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http://infohost.nmt.edu/~shipman/z/nom/aounos.html	Bird code systems : AOU Numbers The AOU ( American Ornithological Union ) maintains a system for describing bird types using four - digit numbers . These codes have the form " ddd . d " . For example , Scrub Jay is given code 478.0 , and Colima Warbler is assigned number 647.1 . The current AOU numbers are available from the Bird Banding Lab This system is used extensively in some museum collections , especially older egg collections . It is , however , not widely used today , and many users ( such as banders and museums ) are moving away from it . The author feels strongly that such arbitrary numeric codes should be avoided , since they can be a significant source of error and extra work in handling bird records . A number does n ' t really have any intrinsic meaning , so users must either memorize them or look them up . The sequence of these numbers approximates a phylogenetic concept roughly a century out of date . The author recommends that code system users avoid trying to freeze any phylogenetic arrangement into numbers . Taxonomy has never been static and probably never will be . John W . Shipman john @ nmt . edu Last updated : 2008 / 11 / 22 03 : 24 : 46 URL : http : / / www . nmt . edu / ~ shipman / z / nom / aounos . html	[ "Bird code systems", "AOU", "ddd . d" ]
http://infomory.com/numbers/number-of-babies-born-in-a-day/	Number of Babies Born in a Day February 9 , 2010 charm 1 Comment How many babies are born in a day ? 361,481 . According to the United States Census Bureau , for 2010 there is an estimated 361,481 babies born each day all over the world . This means that for every minute there are 251 babies born worldwide , and consequently 15,062 births in an hour . Next Post → Number of Questions on GMAT ← Previous Post Number of Quarters in a Roll Tea Time Quiz What is Bluetooth ? One Response thomas k hughes April 30 , 2015 5 : 27 pm very good Reply	[ "Babies", "Born", "Day" ]
http://infomory.com/numbers/number-of-drinks-in-a-bottle-of-wine/	Number of Drinks in a Bottle of Wine March 3 , 2010 charm Leave a comment How many drinks are there in a bottle of wine ? 5 drinks . In the United States , a typical 750 - mL bottle of wine will contain 5 servings or drinks . This is according to the standard measure of alcohol as published in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , where a standard drink is defined to be ‘ Å “ any drink that contains 0.6 ounces ( 13.7 grams or 1.2 tablespoons ) of pure alcohol ’ Å “ . This number is equivalent to 5 ounces of wine at 12 % alcohol , so a 750 - mL bottle will contain about 5 drinks or servings . In Canada the same measurement follows , based on standards from the Liquor Control Board of Ontario . Tea Time Quiz What is Bluetooth ?	[ "Bottle of Wine", "Number of Drinks" ]
http://infomory.com/numbers/number-of-lightning-strikes-per-year/	Number of lightning strikes per year February 10 , 2014 charm 1 Comment How many lightning strikes per year are there ? 138 million ground strikes / year worldwide Specialists consider that there are approximately 2,000 thunderstorms around the world producing about 44 flashes of lightning each second . Needless to say , there is about 138 million ground strikes / year worldwide . It is interesting to know the fact that about 78 % of the lightning strikes occur in the tropics . Needless to say , on average , all over the world , lightning strikes approximately 100 times per second . This is definitely something . Keep in mind the fact that Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States . Storms come Next Post → What is BSD subsystem ? ← Previous Post Number of loyalty programs Tea Time Quiz What is Bluetooth ? One Response Johna979 July 29 , 2014 8 : 18 pm Only wanna tell that this is very useful , Thanks for taking your time to write this . feddffdbedda Reply	[ "lightning strikes" ]
http://infomory.com/numbers/number-of-lobes-in-lungs/	Number of Lobes in Lungs June 11 , 2010 charm Leave a comment How many lobes are there in lungs ? 5 . As Thomas W . Shields describes on his book “ General Thoracic Surgery ” , the right lung ‘ â € œ which is larger than the left lung ‘ â € œ contains 3 lobes : upper , middle and lower . The left lung contains only 2 lobes : upper and lower . In addition to these 5 lobes , 3 accessory lobes may occur due to accessory fissures in the left lung : posterior , inferior and middle . Next Post → Number of LSAT Takers ← Previous Post Number of Lowe ’ s Stores Tea Time Quiz What is Bluetooth ?	[ "Number of Lobes in Lungs" ]
http://infomory.com/what-is/what-is-gcc/	What is GCC ? May 12 , 2011 cherran Leave a comment What is GCC ? GCC stands for the GNU Compiler Collection and as the name suggests , it is a computer compiling system developed by the GNU project . This compiler system is produced to support a wide variety of programming applications and languages . The GNU project is headed by Richard Stallman of the MIT and started in late 1983 with the basic goal of developing free software to work with other software or platforms that are not free . Hence , the GNU project was born to develop software that ’ s free and in collaboration with other experts in the industry . This particular project started out with their own operating system called GNU in 1992 . And from then on , the cause of promoting collaborative efforts on new and free software development continued . The GCC is said to be the main component of GNU software and applications . It features multiple front - end systems and it is a type of compiler system that is ‘ re - hostable ’ and ‘ re - targetable ’ . The GCC was first designed and developed as compiler for C software . But today , GCC works with other programming languages like C++ , FORTRAN , Modula - 3 , Pascal , and Objective C . Its latest front - end addition is with Ada 95 . Aside from GCC ’ s ability to work Because of GCC ’ s ability to work with various platforms , it has been adopted by many platform systems including the Linux and Mac operating systems , and even video gaming consoles like PlayStation 2 and Dreamcast . As experts say , GCC played a significant role in promoting the development of free software . Next Post → What is Reboot ? ← Previous Post What is SWF ? Tea Time Quiz What is Bluetooth ?	[ "GCC", "computer compiling system", "Richard Stallman" ]
http://infomory.com/what-is/what-is-hris/	What is HRIS ? June 27 , 2012 cherran Leave a comment What is HRIS ? HRIS stands for Human Resource Management System . It refers to a form of tracking system that can be used by human resource departments in almost every aspect or industry . Through the use of information systems and technology , the HRIS is able to run human resource - related functions smoothly and effectively . As for many people , the best thing about HRIS is that it can easily be customized to address every need of a specific industry . In the case of employers who want to keep track of new and existing employees in terms of job training for example , HRIS can provide an easy way to know which employee has completed training and which employee needs to be enrolled for a specific job training program . Standard modules of the HRIS can be customized and may be incorporated with new sub - modules depending on a company ’ s needs and preferences . With the HRIS running , companies in various industries can take advantage of the ease in customization and application . Employee data and information can easily be managed with HRIS along with basic payroll computation functions , analysis of employee ’ s personal information , recording of company guidelines and procedures among many others . With just a few clicks to specific system modules , HR personnel can easily retrieve information from a particular employee and get access to company rules on specific concerns . It is also said that the best benefit HRIS can offer is that it gives more time to the HR staff to do vital and more important functions . With easy application and access to information , more time may be allocated for analyzing these information and implementation of HR guidelines and policies . If for example an employee is in need of sickness benefits and inquires from the HR about it , information on this specific concern can readily be available . With fast data retrieval , the employee ’ s concern on his / her sickness will be Next Post → What is EFTPS ? ← Previous Post What is SDLC ? Tea Time Quiz What is Bluetooth ?	[ "Human Resource Management System", "tracking system", "Employee data" ]
http://infomory.com/what-is/what-is-nkg/	What is NKG ? May 11 , 2011 cherran Leave a comment What is NKG ? NKG stands for Naked Karate Girls , a four - piece band from Cincinnati , Ohio USA . With band members that call themselves cops with one suspect , the NKG band adds a comedic twist to their musical performance . Band members include Mustang that does the vocals and guitars , Ponch doing the bass with vocals , Lieutenant Jack Woo in - charge of the drums and electronics , and the one that they call as the suspect TeePee , which is also the lead singer of the band . The NKG band would also like to call themselves as a dancing rock show type of band because they play music from all sorts of decades and genres and they want to inject dancing fun in all their shows . They even provide a dancing pole in some of their shows to invite the lady audiences to come dance and party with them on stage . All across the Midwest region of the US , the NKG band is spreading its music and fun - filled dancing rock show . For people that have seen them perform , they almost always refer to the show as not just a music or dance show , but more of a wildly entertaining musical event . Naked Karate Girls perform everywhere from clubs , to live venues , corporate parties , private occasions , and even weddings . Bookings for the band may be made possible through NKG Productions . The band has performed shows in several clubs and venues in Cincinnati and other parts of the Midwest including their favorites like Jefferson Hall , Backyard Bar , Rhino ’ s , and Turfway Park . A whole lot of dancing and fun is definitely expected when going to one of NKG ’ s shows . The band mates themselves choose songs from different genres and decades as long as they are fun and danceable . They also like it when people sing along with their songs because they want their shows to be somewhat interactive – involving the audience to have fun and party with them . For this band , every show is different because they play a variety of fun songs that people can relate to and have a good time with . Next Post → What is TOEFL ? ← Previous Post What is an EDB File ? Tea Time Quiz What is Bluetooth ?	[ "Naked Karate Girls", "Cincinnati , Ohio", "Lieutenant Jack Woo" ]
http://infomory.com/what-is/what-is-vzw/	What is VZW ? June 17 , 2011 cherran Leave a comment What is VZW ? VZW stands for Verizon Wireless , currently the largest wireless phone and mobile telecommunications provider in the United States , with an estimated 102 million network subscribers as of 2011 . The company is currently based in Basking Ridge , New Jersey , and is actually a joint venture created by the partnership of U.S. telecommunications giant Verizon Communications and British - owned international mobile carrier Vodafone . Verizon is the majority partner in this venture , owning 55 percent of VZW . In 2009 . Verizon Wireless acquired the popular network provider Alltel Wireless for an estimated $ 28 billion . This acquisition allowed Verizon to greatly expand its network coverage in the United States . Verizon Wireless , along with Sprint Nextel , is one of the only major US carriers to use CDMA technology with their network , and is by far the largest firm to do so in the United States . It maintains this market share by investing $ 5.7 billion annually on maintaining and expanding this CDMA network on a nationwide basis . Previously , Verizon Wireless supported three generations of CDMA networks , IS - 95 , 1x , and EV - DO . However , in 2010 it released its brand new LTE network , which operates on the faster 4G standard . Initially , only two modems capable of running on this network were available for purchase . In 2011 though , Verizon Wireless began releasing the first of ten devices that will run on LTE , including five smart phones , two netbooks Next Post → What is Baby Shower ? ← Previous Post What is VID ? Tea Time Quiz What is Bluetooth ?	[ "Verizon Wireless", "New Jersey", "United States" ]
http://informatics.med.nyu.edu/modules/pub/neurosurgery/sensory.html	Previous Lesson \| Home \| Next Lesson Sensory System The Sensory System Examination The sensory exam includes testing for : pain sensation ( pin prick ) , light touch sensation ( brush ) , position sense , stereognosia , graphesthesia , and extinction . Diabetes mellitus , thiamine deficiency and neurotoxin damage ( e.g. insecticides ) are the most common causes of sensory disturbances . The affected patient usually reports paresthesias ( pins and needles sensation ) in the hands and feet . Some patients may report dysesthesias ( pain ) and sensory loss in the affected limbs also . Pain and Light Touch Sensation Initial evaluation of the sensory system is completed with the patient lying supine , eyes closed . Instruct the patient to say " sharp " or " dull " when they feel the respective object . Show the patient each object and allow them to touch the needle and brush prior to beginning to alleviate any fear of being hurt during the examination . With the patient ' s eyes closed , alternate touching the patient with the needle and the brush at intervals of roughly 5 seconds . Begin rostrally and work towards the feet . Make certain to instruct the patient to tell the physician if they notice a difference in the strength of sensation on each side of their body . Alternating between pinprick and light touch , touch the patient in the following 13 places . Touch one body part followed by the corresponding body part on the other side ( e.g. , the right shoulder then the left shoulder ) with the same instrument . This allows the patient to compare the sensations and note asymmetry . The corresponding nerve root for each area tested is indicated in parenthesis . 1 . posterior aspect of the shoulders ( C4 ) 2 . lateral aspect of the upper arms ( C5 ) 3 . medial aspect of the lower arms ( T1 ) 4 . tip of the thumb ( C6 ) 5 . tip of the middle finger ( C7 ) 6 . tip of the pinky finger ( C8 ) 7 . thorax , nipple level ( T5 ) 8 . thorax , umbilical level ( T10 ) 9 . upper part of the upper leg ( L2 ) 10 . lower - medial part of the upper leg ( L3 ) 11 . medial lower leg ( L4 ) 12 . lateral lower leg ( L5 ) 13 . sole of foot ( S1 ) If there is a sensory loss present , test vibration sensation and temperature sensation with the tuning fork . Also concentrate the sensory exam in the area of deficiency . Position Sense Test position sense by having the patient , eyes closed , report if their large toe is " up " or " down " when the examiner manually moves the patient ' s toe in the respective direction . Repeat on the opposite foot and compare . Make certain to hold the toe on its sides , because holding the top or bottom provides the patient with pressure cues which make this test invalid . Fine touch , position sense ( proprioception ) and vibration sense are conducted together in the dorsal column system . Rough touch , temperature and pain sensation are conducted via the spinothalamic tract . Loss of one modality in a conduction system is often associated with the loss of the other modalities conducted by the same tract in the affected area . Stereognosia Test stereognosis by asking the patient to close their eyes and identify the object you place in their hand . Place a coin or pen in their hand . Repeat this with the other hand using a different object . Astereognosis refers to the inability to recognize objects placed in the hand . Without a corresponding dorsal column system lesion , these abnormalities suggest a lesion in the sensory cortex of the parietal lobe . Graphesthesia Test graphesthesia by asking the patient to close their eyes and identify the number or letter you will write with the back of a pen on their palm . Repeat on the other hand with a different letter or number . Apraxias are problems with executing movements despite intact strength , coordination , position sense and comprehension . This finding is a defect in higher intellectual functioning and is associated with cortical damage . Extinction To test extinction , have the patient sit on the edge of the examining table and close their eyes . Touch the patient on the trunk or legs in one place and then tell the patient to open their eyes and point to the location where they noted sensation . Repeat this maneuver a second time , touching the patient in two places on opposite sides of their body , simultaneously . Then ask the patient to point to where they felt sensation . Normally they will point to both areas . If not , extinction is present . With lesions of the sensory cortex in the parietal lobe , the patient may only report feeling one finger touch their body , when in fact they were touched twice on opposite sides of their body , simultaneously . With extinction , the stimulus not felt is on the side opposite of the damaged cortex . The sensation not felt is considered " extinguished " . Previous Lesson Home Next Lesson	[ "Sensory System", "stereognosia", "Graphesthesia" ]
