not presently in English translation. Graily Hewitt created the patent announcing the award to Prince Philip of the title of Duke of Edinburgh on November 19, 1947, the day before his marriage to Queen Elizabeth.Johnston's pupil, Anna Simons, was instrumental in sparking off interest in calligraphy in Germany with her German translation of Writing and Illuminating, and Lettering in 1910. Austrian Rudolf Larisch, a teacher of lettering at the Vienna School of Art, published six lettering books that greatly influenced German-speaking calligraphers. Because German-speaking countries had not abandoned the Gothic hand in printing, Gothic also had a powerful effect on their styles. Rudolf Koch was a friend and younger contemporary of Larisch. Koch's books, type designs, and teaching made him one of the most influential calligraphers of the 20th century in northern Europe and later in the U.S. Larisch and Koch taught and inspired many European calligraphers, notably Karlgeorg Hoefer, and Hermann Zapf. Modern calligraphy Calligraphy today finds diverse applications. These include graphic design, logo design, type design, paintings, scholarship, maps, menus, greeting cards, invitations, legal documents, diplomas, cut stone inscriptions, memorial documents, props and moving images for film and television, business cards, and handmade presentations. Many calligraphers make their livelihood in the addressing of envelopes and invitations for public and private events including wedding stationery. Entry points exist for both children and adults via classes and instruction books. The scope of the calligraphic art is more than pure antiquarian interest. Johnston's legacy remains pivotal to the ambitions of perhaps most Western calligraphers: It is possible even now to go back to the child's - something like the early calligrapher's - point of view, and this is the only healthy one for any fine beginning: to this nothing can be added; all Rules must give way to Truth and Freedom. The multimillion-dollar Saint John's Bible project for the 21st century, completed in 2011, had engaged Donald Jackson with an international scriptorium. It is designed as a 21st-century illuminated Bible, executed with both ancient and modern tools and techniques. The earlier 20th-century "Bulley Bible" was executed by a student of Edward Johnston's, Edward Bulley.The digital era has facilitated the creation and dissemination of thousands of new and historically styled fonts. Calligraphy gives unique expression to every individual letterform within a design layout which is not the strength of typeface technologies no matter their sophistication. The usefulness of the digital medium to the calligrapher is not limited to the computer layout of the new Saint John's Bible prior to working by hand. Graphics tablets facilitate calligraphic design work more than large size art pieces. The internet supports a number of online communities of calligraphers and hand lettering artists. Other sub-styles Other Western sub-styles and their respective century of appearance: Rustic capitals (6th BC) Roman cursive (6th BC) Roman square capitals (6th BC) Uncial script (2nd) Carolingian script (7th) Beneventan script (8th) Visigothic script (9th) Gothic script (10th) Chancery hand (13th) Textura script (or Gutenberg script) (15th) Antiqua script (16th) English script (calligraphy) (18th) Bibliography References External links Kaligrafos - The Dallas Calligraphy Society, Kaligrafos, a non-profit guild promoting the calligraphic arts Friends of Calligraphy, San Francisco, California New Zealand Calligraphers Archived 2018-06-02 at the Wayback Machine, a national network of affiliated calligraphy guilds The Edward Johnston Foundation - Research centre for calligraphy and lettering arts
subclass of
{ "answer_start": [ 8 ], "text": [ "calligraphy" ] }
Western calligraphy is the art of writing and penmanship as practiced in the Western world, especially using the Latin alphabet (but also including calligraphic use of the Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, as opposed to "Eastern" traditions such as Turko-Perso-Arabic, Chinese or Indian calligraphy). A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner." The story of writing is one of aesthetic development framed within the technical skills, transmission speed(s) and material limitations of a person, time and place.A style of writing is described as a script, hand or alphabet.Calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not supersede the legibility of the letters. Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.Calligraphic writing continued to play a role long after the introduction of the printing press in the West, official documents being drawn up in engrossed or handwritten form well into the 18th century. A revival of calligraphy in the later 19th century was associated with the Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts movements, and it continues to be practiced, typically commissioned for private purposes such as wedding invitations, logo design, memorial documents, etc. History Late Antiquity The rolls of papyrus used in classical antiquity (the biblia or librī) in Late Antiquity were gradually replaced by the codex. Reed pens were replaced by quill pens.Isidore of Seville explained the then-current relation between codex, liber ('book') and volumen ('scroll') in his Etymologiae (VI.13): Codex multorum librorum est; liber unius voluminis. Et dictus codex per translationem a codicibus arborum seu vitium, quasi caudex, quod ex se multitudinem librorum quasi ramorum contineat. "A codex is composed of many books; a book is of one scroll. It is called codex by way of metaphor from the trunks of trees or vines, as if it were a wooden stock (caudex), because it contains in itself a multitude of books, as it were of branches."A tradition of biblical manuscripts in codex form goes back to the 2nd century (Codex Vaticanus), and from about the 5th century, two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin uncia, or 'inch') developed from various Roman bookhands. Early Middle Ages With the onset of the Middle Ages from about the 7th century, literacy in Latin Europe was increasingly limited to the monasteries. The tradition of illumination has its origins in Late Antiquity, and reaches early medieval Europe in about the 8th century, notable early examples including the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells.Charlemagne's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in the recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to Alcuin, the Abbot of York. Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or Carolingian minuscule. The first manuscript in this hand was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) — a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends. Later Middle Ages Blackletter (also known as Gothic) and its variation Rotunda, gradually developed from the Carolingian hand during the 12th century. Over the next three centuries, the scribes in northern Europe used an ever more compressed and spiky form of Gothic. Those in Italy and Spain preferred the rounder but still heavy-looking Rotunda. During the 15th century, Italian scribes returned to the Roman and Carolingian models of writing and designed the Italic hand, also called Chancery cursive, and Roman bookhand. These three hands — Gothic, Italic, and Roman bookhand — became the models for printed letters. Johannes Gutenberg used Gothic to print his famous Bible, but the lighter-weight Italic and Roman bookhand have since become the standard. During the Middle Ages, hundreds of thousands of manuscripts were produced: some illuminated with gold and fine painting, some illustrated with line drawings, and some just textbooks.Towards the end of the Middle Ages, administration in the states of Western Europe became more centralised. Paper was again widely available in Europe, which allowed a bureaucracy with standardized bookkeeping. In late medieval England, this led to the development of the Chancery Standard of Late Middle English, along with new forms of standardised calligraphy used for the production of legal or official documents. By the mid-15th century, Chancery Standard was used for most official purposes except by the Church, which still used Latin, and for some legal purposes, for which Law French and some Latin were used. It was disseminated around England by bureaucrats on official business and slowly gained prestige. The production of finalized, calligraphic copies of documents in Chancery hand came to be known as "engrossing", from Anglo-French engrosser (Old French en gros 'in large (letters)'). In the late 1490s and early 1500s, the English bookprinting engineer Richard Pynson favored Chancery Standard in his published works, and consequently pushed the English spelling further towards standardization. Early Modern era In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of the Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the coulée, the rhonde, (known as Round hand in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes simply called the bastarda.While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published Les Ecritures Financière et Italienne Bastarde dans Leur Naturel circa 1650.With the destruction of the Camera Apostolica during the sack of Rome (1527), the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English Roundhand.In England, Ayres and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before the aforementioned. Modern revival After printing became ubiquitous from the 15th century, the production of illuminated manuscripts began to decline. However, the rise of printing did not mean the end of calligraphy.The modern revival of calligraphy began at the end of the 19th century, influenced by the aesthetics and philosophy of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. Edward Johnston is regarded as being the father of modern calligraphy. After studying published copies of manuscripts by architect William Harrison Cowlishaw, he was introduced to William Lethaby in 1898, principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts, who advised him to study manuscripts at the British Museum.This triggered Johnston's interest in the art of calligraphy with the use of a broad edged pen. He began a teaching course in calligraphy at the Central School in Southampton Row, London from September 1899, where he influenced the typeface designer and sculptor Eric Gill. He was commissioned by Frank Pick to design a new typeface for London Underground, still used today (with minor modifications).He has been credited for reviving the art of modern penmanship and lettering single-handedly through his books and teachings - his handbook on the subject, Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering (1906) was particularly influential on a generation of British typographers and calligraphers, including Graily Hewitt, Stanley Morison, Eric Gill, Alfred Fairbank and Anna Simons. Johnston also devised the simply crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the Foundational hand, . Johnston initially taught his students an uncial hand using a flat pen angle, but later taught his hand using a slanted pen angle. He first referred to this hand as "Foundational Hand" in his 1909 publication, Manuscript & Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen. 20th century Graily Hewitt taught at the Central School of Arts and Crafts and published together with Johnston throughout the early part of the century. Hewitt was central to the revival of gilding in calligraphy, and his prolific output on type design also appeared between 1915 and 1943. He is attributed with the revival of gilding with gesso and gold leaf on vellum. Hewitt helped to found the Society of Scribes & Illuminators (SSI) in 1921, probably the world's foremost calligraphy society. Hewitt is not without both critics and supporters in his rendering of Cennino Cennini's medieval gesso recipes. Donald Jackson, a British calligrapher, has sourced his gesso recipes from earlier centuries a number of which are not presently in English translation. Graily Hewitt created the patent announcing the award to Prince Philip of the title of Duke of Edinburgh on November 19, 1947, the day before his marriage to Queen Elizabeth.Johnston's pupil, Anna Simons, was instrumental in sparking off interest in calligraphy in Germany with her German translation of Writing and Illuminating, and Lettering in 1910. Austrian Rudolf Larisch, a teacher of lettering at the Vienna School of Art, published six lettering books that greatly influenced German-speaking calligraphers. Because German-speaking countries had not abandoned the Gothic hand in printing, Gothic also had a powerful effect on their styles. Rudolf Koch was a friend and younger contemporary of Larisch. Koch's books, type designs, and teaching made him one of the most influential calligraphers of the 20th century in northern Europe and later in the U.S. Larisch and Koch taught and inspired many European calligraphers, notably Karlgeorg Hoefer, and Hermann Zapf. Modern calligraphy Calligraphy today finds diverse applications. These include graphic design, logo design, type design, paintings, scholarship, maps, menus, greeting cards, invitations, legal documents, diplomas, cut stone inscriptions, memorial documents, props and moving images for film and television, business cards, and handmade presentations. Many calligraphers make their livelihood in the addressing of envelopes and invitations for public and private events including wedding stationery. Entry points exist for both children and adults via classes and instruction books. The scope of the calligraphic art is more than pure antiquarian interest. Johnston's legacy remains pivotal to the ambitions of perhaps most Western calligraphers: It is possible even now to go back to the child's - something like the early calligrapher's - point of view, and this is the only healthy one for any fine beginning: to this nothing can be added; all Rules must give way to Truth and Freedom. The multimillion-dollar Saint John's Bible project for the 21st century, completed in 2011, had engaged Donald Jackson with an international scriptorium. It is designed as a 21st-century illuminated Bible, executed with both ancient and modern tools and techniques. The earlier 20th-century "Bulley Bible" was executed by a student of Edward Johnston's, Edward Bulley.The digital era has facilitated the creation and dissemination of thousands of new and historically styled fonts. Calligraphy gives unique expression to every individual letterform within a design layout which is not the strength of typeface technologies no matter their sophistication. The usefulness of the digital medium to the calligrapher is not limited to the computer layout of the new Saint John's Bible prior to working by hand. Graphics tablets facilitate calligraphic design work more than large size art pieces. The internet supports a number of online communities of calligraphers and hand lettering artists. Other sub-styles Other Western sub-styles and their respective century of appearance: Rustic capitals (6th BC) Roman cursive (6th BC) Roman square capitals (6th BC) Uncial script (2nd) Carolingian script (7th) Beneventan script (8th) Visigothic script (9th) Gothic script (10th) Chancery hand (13th) Textura script (or Gutenberg script) (15th) Antiqua script (16th) English script (calligraphy) (18th) Bibliography References External links Kaligrafos - The Dallas Calligraphy Society, Kaligrafos, a non-profit guild promoting the calligraphic arts Friends of Calligraphy, San Francisco, California New Zealand Calligraphers Archived 2018-06-02 at the Wayback Machine, a national network of affiliated calligraphy guilds The Edward Johnston Foundation - Research centre for calligraphy and lettering arts
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Western calligraphy" ] }
Western calligraphy is the art of writing and penmanship as practiced in the Western world, especially using the Latin alphabet (but also including calligraphic use of the Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, as opposed to "Eastern" traditions such as Turko-Perso-Arabic, Chinese or Indian calligraphy). A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner." The story of writing is one of aesthetic development framed within the technical skills, transmission speed(s) and material limitations of a person, time and place.A style of writing is described as a script, hand or alphabet.Calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not supersede the legibility of the letters. Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.Calligraphic writing continued to play a role long after the introduction of the printing press in the West, official documents being drawn up in engrossed or handwritten form well into the 18th century. A revival of calligraphy in the later 19th century was associated with the Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts movements, and it continues to be practiced, typically commissioned for private purposes such as wedding invitations, logo design, memorial documents, etc. History Late Antiquity The rolls of papyrus used in classical antiquity (the biblia or librī) in Late Antiquity were gradually replaced by the codex. Reed pens were replaced by quill pens.Isidore of Seville explained the then-current relation between codex, liber ('book') and volumen ('scroll') in his Etymologiae (VI.13): Codex multorum librorum est; liber unius voluminis. Et dictus codex per translationem a codicibus arborum seu vitium, quasi caudex, quod ex se multitudinem librorum quasi ramorum contineat. "A codex is composed of many books; a book is of one scroll. It is called codex by way of metaphor from the trunks of trees or vines, as if it were a wooden stock (caudex), because it contains in itself a multitude of books, as it were of branches."A tradition of biblical manuscripts in codex form goes back to the 2nd century (Codex Vaticanus), and from about the 5th century, two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin uncia, or 'inch') developed from various Roman bookhands. Early Middle Ages With the onset of the Middle Ages from about the 7th century, literacy in Latin Europe was increasingly limited to the monasteries. The tradition of illumination has its origins in Late Antiquity, and reaches early medieval Europe in about the 8th century, notable early examples including the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells.Charlemagne's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in the recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to Alcuin, the Abbot of York. Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or Carolingian minuscule. The first manuscript in this hand was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) — a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends. Later Middle Ages Blackletter (also known as Gothic) and its variation Rotunda, gradually developed from the Carolingian hand during the 12th century. Over the next three centuries, the scribes in northern Europe used an ever more compressed and spiky form of Gothic. Those in Italy and Spain preferred the rounder but still heavy-looking Rotunda. During the 15th century, Italian scribes returned to the Roman and Carolingian models of writing and designed the Italic hand, also called Chancery cursive, and Roman bookhand. These three hands — Gothic, Italic, and Roman bookhand — became the models for printed letters. Johannes Gutenberg used Gothic to print his famous Bible, but the lighter-weight Italic and Roman bookhand have since become the standard. During the Middle Ages, hundreds of thousands of manuscripts were produced: some illuminated with gold and fine painting, some illustrated with line drawings, and some just textbooks.Towards the end of the Middle Ages, administration in the states of Western Europe became more centralised. Paper was again widely available in Europe, which allowed a bureaucracy with standardized bookkeeping. In late medieval England, this led to the development of the Chancery Standard of Late Middle English, along with new forms of standardised calligraphy used for the production of legal or official documents. By the mid-15th century, Chancery Standard was used for most official purposes except by the Church, which still used Latin, and for some legal purposes, for which Law French and some Latin were used. It was disseminated around England by bureaucrats on official business and slowly gained prestige. The production of finalized, calligraphic copies of documents in Chancery hand came to be known as "engrossing", from Anglo-French engrosser (Old French en gros 'in large (letters)'). In the late 1490s and early 1500s, the English bookprinting engineer Richard Pynson favored Chancery Standard in his published works, and consequently pushed the English spelling further towards standardization. Early Modern era In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of the Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the coulée, the rhonde, (known as Round hand in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes simply called the bastarda.While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published Les Ecritures Financière et Italienne Bastarde dans Leur Naturel circa 1650.With the destruction of the Camera Apostolica during the sack of Rome (1527), the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English Roundhand.In England, Ayres and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before the aforementioned. Modern revival After printing became ubiquitous from the 15th century, the production of illuminated manuscripts began to decline. However, the rise of printing did not mean the end of calligraphy.The modern revival of calligraphy began at the end of the 19th century, influenced by the aesthetics and philosophy of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. Edward Johnston is regarded as being the father of modern calligraphy. After studying published copies of manuscripts by architect William Harrison Cowlishaw, he was introduced to William Lethaby in 1898, principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts, who advised him to study manuscripts at the British Museum.This triggered Johnston's interest in the art of calligraphy with the use of a broad edged pen. He began a teaching course in calligraphy at the Central School in Southampton Row, London from September 1899, where he influenced the typeface designer and sculptor Eric Gill. He was commissioned by Frank Pick to design a new typeface for London Underground, still used today (with minor modifications).He has been credited for reviving the art of modern penmanship and lettering single-handedly through his books and teachings - his handbook on the subject, Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering (1906) was particularly influential on a generation of British typographers and calligraphers, including Graily Hewitt, Stanley Morison, Eric Gill, Alfred Fairbank and Anna Simons. Johnston also devised the simply crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the Foundational hand, . Johnston initially taught his students an uncial hand using a flat pen angle, but later taught his hand using a slanted pen angle. He first referred to this hand as "Foundational Hand" in his 1909 publication, Manuscript & Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen. 20th century Graily Hewitt taught at the Central School of Arts and Crafts and published together with Johnston throughout the early part of the century. Hewitt was central to the revival of gilding in calligraphy, and his prolific output on type design also appeared between 1915 and 1943. He is attributed with the revival of gilding with gesso and gold leaf on vellum. Hewitt helped to found the Society of Scribes & Illuminators (SSI) in 1921, probably the world's foremost calligraphy society. Hewitt is not without both critics and supporters in his rendering of Cennino Cennini's medieval gesso recipes. Donald Jackson, a British calligrapher, has sourced his gesso recipes from earlier centuries a number of which are not presently in English translation. Graily Hewitt created the patent announcing the award to Prince Philip of the title of Duke of Edinburgh on November 19, 1947, the day before his marriage to Queen Elizabeth.Johnston's pupil, Anna Simons, was instrumental in sparking off interest in calligraphy in Germany with her German translation of Writing and Illuminating, and Lettering in 1910. Austrian Rudolf Larisch, a teacher of lettering at the Vienna School of Art, published six lettering books that greatly influenced German-speaking calligraphers. Because German-speaking countries had not abandoned the Gothic hand in printing, Gothic also had a powerful effect on their styles. Rudolf Koch was a friend and younger contemporary of Larisch. Koch's books, type designs, and teaching made him one of the most influential calligraphers of the 20th century in northern Europe and later in the U.S. Larisch and Koch taught and inspired many European calligraphers, notably Karlgeorg Hoefer, and Hermann Zapf. Modern calligraphy Calligraphy today finds diverse applications. These include graphic design, logo design, type design, paintings, scholarship, maps, menus, greeting cards, invitations, legal documents, diplomas, cut stone inscriptions, memorial documents, props and moving images for film and television, business cards, and handmade presentations. Many calligraphers make their livelihood in the addressing of envelopes and invitations for public and private events including wedding stationery. Entry points exist for both children and adults via classes and instruction books. The scope of the calligraphic art is more than pure antiquarian interest. Johnston's legacy remains pivotal to the ambitions of perhaps most Western calligraphers: It is possible even now to go back to the child's - something like the early calligrapher's - point of view, and this is the only healthy one for any fine beginning: to this nothing can be added; all Rules must give way to Truth and Freedom. The multimillion-dollar Saint John's Bible project for the 21st century, completed in 2011, had engaged Donald Jackson with an international scriptorium. It is designed as a 21st-century illuminated Bible, executed with both ancient and modern tools and techniques. The earlier 20th-century "Bulley Bible" was executed by a student of Edward Johnston's, Edward Bulley.The digital era has facilitated the creation and dissemination of thousands of new and historically styled fonts. Calligraphy gives unique expression to every individual letterform within a design layout which is not the strength of typeface technologies no matter their sophistication. The usefulness of the digital medium to the calligrapher is not limited to the computer layout of the new Saint John's Bible prior to working by hand. Graphics tablets facilitate calligraphic design work more than large size art pieces. The internet supports a number of online communities of calligraphers and hand lettering artists. Other sub-styles Other Western sub-styles and their respective century of appearance: Rustic capitals (6th BC) Roman cursive (6th BC) Roman square capitals (6th BC) Uncial script (2nd) Carolingian script (7th) Beneventan script (8th) Visigothic script (9th) Gothic script (10th) Chancery hand (13th) Textura script (or Gutenberg script) (15th) Antiqua script (16th) English script (calligraphy) (18th) Bibliography References External links Kaligrafos - The Dallas Calligraphy Society, Kaligrafos, a non-profit guild promoting the calligraphic arts Friends of Calligraphy, San Francisco, California New Zealand Calligraphers Archived 2018-06-02 at the Wayback Machine, a national network of affiliated calligraphy guilds The Edward Johnston Foundation - Research centre for calligraphy and lettering arts
culture
{ "answer_start": [ 77 ], "text": [ "Western world" ] }
John A. Mallin (was born Johann Malinkowitsch; April 14, 1883 — January 9, 1973) was a Czech-American mural and fresco painter in the Chicago area in the 20th century. He painted many church interiors for the Archdiocese of Chicago, often working after the architect and builder Henry J. Schlacks completed the structure of a church. Biography Mallin was born Johann Malinkowitsch on April 14, 1883 in the town of Bischofwart (now Hlohovec) in what was then Lower Austria, and is now the Czech Republic. His parents both came from families of vintners. At the age of fifteen, he became an apprentice at the School of the Interior and Decorative Painters Guild in Vienna. Johann was apprenticed to a series of master trainers in the painter's trade from April 1, 1898 until April 1, 1902. Until 1906, he continued to live and work near his home as a painter's assistant with a number of employers, some of whom were his former master instructors. His work ledger indicates a high level of satisfaction with his performance and demeanor. He was often let go "because of lack of available work." In search of a more secure future, he shortened his name to Mallin and came to the United States in 1907.He settled in Chicago. One of his first jobs was as a decorator of façades for the Riverview Amusement Park in Chicago. In 1918, he formed his own decorating company, John A. Mallin, Interior Art Decorations. He specialized in church decoration and ecclesiastical painting as well as art glass and mosaics. He stated his philosophy in one of his commercial brochures: "As there is nothing too good for God, so there is nothing too rich or too precious for God's earthly homes, His churches..."He originally worked out of his home, but in 1920 opened a studio in the Fine Arts Building at 410 S. Michigan Avenue in the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. His business flourished. In one of his brochures, he lists over 50 churches as references, most in Chicago, but some in Indiana, Michigan, Iowa and Tennessee. Eventually, he moved his studio to 2252 W. Devon Avenue. His son joined the studio and specialized in gold leaf applications. He decorated more than 100 churches in his lifetime. He died on January 9, 1973, at the age of 89. He has a crypt in the crematorium at the Bohemian National Cemetery, which still has his decorations from the 1920s. Churches with John A. Mallin Art St. Adalbert Parish, South Bend St. Vincent de Paul Church (Chicago) St. Mary of the Angels (Chicago) St. Jerome Roman Catholic Church, (Rogers Park) Chicago References External links Some of Mr. Mallin's work can be seen at a website maintained by his grand-daughter Apse ceiling, St. Vincent de Paul, Chicago
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 119 ], "text": [ "painter" ] }
John A. Mallin (was born Johann Malinkowitsch; April 14, 1883 — January 9, 1973) was a Czech-American mural and fresco painter in the Chicago area in the 20th century. He painted many church interiors for the Archdiocese of Chicago, often working after the architect and builder Henry J. Schlacks completed the structure of a church. Biography Mallin was born Johann Malinkowitsch on April 14, 1883 in the town of Bischofwart (now Hlohovec) in what was then Lower Austria, and is now the Czech Republic. His parents both came from families of vintners. At the age of fifteen, he became an apprentice at the School of the Interior and Decorative Painters Guild in Vienna. Johann was apprenticed to a series of master trainers in the painter's trade from April 1, 1898 until April 1, 1902. Until 1906, he continued to live and work near his home as a painter's assistant with a number of employers, some of whom were his former master instructors. His work ledger indicates a high level of satisfaction with his performance and demeanor. He was often let go "because of lack of available work." In search of a more secure future, he shortened his name to Mallin and came to the United States in 1907.He settled in Chicago. One of his first jobs was as a decorator of façades for the Riverview Amusement Park in Chicago. In 1918, he formed his own decorating company, John A. Mallin, Interior Art Decorations. He specialized in church decoration and ecclesiastical painting as well as art glass and mosaics. He stated his philosophy in one of his commercial brochures: "As there is nothing too good for God, so there is nothing too rich or too precious for God's earthly homes, His churches..."He originally worked out of his home, but in 1920 opened a studio in the Fine Arts Building at 410 S. Michigan Avenue in the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. His business flourished. In one of his brochures, he lists over 50 churches as references, most in Chicago, but some in Indiana, Michigan, Iowa and Tennessee. Eventually, he moved his studio to 2252 W. Devon Avenue. His son joined the studio and specialized in gold leaf applications. He decorated more than 100 churches in his lifetime. He died on January 9, 1973, at the age of 89. He has a crypt in the crematorium at the Bohemian National Cemetery, which still has his decorations from the 1920s. Churches with John A. Mallin Art St. Adalbert Parish, South Bend St. Vincent de Paul Church (Chicago) St. Mary of the Angels (Chicago) St. Jerome Roman Catholic Church, (Rogers Park) Chicago References External links Some of Mr. Mallin's work can be seen at a website maintained by his grand-daughter Apse ceiling, St. Vincent de Paul, Chicago
place of burial
{ "answer_start": [ 2299 ], "text": [ "Bohemian National Cemetery" ] }
John A. Mallin (was born Johann Malinkowitsch; April 14, 1883 — January 9, 1973) was a Czech-American mural and fresco painter in the Chicago area in the 20th century. He painted many church interiors for the Archdiocese of Chicago, often working after the architect and builder Henry J. Schlacks completed the structure of a church. Biography Mallin was born Johann Malinkowitsch on April 14, 1883 in the town of Bischofwart (now Hlohovec) in what was then Lower Austria, and is now the Czech Republic. His parents both came from families of vintners. At the age of fifteen, he became an apprentice at the School of the Interior and Decorative Painters Guild in Vienna. Johann was apprenticed to a series of master trainers in the painter's trade from April 1, 1898 until April 1, 1902. Until 1906, he continued to live and work near his home as a painter's assistant with a number of employers, some of whom were his former master instructors. His work ledger indicates a high level of satisfaction with his performance and demeanor. He was often let go "because of lack of available work." In search of a more secure future, he shortened his name to Mallin and came to the United States in 1907.He settled in Chicago. One of his first jobs was as a decorator of façades for the Riverview Amusement Park in Chicago. In 1918, he formed his own decorating company, John A. Mallin, Interior Art Decorations. He specialized in church decoration and ecclesiastical painting as well as art glass and mosaics. He stated his philosophy in one of his commercial brochures: "As there is nothing too good for God, so there is nothing too rich or too precious for God's earthly homes, His churches..."He originally worked out of his home, but in 1920 opened a studio in the Fine Arts Building at 410 S. Michigan Avenue in the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. His business flourished. In one of his brochures, he lists over 50 churches as references, most in Chicago, but some in Indiana, Michigan, Iowa and Tennessee. Eventually, he moved his studio to 2252 W. Devon Avenue. His son joined the studio and specialized in gold leaf applications. He decorated more than 100 churches in his lifetime. He died on January 9, 1973, at the age of 89. He has a crypt in the crematorium at the Bohemian National Cemetery, which still has his decorations from the 1920s. Churches with John A. Mallin Art St. Adalbert Parish, South Bend St. Vincent de Paul Church (Chicago) St. Mary of the Angels (Chicago) St. Jerome Roman Catholic Church, (Rogers Park) Chicago References External links Some of Mr. Mallin's work can be seen at a website maintained by his grand-daughter Apse ceiling, St. Vincent de Paul, Chicago
family name
{ "answer_start": [ 8 ], "text": [ "Mallin" ] }
John A. Mallin (was born Johann Malinkowitsch; April 14, 1883 — January 9, 1973) was a Czech-American mural and fresco painter in the Chicago area in the 20th century. He painted many church interiors for the Archdiocese of Chicago, often working after the architect and builder Henry J. Schlacks completed the structure of a church. Biography Mallin was born Johann Malinkowitsch on April 14, 1883 in the town of Bischofwart (now Hlohovec) in what was then Lower Austria, and is now the Czech Republic. His parents both came from families of vintners. At the age of fifteen, he became an apprentice at the School of the Interior and Decorative Painters Guild in Vienna. Johann was apprenticed to a series of master trainers in the painter's trade from April 1, 1898 until April 1, 1902. Until 1906, he continued to live and work near his home as a painter's assistant with a number of employers, some of whom were his former master instructors. His work ledger indicates a high level of satisfaction with his performance and demeanor. He was often let go "because of lack of available work." In search of a more secure future, he shortened his name to Mallin and came to the United States in 1907.He settled in Chicago. One of his first jobs was as a decorator of façades for the Riverview Amusement Park in Chicago. In 1918, he formed his own decorating company, John A. Mallin, Interior Art Decorations. He specialized in church decoration and ecclesiastical painting as well as art glass and mosaics. He stated his philosophy in one of his commercial brochures: "As there is nothing too good for God, so there is nothing too rich or too precious for God's earthly homes, His churches..."He originally worked out of his home, but in 1920 opened a studio in the Fine Arts Building at 410 S. Michigan Avenue in the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. His business flourished. In one of his brochures, he lists over 50 churches as references, most in Chicago, but some in Indiana, Michigan, Iowa and Tennessee. Eventually, he moved his studio to 2252 W. Devon Avenue. His son joined the studio and specialized in gold leaf applications. He decorated more than 100 churches in his lifetime. He died on January 9, 1973, at the age of 89. He has a crypt in the crematorium at the Bohemian National Cemetery, which still has his decorations from the 1920s. Churches with John A. Mallin Art St. Adalbert Parish, South Bend St. Vincent de Paul Church (Chicago) St. Mary of the Angels (Chicago) St. Jerome Roman Catholic Church, (Rogers Park) Chicago References External links Some of Mr. Mallin's work can be seen at a website maintained by his grand-daughter Apse ceiling, St. Vincent de Paul, Chicago
given name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "John" ] }
The 2013–14 Liga Panameña de Fútbol season was the 25th season of top-flight football in Panama. The season began on 20 July 2013 and was scheduled to end in May 2014. Ten teams competed throughout the entire season. Teams Atlético Chiriquí finished in 10th place in the overall table last season and were relegated to the Liga Nacional de Ascenso. Taking their place for this season are the overall champions of last season's Liga Nacional de Ascenso Independiente F.C. 2013 Apertura Standings Results Semifinals First leg Second leg Final List of foreign players in the league This is a list of foreign players in Apertura 2013. The following players: have played at least one apertura game for the respective club. have not been capped for the Panama national football team on any level, independently from the birthplace 2014 Clausura Team information Last updated: June 28, 2013 Personnel and sponsoring (2014 Clausura) Standings Results Semifinals First leg Second leg Final List of foreign players in the league This is a list of foreign players in Clausura 2014. The following players: have played at least one apertura game for the respective club. have not been capped for the Panama national football team on any level, independently from the birthplace [1]. External links https://int.soccerway.com/national/panama/lpf/20132014/apertura/r21535/ http://panamafutbol.com/?cat=3 http://somoslasele.com/
country
{ "answer_start": [ 89 ], "text": [ "Panama" ] }
The 2013–14 Liga Panameña de Fútbol season was the 25th season of top-flight football in Panama. The season began on 20 July 2013 and was scheduled to end in May 2014. Ten teams competed throughout the entire season. Teams Atlético Chiriquí finished in 10th place in the overall table last season and were relegated to the Liga Nacional de Ascenso. Taking their place for this season are the overall champions of last season's Liga Nacional de Ascenso Independiente F.C. 2013 Apertura Standings Results Semifinals First leg Second leg Final List of foreign players in the league This is a list of foreign players in Apertura 2013. The following players: have played at least one apertura game for the respective club. have not been capped for the Panama national football team on any level, independently from the birthplace 2014 Clausura Team information Last updated: June 28, 2013 Personnel and sponsoring (2014 Clausura) Standings Results Semifinals First leg Second leg Final List of foreign players in the league This is a list of foreign players in Clausura 2014. The following players: have played at least one apertura game for the respective club. have not been capped for the Panama national football team on any level, independently from the birthplace [1]. External links https://int.soccerway.com/national/panama/lpf/20132014/apertura/r21535/ http://panamafutbol.com/?cat=3 http://somoslasele.com/
