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4036446
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Jarvis
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Malcolm Jarvis
|
Malcolm Peter Jarvis (born 6 December 1955) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer who played in five Test matches and 12 One Day Internationals (ODIs) for the Zimbabwe national cricket team between 1987 and 1995. In the course of his short Test career Jarvis took over the Test match record for the most wickets in a complete career (11) with all dismissals being caught.
Jarvis' son, Kyle Jarvis, plays for the Zimbabwean national team. Jarvis now runs a guesthouse in Borrowdale near Harare with his wife.
References
1955 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Masvingo
Mashonaland cricketers
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup
Rhodesia cricketers
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
|
4036452
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia%20Styger
|
Nadia Styger
|
Nadia Styger (born 11 December 1978, in Zug) is a former Swiss World Cup alpine ski racer.
Styger won a total of four Alpine Skiing World Cup races. She was several times Swiss champion in downhill and super-G. She won a bronze medal as part of the Swiss team at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships in 2007 with Sandra Gini, Rabea Grand, Fabienne Suter, Daniel Albrecht and Marc Berthod.
World Cup victories
Footnotes
External links
Official website
News and related people on NamePedia
1978 births
Swiss female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers of Switzerland¨
People from Zug
Sportspeople from the canton of Zug
Living people
21st-century Swiss women
|
4036455
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broos
|
Broos
|
Broos can have the following meanings:
Orăştie, (German: Broos, Hungarian: Szászváros), city in south-western Transylvania, Romania
Broos (film), a 1997 Dutch film
See also
Bros (disambiguation)
Bruce (disambiguation)
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4036458
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20Uniform
|
Women in Uniform
|
"Women in Uniform" is a 1978 song by the Australian band Skyhooks; it was written by the band's bass guitar player, Greg Macainsh. It was released in February 1978 as the lead single from their fourth studio album, Guilty Until Proven Insane and peaked at number 8 in Australian and number 73 in the UK.
Reception
Sounds said, "Australian pre-New Wavers try to stay up to date and succeed far enough. So far, so neat, but the beat is matched only by the girl(?) vocalist and not by any traces of lyrical/tuneful dexterity." Rip It Up claimed the song benefited from the "hard rock" production from new producer Leonetti and, "would almost certainly have been a hit single if radio-land could have heard it through 18-inch speakers." The Sydney Morning Herald described it as, "a number which has already made an impact as a twelve-inch single. It's a good lyric. Perhaps it is a prophetic comment on woman-power."
Track listings
Australian 7" single (K-7062)/ 12" single (X 11810)
United Kingdom 7" single (United Artists Records – UP 36508)
Charts
Iron Maiden version
Iron Maiden's cover version of the song was the band's third single and their last recorded work with the guitarist Dennis Stratton. It was released on 27 October 1980 in order to promote the second British leg of their Iron Maiden Tour. The song was also included on the Australian edition of their second album, Killers, as it was originally a number eight hit in Australia for Skyhooks in 1978. In 1990, the 12" version was reissued on CD and 12" vinyl as part of The First Ten Years box set, in which it was combined with their following single, "Twilight Zone".
The idea to cover the song was suggested by the band's publishing company, Zomba, who arranged studio time at Battery Studios with AC/DC producer Tony Platt. Although sceptical at first about recording a song that was so different from the band's style, the bass guitarist, Steve Harris, conceded when Platt was hired, surmising that "as he worked with AC/DC and that, I thought, 'Oh, you know, fine. He's not gonna pull us in any commercial direction.'" After trying to create their own "heavy" version of the song, to Harris' dismay he found out that Platt, with help from Stratton, had been tampering with the song's mix as he had been briefed by Zomba to "try and get a hit single". As a result, Platt was dismissed and Harris remixed the track himself.
Although the intended mix was restored, the band has routinely mentioned their dislike of the single, with Harris vowing "never, ever, ever to allow anyone outside to fuck around with our music again". As a result, its only appearance on CD is as part of The First Ten Years series and a rare 1995 2CD issue of Killers, meaning that the song does not appear remastered. However, its B-Side, "Invasion", appears remastered on the Best of the 'B' Sides compilation.
"Women in Uniform" was also the basis of the band's first music-video, directed by Doug Smith and filmed at the Rainbow Theatre. Considered an unusual project for a band to undertake in the years before MTV, the filming was Stratton's last contribution for the band.
The single's cover has an image of Margaret Thatcher with a Sterling submachine gun, preparing to attack the group's mascot, Eddie, as he walks the streets with two young women. According to the band, the cover was a joke which was meant to ask whether her motive was through jealousy or revenge (following the infamous "Sanctuary" artwork that showed Eddie killing Thatcher), which managed to cause further controversy as, according to the Liverpool Daily Post, a group of "screaming, chanting, banner-carrying feminists" led a demonstration during Iron Maiden's show at Leeds University on 22 November 1980.
The song is one of only five Iron Maiden songs to fade out, the others being "Stranger in a Strange Land" from Somewhere in Time, "The Prophecy" from Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, "Hell on Earth" from Senjutsu, and "Kill Me Ce Soir", a cover version of a Golden Earring song that was released as the B-side to the "Holy Smoke" single in 1990. The German 12" release of the single included a live version of "Drifter" (from the "Sanctuary" single) instead of "Invasion" and had a different cover, a cropped version of the band's Iron Maiden album artwork.
Track listing
7" single
12" single
German 12" single
Personnel
Paul Di'Anno – vocals
Dave Murray – guitar
Dennis Stratton – guitar, backing vocals
Steve Harris – bass guitar, backing vocals
Clive Burr – drums
Charts
Women in Uniform
Women in Uniform/Twilight Zone
Notes
Other cover versions
The Whitlams performed this song at the 1998 ARIA Awards and released a limited edition single the following year, which also included "High Ground" and "1999".
Paul Di'Anno - who sang for Iron Maiden when they recorded their version - recorded a version for his album, The Classics - The Maiden Years, in 2006.
References
1978 songs
1980 singles
Skyhooks (band) songs
Iron Maiden songs
Mushroom Records singles
Songs written by Greg Macainsh
|
4036463
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastas%20Jovanovi%C4%87
|
Anastas Jovanović
|
Anastas Jovanović (, 1817 – 1 November 1899) was a Serbian photographer and author.
Biography
Jovanović, was of Bulgarian origin and during his life he always felt himself a Bulgarian and at the same time a Serb. He was born in Vratsa, an important administrative and garrison city under Ottoman rule in 1817. When Anastas was 9 years old, his father sent him to continue his education in Belgrade, where his uncle worked at the Prince Obrenović sewing studio. In 1830, after the death of Anastas' father, his family moved to Belgrade. But only after one year his uncle who was their support died too.
Anastas' son Konstantin Jovanović (1849–1923) was a prominent architect. Anastas's daughter Katarina Jovanović was a prominent Serbian to German translator.
He was awarded the Order of Prince Danilo I.
Gallery
References
External links
Examples and Overview
Biography
Serbian photographers
19th-century Serbian artists
1817 births
1899 deaths
People from Vratsa
Bulgarian emigrants to Serbia
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
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4036464
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Shah
|
Ali Shah
|
Ali Hassimshah Omarshah (born 7 August 1959), known as Ali Shah , is a former Zimbabwean international cricketer. An all-rounder who batted left-handed and bowled right-arm medium pace, Shah played in three Test matches and 28 One Day Internationals (ODIs) for Zimbabwe between 1983 and 1996, and was the first non-white player to represent the country. He was educated at Morgan High School.
International career
Shah played in three Cricket World Cups, in 1983, 1987 and 1992, and was also a member of the team that won the ICC Trophy in 1986 and 1990. Towards the end of his career, he played domestically for Mashonaland in the Logan Cup.
After cricket
After retiring from playing, Shah became a television commentator and a selector of the national team. He was removed from the latter role in 2004 following the sacking of captain Heath Streak.
References
1959 births
Living people
Cricketers from Harare
Zimbabwean people of Indian descent
Mashonaland cricketers
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup
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4036465
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Brain
|
David Brain
|
David Hayden Brain (born 4 October 1964 in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer who played in 9 Tests and 23 ODIs from 1992 to 1995.
Brain's bowling helped Zimbabwe win their first-ever match in test cricket against Pakistan in 1995, ending with a bowling record of 3-50.
References
1964 births
Living people
Mashonaland cricketers
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Cricketers from Harare
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
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4036467
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Kratochvil
|
Michel Kratochvil
|
Michel Frank Kratochvil (born 7 April 1979) is a former tennis player from Switzerland. He was a member of the Swiss Davis Cup Team between 2000–2004 with a singles record 3–9, winning the decider in the first round of the 2003 World Group against Martin Verkerk of Netherlands 1–6, 7–6, 7–6, 6–1. He played doubles alongside Roger Federer in the 2002 Gstaad Open who was the defending champion but lost in the first round this time. He also defeated reigning champion Andre Agassi in the first round 2002 Indian Wells Masters.
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (2 runner-ups)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 10 (5–5)
Doubles: 4 (0–4)
Performance timeline
Singles
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bern
Swiss people of Czech descent
Swiss male tennis players
People from Ostermundigen
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4036473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin%20Briant
|
Gavin Briant
|
Gavin Aubrey Briant (born 11 April 1969 in Salisbury - now Harare) is a former Zimbabwean international cricketer. Briant was a right-handed batsman and a cover fielder who also occasionally kept wicket. He played one Test match and five One Day Internationals for the Zimbabwe national cricket team in February and March 1993, and was also a member of the team that won the ICC Trophy in 1990. Briant played some second XI cricket for Worcestershire County Cricket Club in 1989, and the following year scored 103 not out for Zimbabwe B against England A. His scores for the full Zimbawbean team were more modest; his top score in both Test cricket and One Day Internationals was 16.
References
1969 births
Living people
Mashonaland cricketers
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Cricketers from Harare
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
Wicket-keepers
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4036474
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regressus
|
Regressus
|
Regressus is the second studio album by German Power metal group Mystic Prophecy.
Track listing
All lyrics by: R.D Liapakis
All music by: R.D. Liapakis & Gus G.,
except track 6 by: Albrecht
All songs arranged by: R.D. Liapakis & Gus G.
"Calling From Hell" - 4:31
"Eternal Flame" - 4:44
"Lords Of Pain" - 4:30
"Sign Of The Cross" - 4:01
"Night Of The Storm" - 4:24
"The Traveller (Instrumental)" - 0:50
"In Your Sins" - 4:56
"Forgotten Soul" - 3:36
"When Demons Return"- 4:44
"Regressus / Lost In Time" - 5:24
"Mystic Prophecy" - 4:27
"The Land Of The Dead" - 4:43
"Fighting the World" (Cover)
Album line-up
Roberto Dimitri Liapakis - Vocals
Gus G. - Guitars
Martin Albrecht - Bass
Dennis Ekdahl - Drums
2003 albums
Mystic Prophecy albums
Nuclear Blast albums
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4036477
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Charles%20Walters%20Company
|
John Charles Walters Company
|
The John Charles Walters Company was a production company formed in 1978 by four former employees of MTM Enterprises: James L. Brooks, David Davis, Stan Daniels and Ed. Weinberger. The company existed from 1978 until 1983 and produced the TV show Taxi.
The foursome who created John Charles Walters were part of the creative team that produced The Mary Tyler Moore Show and its spinoff Phyllis, as well as The Betty White Show among others, during the 1970s. They were lured away by Paramount following the end of The Mary Tyler Moore Show'''s run. Paramount financed the John Charles Walters Company during its existence.
The company also produced The Associates, a TV sitcom about a small group of young Wall Street lawyers which ran during the 1979 television season starring Martin Short. The show lasted for nine of the 13 episodes produced, but received two Golden Globe nominations after its cancelation.
Company name
According to a 2003 interview, James L. Brooks said that the company was named the John Charles Walters Company because the foursome "wanted a venerable Protestant name." The book Hailing Taxi indicates that the partners discovered an old pub sign that said "Charles Walters." They bought it in order to make it their logo, but then discovered that there was a director in Hollywood named Charles Walters. They added the name John to avoid legal problems.
The only known existence of Walters appears at the end of both Taxi'', “The Associates,” as well as the 1978 telefilm “Cindy,” a reworking of Cinderella with an all-Black cast. In the end credits, the back of Walters is seen leaving his office while a female voice off-screen wishes him good night (with the words "Night, Mr. Walters!" or "Merry Christmas, Mr. Walters!" in holiday-themed episodes); Walters merely groans in response while he puts his hat on as he exits. Ed. Weinberger provided the voice of Walters during the sequence. The woman is Weinberger's actual assistant.
References
External links
Museum of Broadcast Communications- Ed Weinberger profile
nbcnews.com - TV Vanity Cards (includes John Charles Walters)
Walters
Television production companies of the United States
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4036478
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujesh%20Ranchod
|
Ujesh Ranchod
|
Ujesh Ranchod (born 17 May 1969) is a Zimbabwean former cricketer who played in one Test and three One Day International (ODI) matches from 1992 to 1993. His only international Test wicket came when he dismissed Sachin Tendulkar on 13 March 1993 in Delhi. His Test match debut was also his maiden first-class match.
References
1969 births
Living people
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Mashonaland cricketers
Cricketers from Harare
Zimbabwean people of Indian descent
|
4036481
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Mills%20%28musician%29
|
Alan Mills (musician)
|
Alan Mills (born Albert Miller; September 7, 1912 or 1913 – June 14, 1977 ) was a Canadian folksinger, writer, and actor. He was best known for popularizing Canadian folk music, and for his original song, I Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly. He appeared on several radio and television programs and in movies.
Career
As a young man, Mills worked as a newspaperman. He left this work in about 1940 and took a job in radio. He hosted a show for CBC radio on which he played Canadian folk music.
Mills began singing and recording traditional music from Canada, accompanying himself on guitar. His first album, Let's Sing a Little, was released by RCA Victor. He composed the classic folk song I Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly (with lyrics by Rose Bonne) which was later recorded by Burl Ives, Peter Paul and Mary and many others. He published a book, The Alan Mills Book of Folk Songs and Ballads, in 1949. His recordings of authentic traditional music were reviewed by Oscar Brand in the Saturday Review of Music, and included in a number of folk music compilation albums.
Mills was signed to take part in tour of the United States in 1960, and that year performed at the Newport Folk Festival.
He was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1974 for his contributions to Canadian folklore. Mills has also released several albums on Folkways Records of Canadian and French folk songs.
Discography
n.d.
"Chansons a Boire'
[Venus VL 301]
Notes
External links
Discography for Alan Mills on Folkways
"Alan Mills, Collaborator and Friend" by Edith Fowke, Canadian Folk Music Bulletin 30.3 (1996)
1910s births
1977 deaths
People from Lachine, Quebec
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian folklorists
Canadian folk singers
Canadian songwriters
Musicians from Montreal
Writers from Montreal
20th-century Canadian male singers
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4036483
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Bruk-Jackson
|
Glen Bruk-Jackson
|
Glen Keith Bruk-Jackson (born 25 April 1969) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer.
A right-handed batsman, Bruk-Jackson played in two Test matches and one One Day International for Zimbabwe, all during their tour of Pakistan in December 1993. He played domestically for Mashonaland Country Districts and later Mashonaland.
1969 births
Living people
Alumni of Falcon College
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Mashonaland cricketers
Cricketers from Harare
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
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4036487
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzan
|
Cruzan
|
Cruzan can mean:
The alternate spelling of Crucian:
a native of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
the native dialect spoken on that island, also known as Virgin Islands Creole
Cruzan Rum, a rum produced on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Nancy Cruzan, a key figure in the right-to-die movement
Cruzan Amphitheatre, a 19,000-seat open-air music venue in West Palm Beach, Florida
Language and nationality disambiguation pages
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4036490
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvan%20Zurbriggen
|
Silvan Zurbriggen
|
Silvan Zurbriggen (born 15 August 1981) is a retired Swiss World Cup alpine ski racer who competed primarily in downhill and combined, and occasionally in super-G. In 2012, he stopped competing in slalom due to poor results.
Born in Brig, Valais, Zurbriggen represented Switzerland in seven world championships and two Olympics. He won the silver medal in the slalom before a home crowd at the world championships in 2003 at St. Moritz, and was the Olympic bronze medalist in the combined in 2010 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, held at Whistler. Following his silver medal at age 21, he was the Swiss Winter Sportsman of the year in 2002 / 2003.
Zurbriggen retired from World Cup competition in April 2015 at age 33 with two victories and thirteen podiums. He is a distant cousin of former Swiss ski racers Pirmin Zurbriggen and Heidi Zurbriggen, and the cousin of Elia Zurbriggen.
Following his racing career, he embarked on a career in banking with an 18-month internship at Raiffeisen.
World Cup results
Season standings
Race podiums
2 wins – (1 Downhill, 1 Combined)
13 podiums – (2 Downhill, 3 Slalom, 8 Combined)
World Championship results
Olympic results
References
External links
Silvan Zurbriggen World Cup standings at the International Ski Federation
Swiss male alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
1981 births
Living people
Olympic alpine skiers of Switzerland
Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
People from Brig-Glis
Sportspeople from Valais
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4036492
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Lim
|
Raymond Lim
|
Raymond Lim Siang Keat (, born 24 June 1959) is a former Singaporean politician. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), Lim has been a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the East Coast Group Representation Constituency for Fengshan from 2001 to 2015. He served as the Minister for Transport from 2006 to 2011, and as a Minister in the Prime Minister's Office from 2005 to 2006. He retired from politics in 2015.
Education
Lim was a Rhodes Scholar and Colombo Plan scholar and holds degrees from the universities of Adelaide, Oxford and King's College, Cambridge (LLM, 1987). Prior to his university education, he was a student and athlete in Raffles Institution.
Personal life
Lim's brother, Benny Lim Siang Hoe, was with the Internal Security Department, and is also a former Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of National Development.
External links
Lim Siang Keat Raymond Lim Siang Keat at parliament.gov.sg
1959 births
Living people
University of Adelaide alumni
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Members of the Parliament of Singapore
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Singaporean Rhodes Scholars
Ministers for Transport of Singapore
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4036496
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Peall
|
Stephen Peall
|
Stephen Guy Peall (born 2 September 1969) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer who played in four Test matches and 21 One Day Internationals between 1992 and 1996.
References
1969 births
Living people
Cricketers from Harare
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
Alumni of Falcon College
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup
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4036499
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rennie%20%28cricketer%29
|
John Rennie (cricketer)
|
John Alexander Rennie (born 29 July 1970) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer who played in four Test matches and 44 One Day Internationals (ODIs) from 1993 to 2000. He played as a swing bowler for the Zimbabwe national side between 1993 and 2000.
Early life
Rennie was born at Fort Victoria in what was then Rhodesia in 1970 and was educated in Salisbury. He attended Hartmann House Preparatory School and then St George's College where he was coached by Robin Stokes and Bill Flower. After playing in the school XI, he joined Old Georgians Cricket Club and played for Zimbabwean representative sides, including the national under-24 side.
Cricket career
A swing bowler who was able to move the ball in the air and bowl in a controlled way, Rennie made his international debut in 1993, playing in all four of Zimbabwe's matches in the 1993 Hero Cup series of ODIs in India, including in the tied match against India when he was the not out batsman as Zimbabwe almost won the match. He made his Test debut later the same year during Zimbabwe's tour of Pakistan, taking the wicket of Shoaib Mohammad on debut. He went on to play for Zimbabwe mainly in one-day cricket, making 44 ODI appearances and playing in only four Test matches before his international career ended in 2000. Ward considers that he was able to succeed largely through hard work and application rather than natural talent.
In domestic cricket, Rennie played for Matabeleland in the Logan Cup between 1993/94 and 2000/01, bowling his side to success in the 1995/96 cup final. He captained the side in several matches during 1996/97 but his career in the storage industry and family commitments cut his cricket career short and Rennie played his final senior matches in 2000/01. He served on the national selection panel for a period, but was removed following Zimbabwe's disappointing performances in the 2011 Cricket World Cup.
Family
Rennie's younger brother, Gavin, also played for Zimbabwe, the pair playing in the same Test team in 1997, John Rennie's final Test match. This was the first time that three sets of brothers had played for the same side in the same Test match, the Rennie brothers playing alongside Grant and Andy Flower and Paul and Bryan Strang.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Mashonaland cricketers
Matabeleland cricketers
Sportspeople from Masvingo
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
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4036500
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Foster%20%28tennis%29
|
Andrew Foster (tennis)
|
Andrew Foster (born 16 March 1972, in Stoke-on-Trent) is a former tennis player from Great Britain.
The right-hander reached the fourth round of Wimbledon in 1993, in only his second appearance at the All England Club. There, he posted his first ever Tour wins over Thomas Enqvist, Luis Herrera and Andrei Olhovskiy. His run ended in the round of 16 at the tournament, losing to the eventual winner, Pete Sampras.
Foster reached a career-high Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) singles ranking of World No. 184 in January 1994. In doubles, Foster won four Challenger events, reaching as high as No. 174 in November 1993.
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
English male tennis players
Sportspeople from Stoke-on-Trent
British male tennis players
Tennis people from Staffordshire
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4036501
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAFOS
|
KAFOS
|
KAFOS (Karadeniz Fiber Optik Sistemi - Black Sea Fibre Optic System) is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the Black Sea linking Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkey.
It has landing points in:
Mangalia, Romania
Varna, Bulgaria
Istanbul, Turkey
it has a transmission capacity of 8 Tbit/s, and a total cable length of 504 km. It started operation on 13 June 1997.
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122255/http://foptnet.ge/map2eng.htm Map of the cable system (3 Systems BSFOCS, KAFOS, & ITUR)
Submarine communications cables in the Black Sea
Bulgaria–Turkey relations
Bulgaria–Romania relations
Romania–Turkey relations
Optical telecommunications cables
Internet in Bulgaria
1997 establishments in Bulgaria
1997 establishments in Romania
1997 establishments in Turkey
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4036502
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Black%20Adder%20%28Blackadder%29
|
The Black Adder (Blackadder)
|
"The Black Adder" is the unaired pilot episode of the BBC television series Blackadder. Taped on 20 June 1982, it features the original incarnation of the character Edmund Blackadder, played by Rowan Atkinson. Following this pilot, The Black Adder eventually went into production and the first six-part series was broadcast in 1983, but with a number of changes to the casting, characterisation and plot; while the transmitted series was set in 1485 and the years following the Battle of Bosworth Field, this untransmitted pilot was set in 16th century, apparently during the Elizabethan Era.
A close adaptation of the script of the pilot episode was used for the second episode of the first series, "Born to Be King", which contains many similar characters, situations and lines to the pilot.
Production
Like the first series, The Black Adder, it was written by Richard Curtis and Rowan Atkinson. However, the episode features a number of major differences to the aired first series.
Historical setting and characters
The pilot episode is introduced with on-screen scrolling text which announces that the setting is "Europe, 400 years ago" which, based on the date of production, places the episode during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. In this respect, and in the design of the sets and costumes, the pilot bears much resemblance to the second series, Blackadder II (1986), which is also set during the Elizabethan era. However, the historical connections are vague in the pilot episode; while the costume, jewellery and hairstyle of the Queen bear a strong resemblance to that of Elizabeth I, the reigning monarchs are cast anonymously as "the Queen" and "the King" and no reference is made to their actual identities. Even if the character of the Queen is intended to be Elizabeth I, the King and their two sons, Princes Henry and Edmund, would be entirely fictitious characters, as Elizabeth I neither married nor bore offspring. (It is also worth noting that the episode states that Prince Harry was born in 1526 – seven years before the real Elizabeth I – which would imply the episode is set in around 1550 and that the line "400 years ago" is only very approximate.)
In the version of The Black Adder which was eventually televised in 1983, the setting is shifted back some 100 years to 1485, and the King is clearly identified as King Richard IV, a fictional successor to Richard III who rules England with his Queen, the fictional Gertrude of Flanders, during a rewritten period of history. The character of Queen Elizabeth I was later revisited in Blackadder II, when Miranda Richardson played the role of Queenie, a skittish caricature of the Virgin Queen.
Cast
Another major difference to the first series is the cast – most notably, comic actor Philip Fox plays the character Baldrick, rather than Tony Robinson, who was to play the role in all subsequent series. John Savident plays the role of the King, who was replaced by Brian Blessed for the first series. Prince Harry is played by Robert Bathurst instead of Robert East. The rest of the cast (Atkinson, Tim McInnerny as Percy and Elspet Gray as the Queen) were reunited for the commissioned series.
Production team
The pilot was directed by Geoff Posner, who was the director of the last series of Not the Nine O'Clock News. The producer was the then head of Comedy Department, John Howard Davies; but this was a temporary measure because John Lloyd, who had co-produced Not The Nine O'Clock News, was working on a special with Pamela Stephenson. When the series was commissioned, Lloyd took over the producer's role. A unique instrumental version of the "Blackadder" theme by Howard Goodall was used, performed by an orchestra and harpsichord. A revised arrangement, featuring mock-heroic lyrics, was used for the first series.
Plot
The episode opens with a rendition of the now-familiar Blackadder theme, followed by an on-screen narrative text:
The action opens with Prince Harry, the King, and the Queen discussing the war with the Spanish. They hope it will soon be over so they can fight the French. The Queen is in high spirits, as it is her birthday and she has been given the county of Shropshire as a present.
Prince Edmund, Duke of York is in his chambers with his servants Percy and Baldrick. He is clearly unhappy about the task he has been given, which is to arrange the festivities for both the Queen's birthday and the return of the Scottish hero Dougal McAngus to the court. He refers to his brother Henry as "the bastard". Baldrick points out that if Henry actually was a bastard, Edmund would one day be King. When he finds out that the eunuchs scheduled to appear have cancelled, Edmund decides to have them executed. ("This is a Royal command performance – there are only two options. Either you do it, or you don't do it. If you do it, you don't get paid. If you don't do it, you get beheaded.")
Later, at a presentation in the great hall, the King gives McAngus all Edmund's lands in Scotland. Edmund is furious, and he, Percy and Baldrick plot to kill McAngus. Percy warns that the King will cut Edmund off if he thinks he has deliberately killed McAngus, so they agree to make it look like an accident. Baldrick suggests putting McAngus's head in the mouth of a cannon and firing it, but Edmund dismisses this as feeble.
Looking for the Scot, Edmund overhears him telling the Queen that his father sends her his regards. Edmund invites McAngus to act as the Scotsman in the play "The Death of the Scotsman", to be performed for the Queen's birthday.
Later, as Edmund is about to start the play, he discovers that McAngus is drunk. Percy and Baldrick begin the play, and are later joined by Edmund and McAngus. In the play, McAngus insults the Queen, then stabs Edmund with a fake telescopic sword. He is sentenced to be hanged from the gallows. Leaving the stage, Edmund instructs Percy and Baldrick to remove the safety hook from the gallows, and warns them that whatever happens, if the Scotsman lives, they will die.
Off-stage, McAngus tells Edmund about hidden love letters from the Queen to McAngus' father, casting doubts on the lineage of Prince Henry. McAngus is back on stage about to be hanged, before Edmund realises he needs him alive to show him the letters. He tries to stop the hanging from off-stage by cutting the noose with a spear, but it fails, so in a last-ditch attempt, he throws a sheet over his head, and enters the stage as the ghost of the Prince. He pleads mercy for the Scotsman, but Percy and Baldrick, mindful of his previous threat, are determined to carry out the execution. A comic fight sequence ensues, which ends with Edmund inadvertently hanging McAngus himself, but then holding him up to stop him choking.
A gleeful Edmund is shown the love letters that his mother wrote. He instructs Baldrick to have the court assembled in the morning, where he reveals the content of the letters which are dated November and December 1526. He begins to falter as he realises that this was nine months after Henry's birth, but nine months before his own; it is he who is illegitimate, not Henry. Edmund tries to pretend that McAngus has forged the letters, and challenges him to a duel to the death. Edmund instructs Baldrick to get the fake telescopic sword for McAngus, but Percy gives Edmund the fake instead. There is a big fight, which culminates in Edmund stabbing McAngus with the fake sword. On finding out that Edmund tried to set him up with the fake sword, McAngus is furious and is about to kill Edmund. When the King begs him for clemency, McAngus agrees, but only if Edmund begs for mercy.
Later, the King, Queen and Henry discuss the letters, which apparently turned out to be French forgeries. Edmund and McAngus are now supposed to be the best of friends. However, up on the tower, McAngus is peering down the barrel of a large cannon, at Edmund's request. Back in the King's chambers, a loud bang is heard. Edmund rushes in to announce that there has been a ‘terrible accident’.
The final shot is of the family coat of arms, inscribed with the motto: Veni Vidi Castratavi Illegitimos ("I came, I saw, I castrated the bastards").
Cast
* The role of Rudkin in the series is replaced by that of Lord Chiswick, played by Stephen Tate. However, Chiswick does not appear in "Born to be King."
**The entertainers were "Jumping Jesuits" in the pilot, "Jumping Jews" in the series.
Analysis
One of the most notable things about the pilot is Rowan Atkinson's performance as Edmund Blackadder, which is more akin to the character from the second series than the weaselly plotter from the first series. Richard Curtis is said to have thought the character should be more complex for the initial series, than the swaggering lead as seen in the pilot (and future episodes). Due to the limited budget of the episode, it lacks the location filming of the first series, being instead all shot on interior sets, again in a similar fashion to the second series onwards of Blackadder.
In 2010, The Guardian reflected on this, noting that it was "an interesting example of getting it right first time":
The episode has not been broadcast on television, nor is it available on DVD, although some scenes were featured in the 25th anniversary special Blackadder Rides Again. However, various bootleg copies exist and footage is often seen online.
References
External links
"The Black Adder" (pilot) at Blackadder Hall
Blackadder
Unaired television pilots
1982 British television episodes
Fiction set in the 1550s
Television shows written by Rowan Atkinson
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4036515
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T18%20Boarhound
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T18 Boarhound
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The T18 Boarhound was an American heavy armoured car produced in small numbers for the British Army during the Second World War.
History
In July 1941, the United States Army Ordnance Corps issued specifications for a heavy armored car (along with another specification for a medium armored car, which resulted in the T17 Deerhound and T17E1 Staghound) to be built for supply to the British. The prototype was developed in 1942 by the Yellow Coach Company. It was a large 8x8 (eight wheels, all driven; called an "eight-by-eight") vehicle with four front wheels used for steering. Thick armor brought the weight to 26 tons, about the weight of contemporary medium tanks. Initial armament consisted of a 37 mm gun M6 in a turret with a coaxial .30 inch machine gun and another .30 inch MG in the bow mount. By then, it was clear that the anti-tank performance of the 37 mm gun was insufficient and the production version, the T18E2, which was named Boarhound by the British, received the 57 mm gun M1, the US-manufactured variant of the British QF 6 pounder.
The United States Army had only shown minimal interest in the vehicle and retained the first 3 production vehicles. The British Army placed an order for 2,500 units, but high production costs and poor cross-country performance led to cancellation of the order with only 27 being delivered to North Africa. The T18 was never used widely in combat; however, a number were made use of by defending bases of operation in North Africa, with a few even taking part in convoy operations. There are accounts that a limited few were refitted for special duties in the rear echelon as well. Late in 1942, orders were issued for upwards of some eight Boarhounds to be assigned to the Eighth Army, which used them sparingly as supporting armored vehicles and, to some extent, in reconnaissance roles. None are said to have seen heavy action.
The only surviving vehicle is displayed in The Tank Museum, Bovington, United Kingdom.
Variants
T18 - original version with 37 mm gun.
T18E1 - six-wheeled version. Development stopped January 18, 1943
T18E2 - version with 57 mm gun.
See also
G-numbers
Notes
References
SNL G133
George Forty - World War Two Armoured Fighting Vehicles and Self-Propelled Artillery, Osprey Automotive.
Haugh, David T18E2 data sheet Warwheels.net
R.A.C Technical Situational Reports No 7
External links
Warwheels.net
World War II armoured cars
World War II armored fighting vehicles of the United States
Armoured cars of the United States
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
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4036518
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20K%C3%BCttel
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Andreas Küttel
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Andreas Küttel (born 25 April 1979) is a Swiss former ski jumper who currently works in the field of sports science at the University of Southern Denmark.
Career
Küttel won five World Cup competitions from 2005 to 2007, and placed third in the overall World Cup in 2006. He won a gold medal in the individual large hill event at the 2009 Ski Jumping World Championships. Küttel also competed at three Winter Olympics, earning his best finish of fifth in the individual normal hill event in 2006.
World Cup
Standings
Wins
References
1979 births
Living people
Olympic ski jumpers of Switzerland
Ski jumpers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Ski jumpers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ski jumpers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Swiss male ski jumpers
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in ski jumping
People from Einsiedeln
Swiss emigrants to Denmark
Sportspeople from the canton of Schwyz
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4036521
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Strang
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Bryan Strang
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Bryan Colin Strang (born 9 June 1972) is a former Zimbabwean international cricketer who played in 26 Test matches and 49 One Day Internationals between 1995 and 2001. His older brother Paul Strang also played international cricket for Zimbabwe.
Domestic career
In 2001, he helped bowl Matabeleland out for a national record low score in first-class cricket of 19 runs, taking 5 wickets for 6.
International career
Strang was a left-arm medium bowler and due to his nagging accuracy was hard to get away in ODI cricket. This earned him a career economy rate of 4.13. His best bowling figures in ODI cricket of 6 for 20, made against Bangladesh in 1997 are a Zimbabwean record.
He played his last game for Zimbabwe in July 2001 and in 2002 he moved to South Africa due to political unrest. He's become a vocal critic of Zimbabwean cricket and during the 2003 World Cup he stated that Zimbabwe should be barred from hosting World Cup matches on moral grounds. As a result, when he attempted a comeback in 2003–04 the Zimbabwean Cricket Union banned him.
Following the lifting of the ban in 2005 Strang made a comeback and was recalled for a training squad ahead of the New Zealand and India tours of Zimbabwe and played for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2006. However he was later informed by Zimbabwe Cricket that he services were no longer required.
Beyond cricket
In 2008 he received an honorary degree in Sports Sciences from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, making him eligible for their crunch cricket match against the University of Edinburgh in July.
As the years have progressed he has really enjoyed his coaching and teaching. Since returning to Zimbabwe, he went into coaching at schools like Lilfordia School and St. George's College in Harare. He has done lots more coaching at many levels. He really enjoys giving back to the kids of his country in any sport and would like to see them get the best coaching so that they can be the best they can be and enjoy it along the way.
In 2009, he expressed that he is looking for an opportunity to get involved with ZC to contribute more. He wants to coach which he really loves and if he is needed to play, he is more than willing as he thinks that he is enough fit and ready to do so. He thinks that he has still got a lot to offer as a player.