http://informationgreatdepression.weebly.com/hoovervilles.html	Home Making Do Affect on Children Hoovervilles The Dust Bowl : A Short Summary Bibliography Hoovervilles Notice the ' Bar ' Sign Many families in the Great Depression were too poor to afford housing . Some of them had gotten evicted , where even their family pictures were sold . They then moved to " Hoovervilles " , areas of makeshift homes next to cities . The name " Hooverville " mocked the president , Herbert Hoover . The biggest Hooverville in Indiana , Curtisville , mocked the Vice President . Hoovervilles were made up of scraps , including old tires , cardboard boxes , newspapers , and flattened metal . It was anything anyone could find , making it often unsafe There were several terms for commonly eaten food . One was a " Hoover Hog " , a jackrabbit , a source of food used , when no other was available . There was also Mulligan Stew , where homeless people gathered together any food they could find , and made soup out of it for everyone . During the Great Depression , homeless living was a way of life . Mocking President Hoover : The Hard Times Are Still Hoovering Over Us An Example of a Hooverville , One Side Made of Old Newspapers A Hooverville Community	[ "Hoovervilles", "Indiana", "Great Depression" ]
http://infovets.com/free/feline/default.asp?page=H/H800.htm	H800 Tagamet ® ( Cimetidine ) and Zantac ® ( Ranitidine ) Product Description : These products are H 2 inhibitors that decrease acid production in the stomach . Indications for Use : These products are formulated to help prevent and / or treat ulcers in the stomach . Dosage and Administration : Tagamet is administered at a dose of 11 mg per 10 lbs . , twice a day . This means that a 10 lb . cat should receive 0.2 mL ( 60 mg / mL ) of the oral solution , or a 0.07 mL ( 150 mg / mL ) injection . Zantac is given at a dose of 11 - 16 mg per 10 lbs . , twice a day . This means that a 10 lb . cat should receive 1 mL ( 15 mg / mL ) of the oral solution , or 0.45 mL ( 25 mg / mL ) , SQ or IV of the injectable form . Packaging : Tagamet comes in a tablet , liquid solution , and an injectable form . The tablets are often too large for use in cats . The solution comes in a 60 mg / mL concentration , while the injectable product comes in a 150 mg / mL concentration . Zantac comes in a tablet , liquid ( syrup ) , and an injectable form . The tablets come in too high of a strength to be used in cats . The syrup comes in a 15 mg / mL concentration , and the injectable product comes in a 25 mg / mL concentration . Storage : Store at room temperature and avoid moisture . Drug Type : Rx or O - T - C , depending on the product Manufacturer : Many	[ "Tagamet", "Zantac" ]
http://ingrimayne.com/econ/elasticity/RevEtDemand.html	Revenue and Demand The demand curve is a tremendously useful illustration for those who can read it . We have seen that the downward slope tells us that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity . One can also view the demand curve as separating a region in which sellers can operate from a region forbidden to them . But there is more , especially when one considers what an area on the graph represents . If people will buy 100 units of a product when its price is $ 10.00 , as the picture below illustrates , total revenue for sellers will be $ 1000 . Simple geometry tells us that the area of the rectangle formed under the demand curve in the picture is found by multiplying the height of the rectangle by its width . Because the height is price and the width is quantity , and since price multiplied by quantity is total revenue , the area is total revenue . The fact that area on supply and demand graphs measures total From the demand curve , we can obtain total revenue . From total revenue , we can obtain another key concept : marginal revenue . Marginal revenue is the additional revenue added by an additional unit of output , or in terms of a formula : Marginal Revenue = ( Change in total revenue ) divided by ( Change in amount sold ) According to the picture , people will not buy more than 100 units at a price of $ 10.00 . To sell more , price must drop . Suppose that to sell the 101st unit , the price must drop to $ 9.95 . What will the marginal revenue of the 101st unit be ? Or , in other words , by how much will total revenue increase when the 101st unit is sold ? There is a temptation to answer this question by replying , " $ 9.95 . " A little arithmetic shows that this answer is incorrect . Total revenue when 100 are sold is $ 1000 . When 101 are sold , total revenue is ( 101 ) x ( $ 9.95 ) = $ 1004.95 . The marginal revenue of the 101st unit is only $ 4.95 . To see why the marginal revenue is less than price , one must understand the importance of the downward - sloping demand curve . To sell another unit , sellers must lower price on all units . They received an extra $ 9.95 for the 101st unit , but they lost $ .05 on the 100 that they were previously selling . So the net increase in revenue was the $ 9.95 minus the $ 5.00 , or $ 4.95 . There is a another way to see why marginal revenue will be less than price when a demand curve slopes downward . Price is average revenue . If the firm sells 100 for $ 10.00 , the average revenue for each unit is $ 10.00 . But as sellers sell more , the average revenue ( or price ) drops , and this can only happen if the marginal revenue is below price , pulling the average down . The reasoning of why marginal will be below average if average is dropping can perhaps be better seen in another example . Suppose that the average age of 20 people in a room is 25 years , and that another person enters the room . If the average age of the people rises as a result , the extra person must be older than 25 . If the average age drops , the extra person must be younger than 25 . If the added person is exactly 25 , then the average age will not change . Whenever an average If one knows marginal revenue , one can tell what happens to total revenue if sales change . If selling another unit increases total revenue , the marginal revenue must be greater than zero . If marginal revenue is less than zero , then selling another unit takes away from total revenue . If marginal revenue is zero , than selling another does not change total revenue . This relationship exists because marginal revenue measures the slope of the total revenue curve . The picture above illustrates the relationship between total revenue and marginal revenue . The total revenue curve will be zero when nothing is sold and zero again when a great deal is sold at a zero price . Thus , it has the shape of an inverted U . The slope of any curve is defined as the rise over the run . The rise for the total revenue curve is the change in total revenue , and the run is the change in output . Therefore , Slope of Total Revenue Curve = ( Change in total revenue ) / ( Change in amount sold ) But this definition of slope is identical to the definition of marginal revenue , which demonstrates that marginal revenue is the slope of the total revenue curve . Next we tie marginal revenue to elasticity Copyright Robert Schenk	[ "Revenue", "Demand" ]
http://injuredshoulder.com/scapular-pain/	Scapular Pain Description The scapula , or the shoulder blade , is the flat triangular bone that is found in the shoulder . Scapular pain is a type of pain that occurs when a scapular nerve ( originating from the neck ) is pinched . The pain usually starts at the root of the nerve , the neck , and then goes down to the shoulder . In some cases , it may go into the arm . The pain is usually the result of excessive physical activity , and it is quite common . Diagnosing The scapula is found at the back of the shoulder . It attaches the arm bone , with the ribs . Experiencing occasional scapular pain is not such a serious thing . However , persistent pain in the scapula , that prevents you from your daily routine , may be an indicator to something more serious . Inappropriate sleeping position is one of the causes for scapular pain . Because of sleeping only on one side and not using a pillow , your shoulder blade hurts . A good anatomic pillow is the solution , because it provides support for A rotator cuff is comprised of four muscles ( supraspinatus , infraspinatus , subscapularis , and teres minor ) located in the shoulder area , which provide support to the shoulder joints . Any kind of rotator cuff injury , such as a subscapularis tear , can result in scapular pain . You need to maintain your posture while standing , while sitting , even while you are resting , in order to prevent the pain from worsening . A simple thing like correcting the body posture can bring you great relief . Treatment for shoulder blade pain Treatment depends on the real cause so that the physician can make an accurate diagnosis . When the scapular pain is not severe , it can be treated with ample rest , reduced physical activities and medication . Ant - inflammatory injections and corticosteroid injections are administered to solve the problem in more moderate pain situations . In other cases , physical therapy is required to help achieve full recovery in the mobility of the arm . If the medicines and physical therapy does not help , then the patient must undergo surgery to correct the problem . Exercises and It ’ s important to note that shoulder blade pain is a condition that can be referred from gall bladder , heart , aorta , fallopian tubes , lungs and abdominal organs . The physician will perform thorough physical exam and laboratory test to be able to find the cause of the problem . Imaging and scan is also necessary . The shoulder problems can originate from problems not related to the shoulder . It is good to take care of yourself at home through massage and treating with warm water to alleviate the pain . Exercises for Relief There are exercises you can do at the comfort of your own home , which will help you with your scapular pain One of them is retraction and protraction , which basically is motion of the shoulder . Sit in a chair , and extend your arms in front of you , as far as you can . Now try to touch your shoulder blades with your palms ( left shoulder blade with right arm , right shoulder blade with left arm ) , stay steady for one second , and extend your arms again , returning them to the previous position . Repeat several times . Another exercise that can help is the pull apart , which will require you to	[ "Scapular Pain", "triangular bone", "subscapularis tear" ]
http://injury.findlaw.com/workers-compensation/workers-comp-benefits-explained.html	Workers ' Compensation Benefits Explained By submitting this form , you agree to Findlaw . com ' s terms . We respect your privacy . Workers ' compensation insurance is a type of insurance purchased by employers for the coverage of employment - related injuries and illnesses . FindLaw ' s Workers ' Compensation Basics has more resources in addition to this article ' s answers to frequently asked questions about workman ' s compensation . What is workers ' compensation or workman ' s compensation ? Workers ' compensation insurance , often called " workers comp , " is a state - mandated program consisting of payments required by law to be made to an employee who is injured or disabled in connection with work . The federal government does offer its own workers ' compensation insurance for federal employees , but every individual state has its own workers ' compensation insurance program . Be sure to check your own state ' s workers ' compensation benefits laws by referring to the appropriate office in your state on the State Workers ' Compensation official page of In most situations , injured employees receive workers ' compensation insurance , no matter who was at fault for the injury . Because these workers comp benefits act as a type of insurance , they preclude the employee from suing his or her employer for the injuries covered . What types of incidents are and are not covered by workers ' compensation insurance ? Workers ' compensation insurance is designed to cover injuries that result from employees ' or employers ' carelessness . The range of injuries and situations covered is broad , but there are limits . States can impose drug and alcohol testing on the injured employee , and can deny the employee workers ' compensation benefits if such tests show the employee was under the influence at the time of the injury . Compensation may also be denied if the injuries were self - inflicted ; where the employee was violating a law or company policy ; and where the employee What types of expenses does workers ' compensation insurance cover ? Although the payments are usually modest , workers ' compensation insurance covers medical care from the injury or illness replacement income costs for retraining compensation for any permanent injuries benefits to survivors of workers who are killed on the job But remember that if a person collects workers ' compensation benefits , he or she can not sue the employer . And workers ' compensation benefits do NOT cover pain and suffering . Wage replacement is usually two / thirds of the worker ' s average wage , but there is a fixed maximum amount that the benefits will not go over . That may seem modest , but note that these benefits are not taxed . So , as long as the employee was making a fair wage , he or she should have no major problems . The eligibility for wage replacement begins immediately after a few days of work are missed because of a particular injury or illness . Does workers ' compensation insurance cover long - term and permanent injuries ? Yes . Workers ' compensation insurance is not limited to just incidental accidents . It also covers problems and illnesses that are developed over a long period of time of doing the same injurious activity - - for example , carpal tunnel syndrome or back problems from some sort of repetitious movement . See also What Types of Injuries are Compensable Under Workers ' Compensation ? Who is covered by workers ' compensation insurance ? Most types of employees are covered by workers ' compensation insurance . That said , states commonly exclude some workers from coverage , such as : independent contractors business owners volunteers employees of private homes farmers and farmhands maritime employees railroad employees casual workers Because employees of the federal government are covered under the federal workers ' compensation insurance program , they are not covered by state workers ' comp . Some states do not enforce the workers ' compensation program on employers with fewer than 3 to 5 employees working for them . This varies from state to state . Can I sue my employer for a work injury Yes . You may sue your employer for any reckless or intentional action of your employer that caused your injury . If you choose to do this , you will waive your right to workers ' compensation insurance . If you are successful , the court may award a broad range of damages , such as punitive damages , medical expenses , lost wages , pain and suffering , and mental anguish . Can my employer fire me for or tell me not to file a workers ' compensation claim ? No . Most states prohibit this by law . If an employer does retaliate against an employee for filing a workers ' compensation claim , the employer should be reported immediately to the local workers ' compensation office . Learn About Your Benefits From an Experienced Workers ' Comp Attorney Accidents occurring on the job should be covered by workers ' compensation insurance . If you ' ve been injured on the job and your employer disputes your workers ' comp claim , you likely need legal help . An experienced workers ' compensation lawyer can provide peace of mind for your claim .	[ "Workers ' Compensation", "insurance" ]
http://inlay.com/stone_inlay/	The Stone Inlay Pages This includes the art of pietre dure , which means literally " Hard stones " . Basically this is marquetry in stone . Also called stone intarsia . Remember all images you see here are made up of small cut pieces of stone ! There are over 400 images totaling over 18MB in these pages . Pietre Dure images Pietre Dure Picture of Doves . Pietre Dure Flowers . Brass candlesticks with some pietre dure bird pictures in the bottom . What is not hard stone marquetry - - the art of Cloisonné Some new geometrical stone inlay boxes . Planet Granite , a commercial marble and granite company that is doing inlays with a waterjet . Some stone inlays from Iran . A simple pietre dure picture of some people . Raw pietre dure photos More raw pietre dure photos ADC , Dommel - - Supplier of precious and semi - precious stones from around the world .	[ "Hard stones" ]
http://inline4you.com/	InLine4You is an app that connects users to professional linesitters known as Spotters who for a fee will save you precious time We do the wait for you Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Download iPhone App Download Android App Locate a Spotter InLine4You provides convenience and creates meaningful opportunities in ways that save you time and provide value With a simple click begin the process of locating a Professional Line Spotter using the InLine4You app Pay people to wait in line for you Locate a Hopper Are you a Spotter Download the InLine4You app to locate a HopperGet paid while you wait in line for them Skip the Wait The InLine4You app is perfect for opportunities like concerts Broadway shows sporting events product releases casting calls so on For more information about InLine4You CONTACT US InLine4You has even been featured in The Wall Street Journal and Fox Business Paying someone to stand in line is probably what I would do Warren Buffet	[ "InLine4You", "iPhone App", "Android App" ]