location
{ "answer_start": [ 89 ], "text": [ "Panama" ] }
The 2013–14 Liga Panameña de Fútbol season was the 25th season of top-flight football in Panama. The season began on 20 July 2013 and was scheduled to end in May 2014. Ten teams competed throughout the entire season. Teams Atlético Chiriquí finished in 10th place in the overall table last season and were relegated to the Liga Nacional de Ascenso. Taking their place for this season are the overall champions of last season's Liga Nacional de Ascenso Independiente F.C. 2013 Apertura Standings Results Semifinals First leg Second leg Final List of foreign players in the league This is a list of foreign players in Apertura 2013. The following players: have played at least one apertura game for the respective club. have not been capped for the Panama national football team on any level, independently from the birthplace 2014 Clausura Team information Last updated: June 28, 2013 Personnel and sponsoring (2014 Clausura) Standings Results Semifinals First leg Second leg Final List of foreign players in the league This is a list of foreign players in Clausura 2014. The following players: have played at least one apertura game for the respective club. have not been capped for the Panama national football team on any level, independently from the birthplace [1]. External links https://int.soccerway.com/national/panama/lpf/20132014/apertura/r21535/ http://panamafutbol.com/?cat=3 http://somoslasele.com/
number of participants
{ "answer_start": [ 254 ], "text": [ "10" ] }
The 2013–14 Liga Panameña de Fútbol season was the 25th season of top-flight football in Panama. The season began on 20 July 2013 and was scheduled to end in May 2014. Ten teams competed throughout the entire season. Teams Atlético Chiriquí finished in 10th place in the overall table last season and were relegated to the Liga Nacional de Ascenso. Taking their place for this season are the overall champions of last season's Liga Nacional de Ascenso Independiente F.C. 2013 Apertura Standings Results Semifinals First leg Second leg Final List of foreign players in the league This is a list of foreign players in Apertura 2013. The following players: have played at least one apertura game for the respective club. have not been capped for the Panama national football team on any level, independently from the birthplace 2014 Clausura Team information Last updated: June 28, 2013 Personnel and sponsoring (2014 Clausura) Standings Results Semifinals First leg Second leg Final List of foreign players in the league This is a list of foreign players in Clausura 2014. The following players: have played at least one apertura game for the respective club. have not been capped for the Panama national football team on any level, independently from the birthplace [1]. External links https://int.soccerway.com/national/panama/lpf/20132014/apertura/r21535/ http://panamafutbol.com/?cat=3 http://somoslasele.com/
sports season of league or competition
{ "answer_start": [ 12 ], "text": [ "Liga Panameña de Fútbol" ] }
Eucosma ommatoptera is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Japan, China and the Russian Far East. Subspecies Eucosma ommatoptera ommatoptera (Russian Far East) Eucosma ommatoptera kurilensis Kuznetzov, 1968 (Kuril Islands, Japan, China: Henan, Yunnan) == References ==
taxon rank
{ "answer_start": [ 25 ], "text": [ "species" ] }
Eucosma ommatoptera is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Japan, China and the Russian Far East. Subspecies Eucosma ommatoptera ommatoptera (Russian Far East) Eucosma ommatoptera kurilensis Kuznetzov, 1968 (Kuril Islands, Japan, China: Henan, Yunnan) == References ==
parent taxon
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Eucosma" ] }
Eucosma ommatoptera is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Japan, China and the Russian Far East. Subspecies Eucosma ommatoptera ommatoptera (Russian Far East) Eucosma ommatoptera kurilensis Kuznetzov, 1968 (Kuril Islands, Japan, China: Henan, Yunnan) == References ==
taxon name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Eucosma ommatoptera" ] }
Hortense Dufour (born 1946 in Saintes) is a French writer. She spent her childhood and youth in Marennes, Charente-Maritime. Biography Dufour is the daughter of a French magistrate and an Italian musician. She spent three years in Madagascar and Comoros. A great traveler, she went to Europe, England, Ireland, United States, Maghreb countries, etc. In Paris, she studied modern literature. She was devoted to writing from childhood: "I always wrote," she said. "It fell on me as Grace" .. "A day without writing has always been for me a day that has not existed My blood has become ink." She was discovered at age 22 by publisher Jean-Jacques Pauvert. Dufour also participated in the reading committee of Éditions Robert Laffont and collaborated with the Bayard Presse group and other magazines in the form of articles. She is the mother of three children. She is the author of numerous novels and biographies devoted to Calamity Jane, la Comtesse de Ségur, Cleopatra, Marie-Antoinette, Nero, Colette, George Sand, Marie Stuart, Sissi, la Reine Margot, Joan of Arc and Madame de Pompadour. On this subject she declared: "Biographies are my permission to continue writing, novel is history, and history is also a novel." She was awarded the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle in 1978 for her novelLa Marie-Marraine", translated into several languages and adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'Empreinte des géants. She received the Prix du Livre Inter in 1983 for her novel Le Bouchot. She presided the Prix du Livre Inter jury in May 1984. She was awarded the Grand Prix de l'Académie de Saintonge et Médaille de Chardonne in 1990 for La fille du saunier. In 2006, Le bois des abeilles won the Prix des Mouettes Offered by the General Council of Charente-Maritime. Hortense Dufour has been several times the guest of the emblematic TV program Apostrophes by Bernard Pivot. he is also the author of numerous scenarios for TF1 and FR3. The Order of Knight of Arts and Letters was presented to him in July 2010 by the Minister of Culture and Communication. She participated in several parts of the TV program Secrets d'histoire hosted by Stéphane Bern: Cléopâtre pouvait-elle échapper au suicide ? (2007), Marie Stuart : reine martyre ou manipulatrice (2007), Catherine de Médicis, l'intrigante des châteaux de la Loire (2008), Henri IV : le roi de cœur (2009), Sissi impératrice : amour, gloire et tragédie (2011) and Louis II de Bavière, le roi perché (2016). The Prix Hortense Dufour - the godmother of the multimedia library of Marennes - was created in 2010 by the Lions Club of Marennes-Oléron. This prize rewards a first or a second novel. It is given by Hortense Dufour to the author at the municipal library of Marennes. The six first "Prix Hortense Dufour" were: 2010: L'emprise by Sarah Chiche, Grasset 2011: Hôtel Argentina by Pierre Stasse, Flammarion 2012: Ce qu'il advint du sauvage blanc by François Garde, Gallimard 2013: Pour l'honneur de Blanche by Frédérique Volot, Presses de la Cité 2014: Moment d'un coupl by Nelly Alard, Gallimard 2015: La chance que tu as by Denis Michelis, Stock Works 1971: La femme buissonnière, Jean-Jacques Pauvert 1976: La dernière femme de Barbe-Bleue, Grasset, translated into German, 1977 1978: La Marie-Marraine, Grasset, Grand prix des lectrices de Elle, translated into several languages, adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'empreinte des géants 1980: La guenon qui pleure, Grasset 1981: L’écureuil dans la roue, Grasset, adapted to cinema in 1983, by Alain Maline under the title Ni avec toi, ni sans toi 1982: Le Bouchot, Grasset - Prix du Livre Inter 1983 1984: Le tournis, Grasset 1985 Jardins-Labyrinthes (with Georges Vignaux), Grasset 1986: Capitaine Dragée, Grasset 1987: Le Diable Blanc (Le roman de Calamity Jane), Flammarion 1887: La Garde du cocon, Flammarion 1989: Le Château d’absence, Flammarion 1990: Comtesse de Ségur, née Rostopchine, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2002 ISBN 2290317845 1992: La fille du saulnier, Grasset, Grand prix de l'Académie de Saintonge, le livre de poche 1993: La jupière de Meaux, Grasset 1995: L’arbre à perruque, Grasset 1996: Saint Expédit, le jeune homme de ma vie, Bayard presse 1996: La cinquième saison (la vie du grand chef sioux Sitting Bull), Seuil Jeunesse, 1996, Prix Enfantasia de la ville de Genève 1997: Salve Regina, Éditions du Rocher 1997: Eléonore par-dessus les moulins, Éditions du Rocher 1995: Cléopâtre la fatale, Flammarion 1998: Charivari, Seuil 1988: Le perroquet de Tarbes, Éditions du Rocher 1999: Moi, Néron, Flammarion - Poche ISBN 2080675672 2000: Colette, La vagabonde assise, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268034747 2001: Marie-Antoinette, la mal-aimée, Biographie, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2003 ISBN 2290323489 2001: Mademoiselle Noémie, Seuil 2001: Un si grand objet d'amour, Éditions du Rocher ISBN 2268039129 2002: George Sand la somnambule, Éditions du Rocher - J'ai lu, 2004 ISBN 2290324434 2002: Au vent fou de l'esprit, Flammarion, J'ai lu, 2006 ISBN 2290333433 2003: Mon vieux Léon, Seuil, ISBN 2020548356 2003: Sissi, Les forces du destin, Flammarion 2004: L'ange rose, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268052710 2005: Le Bois des abeilles, Flammarion, ISBN 2080685341 2007: Marie Stuart, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher 2008: Ce que l'Océan ne dit pas, Flammarion 2010: Margot, la reine rebelle, Grande Biographie, Flammarion 2012: Jeanne d'Arc, la chanson et la geste, Flammarion 2014: Ces jours heureux, Flammarion 2015: Madame de Pompadour, l’amie nécessaire, Flammarion References External links Hortense Dufour on Babelio Hortense Dufour on SkyRock Hortense Dufour on L'Express (16 January 2003) Hortense Dufour on Ricochet-Jeunes Hortense Dufour: Marennes, c’est mon plus bel encrier on Sud Ouest Festival de la Biographie 2009 : Ce que l'océan ne dit pas on YouTube
place of birth
{ "answer_start": [ 96 ], "text": [ "Marennes" ] }
Hortense Dufour (born 1946 in Saintes) is a French writer. She spent her childhood and youth in Marennes, Charente-Maritime. Biography Dufour is the daughter of a French magistrate and an Italian musician. She spent three years in Madagascar and Comoros. A great traveler, she went to Europe, England, Ireland, United States, Maghreb countries, etc. In Paris, she studied modern literature. She was devoted to writing from childhood: "I always wrote," she said. "It fell on me as Grace" .. "A day without writing has always been for me a day that has not existed My blood has become ink." She was discovered at age 22 by publisher Jean-Jacques Pauvert. Dufour also participated in the reading committee of Éditions Robert Laffont and collaborated with the Bayard Presse group and other magazines in the form of articles. She is the mother of three children. She is the author of numerous novels and biographies devoted to Calamity Jane, la Comtesse de Ségur, Cleopatra, Marie-Antoinette, Nero, Colette, George Sand, Marie Stuart, Sissi, la Reine Margot, Joan of Arc and Madame de Pompadour. On this subject she declared: "Biographies are my permission to continue writing, novel is history, and history is also a novel." She was awarded the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle in 1978 for her novelLa Marie-Marraine", translated into several languages and adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'Empreinte des géants. She received the Prix du Livre Inter in 1983 for her novel Le Bouchot. She presided the Prix du Livre Inter jury in May 1984. She was awarded the Grand Prix de l'Académie de Saintonge et Médaille de Chardonne in 1990 for La fille du saunier. In 2006, Le bois des abeilles won the Prix des Mouettes Offered by the General Council of Charente-Maritime. Hortense Dufour has been several times the guest of the emblematic TV program Apostrophes by Bernard Pivot. he is also the author of numerous scenarios for TF1 and FR3. The Order of Knight of Arts and Letters was presented to him in July 2010 by the Minister of Culture and Communication. She participated in several parts of the TV program Secrets d'histoire hosted by Stéphane Bern: Cléopâtre pouvait-elle échapper au suicide ? (2007), Marie Stuart : reine martyre ou manipulatrice (2007), Catherine de Médicis, l'intrigante des châteaux de la Loire (2008), Henri IV : le roi de cœur (2009), Sissi impératrice : amour, gloire et tragédie (2011) and Louis II de Bavière, le roi perché (2016). The Prix Hortense Dufour - the godmother of the multimedia library of Marennes - was created in 2010 by the Lions Club of Marennes-Oléron. This prize rewards a first or a second novel. It is given by Hortense Dufour to the author at the municipal library of Marennes. The six first "Prix Hortense Dufour" were: 2010: L'emprise by Sarah Chiche, Grasset 2011: Hôtel Argentina by Pierre Stasse, Flammarion 2012: Ce qu'il advint du sauvage blanc by François Garde, Gallimard 2013: Pour l'honneur de Blanche by Frédérique Volot, Presses de la Cité 2014: Moment d'un coupl by Nelly Alard, Gallimard 2015: La chance que tu as by Denis Michelis, Stock Works 1971: La femme buissonnière, Jean-Jacques Pauvert 1976: La dernière femme de Barbe-Bleue, Grasset, translated into German, 1977 1978: La Marie-Marraine, Grasset, Grand prix des lectrices de Elle, translated into several languages, adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'empreinte des géants 1980: La guenon qui pleure, Grasset 1981: L’écureuil dans la roue, Grasset, adapted to cinema in 1983, by Alain Maline under the title Ni avec toi, ni sans toi 1982: Le Bouchot, Grasset - Prix du Livre Inter 1983 1984: Le tournis, Grasset 1985 Jardins-Labyrinthes (with Georges Vignaux), Grasset 1986: Capitaine Dragée, Grasset 1987: Le Diable Blanc (Le roman de Calamity Jane), Flammarion 1887: La Garde du cocon, Flammarion 1989: Le Château d’absence, Flammarion 1990: Comtesse de Ségur, née Rostopchine, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2002 ISBN 2290317845 1992: La fille du saulnier, Grasset, Grand prix de l'Académie de Saintonge, le livre de poche 1993: La jupière de Meaux, Grasset 1995: L’arbre à perruque, Grasset 1996: Saint Expédit, le jeune homme de ma vie, Bayard presse 1996: La cinquième saison (la vie du grand chef sioux Sitting Bull), Seuil Jeunesse, 1996, Prix Enfantasia de la ville de Genève 1997: Salve Regina, Éditions du Rocher 1997: Eléonore par-dessus les moulins, Éditions du Rocher 1995: Cléopâtre la fatale, Flammarion 1998: Charivari, Seuil 1988: Le perroquet de Tarbes, Éditions du Rocher 1999: Moi, Néron, Flammarion - Poche ISBN 2080675672 2000: Colette, La vagabonde assise, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268034747 2001: Marie-Antoinette, la mal-aimée, Biographie, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2003 ISBN 2290323489 2001: Mademoiselle Noémie, Seuil 2001: Un si grand objet d'amour, Éditions du Rocher ISBN 2268039129 2002: George Sand la somnambule, Éditions du Rocher - J'ai lu, 2004 ISBN 2290324434 2002: Au vent fou de l'esprit, Flammarion, J'ai lu, 2006 ISBN 2290333433 2003: Mon vieux Léon, Seuil, ISBN 2020548356 2003: Sissi, Les forces du destin, Flammarion 2004: L'ange rose, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268052710 2005: Le Bois des abeilles, Flammarion, ISBN 2080685341 2007: Marie Stuart, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher 2008: Ce que l'Océan ne dit pas, Flammarion 2010: Margot, la reine rebelle, Grande Biographie, Flammarion 2012: Jeanne d'Arc, la chanson et la geste, Flammarion 2014: Ces jours heureux, Flammarion 2015: Madame de Pompadour, l’amie nécessaire, Flammarion References External links Hortense Dufour on Babelio Hortense Dufour on SkyRock Hortense Dufour on L'Express (16 January 2003) Hortense Dufour on Ricochet-Jeunes Hortense Dufour: Marennes, c’est mon plus bel encrier on Sud Ouest Festival de la Biographie 2009 : Ce que l'océan ne dit pas on YouTube
native language
{ "answer_start": [ 44 ], "text": [ "French" ] }
Hortense Dufour (born 1946 in Saintes) is a French writer. She spent her childhood and youth in Marennes, Charente-Maritime. Biography Dufour is the daughter of a French magistrate and an Italian musician. She spent three years in Madagascar and Comoros. A great traveler, she went to Europe, England, Ireland, United States, Maghreb countries, etc. In Paris, she studied modern literature. She was devoted to writing from childhood: "I always wrote," she said. "It fell on me as Grace" .. "A day without writing has always been for me a day that has not existed My blood has become ink." She was discovered at age 22 by publisher Jean-Jacques Pauvert. Dufour also participated in the reading committee of Éditions Robert Laffont and collaborated with the Bayard Presse group and other magazines in the form of articles. She is the mother of three children. She is the author of numerous novels and biographies devoted to Calamity Jane, la Comtesse de Ségur, Cleopatra, Marie-Antoinette, Nero, Colette, George Sand, Marie Stuart, Sissi, la Reine Margot, Joan of Arc and Madame de Pompadour. On this subject she declared: "Biographies are my permission to continue writing, novel is history, and history is also a novel." She was awarded the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle in 1978 for her novelLa Marie-Marraine", translated into several languages and adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'Empreinte des géants. She received the Prix du Livre Inter in 1983 for her novel Le Bouchot. She presided the Prix du Livre Inter jury in May 1984. She was awarded the Grand Prix de l'Académie de Saintonge et Médaille de Chardonne in 1990 for La fille du saunier. In 2006, Le bois des abeilles won the Prix des Mouettes Offered by the General Council of Charente-Maritime. Hortense Dufour has been several times the guest of the emblematic TV program Apostrophes by Bernard Pivot. he is also the author of numerous scenarios for TF1 and FR3. The Order of Knight of Arts and Letters was presented to him in July 2010 by the Minister of Culture and Communication. She participated in several parts of the TV program Secrets d'histoire hosted by Stéphane Bern: Cléopâtre pouvait-elle échapper au suicide ? (2007), Marie Stuart : reine martyre ou manipulatrice (2007), Catherine de Médicis, l'intrigante des châteaux de la Loire (2008), Henri IV : le roi de cœur (2009), Sissi impératrice : amour, gloire et tragédie (2011) and Louis II de Bavière, le roi perché (2016). The Prix Hortense Dufour - the godmother of the multimedia library of Marennes - was created in 2010 by the Lions Club of Marennes-Oléron. This prize rewards a first or a second novel. It is given by Hortense Dufour to the author at the municipal library of Marennes. The six first "Prix Hortense Dufour" were: 2010: L'emprise by Sarah Chiche, Grasset 2011: Hôtel Argentina by Pierre Stasse, Flammarion 2012: Ce qu'il advint du sauvage blanc by François Garde, Gallimard 2013: Pour l'honneur de Blanche by Frédérique Volot, Presses de la Cité 2014: Moment d'un coupl by Nelly Alard, Gallimard 2015: La chance que tu as by Denis Michelis, Stock Works 1971: La femme buissonnière, Jean-Jacques Pauvert 1976: La dernière femme de Barbe-Bleue, Grasset, translated into German, 1977 1978: La Marie-Marraine, Grasset, Grand prix des lectrices de Elle, translated into several languages, adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'empreinte des géants 1980: La guenon qui pleure, Grasset 1981: L’écureuil dans la roue, Grasset, adapted to cinema in 1983, by Alain Maline under the title Ni avec toi, ni sans toi 1982: Le Bouchot, Grasset - Prix du Livre Inter 1983 1984: Le tournis, Grasset 1985 Jardins-Labyrinthes (with Georges Vignaux), Grasset 1986: Capitaine Dragée, Grasset 1987: Le Diable Blanc (Le roman de Calamity Jane), Flammarion 1887: La Garde du cocon, Flammarion 1989: Le Château d’absence, Flammarion 1990: Comtesse de Ségur, née Rostopchine, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2002 ISBN 2290317845 1992: La fille du saulnier, Grasset, Grand prix de l'Académie de Saintonge, le livre de poche 1993: La jupière de Meaux, Grasset 1995: L’arbre à perruque, Grasset 1996: Saint Expédit, le jeune homme de ma vie, Bayard presse 1996: La cinquième saison (la vie du grand chef sioux Sitting Bull), Seuil Jeunesse, 1996, Prix Enfantasia de la ville de Genève 1997: Salve Regina, Éditions du Rocher 1997: Eléonore par-dessus les moulins, Éditions du Rocher 1995: Cléopâtre la fatale, Flammarion 1998: Charivari, Seuil 1988: Le perroquet de Tarbes, Éditions du Rocher 1999: Moi, Néron, Flammarion - Poche ISBN 2080675672 2000: Colette, La vagabonde assise, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268034747 2001: Marie-Antoinette, la mal-aimée, Biographie, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2003 ISBN 2290323489 2001: Mademoiselle Noémie, Seuil 2001: Un si grand objet d'amour, Éditions du Rocher ISBN 2268039129 2002: George Sand la somnambule, Éditions du Rocher - J'ai lu, 2004 ISBN 2290324434 2002: Au vent fou de l'esprit, Flammarion, J'ai lu, 2006 ISBN 2290333433 2003: Mon vieux Léon, Seuil, ISBN 2020548356 2003: Sissi, Les forces du destin, Flammarion 2004: L'ange rose, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268052710 2005: Le Bois des abeilles, Flammarion, ISBN 2080685341 2007: Marie Stuart, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher 2008: Ce que l'Océan ne dit pas, Flammarion 2010: Margot, la reine rebelle, Grande Biographie, Flammarion 2012: Jeanne d'Arc, la chanson et la geste, Flammarion 2014: Ces jours heureux, Flammarion 2015: Madame de Pompadour, l’amie nécessaire, Flammarion References External links Hortense Dufour on Babelio Hortense Dufour on SkyRock Hortense Dufour on L'Express (16 January 2003) Hortense Dufour on Ricochet-Jeunes Hortense Dufour: Marennes, c’est mon plus bel encrier on Sud Ouest Festival de la Biographie 2009 : Ce que l'océan ne dit pas on YouTube
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 51 ], "text": [ "writer" ] }
Hortense Dufour (born 1946 in Saintes) is a French writer. She spent her childhood and youth in Marennes, Charente-Maritime. Biography Dufour is the daughter of a French magistrate and an Italian musician. She spent three years in Madagascar and Comoros. A great traveler, she went to Europe, England, Ireland, United States, Maghreb countries, etc. In Paris, she studied modern literature. She was devoted to writing from childhood: "I always wrote," she said. "It fell on me as Grace" .. "A day without writing has always been for me a day that has not existed My blood has become ink." She was discovered at age 22 by publisher Jean-Jacques Pauvert. Dufour also participated in the reading committee of Éditions Robert Laffont and collaborated with the Bayard Presse group and other magazines in the form of articles. She is the mother of three children. She is the author of numerous novels and biographies devoted to Calamity Jane, la Comtesse de Ségur, Cleopatra, Marie-Antoinette, Nero, Colette, George Sand, Marie Stuart, Sissi, la Reine Margot, Joan of Arc and Madame de Pompadour. On this subject she declared: "Biographies are my permission to continue writing, novel is history, and history is also a novel." She was awarded the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle in 1978 for her novelLa Marie-Marraine", translated into several languages and adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'Empreinte des géants. She received the Prix du Livre Inter in 1983 for her novel Le Bouchot. She presided the Prix du Livre Inter jury in May 1984. She was awarded the Grand Prix de l'Académie de Saintonge et Médaille de Chardonne in 1990 for La fille du saunier. In 2006, Le bois des abeilles won the Prix des Mouettes Offered by the General Council of Charente-Maritime. Hortense Dufour has been several times the guest of the emblematic TV program Apostrophes by Bernard Pivot. he is also the author of numerous scenarios for TF1 and FR3. The Order of Knight of Arts and Letters was presented to him in July 2010 by the Minister of Culture and Communication. She participated in several parts of the TV program Secrets d'histoire hosted by Stéphane Bern: Cléopâtre pouvait-elle échapper au suicide ? (2007), Marie Stuart : reine martyre ou manipulatrice (2007), Catherine de Médicis, l'intrigante des châteaux de la Loire (2008), Henri IV : le roi de cœur (2009), Sissi impératrice : amour, gloire et tragédie (2011) and Louis II de Bavière, le roi perché (2016). The Prix Hortense Dufour - the godmother of the multimedia library of Marennes - was created in 2010 by the Lions Club of Marennes-Oléron. This prize rewards a first or a second novel. It is given by Hortense Dufour to the author at the municipal library of Marennes. The six first "Prix Hortense Dufour" were: 2010: L'emprise by Sarah Chiche, Grasset 2011: Hôtel Argentina by Pierre Stasse, Flammarion 2012: Ce qu'il advint du sauvage blanc by François Garde, Gallimard 2013: Pour l'honneur de Blanche by Frédérique Volot, Presses de la Cité 2014: Moment d'un coupl by Nelly Alard, Gallimard 2015: La chance que tu as by Denis Michelis, Stock Works 1971: La femme buissonnière, Jean-Jacques Pauvert 1976: La dernière femme de Barbe-Bleue, Grasset, translated into German, 1977 1978: La Marie-Marraine, Grasset, Grand prix des lectrices de Elle, translated into several languages, adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'empreinte des géants 1980: La guenon qui pleure, Grasset 1981: L’écureuil dans la roue, Grasset, adapted to cinema in 1983, by Alain Maline under the title Ni avec toi, ni sans toi 1982: Le Bouchot, Grasset - Prix du Livre Inter 1983 1984: Le tournis, Grasset 1985 Jardins-Labyrinthes (with Georges Vignaux), Grasset 1986: Capitaine Dragée, Grasset 1987: Le Diable Blanc (Le roman de Calamity Jane), Flammarion 1887: La Garde du cocon, Flammarion 1989: Le Château d’absence, Flammarion 1990: Comtesse de Ségur, née Rostopchine, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2002 ISBN 2290317845 1992: La fille du saulnier, Grasset, Grand prix de l'Académie de Saintonge, le livre de poche 1993: La jupière de Meaux, Grasset 1995: L’arbre à perruque, Grasset 1996: Saint Expédit, le jeune homme de ma vie, Bayard presse 1996: La cinquième saison (la vie du grand chef sioux Sitting Bull), Seuil Jeunesse, 1996, Prix Enfantasia de la ville de Genève 1997: Salve Regina, Éditions du Rocher 1997: Eléonore par-dessus les moulins, Éditions du Rocher 1995: Cléopâtre la fatale, Flammarion 1998: Charivari, Seuil 1988: Le perroquet de Tarbes, Éditions du Rocher 1999: Moi, Néron, Flammarion - Poche ISBN 2080675672 2000: Colette, La vagabonde assise, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268034747 2001: Marie-Antoinette, la mal-aimée, Biographie, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2003 ISBN 2290323489 2001: Mademoiselle Noémie, Seuil 2001: Un si grand objet d'amour, Éditions du Rocher ISBN 2268039129 2002: George Sand la somnambule, Éditions du Rocher - J'ai lu, 2004 ISBN 2290324434 2002: Au vent fou de l'esprit, Flammarion, J'ai lu, 2006 ISBN 2290333433 2003: Mon vieux Léon, Seuil, ISBN 2020548356 2003: Sissi, Les forces du destin, Flammarion 2004: L'ange rose, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268052710 2005: Le Bois des abeilles, Flammarion, ISBN 2080685341 2007: Marie Stuart, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher 2008: Ce que l'Océan ne dit pas, Flammarion 2010: Margot, la reine rebelle, Grande Biographie, Flammarion 2012: Jeanne d'Arc, la chanson et la geste, Flammarion 2014: Ces jours heureux, Flammarion 2015: Madame de Pompadour, l’amie nécessaire, Flammarion References External links Hortense Dufour on Babelio Hortense Dufour on SkyRock Hortense Dufour on L'Express (16 January 2003) Hortense Dufour on Ricochet-Jeunes Hortense Dufour: Marennes, c’est mon plus bel encrier on Sud Ouest Festival de la Biographie 2009 : Ce que l'océan ne dit pas on YouTube
award received
{ "answer_start": [ 1242 ], "text": [ "Grand prix des lectrices de Elle" ] }
Hortense Dufour (born 1946 in Saintes) is a French writer. She spent her childhood and youth in Marennes, Charente-Maritime. Biography Dufour is the daughter of a French magistrate and an Italian musician. She spent three years in Madagascar and Comoros. A great traveler, she went to Europe, England, Ireland, United States, Maghreb countries, etc. In Paris, she studied modern literature. She was devoted to writing from childhood: "I always wrote," she said. "It fell on me as Grace" .. "A day without writing has always been for me a day that has not existed My blood has become ink." She was discovered at age 22 by publisher Jean-Jacques Pauvert. Dufour also participated in the reading committee of Éditions Robert Laffont and collaborated with the Bayard Presse group and other magazines in the form of articles. She is the mother of three children. She is the author of numerous novels and biographies devoted to Calamity Jane, la Comtesse de Ségur, Cleopatra, Marie-Antoinette, Nero, Colette, George Sand, Marie Stuart, Sissi, la Reine Margot, Joan of Arc and Madame de Pompadour. On this subject she declared: "Biographies are my permission to continue writing, novel is history, and history is also a novel." She was awarded the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle in 1978 for her novelLa Marie-Marraine", translated into several languages and adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'Empreinte des géants. She received the Prix du Livre Inter in 1983 for her novel Le Bouchot. She presided the Prix du Livre Inter jury in May 1984. She was awarded the Grand Prix de l'Académie de Saintonge et Médaille de Chardonne in 1990 for La fille du saunier. In 2006, Le bois des abeilles won the Prix des Mouettes Offered by the General Council of Charente-Maritime. Hortense Dufour has been several times the guest of the emblematic TV program Apostrophes by Bernard Pivot. he is also the author of numerous scenarios for TF1 and FR3. The Order of Knight of Arts and Letters was presented to him in July 2010 by the Minister of Culture and Communication. She participated in several parts of the TV program Secrets d'histoire hosted by Stéphane Bern: Cléopâtre pouvait-elle échapper au suicide ? (2007), Marie Stuart : reine martyre ou manipulatrice (2007), Catherine de Médicis, l'intrigante des châteaux de la Loire (2008), Henri IV : le roi de cœur (2009), Sissi impératrice : amour, gloire et tragédie (2011) and Louis II de Bavière, le roi perché (2016). The Prix Hortense Dufour - the godmother of the multimedia library of Marennes - was created in 2010 by the Lions Club of Marennes-Oléron. This prize rewards a first or a second novel. It is given by Hortense Dufour to the author at the municipal library of Marennes. The six first "Prix Hortense Dufour" were: 2010: L'emprise by Sarah Chiche, Grasset 2011: Hôtel Argentina by Pierre Stasse, Flammarion 2012: Ce qu'il advint du sauvage blanc by François Garde, Gallimard 2013: Pour l'honneur de Blanche by Frédérique Volot, Presses de la Cité 2014: Moment d'un coupl by Nelly Alard, Gallimard 2015: La chance que tu as by Denis Michelis, Stock Works 1971: La femme buissonnière, Jean-Jacques Pauvert 1976: La dernière femme de Barbe-Bleue, Grasset, translated into German, 1977 1978: La Marie-Marraine, Grasset, Grand prix des lectrices de Elle, translated into several languages, adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'empreinte des géants 1980: La guenon qui pleure, Grasset 1981: L’écureuil dans la roue, Grasset, adapted to cinema in 1983, by Alain Maline under the title Ni avec toi, ni sans toi 1982: Le Bouchot, Grasset - Prix du Livre Inter 1983 1984: Le tournis, Grasset 1985 Jardins-Labyrinthes (with Georges Vignaux), Grasset 1986: Capitaine Dragée, Grasset 1987: Le Diable Blanc (Le roman de Calamity Jane), Flammarion 1887: La Garde du cocon, Flammarion 1989: Le Château d’absence, Flammarion 1990: Comtesse de Ségur, née Rostopchine, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2002 ISBN 2290317845 1992: La fille du saulnier, Grasset, Grand prix de l'Académie de Saintonge, le livre de poche 1993: La jupière de Meaux, Grasset 1995: L’arbre à perruque, Grasset 1996: Saint Expédit, le jeune homme de ma vie, Bayard presse 1996: La cinquième saison (la vie du grand chef sioux Sitting Bull), Seuil Jeunesse, 1996, Prix Enfantasia de la ville de Genève 1997: Salve Regina, Éditions du Rocher 1997: Eléonore par-dessus les moulins, Éditions du Rocher 1995: Cléopâtre la fatale, Flammarion 1998: Charivari, Seuil 1988: Le perroquet de Tarbes, Éditions du Rocher 1999: Moi, Néron, Flammarion - Poche ISBN 2080675672 2000: Colette, La vagabonde assise, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268034747 2001: Marie-Antoinette, la mal-aimée, Biographie, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2003 ISBN 2290323489 2001: Mademoiselle Noémie, Seuil 2001: Un si grand objet d'amour, Éditions du Rocher ISBN 2268039129 2002: George Sand la somnambule, Éditions du Rocher - J'ai lu, 2004 ISBN 2290324434 2002: Au vent fou de l'esprit, Flammarion, J'ai lu, 2006 ISBN 2290333433 2003: Mon vieux Léon, Seuil, ISBN 2020548356 2003: Sissi, Les forces du destin, Flammarion 2004: L'ange rose, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268052710 2005: Le Bois des abeilles, Flammarion, ISBN 2080685341 2007: Marie Stuart, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher 2008: Ce que l'Océan ne dit pas, Flammarion 2010: Margot, la reine rebelle, Grande Biographie, Flammarion 2012: Jeanne d'Arc, la chanson et la geste, Flammarion 2014: Ces jours heureux, Flammarion 2015: Madame de Pompadour, l’amie nécessaire, Flammarion References External links Hortense Dufour on Babelio Hortense Dufour on SkyRock Hortense Dufour on L'Express (16 January 2003) Hortense Dufour on Ricochet-Jeunes Hortense Dufour: Marennes, c’est mon plus bel encrier on Sud Ouest Festival de la Biographie 2009 : Ce que l'océan ne dit pas on YouTube
family name
{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Dufour" ] }
Hortense Dufour (born 1946 in Saintes) is a French writer. She spent her childhood and youth in Marennes, Charente-Maritime. Biography Dufour is the daughter of a French magistrate and an Italian musician. She spent three years in Madagascar and Comoros. A great traveler, she went to Europe, England, Ireland, United States, Maghreb countries, etc. In Paris, she studied modern literature. She was devoted to writing from childhood: "I always wrote," she said. "It fell on me as Grace" .. "A day without writing has always been for me a day that has not existed My blood has become ink." She was discovered at age 22 by publisher Jean-Jacques Pauvert. Dufour also participated in the reading committee of Éditions Robert Laffont and collaborated with the Bayard Presse group and other magazines in the form of articles. She is the mother of three children. She is the author of numerous novels and biographies devoted to Calamity Jane, la Comtesse de Ségur, Cleopatra, Marie-Antoinette, Nero, Colette, George Sand, Marie Stuart, Sissi, la Reine Margot, Joan of Arc and Madame de Pompadour. On this subject she declared: "Biographies are my permission to continue writing, novel is history, and history is also a novel." She was awarded the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle in 1978 for her novelLa Marie-Marraine", translated into several languages and adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'Empreinte des géants. She received the Prix du Livre Inter in 1983 for her novel Le Bouchot. She presided the Prix du Livre Inter jury in May 1984. She was awarded the Grand Prix de l'Académie de Saintonge et Médaille de Chardonne in 1990 for La fille du saunier. In 2006, Le bois des abeilles won the Prix des Mouettes Offered by the General Council of Charente-Maritime. Hortense Dufour has been several times the guest of the emblematic TV program Apostrophes by Bernard Pivot. he is also the author of numerous scenarios for TF1 and FR3. The Order of Knight of Arts and Letters was presented to him in July 2010 by the Minister of Culture and Communication. She participated in several parts of the TV program Secrets d'histoire hosted by Stéphane Bern: Cléopâtre pouvait-elle échapper au suicide ? (2007), Marie Stuart : reine martyre ou manipulatrice (2007), Catherine de Médicis, l'intrigante des châteaux de la Loire (2008), Henri IV : le roi de cœur (2009), Sissi impératrice : amour, gloire et tragédie (2011) and Louis II de Bavière, le roi perché (2016). The Prix Hortense Dufour - the godmother of the multimedia library of Marennes - was created in 2010 by the Lions Club of Marennes-Oléron. This prize rewards a first or a second novel. It is given by Hortense Dufour to the author at the municipal library of Marennes. The six first "Prix Hortense Dufour" were: 2010: L'emprise by Sarah Chiche, Grasset 2011: Hôtel Argentina by Pierre Stasse, Flammarion 2012: Ce qu'il advint du sauvage blanc by François Garde, Gallimard 2013: Pour l'honneur de Blanche by Frédérique Volot, Presses de la Cité 2014: Moment d'un coupl by Nelly Alard, Gallimard 2015: La chance que tu as by Denis Michelis, Stock Works 1971: La femme buissonnière, Jean-Jacques Pauvert 1976: La dernière femme de Barbe-Bleue, Grasset, translated into German, 1977 1978: La Marie-Marraine, Grasset, Grand prix des lectrices de Elle, translated into several languages, adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'empreinte des géants 1980: La guenon qui pleure, Grasset 1981: L’écureuil dans la roue, Grasset, adapted to cinema in 1983, by Alain Maline under the title Ni avec toi, ni sans toi 1982: Le Bouchot, Grasset - Prix du Livre Inter 1983 1984: Le tournis, Grasset 1985 Jardins-Labyrinthes (with Georges Vignaux), Grasset 1986: Capitaine Dragée, Grasset 1987: Le Diable Blanc (Le roman de Calamity Jane), Flammarion 1887: La Garde du cocon, Flammarion 1989: Le Château d’absence, Flammarion 1990: Comtesse de Ségur, née Rostopchine, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2002 ISBN 2290317845 1992: La fille du saulnier, Grasset, Grand prix de l'Académie de Saintonge, le livre de poche 1993: La jupière de Meaux, Grasset 1995: L’arbre à perruque, Grasset 1996: Saint Expédit, le jeune homme de ma vie, Bayard presse 1996: La cinquième saison (la vie du grand chef sioux Sitting Bull), Seuil Jeunesse, 1996, Prix Enfantasia de la ville de Genève 1997: Salve Regina, Éditions du Rocher 1997: Eléonore par-dessus les moulins, Éditions du Rocher 1995: Cléopâtre la fatale, Flammarion 1998: Charivari, Seuil 1988: Le perroquet de Tarbes, Éditions du Rocher 1999: Moi, Néron, Flammarion - Poche ISBN 2080675672 2000: Colette, La vagabonde assise, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268034747 2001: Marie-Antoinette, la mal-aimée, Biographie, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2003 ISBN 2290323489 2001: Mademoiselle Noémie, Seuil 2001: Un si grand objet d'amour, Éditions du Rocher ISBN 2268039129 2002: George Sand la somnambule, Éditions du Rocher - J'ai lu, 2004 ISBN 2290324434 2002: Au vent fou de l'esprit, Flammarion, J'ai lu, 2006 ISBN 2290333433 2003: Mon vieux Léon, Seuil, ISBN 2020548356 2003: Sissi, Les forces du destin, Flammarion 2004: L'ange rose, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268052710 2005: Le Bois des abeilles, Flammarion, ISBN 2080685341 2007: Marie Stuart, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher 2008: Ce que l'Océan ne dit pas, Flammarion 2010: Margot, la reine rebelle, Grande Biographie, Flammarion 2012: Jeanne d'Arc, la chanson et la geste, Flammarion 2014: Ces jours heureux, Flammarion 2015: Madame de Pompadour, l’amie nécessaire, Flammarion References External links Hortense Dufour on Babelio Hortense Dufour on SkyRock Hortense Dufour on L'Express (16 January 2003) Hortense Dufour on Ricochet-Jeunes Hortense Dufour: Marennes, c’est mon plus bel encrier on Sud Ouest Festival de la Biographie 2009 : Ce que l'océan ne dit pas on YouTube
given name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Hortense" ] }
