manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
52_17	History
52_18	Pre-historic era and native history
52_19	The land on which Butte was established is positioned in the Silver Bow Creek Valley (or Summit
52_20	Valley), a natural bowl sitting high in the Rocky Mountains straddling the Continental Divide. The
52_21	southwestern side of the bowl is made of a large mass of granite known as the Boulder Batholith,
52_22	which dates to the Cretaceous era.
52_23	The land surrounding Butte around Silver Bow Creek was a hunting and fishing area for the native
52_24	Salish peoples who had settlements to the northwest, near Missoula. The creek's name originates
52_25	from the Salish "Sin-tahp-kay-Sntapqey" ( Place Where Something is Shot in the Head).
52_26	1860–1888: Establishment and immigration
52_27	Butte began as a mining camp in the 1860s. Early map drawings of Butte sometimes referred to the
52_28	settlement as "Butte City." In 1874, William L. Farlin staked the Asteroid Mine (later known as the
52_29	Travona), and was followed by an influx of additional miners seeking gold and silver. The mines
52_30	attracted workers from Cornwall (United Kingdom), Ireland, Wales, Lebanon, Canada, Finland,
52_31	Austria, Serbia, Italy, China, Syria, Croatia, Montenegro, Mexico, and all areas of the United
52_32	States. The legacy of the immigrants lives on in the form of the Cornish pasty which was
52_33	popularized by mine workers who needed something easy to eat in the mines, the povitica—a Slavic
52_34	nut bread pastry which is a holiday favorite sold in many supermarkets and bakeries in Butte—and
52_35	the boneless porkchop sandwich. These, along with huckleberry products and Scandinavian lefse have
52_36	arguably become Montana's symbolic foods, known and enjoyed throughout Montana. In the ethnic
52_37	neighborhoods, young men formed gangs to protect their territory and socialize into adult life,
52_38	including the Irish of Dublin Gulch, the Eastern Europeans of the McQueen Addition, and the
52_39	Italians of Meaderville (Butte's Irish Catholic community has been notably longstanding: As of
52_40	2017, the city has the highest percentage of Irish Americans per capita of any city in the United
52_41	States).
52_42	Among the migrants, many Chinese workers moved in, and amongst them set up businesses that led to
52_43	the creation of a Chinatown in Butte. The Chinese migrations stopped in 1882 with the passage of
52_44	the Chinese Exclusion Act. There was anti-Chinese sentiment in the 1870s and onwards due to racism
52_45	on the part of the white settlers, exacerbated by economic depression, and in 1895, the chamber of
52_46	commerce and labor unions started a boycott of Chinese owned businesses. The business owners fought
52_47	back by suing the unions and winning. The history of the Chinese migrants in Butte is documented in
52_48	the Mai Wah Museum.
52_49	The influx of miners gave Butte a reputation as a wide-open town where any vice was obtainable. The
52_50	city's famous saloon and red-light district, called the "Line" or "The Copper Block", was centered
52_51	on Mercury Street, where the elegant bordellos included the famous Dumas Brothel. Behind the
52_52	brothel was the equally famous Venus Alley, where women plied their trade in small cubicles called
52_53	"cribs". The red-light district brought miners and other men from all over the region and was open
52_54	until 1982 as one of the last such urban districts in the United States. Commercial breweries first
52_55	opened in Butte in the 1870s, and were a large staple of the city's early economy; they were
52_56	usually run by German immigrants, including Leopold Schmidt, Henry Mueller, and Henry Muntzer. The
52_57	breweries were always staffed by union workers. Most ethnic groups in Butte, from Germans and Irish
52_58	to Italians and various Eastern Europeans, including children, enjoyed the locally brewed lagers,
52_59	bocks, and other types of beer.
52_60	1889–1899: Industrial expansion and unionism
52_61	In the late nineteenth century, copper was in great demand because of new technologies such as
52_62	electric power that required the use of copper. Three industrial magnates fought for control of
52_63	Butte's mining wealth. These three "Copper Kings" were William A. Clark, Marcus Daly, and F.
52_64	Augustus Heinze. Between 1884 and 1888, Clark constructed the Copper King Mansion in Butte, which
52_65	became his second residence from his home in New York City. He also, in 1899, purchased the
52_66	Columbia Gardens, a small park which he developed into a full amusement park, featuring a pavilion,
52_67	rollercoaster, and a lake for swimming and canoeing. Clark's expansion of the park was intended to