http://innovativeretirementstrategies.com/self-directed-defined-benefit-pension-plans	Self - Directed Defined Benefit Pension Plans Take Charge of Your Company ’ s Pension Assets ! A Self - Directed Defined Benefit Plan is simple and easy to set up . The key is that you need to work with an Innovative Financial Adviser and Administrator . “ Traditional ” advisers may not realize that Pension Assets can be invested in any qualified investment just as in a Self - Directed IRA . In the real estate investor community , Self - directed IRA plans are a widely known way that investors can take charge of their retirement savings and put it to work in financial alternatives and real estate . Pop culture brainwashes us into believing that we have to put our retirement savings into “ Wall Street ” IRA plans and 401 ( k ) plans . Your Adviser wants to earn a fee for managing your Pension ’ s assets . They have no incentive to let you know about investing in Real Estate and Financial Alternatives . To be fair , Real Estate investing is not for everyone . It requires specific knowledge and skills and a good Financial Adviser is not going to recommend Real Estate investing to a novice . Savvy business owners of small , profitable , closely - held businesses know that an old - fashioned Defined Benefit Pension Plan is the best way to maximize the amount of tax - deferred contribution to their own retirement savings . A pension plan allows for far greater contribution limits than either IRA or 401 ( k ) plans . But the key question everyone has is , “ Can I have a self - directed Defined Benefit Pension Plan ? ” Yes . And its easy to set up and administer . You do n ’ t HAVE to place your plan assets in traditional Wall Street Assets . You just need to work with an Innovative plan administrator that realizes Wall Street is n ’ t the only option AND has the actuarial experience to deal with financial alternatives and real estate . If you are making a lot of money , a Defined Benefit Pension Plan is the most effective way for you to simultaneously put money away for retirement AND reduce your taxable income . Download and read this FREE REPORT to learn more and see if a Self - Directed Defined Benefit Pension is right for you . Click the button to set up a time for us to show you how easy it is to take control of your retirement savings and maximize the amount you can contribute on a tax - advantaged basis . Schedule an appointment	[ "Pension Plans" ]
http://innsbrookafterhours.com/	Innsbrook After Hours Celebrates Its 34th Year Innsbrook After Hours is Central Virginias premier outdoor concert series Running from May to October the concert series has at least 22 concerts each year Concert announcements are under way See you soon in 2019 for our 34th year The 2019 Lineup is being annouced soon	[ "Innsbrook", "Celebrates" ]
http://innvista.com/health/anatomy/intestines/	Home Health Anatomy Intestines Intestines The Intestines are divided into two portions , small and large . The small intestine has a smaller diameter than the large intestine . The terms do not refer to length . Small Intestine The small intestine is about six meters long ( 20 feet ) and 2.5 cm wide ( 1 inch ) . It extends from the stomach to the cecum of the large intestine . There are three parts to the small intestine . The duodenum is the first 25 cm ( 10 inches ) . The common bile duct enters the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater ( hepatopancreatic ampulla ) . The jejunum is about 2.4 meters long ( 8 feet ) . Some digestion and absorption takes place in the first part of the jejunum . ileum is about 3.6 meters long ( 12 feet ) . It extends from the jejunum to the ileocecal valve , which prevents the reflux of contents from the cecum back into the ileum . The lining of the ileum contains numerous patches of lymphoid tissue called Peyer ’ s patches , which diminish the bacterial content of the digestive system . Functions of the small intestine : secrete digestive enzymes ( peptidases , sucrase , maltase , and lactase ) secrete buffers absorb nutrients Structures of the small intestine : The walls form circular folds with finger - like projections called villi . The epithelial cells of each villus form extensions called microvilli . Together they are often referred to as the brush border because of their velvety appearance . They are essential for the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream . These nutrients , or end products , go on to the liver for processing before being distributed throughout the body . The brush borders also secrete several digestive enzymes and two important hormones ( secretin and cholecystokinin ) . Large Intestine The large intestine is also known as the colon or bowel . It is about 6.3 cm in diameter ( 2.5 inches ) and 1.5 meters ( 5 feet ) in length , extending from the ileum of the small intestine , to the anus . The large intestine does not secrete digestive enzymes and does not have villi . Parts of the large intestine include : taenia coli are three longitudinal muscle bands visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa . Muscle tone within these bands produces the haustrae . haustrae are external pouches that permit the considerable distension and elongation required of the intestine . They also affect the mucosal lining , producing a series of internal creases . cecum is the expanded pouch at the start of the large intestine and where chyme first enters . Chyme is a semifluid mixture of food and digestive secretions . Attached to the cecum is the appendix ileocecal valve is the muscular sphincter or junction between the ileum and the cecum . ascending transverse , and descending portions of the colon encircle the small intestine ascending colon begins at the ileocecal valve and ascends along the right side of the peritoneal cavity until it reaches the inferior margin of the liver . The right colic flexure or hepatic flexure marks the transition to the transverse colon . transverse colon continues toward the left side , passing below the stomach , following the curve of the body wall . Near the spleen , it turns at the left colic flexure splenic flexure descending colon continues on the left side until it reaches the iliac fossa where it curves and recurves to form the sigmoid colon , which empties into the rectum . rectum is about 15 cm or 6 inches long . It is the last part of the digestive tract and the last portion of the rectum is the anorectal canal . anorectal canal is the last inch of the colon that surrounds the anus . Functions of the large intestine include : absorption of water and certain electrolytes synthesization of certain vitamins ( especially vitamin K and certain B vitamins ) by the “ good ” intestinal bacteria temporary storage of fecal waste elimination of waste from the body ( defecation )	[ "Intestines", "Small Intestine", "Large Intestine" ]
http://innvista.com/health/foods/plu-codes-alphabetical-order/	Home Health Foods PLU Codes Alphabetical Order PLU Codes Alphabetical Order The following is adapted from the 55page listing supplied by the IFPC International Federation for Produce Coding an affiliate of the Produce Marketing Association Alfalfa Sprouts Alfalfa Sprouts 4514 Apples Akane small 4098 large 4099 Alkmene 3000 Aurora Southern Rose small 3001 large 3290 Baldwin 3075 Belchard Chantecler 3339 Bertanne Golden Russet 3340 Boskoop Belle de Boskoop small 3291 large 3292 Braeburn small 4101 large 4103 Cameo small 3065 large 3066 Cantared 3002 Charles Ross 3341 Cortland small 4104 large 4106 Cox Orange Pippin 4105 Crab 4107 Cripps Pink Pink Lady small 4128 large 4130 Cripps Red Sundowner small 3010 large 3301 Crispin Mutsu small 4108 12 4109 large 4110 12 4111 Criterion small 4113 large 4115 Delblush Tentation 3342 Dessert 3343 DEstivale 3003 Discovery 3004 Early small 4116 12 4117 large 4118 12 4119 Elstar small 4121 large 4123 Empire small 4124 12 4125 large 4126 12 4127 Fiesta 4120 Fireside small 4100 large 4102 Fuji small 4129 large 4131 Gala small 4132 12 4133 large 4134 12 4135 Ginger Gold small 4097 large 4096 Gloster small 3344 large 3345 Golden Delicious Blush 3005 Golden Delicious small 4021 4136 12 large 4020 4137 12 extra large 3285 Granny Smith small 4138 12 4139 large 4017 4018 12 red 3071 Gravenstein small 4156 large 4158 small red 3069 large red 3070 Greening Rhode Island 3074 Haralson small 4057 large 4058 Holstein 3346 Honeycrisp 3283 Idared small 4140 large 4142 Ingrid Marie 3006 Jonagold small 4144 12 4145 large 4146 12 4147 Jonamac small 4141 large 4143 Jonathan small 4148 12 4149 large 4150 12 4151 Lady 3072 Laxtons Fortune 3347 Liberty 3078 Lochbuie 3007 Lord Lambourne 3348 Macoun 3073 McIntosh small 4152 12 4153 large 4019 12 4154 Melrose 3076 Michaelmas Red 3349 Northern Spy 3077 Paulared small 4155 large 4157 Pippin small 4160 large 4162 Red Delicious small 4015 4167 12 large 4016 4168 12 extra large 3284 Regent small 4112 large 4114 Reine des Reinettes King of the Pippins small 3350 large 3351 Reinettes and Heritage varieties including Canada Blanc Reinette du Mans Armorique du Vigan Calville 3352 Rome small 4169 12 4170 large 4171 12 4172 Royal Gala small 4173 large 4174 Rubinette 3008 Russet 3009 Sciearly Pacific Beauty small 3295 large 3296 Scifresh Jazz small 3293 large 3294 Scired Pacific Queen 3297 Sciros Pacific Rose small 4122 large 3608 Sommerfeld 3272 Sonya small 3299 large 3300 Southern Snap 4176 Spartan small 4177 12 4178 large 4179 12 4180 St Edmunds Pippin 3353 Stayman small 4181 large 4183 Sturmer Pippin 4182 Sugar Apple 3382 Swiss Gourmet small 3067 large 3068 Virginia Gold 3271 Winesap small 4189 12 4190 large 4191 12 4192 Worcester 3011 York small 4185 large 4187 dried apple slices 4860 retailer assigned 41934217 Apricot InterSpecific 3422 Regular small 4218 large 3302 dried 4861 retailer assigned 4219 Arracach Arracach 3390 Artichoke Artichoke small 4516 large 4084 extra large 4762 Baby Cocktail 4519 Purple small 4517 large 4518 Rouge Salambo red 3391 Sunchokes Jerusalem Artichokes 4791 retailer assigned 4520 Asparagus Green small 4080 large 4521 bunch 3392 3 Purple 3079 bunch 3394 3 Tips 4524 White small 4522 large 4523 bunch 3393 3 retailer assigned 45254526 Atemoya Atemoya 4220 Avocado Cocktail Seedless 4226 Green small 4221 1 4222 medium 4771 1 large 4223 1 4224 Hass small 4046 large 4225 extra large 4770 Pinkerton 3080 Ripe readytoeat 3354 3 retailer assigned 42274228 Banana Banana Leaves 4232 Burro 4229 Dominique 4230 Green 4231 Hawaiian Plantain 3287 Manzano Apple Banana 4233 Nino 4234 Plantain Macho 4235 Red 4236 Yellow including Cavendish 4011 small 4186 retailer assigned 42374238 Bean Bean Sprouts Mung Bean Sprouts 4536 Chinese Long Snake 4527 Fava Broad 4528 Fine 3049 Green French 4066 Helda Flat 3048 Lima 4529 Pole Runner Stick 4530 Purple Hull 4531 Shell 4532 Wax Yellow 4533 Winged 4534 retailer assigned 4535 Beet Baby Golden 4537 Baby Red 4538 Beet Greens 4542 Bunch 4539 Golden 3273 Loose 4540 retailer assigned 4541 Berries Black Raspberries 4244 Blackberries 4239 Blueberries 4240 Boysenberries 4241 Cranberries 4242 Golden Raspberries 4245 Gooseberries 4243 Gooseberry Ground Cherry Physalis Cape 3039 Loganberries 3304 Raspberries red 4054 Saskatoons 3081 Strawberries Bulk 4323 3pack 3 pints 4249 1 4250 Longstemmed 4251 Nominal 250g litre 3356 3 500g 1 litre 3355 3 Pint 4028 4246 1 Quart 4247 1 4248 retailer assigned 42524253 Breadfruit Breadfruit 4254 Broccoli Baby 3277 Broccoli 4060 Broccoli Rabe Italian Rapini Chinese Broccoli Gai Lan 4547 Crowns 3082 Florettes 4548 Romanesco Broccoflower Caulibroc 3320 retailer assigned 4549 Brussels Sprout Brussels Sprout 4550 Stalk 3083 retailer assigned 4551 Cabbage Chinese Napa Wong Bok 4552 Dutch White Winter White 3050 Green 4069 Red 4554 Savoy green 4555 red 3396 Spring Cabbage Spring Greens 3051 Summer pointed type 3397 Tuscan 3166 retailer assigned 45564557 Cactus Cactus Leaves Nopales Cactus Pads 4558 Cactus Pear Prickly Pear 4255 Carambola Starfruit Carambola Starfruit 4256 Cardoon Cardoni Cardoon Cardoni 4559 Carrot Baby 4560 Bunch 4094 Carrot Sticks 4563 French 4561 Loose 4562 Purple Red Beta Sweet 3424 retailer assigned 45644565 Cauliflower Baby 4573 Cauliflower small 4079 large 4572 Florettes 4566 Green 4567 Purple 4568 retailer assigned 45694571 Celery Bunch small 4070 4071 1 large 4582 1 4583 Celery Root Celeriac 4585 with leaves attached 3321 Hearts 4575 Sticks 4576 retailer assigned 45774581 Chard Chard Swiss Chard Silverbeet green 4586 red 4587 retailer assigned 4588 Cherimoya Cherimoya 4257 Cherry Regular Red Black 4045 small 3357 3 large 3358 3 Golden Ranier White 4258 retailer assigned 4259 Choy Bok Choy Pak Choy Shanghai 3163 Bok Choy Pak Choy 4545 small or baby 4544 Choy Sum Pak Choy Sum 3322 baby 3323 Gai Lan Chinese Broccoli 3160 Gai or Gui Choy Chinese or Indian Mustard 4607 baby 3161 On Choy Water Spinach 3162 Yu Choy 3164 Coconut Husked 4261 In Husk Waternut 4260 retailer assigned 4262 Corn Indian decorative mini 3086 large 3085 strawberry 3087 Sweet Corn baby 4589 bicolor 4590 white 4077 yellow 4078 retailer assigned 4591 Cucumber Armenian 4592 English Hot House Long Seedless Telegraph Continental 4593 Green Ridge Short 4062 Japanese White 4594 Lemon 4595 Pickling Gherkin 4596 retailer assigned 4597 Currant Black 3305 Red 3088 Date Fresh regular 4263 on branch 3045 Fresh Frozen 3046 Medjool 3047 dried 4862 retailer assigned 4264 dried 4863 Eggplant Baby 4599 white 4600 Chinese 3089 Japanese 4601 Regular 4081 Thai 3090 White 4602 retailer assigned 4603 Endive Chicory Belgian Endive Whitloof Chicory 4543 red 3395 Endive Chicory 4604 Escarole Batavian Chicory green 4605 red 3324 Frisee 3167 Feijoa Feijoa 4265 Fiddlehead Ferns Fiddlehead Ferns 4606 Fig Black 4266 Brown 4267 White Green 4268 dried 3337 retailer assigned 4269 Garlic Elephant 4609 Oneclove types 3401 Regular 4608 fresh or semidried with leaves attached 3399 smoked 3400 String 3052 retailer assigned 46104611 Ginger Root regular 4612 retailer assigned 4613 Gobo Root Gobo Root Burdock Root 3091 Grape Blue Black seeded Ribier Exotic Niabel 4270 seeded all other varieties 4957 seedless Beauty all other varieties 4056 Champagne 4271 Chasselas 3359 Concord 4272 Crimson Majestic 4499 Fantasy Marroo 4638 Italian seeded 3043 Muscat de Hambourg 3360 Red Globe 4636 Red seeded Cardinal Emperor Queen Christmas Rose 4273 seeded all other varieties 4637 seedless Flame Ruby Emperatriz 4023 seedless all other varieties 4635 Sugarone Autumn seedless 4497 White Green seeded all other varieties 4274 seedless Perlette Seedless Thompson Seedless 4022 seedless all other varieties 4498 retailer assigned 30933094 42754278 Grapefruit Blanco Sweetie 3092 Deep Red small 4284 1 4285 4286 2 large 4287 1 4288 4289 2 extra large 4494 1 4495 4496 2 Melogold 3152 Pummelo red 3129 white 4279 Ruby Red Pink small 4027 1 4047 4280 2 large 4281 1 4282 4283 2 extra large 4491 1 4492 4493 2 White small 4290 1 4291 4292 2 large 4293 1 4294 4295 2 extra large 3157 1 3158 2 3159 without postharvest treatment 3361 3 retailer assigned 42964298 Greens Arugula Rocket 4884 Collards 4614 Dandelion 4615 Kale 4627 multicolor 3095 Mustard 4616 Polk Greens 4617 Texas Mustard 4618 Turnip 4619 retailer assigned 46204624 Guava Guava 4299 Herbs Aloe Vera Leaves 3064 Anise 3338 Baby Dill 4892 Basil 4885 opal 4886 sweet 4887 Bay Leaves 3062 Borage 3419 Chervil 3084 Chives 4888 Cilantro Coriander Chinese Parsley 4889 Dill 4891 Fennel Florence Sweet Fennel Fennel Bulb 4515 Fennel Leaves 3063 Lemon Grass 4894 Marjoram 4895 Mint 4896 Oregano 4897 Oyster Plant Salsify 4898 Parsley Root Hamburg Parsley 4671 Parsley regular curly 4899 Italian Continental French 4901 Pickling Dill 4893 Rosemary 4903 Sage 4904 Savory 3139 Sorrel 4905 Tarragon 4906 Thyme 4907 Vanilla Bean 4908 Watercress 4815 retailer assigned Parsley 4902 Other Herbs 49094923 Homli Fruit Homli Fruit 4300 Horseradish Root Horseradish Root 4625 Jicama Yam Bean Jicama Yam Bean 4626 Kiwi Fruit Golden 3279 Regular 4030 jumbo 3280 retailer assigned 4301 Kohlrabi Kohlrabi 4628 all colors 3096 Kumquat Kumquat 4303 Leek Regular 4629 bunch 3402 3 Baby 4630 bunch 3403 3 Lemon Lemon small 4033 medium 4958 large 4053 without postharvest treatment 3362 3 retailer assigned 4304 Lettuce Bibb Flat Round 4631 Boston Butter 4632 red 3098 Catalogna 3169 Green Leaf 4076 Hydroponic 4633 Iceberg 4061 4634 1 Lollo Bionda Coral Green 3325 Lollo Rossa Coral Red 3326 Mache 4639 Mignonette compact redtinged butterhead varieties 3327 Mixed smallleaf salad eg Sucrine Mesclun Rocket Arugula 3328 Oak Leaf green 3329 red 3330 Red Leaf 4075 Romaine Cos 4640 red 3097 retailer assigned 46414643 Lime Regular including Persian Tahiti Bearss 4048 Key including Mexican West Indian 4305 retailer assigned 4306 Limequat Limequat 4328 Longan Longan 4307 Loquat Loquat 4308 Lotus Root Lotus Root 3099 Lychee Lychee 4309 Madroña Madroña 3366 Malanga Malanga 4644 Mamey Mamey 4310 Mango Bowen Kensington Pride extra large 3363 Green 4311 R2E2 ArtwoEetwo extra large 3364 Red small 4051 large 4959 Ripe readytoeat 3365 3 Yellow 4312 retailer assigned 43134316 Mangosteen Mangosteen 3042 Melon Canary Yellow Honeydew 4317 Cantaloupe Muskmelon small 4049 4318 1 large 4050 4319 1 Casaba 4320 Charentais small 3033 medium 3306 large 3034 extra large 3307 Cinnabar 4321 Crenshaw 4322 French