He was involved in teaching at St. John's Prep School in the sports department. He coaches at Lilfordia School, where Alistair Campbell and his father are also heavily involved. He has also opened a business about life skills and goal setting.
At the end of October 2009, he left his school teaching.
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Cricketers from Bulawayo
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
Alumni of Falcon College
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Mashonaland cricketers
Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup
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4036525
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Duchess%20%28solitaire%29
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Grand Duchess (solitaire)
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Grand Duchess (also known as Duchess de Luynes) is a solitaire card game which is played with two decks of playing cards. It is a two deck game in the Sir Tommy family. One unique feature of this game is the building of the reserve, which is not used until the entire stock runs out.
Rules
First, four cards are dealt face-up, one onto each tableau pile, and two more cards are dealt face-down on the reserve to be used later. After each deal of six cards, the player pauses to see if any cards are playable. Available for play to the foundations (which are above the four tableau piles) are the top cards of each tableau pile.
As they become available, one ace and one king of each suit are placed in the foundations. The aces are built up to kings while the kings are built down to aces, all by suit. Furthermore, once a foundation card is set, any can be built upon it at any time.
Once the player builds the necessary cards one could, another set of six is dealt: one on each of the four tableau piles and two face-down ones set aside on the reserve. Afterwards, the player builds more cards and the process is repeated until the stock runs out. Once this occurs, the entire reserve is turned face-up. All cards in that reserve become available to be built on the foundations, along with the top cards of each reserve pile.
When play goes on a stand still (when the tableau and the reserve no longer yields playable cards), the player is then entitled to three redeals. To do a redeal, the player picks up first tableau pile and places it over the second pile, picks up that newly formed pile and puts in over the third pile, and these three piles are then laid over the fourth pile. Then, the piles are turned face-down to form the new stock, and the remaining reserve piles are placed under it. On the first two redeals, the process of dealing one card on each of the four tableau piles and two more on the reserve faced down, stopping each time to make any play, and using the reserve when the stock runs out is repeated. But on the last redeal, there is no more reserve; all cards are dealt four at a time, one on each tableau pile.
The game ends soon after the stock runs out in the last redeal. The game is won when all cards end up in the foundations.
Parisienne
Parisienne (also known as La Parisienne or Parisian) is a variant of Grand Duchess. The game is played like Grand Duchess except the before the game starts, one ace and one king of each suit is removed from the deck and placed on the foundations.
References
See also
Sir Tommy
List of solitaires
Glossary of solitaire
Double-deck patience card games
Reserved builders
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4036544
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeance%20%28Mystic%20Prophecy%20album%29
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Vengeance (Mystic Prophecy album)
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Vengeance is the first studio album by German Power metal group Mystic Prophecy. It was originally released on August 24, 2001 by B-Mind Records and reissued in 2003 by Nuclear Blast.
Track listing
"1545 - The Beginning" - 1:02
"Sky's Burning" - 6:45
"Damnation And Darkness" - 4:30
"Welcome (In The Damned Circle)" - 5:29
"Dark Side Of The Moon" - 5:13
"River Of Hate" - 4:45
"In The Mirror" - 5:09
"In The Distance" - 5:02
"When Shadows Fall" - 4:49
"Fallen Angel" - 8:34
Credits
Roberto Dimitri Liapakis-Vocals
Gus G.-Guitars
Martin Albrecht-Bass
Dennis Ekdahl-Drums
2001 albums
Mystic Prophecy albums
Nuclear Blast albums
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4036548
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits%20Air%20Freight%20Express
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Straits Air Freight Express
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Straits Air Freight Express (SAFE) was a cargo airline, established in 1950, named for its Cook Strait focus and connecting the North Island and South Islands of New Zealand's railway systems from the 1950s to the 1970s. The company was renamed Safe Air Limited in 1966 and diversified into aviation maintenance. In 1972 it was bought by the National Airways Corporation, which then merged with Air New Zealand. Safe Air continued to be operated as an independent entity by both owners. It ceased flying in 1990, but has continued to expand as a maintenance facility and now employs approximately 350 staff. In 2015 it was bought by the Australian arm of Airbus.
Rail Air
In 1947, New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) and the Royal New Zealand Air Force began flying between Paraparaumu and Blenheim with a service that came to be known as Rail Air. SAFE took over the service from the RNZAF in 1950. Much of NZR's inter-island freight moved to its new Inter-island rail ferry service from 1962 with the introduction of the GMV Aramoana, but the Rail Air service survived until December 1983.
Fleet
The main aircraft type that the company operated was the Bristol Type 170 Freighter Mk.31. The first two examples were delivered in mid-1951. The "cargon" system was designed in-house – a wheeled metal pallet and transfer system using modified railway flatcars to allow trucked loads to be transferred directly into the nose doorway of the tail-wheeled aircraft. This reduced the turn-around time of flights to about 15 minutes. 53,777 tons were carried between Woodbourne and Papaparaumu in 1961/62, but declined 25% next year, when Aramoana started the Interislander. The route closed in 1983. Eleven Bristol 170s were still in operation with SAFE in 1977.
The company also operated two larger Armstrong Whitworth AW.650 Argosy four-engined turbine propeller freighter aircraft from the 1970s.
Chatham Islands Passenger Services
New Zealand's most eastern islands, the Chatham Islands were linked with the main islands of New Zealand with combined air freight and passenger service using a unique removable passenger pod that was placed into the hold of their Bristol Freighter aircraft. Extra sound insulation was used to drown out the Bristol's Hercules engines and earplugs were provided. Windows in the pod lined up with those in the fuselage. The flight time was approximately three hours.
In 1982 when the paved runway at Tu-uta Point was built, Argosy aircraft were placed into the Chathams' route with a more comfortable passenger pod based on the cabin of a Boeing 737. The pod still exists today, placed in the hold of ZK-SAE on static display at Blenheim. When flying operations ceased in 1990 Air New Zealand continued operations with other aircraft, Air Chathams was founded to keep the air route open when Air New Zealand pulled out in 1992.
See also
List of defunct airlines of New Zealand
History of aviation in New Zealand
References
Bibliography
External links
As Safe Air Limited, SAFE is now a subsidiary of Air New Zealand Engineering
Safe Air Limited's home page
Defunct airlines of New Zealand
Airlines established in 1950
Air New Zealand
Cook Strait
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4036551
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Lock
|
Charlie Lock
|
Alan Charles Ingram Lock (born 10 September 1962) is a former Zimbabwean international cricketer who played one Test match and eight One Day Internationals.
Lock came to the attention of the world's media in early October 2007 when, as one of the remaining few hundred white farmers in Zimbabwe, he was driven off his land in the Headlands District, some south-east of Harare. Lock had previously given over a farm to the government for resettlement and had consequently received permission in 2003 to stay on a small parcel of land, Karori Farm. Lock brought a contempt of court application against the loss of his remaining land.
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Marondera
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Mashonaland cricketers
Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup
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4036552
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Whittall
|
Andy Whittall
|
Andrew Richard Whittall (born 19 March 1973) is a former Zimbabwean international cricketer who played in 10 Test matches and 63 One Day Internationals between 1996 and 2000. He made his Test and ODI debuts in September 1996.
Domestic career
Whittall was educated at Falcon College. He graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge with a degree in engineering and also earned four blues playing for the University cricket side. He is currently a housemaster at Ferox Hall at Tonbridge School, where he also teaches maths and coaches the 1st XI cricket team.
References
External links
Zimbabwean cricketers
1973 births
Living people
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup
Cambridge University cricketers
British Universities cricketers
Manicaland cricketers
Matabeleland cricketers
Commonwealth Games competitors for Zimbabwe
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Cricketers from Mutare
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
White Rhodesian people
Alumni of Falcon College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
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4036553
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton%20Matambanadzo
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Everton Matambanadzo
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Everton Zvikomborero Matambanadzo (born April 13, 1976 in Salisbury (now Harare), is a former Zimbabwean cricketer who played in 3 Tests and 7 ODIs from 1996 to 1999. His cricket career was rather brief, due to intense knee injuries.
Personal life
He has a twin brother, Darlington, who played first-class cricket for Mashonaland.
He moved to the United States in 2001.
He completed an economics degree at UC Berkeley. Everton is currently a stock trader.
References
1976 births
Living people
Cricketers from Harare
Alumni of Eaglesvale High School
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Mashonaland cricketers
Zimbabwean twins
Twin sportspeople
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4036557
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar-and-elbow%20position
|
Collar-and-elbow position
|
A collar-and-elbow hold is a stand-up grappling position where both combatants have a collar tie, and hold the opponent's other arm at the elbow. Generally the opening move in professional wrestling, the collar-and-elbow is generally a neutral position, but by pushing the hand on the elbow to the inside of the opponent's arms, and holding the biceps, more control can be obtained. From here it will be easier to strike or to attempt takedowns, while defending against the opponent's techniques.
See also
Bear hug
Double collar tie
Double underhooks
Pinch grip tie
Over-under position
References
External links
John Danaher and Renzo Gracie, Two Approaches to Fighting in the Clinch
Grappling positions
Wrestling
Professional wrestling moves
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4036558
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC%20Guang
|
Lü Guang
|
Lü Guang (; 337–400), courtesy name Shiming (世明), formally Emperor Yiwu of (Later) Liang ((後)涼懿武帝), was the founding emperor of the Di-led Chinese Later Liang dynasty (although during most of his reign, he used the title "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang)). He was initially a Former Qin general, but in light of Former Qin's collapse starting in 384, he decided to found his own state, initially including nearly all of modern Gansu. As his reign continued, however, his domain dwindled after Southern Liang and Northern Liang declared independence. His death in 400 left Later Liang in an unstable state, and it would be no more by 403.
Early life and career as Former Qin general
Lü Guang was ethnically Di (although he claimed ancestry from an ethnically Han man named Lü Wenhe () who fled from Pei County (in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu, the same county that Han Dynasty emperors' ancestors came) from a disaster and who settled in Di lands). He was born in 337, when his father Lü Polou () was a follower of the Di chieftain and Later Zhao general Pu Hong (蒲洪, who later changed his family name from Pu to Fu). Eventually, after Fu Hong's son Fu Jiàn founded Former Qin, Lü Polou served on the staff of Fu Jiàn's nephew Fu Jiān (notice different tone) the Prince of Donghai. After Fu Jiān overthrew Fu Jiàn's violent and capricious son and successor Fu Sheng in 357, Fu Jiān claimed the throne and made Lü Polou one of his senior advisors. Lü Guang, however, was not well regarded by his father's colleagues, because he did not study much and instead concentrated his efforts on hunting and riding. However, Fu Jiān's prime minister Wang Meng valued him and persuaded Fu Jiān to make him a general. He first received renown when he, while fighting with the army of the warlord Zhang Ping () in 358, defeated and captured Zhang Ping's fierce adoptive son Zhang Ci ().
When Fu Jiān's cousins Fu Sou () the Duke of Wei, Fu Liu () the Duke of Jin, Fu Wu () the Duke of Yan, and brother Fu Shuang () the Duke of Zhao rebelled together in 367, Lü Guang was one of the generals sent against Fu Shuang and Fu Wu, and he contributed much to defeating the rebellion. Later, after he served under Wang Meng in the campaign destroying rival Former Yan in 370, he was created the Marquess of Duting.
In 378, Lü Guang was serving as the assistant to Fu Jiān's cousin Fu Chong () the Duke of Beihai, who, as the governor of Yu Province (豫州, modern Henan) was in charge of the important city Luoyang. Fu Chong planned a rebellion, and Fu Jiān learned this and ordered Lü to arrest Fu Chong, which Lü did successfully. (However, Fu Jiān did not execute Fu Chong but only relieved him of his posts and not even his ducal title.)
In 380, inexplicably, Fu Jiān made Fu Chong the defender of Jicheng (modern Beijing), and Fu Chong soon rebelled along with his brother, the powerful general Fu Luo () the Duke of Xingtang. Lü Guang was one of the generals in charge of the campaign against Fu Luo and Fu Chong, and he defeated Fu Chong and killed him, resulting in Fu Luo's subsequent defeat and capture.
In 382, in response to requests by the kings of two Xiyu states—Xiumiduo () the King of Shanshan and Mitian () the King of Front Cheshi (roughly modern Turpan Prefecture, Xinjiang) -- Fu Jiān commissioned Lü Guang to lead an army of 100,000 infantry soldiers and 5,000 cavalry soldiers to Xiyu, with the intent to, like Han Dynasty did, establish a governor general over Xiyu. The army departed the Former Qin capital Chang'an in spring 383, with the two kings as guides. By early 384, most Xiyu kingdoms had submitted, but Bo Chun () the King of Qiuzi (or Kucha, 龜茲, in modern Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang) resisted, and Lü put Qiuzi under siege, forcing Bochun to flee. He made Bo Chun's brother Bo Zhen () the new king, and he also, in a move to show Former Qin suzerainty over Xiyu, ordered the Xiyu kings to turn over the Han Dynasty imperial rods that they had still possessed and exchanged them for Former Qin ones. By this point, however, Former Qin was disintegrating in light of rebellions that happened after its defeat at the Battle of Fei River against Jin, and although Fu Jiān wanted to make Lü the governor general of Xiyu, he was unable to have the commission delivered to Lü. While at Qiuzi, Lü met the Buddhist monk Kumarajiva, and when he, in 385, considered settling in Qiuzi (after hearing of the unrest Former Qin was suffering from), Kumarajiva advised against it, stating that Qiuzi was a land of misfortune and, if he headed back east, he would find a homeland on the way. Lü therefore started to head back east, carrying the plunder he had gathered in Xiyu.
Former Qin's governor of the rich Liang Province (涼州, modern central and western Gansu and eastern Xinjiang), Liang Xi (), was weary of Lü's intentions, and he considered sealing the borders and refusing Lü entry. His advisor Yang Han () suggested that he cut off the Gaowu Valley (高梧谷, in modern Turpan Prefecture, Xinjiang) or Yiwu Passes (伊吾關, in modern Kumul Prefecture, Xinjiang) to defeat Lü by thirst, but Liang refused. Yang then surrendered to Lü, who quickly advanced on the capital of Liang Province, Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu), capturing Liang Xi and quickly controlling most of Liang Province. For the next several years, he battled local warlords. In winter 386, upon hearing the news of Fu Jiān's death (Fu Jiān having died in 385), he changed the era name to Tai'an—signifying a declaration of independence, although at this point he claimed no formal regal or imperial titles—and therefore 386 is typically considered the date of Later Liang's founding.
Early reign – laying Later Liang's foundation
Around the new year 387, Lü Guang claimed the title of Duke of Jiuquan—the first formal title of nobility that he claimed for himself that showed a claim on his territory. He concentrated on consolidating his power in Liang Province, while appearing to ignore the deadlock that what remained of Former Qin (under Fu Deng) and Later Qin (under Yao Chang) were having, to his southeast.
In fall 387, Lü Guang captured and executed Zhang Dayu (), the son of Former Liang's last prince Zhang Tianxi, who had tried for several years to reestablish Former Liang.
It appeared that Lü was not a particularly effective governor of his domain, and there were repeated rebellions against his rule. In response, he instituted strict laws. His official Duan Ye tried to speak against such strict laws in 388, and while Lü Guang indicated that he agreed with Duan, it appeared that he did not actually make things easier for his people.
In spring 389, Lü Guang claimed the greater title the Prince of Sanhe. Around this time, his wife Lady Shi, son Lü Shao, and brother Lü Deshi () arrived in Guzang after having spent several years in Chouchi. He created Lady Shi princess and Lü Shao heir apparent.
In 391, Lü Guang tried to make a surprise attack against Western Qin while its prince, Qifu Gangui, was attacking the rebel Mo Yigan (), but Qifu Gangui quickly responded upon hearing about the attack, and so Lü Guang withdrew. This appeared to, however, start a series of battles with Western Qin. In 392, Lü Guang sent his brother Lü Bao () against Western Qin and son Lü Zuan against Western Qin's vassal, the Qiang chief Peng Xi'nian (), and both Lü Bao and Lü Zuan were defeated, although Lü Guang then personally attacked Peng, capturing Peng's city Fuhan (枹罕, in modern Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu) and forcing him to flee.
In 394, Lü Guang received nominal submission by the powerful Xianbei chief Tufa Wugu, the words of whose advisor Shizhen Ruoliu () indirectly showed that Later Liang was in its prime at this point—as Shizhen regarded Later Liang capable of destroying the Tufa tribe at will.
In fall 394, Lü Guang sent his son Lü Fu () to take up the defense post at Gaochang (高昌, in modern Turpan Prefecture, Xinjiang), and at this point, Later Liang appeared to be in control of a substantial part of Xiyu.
In fall 395, Lü Guang made a major attack against Western Qin, and Qifu Gangui submitted as a vassal, sending his son Qifu Chibo () as a hostage. However, Qifu Gangui soon regretted this arrangement, and executed his officials Mi Guizhou () and Mozhe Gudi (), who suggested it. Presumably, he also repudiated his submission to Lü Guang.
In 396, Lü Guang claimed the title "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang), signifying a claim to imperial title. He created Lü Shao crown prince, and created 20 of his brothers, sons, and nephews dukes or marquesses, and he bestowed titles on his officials as well. However, when he, as a part of these commissions, he tried to grant titles on Tufa Wugu, Tufa Wugu told Lü Guang's ambassador:
Heavenly Prince Lü's sons are all corrupt and immoral. His nephews are particularly violent and cruel. People both near and far are angry and ready to rebel. How can I go against the people and accept these unjust titles? I am about to claim a regal title myself.
Tufa therefore rejected the titles, although he kept the musicians and artisans that Lü Guang sent to him as part of the title bestowment. While Tufa's remarks were intended to have a propaganda effect, they were probably not inaccurate, based on later events.
Late reign – gradual collapse of Later Liang
Later Liang's power appeared to start to fall apart in 397, when Lü Guang, determined to punish Qifu Gangui for his shifting positions, launched a major attack against Western Qin's capital Xicheng (西城, in modern Baiyin, Gansu). This frightened Qifu Gangui's officials enough that they recommended a retreat to Chengji (成紀, in modern Tianshui, Gansu) to the east, but Qifu Gangui, seeing weaknesses in Later Liang's forces despite their numbers, stood his ground. Later Liang forces were initially successful, capturing several major Western Qin cities, but Qifu Gangui tricked Lü Guang's brother and major general Lü Yan () the Duke of Tianshui into believing that he was retreating, and Lü Yan fell into a trap Qifu Gangui set and was killed. Lü Guang, in fear, withdrew to Guzang.
Soon after Lü Yan's defeat, Tufa Wugu declared himself independent from Later Liang, establishing Southern Liang and capturing Jincheng (金城, in modern Lanzhou, Gansu), which Later Liang had just captured from Western Qin. Lü Guang sent his general Dou Gou () to attack Tufa Wugu, but was defeated.
After Lü Yan's death, Lü Guang believed false accusations against Lü Yan's assistants, the brothers Juqu Luochou () and Juqu Quzhou () and executed them. Their nephew Juqu Mengxun escorted their caskets back to their home territory of Zhangye (張掖, in modern Zhangye, Gansu) and then persuaded the various Xiongnu tribes to rebel against Later Liang. Initially, Lü Guang sent Lü Zuan to attack Juqu Mengxun and chased him into the mountains, but Juqu Mengxun's cousin Juqu Nancheng () also rebelled and sieged the Later Liang city Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye, Gansu, not to be confused with Jin's capital of the same name). Juqu Nancheng persuaded the governor of Jiankang Commandery, Duan Ye, who was already fearful that Lü Guang would blame him for the Juqus' rebellion, to join them, and Juqu Nancheng offered the title of Duke of Jiankang to Duan Ye, thus establishing Northern Liang. Lü Zuan attacked the nascent state, but could not destroy it.
At this time, the magician Guo Nen (), whom Lü Guang and his people had trusted greatly, prophesied that Later Liang was about to be destroyed, and therefore started a rebellion himself within the capital Guzang, capturing even Lü Guang's eight grandsons and executing them cruelly. Guo soon supported the general Yang Gui () as the leader of the rebellion. Lü Zuan was forced to abandon his attack against Duan and return to Guzang. Eventually, however, Yang and Guo were defeated by Later Liang forces and forced to flee to and submit to Southern Liang and Western Qin, respectively. From this point on, however, Later Liang, by now highly reduced in size and strength, were subject to constant attacks by Southern Liang, Northern Liang, and Western Qin, causing it to be unable to hold its territory. By 398, the western parts of the Later Liang (including Xiyu holdings) had fallen to Northern Liang as well. In 399, Lü Shao and Lü Zuan launched another attack on Northern Liang, but with Southern Liang coming to Northern Liang's aid, they were forced to withdraw.
Around the new year 400, Lü Guang grew gravely ill, and he ordered Lü Shao to take the throne and the title Heavenly Prince; he himself claimed the title of retired emperor. Realizing that Lü Shao lacked talents and ability, he spoke to Lü Shao and his brothers Lü Zuan the Duke of Taiyuan and Lü Hong () the Duke of Changshan, telling Lü Shao to trust his brothers and Lü Zuan and Lü Hong to serve Lü Shao faithfully. He died later that day. Soon, however, Lü Zuan and Lü Hong would turn on Lü Shao, and when they started a coup, Lü Shao committed suicide, and Lü Zuan took the throne, starting a series of destabilizing internal disturbances that, in combination with the attacks by the surrounding states, led to Later Liang's surrender to Later Qin in 403.
Personal information
Father
Lü Polou (), minister during reigns of Fu Jiàn, Fu Sheng, and Fu Jiān of Former Qin
Wife
Princess/Empress Shi (created 389)
Concubines
Consort Zhao, mother of Lü Zuan
Children
Lü Zuan (), the Duke of Taiyuan, later Emperor Ling
Lü Hong (), initially the Duke of Changshan, later the Duke of Fanhe (created 399, executed by Lü Zuan 400)
Lü Shao (), the Crown Prince (created 396), later emperor
Lü Wei (), the Duke of Longxi (executed by Lü Chao 401)
Lü Fu ()
References
Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) emperors
337 births
400 deaths
Former Qin generals
4th-century Chinese monarchs
People from Hebi
Founding monarchs
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4036565
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Ontiveros
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Steve Ontiveros
|
Steve Ontiveros may refer to:
Steve Ontiveros (infielder) (born 1951), Major League Baseball infielder who played from 1973 through 1980
Steve Ontiveros (pitcher) (born 1961), Major League Baseball All-Star pitcher who played from 1985 through 2000
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4036578
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Huckle
|
Adam Huckle
|
Adam George Huckle (born 21 September 1971) is a Zimbabwean former international cricketer who played in eight Test matches and 19 One Day Internationals (ODI) from 1997 to 1999 for the Zimbabwe national team.
In his second Test in 1997, against New Zealand, Huckle took 11–255 in the match (6–109 and 5–146). As of 2013, this remains the only occasion when a Zimbabwean bowler has taken 11 wickets in a Test match. His aggressive appealing in the match led to a fine by referee Sidath Wettimuny for attempting to intimidate the umpire. He was filmed shepherding a dismissed batsman off the field with a well known two-word goodbye. When interrogated by the relevant cricketing body at a subsequent hearing, Huckle explained: "Well, we weren't playing netball".
Huckle's father, Mike Huckle, played a single first-class match for Rhodesia in the 1960s.
External links
"Adam Huckle - a short biography" by John Ward at Cricinfo
1971 births
Living people
Cricketers from Bulawayo
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
Alumni of Falcon College
Zimbabwean cricketers
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Eastern Province cricketers
Matabeleland cricketers
Commonwealth Games competitors for Zimbabwe
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup
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4036591
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin%20Rennie
|
Gavin Rennie
|
Gavin James Rennie (born 12 January 1976) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer who played in 23 Test matches and 40 One Day Internationals from 1996 to 2003. He was a left-hand top-order batsman and slow left-arm orthodox bowler although his bowling was mainly restricted to first class cricket.
His older brother John also played for Zimbabwe and in 1996–97 against Pakistan, history was made when the two played together along with the Strang and Flower brothers. It was the first time that three sets of brothers had played together in a game.
Rennie had a good start to his Test career, scoring half centuries in each of his first four Tests during 1997–98. He never scored a Test hundred and instead had to settle with a highest score of 93, made against New Zealand in 2000. Rennie holds the record for the most Test matches in a complete career (23) where a batsman batted twice in every match.
Rennie and Grant Flower set the record for the highest 2nd wicket partnership for Zimbabwe in ODI cricket (150)
He was part of the Zimbabwean squad which won their first ever Test series away from home, against Pakistan in 1998–99.
Aged just 27, Rennie chose not to renew his contract in 2003 and instead chose to go into business, as a transport broker. Today, he is the co-owner of a safari camp in Zimbabwe.
References
Sources
1976 births
Living people
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Mashonaland cricketers
Matabeleland cricketers
Alumni of St. George's College, Harare
Sportspeople from Masvingo
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
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4036597
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Madondo
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Trevor Madondo
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Trevor Nyasha Madondo (22 November 1976 – 11 June 2001) was a Zimbabwean cricketer who played in three Test matches and 13 One Day Internationals from 1998 to 2001.
Growing up, Madondo attended Lilfordia School and Falcon College. At Falcon. he also played hockey and rugby union. He gave up his studies at Rhodes University to become a full-time cricketer. A middle-order batsman, he hit his highest first-class score in his last Test when he scored 74 not out against New Zealand in 2000–01.
He died a few months later at the age of 24 from malaria. He was the fifth-youngest Test player to die. In November 2008, his brother Tafadzwa Madondo died in a motorbike accident while vacationing in Bali.
References
External links
1976 births
2001 deaths
Alumni of Falcon College
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Mashonaland cricketers
Matabeleland cricketers
Deaths from malaria
Infectious disease deaths in Zimbabwe
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4036601
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Crampton%20Gore
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William Crampton Gore
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William Crampton Gore RHA (1871–1946) was an Irish painter.
The son of an army officer from Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Gore studied medicine at Trinity College Dublin, graduating in 1897 and practising until 1901. An intervening period of some months in 1898 was spent studying art under Henry Tonks at the Slade School of Art, giving him a taste for life as a professional painter. After a stint abroad, during which he worked as a ship's surgeon on sailings to North America, India and Italy, he returned to London and the Slade, studying there from 1900 until 1904. Whilst there he befriended Sir William Orpen and Augustus John, sharing a studio with the latter.
In 1905 he first exhibited with the RHA and from then until 1939 he contributed over a hundred works to their annual shows. In 1916 he was elected an Associate member of the RHA and in 1918 he was made a full member.
His works were mainly interiors and still-lives in oils. Flower painting in particular attracted him, and it was on his encouragement that the Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland first hosted an exhibition of Flower and Garden Paintings at the Metropolitan School of Art in the 1940s.
He was represented in many survey shows of Irish art, including the much-vaunted Irish Exhibition in Brussels in 1930. Examples of his work can be seen in the Limerick City Gallery of Art and the Hugh Lane Gallery in Dublin.
Sources
Whytes Biography of Irish Art and Irish Artists
1871 births
1946 deaths
19th-century Irish painters
20th-century Irish painters
Irish male painters
19th-century Irish male artists
20th-century Irish male artists
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4036604
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danderyds%20sjukhus%20metro%20station
|
Danderyds sjukhus metro station
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Danderyds sjukhus is a metro station in suburban Danderyd Municipality, north of Stockholm, Sweden.
The station was opened on 29 January 1978 as part of the extension from Universitetet to Mörby centrum and serves the nearby Danderyds sjukhus hospital. The Mörby railway station on the Roslagsbanan is situated a few hundred metres from this station.
References
Red line (Stockholm metro) stations
Railway stations opened in 1978
1978 establishments in Sweden
Stockholm metro stations located underground
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4036626
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stermalmstorg
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Östermalmstorg
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Östermalmstorg is a square in the district of Östermalm, in Stockholm, Sweden.
It is known principal for Östermalm Market Hall (Östermalmshallen) which first opened in 1889. Östermalmshallen's interior is a marketplace for food and related delicacies. Östermalmstorg was also the location of the first Åhléns department store which opened in 1932.
Next to the square stands the statue of The Meeting (Swedish: "Möte"), showing a naked male figure bearing a piece of meat on his shoulders before a recumbent female figure, created by the artist Willy Gordon (1918–2003).
See also
Östermalmstorg metro station
References
Squares in Stockholm
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4036630
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena-Maneesh
|
Serena-Maneesh
|
Serena-Maneesh (previously spelled Serena Maneesh, sometimes shortened to S-M) is a Norwegian alternative rock band from Oslo.
Biography
The team of musicians who each contribute to the band's sound is organized around songwriter Emil Nikolaisen.
Important sources of musical inspiration have been The Velvet Underground, The Stooges, AC/DC, Amon Düül, Gainsbourg/ Vannier, many greats of bossanova and anything beyond.
In late 2005, the band toured Europe in support of The Dandy Warhols. In early 2006, Serena-Maneesh landed the opening gig for British band Oasis during its UK tour. They supported Nine Inch Nails on the Australia/Japan leg of their 2007 world tour.
The highly acclaimed self-titled debut album was released on the Norwegian record-label HoneyMilk in the autumn of 2005. In December of the same year, the Norwegian vinyl label Hype City released an LP print featuring two exclusive tracks, and the Spanish indie distributor Touchme Records published the CD. In March 2006, the band announced its transfer to the Playlouder-branch of the Beggars Group established in Europe (UK, Germany and Italy), North America (United States and Canada) and Oceania (Australia). In June 2006, the band released an international edition of its self-titled album (both CD and LP) through the international label Playlouder.
The second album Serena Maneesh 2: Abyss in B Minor was released in March 2010, on the British independent label 4AD.
Band members
Current members
Emil Nikolaisen – vocals, guitar
Ådne Meisfjord – electronics
Former or associated members
Hilma Nikolaisen – bass
Øystein Sandsdalen – guitar
Tommy "Manboy" Akerholdt – drums
Lina (Holmstroem) Wallinder – vocals, percussion, organ
Sondre Tristan Midttun – guitar
Håvard Krogedal – organ, cello
Eivind Schou – viola
Anders Møller – percussion
Einar Lukerstuen – drums
Ann Sung-An Lee – vocals, percussion, organ
Marcus Forsgren – bass (ex- Lionheart Brothers)
Jennifer P. Fraser – bass (ex- The Warlocks)
Marco "Storm" Hautakoski – drums (ex-Selfmindead)
Discography
Studio albums
Serena Maneesh (2005)
Serena Maneesh 2: Abyss in B Minor (2010)
EPs
Fixxations EP (December 2002 – CD; 22 September 2003 – 12", Norway)
Zurück: Retrospectives 1999-2003 (20 June 2005, Norway)
Enhanced CD; HoneyMilk Records (HONEY019)
Singles
"Drain Cosmetics" (12 June 2006, United Kingdom)
Enhanced CD; Playlouder Recordings (PLAYR7CD)
7" vinyl; Playlouder Recordings (PLAYR7S)
12" vinyl; Playlouder Recordings (PLAYR7T)
"Sapphire Eyes" (2 October 2006, United Kingdom)
CD; Playlouder Recordings (PLAYR12CD)
7" vinyl; Playlouder Recordings (PLAYR12S)
"Ayisha Abyss" (18 January 2010, United Kingdom)
12" vinyl, b/w: "Call-Back from a Dream"; 4AD (BAD 2941)
Split singles
Serena Maneesh / The Parkas: Singles Club No. 4 7" (2004) – Australia, Low Transit Industries LTID012
"Drive Me Home the Lonely Nights"
Serena Maneesh / Blood on the Wall 7" (February 2006) – United States, Insound
"Sapphire Eyes" (Serena-Maneesh Refix)
Appearances on compilations
"Blues Like Beehive" on Ŏya Festivalen: Oslo 08-10 Aug 2002 (1 May 2002, Norway)
CD; Øya Festival
"Leipziger Love Life" on The Pet Series Volume 1 (20 July 2002, Netherlands)
CD; Sally Forth Records (SF1059)
"Drive Me Home the Lonely Nights" on Counter Culture 05 (23 January 2006, United Kingdom)
2CD; V2/Rough Trade Shops (VVR1037732)
Music videos
"Drive Me Home the Lonely Nights" (1 May 2003), written and directed by Ola Bratt
"Drain Cosmetics" (4 June 2006)
"I Just Want to See Your Face" (12 March 2010)
"D.I.W.S.W.T.T.D" (7 Oct 2010)
References
External links
Official website
Urban Pollution Interview
Drain Cosmetics PodCast
Official Myspace
Subculture Magazine's review of "Serena Maneesh"
Serena Maneesh@HoneyMilk (domestic label)
Serena Maneesh@HypeCity (domestic label)
Serena Maneesh@Beggars US (USA label)
Serena Maneesh@Indigo/Beggars Group (German label)
Media links
Serena Maneesh LP
Drain Cosmetics promo Hi-Fi QuickTime for Win/Mac
"Drain Cosmetics" SP
Sapphire Eyes (Refix) legal MP3
Shoegazing musical groups
Norwegian alternative rock groups
Norwegian indie rock groups
Norwegian rock music groups
4AD artists
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Norway
Musical groups from Oslo
Low Transit Industries artists
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4036633
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
|
1991 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles
|
Michael Stich defeated Boris Becker in the final, 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–4 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1991 Wimbledon Championships.
Stefan Edberg was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Stich.
Andre Agassi competed in Wimbledon for the first time since 1987, losing in the quarterfinals to David Wheaton. Agassi had previously refused to play Wimbledon due to the All England Club's dress code.
Seeds
Stefan Edberg (semifinals)
Boris Becker (final)
Ivan Lendl (third round)
Jim Courier (quarterfinals)
Andre Agassi (quarterfinals)
Michael Stich (champion)
Guy Forget (quarterfinals)
Pete Sampras (second round)
Michael Chang (first round)
Goran Ivanišević (second round)
Emilio Sánchez (first round)
Andrei Cherkasov (first round)
Jakob Hlasek (second round)
Karel Nováček (fourth round)
Brad Gilbert (third round)
John McEnroe (fourth round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1991 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles
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4036635
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron%20trifluoride%20etherate
|
Boron trifluoride etherate
|
Boron trifluoride etherate, strictly boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, or boron trifluoride–ether complex, is the chemical compound with the formula BF3O(C2H5)2, often abbreviated BF3OEt2. It is a colorless liquid, although older samples can appear brown. The compound is used as a source of boron trifluoride in many chemical reactions that require a Lewis acid. The compound features tetrahedral boron coordinated to a diethylether ligand. Many analogues are known, including the methanol complex.
Reactions
Boron trifluoride etherate serves as a source of boron trifluoride according to the equilibrium:
BF3OEt2 BF3 + OEt2
The BF3 binds to even weak Lewis bases, inducing reactions of the resulting adducts with nucleophiles.