52_68	"provide a place where children and families could get away from the polluted air of the Butte
52_69	mining industry." Further cultural developments in the city at this time included the emergence of
52_70	the Boston and Montana Band, a local marching band that formed on December 22, 1887 by Boston
52_71	investors Adolph and Leonard Lewisohn and miner Charles X. Larrabee. The city's rapid expansion was
52_72	noted in an 1889 frontier survey: "Butte, Montana, fifteen years ago a small placer-mining village
52_73	clinging to the mountain side, has now risen to the rank of the first mining camp of the world...
52_74	[It] is now the most populous city of Montana, numbering twenty-five thousand active, enterprising,
52_75	prosperous inhabitants." In 1888 alone, mining operations in Butte had generated an "almost
52_76	inconceivable" output of $23 million () worth of ore.
52_77	Around the turn of the twentieth century, prosperous mining had generated considerable wealth in
52_78	Butte, and at the time was the largest city between Chicago and San Francisco. Copper ore mined
52_79	from the Butte mining district in 1910 alone totaled , making it the largest producer of copper in
52_80	North America and second only to South Africa in world production of metals. The same year, an
52_81	excess of of silver and of gold were also discovered. The amount of ore produced in the city
52_82	earned it the nickname "The Richest Hill on Earth." With its large workforce of miners performing
52_83	in physically dangerous conditions, Butte was the site of active labor union movements, and came to
52_84	be known as "the Gibraltar of Unionism."
52_85	By 1885, there were about 1,800 dues-paying members of a general union in Butte. That year the
52_86	union reorganized as the Butte Miners' Union (BMU), spinning off all non-miners to separate craft
52_87	unions. Some of these joined the Knights of Labor, and by 1886 the separate organizations came
52_88	together to form the Silver Bow Trades and Labor Assembly, with 34 separate unions representing
52_89	nearly all of the 6,000 workers around Butte. The BMU established branch unions in mining towns
52_90	like Barker, Castle, Champion, Granite, and Neihart, and extended support to other mining camps
52_91	hundreds of miles away. In 1892 there was a violent strike in Coeur d'Alene. Although the BMU was
52_92	experiencing relatively friendly relations with local management, the events in Idaho were
52_93	disturbing. The BMU not only sent thousands of dollars to support the Idaho miners, they mortgaged
52_94	their buildings to send more.
52_95	There was a growing concern that local unions were vulnerable to the power of Mine Owners'
52_96	Associations like the one in Coeur d'Alene. In May 1893, about forty delegates from northern
52_97	hard-rock mining camps met in Butte and established the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), which
52_98	sought to organize miners throughout the West. The Butte Miners' Union became Local Number One of
52_99	the new WFM. The WFM won a strike in Cripple Creek, Colorado, the following year, but then in
52_100	1896–97 lost another violent strike in Leadville, Colorado, prompting the Montana State Trades and
52_101	Labor Council to issue a proclamation to organize a new Western labor federation along industrial
52_102	lines. In 1899, Daly joined with William Rockefeller, Henry H. Rogers, and Thomas W. Lawson to
52_103	organize the Amalgamated Copper Mining Company. Not long after, the company changed its name to
52_104	Anaconda Copper Mining Company (ACM).
52_105	On the evening of January 15, 1895, an explosion occurred at the Kenyon-Connell Warehouse, which
52_106	killed a total of 57 people (13 of whom were city firefighters) as well as numerous horses and
52_107	livestock. The explosion was later determined to have been caused by dynamite. A funeral procession
52_108	of 3,000 people took place for the deceased on January 18, 1895.
52_109	1900–1945: Union activity and civil unrest
52_110	In 1900, Butte opened its first institution of higher education, the Montana School of Mines, which
52_111	is contemporarily Montana Tech of the University of Montana. Between approximately 1900 and 1917,
52_112	Butte had a strong streak of Socialist politics, even electing a Mayor on the Socialist ticket in
52_113	1914. It had also established itself as "one of the most solid union cities in America." After
52_114	1905, Butte became a hotbed of Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or the "Wobblies") organizing.
52_115	Rivalry between IWW supporters and the WFM locals culminated in the Butte, Montana labor riots of
52_116	1914, and resulted in the loss of union recognition by the mine owners. After the dissolution of