Afternoon 4324 French Breakfast 4325 Galia 4326 Glasshouse netted varieties 3367 3 Gold Honeydew 3100 Honeydew White Honeydew small 4329 large 4034 Horned Melon Kiwano 4302 Mayan 4330 Muskmelon 4332 Ogen 3368 Orange Flesh Cantaline 4327 Pepino 4333 Persian 4334 Piel de Sapo 3101 Prince 4335 Santa Claus 4336 Saticoy 4337 Sharlin 4338 Spanish Tendral 4339 Sprite 3289 Watermelon Mickey Lee Sugarbaby 4331 Mini seedless 37 pounds 3421 Orange 3308 seedless 3281 Red 4031 seedless 4032 Yellow 4340 seedless 4341 retailer assigned including precut melons 43424378 Mushroom Black Forest 4646 Cep 3404 Chanterelle 4647 Cremini Brown Swiss Brown 4648 Enoki 3103 Fairy Ring Champignon 3405 Grey Tricholoma 3406 Grisette 3407 Horn of Plenty Black Trumpet 3408 Morel 3102 Oyster 4649 Pioppino 3409 Portabella 4650 Regular button small 4645 large 4085 Saffron MilkCap 3410 Sheep Polypore 3411 Shiitake 4651 Wood Ear 4652 retailer assigned 46534654 Nectarine Nectavigne red flesh 3369 White Flesh tree ripened readytoeat small 4188 large 3035 Yellow Flesh small 4035 large 4036 retailer assigned 43794380 Nuts Almonds 4924 Brazil nuts 4926 Cashews 3105 Chestnuts 4927 Filberts Cobnut Hazelnut 4928 Macadamia 3106 Mixed 4929 Peanuts 4930 raw 4931 roasted salted 4932 roasted unsalted 4933 Pecans 4936 Pine Nuts Pignoli 4938 Pistachio natural 4939 red 4940 Sunflower Seeds 4942 Walnuts regular 4943 black 4944 white 4945 retailer assigned Almonds 4925 Peanuts 49344935 Pecans 4937 Pistachio 4941 Walnuts 4946 other nuts 49474956 Okra Regular green 4655 Chinese 4656 Red 4657 Onion Boiling 4658 Bulb 4659 California Sweet 4165 Green Scallions Spring 4068 Maui 4164 Other Sweet 4166 Pearl 4660 Pickling white 4661 Red 4082 fresh bunch 3331 Shallots 4662 Sweet red Italian flat 3286 Texas Sweet 4161 Vidalia 4159 Walla Walla 4163 White 4663 Yellow Brown small 4665 large 4093 fresh bunch 3412 retailer assigned 46664670 Orange Blood 4381 Delta seedless small 3028 medium 3153 large 3154 Juice 4382 Lima 3309 Maltaise 3370 Midknight small 3036 medium 3155 large 3156 Navel small 4013 4384 12 medium 3107 large 4012 4385 12 Cara Red 3110 Navelate other late Navel varieties 3372 Navelina including Newhall 3373 Pera 3310 Salustiana 3371 Seville Marmalade type 3109 Shamouti 3027 Tangelo Minneola 4383 Temple small 4386 large 4387 Valencia small 4014 1 medium 3108 large 4388 without postharvest treatment 3374 3 retailer assigned 43894393 Papaya Pawpaw Babaco 3303 Cooking Mexican 4395 Meridol 3112 RedFleshed Solo Sunrise 3111 Regular small 4052 large 4394 retailer assigned 4396 Parsnip Baby 3053 Parsnips 4672 Passion Fruit Curuba Banana 3311 Granadilla Grenadilla Orange 3038 Granadilla Yellow Maracuya 3312 Purple 4397 retailer assigned 4398 Peach Donut Flat Chinese 3113 Indian 4399 Pêche de Vigne Sanguine red flesh 3375 White Flesh small 4400 large 4401 tree ripened readytoeat small 3313 large 3314 Yellow Flesh small 4037 4402 1 large 4038 4403 1 tree ripened readytoeat small 3116 1 4043 large 3117 1 4044 retailer assigned 44044405 Pea Blackeyed 4673 Chick Pea Garbanzo 3398 Chinese Snow Pea Pea Pod Mange Tout 4092 Green 4674 Sugar Snap 4675 retailer assigned 4676 Pear Abate Fetel 3012 Alexander Lucas 3376 Asian Nashi brown 4408 white 4406 yellow 4407 Bartlett Williams WBC small 4024 large 4409 Bartlett Red Red Sensation 4410 Beurre Hardy 3013 Bon Rouge 3014 Bosc Beurre Bosc small 4026 4411 1 large 4412 1 4413 Chinese Yali 4890 Clara Friis 3015 Comice Doyenne du Comice small 4414 large 3420 Concorde 3016 Conference 3017 DAnjou small 4025 large 4416 red 4417 Durondeau 3018 Flamingo 3019 Forelle Corella 4418 French 4419 General Leclerc 3020 Guyot 3021 Josephine 3022 King Royal 4420 Louise Bonne 3377 Packham Packhams Triumph small 4421 large 3852 Passe Crassane small 3023 large 3318 Red 4415 Rocha 3024 Rosemarie 3025 Santa Maria 3378 Seckel 4422 Starkrimson 3118 Taylors Gold 4553 Tree Ripened 4423 Triumph de Vienne 3026 Winter Nelis Honey 4424 retailer assigned 44254426 Pepper Anaheim green red 4677 Banana yellow long 4678 Bell field grown brown 4679 golden yellow 4680 green small 4681 large 4065 orange 4682 purple 4683 red 4088 white 4684 Bell greenhouse brown 3123 green small 3119 large 3120 orange 3121 purple 3124 red 4688 white 3122 yellow 4689 Capsicums Elongated Clovis Lamuyo green 3055 orange 3057 red 3054 white 3058 yellow 3056 Chili dried 4685 green 4686 yellow 4772 Cubanelle 4687 Habanero 3125 Hot Hungarian Hot 4690 Hot Mixed 4691 Hungarian Wax 4692 Jalapeno Mexican green 4693 red 4694 Japanese red 4695 Long hot green 4696 red 4697 Morita Chili 4698 Negro 4699 New Mexico 4700 Pasilla green 4701 red 4702 Pod 4703 Pinole 4704 Poblano 4705 Red Cheese 4706 Red Finger 4707 Red Pimiento Red sweet long 4708 Serrano 4709 Tabasco 3413 retailer assigned 47104722 Persimmon Regular American Persimmon 4427 Japanese Sharonfruit Kaki 4428 retailer assigned 4429 Pineapple Jet Fresh small 4431 large 4432 Pineapple small 4029 large 4430 Mini 3379 Perola 3380 Queen 3037 dried 4864 retailer assigned 4433 Pitahaya Pitahaya red skin color 3040 yellow skin color 3319 Plum Black Ambra Black Beaut Prima Black Blackamber Black Torch Catalina Challengre Black Diamond Friar Royal Diamond Black Knight Freedom Black Flame Howard Sun Angeleno others small 4039 large 4040 Green Dolly Kelsey Wickson others small 4434 large 4435 InterSpecific 3278 Italian Prune Sugar 4436 Prunes fresh 3274 dried pitted 4866 regular dried 4865 Purple Queen Rosa Laroda Nublana Queen Ann Simka El Dorado others small 4437 large 4438 Raisins black dried 4868 golden yellow dried 4869 Red Santa Rosa Late Santa Rosa Red Beaut Rich Red Spring Beaut First Beaut Royal Red Red Jewel Rose Zee Royal Zee Ace Aleta Rose Burgandy July Santa Rosa Frontier Fortune Grad Rosa Red Lane Red Rosa others small 4041 large 4042 Tree ripened small 4439 large 4440 Yellow Golden Globe others small 4441 large 4442 retailer assigned 44434444 dried Prunes 4867 Plumcot Plumcot 3126 Pomegranate Pomegranate small 4445 large 3127 retailer assigned 4446 Potato Baking red redeye varieties 3415 3 white 3414 3 Boniato Sweet Potato 4546 Creamer red 4723 white 4724 Long white 4726 Potato purple 3128 red 4073 white 4083 yellow 4727 Russet 4072 4725 1 Sweet Potato Kumara golden 4816 white 4091 red orangy white flesh small 3333 large 3334 red flesh small 4074 large 4817 Yam white 3276 yellow 3275 retailer assigned 47284733 Sweet Potato Kumara 3288 Yam 4818 Pumpkin Decorative Painted 3131 Jumbo 3130 Mini 4734 white 3133 Ornamental 3135 Pie Pumpkin 3134 Regular 4735 White 3132 retailer assigned 47364737 Quince Quince 4447 Radicchio Castlefranco 3168 Radicchio 4738 Treviso 3165 Radish Black 4739 Bunched red 4089 white 4740 Daikon Radish 4598 Italian red 4741 Red 4742 White Icicle 4743 retailer assigned 4744 Rambutan Rambutan 3041 Rhubarb Rhubarb 4745 bunch 3416 3 retailer assigned 4746 Salad Bar Salad Bar 4470 Sapote Sapodillo Nispero 3136 Sapote white 3137 black 3138 Soursop Soursop 3381 Spinach Baby 3332 New Zealand 3417 3 Regular Bunched 4090 retailer assigned 4749 Squash Acorn Table Queen 4750 baby 3143 Golden 4751 white Swan 4752 Australian Blue 4753 Banana 4757 Bitter Melon Bitter Gourd Foo Qua 4783 Buttercup 4758 Butternut 4759 Calabaza 4760 Carnival 3142 Chayote Choko 4761 Crown Prince 3059 Cucuzza 3140 Delicata Sweet Potato Squash 4763 Gem 4765 Golden Delicious 4766 Golden Nugget 4767 Hubbard 4768 Kabocha 4769 Opo 3141 Patty Pan Summer 4773 Red Kuri 4774 Scallopini 4775 baby 4754 Spaghetti Vegetable Spaghetti 4776 Summer green baby 4755 Sunburst yellow 4777 Sweet Dumpling 4764 Sweet Mama 4779 Turban 4780 Vegetable Marrow 3060 White 4781 Yellow Crookneck 4784 Yellow Straightneck 4782 Yellow Zucchini Gold Bar Yellow Courgette 4086 Zucchini Courgette 4067 round 3418 baby green 4756 retailer assigned 47854789 Sugar Cane Sugar Cane 4790 Tamarillo Golden 4792 Red 4793 Tamarindo Tamarindo 4448 Tangerine Mandarin Clementine including Fortune 4450 small 3383 3 medium 3384 3 large 3385 3 with leaves attached 3386 3 without postharvest treatment 3387 3 Dancy 4451 Ellendale 3032 small 3425 3 medium 3426 3 large 3427 3 Fairchild 4452 Fall Glo 3144 Honey Murcott 4453 small 3428 3 medium 3429 3 large 3430 3 Imperial small 3431 3 medium 3432 3 large 3433 3 Jamaican Tangor synonyms Ortanique Mandor Mandora Tambor Topaz Ortaline 3031 Kinnow 4454 Mandarin Royal 4455 Nova including Clemenvilla and Suntina 3030 Satsuma 3029 Clauselina 3388 3 Okitsu 3389 3 Sunburst 4449 Tangelo 4456 Jamaican 4459 Tangerine Mandarin 4055 retailer assigned 44574458 Tomato Beef Beefsteak 3061 Cherry red 4796 on the vine 3146 yellow 4797 on the vine 3147 Cocktail Intermediate Red 3150 on the vine Truss 3335 Cocktail Intermediate Red Plum Italian Saladette Roma on the vine Truss 3336 Greenhouse Hydroponic regular red small 4798 large 4799 Heirloom 3423 Native Home Grown 4800 Plum Italian Saladette Roma red 4087 on the vine 3282 yellow 3145 Regular orange on the vine 3149 red small 4063 large 4064 on the vine Truss 4664 yellow 4778 on the vine Truss 3148 Teardrop Pear red 4803 yellow 4804 Tomatillos Husk Tomatoes 4801 Vine Ripe regular red small 4805 large 3151 dried 4802 retailer assigned 48064808 Taro Root Dasheen Taro Root small 4794 large 4795 Turnip Rutabaga Swede Baby 4809 Bunch Banded 4810 Purple Top 4811 Regular 4747 White 4812 Yellow 4095 retailer assigned 4748 4813 Waterchestnuts Waterchestnuts 4814 Yucca Root Yucca Root 4819 Other all commodities 31703270 44604469 retailer assigned fruits 44714490 dried fruits 48704883 vegetables 45004513 48204859 no listing 3044 3104 33153317 34343607 36093851 38534010 4059 Notes Restricted to those grown in Eastern North America Restricted to those grown in Central North America Restricted from any use in North America Note Are you aware of the effect of drugs prescription and overthecounter on your bodys nutrients Check here	[ "PLU Codes" ]
http://inogolo.com/pronunciation/Charbonneau	Charbonneau Pronunciation : SHAR - buh - no Tags pronunciation key	[ "Charbonneau" ]
http://inogolo.com/pronunciation/Thierry	Thierry Pronunciation : tee - AIR - ree Your browser does not support the audio element . Origin : French Tags # commonly mispronounced # french pronunciation key See Also Thierry Henry Striker for French national football team	[ "Thierry" ]
http://inorml.com/blog/2012/11/29/thca-vs-thc-the-difference-in-non-active-and-active-thc-cannabinoids/	“ THC ( A ) vs . THC : the difference in non - active and active THC cannabinoids ” by Indiana NORML \| Nov 29 , 2012 \| Health Medical Marijuana Science THC ( A ) vs . THC THC is the main psychoactive constituent contained in the marijuana plant . While most of us have heard of THC , and know what it is , many people do n ’ t know about its non - psychoactive pre - curser “ acid form ” called THC ( A ) , also known as Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid ( is n ’ t THC ( A ) a lot easier to say ? ) . What is THC ( A ) ? THC ( A ) is actually the bio - synthetic precursor to THC . What this means is , over time – and given the proper environmental conditions – THC ( A ) will actually convert into THC . This conversion takes place in a couple of different ways and is commonly referred to as decarboxylation , or “ decarbing ” your cannabis . Properties of THC ( A ) Before being converted to it ; s psychoactive form , THC ( A ) still has many therapeutic benefits while being void of psycho - activity – such as aiding in sleep , inhibiting cancer cell growth , and suppressing muscle spasms – as you can see from the chart below . Properties of THC THC has many separate properties , once it has been converted from THC ( A ) . It has been shown to reduce vomiting and nausea , relieve pain , stimulate the appetite , and also reduces muscle spasms . What most people do n ’ t realize is , that cannabis actually contains very little THC in it ’ s natural plant form . As a matter of fact , upwards of 80 - 90 % or so of the THC found in cannabis is actually in the form of THC ( A ) until it goes through a process known as decarboxylation . Since decarboxylation instantly takes place while being smoked , the differences in the THC ( A ) / THC levels – are not as important when dealing with marijuana that will be smoked . Topical uses of marijuana On the other hand , if you are using medical marijuana or an extract to make a topical application , then you will need to have a better understanding of the differences in THC ( A ) and THC , as well as an understanding of what decarboxylation is and how it is achieved . When making medical marijuana preparations such as topicals , capsules , and other forms of medical marijuana that will not be heated past the decarboxylation threshold of 222 degrees Fahrenheit – it is important to know what THC ( A ) to THC ratio you need to achieve for the desired effects . Also important is knowing that by properly decarboxylating your marijuana , you can dial in the desired amounts of THC ( A ) and THC for a custom preparation that holds the benefits of both of these great cannabinoids . For example : let ’ s say you want to make a topical that will be a good pain reliever , as well as having an ability to inhibit cancer - cell growth . In this case you would not want to fully “ decarb ” your starting material , since you would be removing the properties that inhibit cancer - cell growth . A full - decarb would change the THC ( A ) to THC with about 95 % + conversion rate . If however , you were able to partially decarb your plant material before turning it onto a topical , you could dial in properties that would otherwise be lost . This would be very beneficial in adjusting the efficacy of products being used by patients with more than one condition or symptom . With use of the above chart , as well as the information provided in the article I wrote called “ decarboxylation “ , you can begin to get a fuller - understanding of cannabinoids and how to use them to our advantage . By custom tuning our products to include not only different cannabinoids , but to also include different versions of the same cannabinoids we will be able to make recipes that will be perfect for almost any condition that medical marijuana is therapeutic for . Custom decarboxylation processes for obtaining a custom ratio By using custom ranges of temperatures and times to perform decarboxylation , you can fine tune the amount of THC ( A ) that is converted into THC for the perfect ratio or blend . This could be very beneficial in making products that have a broad - range of therapeutic benefits . As we learn more about the inner - workings of one of the worlds oldest herbs ( cannabis ) , we are coming to the conclusion that marijuana is in fact medicine , and there are many ways to use it that we just have not found yet . By tweaking , experimenting and studying this plant we will be able to find many more uses for it in the future . Happy medicating ~ Cannabis Chris ” http : / / www . medicalmarijuanafaqs . com / 2012 / 11 / 20 / thca - vs - thc - cannabinoids / # .ULfWK6w8CSo Related	[ "INORML", "THC ( A )", "THC" ]