Hortense Dufour (born 1946 in Saintes) is a French writer. She spent her childhood and youth in Marennes, Charente-Maritime. Biography Dufour is the daughter of a French magistrate and an Italian musician. She spent three years in Madagascar and Comoros. A great traveler, she went to Europe, England, Ireland, United States, Maghreb countries, etc. In Paris, she studied modern literature. She was devoted to writing from childhood: "I always wrote," she said. "It fell on me as Grace" .. "A day without writing has always been for me a day that has not existed My blood has become ink." She was discovered at age 22 by publisher Jean-Jacques Pauvert. Dufour also participated in the reading committee of Éditions Robert Laffont and collaborated with the Bayard Presse group and other magazines in the form of articles. She is the mother of three children. She is the author of numerous novels and biographies devoted to Calamity Jane, la Comtesse de Ségur, Cleopatra, Marie-Antoinette, Nero, Colette, George Sand, Marie Stuart, Sissi, la Reine Margot, Joan of Arc and Madame de Pompadour. On this subject she declared: "Biographies are my permission to continue writing, novel is history, and history is also a novel." She was awarded the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle in 1978 for her novelLa Marie-Marraine", translated into several languages and adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'Empreinte des géants. She received the Prix du Livre Inter in 1983 for her novel Le Bouchot. She presided the Prix du Livre Inter jury in May 1984. She was awarded the Grand Prix de l'Académie de Saintonge et Médaille de Chardonne in 1990 for La fille du saunier. In 2006, Le bois des abeilles won the Prix des Mouettes Offered by the General Council of Charente-Maritime. Hortense Dufour has been several times the guest of the emblematic TV program Apostrophes by Bernard Pivot. he is also the author of numerous scenarios for TF1 and FR3. The Order of Knight of Arts and Letters was presented to him in July 2010 by the Minister of Culture and Communication. She participated in several parts of the TV program Secrets d'histoire hosted by Stéphane Bern: Cléopâtre pouvait-elle échapper au suicide ? (2007), Marie Stuart : reine martyre ou manipulatrice (2007), Catherine de Médicis, l'intrigante des châteaux de la Loire (2008), Henri IV : le roi de cœur (2009), Sissi impératrice : amour, gloire et tragédie (2011) and Louis II de Bavière, le roi perché (2016). The Prix Hortense Dufour - the godmother of the multimedia library of Marennes - was created in 2010 by the Lions Club of Marennes-Oléron. This prize rewards a first or a second novel. It is given by Hortense Dufour to the author at the municipal library of Marennes. The six first "Prix Hortense Dufour" were: 2010: L'emprise by Sarah Chiche, Grasset 2011: Hôtel Argentina by Pierre Stasse, Flammarion 2012: Ce qu'il advint du sauvage blanc by François Garde, Gallimard 2013: Pour l'honneur de Blanche by Frédérique Volot, Presses de la Cité 2014: Moment d'un coupl by Nelly Alard, Gallimard 2015: La chance que tu as by Denis Michelis, Stock Works 1971: La femme buissonnière, Jean-Jacques Pauvert 1976: La dernière femme de Barbe-Bleue, Grasset, translated into German, 1977 1978: La Marie-Marraine, Grasset, Grand prix des lectrices de Elle, translated into several languages, adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'empreinte des géants 1980: La guenon qui pleure, Grasset 1981: L’écureuil dans la roue, Grasset, adapted to cinema in 1983, by Alain Maline under the title Ni avec toi, ni sans toi 1982: Le Bouchot, Grasset - Prix du Livre Inter 1983 1984: Le tournis, Grasset 1985 Jardins-Labyrinthes (with Georges Vignaux), Grasset 1986: Capitaine Dragée, Grasset 1987: Le Diable Blanc (Le roman de Calamity Jane), Flammarion 1887: La Garde du cocon, Flammarion 1989: Le Château d’absence, Flammarion 1990: Comtesse de Ségur, née Rostopchine, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2002 ISBN 2290317845 1992: La fille du saulnier, Grasset, Grand prix de l'Académie de Saintonge, le livre de poche 1993: La jupière de Meaux, Grasset 1995: L’arbre à perruque, Grasset 1996: Saint Expédit, le jeune homme de ma vie, Bayard presse 1996: La cinquième saison (la vie du grand chef sioux Sitting Bull), Seuil Jeunesse, 1996, Prix Enfantasia de la ville de Genève 1997: Salve Regina, Éditions du Rocher 1997: Eléonore par-dessus les moulins, Éditions du Rocher 1995: Cléopâtre la fatale, Flammarion 1998: Charivari, Seuil 1988: Le perroquet de Tarbes, Éditions du Rocher 1999: Moi, Néron, Flammarion - Poche ISBN 2080675672 2000: Colette, La vagabonde assise, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268034747 2001: Marie-Antoinette, la mal-aimée, Biographie, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2003 ISBN 2290323489 2001: Mademoiselle Noémie, Seuil 2001: Un si grand objet d'amour, Éditions du Rocher ISBN 2268039129 2002: George Sand la somnambule, Éditions du Rocher - J'ai lu, 2004 ISBN 2290324434 2002: Au vent fou de l'esprit, Flammarion, J'ai lu, 2006 ISBN 2290333433 2003: Mon vieux Léon, Seuil, ISBN 2020548356 2003: Sissi, Les forces du destin, Flammarion 2004: L'ange rose, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268052710 2005: Le Bois des abeilles, Flammarion, ISBN 2080685341 2007: Marie Stuart, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher 2008: Ce que l'Océan ne dit pas, Flammarion 2010: Margot, la reine rebelle, Grande Biographie, Flammarion 2012: Jeanne d'Arc, la chanson et la geste, Flammarion 2014: Ces jours heureux, Flammarion 2015: Madame de Pompadour, l’amie nécessaire, Flammarion References External links Hortense Dufour on Babelio Hortense Dufour on SkyRock Hortense Dufour on L'Express (16 January 2003) Hortense Dufour on Ricochet-Jeunes Hortense Dufour: Marennes, c’est mon plus bel encrier on Sud Ouest Festival de la Biographie 2009 : Ce que l'océan ne dit pas on YouTube
languages spoken, written or signed
{ "answer_start": [ 44 ], "text": [ "French" ] }
Hortense Dufour (born 1946 in Saintes) is a French writer. She spent her childhood and youth in Marennes, Charente-Maritime. Biography Dufour is the daughter of a French magistrate and an Italian musician. She spent three years in Madagascar and Comoros. A great traveler, she went to Europe, England, Ireland, United States, Maghreb countries, etc. In Paris, she studied modern literature. She was devoted to writing from childhood: "I always wrote," she said. "It fell on me as Grace" .. "A day without writing has always been for me a day that has not existed My blood has become ink." She was discovered at age 22 by publisher Jean-Jacques Pauvert. Dufour also participated in the reading committee of Éditions Robert Laffont and collaborated with the Bayard Presse group and other magazines in the form of articles. She is the mother of three children. She is the author of numerous novels and biographies devoted to Calamity Jane, la Comtesse de Ségur, Cleopatra, Marie-Antoinette, Nero, Colette, George Sand, Marie Stuart, Sissi, la Reine Margot, Joan of Arc and Madame de Pompadour. On this subject she declared: "Biographies are my permission to continue writing, novel is history, and history is also a novel." She was awarded the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle in 1978 for her novelLa Marie-Marraine", translated into several languages and adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'Empreinte des géants. She received the Prix du Livre Inter in 1983 for her novel Le Bouchot. She presided the Prix du Livre Inter jury in May 1984. She was awarded the Grand Prix de l'Académie de Saintonge et Médaille de Chardonne in 1990 for La fille du saunier. In 2006, Le bois des abeilles won the Prix des Mouettes Offered by the General Council of Charente-Maritime. Hortense Dufour has been several times the guest of the emblematic TV program Apostrophes by Bernard Pivot. he is also the author of numerous scenarios for TF1 and FR3. The Order of Knight of Arts and Letters was presented to him in July 2010 by the Minister of Culture and Communication. She participated in several parts of the TV program Secrets d'histoire hosted by Stéphane Bern: Cléopâtre pouvait-elle échapper au suicide ? (2007), Marie Stuart : reine martyre ou manipulatrice (2007), Catherine de Médicis, l'intrigante des châteaux de la Loire (2008), Henri IV : le roi de cœur (2009), Sissi impératrice : amour, gloire et tragédie (2011) and Louis II de Bavière, le roi perché (2016). The Prix Hortense Dufour - the godmother of the multimedia library of Marennes - was created in 2010 by the Lions Club of Marennes-Oléron. This prize rewards a first or a second novel. It is given by Hortense Dufour to the author at the municipal library of Marennes. The six first "Prix Hortense Dufour" were: 2010: L'emprise by Sarah Chiche, Grasset 2011: Hôtel Argentina by Pierre Stasse, Flammarion 2012: Ce qu'il advint du sauvage blanc by François Garde, Gallimard 2013: Pour l'honneur de Blanche by Frédérique Volot, Presses de la Cité 2014: Moment d'un coupl by Nelly Alard, Gallimard 2015: La chance que tu as by Denis Michelis, Stock Works 1971: La femme buissonnière, Jean-Jacques Pauvert 1976: La dernière femme de Barbe-Bleue, Grasset, translated into German, 1977 1978: La Marie-Marraine, Grasset, Grand prix des lectrices de Elle, translated into several languages, adapted to the screen by Robert Enrico under the title L'empreinte des géants 1980: La guenon qui pleure, Grasset 1981: L’écureuil dans la roue, Grasset, adapted to cinema in 1983, by Alain Maline under the title Ni avec toi, ni sans toi 1982: Le Bouchot, Grasset - Prix du Livre Inter 1983 1984: Le tournis, Grasset 1985 Jardins-Labyrinthes (with Georges Vignaux), Grasset 1986: Capitaine Dragée, Grasset 1987: Le Diable Blanc (Le roman de Calamity Jane), Flammarion 1887: La Garde du cocon, Flammarion 1989: Le Château d’absence, Flammarion 1990: Comtesse de Ségur, née Rostopchine, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2002 ISBN 2290317845 1992: La fille du saulnier, Grasset, Grand prix de l'Académie de Saintonge, le livre de poche 1993: La jupière de Meaux, Grasset 1995: L’arbre à perruque, Grasset 1996: Saint Expédit, le jeune homme de ma vie, Bayard presse 1996: La cinquième saison (la vie du grand chef sioux Sitting Bull), Seuil Jeunesse, 1996, Prix Enfantasia de la ville de Genève 1997: Salve Regina, Éditions du Rocher 1997: Eléonore par-dessus les moulins, Éditions du Rocher 1995: Cléopâtre la fatale, Flammarion 1998: Charivari, Seuil 1988: Le perroquet de Tarbes, Éditions du Rocher 1999: Moi, Néron, Flammarion - Poche ISBN 2080675672 2000: Colette, La vagabonde assise, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268034747 2001: Marie-Antoinette, la mal-aimée, Biographie, Flammarion - J'ai lu, 2003 ISBN 2290323489 2001: Mademoiselle Noémie, Seuil 2001: Un si grand objet d'amour, Éditions du Rocher ISBN 2268039129 2002: George Sand la somnambule, Éditions du Rocher - J'ai lu, 2004 ISBN 2290324434 2002: Au vent fou de l'esprit, Flammarion, J'ai lu, 2006 ISBN 2290333433 2003: Mon vieux Léon, Seuil, ISBN 2020548356 2003: Sissi, Les forces du destin, Flammarion 2004: L'ange rose, Éditions du Rocher, ISBN 2268052710 2005: Le Bois des abeilles, Flammarion, ISBN 2080685341 2007: Marie Stuart, Grande Biographie, Éditions du Rocher 2008: Ce que l'Océan ne dit pas, Flammarion 2010: Margot, la reine rebelle, Grande Biographie, Flammarion 2012: Jeanne d'Arc, la chanson et la geste, Flammarion 2014: Ces jours heureux, Flammarion 2015: Madame de Pompadour, l’amie nécessaire, Flammarion References External links Hortense Dufour on Babelio Hortense Dufour on SkyRock Hortense Dufour on L'Express (16 January 2003) Hortense Dufour on Ricochet-Jeunes Hortense Dufour: Marennes, c’est mon plus bel encrier on Sud Ouest Festival de la Biographie 2009 : Ce que l'océan ne dit pas on YouTube
name in native language
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Hortense Dufour" ] }
Ngāti Pūkenga is a Māori iwi centred in Tauranga in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand. Its rohe (tribal area) extends to Mayor Island / Tuhua and Waihi in the north, to the Kaimai Range in the west, south of Te Puke and to Maketu in the east, and it has tribal holdings in Whangarei, Hauraki and Maketu.Ngāti Pūkenga is part of the Tauranga Moana iwi group, which also includes Ngāi Te Rangi and Ngāti Ranginui. The three iwi all consider Mauao (Mt Maunganui) sacred and share many things in common. Collectively, the iwi are seeking compensation from the New Zealand Government for their losses from the New Zealand Wars but are yet to seek a settlement. History Pūkenga is the founding ancestor of the iwi. Pūkenga was of Mātaatua descent, and spent his life in Ruatoki. Upon his death, his people, known as Ngāti Hā, moved east towards Opotiki. This resulted in the displacement of the tribe of Rōmainohorangi. Later, the displaced tribe, now known as Ngāti Te Rangihouhiri, requested the help of Ngāti Hā in battle. For their assistance, Ngāti Pūkenga, as they were now known, were given land in Tauranga, where their main settlements still stand today. Ngāti Pūkenga also received land given to them in Hauraki, the little village of Manaia, where direct descendants of Ngāti Pūkenga, and Pūkenga himself still remain. Hapū and marae The iwi is made up of 8 hapū (sub-tribes): Ngāti Hinemotu, Ngāti Kiorekino, Ngāti Kohokino, Ngāti Te Matau, Ngāti Te Rākau, Ngāti Tōwhare, Ngāti Whakina and Te Tāwera.The hapū share two marae (meeting grounds) and wharenui (meeting houses): Waitao Marae and Te Whetū o Te Rangi wharenui in Tauranga Manaia Marae and Te Kou o Rehua wharenui in Manaia Governance Te Tāwharau o Ngāti Pūkenga is the governance entity recognised by the New Zealand Government to represent Ngāti Pūkenga following its Treaty of Waitangi settlement with the Crown on 7 April 2013. The trust is governed by one trustee from each of the four kainga: Pakikaikutu, Tokaanu, Manaia, and Tauranga. It is a member of the Hauraki Collective. As of 2016, the chair of the trust is Jocelyn Mikaere-Hollis, the general manager is Areta Gray, and the trust is based in Tauranga.Ngāti Pūkenga Iwi ki Tauranga Trust is the mandated iwi organisation for Ngāti Pūkenga under the Māori Fisheries Act, an iwi acquaculture organisation in the Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act, a Tūhono organisation, and the iwi authority representing Ngāti Pūkenga under the Resource Management Act. It is charitable trust governed by six trustees from iwi whānui. As of 2016, the chairperson of the trust is Rehua Smallman and the trust is based in Tauranga.The iwi has interests in the territory of Bay of Plenty Regional Council, Western Bay of Plenty District Council and Tauranga City Council. Media Moana Radio is the radio station of all three iwi. It is available on 1440 AM and 98.2 FM in Tauranga and across the Bay of Plenty. Moana previously operated youth-oriented urban contemporary Tahi FM between 2003 and late 2011. Notable people John Atirau Asher, tribal leader Georgina Kingi, school principal Katherine Te Rongokahira Parata, tribal elder Rahera Te Kahuhiapo, tribal leader Joe Williams (judge), Supreme Court Justice See also List of Māori iwi References External links Ngāti Pūkenga website
country
{ "answer_start": [ 80 ], "text": [ "New Zealand" ] }
Ngāti Pūkenga is a Māori iwi centred in Tauranga in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand. Its rohe (tribal area) extends to Mayor Island / Tuhua and Waihi in the north, to the Kaimai Range in the west, south of Te Puke and to Maketu in the east, and it has tribal holdings in Whangarei, Hauraki and Maketu.Ngāti Pūkenga is part of the Tauranga Moana iwi group, which also includes Ngāi Te Rangi and Ngāti Ranginui. The three iwi all consider Mauao (Mt Maunganui) sacred and share many things in common. Collectively, the iwi are seeking compensation from the New Zealand Government for their losses from the New Zealand Wars but are yet to seek a settlement. History Pūkenga is the founding ancestor of the iwi. Pūkenga was of Mātaatua descent, and spent his life in Ruatoki. Upon his death, his people, known as Ngāti Hā, moved east towards Opotiki. This resulted in the displacement of the tribe of Rōmainohorangi. Later, the displaced tribe, now known as Ngāti Te Rangihouhiri, requested the help of Ngāti Hā in battle. For their assistance, Ngāti Pūkenga, as they were now known, were given land in Tauranga, where their main settlements still stand today. Ngāti Pūkenga also received land given to them in Hauraki, the little village of Manaia, where direct descendants of Ngāti Pūkenga, and Pūkenga himself still remain. Hapū and marae The iwi is made up of 8 hapū (sub-tribes): Ngāti Hinemotu, Ngāti Kiorekino, Ngāti Kohokino, Ngāti Te Matau, Ngāti Te Rākau, Ngāti Tōwhare, Ngāti Whakina and Te Tāwera.The hapū share two marae (meeting grounds) and wharenui (meeting houses): Waitao Marae and Te Whetū o Te Rangi wharenui in Tauranga Manaia Marae and Te Kou o Rehua wharenui in Manaia Governance Te Tāwharau o Ngāti Pūkenga is the governance entity recognised by the New Zealand Government to represent Ngāti Pūkenga following its Treaty of Waitangi settlement with the Crown on 7 April 2013. The trust is governed by one trustee from each of the four kainga: Pakikaikutu, Tokaanu, Manaia, and Tauranga. It is a member of the Hauraki Collective. As of 2016, the chair of the trust is Jocelyn Mikaere-Hollis, the general manager is Areta Gray, and the trust is based in Tauranga.Ngāti Pūkenga Iwi ki Tauranga Trust is the mandated iwi organisation for Ngāti Pūkenga under the Māori Fisheries Act, an iwi acquaculture organisation in the Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act, a Tūhono organisation, and the iwi authority representing Ngāti Pūkenga under the Resource Management Act. It is charitable trust governed by six trustees from iwi whānui. As of 2016, the chairperson of the trust is Rehua Smallman and the trust is based in Tauranga.The iwi has interests in the territory of Bay of Plenty Regional Council, Western Bay of Plenty District Council and Tauranga City Council. Media Moana Radio is the radio station of all three iwi. It is available on 1440 AM and 98.2 FM in Tauranga and across the Bay of Plenty. Moana previously operated youth-oriented urban contemporary Tahi FM between 2003 and late 2011. Notable people John Atirau Asher, tribal leader Georgina Kingi, school principal Katherine Te Rongokahira Parata, tribal elder Rahera Te Kahuhiapo, tribal leader Joe Williams (judge), Supreme Court Justice See also List of Māori iwi References External links Ngāti Pūkenga website
instance of
{ "answer_start": [ 25 ], "text": [ "iwi" ] }
Enzo Rosa (Balzola, April 24, 1913 – Varazze, February 20, 1994) was an Italian professional football player. Honours Serie A champion: 1931/32.
place of birth
{ "answer_start": [ 11 ], "text": [ "Balzola" ] }
Enzo Rosa (Balzola, April 24, 1913 – Varazze, February 20, 1994) was an Italian professional football player. Honours Serie A champion: 1931/32.
place of death
{ "answer_start": [ 37 ], "text": [ "Varazze" ] }
Enzo Rosa (Balzola, April 24, 1913 – Varazze, February 20, 1994) was an Italian professional football player. Honours Serie A champion: 1931/32.
family name
{ "answer_start": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Rosa" ] }
Enzo Rosa (Balzola, April 24, 1913 – Varazze, February 20, 1994) was an Italian professional football player. Honours Serie A champion: 1931/32.
given name
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Enzo" ] }
Enzo Rosa (Balzola, April 24, 1913 – Varazze, February 20, 1994) was an Italian professional football player. Honours Serie A champion: 1931/32.
languages spoken, written or signed
{ "answer_start": [ 72 ], "text": [ "Italian" ] }
Charles H. Scott (October 18, 1860 – ?) was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington House of Representatives. == References ==
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 56 ], "text": [ "politician" ] }
Charles H. Scott (October 18, 1860 – ?) was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington House of Representatives. == References ==
family name
{ "answer_start": [ 11 ], "text": [ "Scott" ] }
GM2 ganglioside activator also known as GM2A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GM2A gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a small glycolipid transport protein which acts as a substrate specific co-factor for the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase A. β-hexosaminidase A, together with GM2 ganglioside activator, catalyzes the degradation of the ganglioside GM2, and other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines. GM2A is a lipid transfer protein that stimulates the enzymatic processing of gangliosides, and also T-cell activation through lipid presentation. This protein binds molecules of ganglioside GM2, extracts them from membranes, and presents them to beta-hexosaminidase A for cleavage of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and conversion to GM3. It was identified as a member of ML domain family of proteins involved in innate immunity and lipid metabolism in the SMART database. [1]. Regulation In melanocytic cells GM2A gene expression may be regulated by MITF. Clinical significance Mutations in this gene, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, result in GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant, a rare GM2 gangliosidosis that has symptoms and pathology identical with Tay–Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease.GM2A mutations are rarely reported, and the cases that are observed often occur with consanguineous parents or in genetically isolated populations.Because AB variant is so rarely diagnosed, even in infants, it is likely that most mutations of GM2A are fatal in the fetus in homozygotes and genetic compounds, and thus are never observed clinically. See also Gangliosidosis Sandhoff disease Tay–Sachs disease Hexosaminidase GM1 References == Further reading ==
subclass of
{ "answer_start": [ 97 ], "text": [ "gene" ] }
GM2 ganglioside activator also known as GM2A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GM2A gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a small glycolipid transport protein which acts as a substrate specific co-factor for the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase A. β-hexosaminidase A, together with GM2 ganglioside activator, catalyzes the degradation of the ganglioside GM2, and other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines. GM2A is a lipid transfer protein that stimulates the enzymatic processing of gangliosides, and also T-cell activation through lipid presentation. This protein binds molecules of ganglioside GM2, extracts them from membranes, and presents them to beta-hexosaminidase A for cleavage of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and conversion to GM3. It was identified as a member of ML domain family of proteins involved in innate immunity and lipid metabolism in the SMART database. [1]. Regulation In melanocytic cells GM2A gene expression may be regulated by MITF. Clinical significance Mutations in this gene, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, result in GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant, a rare GM2 gangliosidosis that has symptoms and pathology identical with Tay–Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease.GM2A mutations are rarely reported, and the cases that are observed often occur with consanguineous parents or in genetically isolated populations.Because AB variant is so rarely diagnosed, even in infants, it is likely that most mutations of GM2A are fatal in the fetus in homozygotes and genetic compounds, and thus are never observed clinically. See also Gangliosidosis Sandhoff disease Tay–Sachs disease Hexosaminidase GM1 References == Further reading ==
encodes
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "GM2 ganglioside activator" ] }
GM2 ganglioside activator also known as GM2A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GM2A gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a small glycolipid transport protein which acts as a substrate specific co-factor for the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase A. β-hexosaminidase A, together with GM2 ganglioside activator, catalyzes the degradation of the ganglioside GM2, and other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines. GM2A is a lipid transfer protein that stimulates the enzymatic processing of gangliosides, and also T-cell activation through lipid presentation. This protein binds molecules of ganglioside GM2, extracts them from membranes, and presents them to beta-hexosaminidase A for cleavage of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and conversion to GM3. It was identified as a member of ML domain family of proteins involved in innate immunity and lipid metabolism in the SMART database. [1]. Regulation In melanocytic cells GM2A gene expression may be regulated by MITF. Clinical significance Mutations in this gene, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, result in GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant, a rare GM2 gangliosidosis that has symptoms and pathology identical with Tay–Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease.GM2A mutations are rarely reported, and the cases that are observed often occur with consanguineous parents or in genetically isolated populations.Because AB variant is so rarely diagnosed, even in infants, it is likely that most mutations of GM2A are fatal in the fetus in homozygotes and genetic compounds, and thus are never observed clinically. See also Gangliosidosis Sandhoff disease Tay–Sachs disease Hexosaminidase GM1 References == Further reading ==
instance of
{ "answer_start": [ 97 ], "text": [ "gene" ] }
GM2 ganglioside activator also known as GM2A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GM2A gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a small glycolipid transport protein which acts as a substrate specific co-factor for the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase A. β-hexosaminidase A, together with GM2 ganglioside activator, catalyzes the degradation of the ganglioside GM2, and other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines. GM2A is a lipid transfer protein that stimulates the enzymatic processing of gangliosides, and also T-cell activation through lipid presentation. This protein binds molecules of ganglioside GM2, extracts them from membranes, and presents them to beta-hexosaminidase A for cleavage of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and conversion to GM3. It was identified as a member of ML domain family of proteins involved in innate immunity and lipid metabolism in the SMART database. [1]. Regulation In melanocytic cells GM2A gene expression may be regulated by MITF. Clinical significance Mutations in this gene, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, result in GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant, a rare GM2 gangliosidosis that has symptoms and pathology identical with Tay–Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease.GM2A mutations are rarely reported, and the cases that are observed often occur with consanguineous parents or in genetically isolated populations.Because AB variant is so rarely diagnosed, even in infants, it is likely that most mutations of GM2A are fatal in the fetus in homozygotes and genetic compounds, and thus are never observed clinically. See also Gangliosidosis Sandhoff disease Tay–Sachs disease Hexosaminidase GM1 References == Further reading ==
HGNC gene symbol
{ "answer_start": [ 40 ], "text": [ "GM2A" ] }
Chong Chieng Jen (simplified Chinese: 张健仁; traditional Chinese: 張健仁; pinyin: Zhāng Jiànrén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiuⁿ Kiān-jîn; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chông Khien-ìn, born 12 February 1971), is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stampin since May 2018 and Member of the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Padungan since December 2021. He served as the Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and former Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail from July 2018 to the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020, State Leader of the Opposition of Sarawak from June 2013 to November 2020, MP for Bandar Kuching from March 2004 to May 2018 and MLA for Kota Sentosa from May 2006 to December 2021. He is a member, National Vice-Chairman, State Chairman of Sarawak, Branch Chairman of Kuching and State Youth Advisor of Sarawak as well as Bandar Kuching of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the PH coalition. Personal life and education Chong started his primary education in SJK(C) Methodist (Methodist Chinese National Primary School), Sibu. He continued his Primary 3 to 5 education at Kuching's SJK(C) Chung Hua No. 3 (Chung Hua No. 3 Chinese National Primary School), and Primary 6 at SRK St. Theresa Padungan (St. Theresa Padungan National Primary School), Kuching. Chong later undertook his secondary education in SMK St. Joseph, Kuching (St. Joseph, Kuching National Secondary School) and Saint Patrick's School, Singapore. He was admitted into Victoria Junior College, one of the top junior colleges in Singapore. Chong pursued his tertiary studies at the Australian National University, Canberra and graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce, majoring in accounting & economics, and Bachelor of Laws. Legal career He works as an advocate in Kuching and is attached to the legal firm Messrs Chong Brothers Advocates. Political career Chong first took part in the 10th Malaysian general election, contesting for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat as a DAP candidate but lost to Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) candidate, Song Swee Guan. In the following 10th Sarawak state election, he contested for the Padungan state seat, eventually losing out to Lily Yong Lee Lee, also a SUPP candidate.In the 11th Malaysian general election, Chong was elected as MP for Bandar Kuching with a 2,041 majority vote, and later, Sarawak state assemblyman for the newly created seat of Kota Sentosa in following the results of the 11th Sarawak state election.Chong defended his parliamentary seat in the 12th Malaysian general election with an increased majority. In 2011, he once again, he defended his state seat, this time against Yap Chin Loi, with a majority vote of 4,824. On 17 December 2012, during the DAP 16th National Congress, Chong was among seven DAP leaders appointed to the party's Central Executive Committee (CEC). On 5 May 2013, he contested for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat for the final time in the 13th Malaysian general election and retained the seat with an even larger majority of 19,642 against SUPP's Tan Kai.On 7 May 2016, during the 11th Sarawak state election, Chong retained his Kota Sentosa state seat with a majority vote of 2,819 against Yap Yau Sin. On 12 November 2017, during the DAP Central Executive Committee (CEC) re-election, Chong was re-elected as one of the party's five national vice-chairperson.Following incumbent Stampin MP Julian Tan Kok Ping's decision to retire from politics, Chong moved to contest the Stampin parliamentary seat against SUPP president Sim Kui Hian in the 14th Malaysian general election (GE14) on 9 May 2018, which was seen as a 'grey' or unsafe seat following redelineation by the Election Commission (EC). His special assistant, Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen, contested for the Bandar Kuching seat. Chong went on to win with a majority vote of 14,221. Following the historic events of the GE14 which saw the first-ever change in the Government of Malaysia and end of six decades of National Front (BN) rule, on 2 July 2018, Chong was sworn-in as Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs of Malaysia by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia).In the 12th Sarawak state election, Chong's special assistant, Michael Kong Feng Nian was selected to contest in Kota Sentosa whereas Chong went on to contest in the Padungan state seat against the mayor of Kuching South, Datuk Wee Hong Seng. Chong went on to win the Padungan state seat with a majority of 1,198. Election results See also Bandar Kuching (federal constituency) Stampin (federal constituency) Kota Sentosa (state constituency) == References ==
place of birth
{ "answer_start": [ 746 ], "text": [ "Kuching" ] }
Chong Chieng Jen (simplified Chinese: 张健仁; traditional Chinese: 張健仁; pinyin: Zhāng Jiànrén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiuⁿ Kiān-jîn; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chông Khien-ìn, born 12 February 1971), is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stampin since May 2018 and Member of the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Padungan since December 2021. He served as the Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and former Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail from July 2018 to the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020, State Leader of the Opposition of Sarawak from June 2013 to November 2020, MP for Bandar Kuching from March 2004 to May 2018 and MLA for Kota Sentosa from May 2006 to December 2021. He is a member, National Vice-Chairman, State Chairman of Sarawak, Branch Chairman of Kuching and State Youth Advisor of Sarawak as well as Bandar Kuching of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the PH coalition. Personal life and education Chong started his primary education in SJK(C) Methodist (Methodist Chinese National Primary School), Sibu. He continued his Primary 3 to 5 education at Kuching's SJK(C) Chung Hua No. 3 (Chung Hua No. 3 Chinese National Primary School), and Primary 6 at SRK St. Theresa Padungan (St. Theresa Padungan National Primary School), Kuching. Chong later undertook his secondary education in SMK St. Joseph, Kuching (St. Joseph, Kuching National Secondary School) and Saint Patrick's School, Singapore. He was admitted into Victoria Junior College, one of the top junior colleges in Singapore. Chong pursued his tertiary studies at the Australian National University, Canberra and graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce, majoring in accounting & economics, and Bachelor of Laws. Legal career He works as an advocate in Kuching and is attached to the legal firm Messrs Chong Brothers Advocates. Political career Chong first took part in the 10th Malaysian general election, contesting for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat as a DAP candidate but lost to Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) candidate, Song Swee Guan. In the following 10th Sarawak state election, he contested for the Padungan state seat, eventually losing out to Lily Yong Lee Lee, also a SUPP candidate.In the 11th Malaysian general election, Chong was elected as MP for Bandar Kuching with a 2,041 majority vote, and later, Sarawak state assemblyman for the newly created seat of Kota Sentosa in following the results of the 11th Sarawak state election.Chong defended his parliamentary seat in the 12th Malaysian general election with an increased majority. In 2011, he once again, he defended his state seat, this time against Yap Chin Loi, with a majority vote of 4,824. On 17 December 2012, during the DAP 16th National Congress, Chong was among seven DAP leaders appointed to the party's Central Executive Committee (CEC). On 5 May 2013, he contested for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat for the final time in the 13th Malaysian general election and retained the seat with an even larger majority of 19,642 against SUPP's Tan Kai.On 7 May 2016, during the 11th Sarawak state election, Chong retained his Kota Sentosa state seat with a majority vote of 2,819 against Yap Yau Sin. On 12 November 2017, during the DAP Central Executive Committee (CEC) re-election, Chong was re-elected as one of the party's five national vice-chairperson.Following incumbent Stampin MP Julian Tan Kok Ping's decision to retire from politics, Chong moved to contest the Stampin parliamentary seat against SUPP president Sim Kui Hian in the 14th Malaysian general election (GE14) on 9 May 2018, which was seen as a 'grey' or unsafe seat following redelineation by the Election Commission (EC). His special assistant, Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen, contested for the Bandar Kuching seat. Chong went on to win with a majority vote of 14,221. Following the historic events of the GE14 which saw the first-ever change in the Government of Malaysia and end of six decades of National Front (BN) rule, on 2 July 2018, Chong was sworn-in as Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs of Malaysia by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia).In the 12th Sarawak state election, Chong's special assistant, Michael Kong Feng Nian was selected to contest in Kota Sentosa whereas Chong went on to contest in the Padungan state seat against the mayor of Kuching South, Datuk Wee Hong Seng. Chong went on to win the Padungan state seat with a majority of 1,198. Election results See also Bandar Kuching (federal constituency) Stampin (federal constituency) Kota Sentosa (state constituency) == References ==
country of citizenship
{ "answer_start": [ 177 ], "text": [ "Malaysia" ] }
Chong Chieng Jen (simplified Chinese: 张健仁; traditional Chinese: 張健仁; pinyin: Zhāng Jiànrén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiuⁿ Kiān-jîn; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chông Khien-ìn, born 12 February 1971), is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stampin since May 2018 and Member of the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Padungan since December 2021. He served as the Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and former Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail from July 2018 to the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020, State Leader of the Opposition of Sarawak from June 2013 to November 2020, MP for Bandar Kuching from March 2004 to May 2018 and MLA for Kota Sentosa from May 2006 to December 2021. He is a member, National Vice-Chairman, State Chairman of Sarawak, Branch Chairman of Kuching and State Youth Advisor of Sarawak as well as Bandar Kuching of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the PH coalition. Personal life and education Chong started his primary education in SJK(C) Methodist (Methodist Chinese National Primary School), Sibu. He continued his Primary 3 to 5 education at Kuching's SJK(C) Chung Hua No. 3 (Chung Hua No. 3 Chinese National Primary School), and Primary 6 at SRK St. Theresa Padungan (St. Theresa Padungan National Primary School), Kuching. Chong later undertook his secondary education in SMK St. Joseph, Kuching (St. Joseph, Kuching National Secondary School) and Saint Patrick's School, Singapore. He was admitted into Victoria Junior College, one of the top junior colleges in Singapore. Chong pursued his tertiary studies at the Australian National University, Canberra and graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce, majoring in accounting & economics, and Bachelor of Laws. Legal career He works as an advocate in Kuching and is attached to the legal firm Messrs Chong Brothers Advocates. Political career Chong first took part in the 10th Malaysian general election, contesting for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat as a DAP candidate but lost to Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) candidate, Song Swee Guan. In the following 10th Sarawak state election, he contested for the Padungan state seat, eventually losing out to Lily Yong Lee Lee, also a SUPP candidate.In the 11th Malaysian general election, Chong was elected as MP for Bandar Kuching with a 2,041 majority vote, and later, Sarawak state assemblyman for the newly created seat of Kota Sentosa in following the results of the 11th Sarawak state election.Chong defended his parliamentary seat in the 12th Malaysian general election with an increased majority. In 2011, he once again, he defended his state seat, this time against Yap Chin Loi, with a majority vote of 4,824. On 17 December 2012, during the DAP 16th National Congress, Chong was among seven DAP leaders appointed to the party's Central Executive Committee (CEC). On 5 May 2013, he contested for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat for the final time in the 13th Malaysian general election and retained the seat with an even larger majority of 19,642 against SUPP's Tan Kai.On 7 May 2016, during the 11th Sarawak state election, Chong retained his Kota Sentosa state seat with a majority vote of 2,819 against Yap Yau Sin. On 12 November 2017, during the DAP Central Executive Committee (CEC) re-election, Chong was re-elected as one of the party's five national vice-chairperson.Following incumbent Stampin MP Julian Tan Kok Ping's decision to retire from politics, Chong moved to contest the Stampin parliamentary seat against SUPP president Sim Kui Hian in the 14th Malaysian general election (GE14) on 9 May 2018, which was seen as a 'grey' or unsafe seat following redelineation by the Election Commission (EC). His special assistant, Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen, contested for the Bandar Kuching seat. Chong went on to win with a majority vote of 14,221. Following the historic events of the GE14 which saw the first-ever change in the Government of Malaysia and end of six decades of National Front (BN) rule, on 2 July 2018, Chong was sworn-in as Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs of Malaysia by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia).In the 12th Sarawak state election, Chong's special assistant, Michael Kong Feng Nian was selected to contest in Kota Sentosa whereas Chong went on to contest in the Padungan state seat against the mayor of Kuching South, Datuk Wee Hong Seng. Chong went on to win the Padungan state seat with a majority of 1,198. Election results See also Bandar Kuching (federal constituency) Stampin (federal constituency) Kota Sentosa (state constituency) == References ==
educated at
{ "answer_start": [ 1728 ], "text": [ "Australian National University" ] }