References
Fluorides
Boron compounds
Boron halides
Acid catalysts
|
4036636
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage%20Souls%20%28album%29
|
Savage Souls (album)
|
Savage Souls is the fourth studio album by the German power metal band Mystic Prophecy.
Behind track #11 there's after 9:13 minutes of silence a hidden / secret spoken outro for about 30 seconds. A limited edition digibook version of the album was released including a DVD of the band performing most of the tracks live for an audience of their biggest fans.
Track listing
"Shadow Beyond My Soul" (Liapakis / Pohl) - 4:18
"Master of Sins" (Liapakis / Grimm) - 4:30
"Evil Empires" (Liapakis / Albrecht) - 4:16
"Savage Souls" (Liapakis / Albrecht) - 4:30
"In the Darkness" (Liapakis / Albrecht) - 5:10
"Deception of Hate" (Liapakis / Pohl / Grimm) - 3:56
"Sins and Sorrows" (Liapakis / Pohl / Grimm) - 4:26
"Best Days of My Life" (Liapakis / Albrecht / Grimm) - 4:30
"Nightmares of Demons" (Liapakis / Pohl) - 4:08
"Victim of Fate" (Liapakis / Grimm) - 4:34
"Into the Fire" (Liapakis / Albrecht) - 15:14
Credits
Roberto Dimitri Liapakis - vocals
Martin Grimm - guitars
Markus Pohl - guitars
Martin Albrecht - Bass
Mattias Straub - drums
2004 albums
Mystic Prophecy albums
Massacre Records albums
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4036640
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis%20Henderson
|
Curtis Henderson
|
Curtis Henderson (September 28, 1926 - June 25, 2009) was a pioneer in the practice of cryonics.
Personal background
Henderson graduated from Pennsylvania Military College (now Widener University) and Temple University law school. He passed the New York bar exam. For ten years he worked as an attorney (claims adjuster) for an automobile insurance company (Hardware Mutuals) and later for The Hartford.
Henderson had three sons from two wives. One of his sons was named "Rob", after Robert Ettinger. His oldest son is James Crawford Henderson. Both of Henderson's two wives divorced him in large part because of his cryonics activities. The intense hostility of Henderson's second wife to cryonics inspired Mike Darwin to begin a study of the many cases where "hostile spouses or girlfriends have prevented, reduced or reversed the involvement of their male partner in cryonics."
Henderson died on June 25, 2009 and is cryopreserved at the Cryonics Institute.
Organizational activities
The first cryonics-related organization in New York City was a branch of Evan Cooper's Washington, D.C.-based Life Extension Society (LES). James Sutton, the New York LES coordinator and others became frustrated with LES when Cooper refused to give names and addresses of New Yorkers who had contacted Cooper. Deciding to form a new organization, Sutton arranged a meeting in August 1965 that included Curtis Henderson, Saul Kent and a designer named Karl Werner. At the meeting, Karl Werner coined the word "cryonics", and the new organization was called the Cryonics Society of New York (CSNY). Henderson soon became the President.
Curtis Henderson and Saul Kent spent October 1966 touring the United States to assist in the consolidation of the nascent cryonics movement. On October 2 they attended a meeting in Oak Park, Michigan which led to the formation of the Cryonics Society of Michigan, with Robert Ettinger as President. On October 14 they attended a meeting in Woodland Hills, California where it was agreed to incorporate the Cryonics Society of California (CSC), with Robert Nelson as President. (The following January, CSC cryopreserved the first man, Dr. James Bedford.)
On March 2, 1968 CSNY held its first Annual Cryonics Conference at the New York Academy of Sciences, a meeting attended by over one hundred people. In July 1968 CSNY cryopreserved its first patient, Steven Mandell.
In 1969 Cryo-Span Corporation was created to specialize in the technical and business aspects of cryopreservation, as distinct from the educational and administrative activities of CSNY. Curtis Henderson, Saul Kent and Paul Segall were the Cryo-Span Directors, but in practice Curtis Henderson was responsible for maintaining the patients in liquid nitrogen. In 1974, the State of New York Department of Public Health informed Curtis Henderson that cryonics was in violation of the law and that continued cryopreservation would be fined at a rate of $1,000 per day. The bodies of the three CSNY patients being maintained were returned to their relatives.
Henderson was unusual as a pioneer who was ruthlessly honest about the limitations of cryonics. He admonished his contemporaries with aphorisms such as "There is no such thing as feelgood cryonics," meaning that optimism and faith in the future should never be allowed to distract advocates from the hard choices, challenges, and inadequacies of procedures in the real world. After grim personal experiences he became an advocate for "no third-party funding," referring to the practice (now obsolete) of accepting cases funded by a third party such as a spouse, child, or sibling of the deceased who might promise to make installment payments but almost invariably would cease doing so after a relatively short period, thus leaving the cryonics organization to deal with the problem of maintenance.
Curtis Henderson continued to be active in cryonics as a Member of Alcor Life Extension Foundation, CryoCare Foundation and most recently the Cryonics Institute until his death on June 25, 2009. He was cryopreserved on July 3, 2009.
See also
Cryonics
Life extension
References
External links
Interview with Curtis Henderson
Mike Darwin's interview with Curtis Henderson
1926 births
20th-century American lawyers
Cryonicists
Cryonically preserved people
Widener University alumni
Temple University Beasley School of Law alumni
2009 deaths
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4036644
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick%20and%20mortar
|
Brick and mortar
|
Brick and mortar (also bricks and mortar or B&M) refers to a physical presence of an organization or business in a building or other structure. The term brick-and-mortar business is often used to refer to a company that possesses or leases retail shops, factory production facilities, or warehouses for its operations. More specifically, in the jargon of e-commerce businesses in the 2000s, brick-and-mortar businesses are companies that have a physical presence (e.g., a retail shop in a building) and offer face-to-face customer experiences.
This term is usually used to contrast with a transitory business or an Internet-only presence, such as fully online shops, which have no physical presence for shoppers to visit, talk with staff in person, touch and handle products and buy from the firm in person. However, such online businesses normally have non-public physical facilities from which they either run business operations (e.g., the company headquarters and back office facilities), and/or warehouses for storing and distributing products. Concerns such as foot traffic, storefront visibility, and appealing interior design apply to brick-and-mortar businesses rather than online ones. An online-only business needs to have an attractive, well-designed website, a reliable e-commerce system for payment, a good delivery or shipping service and effective online marketing tactics to drive web traffic to the site. Governments are also adopting e-government approaches, which is the use of online services for citizens to enable them to fill in government forms, pay tax bills and register for government programs online; these services aim to cut bricks and mortar costs (building leasing/purchase and staff costs) and improve services to citizens (by offering 24/7 access to information and services).
Etymology
The name is a metonym derived from the traditional building materials associated with physical buildings: bricks and mortar, however, it is applicable to all stores with a physical storefront, not just those built out of bricks and mortar. The term was originally used by 19th century American novelist Herman Melville in the book Moby Dick (chapter 96). The term brick-and-mortar businesses is also a retronym, in that most shops had a physical presence before the advent of the Internet. The term is also applicable in a pre-Internet era, when contrasting businesses with physical retail presence with those that operated strictly in an order-by-mail capacity pre-Internet.
History
The history of brick and mortar businesses cannot be dated precisely, but it existed in the earliest vendor stalls in the first towns (as early as 7500 BC), where merchants brought their agricultural produce, clay pots and handmade clothing to sell in a village market. Bricks and mortar businesses remain important in the 2010s, though many shops and services, ranging from consumer electronics shops to clothing shops and even grocery shops have begun offering online shopping. This physical presence, either of a retail shop, a customer service location with staff, where clients can go in person to ask questions about a product or service, or a service center or repair facility where customers can bring their products, has played a crucial role in providing goods and services to consumers throughout history.
thumb|right|A fruit stand at a village market in Afghanistan.
All large retailers in the 19th and the early to mid-20th century started off with a smaller brick and mortar presence, which increased as the businesses grew. A prime example of this is McDonald’s, a company that started with one small restaurant and now has nearly 36,000 restaurants in over 120 countries and plans to grow further; this shows the importance of having a physical presence. For many small businesses, their business model is mostly limited to a bricks and mortar model, such as a diner restaurant or a dry cleaning service. Nevertheless, even service-based businesses can use websites and "apps" to reach new customers or improve their services. For example, a dry cleaning service could use a website to let customers know of the hours and location(s) of their bricks and mortar stores.
Decline
Netflix, an online movie streaming website founded in 1997, is an example of how an online business has affected a B&M businesses such as video rental stores. After Netflix and similar companies became popular, traditional DVD rental stores such as Blockbuster LLC went out of business. Customers preferred to be able to instantly watch movies and TV shows using "streaming", without having to go to a physical rental store to rent a DVD, and then return to the store to give the DVD back. "The rapid rise of online film streaming offered by the likes of Lovefilm and Netflix made Blockbuster's video and DVD [rental] business model practically obsolete.'
There has been an increase in online retailers in the 2000s, as people are using e-commerce (online sales) to fulfill basic needs ranging from grocery shopping to book purchases. Sales through mobile devices such as tablet computers and smartphones have also risen in the 2000s: "While total online sales rose 18% year-on-year in December to £11.1 [B], according to the latest figures [January 2014] from e-tail industry body IMRG and advisory firm Capgemini, sales via mobile devices doubled to £3 [B].'
The increase in households where both adults work outside the home, combined with the convenience of shopping for and buying products and services online, has decreased the number of customers going to retail outlets, as consumers can access the same information about products and services without paying for gas, parking and other costs, thus saving them time and money. "Today’s consumers lead busy lives and [Bricks and Mortar] shopping takes time. Often it is a [challenging] task. Consumers find researching and shopping on the Web far more convenient than brick-and-mortar visits." Brick and mortar businesses are not limited to having a physical presence only, they may also have an online presence such as Tesco, who offer an online grocery service as well as a brick and mortar retail presence.
Benefits
The presence of brick and mortar establishments may bring many benefits to businesses;
Customer service: face-to-face customer service can be a big contributor into increasing sales of a business and improving customer satisfaction. When customers can take a product back to the store to ask staff questions or help them learn to use it, it can make customers feel more satisfied with their purchase. Research has shown that 86% of customers will pay more for a product if they have received great customer service.
Face-to-face interaction: Many consumers prefer to be able to touch products, and experience and test them out before they buy. This is often attributed to Baby Boomers, older Generation X customers and the elderly being used to a more traditional in-person approach when it comes to shopping and preferring to have a demonstration of products or services, especially when buying new technology . Other studies show, given equal prices, a 90% preference for the in-person shopping experience, including among teens, who combine social interaction with shopping. On the other hand, many of these consumers engage in showrooming: trying on clothes or otherwise examining merchandise in-store, and then buying online at cheaper prices.
Trust: Online commerce presents an increased risk of internet fraud, and thus some consumers may be averse to it.
Drawbacks
The brick and mortar approach also has various drawbacks.
New businesses and fixed costs
Fixed costs are a serious challenge for B&M businesses. Fixed costs are payments that a business has to make for elements such as rent of a store and monthly payments for services such as a security alarm. Fixed costs stay the same for a business even if it ramps up its operations or winds down its operations during a slow period. In contrast, variable costs change as a business ramps its operations up or down. Variable costs include wages (for employees paid by the hour) and electricity for operating machinery used by the business during its operating hours. If a business increases its hours of operation, its hourly wages and electricity bill will rise, but its rent and security alarm costs will stay the same (assuming that the business does not add additional locations). Start-up companies and other small businesses typically find it hard to pay all of the fixed costs that are part of their venture. Research shows that 70% of new start up businesses fail within the first 10 years.
Inconvenient for customers with busy lifestyles
People have busier lifestyles in the 2010s, with more families having both adults working, and therefore they find it harder to find the time to physically go and shop at stores and services. As well, in many cities traffic jams and congestion on roads have made it more stressful and time-consuming to drive to physical locations to shop. Online shopping and online services, which consumers can access from an Internet-connected laptop or smartphone are more convenient for these people. With mobile devices, consumers can order take-out food, gifts and services even when they are "on the go", such as stuck sitting on a bus or waiting in an airport lounge for a plane...
Expensive and luxury products
B&M increases the fixed cost for any business, therefore the products sold in physical shops tend to be more expensive compared to online shops. For stores selling expensive products or services in a B&M format, customers expect beautiful window displays, fine decorating in the establishment and well-dressed salespeople who earn high commission on their sales. Some high-end hair salons and luxury car stores even offer conveniences such as free espresso and bottled water, all of which add to the overhead of selling these products and services. Online shops, even those for luxury goods, do not have to pay for high-end retail stores and salespeople. Nevertheless, high-end online stores typically incur higher costs for their online presence, because they need to have leading edge Web 2.0 functions on their website, a professionally designed site, and in some cases, staff available to respond to phone calls, e-mails and online "chat" questions.
Wider stock availability online
Products may be out stock in relatively small brick and mortar retail stores and due to limited space in small business retail stores, these establishments may only be able to carry a few types of each product. Online shops are able to have a huge amount of stock in numerous large warehouses (e.g., Amazon.com has warehouses in numerous locations from which it ships its products) which it can quickly ship out. An online store may be able to order up products from a large number of geographically dispersed warehouses, even warehouses owned and operated by third parties (e.g., smaller companies), which are connected to the large company via the Internet.
Queues
Queues (lineups and waiting rooms) are part and parcel of B&M retail businesses, due to physical constraints and the limitations on how many staff the business can afford to hire. A physical store may only have a few salespeople to serve customers, so many customers may have to wait in line during the busiest hours. To lessen the stress of waiting, some B&M stores provide big-screen TVs with cable TV, free coffee and newspapers; while these niceties improve the customer experience, they add to the costs of operating a B&M establishment. On the other hand, an online virtual store in which customers select their own purchases in a virtual "shopping cart" and pay for them using e-commerce approaches may be able to serve thousands of customers at the same time.
E-government
Beginning in the 1990s and early 2000s, many governments in industrialised countries began to offer e-government services to citizens. Online government services are offered by a range of government departments and agencies, ranging from departments of motor vehicles (online car registration), police (paying speeding tickets online), city services (paying parking tickets online or requesting that a pothole be filled) and social services (registering for social assistance or unemployment insurance) and tax departments (paying a tax bill or submitting a tax return online). Many governments use e-services to provide online information to citizens (e.g., "help" guides, Frequently Asked Question lists, manuals for government program applicants, etc.), thus saving on the need for call centers where citizens can call to ask questions or physical service locations where citizens can come in person to ask about government forms or services.
These online government services aim at two goals: reducing costs to governments and improving client service. By offering these services and information online, governments save money, because they do not have to offer as many bricks and mortar client service centers where citizens can come and fill in these forms and pay government bills. Governments offering e-services can also operate with less civil servants and thus less salary and benefits costs, as the citizens using online services are generally doing all of the administrative tasks (e.g., downloading a form, filling in a form, looking up guidance in an online "help" manual, paying fees) themselves using their home computer. E-government services also improve service for citizens who have access to a computer, Internet and an online payment method (e.g., a credit card or PayPal), because these citizens are not limited by the 9 am-5 pm or 8 am-4 pm business hours of most physical government offices, and citizens do not have to incur the costs of transportation (e.g., bus tickets, gas, parking, etc.) associated with going to a bricks and mortar location. Nevertheless, government e-services do not help all citizens, due to the digital divide; citizens who are in poverty, who are homeless or who live in rural or remote regions may not have access to high speed Internet. These citizens, as well as those who are not comfortable with computers or those who do not understand how to use them, which in practice means elderly people, are not able to benefit from e-services.
See also
Showrooming
Bricks and clicks
Retail apocalypse
Storefront
Online shopping
References
Retail formats
Business terms
Sales
Costs
Customer service
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4036646
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over%E2%80%93under%20%28disambiguation%29
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Over–under (disambiguation)
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Over–under is a bet.
Over–under may also refer to:
Over/under cable coiling
A grappling position called over–under position
An over and under shotgun
Over and Under, an album by folk musician Greg Brown
Over and under are the possible alternatives for toilet paper orientation
Over/Under is a series by the music publication website, Pitchfork
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4036650
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyl%20bromide
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Butyl bromide
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Butyl bromide (C4H9Br) may refer to:
1-Bromobutane (n-Butyl bromide)
2-Bromobutane (sec-butyl bromide)
1-Bromo-2-methylpropane (isobutyl bromide)
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane (tert-butyl bromide)
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4036661
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
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1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles
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Andre Agassi defeated Goran Ivanišević in the final, 6–7(8–10), 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1992 Wimbledon Championships. It was Agassi's first major title and his first leg of an eventual career Grand Slam. Ivanisević became the first Croatian representing Croatia to reach a major final.
Michael Stich was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Pete Sampras.
Jim Courier was attempting to become the first man to achieve the Surface Slam (winning major titles on hard court, clay and grass in the same calendar year) after winning the Australian Open and French Open earlier in the year; he also attempted to win the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon in the same calendar year for the first time since Rod Laver in 1969. He lost to Andrei Olhovskiy in the third round.
This was the last Wimbledon at which three-time champion John McEnroe and two-time champion Jimmy Connors competed.
Seeds
Jim Courier (third round)
Stefan Edberg (quarterfinals)
Michael Stich (quarterfinals)
Boris Becker (quarterfinals)
Pete Sampras (semifinals)
Petr Korda (second round)
Michael Chang (first round)
Goran Ivanišević (final)
Guy Forget (quarterfinals)
Ivan Lendl (fourth round)
Richard Krajicek (third round)
Andre Agassi (champion)
Brad Gilbert (third round)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
Alexander Volkov (third round)
David Wheaton (third round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Notes
References
External links
1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles
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4036662
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over%E2%80%93under%20position
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Over–under position
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Over–under is a stand-up grappling position in which both combatants have one overhook and one underhook, and is the most common stand-up grappling position in mixed martial arts. The head is typically on the same side as the overhooked arm, to allow greater weight to be put on the opponent's underhooked arm, and hence preventing the opponent from using the underhooked arm effectively. The over–under position can be advanced into a pinch grip tie by locking the hands behind the opponent's back.
See also
Bear hug
Collar-and-elbow position
Double collar tie
Double underhooks
Pinch grip tie
References
Danaher, John; Gracie, Renzo. Two Approaches to Fighting in the Clinch. URL last accessed February 11, 2006.
Grappling positions
Wrestling
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4036664
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombomodulin
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Thrombomodulin
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Thrombomodulin (TM), CD141 or BDCA-3 is an integral membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and serves as a cofactor for thrombin. It reduces blood coagulation by converting thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme from a procoagulant enzyme. Thrombomodulin is also expressed on human mesothelial cell, monocyte and a dendritic cell subset.
Genetics and structure
In humans, thrombomodulin is encoded by the gene. The protein has a molecular mass of 74kDa, and consists of a single chain with six tandemly repeated EGF-like domains, a Serine/Threonine-rich spacer and a transmembrane domain.
It is a member of the C-type lectin domain (CTLD) group 14 family.
Function
Thrombomodulin functions as a cofactor in the thrombin-induced activation of protein C in the anticoagulant pathway by forming a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This raises the speed of protein C activation thousandfold. Thrombomodulin-bound thrombin has procoagulant effect at the same time by inhibiting fibrinolysis by cleaving thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI, aka carboxypeptidase B2) into its active form.
Thrombomodulin is a glycoprotein on the surface of endothelial cells that, in addition to binding thrombin, regulates C3b inactivation by factor I. Mutations in the thrombomodulin gene (THBD) have also been reported to be associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS).
The antigen described as BDCA-3 has turned out to be identical to thrombomodulin. Thus, it was revealed that this molecule also occurs on a very rare (0.02%) subset of human dendritic cells called MDC2. Its function on these cells is unknown.
Interactions
Thrombomodulin has been shown to interact with thrombin.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
OMIM entries on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
Coagulation system
Clusters of differentiation
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4036670
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Johnson%20%28musician%29
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Bob Johnson (musician)
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Robert Johnson (born 18 March 1944) is a British guitarist. He was formerly in British folk rock band Steeleye Span from 1972 to 1977, and again from 1980 to 2001.
Early life
Johnson was born in London; his mother was a music teacher. He was educated at Westminster City School in London and the University of Hertfordshire.
Musical career
Johnson played acoustic and electric guitars and sang on Appalachian dulcimer player Roger Nicholson's 1972 album Nonesuch for Dulcimer, credited as Robert Johnson. He went on to become a member of the successful English electric folk band Steeleye Span in 1972, after being introduced by fiddler Peter Knight.
Johnson first appeared on the group's fourth album, Below the Salt, where he took lead vocals on the track "King Henry". Along with "King Henry", he introduced many of the band's better-known songs into the repertoire, such as "Thomas the Rhymer", "Alison Gross", "Long Lankin" and "Gaudete".
Despite taking lead vocals on many songs, he was something of a background member. Johnson left Steeleye Span temporarily in 1977 to work on a concept album, The King of Elfland's Daughter, along with Peter Knight. However, he returned in 1980 to record Sails of Silver. After Tim Hart's departure from the band in 1980, Johnson became the sole guitarist and a more prominent member, taking on a central role for the albums Back in Line (1986) and Tempted and Tried (1989).
Owing to health reasons, he left Steeleye Span in 2000, but returned the following year to record Present--The Very Best of Steeleye Span. However, his remaining health issues prevented him from touring, so he was replaced by Ken Nicol. Nevertheless, he continues to be involved with the band, contributing songwriting and vocals to their studio albums, most recently Wintersmith in 2013.
Personal life
Johnson is a qualified psychologist, having completed a degree with the University of Hertfordshire. He and his former wife, Jane (now divorced), have two children, Barnaby and Holly.
References
1944 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Hertfordshire
British folk guitarists
British rock guitarists
British male guitarists
People educated at Westminster School, London
Steeleye Span members
British folk rock musicians
Chrysalis Records artists
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4036673
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penbutolol
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Penbutolol
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Penbutolol (brand names Levatol, Levatolol, Lobeta, Paginol, Hostabloc, Betapressin) is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure. Penbutolol is able to bind to both beta-1 adrenergic receptors and beta-2 adrenergic receptors (the two subtypes), thus making it a non-selective β blocker. Penbutolol is a sympathomimetic drug with properties allowing it to act as a partial agonist at β adrenergic receptors.
It was approved by the FDA in 1987 and was withdrawn from the US market by January 2015.
Medical uses
Penbutolol is used to treat mild to moderate high blood pressure. Like other beta blockers it is not a first line treatment for this indication.
It should not be used or only used with caution in people with heart failure and people with asthma. It may mask signs of low blood sugar in people with diabetes and it may mask signs of hyperthyroidism.
Animal studies showed some signs of potential trouble for women who are pregnant, and it has not been tested in women who are pregnant. It is not known if penbutolol is secreted in breast milk.
Side effects
Penbutolol has a low frequency of side effects. These side effects include dizziness, light headedness, and nausea.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Penbutolol is able to bind to both beta-1 adrenergic receptors and beta-2 adrenergic receptors (the two subtypes), thus making it a non-selective β blocker. Penbutolol is a sympathomimetic drug with properties allowing it to act as a partial agonist at β adrenergic receptors.
Blocking β adrenergic receptors decreases the heart rate and cardiac output to lower arterial blood pressure. β blockers also decrease renin levels, which ultimately results in less water being reabsorbed by the kidneys and therefore a lower blood volume and blood pressure.
Penbutolol acts on the β1 adrenergic receptors in both the heart and the kidney. When β1 receptors are activated by a catecholamine, they stimulate a coupled G protein which activates adenylyl to convert adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The increase in cAMP ultimately alters the movement of calcium ions in heart muscle and increases heart rate. Penbutolol blocks this and decreases heart rate, which lowers blood pressure.
The ability of penbutolol to act as a partial agonist proves useful in the prevention of bradycardia as a result of decreasing the heart rate excessively. Penbutolol binding β1 adrenergic receptors also alters kidney functions. Under normal physiological conditions, the enzyme renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which will then be converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland, causing a decrease in electrolyte and water retention, ultimately increasing water excretion and decreasing blood volume and pressure.
Like propanolol and pindolol, it is a serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor antagonist; this discovery by several groups in the 1980s generated excitement among those doing research on the serotonin system as such antagonists were rare at that time.
Pharmacokinetics
Penbutolol is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, has a bioavailability over 90%, and has a rapid onset of effect. Penbutolol has a half life of five hours.
Society and culture
Availability
Penbutolol was approved by the FDA in 1987. In January 2015 the FDA acknowledged that the penbutolol was no longer marketed in the US, and determined that the drug was not withdrawn for safety reasons.
References
5-HT1A antagonists
5-HT1B antagonists
Beta blockers
N-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamines
Withdrawn drugs
Cyclopentyl compounds
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4036687
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20hip%20circle
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Back hip circle
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The back hip circle is an element in men's and women's artistic gymnastics. It is usually performed on the uneven bars or high bar, but can also be done on the balance beam. It is a basic skill, and is usually one of the first learned by beginning gymnasts, but also appears as a component of more advanced moves. The back hip circle is first used in level 2 women gymnastics.
On bars, the back hip circle is usually performed in combination with a cast. To perform the skill, the gymnast rests on the bar in a front support. He casts away, returns to the bar, and travels around it, returning to a front support.
A more advanced version of the back hip circle is the clear hip. In this move, the gymnast still circles backwards around the bar, but does not return to a front support. A clear hip can be linked to a handstand, dismount or release move.
On beam, the Yurchenko loop and the Teza both end in back hip circles.
External links
Animation and explanation of the back hip circle
Gymnastics elements
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4036688
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitetet%20metro%20station
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Universitetet metro station
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Universitetet ("the University") is a Metro station in the Frescati area, close to Stockholm University (Stockholms universitet), and the Museum of Natural History. It was opened on 12 January 1975 as the northern terminus of the extension from Tekniska högskolan. On 29 January 1978, the line was extended north to Mörby centrum.
Since the 1990s, the art on the station consists of tiles featuring Carl von Linné and the UN Declaration of Universal Human Rights. This artwork is by Belgian and Parisian artist Françoise Schein. The station includes 12 large tiles panels all dedicated to the travels of Linné around the Baltic. The artist used the travels as the starting point to develop the theme of nature and the ecological problems we are all living now in the world. The work was created in Lisbon on azulejos tiles, then brought to Stockholm. It represents in its conception and its production a real European work of art.
Not far from the station is the Universitetet railway station and several bus lines.
References
External links
Images of Universitetet station
www.inscrire.com
Red line (Stockholm metro) stations
Railway stations opened in 1975
Stockholm University
Railway stations at university and college campuses
Stockholm metro stations located underground
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4036691
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya%20Pedersen-Bieri
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Maya Pedersen-Bieri
|
Maya Pedersen-Bieri (born 27 November 1972 in Spiez) is a Swiss-Norwegian skeleton racer who has competed since 1995. She won the gold medal in the women's skeleton event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. She retired from the sport in 2010 before returning to compete for Norway (the country of her husband and coach, Snorre Pedersen) in 2016, becoming at the oldest woman to start a World Cup race when she returned to the top level of skeleton in 2017. She is listed in the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation athlete registration system as Maya Pedersen.
Born in Spiez, Switzerland, Pedersen-Bieri is married to Snorre Pedersen (who is her trainer), has two children, both of her children are females and lives in Øyer near Lillehammer, Norway.
Notable results
Before retiring in 2010, Pederen-Bieri was one of the most successful skeleton athletes in the world. Pedersen-Bieri won the FIBT World Championships in the women's skeleton event in 2001 and 2005, and earned two medals at the 2007 FIBT World Championships in St. Moritz with a silver in the women's skeleton and a bronze in the mixed bobsleigh-skeleton team event. Pedersen-Bieri also won a silver in the mixed team event at the 2009 championships.
Pedersen-Bieri was European champion in 2006 (in St. Moritz). She won the women's overall Skeleton World Cup in 1997-08. Pedersen-Bieri also finished fifth in the women's skeleton event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. She returned to competition for the 2008-09 Skeleton World Cup after sitting out the 2007-08 season to maternity leave. She finished third in her return at the 2008-09 event in Altenberg, Germany on December 5, 2008. Pedersen-Bieri qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics, finishing ninth, after which she retired.
In 2016, Pedersen-Bieri began a comeback, sliding now for Norway, racing on the two Continental Cup circuits (best result, third in Park City) and the Intercontinental Cup. She represented Norway at the IBSF World Championships 2017 in Königssee where she missed the cut and finished 24th. She returned to the World Cup circuit for the 2017–18 season, missing the cut in the first five races but still earning 19th place in the European Championship race at Igls.
References
Other sources
"Huber edges Szymkowiak in Altenberg World Cup". International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation. 5 December 2008. Accessed 6 December 2008.
2002 women's skeleton results (todor66.com)
Women's skeleton Olympic medalists since 2002 (sports123.com)
External links
1972 births
Living people
Olympic skeleton racers of Switzerland
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland
Skeleton racers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Skeleton racers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Skeleton racers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Swiss female skeleton racers
Olympic medalists in skeleton
People from Spiez
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from the canton of Bern
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4036694
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densely%20packed%20decimal
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Densely packed decimal
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Densely packed decimal (DPD) is an efficient method for binary encoding decimal digits.
The traditional system of binary encoding for decimal digits, known as binary-coded decimal (BCD), uses four bits to encode each digit, resulting in significant wastage of binary data bandwidth (since four bits can store 16 states and are being used to store only 10), even when using packed BCD. Densely packed decimal is a more efficient code that packs three digits into ten bits using a scheme that allows compression from, or expansion to, BCD with only two or three hardware gate delays.
The densely packed decimal encoding is a refinement of Chen–Ho encoding; it gives the same compression and speed advantages, but the particular arrangement of bits used confers additional advantages:
Compression of one or two digits (into the optimal four or seven bits respectively) is achieved as a subset of the three-digit encoding. This means that arbitrary numbers of decimal digits (not only multiples of three digits) can be encoded efficiently. For example, 38 = 12 × 3 + 2 decimal digits can be encoded in 12 × 10 + 7 = 127 bits – that is, 12 sets of three decimal digits can be encoded using 12 sets of ten binary bits and the remaining two decimal digits can be encoded using a further seven binary bits.
The subset encoding mentioned above is simply the rightmost bits of the standard three-digit encoding; the encoded value can be widened simply by adding leading 0 bits.
All seven-bit BCD numbers (0 through 79) are encoded identically by DPD. This makes conversions of common small numbers trivial. (This must break down at 80, because that requires eight bits for BCD, but the above property requires that the DPD encoding must fit into seven bits.)
The low-order bit of each digit is copied unmodified. Thus, the non-trivial portion of the encoding can be considered a conversion from three base-5 digits to seven binary bits. Further, digit-wise logical values (in which each digit is either 0 or 1) can be manipulated directly without any encoding or decoding being necessary.
History
In 1969, Theodore M. Hertz, and in 1971, Tien Chi Chen () with Irving Tze Ho () devised lossless prefix codes (referred to as Hertz and Chen–Ho encodings) which packed three decimal digits into ten binary bits using a scheme which allowed compression from or expansion to BCD with only two or three gate delays in hardware. Densely packed decimal is a refinement of this, devised by Mike F. Cowlishaw in 2002, which was incorporated into the IEEE 754-2008 and ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011 standards for decimal floating point.
Encoding
Like Chen–Ho encoding, DPD encoding classifies each decimal digit into one of two ranges, depending on the most significant bit of the binary form: "small" digits have values 0 through 7 (binary 0000–0111), and "large" digits, 8 through 9 (binary 1000–1001). Once it is known or has been indicated that a digit is small, three more bits are still required to specify the value. If a large value has been indicated, only one bit is required to distinguish between the values 8 or 9.
When encoding, the most significant bits of each of the three digits to be encoded determine one of eight coding patterns for the remaining bits, according to the following table. The table shows how, on decoding, the ten bits of the coded form in columns b9 through b0 are copied into the three digits d2 through d0, and the remaining bits are filled in with constant zeros or ones.
Bits b7, b4 and b0 (c, f and i) are passed through the encoding unchanged, and do not affect the meaning of the other bits. The remaining seven bits can be considered a seven-bit encoding for three base-5 digits.
Bits b8 and b9 are not needed and ignored when decoding DPD groups with three large digits (marked as "x" in the last row of the table above), but are filled with zeros when encoding.
The eight decimal values whose digits are all 8s or 9s have four codings each.
The bits marked x in the table above are ignored on input, but will always be 0 in computed results.
(The 3 × 8 = 24 non-standard encodings fill in the gap between 103 = 1000 and 210 = 1024.)
Examples
This table shows some representative decimal numbers and their encodings in BCD, Chen–Ho, and densely packed decimal (DPD):
See also
Binary-coded decimal (BCD)
Binary integer decimal (BID)
decimal32 floating-point format
decimal64 floating-point format
decimal128 floating-point format
DEC RADIX 50 / MOD40
IBM SQUOZE
References
Further reading
and (NB. This patent is about DPD.)
(NB. An older version can be found here: Packed Decimal Encoding IEEE-754r.)
Binary arithmetic
2002 introductions
2002 in science
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4036700
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik%20Holm
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Henrik Holm
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Henrik Holm (born 22 August 1968) is a former professional tennis player from Sweden, who turned professional in 1988. The right-hander won five doubles titles, reached the quarterfinals of the 1992 Stockholm Masters and achieved a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 17 in July 1993.
Career
Holm started playing tennis at the age of five. His father, Christer, played Davis Cup for Sweden and was ranked No. 2 in his country during the mid 1960s. His mother, Gun, is a tennis coach.
In July 1992 Holm reached his first career Tour singles final in Washington, losing to Petr Korda. Later that year he reached the final at the Tokyo Indoor, losing to Ivan Lendl. In the third round of that tournament he handed Boris Becker his worst career indoor loss (6–1, 6–2).
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (2 runner-ups)
Doubles: 9 (5 titles, 4 runner-ups)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 9 (6–3)
Doubles: 11 (7–4)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
Swedish male tennis players
People from Täby Municipality
Sportspeople from Stockholm County
20th-century Swedish people
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4036701
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harumi%20Island%20Triton%20Square
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Harumi Island Triton Square
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is high-rise office and residential complex in the Harumi district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan.
It consists of four towers, one of which is significantly shorter than the others; the three tall towers are the source of the name "Triton," and the total number of four is the source of the name "Square."
Triton Square is located near Kachidoki Station on the Toei Oedo Line and Tsukishima Station on the Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line.
