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first-born. Passover involves a ritual meal called a Seder during which parts of the exodus
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narrative are retold. In the Hagaddah of the Seder it is written that every generation is obliged
|
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to remind and identify itself in terms of the Exodus. Thus the following words from the Pesaḥim
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(10:5) are recited:”In every generation a person is duty-bound to regard himself as if he
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personally has gone forth from Egypt”.
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Because the Israelites fled Egypt in haste without time for bread to rise, the unleavened bread
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matzoh is eaten on Passover, and homes must be cleansed of any items containing leavening agents,
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known as Chametz.
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Shavuot celebrates the granting of the Law to Moses on Mount Sinai; Jews are called to rededicate
|
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themselves to the covenant on this day. Some denominations follow Shavuot with The Three Weeks,
|
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during which the "two most heinous sins committed by the Jews in their relationship to God" are
|
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mourned: the Golden Calf and the doubting of God's promise by the Twelve Spies. A third Jewish
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festival, Sukkot, the Festival of Booths, is associated with the Israelites living in booths after
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they left their previous homes in Egypt. It celebrates how God provided for the Israelites while
|
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|
they wandered in the desert without food or shelter. It is celebrated by building a sukkah, a
|
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|
temporary shelter also called a booth or tabernacle, in which the rituals of Sukkot are performed,
|
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recalling the impermanence of the Israelites' homes during the desert wanderings.
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Non-Jewish significance
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The Christian ritual of the eucharist and the holiday of Easter draw directly on the imagery of the
|
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Passover and the Exodus. In the New Testament, Jesus is frequently associated with motifs of the
|
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Exodus. The Gospel of Mark has been suggested to be a midrash on the Exodus, though scholar Larry
|
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|
Perkins thinks this unlikely. Mark suggests that the outpouring of Jesus' blood creates a new
|
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|
covenant (Mark 14:24) in the same way that Moses' sacrifice of bulls had created a covenant (Exodus
|
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|
24:5). In the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus reverses the direction of the Exodus by escaping from the
|
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|
Massacre of the Innocents committed by Herod the Great before himself returning from Egypt (Matt
|
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|
2:13-15). Other parallels in Matthew include that he is baptized by water (Matt 3:13-17), and
|
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|
tested in the desert; unlike the Israelites, he is able to resist temptation (Matt. 4.1-3). The
|
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|
Gospel of John repeatedly calls Jesus the Passover lamb (John 1:29, 13:1, 19:36), something also
|
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|
found in 1 Peter (1 Pet 1:18-20), and 1 Corinthians (1 Cor 5:7-8). Michael Graves calls Paul's
|
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|
discussion of the exodus in 1 Corinthians 5:7-8 and his comparison of the early church in Corinth
|
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|
to the Israelites in the desert "[t]he two most significant NT passages touching on the exodus."
|
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|
John also refers to Jesus as manna (John 6:31-5), water flowing from a rock in the desert (John
|
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|
7:37-9) and as a pillar of fire (John 8:12). Early Christians frequently interpreted actions taken
|
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|
in the Exodus, and sometimes the Exodus as a whole, typologically to prefigure Jesus or actions of
|
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|
Jesus.
|
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|
In Romans 9:17, Paul interprets the hardened heart of Pharaoh during the Plagues of Egypt as
|
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|
referring to the hardened hearts of the Jews who rejected Christ. Early Christian authors such as
|
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|
Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, and Augustine all emphasized the supersession of the Old Covenant of Moses
|
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|
by the New Covenant of Christ, which was open to all people rather than limited to the Jews.
|
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|
A number of historical events and situations have been compared to the Exodus. Many early American
|
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|
settlers interpreted their flight from Europe to a new life in America as a new exodus. American
|
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|
"founding fathers" Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin recommended for the Great Seal of the
|
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|
United States to depict Moses leading the Israelites across the Red Sea. African Americans
|
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|
suffering under slavery and racial oppression interpreted their situation in terms of the Exodus,
|
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|
making it a catalyst for social change. South American Liberation theology also takes much
|
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|
inspiration from the Exodus.
|
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|
See also
|
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|
Book of Joshua, the continuation of the narrative in the conquest of Canaan
Ipuwer Papyrus
|
9847_353
|
List of films related to the Exodus
Moses in Islam
Stations of the Exodus
|
9847_354
|
Va'eira, Bo (parsha), and Beshalach: Torah portions (parashot) telling the Exodus story
|
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|
The Exodus Decoded
|
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|
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
|
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|
Old maps showing the route of the Exodus, The National Library of Israel, Eran Laor Cartographic
|
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|
Collection
|
9847_359
|
Egypt in the Hebrew Bible
Book of Exodus
Jewish mythology
Moses
Origin myths
Passover
|
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|
Sacred history
|
9848_0
|
This is a list of fictional characters from the Dark Sun campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons
|
9848_1
|
fantasy role-playing game. Most of these characters have appeared in the multiple Dark Sun source
|
9848_2
|
books or novels. Many have some magical abilities.