Chong Chieng Jen (simplified Chinese: 张健仁; traditional Chinese: 張健仁; pinyin: Zhāng Jiànrén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiuⁿ Kiān-jîn; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chông Khien-ìn, born 12 February 1971), is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stampin since May 2018 and Member of the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Padungan since December 2021. He served as the Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and former Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail from July 2018 to the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020, State Leader of the Opposition of Sarawak from June 2013 to November 2020, MP for Bandar Kuching from March 2004 to May 2018 and MLA for Kota Sentosa from May 2006 to December 2021. He is a member, National Vice-Chairman, State Chairman of Sarawak, Branch Chairman of Kuching and State Youth Advisor of Sarawak as well as Bandar Kuching of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the PH coalition. Personal life and education Chong started his primary education in SJK(C) Methodist (Methodist Chinese National Primary School), Sibu. He continued his Primary 3 to 5 education at Kuching's SJK(C) Chung Hua No. 3 (Chung Hua No. 3 Chinese National Primary School), and Primary 6 at SRK St. Theresa Padungan (St. Theresa Padungan National Primary School), Kuching. Chong later undertook his secondary education in SMK St. Joseph, Kuching (St. Joseph, Kuching National Secondary School) and Saint Patrick's School, Singapore. He was admitted into Victoria Junior College, one of the top junior colleges in Singapore. Chong pursued his tertiary studies at the Australian National University, Canberra and graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce, majoring in accounting & economics, and Bachelor of Laws. Legal career He works as an advocate in Kuching and is attached to the legal firm Messrs Chong Brothers Advocates. Political career Chong first took part in the 10th Malaysian general election, contesting for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat as a DAP candidate but lost to Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) candidate, Song Swee Guan. In the following 10th Sarawak state election, he contested for the Padungan state seat, eventually losing out to Lily Yong Lee Lee, also a SUPP candidate.In the 11th Malaysian general election, Chong was elected as MP for Bandar Kuching with a 2,041 majority vote, and later, Sarawak state assemblyman for the newly created seat of Kota Sentosa in following the results of the 11th Sarawak state election.Chong defended his parliamentary seat in the 12th Malaysian general election with an increased majority. In 2011, he once again, he defended his state seat, this time against Yap Chin Loi, with a majority vote of 4,824. On 17 December 2012, during the DAP 16th National Congress, Chong was among seven DAP leaders appointed to the party's Central Executive Committee (CEC). On 5 May 2013, he contested for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat for the final time in the 13th Malaysian general election and retained the seat with an even larger majority of 19,642 against SUPP's Tan Kai.On 7 May 2016, during the 11th Sarawak state election, Chong retained his Kota Sentosa state seat with a majority vote of 2,819 against Yap Yau Sin. On 12 November 2017, during the DAP Central Executive Committee (CEC) re-election, Chong was re-elected as one of the party's five national vice-chairperson.Following incumbent Stampin MP Julian Tan Kok Ping's decision to retire from politics, Chong moved to contest the Stampin parliamentary seat against SUPP president Sim Kui Hian in the 14th Malaysian general election (GE14) on 9 May 2018, which was seen as a 'grey' or unsafe seat following redelineation by the Election Commission (EC). His special assistant, Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen, contested for the Bandar Kuching seat. Chong went on to win with a majority vote of 14,221. Following the historic events of the GE14 which saw the first-ever change in the Government of Malaysia and end of six decades of National Front (BN) rule, on 2 July 2018, Chong was sworn-in as Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs of Malaysia by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia).In the 12th Sarawak state election, Chong's special assistant, Michael Kong Feng Nian was selected to contest in Kota Sentosa whereas Chong went on to contest in the Padungan state seat against the mayor of Kuching South, Datuk Wee Hong Seng. Chong went on to win the Padungan state seat with a majority of 1,198. Election results See also Bandar Kuching (federal constituency) Stampin (federal constituency) Kota Sentosa (state constituency) == References ==
member of political party
{ "answer_start": [ 1001 ], "text": [ "Democratic Action Party" ] }
Chong Chieng Jen (simplified Chinese: 张健仁; traditional Chinese: 張健仁; pinyin: Zhāng Jiànrén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiuⁿ Kiān-jîn; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chông Khien-ìn, born 12 February 1971), is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stampin since May 2018 and Member of the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Padungan since December 2021. He served as the Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and former Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail from July 2018 to the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020, State Leader of the Opposition of Sarawak from June 2013 to November 2020, MP for Bandar Kuching from March 2004 to May 2018 and MLA for Kota Sentosa from May 2006 to December 2021. He is a member, National Vice-Chairman, State Chairman of Sarawak, Branch Chairman of Kuching and State Youth Advisor of Sarawak as well as Bandar Kuching of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the PH coalition. Personal life and education Chong started his primary education in SJK(C) Methodist (Methodist Chinese National Primary School), Sibu. He continued his Primary 3 to 5 education at Kuching's SJK(C) Chung Hua No. 3 (Chung Hua No. 3 Chinese National Primary School), and Primary 6 at SRK St. Theresa Padungan (St. Theresa Padungan National Primary School), Kuching. Chong later undertook his secondary education in SMK St. Joseph, Kuching (St. Joseph, Kuching National Secondary School) and Saint Patrick's School, Singapore. He was admitted into Victoria Junior College, one of the top junior colleges in Singapore. Chong pursued his tertiary studies at the Australian National University, Canberra and graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce, majoring in accounting & economics, and Bachelor of Laws. Legal career He works as an advocate in Kuching and is attached to the legal firm Messrs Chong Brothers Advocates. Political career Chong first took part in the 10th Malaysian general election, contesting for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat as a DAP candidate but lost to Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) candidate, Song Swee Guan. In the following 10th Sarawak state election, he contested for the Padungan state seat, eventually losing out to Lily Yong Lee Lee, also a SUPP candidate.In the 11th Malaysian general election, Chong was elected as MP for Bandar Kuching with a 2,041 majority vote, and later, Sarawak state assemblyman for the newly created seat of Kota Sentosa in following the results of the 11th Sarawak state election.Chong defended his parliamentary seat in the 12th Malaysian general election with an increased majority. In 2011, he once again, he defended his state seat, this time against Yap Chin Loi, with a majority vote of 4,824. On 17 December 2012, during the DAP 16th National Congress, Chong was among seven DAP leaders appointed to the party's Central Executive Committee (CEC). On 5 May 2013, he contested for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat for the final time in the 13th Malaysian general election and retained the seat with an even larger majority of 19,642 against SUPP's Tan Kai.On 7 May 2016, during the 11th Sarawak state election, Chong retained his Kota Sentosa state seat with a majority vote of 2,819 against Yap Yau Sin. On 12 November 2017, during the DAP Central Executive Committee (CEC) re-election, Chong was re-elected as one of the party's five national vice-chairperson.Following incumbent Stampin MP Julian Tan Kok Ping's decision to retire from politics, Chong moved to contest the Stampin parliamentary seat against SUPP president Sim Kui Hian in the 14th Malaysian general election (GE14) on 9 May 2018, which was seen as a 'grey' or unsafe seat following redelineation by the Election Commission (EC). His special assistant, Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen, contested for the Bandar Kuching seat. Chong went on to win with a majority vote of 14,221. Following the historic events of the GE14 which saw the first-ever change in the Government of Malaysia and end of six decades of National Front (BN) rule, on 2 July 2018, Chong was sworn-in as Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs of Malaysia by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia).In the 12th Sarawak state election, Chong's special assistant, Michael Kong Feng Nian was selected to contest in Kota Sentosa whereas Chong went on to contest in the Padungan state seat against the mayor of Kuching South, Datuk Wee Hong Seng. Chong went on to win the Padungan state seat with a majority of 1,198. Election results See also Bandar Kuching (federal constituency) Stampin (federal constituency) Kota Sentosa (state constituency) == References ==
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 202 ], "text": [ "lawyer" ] }
Chong Chieng Jen (simplified Chinese: 张健仁; traditional Chinese: 張健仁; pinyin: Zhāng Jiànrén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiuⁿ Kiān-jîn; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chông Khien-ìn, born 12 February 1971), is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stampin since May 2018 and Member of the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Padungan since December 2021. He served as the Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and former Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail from July 2018 to the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020, State Leader of the Opposition of Sarawak from June 2013 to November 2020, MP for Bandar Kuching from March 2004 to May 2018 and MLA for Kota Sentosa from May 2006 to December 2021. He is a member, National Vice-Chairman, State Chairman of Sarawak, Branch Chairman of Kuching and State Youth Advisor of Sarawak as well as Bandar Kuching of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the PH coalition. Personal life and education Chong started his primary education in SJK(C) Methodist (Methodist Chinese National Primary School), Sibu. He continued his Primary 3 to 5 education at Kuching's SJK(C) Chung Hua No. 3 (Chung Hua No. 3 Chinese National Primary School), and Primary 6 at SRK St. Theresa Padungan (St. Theresa Padungan National Primary School), Kuching. Chong later undertook his secondary education in SMK St. Joseph, Kuching (St. Joseph, Kuching National Secondary School) and Saint Patrick's School, Singapore. He was admitted into Victoria Junior College, one of the top junior colleges in Singapore. Chong pursued his tertiary studies at the Australian National University, Canberra and graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce, majoring in accounting & economics, and Bachelor of Laws. Legal career He works as an advocate in Kuching and is attached to the legal firm Messrs Chong Brothers Advocates. Political career Chong first took part in the 10th Malaysian general election, contesting for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat as a DAP candidate but lost to Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) candidate, Song Swee Guan. In the following 10th Sarawak state election, he contested for the Padungan state seat, eventually losing out to Lily Yong Lee Lee, also a SUPP candidate.In the 11th Malaysian general election, Chong was elected as MP for Bandar Kuching with a 2,041 majority vote, and later, Sarawak state assemblyman for the newly created seat of Kota Sentosa in following the results of the 11th Sarawak state election.Chong defended his parliamentary seat in the 12th Malaysian general election with an increased majority. In 2011, he once again, he defended his state seat, this time against Yap Chin Loi, with a majority vote of 4,824. On 17 December 2012, during the DAP 16th National Congress, Chong was among seven DAP leaders appointed to the party's Central Executive Committee (CEC). On 5 May 2013, he contested for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat for the final time in the 13th Malaysian general election and retained the seat with an even larger majority of 19,642 against SUPP's Tan Kai.On 7 May 2016, during the 11th Sarawak state election, Chong retained his Kota Sentosa state seat with a majority vote of 2,819 against Yap Yau Sin. On 12 November 2017, during the DAP Central Executive Committee (CEC) re-election, Chong was re-elected as one of the party's five national vice-chairperson.Following incumbent Stampin MP Julian Tan Kok Ping's decision to retire from politics, Chong moved to contest the Stampin parliamentary seat against SUPP president Sim Kui Hian in the 14th Malaysian general election (GE14) on 9 May 2018, which was seen as a 'grey' or unsafe seat following redelineation by the Election Commission (EC). His special assistant, Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen, contested for the Bandar Kuching seat. Chong went on to win with a majority vote of 14,221. Following the historic events of the GE14 which saw the first-ever change in the Government of Malaysia and end of six decades of National Front (BN) rule, on 2 July 2018, Chong was sworn-in as Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs of Malaysia by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia).In the 12th Sarawak state election, Chong's special assistant, Michael Kong Feng Nian was selected to contest in Kota Sentosa whereas Chong went on to contest in the Padungan state seat against the mayor of Kuching South, Datuk Wee Hong Seng. Chong went on to win the Padungan state seat with a majority of 1,198. Election results See also Bandar Kuching (federal constituency) Stampin (federal constituency) Kota Sentosa (state constituency) == References ==
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Chong Chieng Jen" ] }
Chong Chieng Jen (simplified Chinese: 张健仁; traditional Chinese: 張健仁; pinyin: Zhāng Jiànrén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiuⁿ Kiān-jîn; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chông Khien-ìn, born 12 February 1971), is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stampin since May 2018 and Member of the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Padungan since December 2021. He served as the Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and former Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail from July 2018 to the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020, State Leader of the Opposition of Sarawak from June 2013 to November 2020, MP for Bandar Kuching from March 2004 to May 2018 and MLA for Kota Sentosa from May 2006 to December 2021. He is a member, National Vice-Chairman, State Chairman of Sarawak, Branch Chairman of Kuching and State Youth Advisor of Sarawak as well as Bandar Kuching of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the PH coalition. Personal life and education Chong started his primary education in SJK(C) Methodist (Methodist Chinese National Primary School), Sibu. He continued his Primary 3 to 5 education at Kuching's SJK(C) Chung Hua No. 3 (Chung Hua No. 3 Chinese National Primary School), and Primary 6 at SRK St. Theresa Padungan (St. Theresa Padungan National Primary School), Kuching. Chong later undertook his secondary education in SMK St. Joseph, Kuching (St. Joseph, Kuching National Secondary School) and Saint Patrick's School, Singapore. He was admitted into Victoria Junior College, one of the top junior colleges in Singapore. Chong pursued his tertiary studies at the Australian National University, Canberra and graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce, majoring in accounting & economics, and Bachelor of Laws. Legal career He works as an advocate in Kuching and is attached to the legal firm Messrs Chong Brothers Advocates. Political career Chong first took part in the 10th Malaysian general election, contesting for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat as a DAP candidate but lost to Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) candidate, Song Swee Guan. In the following 10th Sarawak state election, he contested for the Padungan state seat, eventually losing out to Lily Yong Lee Lee, also a SUPP candidate.In the 11th Malaysian general election, Chong was elected as MP for Bandar Kuching with a 2,041 majority vote, and later, Sarawak state assemblyman for the newly created seat of Kota Sentosa in following the results of the 11th Sarawak state election.Chong defended his parliamentary seat in the 12th Malaysian general election with an increased majority. In 2011, he once again, he defended his state seat, this time against Yap Chin Loi, with a majority vote of 4,824. On 17 December 2012, during the DAP 16th National Congress, Chong was among seven DAP leaders appointed to the party's Central Executive Committee (CEC). On 5 May 2013, he contested for the Bandar Kuching parliamentary seat for the final time in the 13th Malaysian general election and retained the seat with an even larger majority of 19,642 against SUPP's Tan Kai.On 7 May 2016, during the 11th Sarawak state election, Chong retained his Kota Sentosa state seat with a majority vote of 2,819 against Yap Yau Sin. On 12 November 2017, during the DAP Central Executive Committee (CEC) re-election, Chong was re-elected as one of the party's five national vice-chairperson.Following incumbent Stampin MP Julian Tan Kok Ping's decision to retire from politics, Chong moved to contest the Stampin parliamentary seat against SUPP president Sim Kui Hian in the 14th Malaysian general election (GE14) on 9 May 2018, which was seen as a 'grey' or unsafe seat following redelineation by the Election Commission (EC). His special assistant, Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen, contested for the Bandar Kuching seat. Chong went on to win with a majority vote of 14,221. Following the historic events of the GE14 which saw the first-ever change in the Government of Malaysia and end of six decades of National Front (BN) rule, on 2 July 2018, Chong was sworn-in as Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs of Malaysia by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia).In the 12th Sarawak state election, Chong's special assistant, Michael Kong Feng Nian was selected to contest in Kota Sentosa whereas Chong went on to contest in the Padungan state seat against the mayor of Kuching South, Datuk Wee Hong Seng. Chong went on to win the Padungan state seat with a majority of 1,198. Election results See also Bandar Kuching (federal constituency) Stampin (federal constituency) Kota Sentosa (state constituency) == References ==
languages spoken, written or signed
{ "answer_start": [ 29 ], "text": [ "Chinese" ] }
Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected.Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat.Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, involves the genitalia. It may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers. These typically heal over two to four weeks. Tingling or shooting pains may occur before the blisters appear. Herpes cycles between periods of active disease followed by periods without symptoms. The first episode is often more severe and may be associated with fever, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes and headaches. Over time, episodes of active disease decrease in frequency and severity.Herpetic whitlow typically involves the fingers or thumb, herpes simplex keratitis involves the eye, herpesviral encephalitis involves the brain, and neonatal herpes involves any part of the body of a newborn, among others.There are two types of herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 more commonly causes infections around the mouth while HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. They are transmitted by direct contact with body fluids or lesions of an infected individual. Transmission may still occur when symptoms are not present. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to an infant during childbirth. After infection, the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies, where they reside lifelong. Causes of recurrence may include: decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure. Oral and genital herpes is usually diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms. The diagnosis may be confirmed by viral culture or detecting herpes DNA in fluid from blisters. Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.The most effective method of avoiding genital infections is by avoiding vaginal, oral, and anal sex. Condom use decreases the risk. Daily antiviral medication taken by someone who has the infection can also reduce spread. There is no available vaccine and once infected, there is no cure. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and topical lidocaine may be used to help with the symptoms. Treatments with antiviral medication such as aciclovir or valaciclovir can lessen the severity of symptomatic episodes.Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is usually acquired during childhood. Since there is no cure for either HSV-1 or HSV-2, rates of both inherently increase as people age. Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and those in the developing world. Most people with HSV-2 do not realize that they are infected. Etymology The name is from Greek: ἕρπης herpēs, which is related to the meaning "to creep", referring to spreading blisters. The name does not refer to latency. Signs and symptoms HSV infection causes several distinct medical disorders. Common infection of the skin or mucosa may affect the face and mouth (orofacial herpes), genitalia (genital herpes), or hands (herpetic whitlow). More serious disorders occur when the virus infects and damages the eye (herpes keratitis), or invades the central nervous system, damaging the brain (herpes encephalitis). People with immature or suppressed immune systems, such as newborns, transplant recipients, or people with AIDS, are prone to severe complications from HSV infections. HSV infection has also been associated with cognitive deficits of bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, although this is often dependent on the genetics of the infected person. In all cases, HSV is never removed from the body by the immune system. Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection, migrates to the cell body of the neuron, and becomes latent in the ganglion. As a result of primary infection, the body produces antibodies to the particular type of HSV involved, which can help reduce the odds of subsequent infection of that type at a different site. In HSV-1-infected individuals, seroconversion after an oral infection helps prevent additional HSV-1 infections such as whitlow, genital herpes, and herpes of the eye. Prior HSV-1 seroconversion seems to reduce the symptoms of a later HSV-2 infection, although HSV-2 can still be contracted. Many people infected with HSV-2 display no physical symptoms—individuals with no symptoms are described as asymptomatic or as having subclinical herpes. However, infection with herpes can be fatal. Other Neonatal herpes simplex is an HSV infection in an infant. It is a rare but serious condition, usually caused by vertical transmission of HSV-1 or -2 from mother to newborn. During immunodeficiency, herpes simplex can cause unusual lesions in the skin. One of the most striking is the appearance of clean linear erosions in skin creases, with the appearance of a knife cut. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicles.: 369  Eczema herpeticum is an infection with herpesvirus in patients with chronic atopic dermatitis may result in spread of herpes simplex throughout the eczematous areas.: 373 Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, a primary infection, typically presents as swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids (blepharoconjunctivitis), accompanied by small white itchy lesions on the surface of the cornea. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicle.: 369 Bell's palsy Although the exact cause of Bell's palsy—a type of facial paralysis—is unknown, it may be related to the reactivation of HSV-1. This theory has been contested, however, since HSV is detected in large numbers of individuals having never experienced facial paralysis, and higher levels of antibodies for HSV are not found in HSV-infected individuals with Bell's palsy compared to those without. Antivirals may improve the condition slightly when used together with corticosteroids in those with severe disease. Alzheimer's disease HSV-1 has been proposed as a possible cause of Alzheimer's disease. In the presence of a certain gene variation (APOE-epsilon4 allele carriers), HSV-1 appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system and increases one's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins, which may lead to its development. Pathophysiology Herpes is contracted through direct contact with an active lesion or body fluid of an infected person. Herpes transmission occurs between discordant partners; a person with a history of infection (HSV seropositive) can pass the virus to an HSV seronegative person. Herpes simplex virus 2 is typically contracted through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, but can also be contracted by exposure to infected saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, or the fluid from herpetic blisters. To infect a new individual, HSV travels through tiny breaks in the skin or mucous membranes in the mouth or genital areas. Even microscopic abrasions on mucous membranes are sufficient to allow viral entry. HSV asymptomatic shedding occurs at some time in most individuals infected with herpes. It can occur more than a week before or after a symptomatic recurrence in 50% of cases. Virus enters into susceptible cells by entry receptors such as nectin-1, HVEM and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate. Infected people who show no visible symptoms may still shed and transmit viruses through their skin; asymptomatic shedding may represent the most common form of HSV-2 transmission. Asymptomatic shedding is more frequent within the first 12 months of acquiring HSV. Concurrent infection with HIV increases the frequency and duration of asymptomatic shedding. Some individuals may have much lower patterns of shedding, but evidence supporting this is not fully verified; no significant differences are seen in the frequency of asymptomatic shedding when comparing persons with one to 12 annual recurrences to those with no recurrences.Antibodies that develop following an initial infection with a type of HSV can reduce the odds of reinfection with the same virus type. In a monogamous couple, a seronegative female runs a greater than 30% per year risk of contracting an HSV infection from a seropositive male partner. If an oral HSV-1 infection is contracted first, seroconversion will have occurred after 6 weeks to provide protective antibodies against a future genital HSV-1 infection. Herpes simplex is a double-stranded DNA virus. Diagnosis Classification Herpes simplex virus is divided into two types. However, each may cause infections in all areas. HSV-1 causes primarily mouth, throat, face, eye, and central nervous system infections. HSV-2 causes primarily anogenital infections. Examination Primary orofacial herpes is readily identified by examination of persons with no previous history of lesions and contact with an individual with known HSV infection. The appearance and distribution of sores is typically presents as multiple, round, superficial oral ulcers, accompanied by acute gingivitis. Adults with atypical presentation are more difficult to diagnose. Prodromal symptoms that occur before the appearance of herpetic lesions help differentiate HSV symptoms from the similar symptoms of other disorders, such as allergic stomatitis. When lesions do not appear inside the mouth, primary orofacial herpes is sometimes mistaken for impetigo, a bacterial infection. Common mouth ulcers (aphthous ulcer) also resemble intraoral herpes, but do not present a vesicular stage.Genital herpes can be more difficult to diagnose than oral herpes, since most people have none of the classical symptoms. Further confusing diagnosis, several other conditions resemble genital herpes, including fungal infection, lichen planus, atopic dermatitis, and urethritis. Laboratory testing Laboratory testing is often used to confirm a diagnosis of genital herpes. Laboratory tests include culture of the virus, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) studies to detect virus, skin biopsy, and polymerase chain reaction to test for presence of viral DNA. Although these procedures produce highly sensitive and specific diagnoses, their high costs and time constraints discourage their regular use in clinical practice.Until the 1980s serological tests for antibodies to HSV were rarely useful to diagnosis and not routinely used in clinical practice. The older IgM serologic assay could not differentiate between antibodies generated in response to HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection. However, a glycoprotein G-specific (IgG) HSV test introduced in the 1980s is more than 98% specific at discriminating HSV-1 from HSV-2. Differential diagnosis It should not be confused with conditions caused by other viruses in the herpesviridae family such as herpes zoster, which is caused by varicella zoster virus. The differential diagnosis includes hand, foot and mouth disease due to similar lesions on the skin. Lymphangioma circumscriptum and dermatitis herpetiformis may also have a similar appearance. Prevention As with almost all sexually transmitted infections, women are more susceptible to acquiring genital HSV-2 than men. On an annual basis, without the use of antivirals or condoms, the transmission risk of HSV-2 from infected male to female is about 8–11%. This is believed to be due to the increased exposure of mucosal tissue to potential infection sites. Transmission risk from infected female to male is around 4–5% annually. Suppressive antiviral therapy reduces these risks by 50%. Antivirals also help prevent the development of symptomatic HSV in infection scenarios, meaning the infected partner will be seropositive but symptom-free by about 50%. Condom use also reduces the transmission risk significantly. Condom use is much more effective at preventing male-to-female transmission than vice versa. Previous HSV-1 infection may reduce the risk for acquisition of HSV-2 infection among women by a factor of three, although the one study that states this has a small sample size of 14 transmissions out of 214 couples.However, asymptomatic carriers of the HSV-2 virus are still contagious. In many infections, the first symptom people will have of their own infections is the horizontal transmission to a sexual partner or the vertical transmission of neonatal herpes to a newborn at term. Since most asymptomatic individuals are unaware of their infection, they are considered at high risk for spreading HSV.In October 2011, the anti-HIV drug tenofovir, when used topically in a microbicidal vaginal gel, was reported to reduce herpes virus sexual transmission by 51%. Barrier methods Condoms offer moderate protection against HSV-2 in both men and women, with consistent condom users having a 30%-lower risk of HSV-2 acquisition compared with those who never use condoms. A female condom can provide greater protection than the male condom, as it covers the labia. The virus cannot pass through a synthetic condom, but a male condom's effectiveness is limited because herpes ulcers may appear on areas not covered by it. Neither type of condom prevents contact with the scrotum, anus, buttocks, or upper thighs, areas that may come in contact with ulcers or genital secretions during sexual activity. Protection against herpes simplex depends on the site of the ulcer; therefore, if ulcers appear on areas not covered by condoms, abstaining from sexual activity until the ulcers are fully healed is one way to limit risk of transmission. The risk is not eliminated, however, as viral shedding capable of transmitting infection may still occur while the infected partner is asymptomatic. The use of condoms or dental dams also limits the transmission of herpes from the genitals of one partner to the mouth of the other (or vice versa) during oral sex. When one partner has a herpes simplex infection and the other does not, the use of antiviral medication, such as valaciclovir, in conjunction with a condom, further decreases the chances of transmission to the uninfected partner. Topical microbicides that contain chemicals that directly inactivate the virus and block viral entry are being investigated. Antivirals Antivirals may reduce asymptomatic shedding; asymptomatic genital HSV-2 viral shedding is believed to occur on 20% of days per year in patients not undergoing antiviral treatment, versus 10% of days while on antiviral therapy. Pregnancy The risk of transmission from mother to baby is highest if the mother becomes infected around the time of delivery (30% to 60%), since insufficient time will have occurred for the generation and transfer of protective maternal antibodies before the birth of the child. In contrast, the risk falls to 3% if the infection is recurrent, and is 1–3% if the woman is seropositive for both HSV-1 and HSV-2, and is less than 1% if no lesions are visible. Women seropositive for only one type of HSV are only half as likely to transmit HSV as infected seronegative mothers. To prevent neonatal infections, seronegative women are recommended to avoid unprotected oral-genital contact with an HSV-1-seropositive partner and conventional sex with a partner having a genital infection during the last trimester of pregnancy. Mothers infected with HSV are advised to avoid procedures that would cause trauma to the infant during birth (e.g. fetal scalp electrodes, forceps, and vacuum extractors) and, should lesions be present, to elect caesarean section to reduce exposure of the child to infected secretions in the birth canal. The use of antiviral treatments, such as aciclovir, given from the 36th week of pregnancy, limits HSV recurrence and shedding during childbirth, thereby reducing the need for caesarean section.Aciclovir is the recommended antiviral for herpes suppressive therapy during the last months of pregnancy. The use of valaciclovir and famciclovir, while potentially improving compliance, have less-well-determined safety in pregnancy. Management No method eradicates herpes virus from the body, but antiviral medications can reduce the frequency, duration, and severity of outbreaks. Analgesics such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) can reduce pain and fever. Topical anesthetic treatments such as prilocaine, lidocaine, benzocaine, or tetracaine can also relieve itching and pain. Antiviral Several antiviral drugs are effective for treating herpes, including aciclovir (acyclovir), valaciclovir, famciclovir, and penciclovir. Aciclovir was the first discovered and is now available in generic. Valaciclovir is also available as a generic and is slightly more effective than aciclovir for reducing lesion healing time.Evidence supports the use of aciclovir and valaciclovir in the treatment of herpes labialis as well as herpes infections in people with cancer. The evidence to support the use of aciclovir in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is weaker. Topical A number of topical antivirals are effective for herpes labialis, including aciclovir, penciclovir, and docosanol. Alternative medicine Evidence is insufficient to support use of many of these compounds, including echinacea, eleuthero, L-lysine, zinc, monolaurin bee products, and aloe vera. While a number of small studies show possible benefit from monolaurin, L-lysine, aspirin, lemon balm, topical zinc, or licorice root cream in treatment, these preliminary studies have not been confirmed by higher-quality randomized controlled studies. Prognosis Following active infection, herpes viruses establish a latent infection in sensory and autonomic ganglia of the nervous system. The double-stranded DNA of the virus is incorporated into the cell physiology by infection of the nucleus of a nerve's cell body. HSV latency is static; no virus is produced; and is controlled by a number of viral genes, including latency-associated transcript.Many HSV-infected people experience recurrence within the first year of infection. Prodrome precedes development of lesions. Prodromal symptoms include tingling (paresthesia), itching, and pain where lumbosacral nerves innervate the skin. Prodrome may occur as long as several days or as short as a few hours before lesions develop. Beginning antiviral treatment when prodrome is experienced can reduce the appearance and duration of lesions in some individuals. During recurrence, fewer lesions are likely to develop and are less painful and heal faster (within 5–10 days without antiviral treatment) than those occurring during the primary infection. Subsequent outbreaks tend to be periodic or episodic, occurring on average four or five times a year when not using antiviral therapy. The causes of reactivation are uncertain, but several potential triggers have been documented. A 2009 study showed the protein VP16 plays a key role in reactivation of the dormant virus. Changes in the immune system during menstruation may play a role in HSV-1 reactivation. Concurrent infections, such as viral upper respiratory tract infection or other febrile diseases, can cause outbreaks. Reactivation due to other infections is the likely source of the historic terms 'cold sore' and 'fever blister'. Other identified triggers include local injury to the face, lips, eyes, or mouth; trauma; surgery; radiotherapy; and exposure to wind, ultraviolet light, or sunlight.The frequency and severity of recurrent outbreaks vary greatly between people. Some individuals' outbreaks can be quite debilitating, with large, painful lesions persisting for several weeks, while others experience only minor itching or burning for a few days. Some evidence indicates genetics play a role in the frequency of cold sore outbreaks. An area of human chromosome 21 that includes six genes has been linked to frequent oral herpes outbreaks. An immunity to the virus is built over time. Most infected individuals experience fewer outbreaks and outbreak symptoms often become less severe. After several years, some people become perpetually asymptomatic and no longer experience outbreaks, though they may still be contagious to others. Immunocompromised individuals may experience longer, more frequent, and more severe episodes. Antiviral medication has been proven to shorten the frequency and duration of outbreaks. Outbreaks may occur at the original site of the infection or in proximity to nerve endings that reach out from the infected ganglia. In the case of a genital infection, sores can appear at the original site of infection or near the base of the spine, the buttocks, or the back of the thighs. HSV-2-infected individuals are at higher risk for acquiring HIV when practicing unprotected sex with HIV-positive persons, in particular during an outbreak with active lesions. Epidemiology Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 are between 60 and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is more common than HSV-2, with rates of both increasing as people age. HSV-1 rates are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people or 16% of the population worldwide were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and in those in the developing world. Rates of infection are determined by the presence of antibodies against either viral species.In the US, 58% of the population is infected with HSV-1 and 16% are infected with HSV-2. Among those HSV-2-seropositive, only 19% were aware they were infected. During 2005–2008, the prevalence of HSV-2 was 39% in black people and 21% in women.The annual incidence in Canada of genital herpes due to HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection is not known (for a review of HSV-1/HSV-2 prevalence and incidence studies worldwide, see Smith and Robinson 2002). As many as one in seven Canadians aged 14 to 59 may be infected with herpes simplex type 2 virus and more than 90 per cent of them may be unaware of their status, a new study suggests. In the United States, it is estimated that about 1,640,000 HSV-2 seroconversions occur yearly (730,000 men and 910,000 women, or 8.4 per 1,000 persons).In British Columbia in 1999, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 antibody in leftover serum submitted for antenatal testing revealed a prevalence of 17%, ranging from 7% in women 15–19 years old to 28% in those 40–44 years.In Norway, a study published in 2000 found that up to 70–90% of genital initial infections were due to HSV-1.In Nova Scotia, 58% of 1,790 HSV isolates from genital lesion cultures in women were HSV-1; in men, 37% of 468 isolates were HSV-1. History Herpes has been known for at least 2,000 years. Emperor Tiberius is said to have banned kissing in Rome for a time due to so many people having cold sores. In the 16th century Romeo and Juliet, blisters "o'er ladies' lips" are mentioned. In the 18th century, it was so common among prostitutes that it was called "a vocational disease of women". The term 'herpes simplex' appeared in Richard Boulton's A System of Rational and Practical Chirurgery in 1713, where the terms 'herpes miliaris' and 'herpes exedens' also appeared. Herpes was not found to be a virus until the 1940s.Herpes antiviral therapy began in the early 1960s with the experimental use of medications that interfered with viral replication called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) inhibitors. The original use was against normally fatal or debilitating illnesses such as adult encephalitis, keratitis, in immunocompromised (transplant) patients, or disseminated herpes zoster. The original compounds used were 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, AKA idoxuridine, IUdR, or(IDU) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine or ara-C, later marketed under the name cytosar or cytarabine. The usage expanded to include topical treatment of herpes simplex, zoster, and varicella. Some trials combined different antivirals with differing results. The introduction of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, (ara-A or vidarabine), considerably less toxic than ara-C, in the mid-1970s, heralded the way for the beginning of regular neonatal antiviral treatment. Vidarabine was the first systemically administered antiviral medication with activity against HSV for which therapeutic efficacy outweighed toxicity for the management of life-threatening HSV disease. Intravenous vidarabine was licensed for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1977. Other experimental antivirals of that period included: heparin, trifluorothymidine (TFT), Ribivarin, interferon, Virazole, and 5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (MMUdR). The introduction of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine, AKA aciclovir, in the late 1970s raised antiviral treatment another notch and led to vidarabine vs. aciclovir trials in the late 1980s. The lower toxicity and ease of administration over vidarabine has led to aciclovir becoming the drug of choice for herpes treatment after it was licensed by the FDA in 1998. Another advantage in the treatment of neonatal herpes included greater reductions in mortality and morbidity with increased dosages, which did not occur when compared with increased dosages of vidarabine. However, aciclovir seems to inhibit antibody response, and newborns on aciclovir antiviral treatment experienced a slower rise in antibody titer than those on vidarabine. Society and culture Some people experience negative feelings related to the condition following diagnosis, in particular, if they have acquired the genital form of the disease. Feelings can include depression, fear of rejection, feelings of isolation, fear of being found out, and self-destructive feelings. Herpes support groups have been formed in the United States and the United Kingdom, providing information about herpes and running message forums and dating websites for affected people. People with the herpes virus are often hesitant to divulge to other people, including friends and family, that they are infected. This is especially true of new or potential sexual partners whom they consider casual.In a 2007 study, 1,900 people (25% of which had herpes) ranked genital herpes second for social stigma, out of all sexually transmitted diseases (HIV took the top spot for STD stigma). Support groups United States A source of support is the National Herpes Resource Center which arose from the work of the American Sexual Health Association (ASHA). The ASHA was created in 1914 in response to the increase in sexually transmitted diseases that had spread during World War I. During the 1970s, there was an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. One of the diseases that increased dramatically was genital herpes. In response, ASHA created the National Herpes Resource Center in 1979. The Herpes Resource Center (HRC) was designed to meet the growing need for education and awareness about the virus. One of the projects of the HRC was to create a network of local support (HELP) groups. The goal of these HELP groups was to provide a safe, confidential environment where participants can get accurate information and share experiences, fears, and feelings with others who are concerned about herpes. UK In the UK, the Herpes Association (now the Herpes Viruses Association) was started in 1982, becoming a registered charity with a Dept of Health grant in 1985. The charity started as a string of local group meetings before acquiring an office and a national spread. Research Research has gone into vaccines for both prevention and treatment of herpes infections. As of October 2022, the U.S. FDA have not approved a vaccine for herpes. However, there are herpes vaccines currently in clinical trials, such as Moderna mRNA-1608. Unsuccessful clinical trials have been conducted for some glycoprotein subunit vaccines. As of 2017, the future pipeline includes several promising replication-incompetent vaccine proposals while two replication-competent (live-attenuated) HSV vaccine are undergoing human testing.A genomic study of the herpes simplex type 1 virus confirmed the human migration pattern theory known as the out-of-Africa hypothesis. References External links Herpes simplex at Curlie