References
External links
Skyscraper office buildings in Tokyo
Office buildings completed in 2000
Residential buildings completed in 2000
Residential skyscrapers in Tokyo
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4036703
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime%20mortar
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Lime mortar
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Lime mortar or torching is composed of lime and an aggregate such as sand, mixed with water. The ancient Egyptians were the first to use lime mortars, which they used to plaster their temples. In addition, the Egyptians also incorporated various limes into their religious temples as well as their homes. Indian traditional structures built with lime mortar, which are more than 4,000 years old like Mohenjo-daro is still a heritage monument of Indus valley civilization in Pakistan. It is one of the oldest known types of mortar also used in ancient Rome and Greece, when it largely replaced the clay and gypsum mortars common to ancient Egyptian construction.
With the introduction of Portland cement during the 19th century, the use of lime mortar in new constructions gradually declined. This was largely due to the ease of use of Portland cement, its quick setting, and high compressive strength. However, the soft and porous properties of lime mortar provide certain advantages when working with softer building materials such as natural stone and terracotta. For this reason, while Portland cement continues to be commonly used in new brick and concrete construction, in the repair and restoration of brick and stone-built structures originally built using lime mortar, the use of Portland cement is not recommended.
Despite its enduring utility over many centuries, lime mortar's effectiveness as a building material has not been well understood; time-honoured practices were based on tradition, folklore and trade knowledge, vindicated by the vast number of old buildings that remain standing. Only during the last few decades has empirical testing provided a scientific understanding of its remarkable durability. Both professionals and do-it-yourself home owners can purchase lime putty mortar (and have their historical mortar matched for both color and content) by companies that specialize in historical preservation and sell pre-mixed mortar in small batches.
Etymology
Lime comes from Old English lim 'sticky substance, birdlime, mortar, cement, gluten', and is related to Latin limus 'slime, mud, mire', and linere 'to smear'. Mortar is a mixture with cement and comes from Old French mortier 'builder's mortar, plaster; bowl for mixing' in the late 13th century and Latin mortarium 'mortar'. Lime is a cement which is a binder or glue which holds things together but cement is usually reserved for Portland cement.
Uses
Lime mortar today is primarily used in the conservation of buildings originally built using lime mortar, but may be used as an alternative to ordinary portland cement. It is made principally of lime (hydraulic, or non hydraulic), water and an aggregate such as sand. Portland cement has proven to be incompatible with lime mortar because it is harder, less flexible, and impermeable. These qualities lead to premature deterioration of soft, historic bricks so traditionally, low temperature fired, lime mortars are recommended for use with existing mortar of a similar type or reconstruction of buildings using historically correct methods. In the past, lime mortar tended to be mixed on site with whatever sand was locally available. Since the sand influences the colour of the lime mortar, colours of pointing mortar can vary dramatically from district to district.
Hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime
Hydraulic lime contains substances which set by hydration so it can set under water. Non-hydraulic lime sets by carbonation and so needs exposure to carbon dioxide in the air and cannot set under water or inside a thick wall. For natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortars, the lime is obtained from limestone naturally containing a sufficient percentage of silica and/or alumina. Artificial hydraulic lime is produced by introducing specific types and quantities of additives to the source of lime during the burning process, or adding a pozzolan to non-hydraulic lime. Non-hydraulic lime is produced from a high purity source of calcium carbonate such as chalk, limestone or oyster shells.
Non-hydraulic lime
Non-hydraulic lime is primarily composed of (generally greater than 95%) calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2.
Non-hydraulic lime is produced by first heating sufficiently pure calcium carbonate to between 954° and 1066 °C, driving off carbon dioxide to produce quicklime (calcium oxide). This is done in a lime kiln. The quicklime is then slaked: hydrated by being thoroughly mixed with enough water to form a slurry (lime putty), or with less water to produce dry powder. This hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) naturally turns back into calcium carbonate by reacting with carbon dioxide in the air, the entire process being called the lime cycle.
The slaking process involved in creating a lime putty is an exothermic reaction which initially creates a liquid of a creamy consistency. This is then matured for 2 to 3 months—depending upon environmental conditions—to allow time for it to condense and mature into a lime putty.
A matured lime putty is thixotropic, meaning that when a lime putty is agitated it changes from a putty into a more liquid state. This aids its use for mortars as it makes a mortar easier to work with. If left to stand following agitation a lime putty will slowly revert from a thick liquid to a putty state.
As well as calcium-based limestone, dolomitic limes can be produced which are based on calcium magnesium carbonate.
A frequent source of confusion regarding lime mortar stems from the similarity of the terms hydraulic and hydrated.
Hydrated lime is any lime other than quicklime, and can refer to either hydraulic (hardens under water) or non-hydraulic (does not harden under water) lime.
Lime putty is always non-hydraulic and will keep indefinitely stored under water. As the name suggests, lime putty is in the form of a putty made from just lime and water.
If the quicklime is slaked with an excess of water then putty or slurry is produced. If just the right quantity of water is used, the result is a dry material (any excess water escaping as steam during heating). This is ground to make hydrated lime powder.
Hydrated, non-hydraulic lime powder can be mixed with water to form lime putty. Before use putty is usually left in the absence of carbon dioxide (usually under water) to mature. Putty can be matured for as little as 24 hours or for many years; an increased maturation time improves the quality of the putty. There is an argument that a lime putty which has been matured for an extended period (over 12 months) becomes so stiff that it is difficult to work.
There is some dispute as to the comparative quality of putty formed from dry hydrated lime compared with that produced as putty at the time of slaking. It is generally agreed that the latter is preferable. A hydrated lime will produce a material which is not as "fatty”, being a common trade term for compounds have a smoother buttery texture when worked. Often, due to lengthy and poor storage, the resulting lime produced by hydrated lime will exhibit longer carbonatation periods as well as lower compressive strengths.
Non-hydraulic lime takes longer to set and is weaker than hydraulic lime, and should not be allowed to freeze before it is well set. Although the setting process can be slow, the drying time of a lime mortar must be regulated at a slow rate to ensure a good final set. A rapidly dried lime mortar will result in a low-strength, poor-quality final mortar often displaying shrinkage cracks. In practice, lime mortars are often protected from direct sunlight and wind with damp hessian sheeting or sprayed with water to control the drying rates. But it also has the quality of autogeneous healing (self healing) where some free lime dissolves in water and is redeposited in any tiny cracks which form.
Oyster Shell Mortar
In the tidewater region of Maryland and Virginia, oyster shells were used to produce quicklime during the colonial period. Similar to other materials used to produce lime, the oyster shells are burned. This can be done in a lime rick instead of a kiln. Burning shells in a rick is something that Colonial Williamsburg and the recreation of Ferry Farm have had to develop from conjecture and in-the-field learning. The rick that they constructed consists of logs set up in a circle that burn slowly, converting oysters that are contained in the wood pile to an ashy powder. An explanatory video of how the rick was built for the Ferry Farm can be found here. The burnt shell can then be slaked and turned into lime putty.
Mortars using oyster shells can sometimes be identified by the presence of small bits of shell in the exposed mortar joint. In restoration masonry, the bits of shell are sometimes exaggerated to give the viewer the impression of authenticity. Unfortunately, these modern attempts often contain higher than necessary ratios of Portland cement. This can cause failures in the brick if the mortar joint is stronger than the brick elements.
Hydraulic lime
Hydraulic lime sets by reaction with water called hydration.
When a stronger lime mortar is required, such as for external or structural purposes, a pozzolan can be added, which improves its compressive strength and helps to protect it from weathering damage. Pozzolans include powdered brick, heat treated clay, silica fume, fly ash, and volcanic materials. The chemical set imparted ranges from very weak to almost as strong as Portland cement.
This can also assist in creating more regulated setting times of the mortar as the pozzolan will create a hydraulic set, which can be of benefit in restoration projects when time scales and ultimately costs need to be monitored and maintained.
Hydraulic lime can be considered, in terms both of properties and manufacture, as part-way between non-hydraulic lime and Portland cement. The limestone used contains sufficient quantities of clay and/or silica. The resultant product will contain dicalcium silicate but unlike Portland cement not tricalcium silicate.
It is slaked enough to convert the calcium oxide to calcium hydroxide but not with sufficient water to react with the dicalcium silicate. It is this dicalcium silicate which in combination with water provides the setting properties of hydraulic lime.
Aluminium and magnesium also produce a hydraulic set, and some pozzolans contain these elements.
There are three strength grades for natural hydraulic lime, laid down in the European Norm EN459; NHL2, NHL3.5 and NHL5. The numbers stand for the minimum compressive strength at 28 days in newtons per square millimeter (N/mm2). For example, the NHL 3.5 strength ranges from 3.5 N/mm2 (510 psi) to 10 N/mm2 (1,450 psi). These are similar to the old classification of feebly hydraulic, moderately hydraulic and eminently hydraulic, and although different, some people continue to refer to them interchangeably. The terminology for hydraulic lime mortars was improved by the skilled French civil engineer Louis Vicat in the 1830s from the older system of water limes and feebly, moderately and eminently. Vicat published his work following research of the use of lime mortars whilst building bridges and roads in his work. The French company Vicat still currently produce natural cements and lime mortars. Names of lime mortars were so varied and conflicting across the European continent that the reclassification has greatly improved the understanding and use of lime mortars.
Mix
Traditional lime mortar is a combination of lime putty and aggregate (usually sand). A typical modern lime mortar mix would be 1 part lime putty to 3 parts washed, well graded, sharp sand. Other materials have been used as aggregate instead of sand. The theory is that the voids of empty space between the sand particles account for a 1/3 of the volume of the sand. The lime putty when mixed at a 1 to 3 ratio, fill these voids to create a compact mortar. Analysis of mortar samples from historic buildings typically indicates a higher ratio of around 1 part lime putty to 1.5 part aggregate/sand was commonly used. This equates to approximately 1 part dry quicklime to 3 parts sand. A traditional coarse plaster mix also had horse hair added for reinforcing and control of shrinkage, important when plastering to wooden laths and for base (or dubbing) coats onto uneven surfaces such as stone walls where the mortar is often applied in thicker coats to compensate for the irregular surface levels.
If shrinkage and cracking of the lime mortar does occur this can be as a result of either
The sand being poorly graded or with a particle size that is too small
The mortar being applied too thickly (Thicker coats increase the possibility of shrinkage, cracking and slumping)
Too much suction from the substrate
High air temperatures or direct sunlight which force dry the mortar
High water content in the lime mortar mix
Poor quality or unmatured lime putty
A common method for mixing lime mortar with powdered lime is as follows:
Gather your ingredients, sand, lime, and water
Measure out your ratio of sand to lime, for example 3 buckets of sand, and 1 bucket of lime for a 3:1 ratio.
Mix the dry ingredients thoroughly so all the sand is coated with lime, and there are neither chunks of sand or lime visible.
Reserve some portion of the dry ingredients by removing it from your mixing vessel. The amount reserved can vary, but a safe starting point is about 1/4 of the batch. This will be added in later to fine tune the dryness of the mix.
Measure out water. How much depends on how wet you want your mix to be, and how damp/wet your sand is. A good starting point is 1 quart of water per gallon of sand.
Add about 2/3 of the water to your dry ingredients and mix until even consistency.
Add the reserved dry ingredients and/or the remaining water to get a mix you like. It takes time to know what works well, and the recipe can change depending on the temperature, humidity, moisture in the sand, type of brick, and task at hand (laying brick may warrant a wetter mix, while pointing may require a drier one.
To test the mix as you are making it, you can use a trowel, or pat the mortar with your hand to see how much moisture and "cream" come to the surface.
Remember to thoroughly wet your brick prior to using lime mortar. Old brick can be extremely porous, a 4lb brick can hold a pint of water. The bricks should be saturated, but dry on the surface prior to laying or pointing. Excess water can cause the lime to run and leave streaks.
Hair reinforcement
Hair reinforcement is common in lime plaster and many types of hair and other organic fibres can be found in historic plasters. However, organic material in lime will degrade in damp environments particularly on damp external renders. This problem has given rise to the use of polypropylene fibres in new lime renders
Properties
Lime mortar is not as strong in compression as Portland cement based mortar, but both are sufficiently strong for construction of non-high-rise domestic properties.
Lime mortar does not adhere as strongly to masonry as Portland cement. This is an advantage with softer types of masonry, where use of cement in many cases eventually results in cement pulling away some masonry material when it reaches the end of its life. The mortar is a sacrificial element which should be weaker than the bricks so it will crack before the bricks. It is less expensive to replace cracked mortar than cracked bricks.
Under cracking conditions, Portland cement breaks, whereas lime often produces numerous microcracks if the amount of movement is small. These microcracks recrystallise through the action of 'free lime' effectively self-healing the affected area.
Historic buildings are frequently constructed with relatively soft masonry units (e.g. soft brick and many types of stone), and minor movement in such buildings is quite common due to the nature of the foundations. This movement breaks the weakest part of the wall, and with Portland cement mortar this is usually the masonry. When lime mortar is used, the lime is the weaker element, and the mortar cracks in preference to the masonry. This results in much less damage, and is relatively simple to repair.
Lime mortar is more porous than cement mortars, and it wicks any dampness in the wall to the surface where it evaporates. Thus any salt content in the water crystallises on the lime, damaging the lime and thus saving the masonry. Cement, on the other hand, evaporates water less than soft brick, so damp issues are liable to cause salt formation and spalling on brick surfaces and consequent disintegration of bricks. This damp evaporation ability is widely referred to as 'breathability'.
Lime mortar should not be used below temperatures of and takes longer to set so it should be protected from freezing for three months. Because of its faster set, hydraulic lime may not need as much time before freezing temperatures begin.
Usually any dampness in the wall will cause the lime mortar to change colour, indicating the presence of moisture. The effect will create an often mottled appearance of a limewashed wall. As the moisture levels within a wall alter, so will the shade of a limewash. The darker the shade of limewash, the more pronounced this effect will become.
A load of mixed lime mortar may be allowed to sit as a lump for some time, without it drying out (it may get a thin crust). When ready to use, this lump may be remixed ('knocked up') again and then used. Traditionally on building sites, prior to the use of mechanical mixers, the lime putty (slaked on site in a pit) was mixed with sand by a labourer who would "beat and ram" the mix with a "larry" (a wide hoe with large holes). This was then covered with sand and allowed to sit for a while (from days to weeks) - a process known as 'banking'. This lump was then remixed and used as necessary. This process cannot be done with Portland cement.
Lime with Portland cement
The combination of Portland cement and lime is used for stabilization and solidification of the ground through establishing of lime cement columns or stabilization of the entire upper mass volume. The method provides an increase in strength when it comes to vibrations, stability and settling. When building e.g. roads and railways, the method is more common and widespread (Queen Eufemias street in Central Oslo, E18 at Tønsberg etc.).
For preservation purposes, Type N and Type O mortars are often used. A Type N mortar is 1 part Portland, 1 part Lime and 6 parts sand or other aggregate (1:1:6). A Type O mortar is 1 part Portland, 2 parts Lime and 9 parts sand or other aggregate (1:2:9). Straight lime mortar has no Portland, and 1 part Lime to 3 parts sand or other aggregate. The addition of cement or other pozzolan to decrease cure times is referred to as “gauging.” Other than Portland, ash and brick dust have been used to gauge mortars.
For historic restoration purposes, and restoration work involving repointing or brick replacement, masons must discover the original brick and mortar and repair it with a similar material. The National Park Service provides guidance for proper masonry repointing through Preservation Brief 2. In general, Brief 2 suggests that repointing should be done with a similar or weaker mortar. Therefore, a straight lime mortar joint should be repointed in kind. Due to the popularity of Portland cement, this often is not the case. A wall system needs a balance between the mortar and brick that allows the mortar to be the weak part of the unit. When mortar is stronger than the brick, it prevents any natural movement in the wall and the faces of the brick will begin to deteriorate, a process known as spalling, the process by which the outer face of a brick degrades and can flake off or turn to powder. There is also a natural movement of water through a masonry wall. A strong Portland cement mix will prevent a free flow of water from a moist to dry area. This can cause rising damp to be trapped within the wall and create system failures. If moisture can not escape into the air, it will cause damage to a wall structure. Water freezing in the wall is another cause of spalling.
In restoration work of pre-20th century structures, there should be a high ratio of lime and aggregate to Portland. This reduces the compressive strength of the mortar but allows the wall system to function better. The lime mortar acts as a wick that helps to pull water from the brick. This can help to prevent the older brick from spalling. Even when the brick is a modern, harder element, repointing with a higher ratio lime mortar may help to reduce rising damp.
It may not be advisable for all consumers to use a straight lime mortar. With no Portland in the mix, there is less control over the setting of the mortar. In some cases, a freeze thaw cycle will be enough to create failure in the mortar joint. Straight lime mortar can also take a long time to fully cure and therefore work needs to be performed at a time of year where the weather conditions are conducive to the mortar setting properly. Those conditions are not only above freezing temperatures but also drier seasons. To protect the slow curing mortar from damp, a siloxane can be added to the surface. With historic structures, this may be a controversial strategy as it could have a detrimental effect to the historic fabric.
The presence of Portland allows for a more stable mortar. The stability and predictability make the mixed mortar more user friendly, particularly in applications where entire wall sections are being laid. Contractors and designers may prefer mixes that contain Portland due to the increased compressive strength over a straight lime mortar. As many pre-Portland mix buildings are still standing and have original mortar, the arguments for greater compressive strength and ease of use may be more a result of current practice and a lack of understanding of older techniques.
See also
Energetically modified cement
Hempcrete
Plastering
Sticky rice mortar
Whitewash
References
Further reading
Burnell, George Rowdon; Rudimentary Treatise on Limes, Cements, Mortars, Concretes, Mastics, Plastering, Etc.
Dibdin, William Joseph; Lime Mortar & Cement: Their Characteristics and Analyses. With an Account of Artificial Stone and Asphalt
Gilmore, Quincy A.; Limes Hydraulic Cement and Mortars
Hodgson, Fred T.; Concrete, Cements, Mortars, Artificial Marbles, Plasters and Stucco: How to Use and How to Prepare Them
Lazell, Ellis Warren; Lime Mortar & Cement : Their Characteristics and Analyses. With an Account of Artificial Stone and Asphalt
External links
The following are mid-19th-century technical articles on the respective subjects: lime mortar, cement making on a small scale, cement making on a large scale and mortar.
Gerard Lynch, 'The Myth in the Mix: The 1:3 Ratio of Lime to Sand', The Building Conservation Directory, 2007
Building materials
Cement
Masonry
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4036711
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile%20Victor
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Paul-Émile Victor
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Paul-Émile Victor (born Paul Eugène Victor; 28 June 1907 – 7 March 1995) was a French ethnologist and explorer.
Victor was born in Geneva, Switzerland to French Jewish parents of Bohemian and Polish descent. He graduated from École Centrale de Lyon in 1928. In 1931, he learned how to fly with his instructor and friend, Claude de Cambronne. In 1936, he led an expedition traversing Greenland by dog-sled. Victor, Robert Gessain, Michel Perez, and Eigil Knuth completed the 825 km from Christianshåb in the west to Angmagssalik in the east in 44 days. During World War II, he engaged himself in the US Air Forces.
After the War, he initiated the Expéditions polaires françaises to organize French polar expeditions. He died in 1995 on Bora Bora, to which he had retired in 1977.
A survey led by Victor in 1951 concluded that, under the ice sheet, Greenland is composed of three large islands. In 1952 he was awarded the Patron's Medal by the Royal Geographical Society of London for the work.
Mount Victor, in the Belgica Mountains of Antarctica, is named for him.
His son, Jean-Christophe Victor, stars in the weekly geopolitical show Le dessous des cartes on Arte until December 2016.
References
External links
Records of the Field Expedition to Greenland at Dartmouth College Library
1907 births
1995 deaths
French explorers
École Centrale de Lyon alumni
French people of Polish-Jewish descent
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Scientists from Geneva
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4036732
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Saceanu
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Christian Saceanu
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Christian Saceanu (born 8 July 1968) is a retired tennis player from Germany, who turned professional in 1986. The right-hander won two singles titles (1988, Bristol and 1991, Rosmalen) in his career. Saceanu reached his highest singles ATP-ranking in March 1988 when he became the number 60 of the world.
He began playing tennis when he was nine. He was ranked No. 1 in the Romanian 14s and one year later moved with his family to West Germany where he won the German national singles title in 1986. In that same year he was ranked No. 1 in the 18s.
Career finals
Singles
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
German male tennis players
Romanian emigrants to Germany
Sportspeople from Cluj-Napoca
West German male tennis players
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4036739
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp%20Schoch
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Philipp Schoch
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Philipp Schoch (born 10 October 1979) is a Swiss snowboarder. He won a gold medal in the Parallel Giant Slalom at the 2002 Winter Olympics. At the next Olympics, he faced his brother Simon Schoch in the Parallel Giant Slalom Final. Philipp raced away to an unassailable 0.88 second lead in the first leg of the final, retaining his Olympic crown. He is the first snowboarder to win two gold medals in the Winter Olympics. At the world championships, he won two silver medals in the slalom events in 2007.
References
External links
SchochBrothers.ch – Website of Philipp and Simon Schoch
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders of Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
1979 births
Living people
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
People from Winterthur
Sportspeople from the canton of Zürich
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4036742
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe%27s%20Sword
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Sharpe's Sword
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Sharpe's Sword is a historical novel in the Richard Sharpe series by Bernard Cornwell. It is the fourth in the series, being first published in 1983, though the fourteenth chronologically. Set in the summer of 1812 including the Battle of Salamanca on 22 July 1812, the story follows Sharpe and his friend Sergeant Harper involved in espionage while hunting down the sadistic and highly dangerous Colonel Philippe Leroux.
Plot summary
French Colonel Philippe Leroux and Captain Paul Delmas are fleeing from the King's German Legion toward Sharpe's Light Company. Leroux has extracted the secret identity of El Mirador, Britain's most important spy in Spain, from a priest he tortured. Leroux kills Delmas and assumes his identity and then allows himself to be captured by Sharpe and his men, knowing that the British would never exchange an imperial colonel. Sharpe covets Leroux's sword, a finely crafted, superbly balanced Klingenthal heavy cavalry sword. As Captain Delmas, Leroux gives his parole to Major Joseph Forrest. Whilst he is being escorted back to Wellington's headquarters, he kills his escort and escapes on horseback towards Salamanca. Lieutenant Colonel Windham pursues Leroux on horseback, but Leroux kills him. He gains sanctuary in one of the three French-controlled forts outside Salamanca, after Father Curtis protects him from the locals.
Sharpe confronts Curtis, who explains that the Frenchman is in fact Leroux, and that he was protecting the city's residents against Leroux's revenge if the city were to be recaptured by the French. Sharpe takes an instant dislike to Curtis, whom he thinks is sympathetic to the French. In Salamanca, Sharpe is introduced to the breathtakingly beautiful Marquesa de Casares el Grande y Melida Sadaba, and to Captain Lord Jack Spears. Wellington's army arrives at Salamanca as part of their manoeuvring against Marshal Marmont's army. Major Michael Hogan is both disturbed and relieved when Sharpe gives him a list Leroux dropped; the list was stolen from Hogan and contains the names of many of his spies. Many of them have recently been tortured and killed by Leroux.
Frustrated at his inability to bring Marmont to battle on his terms, Wellington finally sends two battalions, including the South Essex, against three French battalions in an effort to provoke Marmont, but Marmont does not rise to the bait.
Following the battle, Wellington places Sharpe and the Light Company under Hogan's command (as he and his men can identify Leroux) to ensure Leroux does not escape from the French forts. The Sixth Division attempts to storm the forts by surprise, but the French have been tipped off and slaughter the attackers. Sharpe is invited to a party by La Marquesa, but decides not to attend. Nevertheless Lord Spears later persuades him to go. As he prepares to leave the party, one of the servants takes him to a garden for a private meeting with La Marquesa. She obliquely claims to be El Mirador, and begs Sharpe to protect her from Leroux. They become lovers (her fat old husband being away suppressing a revolt in Brazil); after a while, she tells him her first name is Helena.
After several days, the forts are assaulted again and quickly surrender. Sharpe and his men examine the French prisoners several times, but cannot find Leroux. After searching the wounded, Sharpe allows them to be taken to the hospital in Salamanca. After Harper discovers a disemboweled French soldier who does not appear to have a full complement of intestines, Sharpe realises that Leroux has disguised himself as a French soldier with a severe stomach wound. Leaving his jacket behind (he had taken it off due to the heat), Sharpe and Harper race to the hospital, disrupting Leroux's rendezvous with a confederate who has brought a horse for him. Whilst searching the hospital, Harper discovers Leroux and a struggle ensues. Harper is pushed down a staircase and knocked unconscious. Sharpe comes running and engages in a sword duel with Leroux until the blade of Sharpe's sabre is shattered. Before Leroux can kill him, a sentry comes to his aid, and Leroux flees. Leroux shoots Sharpe in the stomach.
The Light Company eventually realise that Sharpe and Harper are missing and Major Hogan is alerted. A search of the hospital finds Harper still unconscious, but Sharpe cannot be found. When his discarded trousers are found, it is believed that he was mistaken for a dead French soldier and buried in a mass grave. In fact, he has been taken to the death ward run by Sergeant Connolley in the dank basement. Sharpe, unrecognised, drifts in and out of consciousness, but refuses to die from a wound that is almost always fatal. Hogan and Harper resume the search. They finally find Sharpe, but he is barely clinging to life. While the army moves on, Harper and Isabella (the peasant girl Harper rescued in the Battle of Badajoz) minister to Sharpe. In the meantime, Hogan assigns Lord Spears and some men to discreetly guard El Mirador.
With time on his hands, Harper buys a sword and spends many hours working on it. Isabella tells him that Sharpe is on the road to full recovery. When Lord Spears visits, Sharpe, he suggests that Lord Spears is protecting El Mirador. Sharpe's knowledge of this surprises Spears and makes him uncomfortable, but he nevertheless confirms Sharpe's hunch. As Sharpe recuperates, Harper returns to the Light Company.
A month later, Hogan sends Sharpe a letter telling him that the French will soon be returning to Salamanca and that he must pack and leave. That evening, Father Curtis returns Sharpe's stolen rifle. Curtis tells Sharpe that one of his correspondents in Paris has discovered that Leroux has a multi-lingual sister named Hélène. Curtis believes that this must be La Marquesa. Hogan does as well, and asks Sharpe to feed her false information that Wellington intends to speedily retreat to Portugal, while remaining with one division as rearguard to fool the French into believing otherwise. Sharpe realises that Curtis is El Mirador, not La Marquesa. Whilst hoping that she is not a French spy, he does deceive her later that evening.
Sharpe, still not fully healed, rejoins Wellington's army, riding on a horse that was a gift from La Marquesa. Marmont, suspecting already that Wellington is racing for the border, has these suspicions confirmed by a message from La Marquesa and he sends his army in pursuit, enabling Wellington to spring his trap, and the Battle of Salamanca ensues. The French left is destroyed by a British cavalry charge. Marmont and his deputy are both injured, so General Clausel assumes command. The British Fourth Division (including the South Essex) attack the French centre, but are repulsed by a French counterattack. Sharpe seeing the South Essex being pushed back and realising that they need to stand firm in order to channel the French columns into a killing ground for the Sixth Division, cannot resist joining the battle. He gets the wavering Light Company to stand their ground, and the French column is crushed. The French withdraw under the protection of their still undefeated right, hoping to cross the bridge at Alba de Tormes and escape. Wellington believes that a Spanish garrison holds the bridge and that the French are trapped. Unbeknownst to him, however, the Spanish have fled, believing that the British have been defeated, and the French retreat proceeds unopposed.
Lord Spears conducts a solo charge against the fleeing French and is fatally shot. Sharpe comes to his aid. Spears is dying and he wants Sharpe to tell his sister that he died honourably and he tells Sharpe that he wants to die because he has the Black Lion (syphilis), which results in an ugly death. He tells Sharpe that he knew that Hélène was a French spy and that he had told Hogan this some time ago. Sharpe realises that he is lying and suspects that he is the traitor in the British headquarters who stole Hogan's list. He threatens to kill Spears by stabbing him in the back (which would make it seem like he was killed whilst running away). Spears relents and confesses. He had not sold out Curtis because Leroux already knew. but he did give Leroux the book in which Curtis had written down the details of all the agents in his network. Spears had been hoping that in exchange Leroux would give him a night with his sister, but instead, he gave him back his parole and promised to provide his sister with a dowry when he returned to Paris. Then, at Spears' own request, Sharpe shoots him in the head. He reports to Hogan that Leroux has Curtis's book.
Sharpe, Harper and Hogan pursue the retreating French through the night in an effort to intercept Leroux. In the morning, they catch up to him, but he is able to outrun them and gain the protection of one of three French infantry squares. The French infantry subsequently ambush a British/King's German Legion cavalry charge against the French cavalry. Against extremely heavy odds, the enraged cavalry succeed in breaking the squares, albeit with heavy casualties.
Sharpe corners Leroux. Leroux shoots at him, missing Sharpe, but killing his horse. Sharpe shoots Leroux, wounding him in the leg and causing him to be thrown from his horse. Leroux refuses to fight, preferring to surrender. Sharpe forces him to fight, threatening to kill him anyway if he does not. In the ensuing sword duel, Sharpe kills Leroux and recovers Leroux's sword and the coded book.
La Marquesa is allowed to leave Salamanca, since it is not in the British interest to create a scandal involving a high-ranking Spanish aristocrat. She encounters Sharpe, and is not particularly upset when she learns that Sharpe killed her brother. Sharpe chooses to keep Harper's present, feeling it is lucky, while throwing LeRoux's sword - which, despite its beauty, has only been used for evil purposes - into the river.
Characters in "Sharpe's Sword"
Captain Richard Sharpe – Rifle Captain in the British army, Officer Commanding the Light Company of the South Essex Battalion.
Sergeant Patrick Harper – one of Sharpe's new group of Rifles, one of the Chosen Men
Major Michael Hogan – an Engineer, and Wellesley's head of intelligence.
Lieutenant General Wellington – commander of the British army in Spain.
Colonel Philippe Leroux – ruthless French officer of Napoleon’s imperial guard; sent to Spain as Napoleon’s emissary to find El Mirador and to destroy his spy network.
Hélène Leroux, La Marquesa de Casares el Grande y Melida Sadaba – expatriate French wife to a Spanish aristocrat general, and sister to Colonel Philippe Leroux.
The Reverend Doctor Patrick Curtis – an expatriate Irish priest and Rector of the Irish College and Professor of Astronomy and Natural History at the University of Salamanca. Known to the Spanish as Don Patricio Cortes. Runs a British spy network covering Spain and France under the code name El Mirador.
Captain Lord Jack Spears – British cavalry officer, works for Major Hogan as an exploring officer; chronic gambler and womaniser.
Marshal of France Auguste Marmont – commander of the French army in northern Spain.
Allusions to actual history
References are made to incidents during the Peninsular War and the 1812 Battle of Salamanca. Lieutenant General Wellington, Marshal of France Auguste Marmont, Patrick Curtis, Sergeant Connelley (in charge of the death ward in the novel) and Colquhoun Grant (exploring officer captured by Colonel Leroux) were all based on real historical figures of the same name, with limited dramatic licence taken.
Adaptations
Sharpe’s Sword has been adapted for TV as Sharpe's Sword, a 1995 British television drama, part of a series screened on the ITV network. While based on the novel, it is set a year later (1813) than the book and contains several other variations to the novel.
Publication history
1983, UK, Harper Collins , Pub date 1983, Paperback
1983, UK, Harper Collins , Pub date 18 May 1988, Paperback
1983, UK, Harper Collins , Pub date 1994, Paperback
References
External links
Section from Bernard Cornwell's website on Sharpe's Sword
1983 British novels
Sword
Fiction set in 1812
William Collins, Sons books
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4036749
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrom%20Harry%20Katz
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Amrom Harry Katz
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Amrom Harry Katz (August 15, 1915 – February 10, 1997) was an American physicist who specialized in aerial reconnaissance as well as satellite technology.
Katz developed methods for aerial reconnaissance supported by space satellites. His work was used by military intelligence, and for locating disaster victims. On August 18, 2000 he was acknowledged as one of the ten Founders of the National Reconnaissance Office.
Between 1954 and 1969 he worked for the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California.
References
1915 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Aerial reconnaissance
RAND Corporation people
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4036763
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moholy-Nagy%20University%20of%20Art%20and%20Design
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Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design
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The Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design (in Hungarian: Moholy-Nagy Művészeti Egyetem, MOME), former Hungarian University of Arts and Design, is located in Budapest, Hungary. Named after László Moholy-Nagy, the university offers programs in art, architecture, designer and visual communication.
History
The predecessor of the Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design, the Hungarian Royal National School of Arts and Crafts, was founded in 1880 and operated under this name until 1944. Like other European Art Colleges, it evolved from a handicraft industry school, the Model Drawing School. Its founder and first director, Gusztáv Kelety declared the ‘educational support of a more artistic wood and furniture industry’ the aim of the new institution. The spirit of the school was fundamentally influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement of Britain, as well as by Hungarian folklore.
At first there was only one department, in which architectural drawing and design were taught. Goldsmithing and xylography classes started in 1883, while decorative painting and copperplate engraving classes began in 1884. The decorative sculpture class, uniting small sculpture and wood-carving, was established in 1885. In 1896, the school, which had been scattered in different parts of Budapest, moved to the new Museum of Applied Arts, and came under the directorship of Kamill Flitter. The number of registered students at that time was 120.
The idea of converting the school into a college arose in the early 1940s, but the rigours of the war years prevented any steps from being taken. Following the repair of damage suffered in the Second World War, teaching resumed in March 1945, and preparations to reorganise the school continued. In 1946 the ministry decided to elevate the school’s rank; thus the College of Arts and Crafts was established.
In 1950 there were already six degree courses, and the number of students in 1952 rose to 280. In 1954 parts of the College moved to the present location in Zugligeti Street, but some of the workshops remained in the Kinizsi Street annex of the Museum of Applied Arts. In 1955 another reorganisation occurred: with the termination of the theatre stage design course, four degree courses remained: interior decoration, decorative painting, decorative sculpture and textile design. The industrial design degree course was initiated in 1959.
The appointment of Frigyes Pogány to the head of the College in 1964 ushered in a new era of reforms, coinciding with the growing appreciation of the social role of applied arts. In 1971 the College was granted university rank, but remained a college in name. In 1982, under István Gergely, a new series of reforms were introduced: the departments were changed into institutes, allowing students to earn college and university degrees in the incremental educational system. In the mid-1980s, the range of courses was extended with the establishment of photography, video and art management courses. The official gallery of the College, Tölgyfa Galéra, opened its doors to the public in Henger Street in 1987. With the appointment of the renowned ceramic artist to the head of the College, uniform university training was introduced, and the departments were re-established. In 1997, because of economic restrictions, the structure of the institution was modified again.
The university was accredited in 1998.