http://insanemedia.net/boston-bombing-conspiracy-saudi-connection-al-harbi/3774	Warning : A non - numeric value encountered in / home / insaneme / public_html / wp - content / themes / gonzo / single . php on line 52 Boston Marathon Bombing Published on April 21st , 2013 \| by - swansong - 7 Boston Bombing Conspiracy – The Saudi Connection Glenn Beck is certain that he has information that the Boston Marathon Bombing is a big Government Conspiracy . Beck has given the White House an ultimatum that expires Monday , April 22 , 2013 . He wants the Government to tell the truth to the people about what he has uncovered or Beck will expose them on The Blaze . The information involves the Saudi national who was originally a ‘ person of interest ’ shortly after the attack took place . The Saudi international has been identified as Abdulrahman Ali Al - Harbi . Watch the video of Glenn Beck and read more below about Abdulrahman Al - Harbi : Boston Bombing Conspiracy – The Saudi Connection . Glenn Beck : Boston Bombing Conspiracy – The Saudi Connection Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . UPDATE : Article HERE Glenn Beck : The things that I have covered in the last 40 years , I would say this is top five . Maybe number 2 . And possibly number one in importance . Number one , is clearly the World Trade Center bombing . I wa n ’ t you to listen carefully to me for the next 20 Minutes , this is very very important ! “ What we do going forward from here , will determine the faith of our nation . Glenn Beck : Make no mistake , this story is number 2 because of what I know . What we do will make this the most important story of our lifetime . What ’ s happening now , is very important . What happens in the aftermath will make it the most important , because it will either save our country or we will be done . “ So let me just say this to those at the highest echelons of government that know the “ tagging system . ” They know all about events , not files , events ! Let me send this message very clear , we know who this Saudi National is and it is in your best interest and the best interest of integrity and trust for the people of the United States of America , its best coming from you , not from a news organisation . You have until Monday ! ” : We have information on who this man is , and listen to me carefully , in your little “ event world . ” We know he is a very , very , very bad man ! I know this does n ’ t make any sense to you right now , but on Monday it will . It makes sense to somebody in Washington . “ I do n ’ t bluff . I make promises . The truth matters . I ’ ve had enough of what you ’ ve done to our country . ” UPDATE : CONGRESSMEN REQUEST CLASSIFIED BRIEFING ON SAUDI ‘ PERSON OF INTEREST ’ IN BOSTON BOMBING TheBlaze just published that The House Committee on Homeland Security emailed them a copy of their request to Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano for more information on the Saudi national originally described as a “ person of interest ” in the Boston Marathon bombing . The Saudi national — originally identified as Abdul Rahman Ali Alharbi — has been the topic of fierce debate in recent days , after he was reportedly set to be deported under section 212 3B of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( INA ) – “ Security and related grounds ” – “ Terrorist activities , ” after the bombing . Now , the House Committee on Homeland Security wants some answers . The letter reads : We are writing to request a classified briefing on Department of Homeland Security information and actions related to the case of the original person of interest in the terrorist attack at the Boston Marathon on Monday , April 22 , 2013 . On Thursday , April 18th , you testified before the Committee on Homeland Security and responded to a question related to this individual ’ s immigration status by saying that you “ were unaware of anyone being deported for national security concerns at all related to Boston . ” The plot seems to thicken . I like to observe a situation first , but the magnitude of the lies and cover ups lately are just staggering . I ’ m not a big fan of Glenn Beck , but you have to give credit where credit is due . He knew the truth about Benghazi and the Syria connection long before it was reported by the Main Stream Media . The MSM wanted to run with the story of the militant students , that caused the deaths of 4 Americans . According to Breitbart , the Saudi National questioned after the Boston Marathon Bombing had his deportation order records altered , rescinding his deportation order . U.S. DHS Secretary Napolitano The alteration occurred the night before Secretary Napolitano vehemently denied the existence of any deportation order in testimony before the House of Representatives . Sources with knowledge of these matters says the change occurred subsequent to Secretary John Kerry ’ s closed door meeting on Tuesday with the Saudi Minister and around the time of the meeting between the Saudi Minister and Obama later on Wednesday evening . Napolitano to Congressman Duncan : “ I am not going to answer that question , it is so full of misstatements and misapprehensions , that it is just not worthy of an answer … .there has been so much reported on this that has been wrong , I ca n ’ t even begin to tell you , congressman . ” Emerson appeared for a second time on Hannity on Thursday night to reveal that : “ the documents are going to surface or at least members of Congress have it right now , and they ’ ll make the contents public . ” Hannity : I have multiple sources , high level , within our government , that told me the exact same thing . That this Saudi national , they said now is a witness , not a suspect , but saying is to be deported Tuesday , I was told for the exact same thing , for national security reasons . I did see the video where Janet Napolitano denied any knowledge of that , but yet it ’ s been confirmed now by multiple sources . Emerson : And the documents are going to surface or at least members of Congress have it right now , and they ’ ll make the contents public . We do n ’ t know if he was connected to the bombing or not , but it ’ s a strange coincidence for sure . From 2011 : Janet Napolitano Says No “ Logic ” In Profiling Muslim Men Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . : Documents were brought to our attention at TheBlaze , and those documents indicate that this guy is scheduled for deportation next Tuesday due to issues related to national security . The document goes on to say that the individual is linked to the Boston bombing . That ’ s what the federal document says . This is the same person that we were initially told was a person of interest . This was the Saudi national in the hospital . His apartment was in Revere , Massachusetts . It was raided . The items were removed . And then we were told he was just a possible witness . And then we were finally told by the authorities he had nothing to do with the attack in fact he was n ’ t a witness to the crime . Why was he in the hospital ? How did he get to the ground zero ? This guy who was n ’ t a witness is suddenly being deported next Tuesday , whisked off our continent to go back to Saudi Arabia , and he was n ’ t even a witness – yet the documents he ’ s being deported voluntarily on terror charges linked to the Boston bombing Who is Abdulrahman Ali Al - Harbi ? According to the Global Dispatch , Abdul Rahman Ali Al - Harbi , “ Person Of Interest ” in the Boston Marathon Bombing has 6 Saudi ‘ Terrorists ’ in his family , 5 of those are in Gitmo . There were “ rumors ” of President Obama meeting with Saudi officials in the hospital just prior to his “ approved deportation . ” More notable is the assertions that Abdul Rahman Ali Al - Harbi is clear of any terrorist ties , when in fact over 10 names from his clan are already linked to Al - Qaeda ! Many members from the Al - Harbi ’ s clan are involved in terrorism and are members of Al - Qaeda as identified by Islamic governments . In a list of 85 terrorists released by the Saudi government , several members of the Al - Harbi family seem to have been active fighters in Al - Qaeda # 15 Badr Saud Uwaid Al - Awufi Al - Harbi # 73 Muhammad Atiq Uwaid Al - Awufi Al - Harbi # 26 Khalid Salim Uwaid Al - Lahibi Al - Harbi # 29 R aed Abdullah Salem Al - Thahiri Al - Harbi # 43 Abdullah Abdul Rahman Muhammad Al - Harbi ( leader ) # 60 Fayez Ghuneim Humeid Al - Hijri Al - Harbi Then you have Al - Harbi clan members in Gitmo : Salim Salman Awadallah Al - Sai ’ di Al - Harbi Majid Abdullah Hussein Al - Harbi Muhammad Abdullah Saqr Al - Alawi Al - Harbi Ghanem Abdul Rahman Ghanem Al - Harbi Muhammad Atiq Uwaid Al - Awfi Al - Harbi In the night of the Boston Bombing , the media reported that an apartment belonging to a Saudi National , Abdul Rahman Ali Alharbi , in Revere Mass , was searched by the FBI and Law enforcement . Abdul Alharbi was in the U.S. on a student visa . Federal search warrant is now being executed at 5th floor apt 364 Ocean Ave in Revere , MA – alot of activity , different agencies on scene . — JΞSTΞR ™ ( @ th3j35t3r ) April 16 , 2013 Abdul Rahman Ali Alharbi lived in Revere , Mass ( Boston suburb ) in an apartment on the 5th floor . # 503 – The next morning , TheNewsWire reported : Kerry meeting with Saudi Foreign Minister abruptly closed A meeting Secretary of State John Kerry held with Saudi Arabian Foreign Minister Saud Al - Faisal was abruptly closed to press coverage Tuesday morning . The State Department initially provided no reason for the change , which was announced just 15 minutes before the scheduled 10 A.M. session , but media reports have said that a Saudi national in the U.S. on a student visa is a “ person of interest ” to investigators probing the bombings at the Boston Marathon on Monday . The person being investigated was badly injured in the attack , sources said . On Wednesday , President Obama met with the Saudi Foreign Minister in the White House under the auspices of discussing Syria . U.S. President Barack Obama met with Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al - Faisal at the White House and discussed the conflict in Syria , a spokeswoman said . The meeting was not on Obama ’ s public schedule . The spokeswoman , Caitlin Hayden , said the president joined a meeting between the Saudi official and Obama ’ s national security adviser , Tom Donilon . ( Read More Abdul Rahman Ali Al - Harbi Abdul Al - Harbi pictured on the left in the above photo If you think the story ends here you are wrong . This photo posted by Ali Alharbi on Twitter shows his son Abdurrahman resting at his hospital room ( left frame ) and being visited by the Saudi Consul General in New York , Azzam Al - Gain . Ali Alharbi , the father of the 20 - year - old Saudi student who was injured in the deadly Boston blasts has said his son was indeed questioned about the explosions but only as a routine procedure . he , said his son Abdurrahman was just one of more than hundreds people of various nationalities who were questioned by investigators looking The following is based on a translation of the article that appeared in Okaz Ambassador to the royal crown , Adel ben Ahmad Al - Jubeir , had several phone calls with the paper as well as with the Royal family . He stated that very high - ranking , U.S. government officials stated that there is no suspicion of any Saudi nationals relative to the Boston marathon explosions . The Saudi Consul General in New York , Abdel Karim Alqin assured Okaz that all Saudis have been cleared and two Saudis were injured , including Alharbi and a Saudi female doctor named Nura Khalid Saleh al - Ajaji . Prince Saud al - These students were also told not to cooperate with any media entities and to lay low Photo : Abdul Al - Harbi and his father Ali Al - Harbi Also of interest , are the “ contractors on the scene as pointed out in our article here . The “ Contractors ” stood at the Boston Marathon near the Bomb , and left before the detonation . Wearing unmarked , matching uniforms and operating an unmarked SUV with communication equipment near the finish line of the Boston Marathon shortly after the bomb blasts – was seen before the Boston Marathon Bombing , just a little distance away from where the first bomb was detonated . While they can be seen with their backpacks after the explosion , the black backpack matches the description of the backpack shown in the evidence photos . It could be anybody of Photo taken approximately 5 Minutes after the explosion . All depicted Agents ( & several others alike ) are running , leaving the the Strike - Zone in two ( or more ) separate groups as police starts sealing off the area – almost enclosing them . .These agents were clearly not there to help any casualties or assist local law - enforcement in their investigation / upholding - order ; instead they left the area instantly – and in a sudden rush – as the area was getting sealed off by local law - enforcement … . See the this article Note : Another comparison of this photo circulates on the web , comparing them to Sandy Hook First Responders . I ’ m just going to show it , not really running with it . Send in a tweet to us : insanemedia1 have you seen this ? twitter . com / Way2Wonderland … — jack ( @ cossa68 ) April 20 , 2013 Something else I came across earlier today , and I ’ m only showing this as I find it to be interesting , is a man that appears in various photos with Prince Al - Waleed bin Talal bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud , member of the Royal House of Saud and President of Kingdom Holding company . Below is the photo I came across earlier , not really something to “ run ” with , but I did find the similarity striking , including the hairline . Is this a body guard of the Prince Al - Waleed bin Talal ? Look at the photo below : Al Waleed Bin Talal ( also spelled Waleed bin Talal ) is a Saudi Arabian businessman and investor . He is a member of the Saudi royal family . He is the founder , CEO , and 95 { 2bd38f3aa67c5df5134457b3a6cccfa81474f178cea7c899ef32e7849771de96 } - owner of the Kingdom Holding Company . Arabian Business ranked him as the most influential Arab in the world . In March 2013 , Forbes listed Talal as the 26th - richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US $ 20 Billion . What are your views on the Boston Bombing Conspiracy – The Saudi Connection ? What will Glenn Beck reveal tomorrow ? I ’ m sure it will be an interesting day … . Tags : Abdulrahman Ali Al - Harbi Boston Bombing Conspiracy Boston Marathon Bombing Corruption Government Control Saudi About the Author - swansong - Is just a guy . . .sick of the lies . A guy who is sick of the constant manipulating , spinning , massaging , altering , sensationalizing and outright bastardizing of the news . There ' s a reason they ' re called the " public " airwaves . They belong to us . . .and it ' s time we took them back .	[ "Boston Bombing", "Glenn Beck", "Saudi national" ]
http://insects.about.com/od/insects101/p/whatisaninsect.htm	Science , Tech , Math Animals and Nature What Are Insects ? Classifying and Identifying Insects Thomas J Peterson / Photographer ' s Choice RF / Getty Images by Debbie Hadley Updated May 02 , 2018 Insects are the largest group in the animal kingdom . Scientists estimate there are over 1 million insect species on the planet , living in every conceivable environment from volcanoes to glaciers . Insects help us by pollinating our food crops , decomposing organic matter , providing researchers with clues to a cancer cure , and even solving crimes . They can also harm us , such as by spreading diseases and damaging plants and structures . Whether you are trying to figure out what ’ s eating your squash , or just enjoy things that crawl , hop , and fly , learning about the insects in our lives is a worthwhile pursuit . How Are Insects Classified ? Insects are arthropods . All animals in the phylum Arthropoda have exoskeletons , segmented bodies , and at least three pairs of legs . Other classes that belong to the phylum Arthropoda include : Arachnida ( spiders ) , Diplopoda ( millipedes ) and Chilopoda ( centipedes ) . The class Insecta encompasses all of the insects on the earth . It is most often divided into 29 orders . These 29 orders use the physical characteristics of the insects to group similar insect families . Some insect taxonomists organize the insects differently , using evolutionary links instead of physical traits . For the purpose of identifying an insect , it makes more sense to use the system of 29 orders , since you can see the physical similarities and differences between insects you observe . Here is an example of how an insect , the monarch butterfly , is classified : Kingdom Animalia – the animal kingdom Phylum Arthropoda - arthropods Class Insects - insects Order Lepidoptera – butterflies and moths Family Nymphalidae – brush - footed butterflies Genus Danaus Species plexippus The genus and species names are always italicized and used together to give the scientific name of the individual species . An insect species may occur in many regions and may have different common names in other languages and cultures . The scientific name is a standard name that is used by entomologists around the world . This system of using two names ( genus and species ) is called binomial nomenclature . Basic Insect Anatomy As you may remember from elementary school , the most basic definition of an insect is an organism with three pairs of legs and three body regions – head , thorax , and abdomen . Entomologists , scientists who study insects , might also add that insects have a pair of antennae and external mouthparts . As you learn more about insects , you will find there are some exceptions to these rules . The Head Region The head region is at the front of the insect ’ s body and contains the mouthparts , antennae , and eyes . Insects have mouthparts designed to help them feed on different things . Some insects drink nectar and have mouthparts modified into a tube called a proboscis to suck up liquid . Other insects have chewing mouthparts and eat leaves or other plant matter . Some insects bite or pinch , and others pierce and suck blood or plant fluids . The pair of antennae may have obvious segments or look like a feather . They come in different forms and are a clue to identifying the insect . Antennae are used to perceive sounds , vibrations , and other environmental factors . Insects can have two types of eyes – compound or simple . Compound eyes are usually large with many lenses , giving the insect a complex image of its surroundings . A simple eye contains just a single lens . Some insects have both kinds of eyes . The Thorax Region The thorax , or middle region of an insect ’ s body , includes the wings and legs . All six legs are attached to the thorax . The thorax also contains the muscles that control movement . All insect legs have five parts . Legs can be different shapes and have different adaptations to help the insect move within its unique habitat . Grasshoppers have legs designed for jumping , while honey bees have legs with special baskets to hold pollen as the bee moves from flower to flower . Wings also come in different shapes and sizes and are another important clue to help you identify an insect . Butterflies and moths have wings made of overlapping scales , often in brilliant colors . Some insect wings appear transparent , with just a web of veins to identify their shape . When at rest , insects like beetles and praying mantids keep their wings folded flat against their bodies . Other insects hold their wings vertically , like butterflies and damselflies . The Abdomen Region The abdomen is the final region in the insect body and contains the insect ’ s vital organs . Insects have digestive organs , including a stomach and intestines , to absorb nutrients from their food and separate waste matter . The sexual organs of the insect are also in the abdomen . Glands that secrete pheromones for marking the insect ’ s trail or attracting a mate are in this region as well . Take a Closer Look to Learn More About Insects The next time you observe a lady beetle or a moth in your yard , stop and take a closer look . See if you can distinguish the head , thorax , and abdomen . Look at the shape of the antennae , and watch how the insect holds its wings . These clues will help you identify a mystery insect , and provide information about how the insect lives , feeds and moves . Continue Reading	[ "Insects", "animal kingdom" ]