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{ "answer_start": [ 2837 ], "text": [ "4" ] }
Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected.Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat.Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, involves the genitalia. It may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers. These typically heal over two to four weeks. Tingling or shooting pains may occur before the blisters appear. Herpes cycles between periods of active disease followed by periods without symptoms. The first episode is often more severe and may be associated with fever, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes and headaches. Over time, episodes of active disease decrease in frequency and severity.Herpetic whitlow typically involves the fingers or thumb, herpes simplex keratitis involves the eye, herpesviral encephalitis involves the brain, and neonatal herpes involves any part of the body of a newborn, among others.There are two types of herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 more commonly causes infections around the mouth while HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. They are transmitted by direct contact with body fluids or lesions of an infected individual. Transmission may still occur when symptoms are not present. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to an infant during childbirth. After infection, the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies, where they reside lifelong. Causes of recurrence may include: decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure. Oral and genital herpes is usually diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms. The diagnosis may be confirmed by viral culture or detecting herpes DNA in fluid from blisters. Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.The most effective method of avoiding genital infections is by avoiding vaginal, oral, and anal sex. Condom use decreases the risk. Daily antiviral medication taken by someone who has the infection can also reduce spread. There is no available vaccine and once infected, there is no cure. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and topical lidocaine may be used to help with the symptoms. Treatments with antiviral medication such as aciclovir or valaciclovir can lessen the severity of symptomatic episodes.Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is usually acquired during childhood. Since there is no cure for either HSV-1 or HSV-2, rates of both inherently increase as people age. Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and those in the developing world. Most people with HSV-2 do not realize that they are infected. Etymology The name is from Greek: ἕρπης herpēs, which is related to the meaning "to creep", referring to spreading blisters. The name does not refer to latency. Signs and symptoms HSV infection causes several distinct medical disorders. Common infection of the skin or mucosa may affect the face and mouth (orofacial herpes), genitalia (genital herpes), or hands (herpetic whitlow). More serious disorders occur when the virus infects and damages the eye (herpes keratitis), or invades the central nervous system, damaging the brain (herpes encephalitis). People with immature or suppressed immune systems, such as newborns, transplant recipients, or people with AIDS, are prone to severe complications from HSV infections. HSV infection has also been associated with cognitive deficits of bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, although this is often dependent on the genetics of the infected person. In all cases, HSV is never removed from the body by the immune system. Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection, migrates to the cell body of the neuron, and becomes latent in the ganglion. As a result of primary infection, the body produces antibodies to the particular type of HSV involved, which can help reduce the odds of subsequent infection of that type at a different site. In HSV-1-infected individuals, seroconversion after an oral infection helps prevent additional HSV-1 infections such as whitlow, genital herpes, and herpes of the eye. Prior HSV-1 seroconversion seems to reduce the symptoms of a later HSV-2 infection, although HSV-2 can still be contracted. Many people infected with HSV-2 display no physical symptoms—individuals with no symptoms are described as asymptomatic or as having subclinical herpes. However, infection with herpes can be fatal. Other Neonatal herpes simplex is an HSV infection in an infant. It is a rare but serious condition, usually caused by vertical transmission of HSV-1 or -2 from mother to newborn. During immunodeficiency, herpes simplex can cause unusual lesions in the skin. One of the most striking is the appearance of clean linear erosions in skin creases, with the appearance of a knife cut. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicles.: 369  Eczema herpeticum is an infection with herpesvirus in patients with chronic atopic dermatitis may result in spread of herpes simplex throughout the eczematous areas.: 373 Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, a primary infection, typically presents as swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids (blepharoconjunctivitis), accompanied by small white itchy lesions on the surface of the cornea. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicle.: 369 Bell's palsy Although the exact cause of Bell's palsy—a type of facial paralysis—is unknown, it may be related to the reactivation of HSV-1. This theory has been contested, however, since HSV is detected in large numbers of individuals having never experienced facial paralysis, and higher levels of antibodies for HSV are not found in HSV-infected individuals with Bell's palsy compared to those without. Antivirals may improve the condition slightly when used together with corticosteroids in those with severe disease. Alzheimer's disease HSV-1 has been proposed as a possible cause of Alzheimer's disease. In the presence of a certain gene variation (APOE-epsilon4 allele carriers), HSV-1 appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system and increases one's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins, which may lead to its development. Pathophysiology Herpes is contracted through direct contact with an active lesion or body fluid of an infected person. Herpes transmission occurs between discordant partners; a person with a history of infection (HSV seropositive) can pass the virus to an HSV seronegative person. Herpes simplex virus 2 is typically contracted through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, but can also be contracted by exposure to infected saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, or the fluid from herpetic blisters. To infect a new individual, HSV travels through tiny breaks in the skin or mucous membranes in the mouth or genital areas. Even microscopic abrasions on mucous membranes are sufficient to allow viral entry. HSV asymptomatic shedding occurs at some time in most individuals infected with herpes. It can occur more than a week before or after a symptomatic recurrence in 50% of cases. Virus enters into susceptible cells by entry receptors such as nectin-1, HVEM and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate. Infected people who show no visible symptoms may still shed and transmit viruses through their skin; asymptomatic shedding may represent the most common form of HSV-2 transmission. Asymptomatic shedding is more frequent within the first 12 months of acquiring HSV. Concurrent infection with HIV increases the frequency and duration of asymptomatic shedding. Some individuals may have much lower patterns of shedding, but evidence supporting this is not fully verified; no significant differences are seen in the frequency of asymptomatic shedding when comparing persons with one to 12 annual recurrences to those with no recurrences.Antibodies that develop following an initial infection with a type of HSV can reduce the odds of reinfection with the same virus type. In a monogamous couple, a seronegative female runs a greater than 30% per year risk of contracting an HSV infection from a seropositive male partner. If an oral HSV-1 infection is contracted first, seroconversion will have occurred after 6 weeks to provide protective antibodies against a future genital HSV-1 infection. Herpes simplex is a double-stranded DNA virus. Diagnosis Classification Herpes simplex virus is divided into two types. However, each may cause infections in all areas. HSV-1 causes primarily mouth, throat, face, eye, and central nervous system infections. HSV-2 causes primarily anogenital infections. Examination Primary orofacial herpes is readily identified by examination of persons with no previous history of lesions and contact with an individual with known HSV infection. The appearance and distribution of sores is typically presents as multiple, round, superficial oral ulcers, accompanied by acute gingivitis. Adults with atypical presentation are more difficult to diagnose. Prodromal symptoms that occur before the appearance of herpetic lesions help differentiate HSV symptoms from the similar symptoms of other disorders, such as allergic stomatitis. When lesions do not appear inside the mouth, primary orofacial herpes is sometimes mistaken for impetigo, a bacterial infection. Common mouth ulcers (aphthous ulcer) also resemble intraoral herpes, but do not present a vesicular stage.Genital herpes can be more difficult to diagnose than oral herpes, since most people have none of the classical symptoms. Further confusing diagnosis, several other conditions resemble genital herpes, including fungal infection, lichen planus, atopic dermatitis, and urethritis. Laboratory testing Laboratory testing is often used to confirm a diagnosis of genital herpes. Laboratory tests include culture of the virus, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) studies to detect virus, skin biopsy, and polymerase chain reaction to test for presence of viral DNA. Although these procedures produce highly sensitive and specific diagnoses, their high costs and time constraints discourage their regular use in clinical practice.Until the 1980s serological tests for antibodies to HSV were rarely useful to diagnosis and not routinely used in clinical practice. The older IgM serologic assay could not differentiate between antibodies generated in response to HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection. However, a glycoprotein G-specific (IgG) HSV test introduced in the 1980s is more than 98% specific at discriminating HSV-1 from HSV-2. Differential diagnosis It should not be confused with conditions caused by other viruses in the herpesviridae family such as herpes zoster, which is caused by varicella zoster virus. The differential diagnosis includes hand, foot and mouth disease due to similar lesions on the skin. Lymphangioma circumscriptum and dermatitis herpetiformis may also have a similar appearance. Prevention As with almost all sexually transmitted infections, women are more susceptible to acquiring genital HSV-2 than men. On an annual basis, without the use of antivirals or condoms, the transmission risk of HSV-2 from infected male to female is about 8–11%. This is believed to be due to the increased exposure of mucosal tissue to potential infection sites. Transmission risk from infected female to male is around 4–5% annually. Suppressive antiviral therapy reduces these risks by 50%. Antivirals also help prevent the development of symptomatic HSV in infection scenarios, meaning the infected partner will be seropositive but symptom-free by about 50%. Condom use also reduces the transmission risk significantly. Condom use is much more effective at preventing male-to-female transmission than vice versa. Previous HSV-1 infection may reduce the risk for acquisition of HSV-2 infection among women by a factor of three, although the one study that states this has a small sample size of 14 transmissions out of 214 couples.However, asymptomatic carriers of the HSV-2 virus are still contagious. In many infections, the first symptom people will have of their own infections is the horizontal transmission to a sexual partner or the vertical transmission of neonatal herpes to a newborn at term. Since most asymptomatic individuals are unaware of their infection, they are considered at high risk for spreading HSV.In October 2011, the anti-HIV drug tenofovir, when used topically in a microbicidal vaginal gel, was reported to reduce herpes virus sexual transmission by 51%. Barrier methods Condoms offer moderate protection against HSV-2 in both men and women, with consistent condom users having a 30%-lower risk of HSV-2 acquisition compared with those who never use condoms. A female condom can provide greater protection than the male condom, as it covers the labia. The virus cannot pass through a synthetic condom, but a male condom's effectiveness is limited because herpes ulcers may appear on areas not covered by it. Neither type of condom prevents contact with the scrotum, anus, buttocks, or upper thighs, areas that may come in contact with ulcers or genital secretions during sexual activity. Protection against herpes simplex depends on the site of the ulcer; therefore, if ulcers appear on areas not covered by condoms, abstaining from sexual activity until the ulcers are fully healed is one way to limit risk of transmission. The risk is not eliminated, however, as viral shedding capable of transmitting infection may still occur while the infected partner is asymptomatic. The use of condoms or dental dams also limits the transmission of herpes from the genitals of one partner to the mouth of the other (or vice versa) during oral sex. When one partner has a herpes simplex infection and the other does not, the use of antiviral medication, such as valaciclovir, in conjunction with a condom, further decreases the chances of transmission to the uninfected partner. Topical microbicides that contain chemicals that directly inactivate the virus and block viral entry are being investigated. Antivirals Antivirals may reduce asymptomatic shedding; asymptomatic genital HSV-2 viral shedding is believed to occur on 20% of days per year in patients not undergoing antiviral treatment, versus 10% of days while on antiviral therapy. Pregnancy The risk of transmission from mother to baby is highest if the mother becomes infected around the time of delivery (30% to 60%), since insufficient time will have occurred for the generation and transfer of protective maternal antibodies before the birth of the child. In contrast, the risk falls to 3% if the infection is recurrent, and is 1–3% if the woman is seropositive for both HSV-1 and HSV-2, and is less than 1% if no lesions are visible. Women seropositive for only one type of HSV are only half as likely to transmit HSV as infected seronegative mothers. To prevent neonatal infections, seronegative women are recommended to avoid unprotected oral-genital contact with an HSV-1-seropositive partner and conventional sex with a partner having a genital infection during the last trimester of pregnancy. Mothers infected with HSV are advised to avoid procedures that would cause trauma to the infant during birth (e.g. fetal scalp electrodes, forceps, and vacuum extractors) and, should lesions be present, to elect caesarean section to reduce exposure of the child to infected secretions in the birth canal. The use of antiviral treatments, such as aciclovir, given from the 36th week of pregnancy, limits HSV recurrence and shedding during childbirth, thereby reducing the need for caesarean section.Aciclovir is the recommended antiviral for herpes suppressive therapy during the last months of pregnancy. The use of valaciclovir and famciclovir, while potentially improving compliance, have less-well-determined safety in pregnancy. Management No method eradicates herpes virus from the body, but antiviral medications can reduce the frequency, duration, and severity of outbreaks. Analgesics such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) can reduce pain and fever. Topical anesthetic treatments such as prilocaine, lidocaine, benzocaine, or tetracaine can also relieve itching and pain. Antiviral Several antiviral drugs are effective for treating herpes, including aciclovir (acyclovir), valaciclovir, famciclovir, and penciclovir. Aciclovir was the first discovered and is now available in generic. Valaciclovir is also available as a generic and is slightly more effective than aciclovir for reducing lesion healing time.Evidence supports the use of aciclovir and valaciclovir in the treatment of herpes labialis as well as herpes infections in people with cancer. The evidence to support the use of aciclovir in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is weaker. Topical A number of topical antivirals are effective for herpes labialis, including aciclovir, penciclovir, and docosanol. Alternative medicine Evidence is insufficient to support use of many of these compounds, including echinacea, eleuthero, L-lysine, zinc, monolaurin bee products, and aloe vera. While a number of small studies show possible benefit from monolaurin, L-lysine, aspirin, lemon balm, topical zinc, or licorice root cream in treatment, these preliminary studies have not been confirmed by higher-quality randomized controlled studies. Prognosis Following active infection, herpes viruses establish a latent infection in sensory and autonomic ganglia of the nervous system. The double-stranded DNA of the virus is incorporated into the cell physiology by infection of the nucleus of a nerve's cell body. HSV latency is static; no virus is produced; and is controlled by a number of viral genes, including latency-associated transcript.Many HSV-infected people experience recurrence within the first year of infection. Prodrome precedes development of lesions. Prodromal symptoms include tingling (paresthesia), itching, and pain where lumbosacral nerves innervate the skin. Prodrome may occur as long as several days or as short as a few hours before lesions develop. Beginning antiviral treatment when prodrome is experienced can reduce the appearance and duration of lesions in some individuals. During recurrence, fewer lesions are likely to develop and are less painful and heal faster (within 5–10 days without antiviral treatment) than those occurring during the primary infection. Subsequent outbreaks tend to be periodic or episodic, occurring on average four or five times a year when not using antiviral therapy. The causes of reactivation are uncertain, but several potential triggers have been documented. A 2009 study showed the protein VP16 plays a key role in reactivation of the dormant virus. Changes in the immune system during menstruation may play a role in HSV-1 reactivation. Concurrent infections, such as viral upper respiratory tract infection or other febrile diseases, can cause outbreaks. Reactivation due to other infections is the likely source of the historic terms 'cold sore' and 'fever blister'. Other identified triggers include local injury to the face, lips, eyes, or mouth; trauma; surgery; radiotherapy; and exposure to wind, ultraviolet light, or sunlight.The frequency and severity of recurrent outbreaks vary greatly between people. Some individuals' outbreaks can be quite debilitating, with large, painful lesions persisting for several weeks, while others experience only minor itching or burning for a few days. Some evidence indicates genetics play a role in the frequency of cold sore outbreaks. An area of human chromosome 21 that includes six genes has been linked to frequent oral herpes outbreaks. An immunity to the virus is built over time. Most infected individuals experience fewer outbreaks and outbreak symptoms often become less severe. After several years, some people become perpetually asymptomatic and no longer experience outbreaks, though they may still be contagious to others. Immunocompromised individuals may experience longer, more frequent, and more severe episodes. Antiviral medication has been proven to shorten the frequency and duration of outbreaks. Outbreaks may occur at the original site of the infection or in proximity to nerve endings that reach out from the infected ganglia. In the case of a genital infection, sores can appear at the original site of infection or near the base of the spine, the buttocks, or the back of the thighs. HSV-2-infected individuals are at higher risk for acquiring HIV when practicing unprotected sex with HIV-positive persons, in particular during an outbreak with active lesions. Epidemiology Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 are between 60 and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is more common than HSV-2, with rates of both increasing as people age. HSV-1 rates are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people or 16% of the population worldwide were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and in those in the developing world. Rates of infection are determined by the presence of antibodies against either viral species.In the US, 58% of the population is infected with HSV-1 and 16% are infected with HSV-2. Among those HSV-2-seropositive, only 19% were aware they were infected. During 2005–2008, the prevalence of HSV-2 was 39% in black people and 21% in women.The annual incidence in Canada of genital herpes due to HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection is not known (for a review of HSV-1/HSV-2 prevalence and incidence studies worldwide, see Smith and Robinson 2002). As many as one in seven Canadians aged 14 to 59 may be infected with herpes simplex type 2 virus and more than 90 per cent of them may be unaware of their status, a new study suggests. In the United States, it is estimated that about 1,640,000 HSV-2 seroconversions occur yearly (730,000 men and 910,000 women, or 8.4 per 1,000 persons).In British Columbia in 1999, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 antibody in leftover serum submitted for antenatal testing revealed a prevalence of 17%, ranging from 7% in women 15–19 years old to 28% in those 40–44 years.In Norway, a study published in 2000 found that up to 70–90% of genital initial infections were due to HSV-1.In Nova Scotia, 58% of 1,790 HSV isolates from genital lesion cultures in women were HSV-1; in men, 37% of 468 isolates were HSV-1. History Herpes has been known for at least 2,000 years. Emperor Tiberius is said to have banned kissing in Rome for a time due to so many people having cold sores. In the 16th century Romeo and Juliet, blisters "o'er ladies' lips" are mentioned. In the 18th century, it was so common among prostitutes that it was called "a vocational disease of women". The term 'herpes simplex' appeared in Richard Boulton's A System of Rational and Practical Chirurgery in 1713, where the terms 'herpes miliaris' and 'herpes exedens' also appeared. Herpes was not found to be a virus until the 1940s.Herpes antiviral therapy began in the early 1960s with the experimental use of medications that interfered with viral replication called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) inhibitors. The original use was against normally fatal or debilitating illnesses such as adult encephalitis, keratitis, in immunocompromised (transplant) patients, or disseminated herpes zoster. The original compounds used were 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, AKA idoxuridine, IUdR, or(IDU) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine or ara-C, later marketed under the name cytosar or cytarabine. The usage expanded to include topical treatment of herpes simplex, zoster, and varicella. Some trials combined different antivirals with differing results. The introduction of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, (ara-A or vidarabine), considerably less toxic than ara-C, in the mid-1970s, heralded the way for the beginning of regular neonatal antiviral treatment. Vidarabine was the first systemically administered antiviral medication with activity against HSV for which therapeutic efficacy outweighed toxicity for the management of life-threatening HSV disease. Intravenous vidarabine was licensed for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1977. Other experimental antivirals of that period included: heparin, trifluorothymidine (TFT), Ribivarin, interferon, Virazole, and 5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (MMUdR). The introduction of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine, AKA aciclovir, in the late 1970s raised antiviral treatment another notch and led to vidarabine vs. aciclovir trials in the late 1980s. The lower toxicity and ease of administration over vidarabine has led to aciclovir becoming the drug of choice for herpes treatment after it was licensed by the FDA in 1998. Another advantage in the treatment of neonatal herpes included greater reductions in mortality and morbidity with increased dosages, which did not occur when compared with increased dosages of vidarabine. However, aciclovir seems to inhibit antibody response, and newborns on aciclovir antiviral treatment experienced a slower rise in antibody titer than those on vidarabine. Society and culture Some people experience negative feelings related to the condition following diagnosis, in particular, if they have acquired the genital form of the disease. Feelings can include depression, fear of rejection, feelings of isolation, fear of being found out, and self-destructive feelings. Herpes support groups have been formed in the United States and the United Kingdom, providing information about herpes and running message forums and dating websites for affected people. People with the herpes virus are often hesitant to divulge to other people, including friends and family, that they are infected. This is especially true of new or potential sexual partners whom they consider casual.In a 2007 study, 1,900 people (25% of which had herpes) ranked genital herpes second for social stigma, out of all sexually transmitted diseases (HIV took the top spot for STD stigma). Support groups United States A source of support is the National Herpes Resource Center which arose from the work of the American Sexual Health Association (ASHA). The ASHA was created in 1914 in response to the increase in sexually transmitted diseases that had spread during World War I. During the 1970s, there was an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. One of the diseases that increased dramatically was genital herpes. In response, ASHA created the National Herpes Resource Center in 1979. The Herpes Resource Center (HRC) was designed to meet the growing need for education and awareness about the virus. One of the projects of the HRC was to create a network of local support (HELP) groups. The goal of these HELP groups was to provide a safe, confidential environment where participants can get accurate information and share experiences, fears, and feelings with others who are concerned about herpes. UK In the UK, the Herpes Association (now the Herpes Viruses Association) was started in 1982, becoming a registered charity with a Dept of Health grant in 1985. The charity started as a string of local group meetings before acquiring an office and a national spread. Research Research has gone into vaccines for both prevention and treatment of herpes infections. As of October 2022, the U.S. FDA have not approved a vaccine for herpes. However, there are herpes vaccines currently in clinical trials, such as Moderna mRNA-1608. Unsuccessful clinical trials have been conducted for some glycoprotein subunit vaccines. As of 2017, the future pipeline includes several promising replication-incompetent vaccine proposals while two replication-competent (live-attenuated) HSV vaccine are undergoing human testing.A genomic study of the herpes simplex type 1 virus confirmed the human migration pattern theory known as the out-of-Africa hypothesis. References External links Herpes simplex at Curlie
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Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected.Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat.Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, involves the genitalia. It may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers. These typically heal over two to four weeks. Tingling or shooting pains may occur before the blisters appear. Herpes cycles between periods of active disease followed by periods without symptoms. The first episode is often more severe and may be associated with fever, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes and headaches. Over time, episodes of active disease decrease in frequency and severity.Herpetic whitlow typically involves the fingers or thumb, herpes simplex keratitis involves the eye, herpesviral encephalitis involves the brain, and neonatal herpes involves any part of the body of a newborn, among others.There are two types of herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 more commonly causes infections around the mouth while HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. They are transmitted by direct contact with body fluids or lesions of an infected individual. Transmission may still occur when symptoms are not present. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to an infant during childbirth. After infection, the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies, where they reside lifelong. Causes of recurrence may include: decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure. Oral and genital herpes is usually diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms. The diagnosis may be confirmed by viral culture or detecting herpes DNA in fluid from blisters. Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.The most effective method of avoiding genital infections is by avoiding vaginal, oral, and anal sex. Condom use decreases the risk. Daily antiviral medication taken by someone who has the infection can also reduce spread. There is no available vaccine and once infected, there is no cure. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and topical lidocaine may be used to help with the symptoms. Treatments with antiviral medication such as aciclovir or valaciclovir can lessen the severity of symptomatic episodes.Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is usually acquired during childhood. Since there is no cure for either HSV-1 or HSV-2, rates of both inherently increase as people age. Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and those in the developing world. Most people with HSV-2 do not realize that they are infected. Etymology The name is from Greek: ἕρπης herpēs, which is related to the meaning "to creep", referring to spreading blisters. The name does not refer to latency. Signs and symptoms HSV infection causes several distinct medical disorders. Common infection of the skin or mucosa may affect the face and mouth (orofacial herpes), genitalia (genital herpes), or hands (herpetic whitlow). More serious disorders occur when the virus infects and damages the eye (herpes keratitis), or invades the central nervous system, damaging the brain (herpes encephalitis). People with immature or suppressed immune systems, such as newborns, transplant recipients, or people with AIDS, are prone to severe complications from HSV infections. HSV infection has also been associated with cognitive deficits of bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, although this is often dependent on the genetics of the infected person. In all cases, HSV is never removed from the body by the immune system. Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection, migrates to the cell body of the neuron, and becomes latent in the ganglion. As a result of primary infection, the body produces antibodies to the particular type of HSV involved, which can help reduce the odds of subsequent infection of that type at a different site. In HSV-1-infected individuals, seroconversion after an oral infection helps prevent additional HSV-1 infections such as whitlow, genital herpes, and herpes of the eye. Prior HSV-1 seroconversion seems to reduce the symptoms of a later HSV-2 infection, although HSV-2 can still be contracted. Many people infected with HSV-2 display no physical symptoms—individuals with no symptoms are described as asymptomatic or as having subclinical herpes. However, infection with herpes can be fatal. Other Neonatal herpes simplex is an HSV infection in an infant. It is a rare but serious condition, usually caused by vertical transmission of HSV-1 or -2 from mother to newborn. During immunodeficiency, herpes simplex can cause unusual lesions in the skin. One of the most striking is the appearance of clean linear erosions in skin creases, with the appearance of a knife cut. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicles.: 369  Eczema herpeticum is an infection with herpesvirus in patients with chronic atopic dermatitis may result in spread of herpes simplex throughout the eczematous areas.: 373 Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, a primary infection, typically presents as swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids (blepharoconjunctivitis), accompanied by small white itchy lesions on the surface of the cornea. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicle.: 369 Bell's palsy Although the exact cause of Bell's palsy—a type of facial paralysis—is unknown, it may be related to the reactivation of HSV-1. This theory has been contested, however, since HSV is detected in large numbers of individuals having never experienced facial paralysis, and higher levels of antibodies for HSV are not found in HSV-infected individuals with Bell's palsy compared to those without. Antivirals may improve the condition slightly when used together with corticosteroids in those with severe disease. Alzheimer's disease HSV-1 has been proposed as a possible cause of Alzheimer's disease. In the presence of a certain gene variation (APOE-epsilon4 allele carriers), HSV-1 appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system and increases one's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins, which may lead to its development. Pathophysiology Herpes is contracted through direct contact with an active lesion or body fluid of an infected person. Herpes transmission occurs between discordant partners; a person with a history of infection (HSV seropositive) can pass the virus to an HSV seronegative person. Herpes simplex virus 2 is typically contracted through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, but can also be contracted by exposure to infected saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, or the fluid from herpetic blisters. To infect a new individual, HSV travels through tiny breaks in the skin or mucous membranes in the mouth or genital areas. Even microscopic abrasions on mucous membranes are sufficient to allow viral entry. HSV asymptomatic shedding occurs at some time in most individuals infected with herpes. It can occur more than a week before or after a symptomatic recurrence in 50% of cases. Virus enters into susceptible cells by entry receptors such as nectin-1, HVEM and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate. Infected people who show no visible symptoms may still shed and transmit viruses through their skin; asymptomatic shedding may represent the most common form of HSV-2 transmission. Asymptomatic shedding is more frequent within the first 12 months of acquiring HSV. Concurrent infection with HIV increases the frequency and duration of asymptomatic shedding. Some individuals may have much lower patterns of shedding, but evidence supporting this is not fully verified; no significant differences are seen in the frequency of asymptomatic shedding when comparing persons with one to 12 annual recurrences to those with no recurrences.Antibodies that develop following an initial infection with a type of HSV can reduce the odds of reinfection with the same virus type. In a monogamous couple, a seronegative female runs a greater than 30% per year risk of contracting an HSV infection from a seropositive male partner. If an oral HSV-1 infection is contracted first, seroconversion will have occurred after 6 weeks to provide protective antibodies against a future genital HSV-1 infection. Herpes simplex is a double-stranded DNA virus. Diagnosis Classification Herpes simplex virus is divided into two types. However, each may cause infections in all areas. HSV-1 causes primarily mouth, throat, face, eye, and central nervous system infections. HSV-2 causes primarily anogenital infections. Examination Primary orofacial herpes is readily identified by examination of persons with no previous history of lesions and contact with an individual with known HSV infection. The appearance and distribution of sores is typically presents as multiple, round, superficial oral ulcers, accompanied by acute gingivitis. Adults with atypical presentation are more difficult to diagnose. Prodromal symptoms that occur before the appearance of herpetic lesions help differentiate HSV symptoms from the similar symptoms of other disorders, such as allergic stomatitis. When lesions do not appear inside the mouth, primary orofacial herpes is sometimes mistaken for impetigo, a bacterial infection. Common mouth ulcers (aphthous ulcer) also resemble intraoral herpes, but do not present a vesicular stage.Genital herpes can be more difficult to diagnose than oral herpes, since most people have none of the classical symptoms. Further confusing diagnosis, several other conditions resemble genital herpes, including fungal infection, lichen planus, atopic dermatitis, and urethritis. Laboratory testing Laboratory testing is often used to confirm a diagnosis of genital herpes. Laboratory tests include culture of the virus, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) studies to detect virus, skin biopsy, and polymerase chain reaction to test for presence of viral DNA. Although these procedures produce highly sensitive and specific diagnoses, their high costs and time constraints discourage their regular use in clinical practice.Until the 1980s serological tests for antibodies to HSV were rarely useful to diagnosis and not routinely used in clinical practice. The older IgM serologic assay could not differentiate between antibodies generated in response to HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection. However, a glycoprotein G-specific (IgG) HSV test introduced in the 1980s is more than 98% specific at discriminating HSV-1 from HSV-2. Differential diagnosis It should not be confused with conditions caused by other viruses in the herpesviridae family such as herpes zoster, which is caused by varicella zoster virus. The differential diagnosis includes hand, foot and mouth disease due to similar lesions on the skin. Lymphangioma circumscriptum and dermatitis herpetiformis may also have a similar appearance. Prevention As with almost all sexually transmitted infections, women are more susceptible to acquiring genital HSV-2 than men. On an annual basis, without the use of antivirals or condoms, the transmission risk of HSV-2 from infected male to female is about 8–11%. This is believed to be due to the increased exposure of mucosal tissue to potential infection sites. Transmission risk from infected female to male is around 4–5% annually. Suppressive antiviral therapy reduces these risks by 50%. Antivirals also help prevent the development of symptomatic HSV in infection scenarios, meaning the infected partner will be seropositive but symptom-free by about 50%. Condom use also reduces the transmission risk significantly. Condom use is much more effective at preventing male-to-female transmission than vice versa. Previous HSV-1 infection may reduce the risk for acquisition of HSV-2 infection among women by a factor of three, although the one study that states this has a small sample size of 14 transmissions out of 214 couples.However, asymptomatic carriers of the HSV-2 virus are still contagious. In many infections, the first symptom people will have of their own infections is the horizontal transmission to a sexual partner or the vertical transmission of neonatal herpes to a newborn at term. Since most asymptomatic individuals are unaware of their infection, they are considered at high risk for spreading HSV.In October 2011, the anti-HIV drug tenofovir, when used topically in a microbicidal vaginal gel, was reported to reduce herpes virus sexual transmission by 51%. Barrier methods Condoms offer moderate protection against HSV-2 in both men and women, with consistent condom users having a 30%-lower risk of HSV-2 acquisition compared with those who never use condoms. A female condom can provide greater protection than the male condom, as it covers the labia. The virus cannot pass through a synthetic condom, but a male condom's effectiveness is limited because herpes ulcers may appear on areas not covered by it. Neither type of condom prevents contact with the scrotum, anus, buttocks, or upper thighs, areas that may come in contact with ulcers or genital secretions during sexual activity. Protection against herpes simplex depends on the site of the ulcer; therefore, if ulcers appear on areas not covered by condoms, abstaining from sexual activity until the ulcers are fully healed is one way to limit risk of transmission. The risk is not eliminated, however, as viral shedding capable of transmitting infection may still occur while the infected partner is asymptomatic. The use of condoms or dental dams also limits the transmission of herpes from the genitals of one partner to the mouth of the other (or vice versa) during oral sex. When one partner has a herpes simplex infection and the other does not, the use of antiviral medication, such as valaciclovir, in conjunction with a condom, further decreases the chances of transmission to the uninfected partner. Topical microbicides that contain chemicals that directly inactivate the virus and block viral entry are being investigated. Antivirals Antivirals may reduce asymptomatic shedding; asymptomatic genital HSV-2 viral shedding is believed to occur on 20% of days per year in patients not undergoing antiviral treatment, versus 10% of days while on antiviral therapy. Pregnancy The risk of transmission from mother to baby is highest if the mother becomes infected around the time of delivery (30% to 60%), since insufficient time will have occurred for the generation and transfer of protective maternal antibodies before the birth of the child. In contrast, the risk falls to 3% if the infection is recurrent, and is 1–3% if the woman is seropositive for both HSV-1 and HSV-2, and is less than 1% if no lesions are visible. Women seropositive for only one type of HSV are only half as likely to transmit HSV as infected seronegative mothers. To prevent neonatal infections, seronegative women are recommended to avoid unprotected oral-genital contact with an HSV-1-seropositive partner and conventional sex with a partner having a genital infection during the last trimester of pregnancy. Mothers infected with HSV are advised to avoid procedures that would cause trauma to the infant during birth (e.g. fetal scalp electrodes, forceps, and vacuum extractors) and, should lesions be present, to elect caesarean section to reduce exposure of the child to infected secretions in the birth canal. The use of antiviral treatments, such as aciclovir, given from the 36th week of pregnancy, limits HSV recurrence and shedding during childbirth, thereby reducing the need for caesarean section.Aciclovir is the recommended antiviral for herpes suppressive therapy during the last months of pregnancy. The use of valaciclovir and famciclovir, while potentially improving compliance, have less-well-determined safety in pregnancy. Management No method eradicates herpes virus from the body, but antiviral medications can reduce the frequency, duration, and severity of outbreaks. Analgesics such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) can reduce pain and fever. Topical anesthetic treatments such as prilocaine, lidocaine, benzocaine, or tetracaine can also relieve itching and pain. Antiviral Several antiviral drugs are effective for treating herpes, including aciclovir (acyclovir), valaciclovir, famciclovir, and penciclovir. Aciclovir was the first discovered and is now available in generic. Valaciclovir is also available as a generic and is slightly more effective than aciclovir for reducing lesion healing time.Evidence supports the use of aciclovir and valaciclovir in the treatment of herpes labialis as well as herpes infections in people with cancer. The evidence to support the use of aciclovir in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is weaker. Topical A number of topical antivirals are effective for herpes labialis, including aciclovir, penciclovir, and docosanol. Alternative medicine Evidence is insufficient to support use of many of these compounds, including echinacea, eleuthero, L-lysine, zinc, monolaurin bee products, and aloe vera. While a number of small studies show possible benefit from monolaurin, L-lysine, aspirin, lemon balm, topical zinc, or licorice root cream in treatment, these preliminary studies have not been confirmed by higher-quality randomized controlled studies. Prognosis Following active infection, herpes viruses establish a latent infection in sensory and autonomic ganglia of the nervous system. The double-stranded DNA of the virus is incorporated into the cell physiology by infection of the nucleus of a nerve's cell body. HSV latency is static; no virus is produced; and is controlled by a number of viral genes, including latency-associated transcript.Many HSV-infected people experience recurrence within the first year of infection. Prodrome precedes development of lesions. Prodromal symptoms include tingling (paresthesia), itching, and pain where lumbosacral nerves innervate the skin. Prodrome may occur as long as several days or as short as a few hours before lesions develop. Beginning antiviral treatment when prodrome is experienced can reduce the appearance and duration of lesions in some individuals. During recurrence, fewer lesions are likely to develop and are less painful and heal faster (within 5–10 days without antiviral treatment) than those occurring during the primary infection. Subsequent outbreaks tend to be periodic or episodic, occurring on average four or five times a year when not using antiviral therapy. The causes of reactivation are uncertain, but several potential triggers have been documented. A 2009 study showed the protein VP16 plays a key role in reactivation of the dormant virus. Changes in the immune system during menstruation may play a role in HSV-1 reactivation. Concurrent infections, such as viral upper respiratory tract infection or other febrile diseases, can cause outbreaks. Reactivation due to other infections is the likely source of the historic terms 'cold sore' and 'fever blister'. Other identified triggers include local injury to the face, lips, eyes, or mouth; trauma; surgery; radiotherapy; and exposure to wind, ultraviolet light, or sunlight.The frequency and severity of recurrent outbreaks vary greatly between people. Some individuals' outbreaks can be quite debilitating, with large, painful lesions persisting for several weeks, while others experience only minor itching or burning for a few days. Some evidence indicates genetics play a role in the frequency of cold sore outbreaks. An area of human chromosome 21 that includes six genes has been linked to frequent oral herpes outbreaks. An immunity to the virus is built over time. Most infected individuals experience fewer outbreaks and outbreak symptoms often become less severe. After several years, some people become perpetually asymptomatic and no longer experience outbreaks, though they may still be contagious to others. Immunocompromised individuals may experience longer, more frequent, and more severe episodes. Antiviral medication has been proven to shorten the frequency and duration of outbreaks. Outbreaks may occur at the original site of the infection or in proximity to nerve endings that reach out from the infected ganglia. In the case of a genital infection, sores can appear at the original site of infection or near the base of the spine, the buttocks, or the back of the thighs. HSV-2-infected individuals are at higher risk for acquiring HIV when practicing unprotected sex with HIV-positive persons, in particular during an outbreak with active lesions. Epidemiology Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 are between 60 and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is more common than HSV-2, with rates of both increasing as people age. HSV-1 rates are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people or 16% of the population worldwide were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and in those in the developing world. Rates of infection are determined by the presence of antibodies against either viral species.In the US, 58% of the population is infected with HSV-1 and 16% are infected with HSV-2. Among those HSV-2-seropositive, only 19% were aware they were infected. During 2005–2008, the prevalence of HSV-2 was 39% in black people and 21% in women.The annual incidence in Canada of genital herpes due to HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection is not known (for a review of HSV-1/HSV-2 prevalence and incidence studies worldwide, see Smith and Robinson 2002). As many as one in seven Canadians aged 14 to 59 may be infected with herpes simplex type 2 virus and more than 90 per cent of them may be unaware of their status, a new study suggests. In the United States, it is estimated that about 1,640,000 HSV-2 seroconversions occur yearly (730,000 men and 910,000 women, or 8.4 per 1,000 persons).In British Columbia in 1999, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 antibody in leftover serum submitted for antenatal testing revealed a prevalence of 17%, ranging from 7% in women 15–19 years old to 28% in those 40–44 years.In Norway, a study published in 2000 found that up to 70–90% of genital initial infections were due to HSV-1.In Nova Scotia, 58% of 1,790 HSV isolates from genital lesion cultures in women were HSV-1; in men, 37% of 468 isolates were HSV-1. History Herpes has been known for at least 2,000 years. Emperor Tiberius is said to have banned kissing in Rome for a time due to so many people having cold sores. In the 16th century Romeo and Juliet, blisters "o'er ladies' lips" are mentioned. In the 18th century, it was so common among prostitutes that it was called "a vocational disease of women". The term 'herpes simplex' appeared in Richard Boulton's A System of Rational and Practical Chirurgery in 1713, where the terms 'herpes miliaris' and 'herpes exedens' also appeared. Herpes was not found to be a virus until the 1940s.Herpes antiviral therapy began in the early 1960s with the experimental use of medications that interfered with viral replication called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) inhibitors. The original use was against normally fatal or debilitating illnesses such as adult encephalitis, keratitis, in immunocompromised (transplant) patients, or disseminated herpes zoster. The original compounds used were 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, AKA idoxuridine, IUdR, or(IDU) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine or ara-C, later marketed under the name cytosar or cytarabine. The usage expanded to include topical treatment of herpes simplex, zoster, and varicella. Some trials combined different antivirals with differing results. The introduction of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, (ara-A or vidarabine), considerably less toxic than ara-C, in the mid-1970s, heralded the way for the beginning of regular neonatal antiviral treatment. Vidarabine was the first systemically administered antiviral medication with activity against HSV for which therapeutic efficacy outweighed toxicity for the management of life-threatening HSV disease. Intravenous vidarabine was licensed for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1977. Other experimental antivirals of that period included: heparin, trifluorothymidine (TFT), Ribivarin, interferon, Virazole, and 5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (MMUdR). The introduction of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine, AKA aciclovir, in the late 1970s raised antiviral treatment another notch and led to vidarabine vs. aciclovir trials in the late 1980s. The lower toxicity and ease of administration over vidarabine has led to aciclovir becoming the drug of choice for herpes treatment after it was licensed by the FDA in 1998. Another advantage in the treatment of neonatal herpes included greater reductions in mortality and morbidity with increased dosages, which did not occur when compared with increased dosages of vidarabine. However, aciclovir seems to inhibit antibody response, and newborns on aciclovir antiviral treatment experienced a slower rise in antibody titer than those on vidarabine. Society and culture Some people experience negative feelings related to the condition following diagnosis, in particular, if they have acquired the genital form of the disease. Feelings can include depression, fear of rejection, feelings of isolation, fear of being found out, and self-destructive feelings. Herpes support groups have been formed in the United States and the United Kingdom, providing information about herpes and running message forums and dating websites for affected people. People with the herpes virus are often hesitant to divulge to other people, including friends and family, that they are infected. This is especially true of new or potential sexual partners whom they consider casual.In a 2007 study, 1,900 people (25% of which had herpes) ranked genital herpes second for social stigma, out of all sexually transmitted diseases (HIV took the top spot for STD stigma). Support groups United States A source of support is the National Herpes Resource Center which arose from the work of the American Sexual Health Association (ASHA). The ASHA was created in 1914 in response to the increase in sexually transmitted diseases that had spread during World War I. During the 1970s, there was an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. One of the diseases that increased dramatically was genital herpes. In response, ASHA created the National Herpes Resource Center in 1979. The Herpes Resource Center (HRC) was designed to meet the growing need for education and awareness about the virus. One of the projects of the HRC was to create a network of local support (HELP) groups. The goal of these HELP groups was to provide a safe, confidential environment where participants can get accurate information and share experiences, fears, and feelings with others who are concerned about herpes. UK In the UK, the Herpes Association (now the Herpes Viruses Association) was started in 1982, becoming a registered charity with a Dept of Health grant in 1985. The charity started as a string of local group meetings before acquiring an office and a national spread. Research Research has gone into vaccines for both prevention and treatment of herpes infections. As of October 2022, the U.S. FDA have not approved a vaccine for herpes. However, there are herpes vaccines currently in clinical trials, such as Moderna mRNA-1608. Unsuccessful clinical trials have been conducted for some glycoprotein subunit vaccines. As of 2017, the future pipeline includes several promising replication-incompetent vaccine proposals while two replication-competent (live-attenuated) HSV vaccine are undergoing human testing.A genomic study of the herpes simplex type 1 virus confirmed the human migration pattern theory known as the out-of-Africa hypothesis. References External links Herpes simplex at Curlie
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Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected.Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat.Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, involves the genitalia. It may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers. These typically heal over two to four weeks. Tingling or shooting pains may occur before the blisters appear. Herpes cycles between periods of active disease followed by periods without symptoms. The first episode is often more severe and may be associated with fever, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes and headaches. Over time, episodes of active disease decrease in frequency and severity.Herpetic whitlow typically involves the fingers or thumb, herpes simplex keratitis involves the eye, herpesviral encephalitis involves the brain, and neonatal herpes involves any part of the body of a newborn, among others.There are two types of herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 more commonly causes infections around the mouth while HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. They are transmitted by direct contact with body fluids or lesions of an infected individual. Transmission may still occur when symptoms are not present. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to an infant during childbirth. After infection, the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies, where they reside lifelong. Causes of recurrence may include: decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure. Oral and genital herpes is usually diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms. The diagnosis may be confirmed by viral culture or detecting herpes DNA in fluid from blisters. Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.The most effective method of avoiding genital infections is by avoiding vaginal, oral, and anal sex. Condom use decreases the risk. Daily antiviral medication taken by someone who has the infection can also reduce spread. There is no available vaccine and once infected, there is no cure. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and topical lidocaine may be used to help with the symptoms. Treatments with antiviral medication such as aciclovir or valaciclovir can lessen the severity of symptomatic episodes.Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is usually acquired during childhood. Since there is no cure for either HSV-1 or HSV-2, rates of both inherently increase as people age. Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and those in the developing world. Most people with HSV-2 do not realize that they are infected. Etymology The name is from Greek: ἕρπης herpēs, which is related to the meaning "to creep", referring to spreading blisters. The name does not refer to latency. Signs and symptoms HSV infection causes several distinct medical disorders. Common infection of the skin or mucosa may affect the face and mouth (orofacial herpes), genitalia (genital herpes), or hands (herpetic whitlow). More serious disorders occur when the virus infects and damages the eye (herpes keratitis), or invades the central nervous system, damaging the brain (herpes encephalitis). People with immature or suppressed immune systems, such as newborns, transplant recipients, or people with AIDS, are prone to severe complications from HSV infections. HSV infection has also been associated with cognitive deficits of bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, although this is often dependent on the genetics of the infected person. In all cases, HSV is never removed from the body by the immune system. Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection, migrates to the cell body of the neuron, and becomes latent in the ganglion. As a result of primary infection, the body produces antibodies to the particular type of HSV involved, which can help reduce the odds of subsequent infection of that type at a different site. In HSV-1-infected individuals, seroconversion after an oral infection helps prevent additional HSV-1 infections such as whitlow, genital herpes, and herpes of the eye. Prior HSV-1 seroconversion seems to reduce the symptoms of a later HSV-2 infection, although HSV-2 can still be contracted. Many people infected with HSV-2 display no physical symptoms—individuals with no symptoms are described as asymptomatic or as having subclinical herpes. However, infection with herpes can be fatal. Other Neonatal herpes simplex is an HSV infection in an infant. It is a rare but serious condition, usually caused by vertical transmission of HSV-1 or -2 from mother to newborn. During immunodeficiency, herpes simplex can cause unusual lesions in the skin. One of the most striking is the appearance of clean linear erosions in skin creases, with the appearance of a knife cut. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicles.: 369  Eczema herpeticum is an infection with herpesvirus in patients with chronic atopic dermatitis may result in spread of herpes simplex throughout the eczematous areas.: 373 Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, a primary infection, typically presents as swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids (blepharoconjunctivitis), accompanied by small white itchy lesions on the surface of the cornea. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicle.: 369 Bell's palsy Although the exact cause of Bell's palsy—a type of facial paralysis—is unknown, it may be related to the reactivation of HSV-1. This theory has been contested, however, since HSV is detected in large numbers of individuals having never experienced facial paralysis, and higher levels of antibodies for HSV are not found in HSV-infected individuals with Bell's palsy compared to those without. Antivirals may improve the condition slightly when used together with corticosteroids in those with severe disease. Alzheimer's disease HSV-1 has been proposed as a possible cause of Alzheimer's disease. In the presence of a certain gene variation (APOE-epsilon4 allele carriers), HSV-1 appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system and increases one's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins, which may lead to its development. Pathophysiology Herpes is contracted through direct contact with an active lesion or body fluid of an infected person. Herpes transmission occurs between discordant partners; a person with a history of infection (HSV seropositive) can pass the virus to an HSV seronegative person. Herpes simplex virus 2 is typically contracted through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, but can also be contracted by exposure to infected saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, or the fluid from herpetic blisters. To infect a new individual, HSV travels through tiny breaks in the skin or mucous membranes in the mouth or genital areas. Even microscopic abrasions on mucous membranes are sufficient to allow viral entry. HSV asymptomatic shedding occurs at some time in most individuals infected with herpes. It can occur more than a week before or after a symptomatic recurrence in 50% of cases. Virus enters into susceptible cells by entry receptors such as nectin-1, HVEM and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate. Infected people who show no visible symptoms may still shed and transmit viruses through their skin; asymptomatic shedding may represent the most common form of HSV-2 transmission. Asymptomatic shedding is more frequent within the first 12 months of acquiring HSV. Concurrent infection with HIV increases the frequency and duration of asymptomatic shedding. Some individuals may have much lower patterns of shedding, but evidence supporting this is not fully verified; no significant differences are seen in the frequency of asymptomatic shedding when comparing persons with one to 12 annual recurrences to those with no recurrences.Antibodies that develop following an initial infection with a type of HSV can reduce the odds of reinfection with the same virus type. In a monogamous couple, a seronegative female runs a greater than 30% per year risk of contracting an HSV infection from a seropositive male partner. If an oral HSV-1 infection is contracted first, seroconversion will have occurred after 6 weeks to provide protective antibodies against a future genital HSV-1 infection. Herpes simplex is a double-stranded DNA virus. Diagnosis Classification Herpes simplex virus is divided into two types. However, each may cause infections in all areas. HSV-1 causes primarily mouth, throat, face, eye, and central nervous system infections. HSV-2 causes primarily anogenital infections. Examination Primary orofacial herpes is readily identified by examination of persons with no previous history of lesions and contact with an individual with known HSV infection. The appearance and distribution of sores is typically presents as multiple, round, superficial oral ulcers, accompanied by acute gingivitis. Adults with atypical presentation are more difficult to diagnose. Prodromal symptoms that occur before the appearance of herpetic lesions help differentiate HSV symptoms from the similar symptoms of other disorders, such as allergic stomatitis. When lesions do not appear inside the mouth, primary orofacial herpes is sometimes mistaken for impetigo, a bacterial infection. Common mouth ulcers (aphthous ulcer) also resemble intraoral herpes, but do not present a vesicular stage.Genital herpes can be more difficult to diagnose than oral herpes, since most people have none of the classical symptoms. Further confusing diagnosis, several other conditions resemble genital herpes, including fungal infection, lichen planus, atopic dermatitis, and urethritis. Laboratory testing Laboratory testing is often used to confirm a diagnosis of genital herpes. Laboratory tests include culture of the virus, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) studies to detect virus, skin biopsy, and polymerase chain reaction to test for presence of viral DNA. Although these procedures produce highly sensitive and specific diagnoses, their high costs and time constraints discourage their regular use in clinical practice.Until the 1980s serological tests for antibodies to HSV were rarely useful to diagnosis and not routinely used in clinical practice. The older IgM serologic assay could not differentiate between antibodies generated in response to HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection. However, a glycoprotein G-specific (IgG) HSV test introduced in the 1980s is more than 98% specific at discriminating HSV-1 from HSV-2. Differential diagnosis It should not be confused with conditions caused by other viruses in the herpesviridae family such as herpes zoster, which is caused by varicella zoster virus. The differential diagnosis includes hand, foot and mouth disease due to similar lesions on the skin. Lymphangioma circumscriptum and dermatitis herpetiformis may also have a similar appearance. Prevention As with almost all sexually transmitted infections, women are more susceptible to acquiring genital HSV-2 than men. On an annual basis, without the use of antivirals or condoms, the transmission risk of HSV-2 from infected male to female is about 8–11%. This is believed to be due to the increased exposure of mucosal tissue to potential infection sites. Transmission risk from infected female to male is around 4–5% annually. Suppressive antiviral therapy reduces these risks by 50%. Antivirals also help prevent the development of symptomatic HSV in infection scenarios, meaning the infected partner will be seropositive but symptom-free by about 50%. Condom use also reduces the transmission risk significantly. Condom use is much more effective at preventing male-to-female transmission than vice versa. Previous HSV-1 infection may reduce the risk for acquisition of HSV-2 infection among women by a factor of three, although the one study that states this has a small sample size of 14 transmissions out of 214 couples.However, asymptomatic carriers of the HSV-2 virus are still contagious. In many infections, the first symptom people will have of their own infections is the horizontal transmission to a sexual partner or the vertical transmission of neonatal herpes to a newborn at term. Since most asymptomatic individuals are unaware of their infection, they are considered at high risk for spreading HSV.In October 2011, the anti-HIV drug tenofovir, when used topically in a microbicidal vaginal gel, was reported to reduce herpes virus sexual transmission by 51%. Barrier methods Condoms offer moderate protection against HSV-2 in both men and women, with consistent condom users having a 30%-lower risk of HSV-2 acquisition compared with those who never use condoms. A female condom can provide greater protection than the male condom, as it covers the labia. The virus cannot pass through a synthetic condom, but a male condom's effectiveness is limited because herpes ulcers may appear on areas not covered by it. Neither type of condom prevents contact with the scrotum, anus, buttocks, or upper thighs, areas that may come in contact with ulcers or genital secretions during sexual activity. Protection against herpes simplex depends on the site of the ulcer; therefore, if ulcers appear on areas not covered by condoms, abstaining from sexual activity until the ulcers are fully healed is one way to limit risk of transmission. The risk is not eliminated, however, as viral shedding capable of transmitting infection may still occur while the infected partner is asymptomatic. The use of condoms or dental dams also limits the transmission of herpes from the genitals of one partner to the mouth of the other (or vice versa) during oral sex. When one partner has a herpes simplex infection and the other does not, the use of antiviral medication, such as valaciclovir, in conjunction with a condom, further decreases the chances of transmission to the uninfected partner. Topical microbicides that contain chemicals that directly inactivate the virus and block viral entry are being investigated. Antivirals Antivirals may reduce asymptomatic shedding; asymptomatic genital HSV-2 viral shedding is believed to occur on 20% of days per year in patients not undergoing antiviral treatment, versus 10% of days while on antiviral therapy. Pregnancy The risk of transmission from mother to baby is highest if the mother becomes infected around the time of delivery (30% to 60%), since insufficient time will have occurred for the generation and transfer of protective maternal antibodies before the birth of the child. In contrast, the risk falls to 3% if the infection is recurrent, and is 1–3% if the woman is seropositive for both HSV-1 and HSV-2, and is less than 1% if no lesions are visible. Women seropositive for only one type of HSV are only half as likely to transmit HSV as infected seronegative mothers. To prevent neonatal infections, seronegative women are recommended to avoid unprotected oral-genital contact with an HSV-1-seropositive partner and conventional sex with a partner having a genital infection during the last trimester of pregnancy. Mothers infected with HSV are advised to avoid procedures that would cause trauma to the infant during birth (e.g. fetal scalp electrodes, forceps, and vacuum extractors) and, should lesions be present, to elect caesarean section to reduce exposure of the child to infected secretions in the birth canal. The use of antiviral treatments, such as aciclovir, given from the 36th week of pregnancy, limits HSV recurrence and shedding during childbirth, thereby reducing the need for caesarean section.Aciclovir is the recommended antiviral for herpes suppressive therapy during the last months of pregnancy. The use of valaciclovir and famciclovir, while potentially improving compliance, have less-well-determined safety in pregnancy. Management No method eradicates herpes virus from the body, but antiviral medications can reduce the frequency, duration, and severity of outbreaks. Analgesics such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) can reduce pain and fever. Topical anesthetic treatments such as prilocaine, lidocaine, benzocaine, or tetracaine can also relieve itching and pain. Antiviral Several antiviral drugs are effective for treating herpes, including aciclovir (acyclovir), valaciclovir, famciclovir, and penciclovir. Aciclovir was the first discovered and is now available in generic. Valaciclovir is also available as a generic and is slightly more effective than aciclovir for reducing lesion healing time.Evidence supports the use of aciclovir and valaciclovir in the treatment of herpes labialis as well as herpes infections in people with cancer. The evidence to support the use of aciclovir in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is weaker. Topical A number of topical antivirals are effective for herpes labialis, including aciclovir, penciclovir, and docosanol. Alternative medicine Evidence is insufficient to support use of many of these compounds, including echinacea, eleuthero, L-lysine, zinc, monolaurin bee products, and aloe vera. While a number of small studies show possible benefit from monolaurin, L-lysine, aspirin, lemon balm, topical zinc, or licorice root cream in treatment, these preliminary studies have not been confirmed by higher-quality randomized controlled studies. Prognosis Following active infection, herpes viruses establish a latent infection in sensory and autonomic ganglia of the nervous system. The double-stranded DNA of the virus is incorporated into the cell physiology by infection of the nucleus of a nerve's cell body. HSV latency is static; no virus is produced; and is controlled by a number of viral genes, including latency-associated transcript.Many HSV-infected people experience recurrence within the first year of infection. Prodrome precedes development of lesions. Prodromal symptoms include tingling (paresthesia), itching, and pain where lumbosacral nerves innervate the skin. Prodrome may occur as long as several days or as short as a few hours before lesions develop. Beginning antiviral treatment when prodrome is experienced can reduce the appearance and duration of lesions in some individuals. During recurrence, fewer lesions are likely to develop and are less painful and heal faster (within 5–10 days without antiviral treatment) than those occurring during the primary infection. Subsequent outbreaks tend to be periodic or episodic, occurring on average four or five times a year when not using antiviral therapy. The causes of reactivation are uncertain, but several potential triggers have been documented. A 2009 study showed the protein VP16 plays a key role in reactivation of the dormant virus. Changes in the immune system during menstruation may play a role in HSV-1 reactivation. Concurrent infections, such as viral upper respiratory tract infection or other febrile diseases, can cause outbreaks. Reactivation due to other infections is the likely source of the historic terms 'cold sore' and 'fever blister'. Other identified triggers include local injury to the face, lips, eyes, or mouth; trauma; surgery; radiotherapy; and exposure to wind, ultraviolet light, or sunlight.The frequency and severity of recurrent outbreaks vary greatly between people. Some individuals' outbreaks can be quite debilitating, with large, painful lesions persisting for several weeks, while others experience only minor itching or burning for a few days. Some evidence indicates genetics play a role in the frequency of cold sore outbreaks. An area of human chromosome 21 that includes six genes has been linked to frequent oral herpes outbreaks. An immunity to the virus is built over time. Most infected individuals experience fewer outbreaks and outbreak symptoms often become less severe. After several years, some people become perpetually asymptomatic and no longer experience outbreaks, though they may still be contagious to others. Immunocompromised individuals may experience longer, more frequent, and more severe episodes. Antiviral medication has been proven to shorten the frequency and duration of outbreaks. Outbreaks may occur at the original site of the infection or in proximity to nerve endings that reach out from the infected ganglia. In the case of a genital infection, sores can appear at the original site of infection or near the base of the spine, the buttocks, or the back of the thighs. HSV-2-infected individuals are at higher risk for acquiring HIV when practicing unprotected sex with HIV-positive persons, in particular during an outbreak with active lesions. Epidemiology Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 are between 60 and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is more common than HSV-2, with rates of both increasing as people age. HSV-1 rates are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people or 16% of the population worldwide were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and in those in the developing world. Rates of infection are determined by the presence of antibodies against either viral species.In the US, 58% of the population is infected with HSV-1 and 16% are infected with HSV-2. Among those HSV-2-seropositive, only 19% were aware they were infected. During 2005–2008, the prevalence of HSV-2 was 39% in black people and 21% in women.The annual incidence in Canada of genital herpes due to HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection is not known (for a review of HSV-1/HSV-2 prevalence and incidence studies worldwide, see Smith and Robinson 2002). As many as one in seven Canadians aged 14 to 59 may be infected with herpes simplex type 2 virus and more than 90 per cent of them may be unaware of their status, a new study suggests. In