Since 1999, textile designer Judit Droppa has served as president of the university. In 2002 a far-reaching development plan was devised, the first phase calling for the removal of the Tölgyfa Gallery from Henger Street and the renovation of the main building of the university in the same year. The current rector of the university is József Fülöp.
In March 2006 the Hungarian University of Arts and Design announced its new name as Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design.
Departments
Architecture
Product Design
Silicate Design
Textile Design
Media (graphic design, media design, animation, photography)
Others:
Teacher Training
Manager Training
Doctoral Studies
Notable faculty and alumni
Sándor Bortnyik
László Moholy-Nagy
István Orosz
Gábor Megyeri
Ernő Rubik, the inventor of Rubik's Cube.
See also
External links
(Hungarian and English)
Cumulus page (English)
Aerial photography of the building
References
1880 establishments in Hungary
Educational institutions established in 1880
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4036764
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%20Bareja
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Stanisław Bareja
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Stanisław Sylwester Bareja (5 December 1929 – 14 June 1987) was a Polish filmmaker. Some of his films (mostly comedies) have reached cult status in Poland.
His most famous film is Teddy Bear (Miś), filmed in 1980. His last work was Zmiennicy, a TV series completed in 1986 and aired in 1987.
On 21 September 2006 Bareja was posthumously awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta by President Lech Kaczynski and in 2005, a street in Warsaw was named after Stanislaw Bareja.
Works
Director
Zmiennicy (1986)
Alternatywy 4 (1983)
Teddy Bear (Miś, 1980)
What Will You Do When You Catch Me? (Co mi zrobisz, jak mnie złapiesz?, 1978)
Brunet Will Call (Brunet wieczorową porą, 1976)
Incredibly peaceful man (Niespotykanie spokojny człowiek, 1975)
A Jungle Book of Regulations (Nie ma róży bez ognia, 1974)
Man - Woman Wanted (Poszukiwany poszukiwana, 1972)
Adventure with a Song (Przygoda z piosenką, 1968)
The Marriage of Convenience (Małżeństwo z rozsądku, 1966)
Kapitan Sowa na tropie (1965)
Wife for an Australian (Żona dla Australijczyka, 1963)
The Touch of the Night (Dotknięcie nocy, 1961)
Husband of His Wife (Mąż swojej żony, 1960)
Scripts
Zmiennicy (1986)
Alternatywy 4 (1983)
Teddy Bear (Miś, 1980)
What Will You Do When You Catch Me? (Co mi zrobisz, jak mnie złapiesz?, 1978)
Brunet Will Call (Brunet wieczorową porą, 1976)
A Jungle Book of Regulations (Nie ma róży bez ognia, 1974)
Man - Woman Wanted (Poszukiwany poszukiwana, 1972)
Adventure with a Song (Przygoda z piosenką, 1968)
Barbara i Jan (1964), with Jerzy Ziarnik
Husband of His Wife (Mąż swojej żony, 1960), with Jerzy Jurandot
Actor
Zmiennicy (1986)
Alternatywy 4 (1983)
Teddy Bear (Miś, 1980)
Dom (1980–2000)
The Lesniewski Family (Rodzina Leśniewskich, 1978)
What Will You Do When You Catch Me? (Co mi zrobisz, jak mnie złapiesz?, 1978)
Lalka (1977)
Brunet Will Call (Brunet wieczorową porą, 1976)
Man - Woman Wanted (Poszukiwany poszukiwana, 1972)
Mr Anatol's Inspection (Inspekcja pana Anatola, 1959)
Little Town (Miasteczko, 1958)
Mr. Anatol's Hat (Kapelusz pana Anatola, 1957)
Heroism (Eroica, 1957)
Winter Twilight (Zimowy Zmierzch, 1956)
Charcoal Sketches (Szkice węglem, 1956)
Nikodem Dyzma (1956)
Three Starts (Trzy starty'', 1955)
References
External links
Profile of Stanisław Bareja at Culture.pl
1929 births
1987 deaths
Male actors from Warsaw
Polish film directors
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
20th-century Polish male actors
20th-century Polish screenwriters
Male screenwriters
20th-century Polish male writers
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4036766
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva%20Purana
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Shiva Purana
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The Shiva Purana is one of eighteen major texts of the Purana genre of Sanskrit texts in Hinduism, and part of the Shaivism literature corpus. It primarily revolves around the Hindu god Shiva and goddess Parvati, but references and reveres all gods.
The Shiva Purana asserts that it once consisted of 100,000 verses set out in twelve Samhitas (Books), however the Purana adds that it was abridged by Sage Vyasa before being taught to Romaharshana. The surviving manuscripts exist in many different versions and content, with one major version with seven books (traced to South India), another with six books, while the third version traced to the medieval Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent with no books but two large sections called Purva-Khanda (Previous Section) and Uttara-Khanda (Later Section). The two versions that include books, title some of the books same and others differently. The Shiva Purana, like other Puranas in Hindu literature, was likely a living text, which was routinely edited, recast and revised over a long period of time. The oldest manuscript of surviving texts was likely composed, estimates Klaus Klostermaier, around 10th- to 11th-century CE. Some chapters of currently surviving Shiva Purana manuscripts were likely composed after the 14th-century.
The Shiva Purana contains chapters with Shiva-centered cosmology, mythology, relationship between Gods, ethics, yoga, tirtha (pilgrimage) sites, bhakti, rivers and geography, and other topics. The text is an important source of historic information on different types and theology behind Shaivism in early 2nd-millennium CE. The oldest surviving chapters of the Shiva Purana have significant Advaita Vedanta philosophy, which is mixed in with theistic elements of bhakti.
In the 19th and 20th century, the Vayu Purana was sometimes titled as Shiva Purana, and sometimes proposed as a part of the complete Shiva Purana. With the discovery of more manuscripts, modern scholarship considers the two texts as different, with Vayu Purana as the more older text composed sometime before the 2nd-century CE. Some scholars list it as a Mahapurana, while some state it is an Upapurana.
Date
The date and authors of Shiva Purana are unknown. No authentic data is available. Scholars such as Klostermaier as well as Hazra estimate that the oldest chapters in the surviving manuscript were likely composed around the 10- to 11th-centuries CE, which has not stood the test of carbon dating technology hence on that part we must rely on the text itself which tells when it was composed. Certain books and chapters in currently surviving Shiva Purana manuscripts were likely composed later, some after the 14th-century. The Shiva Purana, like other Puranas in Hindu literature, were routinely edited, recast and revised over the centuries.
Hazra states that the Bombay manuscript published in the 19th-century is rarer, and is likely older than other versions published from eastern and southern India.
Different manuscripts
Several recensions of this text exist. The Bombay 1884 manuscript recension published by the Vangavasi Press, Calcutta in 1896 consists of six s (sections):
The second manuscript of Shiva Purana published in 1906, reprinted in 1965, by the Pandita Pustakalaya, Kashi consists of seven s:
According to a passage found in the first chapters of and of these recensions the original Shiva Purana comprised twelve s, which included five lost s: , (or ), , and (or ). The number of verses in these sections were as follows:
Vidyeshvara Samhita - 10,000
Rudra Samhita - 8,000
Vainayaka Samhita - 8,000
Uma Samhita - 8,000
Matri Samhita - 8,000
Rudraikadasha Samhita - 13,000
Kailasa Samhita - 6,000
Shatarudra Samhita - 3,000
Sahasrakotirudra Samhita - 11,000
Kotirudra Samhita - 9,000
Vayaviya Samhita - 4,000
Dharma Samhita - 12,000
Several other s are also ascribed to the . These are the , the , the , the and the .
Haraprasad Shastri mentioned in the Notices of Sanskrit MSS IV, pp. 220–3, Nos, 298–299 about another manuscript of the , which is divided into Two Khandas (Parts), the and the . The consists 3270 s in 51 chapters written in Nagari script and the has 45 chapters written in Oriya script. It was preserved in Mahimprakash Brahmachari Matha in Puri. The of this manuscript is same as the of the Vangavasi Press Edition.
Contents
The Vidyesvara Samhita, also called Vighnesa Samhita or Vidyasara Samhita, appears in both editions, is free of mythology found in some other samhitas, and is dedicated to describing the greatness and the bhakti of Shiva, particularly through the icon of Linga. This section is also notable for mentioning both Shaiva Agamas and Tantric texts, but frequently quoting from the Vedas and asserting that the text is the essence of the Vedic teaching and the Vedanta. The chapters of this shared samhita in different versions of the Shiva Purana includes a description of India's geography and rivers from north and south India so often and evenly that Hazra states it is difficult to gauge if this part was composed in north or south India.
The Jnanasamhita in one manuscript shares content with Rudrasamhita of the other manuscript, presents cosmology and mythology, and is notable for its discussion of saguna andnirguna Shiva.
The text discusses goddesses and gods, dedicates parts of chapters praising Vishnu and Brahma, as well as those related to avatars such as Krishna. It asserts that one must begin with karma-yajna, thereon step by step with tapo-yajna, then self study, then regular meditation, ultimately to jnana-yajna and yoga to achieve sayujya (intimate union) with Shiva within. The text emphasizes bhakti and yoga, rather than bookish learning of the Vedas.
The Shiva Purana dedicates chapters to Shaiva-Advaita philosophy, like Linga Purana and other Shaivism-related Puranas, advocating it as a system for Salvation. The text also presents the Brahman as satcitananda theme, with masculine and feminine Shiva-Shakti as a unity, and perception of plurality-discrimination as a form of nescience. Love-Driven Devotionalism (Bhakti), asserts the text, leads to knowledge, and such love combined with knowledge leads to attracting saintly people and guru, and with them one attains Liberation, states Shiva Purana. These ideas, states Klaus Klostermaier, are similar to those found in Devi-related Puranas and Shakti Literature.
The popular books and easy-to-read books on Shiva Purana is published by diamond books in various languages and in all formats.
References
Bibliography
External links
The Shiva Purana English translation by J. L. Shastri, 1970 (includes glossary)
Surya And Nairrta On The Siva Temple Of Prambanan, Roy E. Jordaan (1992), pages 59–66, Brill (Puranas/Shiva texts in southeast Asia)
Puranas
Shaiva texts
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4036791
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prazepam
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Prazepam
|
Prazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Warner-Lambert in the 1960s. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Prazepam is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam which is responsible for the therapeutic effects of prazepam.
Indications
Prazepam is indicated for the short-term treatment of anxiety. After short-term therapy, the dose is usually gradually tapered-off to reduce or avoid any withdrawal or rebound effects. Desmethyldiazepam, an active metabolite, has a very long half-life of 29 to 224 hours, which contributes to the therapeutic effects of prazepam.
Side effects
Side effects of prazepam are less profound than with other benzodiazepines. Excessive drowsiness and with longer-term use, drug dependence, are the most common side effects of prazepam. Side effects such as fatigue or "feeling spacey" can also occur but less commonly than with other benzodiazepines. Other side effects include feebleness, clumsiness or lethargy, clouded thinking and mental slowness.
Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal
Tolerance and dependence can develop with long-term use of prazepam, and upon cessation or reduction in dosage, then a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome may occur with symptoms such as tremulousness, dysphoria, psychomotor agitation, tachycardia and sweating. In severe cases, hallucinations, psychosis and seizures can occur. Withdrawal-related psychosis is generally unresponsive to antipsychotic mediations. The risk and severity of the withdrawal syndrome increases the higher the dose and the longer prazepam is taken for. Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal problems may be less severe than with other benzodiazepines, such as diazepam. It may be because tolerance is slower to develop with prazepam than with other benzodiazepines. Abrupt or over-rapid discontinuation of prazepam after long-term use, even at low dosage, may result in a protracted withdrawal syndrome.
Benzodiazepines can induce serious problems of addiction, which is one of the main reasons for their use being restricted to short-term use. A survey in Senegal found that the majority of doctors believed that their training in this area was generally poor. Recommendations for national authorities to take urgent action regarding the rational use of benzodiazepines. Another study in Dakar found that almost one-fifth of doctors ignored prescription guidelines regarding short-term use of benzodiazepines, and almost three-quarters of doctors regarded their training and knowledge of benzodiazepines to be inadequate. More training regarding benzodiazepines has been recommended for doctors.
Contraindications and special caution
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Mechanism of action
Prazepam exerts its therapeutic effects primarily via modulating the benzodiazepine receptor which in turn enhances GABA function in the brain. Prazepam like other benzodiazepines has anticonvulsant properties, but its anticonvulsant properties are not as potent as other benzodiazepines when tested in animal studies.
Pharmacokinetics
Prazepam is metabolised into descyclopropylmethylprazepam (also known as desmethyldiazepam) and 3-hydroxyprazepam which is further metabolised into oxazepam. Prazepam is a prodrug for descyclopropylmethylprazepam/desmethyldiazepam (also known as norprazepam or nordazepam) which is responsible for most of the therapeutic activity of prazepam rather than prazepam itself.
Interactions
Prazepam may interact with cimetidine. Alcohol in combination with prazepam increases the adverse effects, particularly performance impairing side effects and drowsiness.
Overdose
The symptoms of an overdose of prazepam include sleepiness, agitation and ataxia. Hypotonia may also occur in severe cases. Overdoses in children typically result in more severe symptoms of overdose.
Abuse potential
Prazepam like other benzodiazepines has abuse potential and can be habit forming. However, its abuse potential may be lower than other benzodiazepines because it has a slow onset of action.
Toxicity
Animal studies have found prazepam taken during pregnancy results in delayed growth and causes reproductive abnormalities.
Trade names
Common trade names include Centrac, Centrax, Demetrin, Lysanxia, Mono Demetrin, Pozapam, Prasepine, Prazene, Reapam and Trepidan. Trade names vary depending on the country; Austria: Demetrin, Belgium: Lysanxia, France: Lysanxia, Germany: Demetrin; Mono Demetrin, Greece: Centrac, Ireland: Centrax, Italy: Prazene; Trepidan, Macedonia: Demetrin, Prazepam, Netherlands: Reapam, Portugal: Demetrin, South Africa: Demetrin, Switzerland: Demetrin, Thailand: Pozapam; Prasepine.
See also
Benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepine dependence
Long-term effects of benzodiazepines
References
External links
Inchem – Prazepam
Benzodiazepines
Lactams
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Cyclopropyl compounds
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4036798
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Auburn
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Electoral district of Auburn
|
Auburn is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. It is currently represented by Lynda Voltz, after the 2019 election.
Auburn includes the suburbs of Auburn, Berala, Lidcombe, Newington, Rookwood, Silverwater, South Granville, Sydney Olympic Park, Wentworth Point and parts of Chester Hill, Guildford, Merrylands and Regents Park.
Members
History
Auburn was created in 1927. It has been held by the Labor Party for its entire existence, and for most of that time has been one of Labor's safest seats in New South Wales. It is considered a part of Labor's heartland in Western Sydney.
Auburn was once represented by former Premier, Jack Lang, and later by his son, Chris Lang. The seat was once vacant for four months; between December, 1955 and March, 1956; as a result of the death of Edgar Dring. A by-election was not held, given the relatively short amount of time left until the 1956 New South Wales state election.
Election results
References
Electoral districts of New South Wales
Constituencies established in 1927
1927 establishments in Australia
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4036803
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale%20Agricultural%20Research%20Station
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Avondale Agricultural Research Station
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Avondale Agricultural Research Station or Avondale Discovery Farm is one of thirteen research farms and stations operated by Western Australia's Department of Agriculture and Food. In addition to its research, Avondale has historical buildings, a farming equipment museum and operates as an agriculture education centre specialising in introducing primary school children to farming, and teaching of its history in Western Australia.
Avondale is situated on land where the Dale River joins the Avon River northwest of Beverley. It is located on land originally granted to the first Governor of Western Australia, Captain (later Admiral Sir) James Stirling and Captain Mark Currie RN in 1836. These grants were combined in 1849 and with additional land purchases they became known as Avondale Estate, expanding to in excess of .
On 4 April 1924 the remaining of Avondale were passed on to the Department of Agriculture and Food. Initially Avondale continued its involvement with the Group Settlement Scheme, it was not until 1926 that research activities commenced. During the 1930s it was to be the laboratory for Dr Harold Bennetts successful research into Bacillus ovitoxicus. As part of Western Australia's 1979 sesquicentennial celebrations a machinery museum was built and the other buildings were restored to original condition.
Today, Avondale is managed by the National Trust of Western Australia and is open to the public at varying times throughout the year.
Early farm years
In November 1835, an expedition led by Governor James Stirling joined another party led by the Surveyor General John Septimus Roe in King George Sound. Roe had made arrangement for both parties to return to the Swan River Colony via an alternative route. The route was intended to join the settlements of King George Sound, York and the Swan River Colony along with the newly established settlement of Williams. This expedition passed through the area of Avondale sighting the Dale River and a granite hill that Roe name Bald Hill on 27 December. Bald Hill was to become the primary reference point for surveying the region.
In 1836, the surveyor Thomas Watson returned to area and used Bald Hill as the principal trigonometric reference. Watson was to map out a number of lots in the area including the western boundary for Beverley town site. Two of the lots surveyed were Avon location 14 with , and Avon location K with ; location 14 was given to Captain Mark Currie, Fremantle Harbour Master, while location K was given to Stirling. Stirling as Governor and Currie as harbour master were not paid salaries by the colony but given land grants as compensation for their services. In 1978, surveyors using current equipment were engaged to determine the exact location of these original holdings, and commented on the remarkable accuracy of Watson's survey 142 years before.
Currie sold his grant of land to a Nicholas Carey in September 1838 for £330. Carey entered into a lease agreement in December with Governor Stirling for his grant, which included Carey purchasing the property at the end of the lease for £750 in 1846. Carey also purchased to west of location 14 he also received an additional grant of land in 1849. With all the land in the vee formed by the Avon River and the Dale River the property was now in size and was named Avondale Estate. During the late 1840s Carey moved to Guernsey leaving Avondale to be operated by an unknown caretaker.
Upon Carey's death in March 1889, Avondale was inherited by his 16-year-old grand nephew William Herbert deLisle. deLisle arrived and took up residence there in 1893, and assumed the land title in 1894. Avondale had been a pastoral property until deLisle's arrival, over the next ten years sections of the estate were sold off to fund its development. During this period, the house was expanded and the stable built, which included 20 horse stalls with hollow walls and an overhead loft. The hollow walls enable feed from the loft to gravitate directly to the feed bins in each stall.
The remaining were sold to William James Butcher and Charles John Hunt Butcher in 1904. The brothers purchased adjoining properties adding which enlarged Avondale to . In 1908 they offered to sell Avondale to the Western Australian Government for £5/10/- per acre. The Government countered with an offer of £5/5/- per acre, which was accepted. Avondale was purchased in March 1910 under the Agricultural Land Purchase act for a total of £51,494/12/6, equivalent to approximately A$5,500,000 in 2006.
1910 to 1924
Even though the Butcher brothers' farming operations continued until January 1911, the government began preparations for subdivision. John Hall was sent to Avondale in April 1910 to locate all improvements and draw subdivision lines following existing fencing where possible. His arrival sparked considerable controversy, because not only had he set up camp on the golf course but the golf club also had leased of Avondale that joined the edge of town. Investigations found that the lease was terminated when the land was sold.
Hall divided Avondale into nine substantial size farms whose boundaries have remained unchanged since, the that had been occupied by the golf course was made into small lots which have since been further subdivided. Lands Department accountants calculated that the sale of the lots would return £8,768/3/3 after expenses, and the estate was gazetted and land made available on 21 December 1910. Of the nine substantial lots only four were taken up as settlers were unable to pay the £6 per acre price. Lot 1 was taken up by George Hancock, the father of mining magnate Lang Hancock, and George's brother Richard took up Lot 2. Lot 13 was taken up by G.W. Isbister, and Lot 4 was taken up by former Premier Sir Newton Moore, who then proceeded to London with the plans. As Agent General Newton was to offer to prospective settlers lots at Avondale, although a number telegram inquiries to ascertain availability of lots at Avondale were sent, there is no record any lots being allocated in London.
As none of the remaining 5 substantial lots had been taken up by November 1911, it was suggested that 4 of those remaining be used for an Agricultural College with the Lands Department responsible for continuing to farm the remaining lots. This left one lot known as Drumclyer available, in 1914 a Dowerin farmer tried to lease Drumclyer after losing his property there from drought, but was unable to negotiate an acceptable rate. In December, the Hancock brothers had abandoned lots 1 & 2, Isbister had also abandoned Lot 13, although it is not known exactly when, leaving only the of Lot 4 in private hands. With the outbreak of World War I the Agricultural College plans were abandoned as well.
Near the end of 1916, the Beverley community requested that Avondale be subdivided into 20 lots for returning soldiers. It was also suggested that Avondale be a nursery where soldiers are given small allotments and those that succeed are then given larger grants elsewhere in the state. In July 1918, it was decided that Avondale would have 6 lots made available for servicemen from the Beverley area and that which included the area around the homestead was to remain under control of the Lands Department.
Department of Agriculture
The original homestead block faced an uncertain future for many years, until it was given to the Department of Agriculture in 1924. Initially intended for the production of pure seed wheat and oats, very little was produced for several years. Avondale was used as an assembly and holding ground for dairy cattle, prior to them being sent to group settlers in the state's South West. During this period, the silo was built with a capacity of 100 tonnes; the silo is now heritage listed.
The local farming community raised concerns about cattle being unsuitable for the area, while the concerns were not immediately addressed Avondale was turned towards seed production and research. The first research began in 1926; this was in the application of superphosphate its alternatives and the timing of application. Initial results were published in the Journal of Agriculture in 1927.
Research
A Braxy-like disease originated in the Beverley-York region in 1915. Over the next 15 years it spread across most of the state's farming districts. Flock losses generally were around 5% though there were reported cases of 30% loss. In 1918 Professor Dakin of the University of Western Australia identified the disease as a toxaemia of bacterial origin but was unable to establish the source.
Dr Harold Bennetts was appointed the state's first veterinary pathologist in May 1925. Bennetts commenced an immediate investigation into the disease, using alleyways and open space around the department's city offices to house the sheep needed for the research. In 1930 a field laboratory was built at Avondale; a flock of 1000 sheep were purchased to enable feed experiments. In 1931 Bennetts had identified Bacillus ovitoxicus as the cause of the disease. With this knowledge he was able to develop the infectious enterotoxaemia vaccine; for his efforts Bennetts received a CBE.
The sheep populations that were required by Bennetts at Avondale also afforded additional research opportunities. From 1931 for several years experiments were conducted with the object of determining how to best produce prime export lambs. This investigated various breeds and cross breeds determining that cross-bred ewes where significantly more productive than pure-bred Merinos.
In 1934, Bennetts teamed with state botanist Charles Gardner to study the toxic effect of native plants species on sheep. Gardner would collect the plants and supply them fresh to Bennetts who would then feed them to the sheep. They confirmed 24 species of plants as being poisonous, most which were from the native pea genera Gastrolobium and Oxylobium. Based on this and later research, Gardner and Bennetts published The Toxic Plants of Western Australia in 1956. During 1935, investigations into the effects of castrating male lambs with either mechanical pincers compared to using a knife, both of these methods have since been replaced with rubber elastrator rings. The experiment on 499 sheep concluded that no significant differences were observable in respect of mortality, maturity rates and meat quality.
Dr Eric Underwood began his research at Avondale in the mid-1930s also utilising the sheep flocks. Underwood's initial research was into the effects of sulfur on wool growth, he followed that research with investigations into botulism in sheep during 1935. These experiments were the first of many by Underwood over the next 30 years. During the 1940s he studied the nutritional value of hay and pasture for sheep, the ongoing results from these Studies in Cereal Hay production in Western Australia were published in the Journal of Agriculture.
During World War II, Avondale farm provided research into farming of linseed and flax in Western Australia, although it was not the most suitable location for growing either. Three varieties of Linseed were trialled: Riga Crown, an early maturing variety, Italian also early maturing and Walsh, a mid-season maturing variety. It was discovered that all were susceptible to cutworm with greater damage occurring later in the season; early trails of the insecticide DDT was said to show promising results in combating this.
Other efforts
In 1942 there was some pioneering in the development and use of contour banks, the equipment required a team 4 horses or two Clydesdales, a teamster and two labourers. Through the 1950s Avondale had monitored its sheep flocks as part of the research into Dwalganup strain of clover as a livestock feed and its effect on ewe fertility. On into the 1960s and 1970s Avondale was involved with the breeding and trial of various cereal crops for use within Western Australia. Since the early 1980s Avondale has focused on environmental and sustainable farming along with farm income supplemental alternatives like marron farming.
Avondale like most Western Australian farms utilised horses and Clydesdales in particular for pulling farming equipment. Farm economics of the 1930s meant that the Clydesdales weren't retired to enjoy the governments grassy paddocks. In 1937 a letter to the Agricultural minister details the disposal of horses that were no longer useful;
The letter details how the Perth Zoo is responsible for the freight and that the Minister had approved the transaction. Many Clydesdales were to follow the first two bay mares with the consignment note description "for lions food, freight payable by consignee". This practice continued until well into the 1950s until tractors replaced the use of horses in farming. Since the opening of the museum in 1978 Avondale again utilised Clydesdales for demonstrations of the old equipment these horse are sold as pets once they are incapable of working.
1976 to present
In 1976, as part of the preparations for Western Australia's 1979 sesquicentennial celebrations, the Department of Agriculture decided to restore the historic Avondale farm to its original state to display the achievements of Western Australian farmers. In response to the announcement, farmers from around the state responded generously with donations of old machinery and equipment. Most of this machinery was restored by Department of Agriculture mechanics. In 1978 an invitation to visit and open Avondale's agricultural displays was sent to Prince Charles, this was accepted and on 16 March 1979 Avondale was officially opened with commemorative tree planting near the entrance to the farm.
The farm continues its research into improving farming and farm practices under Western Australian conditions. Avondale's displays are open to the public with picnic facilities available, included in the displays are the original homestead, the stables complete with Clydesdales and a machinery shed. There is also road maintained around the farm with information boards on each paddock explaining its current usage.
See also
Agricultural science
Agriculture
References
External links
Avondale Discovery Farm Website – Beverley Tourist Bureau
Department of Agriculture and Food Website
Heritage Council of Western Australia – Register of Heritage Places Assessment Documentation
Agriculture museums in Australia
State Register of Heritage Places in the Shire of Beverley
Science and technology in Western Australia
Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
Museums in Western Australia
National Trust of Western Australia
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4036804
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Ballina
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Electoral district of Ballina
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Ballina is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales.
History
Ballina was originally created in 1894, when the three-member electorate of Richmond was divided into Richmond, Lismore and Ballina. In 1904, Ballina was replaced by Byron. In 1988, a recreated Ballina and Murwillumbah replaced Byron.
The 2004 redistribution of electoral districts estimated that the electoral district would have 47,246 electors on 29 April 2007. At the 2007 election it encompassed all of Ballina Shire (including Ballina, Alstonville, Lennox Head and Wollongbar) and most of the populated areas of Byron Shire (including Byron Bay, Mullumbimby, Ocean Shores, Suffolk Park, Brunswick Heads, South Golden Beach and Bangalow).
The 2013 NSW state electoral redistribution once again changed the boundaries of the electorate, so at the next election it would comprise the entire shires of Ballina and Byron.
The won the seat of Ballina at the 2015 state election, bringing their lower house representation to three seats. It became the first rural seat in any Australian parliament outside Tasmania to be won by the Greens.
Members for Ballina
Election results
References
External links
Electoral districts of New South Wales
Ballina, New South Wales
Ballina Shire
Byron Bay, New South Wales
1894 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1894
1904 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1904
1988 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1988
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4036805
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnfield%20College
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Barnfield College
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Barnfield College is the largest further education college in Bedfordshire, England, with two campuses in Luton.
Campus locations
New Bedford Road Campus, New Bedford Road, Luton, LU2 7BF
Technology Campus, Enterprise Way, Luton, LU3 4BU
Faculty areas
Faculty of Business Enterprise and Retail
Business and Management
Hospitality and Catering
Accountancy
Higher Education
Faculty of Creative Arts
Art and Design
Hairdressing
Media and Communications
Beauty and Holistic Therapy
Performing Arts and Music
Fashion and Textiles
Higher Education
Faculty of Technology
Construction Trades
Plumbing
Electrical
Computing
Engineering
Networking
Motor Vehicle
Higher Education
Faculty of Care, Public Services, Sport and Leisure
Child Care
Public Services
Health and Social Care/HE
Sport and Fitness
Travel and Tourism
Dental
Higher Education/Access
Faculty of Skills Development
Additional and Learning Support
Functional Skills
Language Skills
History
Origin
In 1958, Luton Technical School moved to a new building off Barnfield Avenue, and the name of the school was changed to Barnfield Secondary Technical School. With the introduction of comprehensive schools in Luton in 1967, it became Barnfield High School. The number of pupils declined; in 1968 parts of the building were taken over for teaching hairdressing and dressmaking; and in 1970 the College of Further Education took over the whole building.
In 2003, Barnfield College became the first general further education college to be awarded Beacon status.
Barnfield Federation
Peter Birkett was appointed as principal in 2005, and the College became the first further education college in Britain to sponsor an academy school (Barnfield South Academy and Barnfield West Academy). By 2007, the Barnfield Federation included a nursery, primary and secondary schools and a college. In 2010, it opened one of the first studio schools in Britain (Barnfield Skills Academy). The Federation was also the first to launch a 14-18 Law & Accountancy Academy for students who would like to follow a career as an Accountant or Lawyer.
As of October 2013, the federation was under investigation by the Department for Education and the Skills Funding Agency. A key element of the investigation focussed on a £915,000 funding claim for students that did not study at the college. The outcomes of the investigations were jointly announced on 28 February 2014 by multiple news sources, which summarised reports from the Further Education Commissioner, the Skills Funding Agency and the Education Funding Agency.
In July 2014 it was announced that the schools would be split from Barnfield College to form their own multi-academy trust. The college would then focus on further and higher education provision. In 2015 the schools split from Barnfield and formed the Shared Learning Trust.
Merger with West Herts College
At the end of January 2019, the college legally became part of West Herts College, although it has continued to operate under the name of Barnfield College.
Notable alumni
Rankin, portrait photographer & director
Glyn Dillon, graphic artist and costume designer
References
Further education colleges in Bedfordshire
Further education in Luton
Educational institutions established in 1968
Learning and Skills Beacons
1968 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Luton
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4036806
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Bankstown
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Electoral district of Bankstown
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Bankstown is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. It has historically been one of the safest seats in New South Wales. It is currently represented by independent Tania Mihailuk.
Bankstown includes the suburbs of Bankstown, Bass Hill, Birrong, Chester Hill, Condell Park, Georges Hall, Lansdowne, Potts Hill, Punchbowl, Regents Park, Revesby, Sefton, Villawood, Yagoona.
Members for Bankstown
Election results
References
Electoral districts of New South Wales
1927 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1927
City of Canterbury-Bankstown
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4036808
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Barwon
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Electoral district of Barwon
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Barwon is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Roy Butler a former the Shooters Fishers and Farmers Party MP, but now an Independent MP.
Covering roughly 44% of the land mass of New South Wales, Barwon is by far the state's largest electoral district. It includes the local government areas of Bourke Shire, Brewarrina Shire, Narrabri Shire, Walgett Shire, Warrumbungle Shire, Coonamble Shire, Gilgandra Shire, Warren Shire, Bogan Shire, Lachlan Shire, Cobar Shire, Central Darling Shire, the City of Broken Hill as well as the large Unincorporated Far West Region surrounding Broken Hill.
History
Barwon was originally created in 1894, when it along with Moree, replaced Gwydir. In 1904, with the downsizing of the Legislative Assembly after Federation, Gwydir was recreated and Moree and Barwon were abolished. In 1927, with the breakup of the three-member Electoral district of Namoi, it was recreated.
Originally a marginal seat that traded hands between the Labor Party and the conservative parties, it was considered a safe seat for the National Party who held it without interruption from 1950 until 2019, when it was won by the Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party.
Members for Barwon
Election results
References
Electoral districts of New South Wales
1894 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1894
1904 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1904
1927 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1927
North West Slopes
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4036813
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathos%20kai%20sophos
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Agathos kai sophos
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Agathos kai sophos () is a phrase coined by Plato, which literally means "good and wise" in Greek. The Athenians used this phrase to describe the qualities of an honest man.
Plato apparently derived this phrase from an earlier kalos kagathos—literally, "beautiful and good". The Greeks believed that external beauty (kalos) was associated with inner beauty, morality and virtue, suggesting that a beautiful face was the outward expression of a beautiful soul. To avoid this association, which often led to confusion, Plato reinvented the expression as agathos kai sophos, separating external beauty from the beauty of the soul.
See also
Philotimon
References
Platonism
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4036831
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Petchey
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Mark Petchey
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Mark Rodney James Petchey (born 1 August 1970) is a former tennis player from England, who turned professional in 1988.
He now works as a tennis commentator and analyst for Amazon Prime, ITV, the BBC, the Tennis Channel and others.
Personal life
Petchey was educated at Forest School, a private school in north-east London.
His first coach was his father, Rod.
Mark married Michelle on 5 July 1996 in Warwickshire: they have two daughters, Nicole and Myah.
Tennis career
Juniors
Junior Slam results:
Australian Open: -
French Open: 1R (1988)
Wimbledon: 2R (1988)
US Open: 3R (1987)
Pro tour
The right-hander won one doubles title (Nottingham in 1996) in his career. He reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 80 in August 1994, winning 3 Challenger events. His best performance in a Grand Slam came in the 1997 Wimbledon Championships. He defeated Ján Krošlák and Tommy Haas before losing to Boris Becker in the third round.
As a coach
He coached Silvija Talaja to the world's Top 20 and Tina Pisnik to the Top 30.
He was also coach to Andy Murray whom he coached to the Top 50.
Career finals
Doubles (1 win, 1 loss)
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
English male tennis players
People educated at Forest School, Walthamstow
People from Loughton
English tennis coaches
Tennis people from Greater London
Tennis commentators
British male tennis players
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4036833
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian%20Simmen
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Gian Simmen
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Gian Simmen (born 19 February 1977) is a Swiss snowboarder. In Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics, Simmen won Gold in Men's Halfpipe. He competed at the 1998, 2002, and the 2006 Olympics Winter games.
References
External links
FIS-Ski.com - FIS Competition Results
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders of Switzerland
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
1977 births
Living people
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
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4036866
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eira%20%28disambiguation%29
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Eira (disambiguation)
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Eira can refer to:
Places
Eira, a district in Helsinki, Finland
Eira Hospital, a hospital in the district of Helsinki, Finland
Eira River, a river in Nesset, Møre og Romsdal, Norway
Eira (Messenia), a town of ancient Messenia, Greece
Eira, Messenia, a municipal unit in Messenia, Greece
City of Glen Eira, a local government area in Victoria, Australia
People
Eira, a Sami family name in North Sami area, mainly in North Norway and North Finland.