52_17

History

52_18

Pre-historic era and native history

52_19

The land on which Butte was established is positioned in the Silver Bow Creek Valley (or Summit

52_20

Valley), a natural bowl sitting high in the Rocky Mountains straddling the Continental Divide. The

52_21

southwestern side of the bowl is made of a large mass of granite known as the Boulder Batholith,

52_22

which dates to the Cretaceous era.

52_23

The land surrounding Butte around Silver Bow Creek was a hunting and fishing area for the native

52_24

Salish peoples who had settlements to the northwest, near Missoula. The creek's name originates

52_25

from the Salish "Sin-tahp-kay-Sntapqey" ( Place Where Something is Shot in the Head).

52_26

1860–1888: Establishment and immigration

52_27

Butte began as a mining camp in the 1860s. Early map drawings of Butte sometimes referred to the

52_28

settlement as "Butte City." In 1874, William L. Farlin staked the Asteroid Mine (later known as the

52_29

Travona), and was followed by an influx of additional miners seeking gold and silver. The mines

52_30

attracted workers from Cornwall (United Kingdom), Ireland, Wales, Lebanon, Canada, Finland,

52_31

Austria, Serbia, Italy, China, Syria, Croatia, Montenegro, Mexico, and all areas of the United

52_32

States. The legacy of the immigrants lives on in the form of the Cornish pasty which was

52_33

popularized by mine workers who needed something easy to eat in the mines, the povitica—a Slavic

52_34

nut bread pastry which is a holiday favorite sold in many supermarkets and bakeries in Butte—and

52_35

the boneless porkchop sandwich. These, along with huckleberry products and Scandinavian lefse have

52_36

arguably become Montana's symbolic foods, known and enjoyed throughout Montana. In the ethnic

52_37

neighborhoods, young men formed gangs to protect their territory and socialize into adult life,

52_38

including the Irish of Dublin Gulch, the Eastern Europeans of the McQueen Addition, and the

52_39

Italians of Meaderville (Butte's Irish Catholic community has been notably longstanding: As of

52_40

2017, the city has the highest percentage of Irish Americans per capita of any city in the United

52_41

States).

52_42

Among the migrants, many Chinese workers moved in, and amongst them set up businesses that led to

52_43

the creation of a Chinatown in Butte. The Chinese migrations stopped in 1882 with the passage of

52_44

the Chinese Exclusion Act. There was anti-Chinese sentiment in the 1870s and onwards due to racism

52_45

on the part of the white settlers, exacerbated by economic depression, and in 1895, the chamber of

52_46

commerce and labor unions started a boycott of Chinese owned businesses. The business owners fought

52_47

back by suing the unions and winning. The history of the Chinese migrants in Butte is documented in

52_48

the Mai Wah Museum.

52_49

The influx of miners gave Butte a reputation as a wide-open town where any vice was obtainable. The

52_50

city's famous saloon and red-light district, called the "Line" or "The Copper Block", was centered

52_51

on Mercury Street, where the elegant bordellos included the famous Dumas Brothel. Behind the

52_52

brothel was the equally famous Venus Alley, where women plied their trade in small cubicles called

52_53

"cribs". The red-light district brought miners and other men from all over the region and was open

52_54

until 1982 as one of the last such urban districts in the United States. Commercial breweries first

52_55

opened in Butte in the 1870s, and were a large staple of the city's early economy; they were

52_56

usually run by German immigrants, including Leopold Schmidt, Henry Mueller, and Henry Muntzer. The

52_57

breweries were always staffed by union workers. Most ethnic groups in Butte, from Germans and Irish

52_58

to Italians and various Eastern Europeans, including children, enjoyed the locally brewed lagers,

52_59

bocks, and other types of beer.

52_60

1889–1899: Industrial expansion and unionism

52_61

In the late nineteenth century, copper was in great demand because of new technologies such as

52_62

electric power that required the use of copper. Three industrial magnates fought for control of

52_63

Butte's mining wealth. These three "Copper Kings" were William A. Clark, Marcus Daly, and F.