the United States, it is estimated that about 1,640,000 HSV-2 seroconversions occur yearly (730,000 men and 910,000 women, or 8.4 per 1,000 persons).In British Columbia in 1999, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 antibody in leftover serum submitted for antenatal testing revealed a prevalence of 17%, ranging from 7% in women 15–19 years old to 28% in those 40–44 years.In Norway, a study published in 2000 found that up to 70–90% of genital initial infections were due to HSV-1.In Nova Scotia, 58% of 1,790 HSV isolates from genital lesion cultures in women were HSV-1; in men, 37% of 468 isolates were HSV-1. History Herpes has been known for at least 2,000 years. Emperor Tiberius is said to have banned kissing in Rome for a time due to so many people having cold sores. In the 16th century Romeo and Juliet, blisters "o'er ladies' lips" are mentioned. In the 18th century, it was so common among prostitutes that it was called "a vocational disease of women". The term 'herpes simplex' appeared in Richard Boulton's A System of Rational and Practical Chirurgery in 1713, where the terms 'herpes miliaris' and 'herpes exedens' also appeared. Herpes was not found to be a virus until the 1940s.Herpes antiviral therapy began in the early 1960s with the experimental use of medications that interfered with viral replication called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) inhibitors. The original use was against normally fatal or debilitating illnesses such as adult encephalitis, keratitis, in immunocompromised (transplant) patients, or disseminated herpes zoster. The original compounds used were 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, AKA idoxuridine, IUdR, or(IDU) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine or ara-C, later marketed under the name cytosar or cytarabine. The usage expanded to include topical treatment of herpes simplex, zoster, and varicella. Some trials combined different antivirals with differing results. The introduction of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, (ara-A or vidarabine), considerably less toxic than ara-C, in the mid-1970s, heralded the way for the beginning of regular neonatal antiviral treatment. Vidarabine was the first systemically administered antiviral medication with activity against HSV for which therapeutic efficacy outweighed toxicity for the management of life-threatening HSV disease. Intravenous vidarabine was licensed for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1977. Other experimental antivirals of that period included: heparin, trifluorothymidine (TFT), Ribivarin, interferon, Virazole, and 5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (MMUdR). The introduction of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine, AKA aciclovir, in the late 1970s raised antiviral treatment another notch and led to vidarabine vs. aciclovir trials in the late 1980s. The lower toxicity and ease of administration over vidarabine has led to aciclovir becoming the drug of choice for herpes treatment after it was licensed by the FDA in 1998. Another advantage in the treatment of neonatal herpes included greater reductions in mortality and morbidity with increased dosages, which did not occur when compared with increased dosages of vidarabine. However, aciclovir seems to inhibit antibody response, and newborns on aciclovir antiviral treatment experienced a slower rise in antibody titer than those on vidarabine. Society and culture Some people experience negative feelings related to the condition following diagnosis, in particular, if they have acquired the genital form of the disease. Feelings can include depression, fear of rejection, feelings of isolation, fear of being found out, and self-destructive feelings. Herpes support groups have been formed in the United States and the United Kingdom, providing information about herpes and running message forums and dating websites for affected people. People with the herpes virus are often hesitant to divulge to other people, including friends and family, that they are infected. This is especially true of new or potential sexual partners whom they consider casual.In a 2007 study, 1,900 people (25% of which had herpes) ranked genital herpes second for social stigma, out of all sexually transmitted diseases (HIV took the top spot for STD stigma). Support groups United States A source of support is the National Herpes Resource Center which arose from the work of the American Sexual Health Association (ASHA). The ASHA was created in 1914 in response to the increase in sexually transmitted diseases that had spread during World War I. During the 1970s, there was an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. One of the diseases that increased dramatically was genital herpes. In response, ASHA created the National Herpes Resource Center in 1979. The Herpes Resource Center (HRC) was designed to meet the growing need for education and awareness about the virus. One of the projects of the HRC was to create a network of local support (HELP) groups. The goal of these HELP groups was to provide a safe, confidential environment where participants can get accurate information and share experiences, fears, and feelings with others who are concerned about herpes. UK In the UK, the Herpes Association (now the Herpes Viruses Association) was started in 1982, becoming a registered charity with a Dept of Health grant in 1985. The charity started as a string of local group meetings before acquiring an office and a national spread. Research Research has gone into vaccines for both prevention and treatment of herpes infections. As of October 2022, the U.S. FDA have not approved a vaccine for herpes. However, there are herpes vaccines currently in clinical trials, such as Moderna mRNA-1608. Unsuccessful clinical trials have been conducted for some glycoprotein subunit vaccines. As of 2017, the future pipeline includes several promising replication-incompetent vaccine proposals while two replication-competent (live-attenuated) HSV vaccine are undergoing human testing.A genomic study of the herpes simplex type 1 virus confirmed the human migration pattern theory known as the out-of-Africa hypothesis. References External links Herpes simplex at Curlie
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Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected.Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat.Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, involves the genitalia. It may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers. These typically heal over two to four weeks. Tingling or shooting pains may occur before the blisters appear. Herpes cycles between periods of active disease followed by periods without symptoms. The first episode is often more severe and may be associated with fever, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes and headaches. Over time, episodes of active disease decrease in frequency and severity.Herpetic whitlow typically involves the fingers or thumb, herpes simplex keratitis involves the eye, herpesviral encephalitis involves the brain, and neonatal herpes involves any part of the body of a newborn, among others.There are two types of herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 more commonly causes infections around the mouth while HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. They are transmitted by direct contact with body fluids or lesions of an infected individual. Transmission may still occur when symptoms are not present. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to an infant during childbirth. After infection, the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies, where they reside lifelong. Causes of recurrence may include: decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure. Oral and genital herpes is usually diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms. The diagnosis may be confirmed by viral culture or detecting herpes DNA in fluid from blisters. Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.The most effective method of avoiding genital infections is by avoiding vaginal, oral, and anal sex. Condom use decreases the risk. Daily antiviral medication taken by someone who has the infection can also reduce spread. There is no available vaccine and once infected, there is no cure. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and topical lidocaine may be used to help with the symptoms. Treatments with antiviral medication such as aciclovir or valaciclovir can lessen the severity of symptomatic episodes.Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is usually acquired during childhood. Since there is no cure for either HSV-1 or HSV-2, rates of both inherently increase as people age. Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and those in the developing world. Most people with HSV-2 do not realize that they are infected. Etymology The name is from Greek: ἕρπης herpēs, which is related to the meaning "to creep", referring to spreading blisters. The name does not refer to latency. Signs and symptoms HSV infection causes several distinct medical disorders. Common infection of the skin or mucosa may affect the face and mouth (orofacial herpes), genitalia (genital herpes), or hands (herpetic whitlow). More serious disorders occur when the virus infects and damages the eye (herpes keratitis), or invades the central nervous system, damaging the brain (herpes encephalitis). People with immature or suppressed immune systems, such as newborns, transplant recipients, or people with AIDS, are prone to severe complications from HSV infections. HSV infection has also been associated with cognitive deficits of bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, although this is often dependent on the genetics of the infected person. In all cases, HSV is never removed from the body by the immune system. Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection, migrates to the cell body of the neuron, and becomes latent in the ganglion. As a result of primary infection, the body produces antibodies to the particular type of HSV involved, which can help reduce the odds of subsequent infection of that type at a different site. In HSV-1-infected individuals, seroconversion after an oral infection helps prevent additional HSV-1 infections such as whitlow, genital herpes, and herpes of the eye. Prior HSV-1 seroconversion seems to reduce the symptoms of a later HSV-2 infection, although HSV-2 can still be contracted. Many people infected with HSV-2 display no physical symptoms—individuals with no symptoms are described as asymptomatic or as having subclinical herpes. However, infection with herpes can be fatal. Other Neonatal herpes simplex is an HSV infection in an infant. It is a rare but serious condition, usually caused by vertical transmission of HSV-1 or -2 from mother to newborn. During immunodeficiency, herpes simplex can cause unusual lesions in the skin. One of the most striking is the appearance of clean linear erosions in skin creases, with the appearance of a knife cut. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicles.: 369  Eczema herpeticum is an infection with herpesvirus in patients with chronic atopic dermatitis may result in spread of herpes simplex throughout the eczematous areas.: 373 Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, a primary infection, typically presents as swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids (blepharoconjunctivitis), accompanied by small white itchy lesions on the surface of the cornea. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicle.: 369 Bell's palsy Although the exact cause of Bell's palsy—a type of facial paralysis—is unknown, it may be related to the reactivation of HSV-1. This theory has been contested, however, since HSV is detected in large numbers of individuals having never experienced facial paralysis, and higher levels of antibodies for HSV are not found in HSV-infected individuals with Bell's palsy compared to those without. Antivirals may improve the condition slightly when used together with corticosteroids in those with severe disease. Alzheimer's disease HSV-1 has been proposed as a possible cause of Alzheimer's disease. In the presence of a certain gene variation (APOE-epsilon4 allele carriers), HSV-1 appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system and increases one's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins, which may lead to its development. Pathophysiology Herpes is contracted through direct contact with an active lesion or body fluid of an infected person. Herpes transmission occurs between discordant partners; a person with a history of infection (HSV seropositive) can pass the virus to an HSV seronegative person. Herpes simplex virus 2 is typically contracted through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, but can also be contracted by exposure to infected saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, or the fluid from herpetic blisters. To infect a new individual, HSV travels through tiny breaks in the skin or mucous membranes in the mouth or genital areas. Even microscopic abrasions on mucous membranes are sufficient to allow viral entry. HSV asymptomatic shedding occurs at some time in most individuals infected with herpes. It can occur more than a week before or after a symptomatic recurrence in 50% of cases. Virus enters into susceptible cells by entry receptors such as nectin-1, HVEM and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate. Infected people who show no visible symptoms may still shed and transmit viruses through their skin; asymptomatic shedding may represent the most common form of HSV-2 transmission. Asymptomatic shedding is more frequent within the first 12 months of acquiring HSV. Concurrent infection with HIV increases the frequency and duration of asymptomatic shedding. Some individuals may have much lower patterns of shedding, but evidence supporting this is not fully verified; no significant differences are seen in the frequency of asymptomatic shedding when comparing persons with one to 12 annual recurrences to those with no recurrences.Antibodies that develop following an initial infection with a type of HSV can reduce the odds of reinfection with the same virus type. In a monogamous couple, a seronegative female runs a greater than 30% per year risk of contracting an HSV infection from a seropositive male partner. If an oral HSV-1 infection is contracted first, seroconversion will have occurred after 6 weeks to provide protective antibodies against a future genital HSV-1 infection. Herpes simplex is a double-stranded DNA virus. Diagnosis Classification Herpes simplex virus is divided into two types. However, each may cause infections in all areas. HSV-1 causes primarily mouth, throat, face, eye, and central nervous system infections. HSV-2 causes primarily anogenital infections. Examination Primary orofacial herpes is readily identified by examination of persons with no previous history of lesions and contact with an individual with known HSV infection. The appearance and distribution of sores is typically presents as multiple, round, superficial oral ulcers, accompanied by acute gingivitis. Adults with atypical presentation are more difficult to diagnose. Prodromal symptoms that occur before the appearance of herpetic lesions help differentiate HSV symptoms from the similar symptoms of other disorders, such as allergic stomatitis. When lesions do not appear inside the mouth, primary orofacial herpes is sometimes mistaken for impetigo, a bacterial infection. Common mouth ulcers (aphthous ulcer) also resemble intraoral herpes, but do not present a vesicular stage.Genital herpes can be more difficult to diagnose than oral herpes, since most people have none of the classical symptoms. Further confusing diagnosis, several other conditions resemble genital herpes, including fungal infection, lichen planus, atopic dermatitis, and urethritis. Laboratory testing Laboratory testing is often used to confirm a diagnosis of genital herpes. Laboratory tests include culture of the virus, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) studies to detect virus, skin biopsy, and polymerase chain reaction to test for presence of viral DNA. Although these procedures produce highly sensitive and specific diagnoses, their high costs and time constraints discourage their regular use in clinical practice.Until the 1980s serological tests for antibodies to HSV were rarely useful to diagnosis and not routinely used in clinical practice. The older IgM serologic assay could not differentiate between antibodies generated in response to HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection. However, a glycoprotein G-specific (IgG) HSV test introduced in the 1980s is more than 98% specific at discriminating HSV-1 from HSV-2. Differential diagnosis It should not be confused with conditions caused by other viruses in the herpesviridae family such as herpes zoster, which is caused by varicella zoster virus. The differential diagnosis includes hand, foot and mouth disease due to similar lesions on the skin. Lymphangioma circumscriptum and dermatitis herpetiformis may also have a similar appearance. Prevention As with almost all sexually transmitted infections, women are more susceptible to acquiring genital HSV-2 than men. On an annual basis, without the use of antivirals or condoms, the transmission risk of HSV-2 from infected male to female is about 8–11%. This is believed to be due to the increased exposure of mucosal tissue to potential infection sites. Transmission risk from infected female to male is around 4–5% annually. Suppressive antiviral therapy reduces these risks by 50%. Antivirals also help prevent the development of symptomatic HSV in infection scenarios, meaning the infected partner will be seropositive but symptom-free by about 50%. Condom use also reduces the transmission risk significantly. Condom use is much more effective at preventing male-to-female transmission than vice versa. Previous HSV-1 infection may reduce the risk for acquisition of HSV-2 infection among women by a factor of three, although the one study that states this has a small sample size of 14 transmissions out of 214 couples.However, asymptomatic carriers of the HSV-2 virus are still contagious. In many infections, the first symptom people will have of their own infections is the horizontal transmission to a sexual partner or the vertical transmission of neonatal herpes to a newborn at term. Since most asymptomatic individuals are unaware of their infection, they are considered at high risk for spreading HSV.In October 2011, the anti-HIV drug tenofovir, when used topically in a microbicidal vaginal gel, was reported to reduce herpes virus sexual transmission by 51%. Barrier methods Condoms offer moderate protection against HSV-2 in both men and women, with consistent condom users having a 30%-lower risk of HSV-2 acquisition compared with those who never use condoms. A female condom can provide greater protection than the male condom, as it covers the labia. The virus cannot pass through a synthetic condom, but a male condom's effectiveness is limited because herpes ulcers may appear on areas not covered by it. Neither type of condom prevents contact with the scrotum, anus, buttocks, or upper thighs, areas that may come in contact with ulcers or genital secretions during sexual activity. Protection against herpes simplex depends on the site of the ulcer; therefore, if ulcers appear on areas not covered by condoms, abstaining from sexual activity until the ulcers are fully healed is one way to limit risk of transmission. The risk is not eliminated, however, as viral shedding capable of transmitting infection may still occur while the infected partner is asymptomatic. The use of condoms or dental dams also limits the transmission of herpes from the genitals of one partner to the mouth of the other (or vice versa) during oral sex. When one partner has a herpes simplex infection and the other does not, the use of antiviral medication, such as valaciclovir, in conjunction with a condom, further decreases the chances of transmission to the uninfected partner. Topical microbicides that contain chemicals that directly inactivate the virus and block viral entry are being investigated. Antivirals Antivirals may reduce asymptomatic shedding; asymptomatic genital HSV-2 viral shedding is believed to occur on 20% of days per year in patients not undergoing antiviral treatment, versus 10% of days while on antiviral therapy. Pregnancy The risk of transmission from mother to baby is highest if the mother becomes infected around the time of delivery (30% to 60%), since insufficient time will have occurred for the generation and transfer of protective maternal antibodies before the birth of the child. In contrast, the risk falls to 3% if the infection is recurrent, and is 1–3% if the woman is seropositive for both HSV-1 and HSV-2, and is less than 1% if no lesions are visible. Women seropositive for only one type of HSV are only half as likely to transmit HSV as infected seronegative mothers. To prevent neonatal infections, seronegative women are recommended to avoid unprotected oral-genital contact with an HSV-1-seropositive partner and conventional sex with a partner having a genital infection during the last trimester of pregnancy. Mothers infected with HSV are advised to avoid procedures that would cause trauma to the infant during birth (e.g. fetal scalp electrodes, forceps, and vacuum extractors) and, should lesions be present, to elect caesarean section to reduce exposure of the child to infected secretions in the birth canal. The use of antiviral treatments, such as aciclovir, given from the 36th week of pregnancy, limits HSV recurrence and shedding during childbirth, thereby reducing the need for caesarean section.Aciclovir is the recommended antiviral for herpes suppressive therapy during the last months of pregnancy. The use of valaciclovir and famciclovir, while potentially improving compliance, have less-well-determined safety in pregnancy. Management No method eradicates herpes virus from the body, but antiviral medications can reduce the frequency, duration, and severity of outbreaks. Analgesics such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) can reduce pain and fever. Topical anesthetic treatments such as prilocaine, lidocaine, benzocaine, or tetracaine can also relieve itching and pain. Antiviral Several antiviral drugs are effective for treating herpes, including aciclovir (acyclovir), valaciclovir, famciclovir, and penciclovir. Aciclovir was the first discovered and is now available in generic. Valaciclovir is also available as a generic and is slightly more effective than aciclovir for reducing lesion healing time.Evidence supports the use of aciclovir and valaciclovir in the treatment of herpes labialis as well as herpes infections in people with cancer. The evidence to support the use of aciclovir in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is weaker. Topical A number of topical antivirals are effective for herpes labialis, including aciclovir, penciclovir, and docosanol. Alternative medicine Evidence is insufficient to support use of many of these compounds, including echinacea, eleuthero, L-lysine, zinc, monolaurin bee products, and aloe vera. While a number of small studies show possible benefit from monolaurin, L-lysine, aspirin, lemon balm, topical zinc, or licorice root cream in treatment, these preliminary studies have not been confirmed by higher-quality randomized controlled studies. Prognosis Following active infection, herpes viruses establish a latent infection in sensory and autonomic ganglia of the nervous system. The double-stranded DNA of the virus is incorporated into the cell physiology by infection of the nucleus of a nerve's cell body. HSV latency is static; no virus is produced; and is controlled by a number of viral genes, including latency-associated transcript.Many HSV-infected people experience recurrence within the first year of infection. Prodrome precedes development of lesions. Prodromal symptoms include tingling (paresthesia), itching, and pain where lumbosacral nerves innervate the skin. Prodrome may occur as long as several days or as short as a few hours before lesions develop. Beginning antiviral treatment when prodrome is experienced can reduce the appearance and duration of lesions in some individuals. During recurrence, fewer lesions are likely to develop and are less painful and heal faster (within 5–10 days without antiviral treatment) than those occurring during the primary infection. Subsequent outbreaks tend to be periodic or episodic, occurring on average four or five times a year when not using antiviral therapy. The causes of reactivation are uncertain, but several potential triggers have been documented. A 2009 study showed the protein VP16 plays a key role in reactivation of the dormant virus. Changes in the immune system during menstruation may play a role in HSV-1 reactivation. Concurrent infections, such as viral upper respiratory tract infection or other febrile diseases, can cause outbreaks. Reactivation due to other infections is the likely source of the historic terms 'cold sore' and 'fever blister'. Other identified triggers include local injury to the face, lips, eyes, or mouth; trauma; surgery; radiotherapy; and exposure to wind, ultraviolet light, or sunlight.The frequency and severity of recurrent outbreaks vary greatly between people. Some individuals' outbreaks can be quite debilitating, with large, painful lesions persisting for several weeks, while others experience only minor itching or burning for a few days. Some evidence indicates genetics play a role in the frequency of cold sore outbreaks. An area of human chromosome 21 that includes six genes has been linked to frequent oral herpes outbreaks. An immunity to the virus is built over time. Most infected individuals experience fewer outbreaks and outbreak symptoms often become less severe. After several years, some people become perpetually asymptomatic and no longer experience outbreaks, though they may still be contagious to others. Immunocompromised individuals may experience longer, more frequent, and more severe episodes. Antiviral medication has been proven to shorten the frequency and duration of outbreaks. Outbreaks may occur at the original site of the infection or in proximity to nerve endings that reach out from the infected ganglia. In the case of a genital infection, sores can appear at the original site of infection or near the base of the spine, the buttocks, or the back of the thighs. HSV-2-infected individuals are at higher risk for acquiring HIV when practicing unprotected sex with HIV-positive persons, in particular during an outbreak with active lesions. Epidemiology Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 are between 60 and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is more common than HSV-2, with rates of both increasing as people age. HSV-1 rates are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people or 16% of the population worldwide were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and in those in the developing world. Rates of infection are determined by the presence of antibodies against either viral species.In the US, 58% of the population is infected with HSV-1 and 16% are infected with HSV-2. Among those HSV-2-seropositive, only 19% were aware they were infected. During 2005–2008, the prevalence of HSV-2 was 39% in black people and 21% in women.The annual incidence in Canada of genital herpes due to HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection is not known (for a review of HSV-1/HSV-2 prevalence and incidence studies worldwide, see Smith and Robinson 2002). As many as one in seven Canadians aged 14 to 59 may be infected with herpes simplex type 2 virus and more than 90 per cent of them may be unaware of their status, a new study suggests. In the United States, it is estimated that about 1,640,000 HSV-2 seroconversions occur yearly (730,000 men and 910,000 women, or 8.4 per 1,000 persons).In British Columbia in 1999, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 antibody in leftover serum submitted for antenatal testing revealed a prevalence of 17%, ranging from 7% in women 15–19 years old to 28% in those 40–44 years.In Norway, a study published in 2000 found that up to 70–90% of genital initial infections were due to HSV-1.In Nova Scotia, 58% of 1,790 HSV isolates from genital lesion cultures in women were HSV-1; in men, 37% of 468 isolates were HSV-1. History Herpes has been known for at least 2,000 years. Emperor Tiberius is said to have banned kissing in Rome for a time due to so many people having cold sores. In the 16th century Romeo and Juliet, blisters "o'er ladies' lips" are mentioned. In the 18th century, it was so common among prostitutes that it was called "a vocational disease of women". The term 'herpes simplex' appeared in Richard Boulton's A System of Rational and Practical Chirurgery in 1713, where the terms 'herpes miliaris' and 'herpes exedens' also appeared. Herpes was not found to be a virus until the 1940s.Herpes antiviral therapy began in the early 1960s with the experimental use of medications that interfered with viral replication called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) inhibitors. The original use was against normally fatal or debilitating illnesses such as adult encephalitis, keratitis, in immunocompromised (transplant) patients, or disseminated herpes zoster. The original compounds used were 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, AKA idoxuridine, IUdR, or(IDU) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine or ara-C, later marketed under the name cytosar or cytarabine. The usage expanded to include topical treatment of herpes simplex, zoster, and varicella. Some trials combined different antivirals with differing results. The introduction of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, (ara-A or vidarabine), considerably less toxic than ara-C, in the mid-1970s, heralded the way for the beginning of regular neonatal antiviral treatment. Vidarabine was the first systemically administered antiviral medication with activity against HSV for which therapeutic efficacy outweighed toxicity for the management of life-threatening HSV disease. Intravenous vidarabine was licensed for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1977. Other experimental antivirals of that period included: heparin, trifluorothymidine (TFT), Ribivarin, interferon, Virazole, and 5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (MMUdR). The introduction of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine, AKA aciclovir, in the late 1970s raised antiviral treatment another notch and led to vidarabine vs. aciclovir trials in the late 1980s. The lower toxicity and ease of administration over vidarabine has led to aciclovir becoming the drug of choice for herpes treatment after it was licensed by the FDA in 1998. Another advantage in the treatment of neonatal herpes included greater reductions in mortality and morbidity with increased dosages, which did not occur when compared with increased dosages of vidarabine. However, aciclovir seems to inhibit antibody response, and newborns on aciclovir antiviral treatment experienced a slower rise in antibody titer than those on vidarabine. Society and culture Some people experience negative feelings related to the condition following diagnosis, in particular, if they have acquired the genital form of the disease. Feelings can include depression, fear of rejection, feelings of isolation, fear of being found out, and self-destructive feelings. Herpes support groups have been formed in the United States and the United Kingdom, providing information about herpes and running message forums and dating websites for affected people. People with the herpes virus are often hesitant to divulge to other people, including friends and family, that they are infected. This is especially true of new or potential sexual partners whom they consider casual.In a 2007 study, 1,900 people (25% of which had herpes) ranked genital herpes second for social stigma, out of all sexually transmitted diseases (HIV took the top spot for STD stigma). Support groups United States A source of support is the National Herpes Resource Center which arose from the work of the American Sexual Health Association (ASHA). The ASHA was created in 1914 in response to the increase in sexually transmitted diseases that had spread during World War I. During the 1970s, there was an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. One of the diseases that increased dramatically was genital herpes. In response, ASHA created the National Herpes Resource Center in 1979. The Herpes Resource Center (HRC) was designed to meet the growing need for education and awareness about the virus. One of the projects of the HRC was to create a network of local support (HELP) groups. The goal of these HELP groups was to provide a safe, confidential environment where participants can get accurate information and share experiences, fears, and feelings with others who are concerned about herpes. UK In the UK, the Herpes Association (now the Herpes Viruses Association) was started in 1982, becoming a registered charity with a Dept of Health grant in 1985. The charity started as a string of local group meetings before acquiring an office and a national spread. Research Research has gone into vaccines for both prevention and treatment of herpes infections. As of October 2022, the U.S. FDA have not approved a vaccine for herpes. However, there are herpes vaccines currently in clinical trials, such as Moderna mRNA-1608. Unsuccessful clinical trials have been conducted for some glycoprotein subunit vaccines. As of 2017, the future pipeline includes several promising replication-incompetent vaccine proposals while two replication-competent (live-attenuated) HSV vaccine are undergoing human testing.A genomic study of the herpes simplex type 1 virus confirmed the human migration pattern theory known as the out-of-Africa hypothesis. References External links Herpes simplex at Curlie
page(s)
{ "answer_start": [ 5625 ], "text": [ "373" ] }
McCord's box turtle (Cuora mccordi) is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae. The species is native to China. Etymology The specific name, mccordi, is in honor of American veterinarian William Patrick McCord (born 1950). Taxonomy Originally described by American herpetologist Carl Henry Ernst in 1988 from a specimen obtained from the Chinese pet trade, C. mccordi lacked geographic range data for 19 years until Chinese herpetologist Ting Zhou et al. (2007) were able to report it from the wild. Geographic range McCord's box turtle is endemic to central Guangxi province, China. Conservation status C. mccordi is one of the most endangered Chinese endemic turtle species, highly sought after for traditional Chinese medicine and by turtle hobbyists. Description Once thought to reach only 14 cm (5.5 in) straight carapace length, specimens of McCord's box turtle of up to 18 cm (7.1 in) straight carapace length are known now. References Bibliography ERNST CH (1988). "Cuora mccordi, a new Chinese box turtle from Guangxi Province". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101: 466-470. FRITZ U, HAVAŠ P (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 217. ZHOU T (2007a). "A survey of captive population dynamics for six endemic Chinese Box Turtle species". Sichuan Journal of Zoology, Chengdu 26 (2): 448-450. ZHOU T, LI P-P (2007). "Chelonian species diversity and current status in China". Sichuan Journal of Zoology 26 (2): 464-467. (in Chinese) ZHOU T (2007b). "Endemic Chinese box turtles". China Nature (2): 20-22. (in Chinese) ZHOU T, BLANCK T, McCORD WP, LI P-P (2008). "Tracking Cuora mccordi (Ernst, 1988); the first record of its natural habitat; a re-description; with data on captive populations and its vulnerability". Hamadryad 32 (1): 46-58.
taxon rank
{ "answer_start": [ 41 ], "text": [ "species" ] }
McCord's box turtle (Cuora mccordi) is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae. The species is native to China. Etymology The specific name, mccordi, is in honor of American veterinarian William Patrick McCord (born 1950). Taxonomy Originally described by American herpetologist Carl Henry Ernst in 1988 from a specimen obtained from the Chinese pet trade, C. mccordi lacked geographic range data for 19 years until Chinese herpetologist Ting Zhou et al. (2007) were able to report it from the wild. Geographic range McCord's box turtle is endemic to central Guangxi province, China. Conservation status C. mccordi is one of the most endangered Chinese endemic turtle species, highly sought after for traditional Chinese medicine and by turtle hobbyists. Description Once thought to reach only 14 cm (5.5 in) straight carapace length, specimens of McCord's box turtle of up to 18 cm (7.1 in) straight carapace length are known now. References Bibliography ERNST CH (1988). "Cuora mccordi, a new Chinese box turtle from Guangxi Province". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101: 466-470. FRITZ U, HAVAŠ P (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 217. ZHOU T (2007a). "A survey of captive population dynamics for six endemic Chinese Box Turtle species". Sichuan Journal of Zoology, Chengdu 26 (2): 448-450. ZHOU T, LI P-P (2007). "Chelonian species diversity and current status in China". Sichuan Journal of Zoology 26 (2): 464-467. (in Chinese) ZHOU T (2007b). "Endemic Chinese box turtles". China Nature (2): 20-22. (in Chinese) ZHOU T, BLANCK T, McCORD WP, LI P-P (2008). "Tracking Cuora mccordi (Ernst, 1988); the first record of its natural habitat; a re-description; with data on captive populations and its vulnerability". Hamadryad 32 (1): 46-58.
taxon name
{ "answer_start": [ 21 ], "text": [ "Cuora mccordi" ] }
McCord's box turtle (Cuora mccordi) is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae. The species is native to China. Etymology The specific name, mccordi, is in honor of American veterinarian William Patrick McCord (born 1950). Taxonomy Originally described by American herpetologist Carl Henry Ernst in 1988 from a specimen obtained from the Chinese pet trade, C. mccordi lacked geographic range data for 19 years until Chinese herpetologist Ting Zhou et al. (2007) were able to report it from the wild. Geographic range McCord's box turtle is endemic to central Guangxi province, China. Conservation status C. mccordi is one of the most endangered Chinese endemic turtle species, highly sought after for traditional Chinese medicine and by turtle hobbyists. Description Once thought to reach only 14 cm (5.5 in) straight carapace length, specimens of McCord's box turtle of up to 18 cm (7.1 in) straight carapace length are known now. References Bibliography ERNST CH (1988). "Cuora mccordi, a new Chinese box turtle from Guangxi Province". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101: 466-470. FRITZ U, HAVAŠ P (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 217. ZHOU T (2007a). "A survey of captive population dynamics for six endemic Chinese Box Turtle species". Sichuan Journal of Zoology, Chengdu 26 (2): 448-450. ZHOU T, LI P-P (2007). "Chelonian species diversity and current status in China". Sichuan Journal of Zoology 26 (2): 464-467. (in Chinese) ZHOU T (2007b). "Endemic Chinese box turtles". China Nature (2): 20-22. (in Chinese) ZHOU T, BLANCK T, McCORD WP, LI P-P (2008). "Tracking Cuora mccordi (Ernst, 1988); the first record of its natural habitat; a re-description; with data on captive populations and its vulnerability". Hamadryad 32 (1): 46-58.
Commons category
{ "answer_start": [ 21 ], "text": [ "Cuora mccordi" ] }
McCord's box turtle (Cuora mccordi) is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae. The species is native to China. Etymology The specific name, mccordi, is in honor of American veterinarian William Patrick McCord (born 1950). Taxonomy Originally described by American herpetologist Carl Henry Ernst in 1988 from a specimen obtained from the Chinese pet trade, C. mccordi lacked geographic range data for 19 years until Chinese herpetologist Ting Zhou et al. (2007) were able to report it from the wild. Geographic range McCord's box turtle is endemic to central Guangxi province, China. Conservation status C. mccordi is one of the most endangered Chinese endemic turtle species, highly sought after for traditional Chinese medicine and by turtle hobbyists. Description Once thought to reach only 14 cm (5.5 in) straight carapace length, specimens of McCord's box turtle of up to 18 cm (7.1 in) straight carapace length are known now. References Bibliography ERNST CH (1988). "Cuora mccordi, a new Chinese box turtle from Guangxi Province". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101: 466-470. FRITZ U, HAVAŠ P (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 217. ZHOU T (2007a). "A survey of captive population dynamics for six endemic Chinese Box Turtle species". Sichuan Journal of Zoology, Chengdu 26 (2): 448-450. ZHOU T, LI P-P (2007). "Chelonian species diversity and current status in China". Sichuan Journal of Zoology 26 (2): 464-467. (in Chinese) ZHOU T (2007b). "Endemic Chinese box turtles". China Nature (2): 20-22. (in Chinese) ZHOU T, BLANCK T, McCORD WP, LI P-P (2008). "Tracking Cuora mccordi (Ernst, 1988); the first record of its natural habitat; a re-description; with data on captive populations and its vulnerability". Hamadryad 32 (1): 46-58.