Eira, a female name originating from the Norse goddess Eir
Eira, a female name in Wales also meaning "snow" in the Welsh language
Eira, a Sanskrit female name pronounced 'ih-RAH', meaning "the earth" and a name of the Goddess Saraswati, Goddess of Wisdom
Berit Marie Eira (born 1968), Norwegian Sami reindeer owner and politician
Maaria Eira (1924—1999), Finnish opera singer and actress
Sandra Andersen Eira (born 1986), Norwegian Sami politician
Animals
Tayra (Eira barbara), a carnivorous mammal that is the only member of its genus
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4036874
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar-and-elbow
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Collar-and-elbow
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Collar-and-elbow wrestling (Irish: Coiléar agus Uille or Brollaidheacht) is a style of jacket wrestling native to Ireland. Historically it has also been practised in regions of the world with large Irish diaspora populations, such as the United States and Australia.
History
Origins in Ireland
Wrestling as a competitive sport has been recorded in Ireland as far back as the second millennium BC, when it featured as one of the many athletic contests held during the annual Tailteann Games. The mythical hero Cúchulainn boasted of his prowess in both hurling and wrestling, and was on one occasion enraged by an undead spectre mockingly suggesting that his skill in the latter area had been highly exaggerated. Carved depictions of two figures in a recognisable wrestling clinch appear on the Market High Cross of Kells and the ruins of a church at Kilteel (both 9th century AD), and wrestling matches were common features of country fairs until at least the 18th century.
These wrestling contests were occasionally violent affairs. Participants could be and were frequently injured, sometimes fatally so, as in the case of a contest between one Thomas Costello (known locally as "Tumaus Loidher" - Thomas the Strong) and an unnamed champion in which Costello ostensibly squeezed on his opponent's harness so powerfully that it broke the man's spine. There appear to have been little or no attempts to moderate these violent aspects of wrestling from a legal point of view; as historian Edward MacLysaght noted in his account of the match, as the participant in a sporting contest Costello had little to fear in terms of official retribution.
These accounts of early Irish wrestling matches all describe participants taking a diverse range of grips on their opponents - from clutching at any available limb in the time of Cúchulainn, to a backhold-style clinch on the carvings at Kells and Kilteel, to both hands holding a belt in the match between Thomas Costello and his ill-fated opponent. However, by the 18th century a new form of grip had established itself as the favoured hold: right hand grabbing the opponent's collar, left hand grabbing the sleeve of their jacket at the elbow. This position, and all its associated techniques and strategies, was to quickly emerge as the dominant framework under which Irish wrestling matches were contested.
Collar and Elbow in Ireland
In the 19th century, Collar and Elbow wrestling was one of the most widely practised sporting activities in the country - "the chief physical sport of the male population from childhood to mature manhood". Bouts took place between local champions and challengers on a parish level, and those between the most well-known and skilled wrestlers could draw thousands of spectators from across neighbouring counties. Although it was primarily referred to by its English name, Collar and Elbow is known to have had at least two names in Irish: "Coiléar agus Uille" (a literal translation of Collar and Elbow) and "brollaidheacht". The latter derives from the term for the front of a shirt ("brollach léine") and thus "brollaidheacht" could be translated as "collaring" - a reference to the grip that wrestlers were required to take on each other's jackets.
Victory was determined by a "fall", the definition of which differed from county to county. In Kildare a wrestler was deemed to have won if he made his opponent touch the ground with any single part of his body above the knees, whereas in Dublin he was required to make three points of his opponent's body touch the ground (usually both shoulders and a hip, or both hips and a shoulder). A significant difference between Collar and Elbow as it was practised in Ireland and the United States is that, in its Irish incarnation, shin-kicking was routinely permitted. This, coupled with the fact that many participants wore heavy work boots, resulted in a level of injury among Irish wrestlers not usually seen among their US counterparts. Shins were frequently "gored and/or bruised" after a match, and on rare occasions outright broken.
Admirers of the style nonetheless lauded its "eminently scientific and picturesque" virtues. In particular, they claimed that, since the opening stance prevented the "bull-like charges, flying tackles, or other onrushes" common in other wrestling styles, Collar and Elbow encouraged participants to develop "deftness, balance, and leverage allied with strength, [which permitted] a man to win by means of skill instead of sheer might and weight".
Collar and Elbow in the United States
As levels of Irish emigration to the United States steadily increased throughout the 17th–19th centuries, so too did the presence of the Irish cultural traditions they brought with them - including their wrestling style. New England in general, and Vermont in particular, emerged as an early stronghold of Collar and Elbow after it had been introduced by immigrants largely from County Kildare. During the US Civil War, Vermont regiments introduced the style to other units in the Army of the Potomac, and in that way it acquired immense popularity among men from other regions of the United States who might otherwise never have encountered it. By the time the Civil War ended, Collar and Elbow had emerged as one of the most common rulesets under which wrestling bouts were contested nationwide.
Bouts drew large and enthusiastic crowds across the country, and purses of several hundred dollars were routinely offered for championship contests. Vermont continued to remain a significant force in the Collar and Elbow world throughout, with two of the style's most notable 19th-century practitioners, Henry Moses Dufur and John McMahon, hailing from Franklin County. Practitioners of Collar and Elbow in general were colloquially referred to as "scufflers" (occasionally "trippers" in reference to the leg-centric strategies they employed), and a Collar and Elbow bout itself as "scuffling" or a "scuffling bee".
Rules
Initially, Collar and Elbow bouts in both Ireland and the United States were governed by unwritten, often improvised codes of conduct rather than any kind of codified rules. An early attempt to standardise the competitive rules of the style was made in advance of a tournament that was scheduled to be held in St. Albans, Vermont in 1856. The tournament was ultimately cancelled due to "an epidemic of disease" in the region, however, and no record of the proposed ruleset exists. It was almost two decades later before the first widely accepted set of rules was published. These were compiled by legendary Collar and Elbow champion Henry Moses Dufur, and as such came to be colloquially known as the Dufur Rules. Among other things, they stated that wrestlers had to compete while wearing a suitably sturdy jacket, and banned the wearing of heavy footwear.
The Dufur rules were closely followed by the Ed James rules, published as part of a general manual of sporting rules and regulations in 1873. These were largely the same as the Dufur rules, and specified the clear conditions for victory - a wrestler had to throw his opponent flat on his back, similar to the concept of ippon in judo. The Ed James rules were to act as the agreed-upon standard for the majority of Collar and Elbow bouts held in the United States during its 19th-century heyday:
Even in so-called "mixed wrestling" bouts where men would compete against each other in consecutive rounds under different rulesets (e.g. Catch-as-Catch-Can, Greco-Roman, and Collar and Elbow), they would specifically be required to don jackets for the Collar and Elbow rounds.
Jackets and Harness
Although there are accounts of bouts being held in which the combatants were shirtless - particularly in rural areas during the summer months - in its standardised competitive form Collar and Elbow required both participants to wear jackets or heavy shirts that could be gripped and used to set up throwing techniques. A similar requirement exists in other Celtic styles like Cornish wrestling and Breton Gouren. At wrestling events in Dublin, a common method of issuing a challenge was to place a jacket in the centre of the ring and wait for a contender to step in and put it on.
In Ireland - and in the early days in the United States - there were no standardised requirements for the durability or the length of the jacket. This occasionally led to disputes between prospective opponents when one party believed that the other's attire provided him with an unfair advantage, such as the one that occurred between Patrick Cullen and Paddy Dunne in which Dunne alleged that Cullen's long cavalry officer's coat would prevent him from seeing and defending against his leg techniques. Contests were occasionally even called off mid-bout when a jacket ripped or was otherwise unable to bear the rigours of a prolonged wrestling match. The Dufur rules of the 19th century were the first to specifically state that any jacket used for a Collar and Elbow bout had to be "tight-fitting, with strongly sewn seams". This prescription was mirrored in the Ed James rules, which also elaborated that the jacket should not reach below the wrestler's hips so that their leg attacks would be freely visible.
Subsequently, a dedicated leather harness was developed to act as a potential substitute for the jacket. The invention of the harness is attributed to Homer Lane, a three-time national Collar and Elbow champion of the United States. It saw somewhat frequent use in both the US and Canada, but in general the majority of Collar and Elbow bouts continued to be held using the requisite durable jackets.
Techniques
Since both combatants' hands were fixed in place on each other's jackets, Collar and Elbow came to be distinguished by its volume and variety of leg techniques. Scufflers would circle each other throwing rapid-fire combinations of trips, taps, kicks, and sweeps in an attempt to off-balance their opponent and send him crashing to the ground - an extended exchange of attack and defense that one historian described as "footsparring". Observers of Collar and Elbow bouts frequently remarked upon this aspect of the style, with one journalist proposing that a Collar and Elbow match between two skilled participants was really "a fist fight with the feet".
Although wrestlers' grips were fixed in place, they were nonetheless free to push, pull, and twist their opponent using their arms, and ultimately any form of takedown was permitted as long as the person executing it maintained his collar-and-elbow grips while doing so. One of the more dramatic takedowns was the flying mare - described as an explosive, high-impact throw that would send the victim's feet flying up over his head. In catch wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling this is usually depicted as something akin to ippon seoi nage, but since the gripping requirements in Collar and Elbow would have rendered it impossible to grab an opponent's arm with both hands, it is more probable that, in its Collar and Elbow incarnation, the flying mare would have more closely resembled morote seoi nage instead.
The following techniques were listed in a 1900 dictionary of sporting terms published by the Irish Department of Education (An Roinn Oideachais).
Caitheamh thar gualainn, flying mare
Cor ailt, cor mughdhoirn (múrnáin), ankle throw (similar to Sasae tsurikomi ashi)
Cor coise, tripping throw
Cor cromáin, hip throw
Cor glúine, knee throw
Cor ioscaide, back-knee trip (similar to Osoto otoshi or Osoto gari)
Cor sála, back-heel (similar to Kosoto gake)
Cros-chor ailt (múrnáin), cross-ankle trip (similar to Tai otoshi)
Cros-más, cross-buttock throw (similar to Harai goshi)
Glac-coise, leg-lock
Glas coise, hank (similar to Ōuchi gari)
Lúbaim, hook
Más, buttock throw (similar to Tsurikomi goshi)
Snaidim, click (similar to Kosoto gari)
Tuisleadh, trip
Decline
By the early 20th century, Collar and Elbow had all but disappeared from Ireland. Writing in the Leinster Leader newspaper in 1907, local historian John Ennis directly attributed this to two significant factors - the Great Famine that resulted in the deaths of over 1 million people and the "unnatural exodus" of 1 million more seeking a better way of life, and the colonial-era Coercion Acts that limited any kind of gatherings in public space. The demographic and cultural devastation of the former coupled with the oppressive restrictions of the latter resulted in an environment in which Ireland's native wrestling style simply could not be practised, ultimately leading to it fading from everyday life entirely.
An additional significant factor was the lack of any independent, centralised sporting organisation to promote the style. A book published in 1908 by An Chomhairle Náisiúnta (The National Council), referring to both wrestling and handball, noted that "although both these pastimes have been on the Gaelic programme since its first appearance, neither has ever received any official encouragement. Yet both are games in which Gaels have excelled[…] That such a wide area and so popular and meritorious a branch of athletics should have received only nominal recognition is only another instance of how partial and halting has been the management of Gaelic athletic affairs." Individual efforts were made to promote Collar and Elbow bouts in Dublin in 1906, but these were "spontaneous and isolated", and the sport was entirely omitted from the largest government-organised athletics event of the period - the short-lived modern revival of the Tailteann Games held after the Irish Civil War. No records exist of any Collar and Elbow bouts being held in Ireland after the early 20th century.
In the United States, the growing popularity of other grappling styles like catch wrestling and Greco-Roman resulted in Collar and Elbow being practised less and less. The final contest for the Collar and Elbow championship of America - held between James H. McLoughlin and John McMahon - took place in 1878, with McMahon winning with two falls out of three. By 1890, Collar and Elbow was already being referred to as an "old time" sport, and by the early 20th century newspaper accounts of wrestling matches were referring to "the ancient days when collar-and-elbow was the rule".
Purported Legacy in Collegiate Wrestling
In his 1959 book Magnificent Scufflers, author Charles Morrow Wilson proposed that, even after Collar and Elbow had vanished as a standalone style, it continued to exert an influence on the strategies and techniques used in American collegiate wrestling. He specifically highlighted the "foot and leg plays, beginning with foot trips, the heel blocks, and the forward leg trips and working upwards to hip rolls" as "obvious but not deliberate borrowings from Collar and Elbow", and attributed them to the technical innovations introduced by Oklahoma coach Edward C. Gallagher. It should however be noted that neither of Gallagher's self-penned technique manuals, Amateur Wrestling (1925) and Wrestling (1939), mention Collar and Elbow in any way (apart from a lone reference where the term "collar and elbow" is used to describe a single collar tie).
Modern revival
In August 2019, a series of Collar and Elbow bouts were held in Heidelberg, Germany. The ruleset for these bouts included several modifications to ensure compatibility with a modern tournament format. Most notably, individual bouts were limited to a maximum of 5 minutes' duration, in contrast to historical Collar and Elbow bouts which were entirely open-ended and routinely lasted several hours.
Subsequently, matches based on the same modern ruleset have been held in the United States.
See also
Catch wrestling
Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling
Cornish wrestling
Folk wrestling
Gouren
Judo
Scottish Backhold
Shin-kicking
Footnotes
Folk wrestling styles
Sports originating in Ireland
European martial arts
Wrestling in Ireland
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4036875
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois%20Duncan
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Lois Duncan
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Lois Duncan Steinmetz (April 28, 1934 – June 15, 2016), known as Lois Duncan, was an American writer, novelist, poet, and journalist. She is best known for her young-adult novels, and has been credited by historians as a pioneering figure in the development of young-adult fiction, particularly in the genres of horror, thriller, and suspense.
The daughter of professional photographers Lois and Joseph Janney Steinmetz, Duncan began writing at a young age, publishing two early novels under the pen name Lois Kerry. Several of her novels, including Hotel for Dogs (1971), I Know What You Did Last Summer (1973), Summer of Fear (1976), and the controversial Killing Mr. Griffin (1978), have been adapted into films.
In addition to her novels and children's books, Duncan published several collections of poetry and nonfiction, including Who Killed My Daughter? (1992), which detailed the 1989 unsolved murder of Duncan's teenaged daughter, Kaitlyn. She received the 1992 Margaret Edwards Award from the American Library Association for her contribution to writing for teens. After her daughter's murder, Duncan distanced herself from the thriller and horror genres, shifting her focus to picture books and novels aimed for young children. Her last published work, a sequel to Who Killed My Daughter? titled One to the Wolves, was published in 2013.
Early life
Lois Duncan Steinmetz was born on April 28, 1934, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the first child of Lois Duncan (née Foley) and Joseph Janney Steinmetz. Duncan had one younger brother, William Janney "Billy" Steinmetz. Both of Duncan's parents were professional magazine photographers, who took photos for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
She spent her early life in Pennsylvania, relocating in her late childhood to Sarasota, Florida, where her parents resumed their employment as circus photographers. In Florida, she spent her youth among circus performers, including The Doll Family. Her experience growing up in this environment eventually served as the basis of her picture books The Circus Comes Home (1993) and Song of the Circus (2002).
Duncan described herself as a "shy, fat little girl," a "bookworm and dreamer", who spent her childhood playing in the woods. Duncan cited The Princess and the Goblin and The Wizard of Oz and Mary Poppins series among her favorite novels as a child. She started writing and submitting manuscripts to magazines at age 10, and sold her first story at the age of 13. At age 15, Duncan was photographed by her father posed at Siesta Key, and the photo appeared on the cover of the July 9, 1949, issue of Collier's magazine.
She graduated from Sarasota High School in 1952. The following autumn, she enrolled at Duke University, but dropped out in 1953 to start a family with Joseph Cardozo, a fellow student she had met at the university.
Career
Early publications
After dropping out of college, Duncan continued to write and publish magazine articles; she wrote over 300 articles published in magazines such as Ladies' Home Journal, Redbook, McCall's, Good Housekeeping, and Reader's Digest. She published her first novel, Love Song for Joyce, in 1958 under the pen name Lois Kerry, followed by Debutante Hill in 1959; the latter was initially rejected for a literary prize because it featured an adolescent character drinking a beer.
In 1962, Duncan moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, with her children after divorcing her first husband, Joseph Cardozo, and supported herself writing greeting cards and fictional confessionals for pulp magazines. In 1966, she published the novel Ransom, detailing a group of students held captive on a school bus, which earned her an Edgar Allan Poe Award nomination, as well as marking her shift from romance to more suspense-oriented works.
In the early 1970s, Duncan was hired to teach journalism at the University of New Mexico. "I was hired on a fluke," Duncan recalled in a 2011 interview: Her friend, who was the chair of the journalism department, hired her as a replacement based on her experience writing for magazines, despite the fact that she did not have a degree. While teaching, Duncan enrolled in classes at the university, earning her Bachelor of Arts in English in 1977.
In 1970, she published the historical novel Peggy, chronicling the life of Peggy Shippen, followed by the 1971 children's book Hotel for Dogs, which was later adapted as a 2009 film of the same name starring Emma Roberts.
Suspense and horror novels
Influenced by her own interest in the supernatural and speculative fiction, Duncan wrote various suspense and horror novels aimed for teenagers. Some of her works have been adapted for the screen, the most infamous example being the 1997 film I Know What You Did Last Summer, adapted from her 1973 novel of the same title, an adaptation she was not fond of due to her daughter's murder the prior decade. After the publication of I Know What You Did Last Summer, Duncan wrote Down a Dark Hall (1974), a Gothic novel following four students at an isolated and mysterious boarding school. In 1976, she published the supernatural horror novel Summer of Fear, which was also adapted into a 1978 film by director Wes Craven.
In 1978, Duncan published the controversial Killing Mr. Griffin, a novel that details three high-school students' murder of their English teacher. Critic Margery Fisher noted Duncan's "unreserved" approach to writing the novel, in language she described as both "harsh and literal." Richard Peck of The New York Times also praised the novel, writing: "Duncan breaks some new ground in a novel without sex, drugs, or black leather jackets, but the taboo she tampers with is far more potent and pervasive: the unleashed fury of the permissively reared against any assault on their egos and authority ... The value of the book lies in the twisted logic of the teenagers and how easily they can justify anything." Killing Mr. Griffin was one of Duncan's major critical successes, and was selected as an American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults that year.
In the 1980s, Duncan would publish several more horror novels with supernatural themes, including Stranger with My Face (1981), about a teenage girl's experiences with astral projection, and The Third Eye (1984), also with psychic themes. In 1985, she wrote another suspense novel, Locked in Time.
Later works
In 1988 and 1989, Duncan published the thriller novels The Twisted Window and Don't Look Behind You, respectively. From 1987 to 1989, Duncan wrote several picture books for young children, some paired with audio CDs of songs for children, including Songs from Dreamland, Dream Songs from Yesterday, Our Beautiful Day, and The Story of Christmas.
After the murder of her youngest daughter, Kaitlyn, in 1989, she only wrote one more horror novel, a supernatural thriller titled Gallows Hill (1997). The murder of Duncan's daughter marked a shift in her writing, and she spent the remainder of her career writing thematically lighter material, mainly children's chapter and picture books. In 1992, she published Who Killed My Daughter?, a nonfiction account of her daughter's unsolved murder.
In the 2000s, Duncan wrote two sequels to Hotel for Dogs: News for Dogs (2009) and Movie for Dogs (2010), both children's novels. She also published her second collection of poetry in 2007, titled Seasons of the Heart. Her final book, a nonfiction sequel to Who Killed My Daughter? titled One to the Wolves, was published in 2013 with a foreword by Ann Rule.
Beginning in 2010, 10 of Duncan's most successful teen novels were updated for a new generation and re-released in paperback with modern cover designs. For the new editions, Duncan gave characters updated wardrobes, more contemporary dialogue, and access to technologies such as cell phones.
Personal life
Duncan had three children with her first husband, Joseph Cardozo: daughters Robin and Kerry, and son Brett. Her first marriage ended in divorce in 1962. In 1965, she married Donald Arquette, an electrical engineer; they had two children: son Donald, Jr., and daughter Kaitlyn. Her three oldest children all took her second husband's name.
In 1989, the youngest of Duncan's children, Kaitlyn Arquette, was murdered in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Who Killed My Daughter? relates fact and conjecture about the case, which appeared to be a random act of violence. Duncan had said that her "dream is to write a sequel to Who Killed My Daughter? to give our family's true-life horror story a closure. Of course, for that to be possible, Kait's case must be solved." Duncan also founded a research center to help investigate cold cases, which later became the nonprofit Resource Center for Victims of Violent Deaths. After her daughter's death, Duncan began writing children's picture books, saying that she could no longer write about young women in life-threatening situations.
On August 23, 2021, Albuquerque Police Chief Harold Medina announced that a suspect was picked up in July on unrelated charges. Paul Apodaca had confessed to Arquette's murder, as well as two other murders around the same time, one of which was the murder by stabbing of Althea Oakley, a University of New Mexico student. On February 21, 2022, Apodaca was indicted in the murder of Arquette.
Death
On June 15, 2016, at the age of 82, Duncan died at her home in Bradenton, Florida, of undisclosed causes. Her husband, Donald Arquette Sr., noted that Duncan had suffered a series of strokes in the years prior.
Honors and legacy
Duncan is credited by many critics and journalists as a pioneering figure of young-adult fiction, particularly the teen suspense and horror genres, and has been dubbed the "queen of teen thrillers." As noted by Emily Langer of The Washington Post, Duncan often "plucked her characters from normalcy and placed them in extraordinary, often dark circumstances," in contrast to her contemporaries such as Beverly Cleary, Judy Blume, and Robert Cormier.
The ALA Margaret A. Edwards Award recognizes one writer and a particular body of work for "significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature". Duncan won the annual award in 1992 and the Young Adult Librarians now name six books published from 1966 to 1987, the autobiographical Chapters and five novels: Ransom, I Know What You Did Last Summer, Summer of Fear, Killing Mr. Griffin, and The Twisted Window. The citation observes, "Whether accepting responsibility for the death of an English teacher or admitting to their responsibility for a hit-and-run accident, Duncan's characters face a universal truth—your actions are important and you are responsible for them."
In 2014, Duncan was awarded the Grand Master award from the Mystery Writers of America alongside James Ellroy in New York City.
Works
Anthologies edited
Night Terrors (1996)
Trapped! (1998)
On the Edge (2000)
Audiobooks
Dream Songs from Yesterday (1987), Silver Moon Prod.
Songs from Dreamland (1988), Random House; ill. Kay Chorao
Our Beautiful Day (1988), Silver Moon Prod.
The Story of Christmas (1989), Silver Moon Prod.
Psychics in Action (1993), Silver Moon Prod.
Novels
† As Lois Kerry
‡ Works that have been adapted into films
Nonfiction
How to Write and Sell Your Personal Experiences (1979), Writer's Digest Books
Chapters: My Growth as a Writer (1982), Little, Brown and Co.
Who Killed My Daughter? (1992), Delacorte
Psychic Connections (1995), Duncan and William Roll
One to the Wolves (2013) sequel to Who Killed My Daughter
Picture and chapter books
The Littlest One in the Family (1959), illustrated by Suzanne K. Larsen
Silly Mother (1962), The Dial Press, ill. Larsen
Giving Away Suzanne (1962), Dodd, Mead & Co.; ill. Leonard Weisgard
The Terrible Tales of Happy Days School (1983), Little, Brown and Co.; ill. Friso Henstra
Horses of Dreamland (1985), Little, Brown and Co.; ill. Donna Diamond
Wonder Kid Meets the Evil Lunch Snatcher (1988), Little, Brown and Co.; ill. Margaret Sanfilippo
The Birthday Moon (1989), Viking; ill. Susan Davis
The Circus Comes Home (1993), Doubleday; photos by Duncan's father Joseph Steinmetz
The Magic of Spider Woman (1996), Scholastic; ill. Shonto Begay
The Longest Hair in the World (1999), Dragonfly; ill. Jon Macintosh
I Walk at Night (2000), Viking; ill. Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher
Song of the Circus (2002), Philomel; ill. Meg Cundiff
Poetry collections
From Spring to Spring (1983), Westminster John Knox Pr.
Seasons of the Heart (2007)
Film adaptations
Theatrical
TV
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Profiles
Lois Duncan at Teens@Random (publisher Random House)
Research resources
Lois Duncan at DMOZ
1934 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
American children's writers
American women children's writers
American women novelists
American writers of young adult literature
Margaret A. Edwards Award winners
Novelists from Florida
Novelists from Pennsylvania
People from Sarasota, Florida
Sarasota High School alumni
University of New Mexico alumni
University of New Mexico faculty
Women writers of young adult literature
Writers from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Writers from Philadelphia
American women academics
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4036882
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Javadi
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Ali Javadi
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Ali Javadi (born 1953) is an Iranian political Communist activist living in exile.
He is one of the main founders and theoreticians of the Worker-Communism Unity party of Iran. In December 2006, while Javadi was part of the Central Committee for the Worker-Communist party of Iran, he helped establish a faction called "The Worker-Communism Unity." Later, Javadi quit the Worker-Communist party of Iran and worked on developing the aforementioned Worker-Communism Unity party of Iran.
Because of his political activism on various radio and television stations, Javadi is a well-known figure among Iranian communists opposed to the Islamic Republic.
Currently, Javadi is Secretary of the Worker-Communism Unity Party's Central Committee.
He is also both the current head of the Marx Society and current director of the “Center for Prosecuting Islamic Republic officials for their crimes against People.”
Life
Return to Iran and forming “Spark Communist Committee”
In response to rising social tension in Iran, Javadi and a group of his friends put their education on hold and returned to Iran during the summer of 1977— only a few months before the Islamic Revolution.
During the social movement in Iran, Javadi and his friends formed the “Spark Communist Committee” which had close political ties to a similar group called “Alliance for the Struggle of the Working Class Cause.” He joined social and worker protests first against Muhammad Reza Shah and then against Ruhollah Khomeini's newly found regime. To protect his identity, Javadi used the pseudonym “Reza”.
During this time, Javadi got to know Javad Ghaedi, a member of the “Alliance for the Struggle of the Working Class Cause.” With Ghaedi's help, Javadi wrote his first piece called “Councils: Germinal bases of Revolutionary Government”.
Knowing Mansoor Hekmat and joining CMU
After studying “Iranian Revolution and the Role of the Proletariat (Theses)” (an early work of Mansoor Hekmat and Hamid Taghvaee), Javadi and the “Spark Communist Committee” became attracted to a group named “Sahand Circle." After Sahand Circle formed its
"Communist Militias Union” (CMU), Javadi and his peers joined it.
Also during this period, Ali Javadi befriended Mansoor Hekmat who was then using the pseudonym “Bahram”. Javadi first met Hekmat in a behind-the-curtain-meeting featuring Hekmat, Gholam Keshavarz, Javad Ghaedi, and a delegate from the group called “Armdadasdane Zahmatkeshane Khorasan”.
After joining the CMU, Ali participated in worker movements in the east and southeast of Tehran. At the same time, Javadi was officially working as a technician for the “Organization of the Expanding and Reconstructing of Iranian Industry”.
On June 20, 1981, a day associated with the 30 Khordad Event, Javadi took to the streets of Tehran. In a fortunate turn of events, Javadi survived the ensuing persecution.
Following the violent repression of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Javadi lost his connection with the CMU and put his political activities on hiatus.
Return to the U.S. and working with CPI
In 1984, Javadi used forged documents to flee from Iran to Europe. Then from Europe, Javadi went to the United States where he continued his higher education studies in the state of Texas. It was during this time that the Communist Party of Iran (CPI) was formed and Ali joined the party. After a while, Javadi became responsible for coordinating some CPI activities in the United States.
Joining and leaving WPI
When a “Worker Communism Faction” was forming in CPI, he joined this Faction and at this time, with the advice of Mansoor Hekmat, he became the Advisor to Politburo of CPI.
After the Worker-Communist Party of Iran was formed, he was among the first to join it and he was a member of the WPI Central Committee from the very beginning.
Ali Javadi was one of the first contributors to “Radio International” and he was responsible for the Television Activities (NewChannel) of the Worker-Communist party of Iran, which was the first Persian satellite channel with a Communist alternative at the time. He was also a member of the editorial board or director of “Anternasional” (means: International), a paper in Persian.
With the recommendation of Mansoor Hekmat, Javadi started publishing an original quarterly magazine in 1999 called “Porsesh”, which translates to "Question" in English.
In September 2003, Javadi launched a television program called “For a better world” to promote WPI's agenda. “Channel One” broadcasts this program several hours a week.
Later and with the establishment of “New Channel”, he became the first director of New Channel later he left this position.
Later, he was involved in discussions inside of Worker-Communist party of Iran and built a faction named the Worker-Communism Faction of the main Party and was still a part of the party till the faction decided to leave the main party and build its own party, called Worker-Communism Unity Party of Iran, he is one of the leaders which include; Him, Azar Majedi, Siavash Daneshvar.
Akhare Hafte
For many months, Javadi published a political periodical called Akhare Hafte in Persian, which translates to "The Weekend" in English. In addition to covering current events, he often wrote about his personal life.
References
External links
Official web site (Mainly in Persian)
Official web site of Worker-Communism unity party of Iran (Mainly in Persian)
Living people
1953 births
Communist Party of Iran politicians
Worker-communist Party of Iran politicians
Worker-communism Unity Party of Iran politicians
Iranian communists
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4036895
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20III%2C%20Elector%20Palatine
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Louis III, Elector Palatine
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Louis III () (23 January 1378 – 30 December 1436), was an Elector Palatine of the Rhine from the house of Wittelsbach in 1410–1436.
Biography
Louis III was the third son of King Rupert of Germany and his wife Elisabeth of Nuremberg. During his father's campaign in Italy 1401-1402 Louis served as imperial vicar. He succeeded his father in 1410 as Elector of the Palatinate but did not run for the German crown. The Palatinate was divided between the four of Rupert's surviving sons. As oldest surviving son and new Prince-Elector Louis III received the main part, John received Palatinate-Neumarkt, Stephen received Palatinate-Simmern and Otto received Palatinate-Mosbach.
Louis III was a member of the Parakeet Society and of the League of Constance. Highly cultured and religious he was a patron of the Heidelberg University. Louis III acted as vicar for Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and was his bearer during the Council of Constance. As such Louis later also executed the sentences against Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. He also arrested Antipope John XXIII in 1415.
Louis III returned very sick from a pilgrimage in 1427 into the Holy Land which he had organized after the death of his son Ruprecht. From 1430 onwards he was almost blind and in 1435 deprived of power by his wife and her advisors. In the following year he died, in Heidelberg, and was succeeded by his son Louis IV.
Family and children
Louis III was married twice. Firstly, he married on 6 July 1402 Blanche of England (1392 – 21 May 1409), daughter of King Henry IV of England and Mary de Bohun. They had one son Ruprecht (22 May 1406 – 20 May 1426). This marriage brought the Palatine Crown into the hands of the Wittelsbach.
Secondly, he married on 30 November 1417 Matilda of Savoy, daughter of Amadeo, Prince of Achaea. They had five children:
Mathilde (7 March 1419 – 1 October 1482), married:
in 1434 to Count Louis I of Württemberg
in 1452 to Duke Albrecht VI of Austria
Louis IV, Elector Palatine (1 January 1424 – 13 August 1449)
Frederick I, Elector Palatine (1 August 1425 – 12 December 1476)
Rupprecht (27 February 1427 – 26 July 1480), Prince-elector archbishop of Cologne
Margarete (ca. 1428 – 23 November 1466), a nun at Liebenau monastery
References
Sources
External links
genealogie-mittelalter.de
Biography
Wittelsbach, Louis III, Elector Palatine of the Rhine
Wittelsbach, Louis III, Elector Palatine of the Rhin
House of Wittelsbach
Prince-electors of the Palatinate
Burials at the Church of the Holy Spirit, Heidelberg
Sons of kings
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4036898
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueli%20Kestenholz
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Ueli Kestenholz
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Ueli Kestenholz (born 10 May 1975) is a Swiss snowboarder and Speedriding pioneer.
Kestenholz was Snowboard World Champion in 2000 and 2001. He won the first ever Olympic Medal in Snowboarding: Bronze at the 1998 Winter Olympics (Giant Slalom). He's a two times Gold medalist/Winner at the Winter X-Games in Boardercross/BoarderX.
After his third Olympic Games of Torino 2006, Ueli quit the Worldcup circuit to focus 100% on Freeriding. Besides Freeriding on a Snowboard, he became one of the pioneers of Speedriding/Speedflying in Switzerland. Together with Mathias Roten they created Playgravity, an award winning multisport-movie, showing their amazing speedriding-descent of Eiger, Monch and Jungfrau in one day. In May 2009 he did a speedriding first descent of the famous Matterhorn.
External links
http://www.kestenholz.com
http://www.playgravity.com
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders of Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
1975 births
Living people
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland
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4036904
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPC-5CN
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TPC-5CN
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TPC-5CN or Trans-Pacific Cable 5 Cable Network is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking Japan, Guam, Hawaii and mainland United States.
It has landing points in:
Ninomiya, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
Bandon, Coos County, Oregon, United States
San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo County, California, United States
Keawaula/Yokohama Beach, Wai'anae, Honolulu County, Oahu, Hawaii, United States
Tumon Bay, Tumon, Tamuning, Guam
Miyazaki, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
It has a transmission capacity of 5 Gbit/s, and a total cable length of 22,500 km. It started operation on 31 December 1996.
External links
References
Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
Japan–United States relations
1996 establishments in California
1996 establishments in Oregon
1996 establishments in Guam
1996 establishments in Hawaii
1996 establishments in Japan
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4036911
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley%20Winograd
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Morley Winograd
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Morley Winograd is an American author and speaker. He serves as a Senior Fellow at the University of Southern California’s Annenberg School’s Center on Communication Leadership and Policy. Michael D. Hais is a Principal of Mike & Morley and the co-author of "Millennial Momentum: How A New Generation Is Remaking America" (Rutgers University Press: 2011) and "Millennial Makeover: MySpace, YouTube, and the Future of American Politics" (Rutgers University Press: 2008). He is also a fellow with NDN, a Democratic think tank.
He was appointed as the Senior Policy Advisor to Vice President Al Gore. and Director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government in December 1997. Winograd left his post in January, 2001 to return to Southern California.