52_64

Augustus Heinze. Between 1884 and 1888, Clark constructed the Copper King Mansion in Butte, which

52_65

became his second residence from his home in New York City. He also, in 1899, purchased the

52_66

Columbia Gardens, a small park which he developed into a full amusement park, featuring a pavilion,

52_67

rollercoaster, and a lake for swimming and canoeing. Clark's expansion of the park was intended to

52_68

"provide a place where children and families could get away from the polluted air of the Butte

52_69

mining industry." Further cultural developments in the city at this time included the emergence of

52_70

the Boston and Montana Band, a local marching band that formed on December 22, 1887 by Boston

52_71

investors Adolph and Leonard Lewisohn and miner Charles X. Larrabee. The city's rapid expansion was

52_72

noted in an 1889 frontier survey: "Butte, Montana, fifteen years ago a small placer-mining village

52_73

clinging to the mountain side, has now risen to the rank of the first mining camp of the world...

52_74

[It] is now the most populous city of Montana, numbering twenty-five thousand active, enterprising,

52_75

prosperous inhabitants." In 1888 alone, mining operations in Butte had generated an "almost

52_76

inconceivable" output of $23 million () worth of ore.

52_77

Around the turn of the twentieth century, prosperous mining had generated considerable wealth in

52_78

Butte, and at the time was the largest city between Chicago and San Francisco. Copper ore mined

52_79

from the Butte mining district in 1910 alone totaled , making it the largest producer of copper in

52_80

North America and second only to South Africa in world production of metals. The same year, an

52_81

excess of of silver and of gold were also discovered. The amount of ore produced in the city

52_82

earned it the nickname "The Richest Hill on Earth." With its large workforce of miners performing

52_83

in physically dangerous conditions, Butte was the site of active labor union movements, and came to

52_84

be known as "the Gibraltar of Unionism."

52_85

By 1885, there were about 1,800 dues-paying members of a general union in Butte. That year the

52_86

union reorganized as the Butte Miners' Union (BMU), spinning off all non-miners to separate craft

52_87

unions. Some of these joined the Knights of Labor, and by 1886 the separate organizations came

52_88

together to form the Silver Bow Trades and Labor Assembly, with 34 separate unions representing

52_89

nearly all of the 6,000 workers around Butte. The BMU established branch unions in mining towns

52_90

like Barker, Castle, Champion, Granite, and Neihart, and extended support to other mining camps

52_91

hundreds of miles away. In 1892 there was a violent strike in Coeur d'Alene. Although the BMU was

52_92

experiencing relatively friendly relations with local management, the events in Idaho were

52_93

disturbing. The BMU not only sent thousands of dollars to support the Idaho miners, they mortgaged

52_94

their buildings to send more.

52_95

There was a growing concern that local unions were vulnerable to the power of Mine Owners'

52_96

Associations like the one in Coeur d'Alene. In May 1893, about forty delegates from northern

52_97

hard-rock mining camps met in Butte and established the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), which

52_98

sought to organize miners throughout the West. The Butte Miners' Union became Local Number One of

52_99

the new WFM. The WFM won a strike in Cripple Creek, Colorado, the following year, but then in

52_100

1896–97 lost another violent strike in Leadville, Colorado, prompting the Montana State Trades and

52_101

Labor Council to issue a proclamation to organize a new Western labor federation along industrial

52_102

lines. In 1899, Daly joined with William Rockefeller, Henry H. Rogers, and Thomas W. Lawson to

52_103

organize the Amalgamated Copper Mining Company. Not long after, the company changed its name to

52_104

Anaconda Copper Mining Company (ACM).

52_105

On the evening of January 15, 1895, an explosion occurred at the Kenyon-Connell Warehouse, which

52_106

killed a total of 57 people (13 of whom were city firefighters) as well as numerous horses and

52_107

livestock. The explosion was later determined to have been caused by dynamite. A funeral procession

52_108

of 3,000 people took place for the deceased on January 18, 1895.

52_109

1900–1945: Union activity and civil unrest

52_110

In 1900, Butte opened its first institution of higher education, the Montana School of Mines, which

52_111

is contemporarily Montana Tech of the University of Montana. Between approximately 1900 and 1917,

52_112

Butte had a strong streak of Socialist politics, even electing a Mayor on the Socialist ticket in

52_113

1914. It had also established itself as "one of the most solid union cities in America." After

52_114

1905, Butte became a hotbed of Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or the "Wobblies") organizing.

52_115

Rivalry between IWW supporters and the WFM locals culminated in the Butte, Montana labor riots of

52_116

1914, and resulted in the loss of union recognition by the mine owners. After the dissolution of