Commons gallery
{ "answer_start": [ 21 ], "text": [ "Cuora mccordi" ] }
McCord's box turtle (Cuora mccordi) is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae. The species is native to China. Etymology The specific name, mccordi, is in honor of American veterinarian William Patrick McCord (born 1950). Taxonomy Originally described by American herpetologist Carl Henry Ernst in 1988 from a specimen obtained from the Chinese pet trade, C. mccordi lacked geographic range data for 19 years until Chinese herpetologist Ting Zhou et al. (2007) were able to report it from the wild. Geographic range McCord's box turtle is endemic to central Guangxi province, China. Conservation status C. mccordi is one of the most endangered Chinese endemic turtle species, highly sought after for traditional Chinese medicine and by turtle hobbyists. Description Once thought to reach only 14 cm (5.5 in) straight carapace length, specimens of McCord's box turtle of up to 18 cm (7.1 in) straight carapace length are known now. References Bibliography ERNST CH (1988). "Cuora mccordi, a new Chinese box turtle from Guangxi Province". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101: 466-470. FRITZ U, HAVAŠ P (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 217. ZHOU T (2007a). "A survey of captive population dynamics for six endemic Chinese Box Turtle species". Sichuan Journal of Zoology, Chengdu 26 (2): 448-450. ZHOU T, LI P-P (2007). "Chelonian species diversity and current status in China". Sichuan Journal of Zoology 26 (2): 464-467. (in Chinese) ZHOU T (2007b). "Endemic Chinese box turtles". China Nature (2): 20-22. (in Chinese) ZHOU T, BLANCK T, McCORD WP, LI P-P (2008). "Tracking Cuora mccordi (Ernst, 1988); the first record of its natural habitat; a re-description; with data on captive populations and its vulnerability". Hamadryad 32 (1): 46-58.
litter size
{ "answer_start": [ 464 ], "text": [ "2" ] }
Louisiana's 8th congressional district is a defunct congressional district and no longer exists after Louisiana lost its eighth congressional seat in the 1990 U. S. Census. For its entire existence, it was based in Alexandria and included much of the north-central part of the state. Beginning in 1972, the district was redrawn at the direction of Governor Edwin Edwards to take in liberal precincts in Baton Rouge and along the Mississippi River corridor between Baton Rouge and New Orleans in order to aid the return to Congress of Gillis Long. List of members representing the district References Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
located in the administrative territorial entity
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Louisiana" ] }
Louisiana's 8th congressional district is a defunct congressional district and no longer exists after Louisiana lost its eighth congressional seat in the 1990 U. S. Census. For its entire existence, it was based in Alexandria and included much of the north-central part of the state. Beginning in 1972, the district was redrawn at the direction of Governor Edwin Edwards to take in liberal precincts in Baton Rouge and along the Mississippi River corridor between Baton Rouge and New Orleans in order to aid the return to Congress of Gillis Long. List of members representing the district References Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
number of seats in legislature
{ "answer_start": [ 154 ], "text": [ "1" ] }
1830 Pogson, provisional designation 1968 HA, is a stony Florian asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1968, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at the Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period 2.6 of hours. It was named for English astronomer Norman Pogson. The discovery of its 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced in May 2007. Orbit and classification According to a HCM-analysis by David Nesvorný, Pogson is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. It has also been grouped into the Augusta family (list) by Zappalà, while for Milani and Knežević, who don't recognize the Florian clan as a family, Pogson is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.3 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days; semi-major axis of 2.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1926 GW at Simeiz Observatory in April 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1929 EE at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1929, or 39 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald. Naming This minor planet was named after English astronomer Norman Pogson (1829–1891), inventor of the modern astronomical magnitude scale. At the Radcliffe and Madras observatories, he discovered eight asteroids, including 42 Isis and 67 Asia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). The lunar crater Pogson was also named in his honor. Physical characteristics In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Pogson is a common, stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period In April 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Pogson was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of Australian, European and American astronomers, namely, David Higgins , Petr Pravec, Peter Kušnirák, Julian Oey and Donald Pray. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5702±0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). In the following month, a more refined period of 2.56990±0.00004 hours with the same amplitude was measured by Petr Pravec (U=3).Additional period determinations were made by Melissa Dykhuis and collaborators (2.5698 h) at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) during 2008 (U=2+), and by Pierre Antonini (2.5699 h) and Julian Oey (2.604 h) in March 2013 (U=3-/2). Satellite During the photometric observation in 2007, it was also revealed, that Pogson is an asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The mutual eclipse and occultation events showed that the companion, provisionally designated S/2007 (1830) 1, orbits its primary every 24.24 hours. Based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.32 or larger, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter of 2.52 kilometers for the satellite, separated by 8 kilometers from its primary. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pogson measures between 7.7 and 8.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2188 and 0.274. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the result from Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2188 and a diameter of 8.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.659. References External links Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 1830 Pogson at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 1830 Pogson at the JPL Small-Body Database
instance of
{ "answer_start": [ 65 ], "text": [ "asteroid" ] }
1830 Pogson, provisional designation 1968 HA, is a stony Florian asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1968, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at the Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period 2.6 of hours. It was named for English astronomer Norman Pogson. The discovery of its 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced in May 2007. Orbit and classification According to a HCM-analysis by David Nesvorný, Pogson is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. It has also been grouped into the Augusta family (list) by Zappalà, while for Milani and Knežević, who don't recognize the Florian clan as a family, Pogson is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.3 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days; semi-major axis of 2.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1926 GW at Simeiz Observatory in April 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1929 EE at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1929, or 39 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald. Naming This minor planet was named after English astronomer Norman Pogson (1829–1891), inventor of the modern astronomical magnitude scale. At the Radcliffe and Madras observatories, he discovered eight asteroids, including 42 Isis and 67 Asia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). The lunar crater Pogson was also named in his honor. Physical characteristics In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Pogson is a common, stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period In April 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Pogson was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of Australian, European and American astronomers, namely, David Higgins , Petr Pravec, Peter Kušnirák, Julian Oey and Donald Pray. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5702±0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). In the following month, a more refined period of 2.56990±0.00004 hours with the same amplitude was measured by Petr Pravec (U=3).Additional period determinations were made by Melissa Dykhuis and collaborators (2.5698 h) at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) during 2008 (U=2+), and by Pierre Antonini (2.5699 h) and Julian Oey (2.604 h) in March 2013 (U=3-/2). Satellite During the photometric observation in 2007, it was also revealed, that Pogson is an asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The mutual eclipse and occultation events showed that the companion, provisionally designated S/2007 (1830) 1, orbits its primary every 24.24 hours. Based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.32 or larger, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter of 2.52 kilometers for the satellite, separated by 8 kilometers from its primary. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pogson measures between 7.7 and 8.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2188 and 0.274. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the result from Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2188 and a diameter of 8.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.659. References External links Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 1830 Pogson at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 1830 Pogson at the JPL Small-Body Database
discoverer or inventor
{ "answer_start": [ 259 ], "text": [ "Paul Wild" ] }
1830 Pogson, provisional designation 1968 HA, is a stony Florian asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1968, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at the Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period 2.6 of hours. It was named for English astronomer Norman Pogson. The discovery of its 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced in May 2007. Orbit and classification According to a HCM-analysis by David Nesvorný, Pogson is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. It has also been grouped into the Augusta family (list) by Zappalà, while for Milani and Knežević, who don't recognize the Florian clan as a family, Pogson is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.3 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days; semi-major axis of 2.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1926 GW at Simeiz Observatory in April 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1929 EE at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1929, or 39 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald. Naming This minor planet was named after English astronomer Norman Pogson (1829–1891), inventor of the modern astronomical magnitude scale. At the Radcliffe and Madras observatories, he discovered eight asteroids, including 42 Isis and 67 Asia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). The lunar crater Pogson was also named in his honor. Physical characteristics In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Pogson is a common, stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period In April 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Pogson was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of Australian, European and American astronomers, namely, David Higgins , Petr Pravec, Peter Kušnirák, Julian Oey and Donald Pray. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5702±0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). In the following month, a more refined period of 2.56990±0.00004 hours with the same amplitude was measured by Petr Pravec (U=3).Additional period determinations were made by Melissa Dykhuis and collaborators (2.5698 h) at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) during 2008 (U=2+), and by Pierre Antonini (2.5699 h) and Julian Oey (2.604 h) in March 2013 (U=3-/2). Satellite During the photometric observation in 2007, it was also revealed, that Pogson is an asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The mutual eclipse and occultation events showed that the companion, provisionally designated S/2007 (1830) 1, orbits its primary every 24.24 hours. Based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.32 or larger, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter of 2.52 kilometers for the satellite, separated by 8 kilometers from its primary. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pogson measures between 7.7 and 8.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2188 and 0.274. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the result from Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2188 and a diameter of 8.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.659. References External links Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 1830 Pogson at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 1830 Pogson at the JPL Small-Body Database
site of astronomical discovery
{ "answer_start": [ 276 ], "text": [ "Zimmerwald Observatory" ] }
1830 Pogson, provisional designation 1968 HA, is a stony Florian asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1968, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at the Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period 2.6 of hours. It was named for English astronomer Norman Pogson. The discovery of its 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced in May 2007. Orbit and classification According to a HCM-analysis by David Nesvorný, Pogson is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. It has also been grouped into the Augusta family (list) by Zappalà, while for Milani and Knežević, who don't recognize the Florian clan as a family, Pogson is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.3 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days; semi-major axis of 2.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1926 GW at Simeiz Observatory in April 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1929 EE at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1929, or 39 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald. Naming This minor planet was named after English astronomer Norman Pogson (1829–1891), inventor of the modern astronomical magnitude scale. At the Radcliffe and Madras observatories, he discovered eight asteroids, including 42 Isis and 67 Asia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). The lunar crater Pogson was also named in his honor. Physical characteristics In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Pogson is a common, stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period In April 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Pogson was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of Australian, European and American astronomers, namely, David Higgins , Petr Pravec, Peter Kušnirák, Julian Oey and Donald Pray. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5702±0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). In the following month, a more refined period of 2.56990±0.00004 hours with the same amplitude was measured by Petr Pravec (U=3).Additional period determinations were made by Melissa Dykhuis and collaborators (2.5698 h) at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) during 2008 (U=2+), and by Pierre Antonini (2.5699 h) and Julian Oey (2.604 h) in March 2013 (U=3-/2). Satellite During the photometric observation in 2007, it was also revealed, that Pogson is an asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The mutual eclipse and occultation events showed that the companion, provisionally designated S/2007 (1830) 1, orbits its primary every 24.24 hours. Based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.32 or larger, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter of 2.52 kilometers for the satellite, separated by 8 kilometers from its primary. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pogson measures between 7.7 and 8.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2188 and 0.274. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the result from Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2188 and a diameter of 8.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.659. References External links Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 1830 Pogson at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 1830 Pogson at the JPL Small-Body Database
minor planet group
{ "answer_start": [ 138 ], "text": [ "asteroid belt" ] }
1830 Pogson, provisional designation 1968 HA, is a stony Florian asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1968, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at the Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period 2.6 of hours. It was named for English astronomer Norman Pogson. The discovery of its 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced in May 2007. Orbit and classification According to a HCM-analysis by David Nesvorný, Pogson is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. It has also been grouped into the Augusta family (list) by Zappalà, while for Milani and Knežević, who don't recognize the Florian clan as a family, Pogson is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.3 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days; semi-major axis of 2.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1926 GW at Simeiz Observatory in April 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1929 EE at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1929, or 39 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald. Naming This minor planet was named after English astronomer Norman Pogson (1829–1891), inventor of the modern astronomical magnitude scale. At the Radcliffe and Madras observatories, he discovered eight asteroids, including 42 Isis and 67 Asia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). The lunar crater Pogson was also named in his honor. Physical characteristics In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Pogson is a common, stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period In April 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Pogson was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of Australian, European and American astronomers, namely, David Higgins , Petr Pravec, Peter Kušnirák, Julian Oey and Donald Pray. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5702±0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). In the following month, a more refined period of 2.56990±0.00004 hours with the same amplitude was measured by Petr Pravec (U=3).Additional period determinations were made by Melissa Dykhuis and collaborators (2.5698 h) at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) during 2008 (U=2+), and by Pierre Antonini (2.5699 h) and Julian Oey (2.604 h) in March 2013 (U=3-/2). Satellite During the photometric observation in 2007, it was also revealed, that Pogson is an asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The mutual eclipse and occultation events showed that the companion, provisionally designated S/2007 (1830) 1, orbits its primary every 24.24 hours. Based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.32 or larger, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter of 2.52 kilometers for the satellite, separated by 8 kilometers from its primary. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pogson measures between 7.7 and 8.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2188 and 0.274. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the result from Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2188 and a diameter of 8.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.659. References External links Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 1830 Pogson at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 1830 Pogson at the JPL Small-Body Database
parent astronomical body
{ "answer_start": [ 951 ], "text": [ "Sun" ] }
1830 Pogson, provisional designation 1968 HA, is a stony Florian asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1968, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at the Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period 2.6 of hours. It was named for English astronomer Norman Pogson. The discovery of its 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced in May 2007. Orbit and classification According to a HCM-analysis by David Nesvorný, Pogson is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. It has also been grouped into the Augusta family (list) by Zappalà, while for Milani and Knežević, who don't recognize the Florian clan as a family, Pogson is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.3 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days; semi-major axis of 2.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1926 GW at Simeiz Observatory in April 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1929 EE at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1929, or 39 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald. Naming This minor planet was named after English astronomer Norman Pogson (1829–1891), inventor of the modern astronomical magnitude scale. At the Radcliffe and Madras observatories, he discovered eight asteroids, including 42 Isis and 67 Asia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). The lunar crater Pogson was also named in his honor. Physical characteristics In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Pogson is a common, stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period In April 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Pogson was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of Australian, European and American astronomers, namely, David Higgins , Petr Pravec, Peter Kušnirák, Julian Oey and Donald Pray. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5702±0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). In the following month, a more refined period of 2.56990±0.00004 hours with the same amplitude was measured by Petr Pravec (U=3).Additional period determinations were made by Melissa Dykhuis and collaborators (2.5698 h) at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) during 2008 (U=2+), and by Pierre Antonini (2.5699 h) and Julian Oey (2.604 h) in March 2013 (U=3-/2). Satellite During the photometric observation in 2007, it was also revealed, that Pogson is an asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The mutual eclipse and occultation events showed that the companion, provisionally designated S/2007 (1830) 1, orbits its primary every 24.24 hours. Based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.32 or larger, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter of 2.52 kilometers for the satellite, separated by 8 kilometers from its primary. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pogson measures between 7.7 and 8.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2188 and 0.274. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the result from Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2188 and a diameter of 8.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.659. References External links Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 1830 Pogson at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 1830 Pogson at the JPL Small-Body Database
provisional designation
{ "answer_start": [ 1212 ], "text": [ "1926 GW" ] }
1830 Pogson, provisional designation 1968 HA, is a stony Florian asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1968, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at the Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period 2.6 of hours. It was named for English astronomer Norman Pogson. The discovery of its 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced in May 2007. Orbit and classification According to a HCM-analysis by David Nesvorný, Pogson is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. It has also been grouped into the Augusta family (list) by Zappalà, while for Milani and Knežević, who don't recognize the Florian clan as a family, Pogson is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.3 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days; semi-major axis of 2.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1926 GW at Simeiz Observatory in April 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1929 EE at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1929, or 39 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald. Naming This minor planet was named after English astronomer Norman Pogson (1829–1891), inventor of the modern astronomical magnitude scale. At the Radcliffe and Madras observatories, he discovered eight asteroids, including 42 Isis and 67 Asia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). The lunar crater Pogson was also named in his honor. Physical characteristics In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Pogson is a common, stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period In April 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Pogson was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of Australian, European and American astronomers, namely, David Higgins , Petr Pravec, Peter Kušnirák, Julian Oey and Donald Pray. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5702±0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). In the following month, a more refined period of 2.56990±0.00004 hours with the same amplitude was measured by Petr Pravec (U=3).Additional period determinations were made by Melissa Dykhuis and collaborators (2.5698 h) at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) during 2008 (U=2+), and by Pierre Antonini (2.5699 h) and Julian Oey (2.604 h) in March 2013 (U=3-/2). Satellite During the photometric observation in 2007, it was also revealed, that Pogson is an asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The mutual eclipse and occultation events showed that the companion, provisionally designated S/2007 (1830) 1, orbits its primary every 24.24 hours. Based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.32 or larger, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter of 2.52 kilometers for the satellite, separated by 8 kilometers from its primary. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pogson measures between 7.7 and 8.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2188 and 0.274. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the result from Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2188 and a diameter of 8.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.659. References External links Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 1830 Pogson at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 1830 Pogson at the JPL Small-Body Database
significant event
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1830 Pogson, provisional designation 1968 HA, is a stony Florian asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1968, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at the Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period 2.6 of hours. It was named for English astronomer Norman Pogson. The discovery of its 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced in May 2007. Orbit and classification According to a HCM-analysis by David Nesvorný, Pogson is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. It has also been grouped into the Augusta family (list) by Zappalà, while for Milani and Knežević, who don't recognize the Florian clan as a family, Pogson is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.3 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days; semi-major axis of 2.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1926 GW at Simeiz Observatory in April 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1929 EE at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1929, or 39 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald. Naming This minor planet was named after English astronomer Norman Pogson (1829–1891), inventor of the modern astronomical magnitude scale. At the Radcliffe and Madras observatories, he discovered eight asteroids, including 42 Isis and 67 Asia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). The lunar crater Pogson was also named in his honor. Physical characteristics In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Pogson is a common, stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period In April 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Pogson was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of Australian, European and American astronomers, namely, David Higgins , Petr Pravec, Peter Kušnirák, Julian Oey and Donald Pray. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5702±0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). In the following month, a more refined period of 2.56990±0.00004 hours with the same amplitude was measured by Petr Pravec (U=3).Additional period determinations were made by Melissa Dykhuis and collaborators (2.5698 h) at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) during 2008 (U=2+), and by Pierre Antonini (2.5699 h) and Julian Oey (2.604 h) in March 2013 (U=3-/2). Satellite During the photometric observation in 2007, it was also revealed, that Pogson is an asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The mutual eclipse and occultation events showed that the companion, provisionally designated S/2007 (1830) 1, orbits its primary every 24.24 hours. Based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.32 or larger, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter of 2.52 kilometers for the satellite, separated by 8 kilometers from its primary. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pogson measures between 7.7 and 8.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2188 and 0.274. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the result from Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2188 and a diameter of 8.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.659. References External links Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 1830 Pogson at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 1830 Pogson at the JPL Small-Body Database
orbital eccentricity
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1830 Pogson, provisional designation 1968 HA, is a stony Florian asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1968, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at the Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period 2.6 of hours. It was named for English astronomer Norman Pogson. The discovery of its 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced in May 2007. Orbit and classification According to a HCM-analysis by David Nesvorný, Pogson is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. It has also been grouped into the Augusta family (list) by Zappalà, while for Milani and Knežević, who don't recognize the Florian clan as a family, Pogson is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.3 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days; semi-major axis of 2.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1926 GW at Simeiz Observatory in April 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1929 EE at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1929, or 39 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald. Naming This minor planet was named after English astronomer Norman Pogson (1829–1891), inventor of the modern astronomical magnitude scale. At the Radcliffe and Madras observatories, he discovered eight asteroids, including 42 Isis and 67 Asia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). The lunar crater Pogson was also named in his honor. Physical characteristics In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Pogson is a common, stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period In April 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Pogson was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of Australian, European and American astronomers, namely, David Higgins , Petr Pravec, Peter Kušnirák, Julian Oey and Donald Pray. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5702±0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). In the following month, a more refined period of 2.56990±0.00004 hours with the same amplitude was measured by Petr Pravec (U=3).Additional period determinations were made by Melissa Dykhuis and collaborators (2.5698 h) at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) during 2008 (U=2+), and by Pierre Antonini (2.5699 h) and Julian Oey (2.604 h) in March 2013 (U=3-/2). Satellite During the photometric observation in 2007, it was also revealed, that Pogson is an asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The mutual eclipse and occultation events showed that the companion, provisionally designated S/2007 (1830) 1, orbits its primary every 24.24 hours. Based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.32 or larger, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter of 2.52 kilometers for the satellite, separated by 8 kilometers from its primary. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pogson measures between 7.7 and 8.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2188 and 0.274. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the result from Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2188 and a diameter of 8.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.659. References External links Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 1830 Pogson at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 1830 Pogson at the JPL Small-Body Database
Minor Planet Center body ID
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The 153d Air Refueling Squadron is a unit of the Mississippi Air National Guard 186th Air Refueling Wing located at Key Field Air National Guard Base, Mississippi. The 153d is equipped with the KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft. The squadron is a descendant organization of the 153d Observation Squadron, one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. Overview The squadrons aircraft are eight KC-135R Stratotankers. The mission of the squadron is to provide air refueling support to major commands of the United States Air Force, as well as other U.S. military forces and the military forces of allied nations. History World War II Activated as part of the Mississippi National Guard in 1939 by the National Guard Bureau. Equipped with Douglas O-38 observation aircraft. Ordered to active service on 15 October 1940 as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps prior to the United States entry into World War II. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, was attached to Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command, performed anti-submarine patrols over the Gulf of Mexico until August 1943 when the mission was turned over to the United States Navy. Transferred to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), August 1943. Assigned to Ninth Air Force as a photographic reconnaissance unit. After the Normandy Invasion in June 1944, because a liaison and courier unit flying light aircraft until the end of the war in Europe. Inactivated during December 1945 in Germany. Mississippi Air National Guard The squadron was re-designated as the 153d Fighter Squadron and allotted to the Mississippi Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Key Field, Meridian, Mississippi and was extended federal recognition on 12 September. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was allocated to the Fourteenth Air Force, Continental Air Command by the National Guard Bureau. The unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951. This activation temporarily resulted in the dissolution of the Mississippi Air National Guard, as members were sent to various places, including for many, duty in the Korean War. The squadron was sent to Turner AFB, Georgia where it was assigned to the federalized 108th Fighter-Bomber Group with a mission to provide fighter escorts to Strategic Air Command B-50 Superfortress bombers on training missions. In December 1951 it was moved to Godman AFB, Kentucky where it replaced a unit deployed to England. It was released from active duty and returned to Mississippi state control on 10 November 1952. Reformed in December 1952, being equipped with RF-51D Mustang reconnaissance aircraft. Performed tactical reconnaissance for Tactical Air Command, retiring the Mustangs in 1955 and flying RF-80C Shooting Star aircraft until 1956. Re-equipped with RF-84F Thunderflash reconnaissance aircraft. At the height of the Cold War in 1961, the squadron was federalized as a result of tensions concerning the Berlin Wall. Part of the squadron remained at Key Field in an active-duty status for about a year before being released. On 15 October 1962, the 153d was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 186th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 153d TRS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 186th Headquarters, 186th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 186th Combat Support Squadron, and the 186th USAF Dispensary. In 1970 Tactical Air Command retired the RF-84s and they were replaced by the RF-101C Voodoo. In 1979 the Voodoos were again replaced by RF-4C Phantom IIs. RF-101C 56-0166, on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, served with the 186th TRG. The aircraft was flown directly from Key Field to the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio on its final flight 27 October 1978. In 1990 during the Gulf Crisis, several aircraft and support personnel were activated and deployed to Doha International Airport, Qatar, being part of the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) during Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm. In 1992 the squadron's 186th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was realigned to an air refueling unit as the RF-4Cs were retired. The squadron was equipped with KC-135 Stratotankers and placed initially under Air Combat Command, later under Air Mobility Command. The 153d Air Refueling Squadron has seen worldwide duty with the KC-135s, supporting Operation Display Determination, Operation Provide Relief, Operation Restore Hope, Operation Support Justice, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Lineage Designated 153d Observation Squadron, and allotted to Mississippi NG, on 18 August 1939Activated on 27 September 1939 Ordered to active service on 15 October 1940 Re-designated: 153d Observation Squadron (Light) on 13 January 1942 Re-designated: 153d Observation Squadron on 4 July 1942 Re-designated: 153d Liaison Squadron on 31 May 1943. Inactivated on 15 December 1945Re-designated 153d Fighter Squadron, and allotted to Mississippi ANG, on 24 May 1946.Extended federal recognition on 12 September 1946 Federalized and placed on active duty, 1 March 1951 Re-designated: 153d Fighter-Escort Squadron 1 March 1951 Re-designated: 153d Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 11 December 1951 Released from active duty and returned to Mississippi state control, 30 November 1952 Re-designated: 153d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 1 December 1952 Federalized and placed on active duty, 1 October 1961 Released from active duty and returned to Mississippi state control, 31 August 1962 Re-designated: 153d Air Refueling Squadron on 1 April 1992 Assignments Mississippi National Guard, 27 September 1939 Fourth Corps Area, 15 October 1940 V Army Corps, c. Dec 1940 67th Observation (later Reconnaissance; Tactical Reconnaissance) Group, 1 September 1941 IX Fighter Command, 12 December 1943Attached to First Army, 4 Feb – 15 November 1944Ninth Air Force, 14 March 1944 IX Tactical Air Command, 25 April 1944Attached to Twelfth Army Group, 15 November 1944 – 26 July 1945XII Tactical Air Command, 15 Jul – 15 December 1945Attached to Seventh Army after 26 July 1945116th Fighter Group, 12 September 1946 108th Fighter-Interceptor Group, 1 March 1951 – 30 November 1952 116th Fighter-Interceptor Group, 30 November 1952 116th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 1 December 1952 116th Fighter Group (Air Defense), 1 July 1955 7117th Tactical Wing, 1 October 1961 – 31 August 1962 Mississippi Air National Guard, 1 September 1962Gained by: Tactical Air Command186th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 15 October 1962 186th Air Refueling Group, 1 April 1992 186th Operations Group, 1 June 1992 – present Stations Aircraft Aircraft flying in this unit KC-135 58-0059(R) (Jan'94) See also List of observation squadrons of the United States Army National Guard References Notes Bibliography This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency. Hubbard, Gerard (June 1943). "Aircraft Insignia, Spirit of Youth". Vol. LXXXIII (No. 6) National Geographic, pp. 710–722 Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Rogers, Brian. (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0. External links 186th Air Refueling Wing History and Lineage 186th Air Refueling Wing homepage 186th Air Refueling Wing@globalsecurity.org
instance of
{ "answer_start": [ 228 ], "text": [ "squadron" ] }
The 153d Air Refueling Squadron is a unit of the Mississippi Air National Guard 186th Air Refueling Wing located at Key Field Air National Guard Base, Mississippi. The 153d is equipped with the KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft. The squadron is a descendant organization of the 153d Observation Squadron, one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. Overview The squadrons aircraft are eight KC-135R Stratotankers. The mission of the squadron is to provide air refueling support to major commands of the United States Air Force, as well as other U.S. military forces and the military forces of allied nations. History World War II Activated as part of the Mississippi National Guard in 1939 by the National Guard Bureau. Equipped with Douglas O-38 observation aircraft. Ordered to active service on 15 October 1940 as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps prior to the United States entry into World War II. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, was attached to Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command, performed anti-submarine patrols over the Gulf of Mexico until August 1943 when the mission was turned over to the United States Navy. Transferred to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), August 1943. Assigned to Ninth Air Force as a photographic reconnaissance unit. After the Normandy Invasion in June 1944, because a liaison and courier unit flying light aircraft until the end of the war in Europe. Inactivated during December 1945 in Germany. Mississippi Air National Guard The squadron was re-designated as the 153d Fighter Squadron and allotted to the Mississippi Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Key Field, Meridian, Mississippi and was extended federal recognition on 12 September. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was allocated to the Fourteenth Air Force, Continental Air Command by the National Guard Bureau. The unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951. This activation temporarily resulted in the dissolution of the Mississippi Air National Guard, as members were sent to various places, including for many, duty in the Korean War. The squadron was sent to Turner AFB, Georgia where it was assigned to the federalized 108th Fighter-Bomber Group with a mission to provide fighter escorts to Strategic Air Command B-50 Superfortress bombers on training missions. In December 1951 it was moved to Godman AFB, Kentucky where it replaced a unit deployed to England. It was released from active duty and returned to Mississippi state control on 10 November 1952. Reformed in December 1952, being equipped with RF-51D Mustang reconnaissance aircraft. Performed tactical reconnaissance for Tactical Air Command, retiring the Mustangs in 1955 and flying RF-80C Shooting Star aircraft until 1956. Re-equipped with RF-84F Thunderflash reconnaissance aircraft. At the height of the Cold War in 1961, the squadron was federalized as a result of tensions concerning the Berlin Wall. Part of the squadron remained at Key Field in an active-duty status for about a year before being released. On 15 October 1962, the 153d was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 186th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 153d TRS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 186th Headquarters, 186th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 186th Combat Support Squadron, and the 186th USAF Dispensary. In 1970 Tactical Air Command retired the RF-84s and they were replaced by the RF-101C Voodoo. In 1979 the Voodoos were again replaced by RF-4C Phantom IIs. RF-101C 56-0166, on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, served with the 186th TRG. The aircraft was flown directly from Key Field to the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio on its final flight 27 October 1978. In 1990 during the Gulf Crisis, several aircraft and support personnel were activated and deployed to Doha International Airport, Qatar, being part of the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) during Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm. In 1992 the squadron's 186th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was realigned to an air refueling unit as the RF-4Cs were retired. The squadron was equipped with KC-135 Stratotankers and placed initially under Air Combat Command, later under Air Mobility Command. The 153d Air Refueling Squadron has seen worldwide duty with the KC-135s, supporting Operation Display Determination, Operation Provide Relief, Operation Restore Hope, Operation Support Justice, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Lineage Designated 153d Observation Squadron, and allotted to Mississippi NG, on 18 August 1939Activated on 27 September 1939 Ordered to active service on 15 October 1940 Re-designated: 153d Observation Squadron (Light) on 13 January 1942 Re-designated: 153d Observation Squadron on 4 July 1942 Re-designated: 153d Liaison Squadron on 31 May 1943. Inactivated on 15 December 1945Re-designated 153d Fighter Squadron, and allotted to Mississippi ANG, on 24 May 1946.Extended federal recognition on 12 September 1946 Federalized and placed on active duty, 1 March 1951 Re-designated: 153d Fighter-Escort Squadron 1 March 1951 Re-designated: 153d Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 11 December 1951 Released from active duty and returned to Mississippi state control, 30 November 1952 Re-designated: 153d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 1 December 1952 Federalized and placed on active duty, 1 October 1961 Released from active duty and returned to Mississippi state control, 31 August 1962 Re-designated: 153d Air Refueling Squadron on 1 April 1992 Assignments Mississippi National Guard, 27 September 1939 Fourth Corps Area, 15 October 1940 V Army Corps, c. Dec 1940 67th Observation (later Reconnaissance; Tactical Reconnaissance) Group, 1 September 1941 IX Fighter Command, 12 December 1943Attached to First Army, 4 Feb – 15 November 1944Ninth Air Force, 14 March 1944 IX Tactical Air Command, 25 April 1944Attached to Twelfth Army Group, 15 November 1944 – 26 July 1945XII Tactical Air Command, 15 Jul – 15 December 1945Attached to Seventh Army after 26 July 1945116th Fighter Group, 12 September 1946 108th Fighter-Interceptor Group, 1 March 1951 – 30 November 1952 116th Fighter-Interceptor Group, 30 November 1952 116th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 1 December 1952 116th Fighter Group (Air Defense), 1 July 1955 7117th Tactical Wing, 1 October 1961 – 31 August 1962 Mississippi Air National Guard, 1 September 1962Gained by: Tactical Air Command186th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 15 October 1962 186th Air Refueling Group, 1 April 1992 186th Operations Group, 1 June 1992 – present Stations Aircraft Aircraft flying in this unit KC-135 58-0059(R) (Jan'94) See also List of observation squadrons of the United States Army National Guard References Notes Bibliography This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency. Hubbard, Gerard (June 1943). "Aircraft Insignia, Spirit of Youth". Vol. LXXXIII (No. 6) National Geographic, pp. 710–722 Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Rogers, Brian. (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0. External links 186th Air Refueling Wing History and Lineage 186th Air Refueling Wing homepage 186th Air Refueling Wing@globalsecurity.org
headquarters location
{ "answer_start": [ 116 ], "text": [ "Key Field Air National Guard Base" ] }
Suresh Gore (1965 – 10 October 2020) was a Shiv Sena politician from Pune district, Maharashtra. He was a member of the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He represented the Khed Alandi Assembly Constituency. Life Gore was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for Shiv Sena in 2014. He represented the Khed Alandi Assembly Constituency. His term ended in 2019.Gore was diagnosed with COVID-19 in September 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in India. After receiving initial treatment in Chakan, Pune, he was moved to the Ruby Hospital in Pune. He died there from the disease on 10 October 2020, aged 55. Positions held 2012: Elected as member of Pune Zilla Parishad See also Shirur Lok Sabha constituency References External links Shiv Sena Official website विद्यमान आमदार सुरेश गोरे यांनी आपला बालेकिल्ला चाकण-नाणेकरवाडी गट शाबूत ठेवला चाकण नगर परिषदेवर खेडचे आमदार सुरेश गोरे यांच्या नेतृत्वाखाली भगवा फडकला, शिवसेनेच्या पूजा साहेबराव कड चाकणच्या पहिल्या नगराध्यक्ष
country of citizenship
{ "answer_start": [ 458 ], "text": [ "India" ] }
Suresh Gore (1965 – 10 October 2020) was a Shiv Sena politician from Pune district, Maharashtra. He was a member of the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He represented the Khed Alandi Assembly Constituency. Life Gore was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for Shiv Sena in 2014. He represented the Khed Alandi Assembly Constituency. His term ended in 2019.Gore was diagnosed with COVID-19 in September 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in India. After receiving initial treatment in Chakan, Pune, he was moved to the Ruby Hospital in Pune. He died there from the disease on 10 October 2020, aged 55. Positions held 2012: Elected as member of Pune Zilla Parishad See also Shirur Lok Sabha constituency References External links Shiv Sena Official website विद्यमान आमदार सुरेश गोरे यांनी आपला बालेकिल्ला चाकण-नाणेकरवाडी गट शाबूत ठेवला चाकण नगर परिषदेवर खेडचे आमदार सुरेश गोरे यांच्या नेतृत्वाखाली भगवा फडकला, शिवसेनेच्या पूजा साहेबराव कड चाकणच्या पहिल्या नगराध्यक्ष
member of political party
{ "answer_start": [ 43 ], "text": [ "Shiv Sena" ] }
Suresh Gore (1965 – 10 October 2020) was a Shiv Sena politician from Pune district, Maharashtra. He was a member of the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He represented the Khed Alandi Assembly Constituency. Life Gore was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for Shiv Sena in 2014. He represented the Khed Alandi Assembly Constituency. His term ended in 2019.Gore was diagnosed with COVID-19 in September 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in India. After receiving initial treatment in Chakan, Pune, he was moved to the Ruby Hospital in Pune. He died there from the disease on 10 October 2020, aged 55. Positions held 2012: Elected as member of Pune Zilla Parishad See also Shirur Lok Sabha constituency References External links Shiv Sena Official website विद्यमान आमदार सुरेश गोरे यांनी आपला बालेकिल्ला चाकण-नाणेकरवाडी गट शाबूत ठेवला चाकण नगर परिषदेवर खेडचे आमदार सुरेश गोरे यांच्या नेतृत्वाखाली भगवा फडकला, शिवसेनेच्या पूजा साहेबराव कड चाकणच्या पहिल्या नगराध्यक्ष
occupation
{ "answer_start": [ 53 ], "text": [ "politician" ] }
Suresh Gore (1965 – 10 October 2020) was a Shiv Sena politician from Pune district, Maharashtra. He was a member of the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He represented the Khed Alandi Assembly Constituency. Life Gore was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for Shiv Sena in 2014. He represented the Khed Alandi Assembly Constituency. His term ended in 2019.Gore was diagnosed with COVID-19 in September 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in India. After receiving initial treatment in Chakan, Pune, he was moved to the Ruby Hospital in Pune. He died there from the disease on 10 October 2020, aged 55. Positions held 2012: Elected as member of Pune Zilla Parishad See also Shirur Lok Sabha constituency References External links Shiv Sena Official website विद्यमान आमदार सुरेश गोरे यांनी आपला बालेकिल्ला चाकण-नाणेकरवाडी गट शाबूत ठेवला चाकण नगर परिषदेवर खेडचे आमदार सुरेश गोरे यांच्या नेतृत्वाखाली भगवा फडकला, शिवसेनेच्या पूजा साहेबराव कड चाकणच्या पहिल्या नगराध्यक्ष
cause of death
{ "answer_start": [ 400 ], "text": [ "COVID-19" ] }
Suresh Gore (1965 – 10 October 2020) was a Shiv Sena politician from Pune district, Maharashtra. He was a member of the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He represented the Khed Alandi Assembly Constituency. Life Gore was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for Shiv Sena in 2014. He represented the Khed Alandi Assembly Constituency. His term ended in 2019.Gore was diagnosed with COVID-19 in September 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in India. After receiving initial treatment in Chakan, Pune, he was moved to the Ruby Hospital in Pune. He died there from the disease on 10 October 2020, aged 55. Positions held 2012: Elected as member of Pune Zilla Parishad See also Shirur Lok Sabha constituency References External links Shiv Sena Official website विद्यमान आमदार सुरेश गोरे यांनी आपला बालेकिल्ला चाकण-नाणेकरवाडी गट शाबूत ठेवला चाकण नगर परिषदेवर खेडचे आमदार सुरेश गोरे यांच्या नेतृत्वाखाली भगवा फडकला, शिवसेनेच्या पूजा साहेबराव कड चाकणच्या पहिल्या नगराध्यक्ष
family name
{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Gore" ] }