Winograd served as Chairman of the Michigan Democratic Party from 1973 to 1980. In 1988, Winograd also chaired Al Gore's presidential primary campaign in Michigan. As a member of the Democratic Leadership Council, in 1991, Winograd served as Parliamentarian at the National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio.
In 1996, together with Dudley Buffa, he helped co-found the Institute for the New California (INC), a think tank devoted to aligning that state's governing systems with requirements for the information age. Winograd is co-author with Buffa of Taking Control: Politics in the Information Age (published in 1996). Taking Control analyzes the political ramifications that technology has on the way Americans live, work and govern themselves.
Winograd began his career in 1979 in the telecommunications industry with the Michigan Bell company. He was responsible for propelling the success of small business customers in the Western region as the Sales Vice President for AT&T's Western Region Commercial Markets. Winograd is also responsible for the creation of the AT&T University of Sales Excellence Program. This sales program won national recognition in Peter Block's book, Stewardship (1993), as well as Stan Davis and Jim Botkin's book, The Monster Under the Bed (1994).
Winograd resides in Southern California.
Education
Winograd graduated from the University of Michigan with a Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration.
References
References
Fast Company. (1996). How knowledge workers vote. Retrieved February 8, 2006, from
http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/05/vote.html
Living people
California Democrats
Al Gore
Ross School of Business alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
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4036950
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Law%20%28Singapore%29
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Ministry of Law (Singapore)
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The Ministry of Law (MinLaw; ; ; ) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore responsible for the advancement in access to justice, the rule of law, the economy and society through policy, law and services.
Organisational structure
The Ministry of Law comprises
Headquarters (HQ)
Four departments (Insolvency and Public Trustee's Office, Legal Aid Bureau, Anti-Money Laundering / Countering the Financing of Terrorism Division, and Community Mediation Unit, the last of which oversees the Community Mediation Centres located at The Treasury and at the Subordinate Courts of Singapore)
Three boards and tribunals (Appeals Board for Land Acquisitions, Land Surveyors Board and Copyright Tribunal)
Two statutory boards (Intellectual Property Office of Singapore and Singapore Land Authority)
Ministers
The Ministry is headed by the Minister for Law, who is appointed as part of the Cabinet of Singapore. The incumbent minister is K. Shanmugam from the People's Action Party.
See also
Justice ministry
Politics of Singapore
References
External links
Official website of the Ministry of Law
Singapore Government Directory Interactive — Ministry of Law
Law
Singapore, Law
Singapore
1964 establishments in Singapore
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4036960
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29
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Kilmarnock (UK Parliament constituency)
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Kilmarnock was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1983. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
The constituency included the area of the former parliamentary burgh of Kilmarnock. The parliamentary burgh had been, previously, a component of the Kilmarnock Burghs constituency.
Prominent Members for this seat included long-serving Scottish Secretary Willie Ross, and senior judge Craigie Mason Aitchison.
Boundaries
1918 to 1950
The constituency was created by the Representation of the People Act 1918 as one of four constituencies covering the county of Ayr and the county of Bute. Of the other three constituencies, two were county constituencies: Bute and Northern Ayrshire and South Ayrshire. The third, Ayr Burghs, was a district of burghs constituency. All four constituencies were entirely within the boundaries of the two counties.
The Kilmarnock constituency consisted of "The county district of Kilmarnock, inclusive of all burghs situated therein except insofar as included in the Ayr District of Burghs."
The counties of Ayr and Bute had been covered, previously, by the five constituencies of Ayr Burghs, Buteshire, Kilmarnock Burghs, North Ayrshire and South Ayrshire. Two of these, Ayr Burghs and Kilmarnock Burghs, had included areas (parliamentary burghs) outside the two counties.
1950 to 1974
Constituency boundaries were redrawn in 1950, creating five constituencies to cover the counties of Ayr and Bute. Ayr Burghs was abolished and two new county constituencies, Ayr and Central Ayrshire, were created. Part of the Kilmarnock constituency was transferred to the new Central Ayrshire constituency.
1974 to 1975
In 1974, the boundary between the Kilmarnock and Ayrshire Central constituencies was redrawn to enlarge Kilmarnock.
1975 to 1983
In 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, local government counties were abolished and replaced by a system of regions and districts. The areas of the counties of Ayr and Bute were merged into the Strathclyde region and, thus, the Kilmarnock constituency became one of a number covering the region. Eight years were to elapse before new constituency boundaries took account of new local government boundaries.
In 1983 the Kilmarnock constituency was merged into the Kilmarnock and Loudoun constituency.
Members of Parliament
Election results
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1940s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1970s
See also
Kilmarnock
1929 Kilmarnock by-election
1933 Kilmarnock by-election
1946 Kilmarnock by-election
Former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
References
Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1983
Politics of Kilmarnock
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Man%20in%20Paris
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Our Man in Paris
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Our Man in Paris is a 1963 jazz album by saxophonist Dexter Gordon. The album's title refers to where the recording was made, Gordon (who had moved to Copenhagen a year earlier) teaming up with fellow expatriates Bud Powell and Kenny Clarke, both Parisian residents, and native Parisian Pierre Michelot. Powell, Clarke and Michelot, under the name The Three Bosses, had played together often in Paris since Powell moved there in 1959.
The album was remastered by Rudy Van Gelder in 2003 and released as part of Blue Note's RVG Edition series.
Music
The original intention was for the pianist on the recording to be Kenny Drew and for the music to be new compositions by Gordon. However, the actual pianist used was Bud Powell, who would not play new music, so jazz standards were chosen during the rehearsal. The two tracks added to the CD release were originally issued by Blue Note on Bud Powell's Alternate Takes in 1985.
Critical reception
The Penguin Guide to Jazz gave it a maximum four-star rating and added it to the core collection, commenting that Gordon's playing on "A Night in Tunisia" "is one of his finest performances on record" and concluding that the album is "a classic". The review of the 2003 remastered version in The Guardian was similarly positive, stating that it is "one of the all-time classics".
Track listing
"Scrapple from the Apple" (Charlie Parker) – 7:22
"Willow Weep for Me" (Ann Ronell) – 8:47
"Broadway" (Billy Bird, Teddy McRae, Henri Woode) – 6:44
"Stairway to the Stars" (Matty Malneck, Mitchell Parish, Frank Signorelli) – 6:57
"A Night in Tunisia" (Dizzy Gillespie, Frank Paparelli) – 8:15
Bonus tracks on CD reissue
"Our Love is Here to Stay" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 5:39
"Like Someone in Love" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke) – 6:19
Personnel
Musicians
Dexter Gordon – tenor saxophone (except track 7)
Bud Powell – piano
Pierre Michelot – bass
Kenny Clarke – drums
Production
Francis Wolff – production and cover photography
Reid Miles – cover design
Claude Ermelin – recording engineering
Ron McMaster – digital transfer engineering
References
External links
1963 albums
Blue Note Records albums
Dexter Gordon albums
Albums produced by Francis Wolff
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt%20Eriksplan
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Sankt Eriksplan
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Sankt Eriksplan is a square in the district of Vasastaden in Stockholm, Sweden.
History
Saint Erik's Plaza was called so after King Erik IX who is the patron saint of Stockholm and depicted in the city's coat of arms.
Sankt Eriksplan metro station was opened in 1952 and is on the green line between Odenplan and Fridhemsplan.
Popular venues close to Sankt Eriksplan include Filadelfiakyrkan ('the Philadelphia Church') which offers frequent concerts. Nearby is the riverside park of Karlberg Palace () which was built in 1630. It is in sight of the Military Academy Karlberg which was inaugurated in 1792. Sankt Eriksplan is a popular and expensive residential area, with apartment prices being among the most expensive in Stockholm.
In 2017, Low Roar released a song named after the metro station, "St. Eriksplan".
References
Squares in Stockholm
Odonyms referring to religion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanna%20Mezzogiorno
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Giovanna Mezzogiorno
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Giovanna Mezzogiorno (; born 9 November 1974) is an Italian theatre and film actress.
Early life
Mezzogiorno was born in Rome, 9 November 1974, a daughter of actors Vittorio Mezzogiorno and Cecilia Sacchi. She grew up watching her parents on set. At first, she wanted to become a ballerina, and she studied dancing for 13 years. After her father's death when she was 19, Mezzogiorno moved to Paris, where she attended the stages by Arianne Mnouchkine and worked for two years at the Peter Brook Workshop. She made her stage debut with the role of Ofelia in Qui est là, based on Shakespeare's Hamlet. The play toured various European cities. She received the Premio Coppola-Prati 1996, the jury was presided over by theatre critic Franco Quadri. One year later, she made her film debut in Il viaggio della sposa (The Bride's Journey), written by and starring Sergio Rubini. Mezzogiorno was awarded the Targa d'Argento as the New Talent in Italian Cinema, she was also given the Grolla d'oro, and the Globo d'Oro by the Foreign Press Association and the Premio Flaiano as Best Actress of the 1997 - 1998 season.
Career
In 1998, she starred in the film Del perduto amore directed by Michele Placido, with Fabrizio Bentivoglio and Sergio Rubini (she was awarded the Nastro d'Argento, the Ciak d'Oro and Premio Pasinetti as best actress in a starring role) and, for the Italian National Television Network RaiDue, in a film made-for-TV Più leggero non basta ("A lighter burden to bear") in the role of a young girl with muscular dystrophy, directed by Elisabetta Lodoli with Stefano Accorsi.
In 1999, she played the role of Silvia, daughter of Enzo Tortora by whose mistaken conviction the film was inspired. The film Un uomo perbene with Michele Placido and Mariangela Melato, was directed by Maurizio Zaccaro. In that same year, she worked in Asini, directed by Antonello Grimaldi, with celebrated Italian comedian Claudio Bisio.
In 2000, she travelled between Prague and Paris for work in the TV miniseries Les Miserables, directed by Josée Dayan, with Gérard Depardieu and John Malkovich. She worked in Denmark in Nobel, directed by Fabio Carpi, with Héctor Alterio. In Italy, she worked with Puglielli in Tutta la conoscenza del mondo ("All There Is to Know"), and then, L'ultimo bacio ("The Last Kiss") directed by Gabriele Muccino with Stefano Accorsi and Stefania Sandrelli (winning the Premio Flaiano). With the success of this last movie Giovanna become really famous in Italy.
In 2001, she worked in the film Malefemmene with Ángela Molina and directed by Fabio Conversi, in the role of Francesca, who was imprisoned following a judicial error and came into contact with the reality of friendship and attachment which she had never imagined possible. She also worked on Stai con me, with Adriano Giannini and directed by Livia Giampalmo, in the role of a mother of twins.
In 2002, she worked on the set of Ilaria Alpi - Il più crudele dei giorni, in the role of the protagonist, directed by Ferdinando Vicentini Orgnani (the film tells the tragic and dark story of the Italian TV journalist killed in Mogadiscio). She also starred in France in the Holocaust-period TV drama Entrusted, directed by Giacomo Battiato, with Klaus Maria Brandauer, Thomas Brodie-Sangster and Steven Moyer, based on Loup Duran's best-seller. In Italy, she starred in the film La finestra di fronte ("Facing windows") directed by Ferzan Özpetek, costarring Massimo Girotti and Raoul Bova. This film, critically acclaimed and a box office success, earned her a lot of awards: the David di Donatello, the Ciak d’Oro, the Nastro d'Argento, the Globo d'oro by the Foreign Press, the Flaiano Award, the Karlovy Vary Award as "Best Actress in a Leading Role".
Lately, she starred in the film L’amore ritorna, directed by Sergio Rubini, costarring Fabrizio Bentivoglio and Margherita Buy. She was also working in France, on the set of her first comedy: Au secours, j'ai 30 ans, directed by Marie-Anne Chazel, with Pierre Palmade.
Then, in 2004, Giovanna worked in the TV movie Virginia (La monaca di Monza), directed by Alberto Sironi. She then returned to the theatre, working with the director Piero Maccarinelli in 4.48 Psicosi, written by Sarah Kane.
In 2005, La bestia nel cuore ("Don't Tell"), directed by Cristina Comencini, was an Academy Award candidate for Best Foreign Language Film and earned Giovanna one of the most important international prizes for an actress: the Coppa Volpi, previously won by Shirley MacLaine, Gong Li, Isabelle Huppert, Catherine Deneuve and Sophia Loren.
Then in 2006, she acted in AD Project, a sci-fi thriller by Eros Puglielli, and acted in "Lezioni di Volo" ("Flying Lessons") by Francesca Archibugi.
In 2007, she became Leila, a sexy thief, in the black comedy Notturno Bus ("Night Bus"), directed by Davide Marengo and starring Valerio Mastandrea and Ennio Fantastichini.
She travelled to Colombia to become Fermina Daza, the principal female character from Love in the Time of Cholera based on the book written by Nobel Prize winner Gabriel García Márquez and directed by Mike Newell (Four Weddings and a Funeral).
After two films shot in 2008, Sono Viva and Palermo Shooting by Wim Wenders, in 2009 she achieved great international success with Vincere by Marco Bellocchio, selected for the official competition in Cannes and a solid candidate for the final award.
She has voiced and produced a documentary to celebrate the career of her father Vittorio, 15 years after his sudden death in 1994.
She was a member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010. In January 2011, she was rewarded with the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress 2010 for her role in Vincere.
In 2017, she appeared in a role of Adriana in a film called Napoli velata.
She has two sons, Leone and Zeno, born 26 August 2011.
Personal life
On the set of the film Lighter is not Enough (1998) she met Stefano Accorsi, who became her partner for a long time. On the set of Vincere she met the driver Alessio Fugolo, whom she married in 2009 in Griante with a civil ceremony. She has two children with him.
Filmography
References
External links
Saverio Ferragina press agent
1974 births
Living people
20th-century Italian actresses
21st-century Italian actresses
Actresses from Rome
David di Donatello winners
Italian film actresses
Italian stage actresses
Nastro d'Argento winners
Ciak d'oro winners
Volpi Cup for Best Actress winners
People of Campanian descent
People of Venetian descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable%20tourism
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Sustainable tourism
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Sustainable tourism is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences and addressing the needs of host communities. Sustainable tourism should embrace concerns for environmental protection, social equity, and the quality of life, cultural diversity, and a dynamic, viable economy delivering jobs and prosperity for all. It has its roots in sustainable development and there can be some confusion as to what "sustainable tourism" means. There is now broad consensus that tourism should be sustainable. In fact, all forms of tourism have the potential to be sustainable if planned, developed and managed properly. Tourist development organizations are promoting sustainable tourism practices in order to mitigate negative effects caused by the growing impact of tourism, for example its environmental impacts.
The United Nations World Tourism Organization emphasized these practices by promoting sustainable tourism as part of the Sustainable Development Goals, through programs like the International Year for Sustainable Tourism for Development in 2017. There is a direct link between sustainable tourism and several of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Tourism for SDGs focuses on how SDG 8 ("decent work and economic growth"), SDG 12 ("responsible consumption and production") and SDG 14 ("life below water") implicate tourism in creating a sustainable economy. According to the World Travel & Tourism Travel, tourism constituted "10.3 percent to the global gross domestic product, with international tourist arrivals hitting 1.5 billion marks (a growth of 3.5 percent) in 2019" and generated $1.7 trillion export earnings yet, improvements are expected to be gained from suitable management aspects and including sustainable tourism as part of a broader sustainable development strategy.
Definition
Sustainable tourism is "an exceedingly complex concept with varied definitions due to different interpretations of the meaning and use of the concept". It has its roots in sustainable development, a term that is "open to wide interpretation". This can lead to some confusion as to what sustainable tourism means.
A definition of sustainable tourism from 2020 is: "Tourism which is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an infinite period while safeguarding the Earth’s life-support system on which the welfare of current and future generations depends."
Sustainable tourism covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences. The concept of sustainable tourism aims to reduce the negative effects of tourism activities. This has become almost universally accepted as a desirable and politically appropriate approach to tourism development.
Background
Global goals
The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), is the custodian agency to monitor the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 8 ("decent work and economic growth") that are related to tourism. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all". Given the dramatic increase in tourism, the report strongly promotes responsible tourism. Even though some countries and sectors in the industry are creating initiatives for tourism in addressing the SDGs, knowledge sharing, finance and policy for sustainable tourism are not fully addressing the needs of stakeholders.
The SDGs include targets on tourism and sustainable tourism in several goals:
Target 8.9 of SDG 8 (Decent work and economic growth) states: "By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products".
Target 12.b of SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production) is formulated as "Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products." UNWTO is the custodian agency for this target.
Target 14.7 of SDG 14 (Life below Water) is to: "By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism".
Comparison with conventional tourism and mass tourism
According to the UNWTO, "Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes." Global economists forecast continuing international tourism growth, the amount depending on the location. As one of the world's largest and fastest-growing industries, this continuous growth will place great stress on remaining biologically diverse habitats and Indigenous cultures. Mass tourism is the organized movement of large numbers of tourists to popular destinations such as theme parks, national parks, beaches or cruise ships. Mass tourism uses standardized packaged leisure products and experiences packaged to accommodate large number of tourists at the same time.
Related similar concepts
Responsible tourism
While "sustainable tourism" is a concept, the term "responsible tourism" refers to the behaviors and practices that can lead to sustainable tourism. For example, backpacker tourism is a trend that contributes to sustainability from the various environmental, economic, and cultural activities associated with it. All stakeholders are responsible for the kind of tourism they develop or engage in. Both service providers and purchasers or consumers are held accountable. Being responsible demands “thinking” by using planning and development frameworks that are properly grounded in ethical thinking around what is good and right for communities, the natural world and tourists.
According to the Center for Responsible Tourism, responsible tourism is "tourism that maximizes the benefits to local communities, minimizes negative social or environmental impacts, and helps local people conserve fragile cultures and habitats or species." Responsible tourism incorporates not only being responsible for interactions with the physical environment, but also of the economic and social interactions. While different groups will see responsibility in different ways, the shared understanding is that responsible tourism should entail improvements in tourism. This would include ethical thinking around what is "good" and "right" for local communities and the natural world, as well as for tourists. Responsible tourism is an aspiration that can be realized in different ways in different originating markets and in the diverse destinations of the world.
Responsible tourism has also been critiqued. Studies have shown that the degree to which individuals engage in responsible tourism is contingent upon their engagement socially. Meaning, tourist behaviors will fluctuate depending on the range of social engagement that each tourist chooses to take part in. A study regarding responsible tourists behavior concludes that it is not only a personal behavior of tourists that shape outcomes, but also a reflection of mechanisms put in place by governments. Other research has put into question the promise that tourism, even responsible tourism, is inline with UN Sustainable Development Goals given the difficulties in measuring such impact. Some argue that it actually detracts attention from the wider issues surrounding tourism that are in need of regulation, such as the number of visitors and environmental impact.
Ecotourism
Criticism
Although we are seeking solutions for sustainable tourism, there is no desirable change in the tourism system. Sustainable models must be able to adapt to new challenges a face a wider form of societal transformations. Many critics view the extractive nature of "sustainable tourism" as an oxymoron, as it is fundamentally unable to continue indefinitely. True and perfect sustainability is likely impossible in all but the most favorable circumstances, as the interests of equity, economy, and ecology often conflict with one another and require tradeoffs. It is a reality that many things are done in the name of sustainability are actually masking the desire to allow extra profits. There is often alienation of local populations from the tourists. Such cases highlight that sustainable tourism covers a wide spectrum from "very weak" to "very strong" when the degree of anthropocentricism and exploitation of human and natural resources is taken into account.
Stakeholders
Stakeholders of sustainable tourism can include organizations as well as individuals. A stakeholder in the tourism industry is deemed to be anyone who is impacted by development positively or negatively. Stakeholder involvement reduces potential conflict between the tourists and host community by involving the latter in shaping the way in which tourism develops.
Governments and good governance
The government plays an important role in encouraging sustainable tourism whether it be through marketing, information services, education, and advice through public-private collaborations. However, the values and ulterior motives of governments often need to be taken into account when assessing the motives for sustainable tourism. One important factor to consider in any ecologically sensitive or remote area or an area new to tourism is that of carrying capacity. This is the capacity of tourists of visitors an area can sustainably tolerate over time without damaging the environment or culture of the surrounding area. This can be altered and revised in time and with changing perceptions and values.
Scholars have pointed out that partnerships "incrementally nudge governance towards greater inclusion of diverse stakeholders". Partnerships refer to cooperation between private, public and civil society actors. Its purpose is to implement sustainability policies. Governance is essential in developing partnership initiatives.
Good governance principles for National Parks and protected areas management include legitimacy and voice, direction, performance, accountability and fairness.
Non-governmental organizations
Non-governmental organizations are one of the stakeholders in advocating sustainable tourism. Their roles can range from spearheading sustainable tourism practices to simply doing research. University research teams and scientists can be tapped to aid in the process of planning. Such solicitation of research can be observed in the planning of Cát Bà National Park in Vietnam.
Dive resort operators in Bunaken National Park, Indonesia, play a crucial role by developing exclusive zones for diving and fishing respectively, such that both tourists and locals can benefit from the venture.
Large conventions, meetings and other major organized events drive the travel, tourism, and hospitality industry. Cities and convention centers compete to attract such commerce, commerce which has heavy impacts on resource use and the environment. Major sporting events, such as the Olympic Games, present special problems regarding environmental burdens and degradation. But burdens imposed by the regular convention industry can be vastly more significant.
Green conventions and events are a new but growing sector and marketing point within the convention and hospitality industry. More environmentally aware organizations, corporations, and government agencies are now seeking more sustainable event practices, greener hotels, restaurants and convention venues, and more energy-efficient or climate-neutral travel and ground transportation. However, the convention trip not taken can be the most sustainable option: "With most international conferences having hundreds if not thousands of participants, and the bulk of these usually traveling by plane, conference travel is an area where significant reductions in air-travel-related GHG emissions could be made. ... This does not mean non-attendance" (Reay, 2004), since modern Internet communications are now ubiquitous and remote audio/visual participation. For example, by 2003 Access Grid technology had already successfully hosted several international conferences. A particular example is the large American Geophysical Union's annual meeting, which has used live streaming for several years. This provides live streams and recordings of keynotes, named lectures, and oral sessions, and provides opportunities to submit questions and interact with authors and peers. Following the live-stream, the recording of each session is posted online within 24 hours.
Some convention centers have begun to take direct action in reducing the impact of the conventions they host. One example is the Moscone Center in San Francisco, which has a very aggressive recycling program, a large solar power system, and other programs aimed at reducing impact and increasing efficiency.
Local Communities
Local communities benefit from sustainable tourism through economic development, job creation, and infrastructure development. Tourism revenues bring economic growth and prosperity to attractive tourist destinations, which can raise the standard of living in destination communities. Sustainable tourism operators commit themselves to creating jobs for local community members. An increase in tourism revenue to an area acts as a driver for the development of increased infrastructure. As tourist demands increase in a destination, a more robust infrastructure is needed to support the needs of both the tourism industry and the local community. A 2009 study of rural operators throughout the province of British Columbia, Canada found "an overall strong 'pro-sustainability' attitude among respondents. Dominant barriers identified were lack of available money to invest, lack of incentive programs, other business priorities, and limited access to suppliers of sustainable products, with the most common recommendation being the need for incentive programs to encourage businesses to become more sustainable."
International organizations
The Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) serves as the international body for fostering increased knowledge and understanding of sustainable tourism practices, promoting the adoption of universal sustainable tourism principles, and building demand for sustainable travel. GSTC launched the GSTC Criteria, a global standard for sustainable travel and tourism, which includes criteria and performance indicators for destinations, tour operators and hotels. The GSTC Criteria serve as the international standard for certification agencies (the organizations that would inspect a tourism product, and certify them as a sustainable company). The GSTC Criteria has the potential to be applied to national parks to improve the standards of operation and increase sustainability efforts in the United States.
Sustainable transport and mobility
Tourism can be related to travel for leisure, business and visiting friends and relatives and can also include means of transportation related to tourism. Without travel there is no tourism, so the concept of sustainable tourism is tightly linked to a concept of sustainable transport. Two relevant considerations are tourism's reliance on fossil fuels and tourism's effect on climate change. 72 percent of tourism's CO2 emissions come from transportation, 24 percent from accommodations, and 4 percent from local activities. Aviation accounts for 55% of those transportation CO2 emissions (or 40% of tourism's total). However, when considering the impact of all greenhouse gas emissions, of condensation trails and induced cirrus clouds, aviation alone could account for up to 75% of tourism's climate impact.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) considers an annual increase in aviation fuel efficiency of 2 percent per year through 2050 to be realistic. However, both Airbus and Boeing expect the passenger-kilometers of air transport to increase by about 5 percent yearly through at least 2020, overwhelming any efficiency gains. By 2050, with other economic sectors having greatly reduced their CO2 emissions, tourism is likely to be generating 40 percent of global carbon emissions. The main cause is an increase in the average distance traveled by tourists, which for many years has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of trips taken. "Sustainable transportation is now established as the critical issue confronting a global tourism industry that is palpably unsustainable, and aviation lies at the heart of this issue."
The European Tourism Manifesto has also called for an acceleration in the development of cycling infrastructure to boost local clean energy travel. Deployment of non-motorized infrastructures and the re-use of abandoned transport infrastructure (such as disused railways) for cycling and walking has been proposed. Connectivity between these non-motorized routes (greenways, cycle routes) and main attractions nearby (i.e. Natura2000 sites, UNESCO sites, etc.) has also been requested. It has also called for sufficient and predictable rail infrastructure funding, and a focus on digital multimodal practices, including end-to-end ticketing (such as Interrail), all of which are in-line with the EU’s modal shift goal.
Global tourism accounts for about eight percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. This percentage takes into account airline transportation as well as other significant environmental and social impacts that are not always beneficial to local communities and their economies.
Challenges
Displacement and resettlement
In places where there was no tourism prior to tourism companies' arrival, displacement and resettlement of local communities is a common issue. For example, the Maasai tribes in Tanzania have been a victim of this problem. After the second World War, conservationists moved into the areas where the Maasai tribes lived, with the intent to make such areas accessible to tourists and to preserve the areas' natural beauty and ecology. This was often achieved through establishing national parks and conservation areas. It has been claimed that Maasai activities did not threaten the wildlife and the knowledge was blurred by "colonial disdain" and misunderstandings of savannah wildlife. As the Maasai have been displaced, the area within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) has been adapted to allow easier access for tourists through the construction of campsites and tracks, as well as the removal of stone objects such as stones for souvenirs.
Environmental impacts
Improvements
Management aspects
Promotion of sustainable tourism practices are often connected to the management of tourist locations by locals or the community. This form of tourism is based on the premise that the people living next to a resource are the ones best suited to protecting it. This means that the tourism activities and businesses are developed and operated by local community members, and certainly with their consent and support. Sustainable tourism typically involves the conservation of resources that are capitalized upon for tourism purposes. Locals run the businesses and are responsible for promoting the conservation messages to protect their environment.
Community-based sustainable tourism (CBST) associates the success of the sustainability of the ecotourism location to the management practices of the communities who are directly or indirectly dependent on the location for their livelihoods. A salient feature of CBST is that local knowledge is usually utilized alongside wide general frameworks of ecotourism business models. This allows the participation of locals at the management level and typically allows a more intimate understanding of the environment.
The use of local knowledge also means an easier entry level into a tourism industry for locals whose jobs or livelihoods are affected by the use of their environment as tourism locations. Environmentally sustainable development crucially depends on the presence of local support for a project. It has also been noted that in order for success projects must provide direct benefits for the local community.
However, recent research has found that economic linkages generated by CBST may only be sporadic, and that the linkages with agriculture are negatively affected by seasonality and by the small scale of the cultivated areas. This means that CBST may only have small-scale positive effects for these communities.
Partnerships between governments and tourism agencies with smaller communities are not particularly effective because of the disparity in aims between the two groups, i.e. true sustainability versus mass tourism for maximum profit. In Honduras, such a divergence can be demonstrated where consultants from the World Bank and officials from the Institute of tourism wanted to set up a selection of 5-star hotels near various ecotourism destinations. But another operating approach in the region by USAID and APROECOH (an ecotourism association) promotes community-based efforts which have trained many local Hondurans. Grassroot organizations were more successful in Honduras.
As part of a development strategy
Developing countries are especially interested in international tourism, and many believe it brings countries a large selection of economic benefits including employment opportunities, small business development, and increased in payments of foreign exchange. Many assume that more money is gained through developing luxury goods and services in spite of the fact that this increases a countries dependency on imported products, foreign investments and expatriate skills. This classic 'trickle down' financial strategy rarely makes its way down to brings its benefits down to small businesses.
It has been said that the economic benefits of large-scale tourism are not doubted but that the backpacker or budget traveler sector is often neglected as a potential growth sector by developing countries governments. This sector brings significant non-economic benefits which could help to empower and educate the communities involved in this sector. "Aiming 'low' builds upon the skills of the local population, promotes self-reliance, and develops the confidence of community members in dealing with outsiders, all signs of empowerment" and all of which aid in the overall development of a nation.
In the 1990s, international tourism was seen as an import potential growth sector for many countries, particularly in developing countries as many of the world's most beautiful and 'untouched' places are located in developing countries. Prior to the 1960s studies tended to assume that the extension of the tourism industry to LEDCs was a good thing. In the 1970s this changed as academics started to take a much more negative view on tourism's consequences, particularly criticizing the industry as an effective contributor towards development. International tourism is a volatile industry with visitors quick to abandon destinations that were formerly popular because of threats to health or security.
Tourism is seen as a resilient industry and bounces back quickly after severe setbacks, like natural disasters, September 11th attacks and COVID-19. Many call for more attention to "lessons learned" from these setbacks to improve mitigation measures that could be taken in advance.
Trends
Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic
Due to COVID-19, an unprecedented decrease of 65% took place in international tourist numbers in first half of 2020 as compared to 2019. Countries around the world closed their borders and introduced travel restrictions in response to the pandemic. The situation is expected to gradually improve in 2021 depending upon lifting of travel restrictions, availability of COVID-19 vaccine and return of traveler confidence.
Furthermore, the current corona pandemic has made many sustainability challenges of tourism clearer. Therefore sustainable tourism scholars call for a transformation of tourism. They state that the corona pandemic has created a window of opportunity, in which we can shift towards more sustainable practices and rethink our systems. The system we have in place now, cannot be sustained in its current form. The constant aim for economic growth goes at the expense of Earth´s ecosystems, wildlife and our own well-being. The gap between rich and poor is growing every year, and the pandemic has spurred this even further. Our current systems are often in place for the few, leaving the many behind. This is no different for the global and local tourism systems. Therefore, tourism scholars argue we should learn from the pandemic. “COVID-19 provides striking lessons to the tourism industry, policy makers and tourism researchers about the effects of global change. The challenge is now to collectively learn from this global tragedy to accelerate the transformation of sustainable tourism”.
Technology is seen as a partial solution to the disruptive impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. Although it can be counterproductive for sustainable tourism if it is utilized for data collection that may be misused for mass tourism, technology and digital advancements have provided the tools necessary for e-tourism to evolve and become more valuable amidst the pandemic. Scholars argue that "surrogate tourism" will allow tourists to remain home while employing local guides at the destination to facilitate personalized, interactive, real-time tours (PIRTs). While these options will not take the place of conventional travel experience, there is a market for PIRTS especially for persons with disabilities and the elderly, and for the "sustainable citizen who wishes to minimize their impact on the planet".
History
Historically, the movement toward sustainable tourism through responsible tourism emerged following the environmental awareness that rose out of the 1960s and 70s amidst a growing phenomenon of “mass tourism”. In 1973, the European Travel Commission initiated a multilateral effort to advance environmentally sound tourism and development. Jost Krippendorf, a former professor at the University of Bern, is considered to be one of the first individuals to express ideas about sustainable tourism. In his book "The landscape eaters", Krippendorf argues for “sanfter turismus”, or "soft tourism". The South African national tourism policy (1996) used the term "responsible tourism" and mentioned the well-being of the local community as a main factor. In 2014, the Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism focused on the role of business in promoting responsible tourism. While further research is needed to understand the impacts of responsible tourism, a study conducted in 2017 found that well-managed responsible tourism practices were beneficial to local communities.
Examples
Forest tourism
The Haliburton Sustainable Forest in central Ontario, Canada is a sustainably managed and privately owned 100,000 forest that supports both tourism and the logging industry. Based on a 100-year plan for sustaining the forest, the Haliburton Sustainable Forest has sources of income with tourism and logging that contribute to the long-term stability of the local economy and to the health of the forest. In just over four decades the forest has been transformed from a run-down forestry holding to a flourishing, multi-use operation with benefits to owners, employees and the public at large as well as the environment.
Sustainable touristic cities
In 2019 Machu Picchu in Peru was "recognized as Latin America’s first 100% sustainable city through the management of its waste".
Organizations
Biosphere Tourism is an organization that certifies industry players who are able to balance sociocultural, economic and ecological factors within a tourism destination. The TreadRight Foundation (The Travel Corporation's not-for-profit foundation) has been recognized in 2019 by the UNWTO’s annual awards for its pioneering work in sustainability.
See also
BEST Education Network
International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development
Journal of Sustainable Tourism
Mohonk Agreement
World Tourism Day
Overtourism
References
External links
International Centre for Responsible Tourism
Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Tourism at World Heritage Sites
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development
African Fair Tourism & Trade Organisation
Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism
Global Sustainable Tourism Council
Economy and the environment
Types of tourism
Articles containing video clips
Sustainability
Sustainable development
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4036986
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Incredible%20Shrinking%20Fireman
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The Incredible Shrinking Fireman
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The Incredible Shrinking Fireman is a platform game for the ZX Spectrum released by Mastertronic in 1986. It was programmed by Andy Mitchell with art by David Kidd.
Gameplay
The Incredible Shrinking Fireman is a platform game in which the player moves the titular fireman through a series of flip-screen rooms attempting to avoid enemies and search for pieces of a Stretching Rack, to return him to full size. In keeping with other Mastertronic platform games of the era, such as the Magic Knight series, the character must pick up and use various objects encountered on the way to complete the game. Possession of certain objects provides access to alternate travel routes (such as moving up through the ceiling).
Reception
References
External links
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Platform games
Video games about size change
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4036995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic%20Christ
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Caustic Christ
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Caustic Christ was an American crusty hardcore punk band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. They were on Havoc Records. The band is composed of vocalist GenEric Christ, guitarist Bill Christ, bassist Mistaken Ukla Von Upenstien, and drummer Archie Punker.
History
In late 2000, guitarist Bill Chamberlain (of Mankind?, The Pist, and React) quit React and moved from Connecticut to Pittsburgh to start a band with guitarist/vocalist Eric Good and bassist Corey Lyons of Aus-Rotten. Together with drummer Ron Wingrove, they began to practice in Corey, Eric, and Bill's basement; played local shows and a few weekend tours; and recorded a demo. During that time, Aus-Rotten broke up and Chamberlain also formed Behind Enemy Lines with former Aus-Rotten vocalist Dave Trenga.