http://inside-galaxy.blogspot.com/2014/03/samsung-galaxy-s4-how-to-fix-missing.html	Samsung Galaxy S4 : How to Fix Missing Microphone Button on Samsung Keyboard By Rehan March 07 , 2014 In the stock Samsung keyboard , there are some keys that have several functions , for instance a key in the left side of Space bar ( it ' s usually displayed with a Settings / Cog wheel icon ) , when you long tap this key , you will see some options available , such as Keyboard settings , Smiley , Clipboard , Microphone , etc . Those hidden button sometimes make some users who want to use one of them have difficulty to find the button . See also : How to Find Mic Button on Samsung Keyboard But , in certain case , the Mic button is completely not available though the user have had long tapped the key in the left side of Space bar , as experienced by one of insider named Linda . She says that she ca n ' t find Mic button though she has had long tapped the key in the left side of Space bar when she want to use it to voice to text . How to fix missing mic button on Samsung keyboard ? If you ' re also experiencing the same problem , you can make the Mic button available again in your keyboard by following the steps below : Go to Settings . Tap My device tab . Scroll down to find Language and input , then tap it . Check the box in the left side of Google voice typing to enable this option . Enable this option will make the Mic button available on your Samsung keyboard and vice versa . Now , open an app that requires you to use keyboard , such as Messaging app . On keyboard , long tap the key in the left side of Space bar . You should see the Microphone icon displayed in the pop up menu as one of available option . Well , with this post I also want to apologize to Linda for so late answer . I hope it ' s not too late . I personally seldom use Mic button to voice to text and more prefer to use keyboard to compose a text message , that ' s why I do n ' t know much about this feature . So , how about you ? Do you often use Mic button on your Samsung keyboard ? Labels of this post : Fix Keyboard Messaging S4 with Android 4.3 Reactions : funny 0 interesting 0 cool Share Comments Jennifer Wiley 1 May 2014 at 16 : 31 What do you do if Google Voice Typing is not shown so I cant put a check in that box ? All of a sudden , I have no more Mic , plus my Google widget isnt working ! Reply Rehan 1 May 2014 at 18 : 05 Hi Jennifer Wiley , Thanks for coming . Did you made any change before missing the mic icon ? Also , can you please tell me what ' s your model number and Android version ? However , try to go to Settings > tap " More " tab > tap " Application manager " > swipe the screen to the right until you see the " All " screen > scroll to the very bottom and then see whether there ' s a Google - related app that has been disabled , if any , tap the app and then tap " Enable " button . Once done , check under the " Language and input " in the Settings menu , you should see the " Google Voice typing " option . Hope it helps : ) David Stonitsch 26 June 2014 at 13 : 32 Thank you for posting ! ! ! I had the same problem and 2 different Verizon stores had no clue and were ready to erase my entire phone and start from scratch . Had Google Search turned off and once I turned it back on , I was good to go . 26 June 2014 at 15 : 35 Hi David Stonitsch , Thanks for coming . Glad to know that your issue finally can be resolved : ) Cat Dunson 23 November 2014 at 08 : 24 THANK YOU REHAN ! I searched for days trying to figure this out . Thank you ! 23 November 2014 at 17 : 51 Hi Cat Dunson , I also would like to thank you for coming and let me know that you can find something useful here : ) Bryan Rebold 16 January 2015 at 12 : 38 Thanks Rehan ! ! ! Sprint could n ' t help me either , but it was the same issue as above with the Google Search being turned off . 16 January 2015 at 20 : 02 You ' re welcome , Bryan Rebold . Thanks for coming here : ) Tamera Barrow 12 December 2015 at 10 : 36 THANK YOU ! ! ! Tried several thing on my Note 4 , and there was a Google App disabled . Can not thank you enough ! ! Gabby Levy 2 June 2016 at 19 : 48 Finally just figured out on the microphone button missing ( may be the settings icon ) press it & hold until the microphone appears then click it & it ' ll be back where it belongs . Jackie 13 July 2016 at 08 : 53 Thanks so much ! It was a feature I use often and I ' m glad to have it back . Susan 16 October 2016 at 08 : 30 Rehan , thank you so much for your information . I have been trying to get my microphone back on for almost a week . They did n ' t even know how to fix it at the Verizon store . Sometimes I have to speak texts . Heather Morgan 8 May 2014 at 08 : 01 That was it ! I had the same problem and Google Voice Typing was n ' t an option . But I found that Google Search was disabled when I went into my application manager and ask the way to the right to the apps turned off . This fixed the problem . Reply 8 May 2014 at 12 : 23 Hi Heather Morgan , Thanks for coming and your willing to share your useful experience here . I really appreciate it . I ' ve just remembered , a few days back , other insider also confirmed that she finally got the Google Voice Typing option once she downloaded the Google Search into her phone . So , I can conclude that we have to download / enable the Google Search app to get the Google Voice Typing option and then we have to enable the Google Voice Typing option to get the microphone icon in the keyboard . Piece of Mind Designs 3 April 2017 at 17 : 08 I love you people lol . . I lost my voice mic icon & it was the Google had been turned off . . you saves my bacon , years after your orifinal response ! So glad it ' s still relevant ! Amber Kotula 30 May 2014 at 20 : 49 I had the same problem , and it was driving me crazy ! I read post after post and followed every suggestion but nothing was working . I finally read somewhere that once you enable Google Search in the Application Manager , you may have to restart your device to get it to work . That did the trick for me ! I have my mic back and am now one happy camper ! 31 May 2014 at 13 : 04 Hi Amber Kotula , Thanks for coming and share your useful experience here . I really appreciate it . You might have seen Heather Morgan ' s comment in this page and realized that she finally got back the Google voice typing option used a similar method with you , the difference is you had to restart your phone once you had re - enabled the Google search app but she did n ' t . chris firth 8 June 2014 at 09 : 58 the middle line of my texting keyboard wont work , and when i get a text , go to reply , it wont do anything , so unable to text 8 June 2014 at 11 : 27 Hi Chris Firth , Since you did n ' t mention your keyboard name , then I assume that you ' re using the stock Samsung keyboard . To fix this issue , try clearing the Samsung keyboard cache by using the following steps : 1 . Go to Settings . 2 . Tap " More " . 3 . Tap " Application manager " . 4 . Swipe the screen from right to the left until you find " All " tab . 5 . Scroll down to find " Samsung keyboard " . 6 . Tap " Clear cache " button . 7 . Once done , restart the phone and try using your keyboard . Angela Parker 10 July 2014 at 10 : 03 Hi , hoping someone can help . Google search and google voice recognition are enable but when I long tap the key immediately to the left of the space bar there is no microphone icon on the pop up menu . Any ideas ? 11 July 2014 at 20 : 14 Hi Angela Parker , 1 . Try resetting app preferences Have you tried to perform reset app preferences ? If you have n ' t , try it first by using the following steps : - Go to Settings . - Tap " More " tab . - Tap " Application manager " . - In the Downloaded tab , tap the Menu key and then select " Reset app preferences " . - Once done , restart the phone . 2 . Make sure you have set Samsung keyboard as your default keyboard . 3 . Make sure " Google voice typing " in the language an input menu is enabled . nycFLLOYD 3 July 2016 at 13 : 06 THANK YOU . this is the only advice that helped . its annoying that i have to reset all the stupid crap that is the preset settings , like key noises . but at least the micro phone is back . thanks Tam 21 July 2014 at 13 : 47 Thanks for the help ! ! Fixed the problem on the first try ! 21 July 2014 at 14 : 18 Hi Tam , Glad to know that this post has helped you : ) Kori Daniel 30 July 2014 at 12 : 04 After performing every step I am still not offered a mic option on my keyboard . I have searched every outlet to get the talk to text back on my keyboard to no avail . In fact I do n ' t have the google voice typing option under settings > my device > language and input . . .the mic option disappeared the same time my boyfriend lost every contact in his phone . He received a text but did n ' t know from who and that is how he discovered he lost every contact . He has 31 July 2014 at 19 : 08 Hi Kori Daniel , The Google voice typing option wo n ' t be available in the language and input menu if you have not installed Google search apps yet or this apps has been disabled . You can check it by using the following steps : 1 . Open Play Store . 2 . Search for " Google search " . 3 . In the search result page , tap " Google search " app . 4 . If this app is disabled , tap " Enable button " to re - enable this app . 5 . If this app has not been installed yet , tap " Install " button and then tap " Accept " button . 6 . Now , go to the language and input menu and you should see the Google voice typing option . 7 . Enable " Google voice typing " option and you should have the mic option in your keyboard . Suzann Yelton 3 August 2014 at 23 : 18 Do as was said above and also turn off Voice Control under My Device . I did and THEN I had my microphone icon back . 4 August 2014 at 22 : 34 Hi Suzann Yelton , Thanks for coming and share your experience here . May I know your phone model ? In my phone ( GT - I9500 ) , as long as the Google voice typing is enabled the mic icon always be there regardless whether the voice control is enabled or disabled . Joanne 14 September 2014 at 17 : 59 REHAN . Worked Perfectly . Thank you for sharing your easy to follow instructions . You ' re wonderful ! ! ! Thanks ☺ ; ) 15 September 2014 at 19 : 22 Hi Joanne , I ' m happy to know that you can find something useful here : ) Meshe 24 October 2014 at 08 : 36 I had the same issue and fixed it by uninstalling updates Google Text - to - speach Engine . I did the following : I went into " Settings " > tap " More " tab > tap " Application manager " > swipe the screen to the right until you see the " All " screen > scroll until I found " Google Text - to - speach Engine " > clicked on " Google Text - to - speach Engine " > selected " Uninstall Updates " . I was then able to go into my keyboard and select the microphone . Hopefully this helps ! ! 24 October 2014 at 20 : 24 Hi Meshe , Thanks for coming and share your useful experience here . I really appreciate it : ) Well , to make it easier for those who are still having no - mic issue , I ' ll summarize all the needed actions to resolve this issue : 1 . Make sure the Google search app has been installed . You can check it via Play Store app . 2 . If the Google search app has been installed , make sure it is not disabled . You can check it via App manager . 3 . Make sure the " Google voice typing " option in the Language and input menu is enabled . 4 . If needed , uninstall the latest update of the " Google Text - to - speach engine " from the App manager . Again , thanks Meshe . May God always bless you : ) HeatherV 28 December 2015 at 13 : 43 Hi . Mine dissapeared the other day and now I ca n ' t get it back . I tried what you said , it still did not work ! 😕 I even updated that program and still not there . 28 December 2015 at 17 : 55 Hi HeatherV , Try the following actions to resolve your issue : 1 . Make sure Google search app has been installed in your phone . 2 . Make sure Google app is not disabled . 3 . Make sure Google Voice typing option in the settings menu is enabled . Unknown 7 March 2017 at 03 : 40 You rock . Been searching Google for 2 weeks for a solution . Finally ! ! ! ! ! ! Brett Sumner 14 January 2016 at 12 : 00 Installing Google Keyboard , then starting to enable it put the Google Voice Typing option under Keyboards and inputs . This fixed the same issue of missing mic icon on Galaxy Note 4 . Unknown 19 May 2016 at 19 : 23 Thanks for the post . Ilsuddenly the mic option disappeared and it was driving get me crazy . Could n ' t figure out the problem at all . Now it ' s done . I had disabled Google search . 20 May 2016 at 06 : 39 Thanks so much for posting this ! I ' ve been trying to add this microphone for months and could never find it . Thank you 25 May 2016 at 12 : 25 OK took me awhile and drove me nits but finally figured it out . I had to download goggle voice typing app . then turn it on through settings , my device , language and input , turn on the new app goggle voice typing . Then it came back onto the keyboard . I would think that I deleted it some how . Or maybe another app took it out . Hope this solved the problem for others . Because I tried everything besides downloading the app . hutchmjb 25 May 2016 at 22 : 10 Big help man ! It was driving me nuts . JohnValJohn 4 June 2016 at 08 : 08 Thanks for the fix . This is so frustrating . It almost makes me want to change phones . This kind of stupid problem makes the Iphone look better and better 19 August 2016 at 13 : 37 My clipboard disappeared and I ca n ' t use my emojis unless I ' m in my messaging app please help me ! ! Nadim Choufani 6 November 2016 at 16 : 51 Same problem on my note 5 , any solutions ? 24 August 2018 at 11 : 31 Thank you ! Android is has put on so many apps I no longer have room for what I want and turned off things I did n ' t recognize and lost the mic months ago and could n ' t get it back . What can I turn off on android is for S4 . Hi the insiders , Thanks for coming and I hope you can get something useful here . Before submitting your comment to ask about an issue , please make sure to provide information as much as possible ( at least write your model number and Android version ) and describe the problem clearly . Also , since all comments will be moderated , all comments with irrelevant links ( if any ) or contain with offensive / harsh word will be deleted . The last , if you have a question and ca n ' t find the relevant article , please feel free to reach me through the Contact us page . I ' ll be more than happy to reply the email and answer the question : )	[ "Samsung Galaxy S4", "Missing Microphone Button", "Samsung Keyboard" ]
http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/jsneed/courses/LISS.380-83/LISS.380/syllabus/week.1/session.1/climate/precipitation/types/index.shtml	LISS . 398A TECHNOLOGY , ENVIRONMENT and HUMAN ADAPTATION : PART I EARLY PEOPLES in the NEW WORLD PRECIPITATION TYPES CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION These rising columns occur mainly during the day in the summer and are probably caused by increased solar heating of the surface . They consist of numerous distinct rising columns so that rainfall from convective precipitation is usually local , brief and often intense - - in the form of showers . HYDROLOGIC INTERACTION OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION HYDROLOGIC INTERACTION CYCLONIC PRECIPITATION Typically , these storms consist of two precipitation belts - - one associated with the forward sector of the storm producing steady , slow precipitation for 6 to 12 hours and a second associated with rear sector producing thunderstorm activity .	[ "HUMAN ADAPTATION", "turbulent disturbances", "hydrologic system" ]