|
9848_3
|
A
|
9848_4
|
Agis of Asticles: a psionicist senator/nobleman from the city state of Tyr who plays a major role
|
9848_5
|
in the Prism Pentad novels by Troy Denning, the freeing of Tyr, and the pursuit of Tithian.
|
9848_6
|
Andropinis: 8th Champion of Rajaat, "Slayer of Elves"; Male; Sorcerer-king of Balic; Cleansing
|
9848_7
|
unsuccessful. Formerly known as Albeorn of Dunswich, in the 2nd and 3rd editions, Andropinis was
|
9848_8
|
banished to the Black by Rajaat.
|
9848_9
|
In 4th edition, Andropinis is still ruling his city-state of Balic.
|
9848_10
|
Abalach-Re: 5th Champion of Rajaat, "Orc Plague"; Female; Sorcerer-queen of Raam; Exterminated the
|
9848_11
|
orc race in 889 years. Formerly Uyness of Waverly, In the 2nd edition, Abalach-Re was killed by
|
9848_12
|
Sadira of Tyr with the broken tip of the sword Scourge.
|
9848_13
|
In 4th edition Abalach-Re is described as a vain and neglectful ruler more interested in her own
|
9848_14
|
pleasure than in the well being of the citizens of her city-state. She is otherwise unchanged and
|
9848_15
|
is still ruling her city-state at the start of the campaign setting.
|
9848_16
|
Atzetuk : the "adopted" son of the former sorcerer-king of Draj, Tectuktitlay.
|
9848_17
|
B
|
9848_18
|
Borys of Ebe: 13th Champion of Rajaat, "Butcher of Dwarves", Dragon of Tyr; Male; former
|
9848_19
|
Sorcerer-king of Ur Draxa (now deceased); Cleansing unsuccessful. In the 2nd edition Borys led the
|
9848_20
|
Champions in revolt against Rajaat and was later tasked with keeping him imprisoned for eternity.
|
9848_21
|
In return for this burden he was transformed into a dragon. The 3rd edition elaborates that Borys'
|
9848_22
|
transformation drove him temporarily insane for one hundred years. Upon returning to sanity he
|
9848_23
|
realized that Rajaat's prison was nearly at the point of disintegration. Borys demands yearly
|
9848_24
|
sacrifices of 1000 slaves from each of the region's city-states to power Rajaat's arcane prison in
|
9848_25
|
the Hollow. Borys uses the riches levied from the sacking of Yarmamuke to build his own city-state
|
9848_26
|
of Ur-Draxa. It was the greatest city in Athas at that time. He places Borys was eventually killed
|
9848_27
|
by Rikus using the Scourge, Borys' ancient sword that was crafted by Rajaat. Rikus accomplished
|
9848_28
|
this with assistance from Sadira, Neeva, and Rkard as part of the events of the Prism Pentad novels
|
9848_29
|
by Troy Denning.
|
9848_30
|
In The Rise and Fall of A Dragon King, there is a reference to Borys succeeding a previous "Butcher
|
9848_31
|
of Dwarves".
|
9848_32
|
In 4th edition, Borys is mentioned as the leader of the rebellion against Rajaat but his fate is
|
9848_33
|
unknown.
|
9848_34
|
C
Caelum: a dwarven Sun Cleric (Paraelemental Sphere of Sun). Marries Neeva and fathers Rkard.
|
9848_35
|
D
|
9848_36
|
Daskinor: 14th Champion of Rajaat, "Goblin Death"; Male; Sorcerer-king of Eldaarich; Exterminated
|
9848_37
|
the goblin race in 822 years. In the 2nd and 3rd editions Daskinor descended into insanity and
|
9848_38
|
paranoia, and now terrorizes the citizens of the isolated city-state of Eldaarich.
|
9848_39
|
Daskinor is not mentioned in the 4th edition campaign setting and the city-state he ruled is
|
9848_40
|
referred to as semi-legendary.
|
9848_41
|
Dregoth: 3rd Champion of Rajaat, "Ravager of Giants"; Male; Sorcerer-king of Guistenal; Cleansing
|
9848_42
|
unsuccessful. In the 2nd edition Dregoth was killed by several of his fellow sorcerer-kings, led by
|
9848_43
|
Abalach-Re, to prevent him from becoming a full dragon. Dregoth was raised from death with the aid
|
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