In the spring of 2001, Wingrove was struck by a pickup truck while riding his bike in Pittsburgh and sustained brain damage. This left him unable to play drums for some time, and the band decided to replace him. Wingrove would later return to his hometown of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, where he would participate in several bands. After a hiatus, drummer Greg Mairs (Submachine, Short Dark Strangers) joined the band. This was supposed to be a temporary solution while the band found another, less busy, drummer, but Mairs remained and became an integral part of the band.
With Mairs, Caustic Christ recorded their first seven-inch record, which was released on Havoc Records, as were all of their subsequent releases. They toured the United States extensively with bands like Subhumans and Municipal Waste and were interviewed in Maximum RocknRoll, HeartattaCk, Suburban Voice, and numerous other punk zines. In 2006, they toured Europe. Local favorites, the band performed frequently at Mr. Roboto Project, a venue then in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania.
Caustic Christ disbanded following their last show, on May 5, 2009.. However, in 2015, the band reunited to play two shows as part of the annual Skull Fest in Pittsburgh. And in 2016, the band played a benefit in Richmond, Virginia, for the family of Brandon Ferrell alongside Municipal Waste, Career Suicide, Night Birds, Blood Pressure, and a reunited Double Negative.
Releases
Caustic Christ 7" (Havoc Records, 2001)
Can't Relate LP (Havoc Records, 2003)
Government Job 7" (Havoc Records, 2004)
Public Service/Jodie Foster limited tour single (Havoc Records, 2005)
Lycanthropy LP (Havoc Records, 2006)
Splits and compilations
Go Down Fighting, Come Up Smiling CD compilation (Hardtravelin' Records, 2001)
Split 7" with Intense Youth (Behold The Youthquake Records, 2002)
Split 7" with R.A.M.B.O. (Busted Heads Records, 2003)
Dark Thoughts compilation (Rabid Dogs Records, 2003)
Half Life - Under The Knife covers compilation 7" (Moo Cow Records, 2004)
Revolved Back To Failure cassette compilation (Hardtravelin' Records, 2005)
Members
The Mistaken Ukla Von Upenstien - Bass
GenEric Christ - Vocals
Bill Christ - Guitar
Archie Punker - Drums
References
External links
Havoc Records Label site.
Caustic Christ MySpace Page
Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania
Musical groups from Pittsburgh
American crust and d-beat groups
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4037004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesselring
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Kesselring
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Kesselring is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Albert Kesselring (1885–1960), German field marshal
Joseph Kesselring (1902–1967), American playwright
German-language surnames
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4037009
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Myres
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John Myres
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Sir John Linton Myres Kt OBE FBA FRAI (3 July 1869 in Preston – 6 March 1954 in Oxford) was a British archaeologist and academic, who conducted excavations in Cyprus in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Life
He was the son of the Rev. William Miles Myres and his wife, Jane Linton, and was educated at Winchester College. He graduated B.A. at New College, Oxford in 1892. At the same year he was a Craven Fellow at the British School at Athens with which he excavated at the Minoan sanctuary of Petsofas. Myres became the first Wykeham Professor of Ancient History, at the University of Oxford, in 1910, having been Gladstone Professor of Greek and Lecturer in Ancient Geography, University of Liverpool from 1907. He contributed to the British Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series that was published during the Second World War, and to the noted 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910–1911).
Myers was also a member of the Folklore Society and served as its President between 1924 and 1926. Later he became president of the Royal Anthropological Institute between 1928 and 1931. And finally president of the Hellenic Society between 1935-1938. Additionally, he was the founder of the journal Man and its first editor from 1901-1903.
His work in Cyprus spanned several decades, with the German archaeologist Max Ohnefalsch-Richter he published the first catalogue of the Cyprus Museum. In 1894 he participated in the excavations of the British Museum at Amathus, he also excavated for the British School at Athens, with the support of the Cyprus Exploration Fund, various sites such as the Bronze Age site of Ayia Paraskevi, Kalopsida, Laxia tou Riou and Kition. Myres gave his share of the finds to the University of Oxford where it forms the core of the Cypriot collection of the Ashmolean Museum . Myres Archive is located at the Ashmolean Museum.
Additionally, he conducted excavations at Lapithos in 1913 with Leonard Halford Dudley Buxton. Furthermore, in 1914, he published a handbook of the Cesnola collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He was an advisor during the drafting of the 1935 Antiquities Law and the setting up of the Department of Antiquities.
According to Robert Ranulph Marett,
He was a major influence on the British-Australian archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe.
At Oxford, Myres worked for the Director of Naval Intelligence.
Works
Excavations in Cyprus in 1894 (1897)
Copper and Bronze in Cyprus and South-East Europe (1898)
A catalogue of the Cyprus museum, with a chronicle of excavations undertaken since the British occupation, and introductory notes on Cypriote archaeology (1899)
Notes on the History of the Kabyle Pottery (1902)
Sarcophagus from Amathus, Sarcophagus from Golgi (1909-1911)
The value of ancient history (1910)
The Dawn of History (New York/London: Holt/Williams and Norgate, 1911)
Herodotus : Outline Analysis of Books I-Vl (Oxford: Hart [printer], 1912).
Handbook of the Cesnola collection of antiquities from Cyprus (1914)
Notes on the ‘Prison of Saint Catharine’ at Salamis in Cyprus (1915)
The influence of anthropology on the course of political science (1916)
The Political Ideas of the Greeks (1927)
Who were the Greeks? (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1930), Sather Lectures
The Early Pot-Fabrics of Asia Minor (1930)
The Cretan Labyrinth: A Retrospect of Aegean Research (1933)
The Amathus Bowl: A Long-Lost Masterpiece of Oriental Engraving (1933)
A Modern 'Kernos' Vessel from Tiflis (1937)
A 'Kernos,' or Ring-Vase, in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts (1939)
Excavations in Cyprus, 1913 (1940-1945)
Concentric Circle Ornament on Vessels of Wood from the Taurus (1952)
Herodotus, Father of History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953)
References
External links
Article on Myers at the Pitt Rivers Museum
1869 births
Writers from Preston, Lancashire
1954 deaths
British archaeologists
Wykeham Professors of Ancient History
Prehistorians
Victoria Medal recipients
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Presidents of the Folklore Society
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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4037024
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Rosa
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Hermann Rosa
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Hermann Rosa (* November 2, 1911, Pirna; † October 5, 1981, Munich) was a German sculptor and architect.
Biography
Born as the son of a stonemason Hermann Rosa in Pirna, he grew up with six siblings on the castle Oberpolitz. He visited a Stone Mason's College in Saubsdorf (today Supíkovice). During the years of 1934 - 1938 he was a disciple of Professor Drahonovsky at the Art College in Prague. After this he became a student of Professor Karl Albiker at the Dresden Academy of Art in the years of 1939 - 1946 (although there were several interruptions in between).
Works
1937 Pferdegruppe composition
1947 Wassertägerin (bronze)
1948/49 Eva, portrait (bronze)
1949 Eva, act (bronze)
1950 Flucht (Flight), relief (bronze)
1951 Sinnende (bronze)
1952 Liebespaar (Lovers) (bronze)
1952 Stürzender Engel (bronze)
1952 Auferstehung (Resurrection), Relief (bronze)
1953 Sitzende (bronze)
1953 Stehende mit Ast (bronze)
1953/54 Adalbert Stifter, portrait after death mask (bronze)
1954 Eva, abstract (bronze)
1954 Schmerzensmann (bronze)
1954 Adalbert Stifter, bust, memorial in Fürth (Bavaria) (bronze)
1955 Käfer (Beetle), after Franz Kafka (bronze)
1955/56 Flüchtlinge, relief two-parts (bronze)
1970 - 1981 Ludwig Spegel, portrait (bronze)
1972 - 1981 Self-portrait (bronze)
1977 - 1981 Blitz, fountain Augsburg- Hochzoll (bronze)
His studios
1954 - 1959 Studio Wallnerstreet 9, Munich-Freimann
1954 - 1959 Studio Wallnerstreet 12, Munich-Freimann
1960 - 1968 Studio Osterwaldstreet, Munich-Schwabing
External links
Atelier ROSA Osterwaldstrasse 89 - Englischer garden in Munich
1911 births
1981 deaths
German sculptors
German male sculptors
20th-century sculptors
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4037035
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion
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Terrestrial locomotion
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Terrestrial locomotion has evolved as animals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Locomotion on land raises different problems than that in water, with reduced friction being replaced by the increased effects of gravity.
As viewed from evolutionary taxonomy, there are three basic forms of animal locomotion in the terrestrial environment:
legged – moving by using appendages
limbless locomotion – moving without legs, primarily using the body itself as a propulsive structure.
rolling – rotating the body over the substrate
Some terrains and terrestrial surfaces permit or demand alternative locomotive styles. A sliding component to locomotion becomes possible on slippery surfaces (such as ice and snow), where location is aided by potential energy, or on loose surfaces (such as sand or scree), where friction is low but purchase (traction) is difficult. Humans, especially, have adapted to sliding over terrestrial snowpack and terrestrial ice by means of ice skates, snow skis, and toboggans.
Aquatic animals adapted to polar climates, such as ice seals and penguins also take advantage of the slipperiness of ice and snow as part of their locomotion repertoire. Beavers are known to take advantage of a mud slick known as a "beaver slide" over a short distance when passing from land into a lake or pond. Human locomotion in mud is improved through the use of cleats. Some snakes use an unusual method of movement known as sidewinding on sand or loose soil. Animals caught in terrestrial mudflows are subject to involuntary locomotion; this may be beneficial to the distribution of species with limited locomotive range under their own power. There is less opportunity for passive locomotion on land than by sea or air, though parasitism (hitchhiking) is available toward this end, as in all other habitats.
Many species of monkeys and apes use a form of arboreal locomotion known as brachiation, with forelimbs as the prime mover. Some elements of the gymnastic sport of uneven bars resemble brachiation, but most adult humans do not have the upper body strength required to sustain brachiation. Many other species of arboreal animal with tails will incorporate their tails into the locomotion repertoire, if only as a minor component of their suspensory behaviors.
Locomotion on irregular, steep surfaces require agility and dynamic balance known as sure-footedness. Mountain goats are famed for navigating vertiginous mountainsides where the least misstep could lead to a fatal fall.
Many species of animals must sometimes locomote while safely conveying their young. Most often this task is performed by adult females. Some species are specially adapted to conveying their young without occupying their limbs, such as marsupials with their special pouch. In other species, the young are carried on the mother's back, and the offspring have instinctual clinging behaviours. Many species incorporate specialized transportation behaviours as a component of their locomotion repertoire, such as the dung beetle when rolling a ball of dung, which combines both rolling and limb-based elements.
The remainder of this article focuses on the anatomical and physiological distinctions involving terrestrial locomotion from the taxonomic perspective.
Legged locomotion
Movement on appendages is the most common form of terrestrial locomotion, it is the basic form of locomotion of two major groups with many terrestrial members, the vertebrates and the arthropods. Important aspects of legged locomotion are posture (the way the body is supported by the legs), the number of legs, and the functional structure of the leg and foot. There are also many gaits, ways of moving the legs to locomote, such as walking, running, or jumping.
Posture
Appendages can be used for movement in a lot of ways: the posture, the way the body is supported by the legs, is an important aspect. There are three main ways in which vertebrates support themselves with their legs – sprawling, semi-erect, and fully erect. Some animals may use different postures in different circumstances, depending on the posture's mechanical advantages. There is no detectable difference in energetic cost between stances.
The "sprawling" posture is the most primitive, and is the original limb posture from which the others evolved. The upper limbs are typically held horizontally, while the lower limbs are vertical, though upper limb angle may be substantially increased in large animals. The body may drag along the ground, as in salamanders, or may be substantially elevated, as in monitor lizards. This posture is typically associated with trotting gaits, and the body flexes from side-to-side during movement to increase step length. All limbed reptiles and salamanders use this posture, as does the platypus and several species of frogs that walk. Unusual examples can be found among amphibious fish, such as the mudskipper, which drag themselves across land on their sturdy fins. Among the invertebrates, most arthropods – which includes the most diverse group of animals, the insects – have a stance best described as sprawling. There is also anecdotal evidence that some octopus species (such as the genus Pinnoctopus) can also drag themselves across land a short distance by hauling their body along by their tentacles (for example to pursue prey between rockpools) – there may be video evidence of this. The semi-erect posture is more accurately interpreted as an extremely elevated sprawling posture. This mode of locomotion is typically found in large lizards such as monitor lizards and tegus.
Mammals and birds typically have a fully erect posture, though each evolved it independently. In these groups the legs are placed beneath the body. This is often linked with the evolution of endothermy, as it avoids Carrier's constraint and thus allows prolonged periods of activity. The fully erect stance is not necessarily the "most-evolved" stance; evidence suggests that crocodilians evolved a semi-erect stance in their forelimbs from ancestors with fully erect stance as a result of adapting to a mostly aquatic lifestyle, though their hindlimbs are still held fully erect. For example, the mesozoic prehistoric crocodilian Erpetosuchus is believed to have had a fully erect stance and been terrestrial.
Number of legs
The number of locomotory appendages varies much between animals, and sometimes the same animal may use different numbers of its legs in different circumstances. The best contender for unipedal movement is the springtail, which while normally hexapedal, hurls itself away from danger using its furcula, a tail-like forked rod that can be rapidly unfurled from the underside of its body.
A number of species move and stand on two legs, that is, they are bipedal. The group that is exclusively bipedal is the birds, which have either an alternating or a hopping gait. There are also a number of bipedal mammals. Most of these move by hopping – including the macropods such as kangaroos and various jumping rodents. Only a few mammals such as humans and the ground pangolin commonly show an alternating bipedal gait. In humans, alternating bipedalism is characterized by a bobbing motion, which is due to the utilization of gravity when falling forward. This form of bipedalism has demonstrated significant energy savings. Cockroaches and some lizards may also run on their two hind legs.
With the exception of the birds, terrestrial vertebrate groups with legs are mostly quadrupedal – the mammals, reptiles, and the amphibians usually move on four legs. There are many quadrupedal gaits.
The most diverse group of animals on earth, the insects, are included in a larger taxon known as hexapods, most of which are hexapedal, walking and standing on six legs. Exceptions among the insects include praying mantises and water scorpions, which are quadrupeds with their front two legs modified for grasping, some butterflies such as the Lycaenidae (blues and hairstreaks) which use only four legs, and some kinds of insect larvae that may have no legs (e.g., maggots), or additional prolegs (e.g., caterpillars).
Spiders and many of their relatives move on eight legs – they are octopedal. However, some creatures move on many more legs. Terrestrial crustaceans may have a fair number – woodlice having fourteen legs. Also, as previously mentioned, some insect larvae such as caterpillars and sawfly larvae have up to five (caterpillars) or nine (sawflies) additional fleshy prolegs in addition to the six legs normal for insects.
Some species of invertebrate have even more legs, the unusual velvet worm having stubby legs under the length of its body, with around several dozen pairs of legs. Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment, with typically around 50 legs, but some species have over 200. The terrestrial animals with the most legs are the millipedes. They have two pairs of legs per body segment, with common species having between 80 and 400 legs overall – with the rare species Illacme plenipes having up to 750 legs.
Animals with many legs typically move them in metachronal rhythm, which gives the appearance of waves of motion travelling forward or backward along their rows of legs. Millipedes, caterpillars, and some small centipedes move with the leg waves travelling forward as they walk, while larger centipedes move with the leg waves travelling backward.
Leg and foot structure
The legs of tetrapods, the main group of terrestrial vertebrates (which also includes amphibious fish), have internal bones, with externally attached muscles for movement, and the basic form has three key joints: the shoulder joint, the knee joint, and the ankle joint, at which the foot is attached. Within this form there is much variation in structure and shape. An alternative form of vertebrate 'leg' to the tetrapod leg is the fins found on amphibious fish. Also a few tetrapods, such as the macropods, have adapted their tails as additional locomotory appendages.
The fundamental form of the vertebrate foot has five digits, however some animals have fused digits, giving them less, and some early fishapods had more; Acanthostega had eight toes. Only ichthyosaurs evolved more than 5 digits within tetrapods, while their transition from land to water again (limb terminations were becoming flippers). Feet have evolved many forms depending on the animal's needs. One key variation is where on the foot the animal's weight is placed. Some vertebrates: amphibians, reptiles, and some mammals such as humans, bears, and rodents, are plantigrade. This means the weight of the body is placed on the heel of the foot, giving it strength and stability. Most mammals, such as cats and dogs are digitigrade, walking on their toes, giving them what many people mistake as a “backward knee”, which is really their ankle. The extension of the joint helps store momentum and acts as a spring, allowing digitigrade creatures more speed. Digitigrade mammals are also often adept at quiet movement. Birds are also digitigrade. Hooved mammals are known as ungulates, walking on the fused tips of their fingers and toes. This can vary from odd-toed ungulates, such as horses, pigs, and a few wild African ungulates, to even-toed ungulates, such as cows, deer, and goats.
Mammals whose limbs have adapted to grab objects have what are called prehensile limbs. This term can be attributed to front limbs as well as tails for animals such as monkeys and some rodents. All animals that have prehensile front limbs are plantigrade, even if their ankle joint looks extended (squirrels are a good example).
Among terrestrial invertebrates there are a number of leg forms. The arthropod legs are jointed and supported by hard external armor, with the muscles attached to the internal surface of this exoskeleton. The other group of legged terrestrial invertebrates, the velvet worms, have soft stumpy legs supported by a hydrostatic skeleton. The prolegs that some caterpillars have in addition to their six more-standard arthropod legs have a similar form to those of velvet worms, and suggest a distant shared ancestry.
Gaits
Animals show a vast range of gaits, the order that they place and lift their appendages in locomotion. Gaits can be grouped into categories according to their patterns of support sequence. For quadrupeds, there are three main categories: walking gaits, running gaits, and leaping gaits. In one system (relating to horses), there are 60 discrete patterns: 37 walking gaits, 14 running gaits, and 9 leaping gaits.
Walking is the most common gait, where some feet are on the ground at any given time, and found in almost all legged animals. In an informal sense, running is considered to occur when at some points in the stride all feet are off the ground in a moment of suspension. Technically, however, moments of suspension occur in both running gaits (such as trot) and leaping gaits (such as canter and gallop). Gaits involving one or more moments of suspension can be found in many animals, and compared to walking they are faster but more energetically costly forms of locomotion.
Animals will use different gaits for different speeds, terrain, and situations. For example, horses show four natural gaits, the slowest horse gait is the walk, then there are three faster gaits which, from slowest to fastest, are the trot, the canter, and the gallop. Animals may also have unusual gaits that are used occasionally, such as for moving sideways or backwards. For example, the main human gaits are bipedal walking and running, but they employ many other gaits occasionally, including a four-legged crawl in tight spaces.
In walking, and for many animals running, the motion of legs on either side of the body alternates, i.e. is out of phase. Other animals, such as a horse when galloping, or an inchworm, alternate between their front and back legs.
In saltation (hopping) all legs move together, instead of alternating. As a main means of locomotion, this is usually found in bipeds, or semi-bipeds. Among the mammals saltation is commonly used among kangaroos and their relatives, jerboas, springhares, kangaroo rats, hopping mice, gerbils, and sportive lemurs. Certain tendons in the hind legs of kangaroos are very elastic, allowing kangaroos to effectively bounce along conserving energy from hop to hop, making saltation a very energy efficient way to move around in their nutrient poor environment. Saltation is also used by many small birds, frogs, fleas, crickets, grasshoppers, and water fleas (a small planktonic crustacean).
Most animals move in the direction of their head. However, there are some exceptions. Crabs move sideways, and naked mole rats, which live in tight tunnels and can move backward or forward with equal facility. Crayfish can move backward much faster than they can move forward.
Gait analysis is the study of gait in humans and other animals. This may involve videoing subjects with markers on particular anatomical landmarks and measuring the forces of their footfall using floor transducers (strain gauges). Skin electrodes may also be used to measure muscle activity.
Limbless locomotion
There are a number of terrestrial and amphibious limbless vertebrates and invertebrates. These animals, due to lack of appendages, use their bodies to generate propulsive force. These movements are sometimes referred to as "slithering" or "crawling", although neither are formally used in the scientific literature and the latter term is also used for some animals moving on all four limbs. All limbless animals come from cold-blooded groups; there are no endothermic limbless animals, i.e. there are no limbless birds or mammals.
Lower body surface
Where the foot is important to the legged mammal, for limbless animals the underside of the body is important. Some animals such as snakes or legless lizards move on their smooth dry underside. Other animals have various features that aid movement. Molluscs such as slugs and snails move on a layer of mucus that is secreted from their underside, reducing friction and protecting from injury when moving over sharp objects. Earthworms have small bristles (setae) that hook into the substrate and help them move. Some animals, such as leeches, have suction cups on either end of the body allowing two anchor movement.
Type of movement
Some limbless animals, such as leeches, have suction cups on either end of their body, which allow them to move by anchoring the rear end and then moving forward the front end, which is then anchored and then the back end is pulled in, and so on. This is known as two-anchor movement. A legged animal, the inchworm, also moves like this, clasping with appendages at either end of its body.
Limbless animals can also move using pedal locomotory waves, rippling the underside of the body. This is the main method used by molluscs such as slugs and snails, and also large flatworms, some other worms, and even earless seals. The waves may move in the opposite direction to motion, known as retrograde waves, or in the same direction as motion, known as direct waves. Earthworms move by retrograde waves alternatively swelling and contracting down the length of their body, the swollen sections being held in place using setae. Aquatic molluscs such as limpets, which are sometimes out of the water, tend to move using retrograde waves. However, terrestrial molluscs such as slugs and snails tend to use direct waves. Lugworms and seals also use direct waves.
Most snakes move using lateral undulation where a lateral wave travels down the snake's body in the opposite direction to the snake's motion and pushes the snake off irregularities in the ground. This mode of locomotion requires these irregularities to function. Another form of locomotion, rectilinear locomotion, is used at times by some snakes, especially large ones such as pythons and boa. Here large scales on the underside of the body, known as scutes are used to push backwards and downwards. This is effective on a flat surface and is used for slow, silent movement, such as when stalking prey. Snakes use concertina locomotion for moving slowly in tunnels, here the snake alternates in bracing parts of its body on it surrounds. Finally the caenophidian snakes use the fast and unusual method of movement known as sidewinding on sand or loose soil. The snake cycles through throwing the front part of its body in the direction of motion and bringing the back part of its body into line crosswise.
Rolling
Although animals have never evolved wheels for locomotion, a small number of animals will move at times by rolling their whole body. Rolling animals can be divided into those that roll under the force of gravity or wind and those that roll using their own power.
Gravity or wind assisted
The web-toed salamander, a salamander, lives on steep hills in the Sierra Nevada mountains. When disturbed or startled it coils itself up into a ball, often causing it to roll downhill.
The pebble toad (Oreophrynella nigra) lives atop tepui in the Guiana highlands of South America. When threatened, often by tarantulas, it rolls into ball, and typically being on an incline, rolls away under gravity like a loose pebble.
Namib wheeling spiders (Carparachne spp.), found in the Namib desert, will actively roll down sand dunes. This action can be used to successfully escape predators such as the Pompilidae tarantula wasps, which lay their eggs in a paralyzed spider for their larvae to feed on when they hatch. The spiders flip their body sideways and then cartwheel over their bent legs. The rotation is fast, the golden wheel spider (Carparachne aureoflava) moving up to 20 revolutions per second, moving the spider at 1 metre per second.
Coastal tiger beetle larvae when threatened can flick themselves into the air and curl their bodies to form a wheels, which the wind blows, often uphill, as far as 25 m and as fast as . The also may have some ability to steer themselves in this state.
Pangolins, a type of mammal covered in thick scales, roll into a tight ball when threatened. Pangolins have been reported to roll away from danger, by both gravity and self-powered methods. A pangolin in hill country in Sumatra, to flee from the researcher, ran to the edge of a slope and curled into a ball to roll down the slope, crashing through the vegetation, and covering an estimated 30 metres or more in 10 seconds.
Self-powered
Caterpillars of the mother-of-pearl moth, Pleuroptya ruralis, when attacked, will touch their heads to their tails and roll backwards, up to 5 revolutions at about 40 cm per second, which is about 40 times its normal speed.
Nannosquilla decemspinosa, a species of long-bodied, short-legged mantis shrimp, lives in shallow sandy areas along the Pacific coast of Central and South America. When stranded by a low tide the 3 cm stomatopod lies on its back and performs backwards somersaults over and over. The animal moves up to 2 meters at a time by rolling 20–40 times, with speeds of around 72 revolutions per minute. That is 1.5 body lengths per second (3.5 cm/s). Researchers estimate that the stomatopod acts as a true wheel around 40% of the time during this series of rolls. The remaining 60% of the time it has to "jumpstart" a roll by using its body to thrust itself upwards and forwards.
Pangolins have also been reported to roll away from danger by self-powered methods. Witnessed by a lion researcher in the Serengeti in Africa, a group of lions surrounded a pangolin, but could not get purchase on it when it rolled into a ball, and so the lions sat around it waiting and dozing. Surrounded by lions, it would unroll itself slightly and give itself a push to roll some distance, until by doing this multiple times it could get far enough away from the lions to be safe. Moving like this would allow a pangolin to cover distance while still remaining in a protective armoured ball.
Moroccan flic-flac spiders, if provoked or threatened, can escape by doubling their normal walking speed using forward or backward flips similar to acrobatic flic-flac movements.
Limits and extremes
The fastest terrestrial animal is the cheetah, which can attain maximal sprint speeds of approximately 104 km/h (64 mph). The fastest running lizard is the black iguana, which has been recorded moving at speed of up to 34.9 km/h (21.7 mph).
See also
Animal locomotion
Aquatic locomotion
Comparative foot morphology
Locomotion in space
Robot locomotion
Role of skin in locomotion
Terrestrial
Undulatory locomotion
Walking fish
References
Bibliography
External links
Adaptations of running animals
Crocodile stance
Tetrapod stance
Lecture on crawling (slithering) at Berkeley
Animation of earthworm movement by a propagating retrograde wave
Zoology
Articles containing video clips
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4037036
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20choice%20theory%20%28criminology%29
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Rational choice theory (criminology)
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In criminology, rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that humans are reasoning actors who weigh means and ends, costs and benefits, in order to make a rational choice. This method was designed by Cornish and Clarke to assist in thinking about situational crime prevention.
The rational choice theory has sprung from older and more experimental collections of hypotheses surrounding what has been essentially, the empirical findings from many scientific investigations into the workings of human nature. The conceiving and semblance of these social models which are hugely applicable to the methodology expressed through the function of microeconomics within society are also similarly placed to demonstrate that a sizable amount of data is collated using behavioural techniques which are tweaked and made adjustable in order to ensure compatibility with the spontaneous motivational drives displayed by the consumer.
Elements
The theory is related to earlier drift theory (David Matza, Delinquency and Drift, 1964) where people use the techniques of neutralization to drift in and out of delinquent behaviour, and systematic crime theory (an aspect of social disorganization theory developed by the Chicago School), where Edwin Sutherland proposed that the failure of families and extended kin groups expands the realm of relationships no longer controlled by the community, and undermines governmental controls. This leads to persistent "systematic" crime and delinquency. He also believed that such disorganization causes and reinforces the cultural traditions and cultural conflicts that support antisocial activity. The systematic quality of the behaviour was a reference to repetitive, patterned or organized offending as opposed to random events. He depicted the law-abiding culture as dominant and more extensive than alternative criminogenic cultural views and capable of overcoming systematic crime if organized for that purpose. In a similar vein, developed the routine activity theory which focuses on the characteristics of crime rather than the characteristics of the offender. This is one of the main theories of environmental criminology as an aspect of crime prevention theory. It states that for a crime to occur, three elements must be present, i.e. there must be:
an available and suitable target;
a motivated offender; and
no authority figure to prevent the crime from happening.
Routine activity theory relates the pattern of offending to the everyday patterns of social interaction. Between 1960 and 1980, women left the home to work which led to social disorganization, i.e. the routine of leaving the home unattended and without an authority figure increased probability of criminal activity. The theory is supplemented by the crime triangle or the problem analysis triangle which is used in the analysis both of a crime problem by reference to the three parameters of victim, location, and offender, and of an intervention strategy by reference to the parameters of target/victim, location and absence of a capable guardian with the latter helping to think more constructively about responses as well as analysis. The theory avoids speculation about the source of the offenders’ motivation, which distinguishes it immediately from most other criminological theories.
Support for theory
Many features of rational choice perspective make it particularly suitable to serve as a criminological “metatheory” with a broad role in the explanation for a variety of criminological phenomena. Since rational choice can explain many different components; it is broad enough to be applied not only to crime but everyday life circumstances. Studies involve offenders being interviewed on motives, methods and target choices. Research involves burglars (Walsh, 1980; Maguire 1982; Cromwell et al., 1991) bank and commercial robbers (New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 1987; Nugent et al., 1989) and offenders using violence (Morrison and O’ Donnell, 1996). The rational choice perspective has provided a framework under which to organize such information so that individual studies produce more general benefits.
Rational choice theory insists that crime is calculated and deliberate. All criminals are rational actors who practice conscious decision making, that simultaneously work towards gaining the maximum benefits of their present situation. Another aspect of rational choice theory is the fact that many offenders make decisions based on bounded/limited rationality.
Bounded/limited rationality
Ideas of limited rationality emphasize the extent to which individuals and groups simplify a decision because of the difficulties of anticipating or considering all alternatives and all information. Bounded rationality relates to two aspects, one part arising from cognitive limitations and the other from extremes in emotional arousal. Sometimes emotional arousal at the moment of a crime can be acute, therefore would be offenders find themselves out of control, and rational considerations are far less salient.
Crime therefore can be influenced by opportunity. Opportunity of a crime can be related to cost benefits, socioeconomic status, risk of detection, dependent on situational context, type of offence and access to external benefits. In addition, opportunities are dependent on the individual’s current surroundings and consequential factors. This theory better explains instrumental crimes rather than expressive crimes. Instrumental crimes involve planning and weighing the risks with a rational mind. An example of an instrumental crime can include: tax evasion, traffic violations, drinking and driving, corporate crime, larceny and sexual assault. On the other hand, expressive crime includes crimes involving emotion and lack of rational thinking without being concerned of future consequences. Expressive crimes can include: non pre-meditated murder such as manslaughter, and assault. As a result, punishment is only effective in deterring instrumental crime rather than expressive crime.
In 2000, O’Grady et al. performed a study which examined the illegal sale of tobacco products to underage youth. With the use of a rational mind merchants and clerks weigh out the cost benefits and risk factors which are involved in selling cigarettes to underage youth. Due to the minimal risk of police patrol after 5pm, merchants and clerks felt a diminished sense of risk, therefore allowing them to sell their products illegally to underage youth.
According to the three main critiques of rational choice theory include:
Assumes that all individuals have the capacity to make rational decisions
The theory does not explain why the burden of responsibility is excused from young offenders as opposed to adult offenders
This theory contradicts the Canadian Criminal Justice System. This theory does not support the idea that all individuals are rational actors because of cognitive inability. An example of individuals who lack a rational mind include those who are Not Criminally Responsible on Account Due to Mental Disorder (NCRMD).
Routine activity theory
Routine activity theory is a sub-field of rational choice criminology, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen.
Routine activity theory says that crime is normal and depends on the opportunities available. If a target is not protected enough, if it is worth the reward, crime will happen. Crime does not need hardened offenders, super-predators, convicted felons or wicked people, just an opportunity.
The basic premise of routine activity theory is that most crimes are petty theft and unreported to the police. Crime is not spectacular or dramatic. It is mundane and happens all the time.
Another premise is that crime is relatively unaffected by social causes such as poverty, inequality, unemployment. For instance, after World War II, the economy of Western countries was booming, and the welfare states were expanding. Crime rose significantly. According to Felson and Cohen, this is because the prosperity of contemporary society offers so much opportunities of crime: there is much more to steal.
Routine activity theory is controversial among sociologists who believe in the social causes of crime. But several types of crime are very well explained by routine activity theory:
copyright infringement related to peer-to-peer file sharing
employee theft (internal theft)
corporate crime
Situational crime prevention
The main creation of the rational choice theory was to aide and give focus to situational crime prevention. Situational crime prevention comprises opportunity-reducing measures that are directed at highly specific forms of crime; involves management, design or manipulation of the immediate environment systematically and permanently; makes crime more difficult and risky or less rewarding and excusable as judged by a wide range of offenders. Rather than simply responding to crime after the fact, recent attention to crime prevention has focused on specific ways in which to modify the physical and social environment.
Changes to the physical environment have included such measures as better streetscape and building design, improved lighting in public spaces, installations of deadlocks and alarms, property marking and identification, and traffic calming and creation of green belts. Attempts have been made to extend the range of surveillance of local neighborhood activities, involving such measures as establishment of neighborhood watch committees, employment of private security guards in residences and businesses, antiracist/antifascist organizations and community watch committees to prevent police harassment.
Directing enhanced citizen participation programs are not crime-centered would include for example sports and recreation programs, needle exchange programs and AIDS counseling, local employment initiatives funded by government grants and campaigns against poverty and unemployment.
Emotions
It is argued that there are three important roles of emotions within a rational choice theory of crime. First the people’s state of emotionality is an important context on which rational conduct rests. Second is the “sneaky thrill” of minor property crime also might operate more generally such that the anticipated emotional consequences of criminal conduct is one of the benefits or utilities (“thrills”) that are weighed in the process of rational decision making. Third as a sizable amount of research can attest, the anticipated emotional costs associated with criminal behavior might serve to effectively reduce the likelihood of such behavior. Emotions are a central part of the psychological process of motivation as they heighten the saliency of certain desires, wants, and outcomes and thus energize people to pursue them. Too little emotional intensity and performance suffers from insufficient physical and mental arousal, while too much emotional intensity causes the person to be so aroused that thinking and physical self-control become disorganized. If an offender gets angry easily it is highly probable they won’t think twice about assaulting someone than an individual who is level headed. Negative emotions can hinder rationality thus leading one to use bounded/limited rationality or make an impulsive move towards a criminal action.
Notes
References
Criminology
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4037037
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraina%20Mischol
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Seraina Mischol
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Seraina Mischol (born 1 December 1981) is a Swiss cross-country skier, who competed between 1999 and 2011.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Championships
a. Cancelled due to extremely cold weather.
World Cup
Season standings
References
External links
Home page
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Swiss female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers of Switzerland
Living people
1981 births
21st-century Swiss women
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