http://insideevs.com/worlds-highest-mileage-tesla-model-s-120000-miles-counting/	World ’ s Highest Mileage Tesla Model S Has 132,000 Miles And Counting APR 29 2015 BY MARK KANE 31 Dante Richardson and Tesla Model S Tesla Motors recently released a new article in its website ’ s Customer Stories section , in which it presents Dante Richardson ’ s experience with the Model S . Dante received his car in December 2012 , but at the time he had to set off on a trip from Washington DC to Miami , FL ( over 1,000 miles ) . The first 1,000 miles was just the beginning of long journey . His Model S ’ mileage now exceeds 120,000 miles ( almost 200,000 km . Dante has told us that the Tesla story is rather outdated . His mileage now exceeds 132,000 . Tesla revealed that this mileage is more than any other Tesla owner on the planet ! Judging by the positive feedback about software updates , free Superchargers and of course general performances , we believe that the car still runs spectacular . “ After 120,000 miles , Richardson is well accustomed to life in Model S . “ I ’ m always in the car ! ” He lists acceleration , handling , cold - weather performance , and storage space as his car ’ s standout benefits . But the killer advantage is a driving life that no longer revolves around gasoline . ” “ Over the long term , it ’ s really so pleasant to wake up to a car that is full of fuel . ” While 120,000 miles is a lot to rack up in such a short timeframe , there ’ s at least one Chevrolet Volt owner with well over 230,000 miles on the odometer and likely hundreds of LEAF owners with higher mileage than this particular Model S . Source : Tesla Motors Categories : Tesla Tags : Tesla Model S Get Updates Subscribe to our e - mail newsletter to receive updates . By subscribing to the newsletter I agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service Leave a Reply 31 Comments on " World ’ s Highest Mileage Tesla Model S Has 132,000 Miles And Counting " newest oldest most voted I wish he would post some battery degradation stats , though he may have gone through a replacement ( Tesla had a relay switch and 12V battery problem , IIRC ) . Vote Up 0 0 Vote Down Reply 3 years ago + 1 Mint , That is what we want to know . Vote Up Vote Down Reply 3 years ago This is a promotional piece from Tesla . It is not going to tell people the number of battery replacements and drive unit replacements the poor chap had to go through . How many service center visits ? How many tows ? ffbj Always looking on the bright side . Heisenberght Of course it ’ s promotional ! And let me add the following : At 200,000 km he should soon be at the service center again to do his second change of the timing belt ! ( Oooops … my fault … . it ’ s not an ICE ; - ) ) Such a loser troll See Through . There are now thousands of Model S cars in the world and all data points to their packs having very low degradation rates and therefore very long useful lives . Just another nail in the coffin of the irrational Tesla haters like yourself . Laz I have 56 000km on my Model S after 2 years . I lost about 4 % of battery capacity in the first year but have not seen any further degradation since then . pjwood1 Tests on the 18650 ’ s found in Teslas are being done : http : / / www . teslamotorsclub . com / showthread . php / 45063 - Tesla - Model - S - 18650 - Cell - Test - Data Elsewhere , people gather dashboard statistics and judge how much ‘ rated range ’ has declined , but this is a function of : - Tesla ’ s OSs , now on version 6.2 - Pack balancing On TMC , a recent thread included a comment from at least one Tesla employee , who suggested : “ . . They told me to range charge , let the car sit a couple of hours at 100 % , then drive to about 20 % , then range charge and let the car sit for a couple of hours and repeat that ca 4 - 5x to actually balance the pack . ” FWIW , I ’ ve seen range climb after a couple successive range charges . On Inside EV ’ s , we spend so much time talking about range , and a lot less about how “ full ” different cars are allowed to be charged , or how much is allowed to be drawn out . It varies a lot . Assuming this is @ My5bAby , at 96K miles , he had seen ~ 6 % loss of rated range . Subsequently , his pack was replaced because of contactor failure , so comparing beyond that is not valid . As another data point , I have 53K on my Model S and have seen about 2 - 3 % loss of rated range . The only reason I clicked on this article was to find out about battery degradation Jouni Valkonen It is hard to tell on battery degradation because within error limits there is none . For EV batteries , shelf - life depended degradation is by far more dominant than cycle life depended degradation . The shelf - life for Tesla batteries is about 10 years in room temperature . They could ’ ve at least listed the range he gets on a full charge , so we can compare that to the baseline “ For EV batteries , shelf - life depended degradation is by far more dominant than cycle life depended degradation . The shelf - life for Tesla batteries is about 10 years in room temperature . ” I am super interested in this subject , do you have more information on this subject . You mean the battery will degrade if it just sat there without using it after 10 years ? If you use , will it increase the lifetime of the battery ? I ’ d like to know how / why a physician is on the road that much ? He only mentions 1 road trip to Florida . finecadmin Dante is a country doctor . He goes from site to site a lot … like , most days . My great - great grandfather was a country doctor . There ’ s a family story about him : when he was doing his rounds in winter , his butt got frozen to the carriage seat . It was some effort to get un - frozen . I guess doctors these days travel under more comfortable conditions … “ likely hundreds of LEAF owners with higher mileage than this particular Model S ” There ’ s only one leaf owner who has higher mileage ( in Kent WA ) : http : / / www . electricvehiclewiki . com / Real_World_Battery_Capacity_Loss Are you sure there ’ s more than that ? Probably should have qualified that . Lots of LEAF taxis out there with way more than 120,000 miles . Most , if not all , outside of the U.S . When you have such a large battery to begin with , who cares what the battery degradation is , as long as it is n ’ t excessive . There are very few people who need 265 mile range . With the Supercharger network being built out , all it means is a slightly longer stop at SCs when making a long trip . Exactly . I ’ ve had my car for 2 year and no drop in range but who cares . I ’ ll still have the range I need to get around . For those that want to know . I drive about 12,000 miles a year ( normal amount ) and no note - able change is the range . Normally the car is charged to 85 % . For long trips I ’ ll change to 100 % and on more than one occasion I ’ ve run the battery down to 3 miles of range . Mostly due to poor planning on my part . The question we should be asking is how good is his battery after 120K ? Go Dante ! I wonder how many miles Bjorn has … Bjorn hit 100K km ( ~ 62K miles ) not too long ago . His battery failed and had to be replaced a while back due to the faulty component . Do you people not watch all of his videos beginning to end multiple times , like I do ? Is he “ My5bAby ” on the teslamotors . com forum ? The mileage would about fit . My5bAby had his battery replaced at about 96,000 miles , due to a contactor conking out , but it was still going strong . I wonder how often he gets stopped by the police , LOL . People are jumping all over used Model S cars , but when that 8 year warranty runs out , who will be buying them and for how much if the most important and most expensive part of the car can break any time . I hope that by then , Tesla will sell some kind of warranty on those old packs , not against battery degradation , but against any sudden issues that could make the battery unusable . My S is a little more than 2 years old and I have 84,000 miles on the original battery . Since Tesla uses 12,500 miles as a nominal year i think of my car as 7 Tesla years old . My total loss is about 13 % from when the battery was new . That is a rough number because several software upgrades have resulted in changes in the range calculation . Today full charge gives me 235 miles and 90 % charge is 213 miles . 235 is what the computer reckons you can drive . Is n ’ t there a more reliable measure of available capacity ? What I do in my Zoe is charge her up to 100 % each morning and reset the trip computer . Then I drive to work and back home ( 100 km roundtrip ) . The board computer gives me the consumption in kWh / 100 km . I can then work out the total kWh ’ s consumed . Combined with the % of charge remaining in the pack it is easy to calculate the pack capacity in kWh . Is n ’ t this possible for the Model S to get the software guesswork out of the equation ? stefan Arne . The question being answered was battery capacity loss . It does n ’ t matter what units you use , mi , km or kWh , the percent ratio takes all those factors out . I just used miles so everyone has a feeling for the real world impact of loss . Instead of traveling about 270 miles on a full charge i can now only go about 235 . As for the output of the S , yes , I have total energy or miles , instanteous or a selectable average . The variation I mentioned is Read more » Thanks for the elaborate answer . Enough for me to chew on You are using kWh / mi , which are the wrong units by a 3 orders of magnitude . The correct units are Wh / mi . At 293kWh , your 90kWh battery would get you barely 1 / 4 mile down the road : ) . 2012 Model S P85 , Battery is the original A - Pack , 63,900 miles as of yesterday . Just completed a ( no - recharge ) 263 mile trip with a 253 Rated Full Charge and had 7 miles range remaining when I got home . 60 MPH , 95 % highway , 6am departure at 41 degrees , arrived home 12 : 20pm 76 degrees . Bright and Sunny with a slight tailwind . My total for the weekend ( 564 Miles , 156kWh , 276wh per / mile ) . No Superchargers . Charging types prior to Read more »	[ "Tesla Motors", "Model S", "mileage" ]
http://insider.foxnews.com/2017/03/03/donald-trump-tweets-photo-chuck-schumer-putin-eating-donuts	' Total Hypocrite ! ' : Trump Tweets Old Photo of Schumer & Putin Eating Donuts share this email Mar 03 , 2017 / / 1 : 54pm As seen on America ' s News HQ President Donald Trump just tweeted a photo of Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer eating donuts with Russian President Vladimir Putin , calling the New York Democrat a " total hypocrite . " Trump quipped that there should be an " immediate investigation " into Schumer ' s ties to Russia . We should start an immediate investigation into @ SenSchumer and his ties to Russia and Putin . A total hypocrite ! pic . twitter . com / Ik3yqjHzsA — Donald J . Trump ( @ realDonaldTrump ) March 3 , 2017 Schumer , who on Thursday called for Attorney General Jeff Sessions to resign , quickly responded , pointing out that the picture was taken in 2003 . He said he ' d be happy to talk about his contact with Putin " under oath , " and invited Trump to do the same . Happily talk re : my contact w Mr . Putin & his associates , took place in ' 03 in full view of press & public under oath . Would you &your team ? https : / / t . co / yXgw3U8tmQ — Chuck Schumer ( @ SenSchumer ) March 3 , 2017 And he added one more thing . . . And for the record , they were Krispy Kreme donuts . — Chuck Schumer ( @ SenSchumer ) Hours before Sessions recused himself from investigations related to Trump campaign matters , Schumer called for a special prosecutor to investigate . Sessions recused himself after a report revealed that he had contact with the Russian ambassador last year and did not disclose it to senators during the confirmation process . The former Alabama senator said the talks with Ambassador Sergey Kislyak took place in his role as a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee and were not related to the campaign . " I do n ' t believe anybody that was in that [ Senate office ] meeting would have seen that I [ did ] one thing that was improper , " Sessions told Tucker Carlson last night . Dem Senator Says She Never Met Russian Ambassador ; Twitter Says Otherwise WATCH : Watters Tries to Find Something Dems Like About Pres . Trump Tucker Presses Dem on Calling for Resignation of AG Sessions , But Not Holder ' It ' s Disgusting ' : Judge Jeanine Says Dems ' Will Use Anything ' They Can Against Trump Load Comments × Subscribe to our Newsletter ! Stay connected with the most - watched , most - trusted name in news . Send me email updates from Fox News . I can opt out at any time . By signing up below , I agree to the Fox News Privacy Policy and Terms of Use . Questions ? Contact Fox News	[ "Trump", "Putin", "Schumer" ]
http://insidescoopsf.sfgate.com/blog/2012/07/26/whats-the-standard-serving-of-wine/	Inside Scoop SF Guides Top 100 East Bay Reviews Openings Closures more less What ’ s the standard serving of wine ? By Michael Bauer on July 26 , 2012 at 6 : 13 AM The difference between a 5 - ounce pour ( left ) and a 6 - ounce pour . From a reader : In writing about pricing of glasses of wine , what does a glass of wine mean ? Is it a 4oz , 6oz , or 8oz pour ? It would please me , if at times , you brought it up . Most restaurants serve either a 5 or 6 ounce pour in the by the glass selection . From my experience I ’ d guess that most go with 5 which gives them five servings a bottle . Some will go to 6 ounces . The only way to know for sure is to ask the waiter . While a few restaurants will publish the size on the menu , especially if it ’ s one of the few that give an 8 - ounce serving , in most cases the diner does n ’ t know . Even if you ask , you ca n ’ t be sure unless you want to carry a measuring cup and test it . I put 5 ounces in the wine glass on the left ( pictured above ) , and 6 in the one on the right , and the difference is subtle ( two tablespoons difference ) . It becomes even more difficult when the restaurants serve the varietals in different glasses . It ’ s especially difficult to calculate in the larger red wine glass where even a 6 ounce pour can look miserly . View Comments Search Keyword search across all the entries in this blog .	[ "wine" ]
http://insidetech.monster.com/benefits/articles/9241-the-best-email-greetings-and-sign-offs	Print + 1 The Best Email Greetings and Sign - offs Tweet 0 Comments Allison Ford \| Divine Caroline On an infamous episode of Sex and the City , Samantha receives a present from her boyfriend , accompanied by a card signed , “ Best , Richard . ” Despite the kind gesture of the gift , she ’ s incensed at what she perceives to be a flippant and impersonal salutation . “ Ugh , ” says Miranda . “ ‘ Best ’ is the worst . ” Gulp . That ’ s how I ’ ve signed my emails for years . I thought it was friendly and upbeat , but still professional and warm . Was Samantha right … is “ Best ” really more of a brush - off than a sign - off ? With business communication — especially over email — salutations are important . When we speak face - to - face , body language and vocal intonations give our words context , but when we ’ re communicating electronically , we do n ’ t have those luxuries , and it ’ s extremely easy for a harmless phrase to be interpreted as a rude gesture . An inappropriate salutation can discredit even an otherwise acceptable email . The wrong salutation on a cover letter can be enough to disqualify you from a job , and in 2008 , an accountant in Auckland , New Zealand was fired merely for having poor email etiquette . Most people know that some things , like emoticons or slang , are not acceptable in business emails , but few people give thought to their salutations . However , the way you open and close a message can say just as much to the reader as the email itself . Super Sign - Offs You ’ d never close an email to a client or your boss by saying “ TGIF , ” or “ Hugs , ” but there are some closing salutations that , even though they sound professional at first , can actually be perceived as too distant or unfriendly . Experts advise against using phrases like “ Cordially , ” which is a bit formal and better reserved for written communication . Likewise , “ Regards ” feels brusque and perfunctory . Although it ’ s currently fashionable to end emails with the phrase “ Cheers , ” it ’ It ’ s hard to go wrong by closing an email with the phrases “ Kind regards , ” or “ Sincerely , ” both of which are professional and warm without being overly personal . Samantha Jones should relax , because “ Best ” is also an expert - approved closing salutation , although turning it into “ Best wishes ” makes it even more foolproof . Another surefire solution is to simply close with the word “ Thanks . ” Great Greetings It ’ s just as important to start your emails professionally as it is to finish them professionally . Etiquette experts agree that informal greetings such as “ Hey there , ” “ What ’ s up , ” or “ Hi ” have no place in business communications . They are simply too chatty and colloquial , and give the impression that the writer does n ’ t understand what ’ s appropriate and what ’ s not . It ’ s also rude to omit the greeting entirely , because that ’ s like jumping into a conversation Messages without a personal greeting are also more likely to be marked as spam . In some casual workplaces , formal greetings are not expected , but they are always appreciated , and they are a must for cover letters and emails to people you do n ’ t know well . Open business emails with phrases like “ Dear Ms . Finch , ” or “ Greetings , ” which are polite without being too familiar . If the addressee is someone you know well , it ’ s also acceptable to open by saying “ Dear Bob . ” For cover letters or notes to people you do n ’ t know personally , phrases like “ To whom it may concern ” and “ Dear Hiring Manager ” are not only considered too stuffy and formal , they also show that the writer has n ’ t taken the Email is ultimately an informal way to communicate , and it ’ s all too easy for the writer and the reader to become detached and alienated from each other . Opening and closing emails with the proper salutation is the best way to make sure that your communications stay effective and professional , as well as personal . Emails do the talking for us … be sure you know what yours are saying . This article was originally published on DivineCaroline . com . More From Divine Caroline : Subject Line : URGENT Whatever Happened to Manners ? Five Nasty Email Habits Guaranteed to Make Everyone Hate You Related Reads : Flag as inappropriate Email to Friend	[ "Email", "Greetings", "Sign-offs" ]
http://insidetech.monster.com/benefits/articles/9494-6-bad-habits-to-blame-on-technology	Print + 6 6 Bad Habits to Blame on Technology Tweet 16 Comments Jeff Hindenach \| Excelle Technology pretty much runs our lives these days . From our work life to our home life , we have computers , phones , and gadgets helping us with our daily routine . But is technology taking over and shifting our societal norms ? Is too much technology a bad thing ? Sometimes we are so used to relying on technology to help us out , we forget how to act in a world void of it . We tend to blame technology for all those daily faux pas we commit . If you ’ ve ever heard or used ( or even thought of ! ) any of these excuses , you ’ re not alone . Here are six of the most common bad habits we blame on technology . “ Hey , I know we ’ re having a conversation , but someone more important just texted me . ” You know the person : They take their phone out at the beginning of the meal or a conversation , and every 5 minutes or so they are checking to make sure they have n ’ t missed a text or email . Maybe that person is you ! Nothing is more annoying than not having the attention of the person you are with , especially in a one - on - one situation . If you are in a group , it ’ s a little more acceptable . Regardless , your annoying habit is saying that you really do n ’ t care about the conversation or company , and you have better things to worry about . If that ’ s not the message you want to portray , put your phone away . Next Page : “ I ’ m breaking up with you over a text message … " → « Previous 1 2 3 Next » Flag as inappropriate Email to Friend	[ "Bad Habits", "Technology" ]
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http://insight.cboe.com/vix/	Turn Volatility to Your Advantage Cboe Volatility Index ® ( VIX ® ) Options and Futures help you turn volatility to your advantage . Harness it to seek diversification , hedge or capitalize on volatility or efficiently generate income . Seek to capitalize on upward and downward market moves . Cboe Global Markets 400 South LaSalle St Chicago , IL 60605 TAKE ADVANTAGE OF VOLATILITY RISK MANAGEMENT REAL DIVERSIFICATION Help protect a portfolio against downward moves in the market . With its high negative correlation to the broad market , efficiently seek diversification . Cboe Weeklys Options and Futures have the Power of More More targeted trading strategies . More expirations . More opportunities . Trade VIX ® , SPX and RUT Weeklys Options and Futures . DOWNLOAD THE FACT SHEET HEDGING OPPORTUNITIES Hedge the volatility of a stock portfolio to help reduce the risk or increase risk - adjusted returns . Key Features VIX Options and Futures give you the opportunity to protect against or capitalize on volatility to stay ahead of where the market is going . VIEW PRODUCT DETAILS LEARN MORE Tools for Trading Now that you ' re familiar with VIX Options and Futures , see how you can add them to your portfolio with Cboe trading tools . See the most recent market quotes for VIX . And monitor the market from one easy - to - use page with features including a market scanner , most active stocks , options and futures , news and more . QUOTES DASHBOARD LEARN MORE Tweets by CBOE Content provided by third party Twitter ® users - Cboe does not screen , control , monitor or endorse such content which solely represents the views of such users . VIX on Social Want to know the latest happening in volatility and VIX Options and Futures ? Join the conversation with $ VIX on Twitter . SM Did you know you can trade VIX Futures nearly 24 hours a day , 5 days a week and VIX Options 13 hours a day , 5 days a week ? Options involve risk and are not suitable for all investors . Prior to buying or selling an option , a person must receive a copy of Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Copies are available from your broker or at www . theocc . com . Futures trading is not suitable for all investors , and involves risk of loss . Futures and options on Cboe ’ s volatility indexes have several unique features that distinguish them from most equity and index options , and investors are strongly encouraged to closely read and understand the ODD and the VIX options FAQ at http : / / www . cboe . com / micro / vix / vixoptionsfaq . aspx and other informational material before investing . No statement within this website should be construed as a recommendation to buy or sell a security or futures contract or to provide investment advice . The Terms and Conditions govern use of this website and use of this website will be deemed acceptance of those Terms and Conditions . Privacy Statement	[ "Cboe Volatility Index" ]
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http://insights.looloo.com/5-tallest-ferris-wheels-in-philippines/	Lord of the PH Ferris Wheels : Battle Of The Five Eyes 4 By Peanut Dela Cruz on February 10 , 2015 What is the tallest Ferris wheel in the Philippines ? For over a decade , the title was held by the same Ferris wheel . But suddenly , the “ Wheel Wars ” started . And just within the past 3 years , new Ferris wheels have rolled into the Philippine landscape , all trying to claim the top spot . This old - school thrill ride is cool once again ! Here are the five tallest Ferris wheels in the Philippines … the battle of the five “ eyes . ” Find out who the true “ Lord of the Wheels ” is . The one ( Ferris ) wheel that rules them all . 5 . Wheel of Fate Located in Enchanted Kingdom , a theme park in Laguna province that opened in 1995 , the Wheel of Fate was considered the tallest Ferris wheel in the country for over 15 years . But as the “ lolo ” of the group , when its height is compared to the newer wheels , it ’ s like a hobbit … .the Bilbo Baggins of the bunch . Photo from theskyshadow . wordpress . com How tall is it ? 40 meters ( 130 feet ) tall How many gondolas ? 32 open - air gondolas with each gondola being able to fit six passengers . No air - conditioning here so best to ride in the evening or you might cook in the heat like a human rotisserie . How ’ s the view ? Breathtaking view of the entire theme park and surrounding areas of Laguna province . How long does the ride last ? Around 7 minutes . How much does it cost ? For adults , ₱ 500 during weekdays and ₱ 600 during weekends and holidays . For kids , ₱ 250 during weekdays and ₱ 300 during weekends and holidays . When can I ride it ? Hours vary so best to check their park schedule on their website How tall do I have to be to ride it ? You have to be at least 36 inches or 3 feet tall . And if you ’ re below 48 inches tall , you must be accompanied by a chaperone or Gandalf . Enchanted Kingdom San Lorenzo Rd . , Santa Rosa City , Laguna , Philippines + 63 2 584 3535 enchantedkingdom . ph 4 . MOA Eye The eye that started the battle . Located behind the huge SM Mall of Asia ( MOA ) is the huge MOA Eye . Also known as the “ Big Wheel , ” when it opened near the end of 2011 , this wheel took fate into its own hands ( or spokes ? ) and took the crown from the Wheel of Fate . Photo from rjdexplorer . com How tall is it ? 55 meters ( 180 feet ) tall . How many gondolas ? 36 air - conditioned gondolas , with each being able to carry up to six passengers . There are also 6 VIP cabins with leather seats and tinted windows in case you ’ re tired of looking at the the Manila sunset and just want to make out . How ’ s the view ? A 360 degree view of the SM Mall of Asia and surrounding areas of Pasay City . You wo n ’ t get a better vantage point of the famous Manila Bay sunset . During Friday and Saturday nights , you can view colorful fireworks in Manila Bay . But make sure to come early because lines do tend to get long . How long does the ride last ? 10 minutes . How much does it cost ? Regular : ₱ 150 / person VIP : ₱ 300 / person ( Free binoculars and photo ) When can I ride it ? Mon - Thu 2 PM – 12 MN Fri 2 PM – 1 AM Sat 10 AM – 12 MN Sun 10 AM – 12 MN How tall do I have to be ? Children under 42 inches must be accompanied by an adult . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . MOA Eye SM by The Bay Amusement Park , Sea Side Boulevard , Mall of Asia Complex , Pasay City + 63 2 862 7701 or + 63 2 862 7704 MOA Eye ’ s Facebook Page 3 . Giant Star Wheel The MOA Eye did n ’ t keep the title for long . In November 2012 , less than year after MOA Eye opened , along came the Giant Star Wheel . Located in Star City , an amusement park that ’ s less than a 10 - minute drive away from SM Mall of Asia , the Giant Star Wheel beat the MOA Eye in height by five meters . starcity . com . ph 60 meters ( 197 feet ) tall . 32 air - conditioned gondolas that can fit up to 6 passengers each . Breathtaking view of Roxas Boulevard and the Manila Bay . Though not as close to the Manila Bay water as the MOA Eye . 5 minutes . It makes a very slow single spin , which is great for resting and taking top - shot pictures of the park . There is no per ride fee at Star City . You can either get their Ride All You Can pass for ₱ 420 or get 3 rides for ₱ 360 . Mon - Thu 4 PM onwards Fri - Sun 2 PM onwards How tall do I have to be ? You have to be at least 36 inches tall . And if you ’ re below 48 inches tall , you must be accompanied by a chaperone or Gandalf . Star City Sotto St . cor . Jalandoni St . , CCP Complex , Pasay , Metro Manila + 63 2 832 3249 or + 63 2 833 4484 starcity . com . ph 2 . Sky Eye The battle for the biggest “ Eye ” was just heating up . One year later , the S ky Eye , also known as the “ Tagaytay Eye , ” opened . Located about a 2 - hour drive south of Manila in Sky Fun , an amusement park in the City of Tagaytay , it ’ s taller than the Giant Star Wheel by three meters . mamiandfamily . blogspot . com 63 meters ( 207 feet ) tall . 32 air - conditioned gondolas which can accommodate up to 4 passengers . The Ferris wheel sits on top of land that ’ s 640 meters ( 2,100 feet ) above sea level , which gives you a glorious view of Inception in action : you see Taal Lake , which contains a volcano , Taal Volcano , which contains a lake , Crater Lake , which contains an island , Vulcan Point . All of which is on a big island called Luzon . Confusing right ? But the view is beautiful . 10 minutes . It makes a very slow single spin , which is great for resting and taking top - shot pictures of the park . Entrance Fee : ₱ 100 Ride Fee : ₱ 150 Daily from 3 PM to 10 PM . You have to be at least 36 inches or 3 feet tall . Sky Ranch Sky Fun Amusement Park , Tagaytay Rd . , Tagaytay , Cavite Beside Taal Vista Hotel , Kilometer 60 , Aguinaldo Highway , Tagaytay City + 63 2 862 7704 Sky Fun Amusement Park ’ s Facebook Page 1 . Pampanga Eye The Sky Eye had about a year to bask in its tall glory before an even bigger Eye opened . This time to the north of Metro Manila in the province of Pampanga . Located in Sky Ranch Pampanga , a theme park in San Fernando City , the Pampanga Eye is currently the tallest and biggest Ferris wheel in the Philippines . With its height exceeding the Sky Eye ’ s by two meters , it may have won the battle but will it win the “ War of the Wheels ” ? outoftownblog . com 65 meters ( 213 feet ) tall . 32 air - conditioned gondolas with each gondola carrying up to four people . A majestic view of the amusement park and all of its 23 rides , as well as Mount Arayat , extinct stratovolcano , and the surrounding areas of Pampanga . Ride Fee : ₱ 150 3 PM – 12 MN Fri - Sun 12 PM – 12 MN You have to be at least 36 inches or 3 feet tall . Sky Ranch Pampanga Behind SM City Pampanga , NLEX cor . Jose Abad Santos Ave . , San Fernando City , Pampanga + 63 45 963 7681 Sky Ranch Pampanga ’ s How this post make you feel ? About Author Peanut Dela Cruz A picky eater living vicariously through other people ’ s looloo reviews , she is either thinking of food or eating . Her hobbies include finding new places to eat and occasionally responding to spam text messages .	[ "Ferris wheel", "Philippines", "MOA Eye" ]
http://insights.patientbond.com/blog/the-top-5-causes-of-hospital-readmissions-and-how-to-prevent-them	The Top 5 Causes of Hospital Readmissions and How to Prevent Them Brent Walker SVP Marketing Analytics Posted on November 4 2016 Established in the Affordable Care Act the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program HRRP aims to reduce the number of preventable 30day readmissions and the numbers have declined since its inception In fact the Kaiser Family Foundation notes that rates actually began to fall in 2012 as hospitals anticipated that penalties would be applied based on prior year performance dropping by 8 percent nationally in the past few years Penalties for preventable readmissions could total 528 million approximately 108 million more than last year Still the program is not without its detractors J Michael McWilliams MD PhD associate professor of healthcare policy and medicine at Harvard Medical School and practicing internist at Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston wrote in JAMA Internal Medicine that The readmissions reduction program is designed to penalize hospitals for poor quality of care but our findings suggest that hospitals are penalized to a large extent based on the patients that they serve If Readmissions Are Down Why Are Penalties Up Earlier this year the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services CMS announced that penalties for preventable readmissions could total 528 millionapproximately 108 million more than last yearbecause of changes in how readmissions are measured Since 2012 the CMS has moved the goalposts twice expanding the list of covered conditions to include 30day readmissions for Heart attack Heart failure Pneumonia Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD Elective total hip and total knee replacements The list will expand again next year to include coronary artery bypass graft surgery But additions to the covered conditions are not the only reason that some hospitals face higher penalties than others So what are the top causes of 30day readmissions Conditions that Pose a Higher Risk of Readmission 1 Health Condition Naturally a patients health condition plays a role in readmissions A study conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AHRQ on readmissions from 2011 identified congestive heart failure as the top cause of readmissions among Medicare patients followed by septicemia pneumonia COPD and cardiac dysrhythmias 2 Insurance Type The same study also found that a patients health insurance coverage also influenced readmissions Readmissions were highest among Medicare patients at more than 55 percent Next in line were Medicaid patients at 206 percent while private health insurance patients accounted for 186 percent and uninsured patients a mere 49 percent Just last year researchers at Bostons Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center took a closer look at readmissions and concurred noting that patients who had Medicare or Medicaid faced a higher risk of readmission within eight or more days after discharge 3 Timing By splitting readmissions into two categories8day and 30daythe researchers also uncovered some interesting trends Patients readmitted within eight days were inclined to be experiencing complications from the original condition while patients readmitted closer to 30 days after discharge were more likely to have lacked followup care or developed a new illness or complication Patients discharged between 8 am and 1 pm were less likely to be readmitted to the hospital leading researchers to hypothesize that earlier discharge enabled patients and family caregivers to make arrangements for followup care or to pick up prescriptions So far weve been looking at the clinical side of the issue but what about the patients themselves 4 Demographics Psychographics Numerous studies including one published earlier this year in the Journal of Healthcare Quality have found that race gender age and income are good predictors of 30day readmissions For example the study found that women treated for heart attacks were 17 percent more likely to be readmitted within 30 days The study also found that patients in lower income communities faced higher readmission numbers than those in higher income communities The c2b Consumer Diagnostic analyzed the psychographic segment distribution across issues related to hospital readmissions and found some provocative insights Click to enlage graph table Willful Endurers the segment that lives in the here now and is generally disengaged with health and wellness until they absolutely have to address a health issue makes up 27 percent of the general population However among issues related to hospital readmissions Willful Endurers are strongly overrepresented Willful Endurers are unique in their priorities and motivations and do not respond as well to typical healthcare education and communications If a hospital wants to make significant improvements in its readmission rates it needs to recognize the healthcare personalities of its patients and engage them accordingly 5 Low Patient Engagement Patient engagement can be influenced by demographic factors For instance ethnicity may result in language barriers that reduce engagement Likewise education and health literacy may frustrate engagement efforts How Discharge Management Software Can Help When you look at all of the factors above its clear that hospitals need to define clear strategies to manage the discharge process and engage patients Hospitals tend to handle the discharge of patients based on broad characterizationsby diagnosis or by demographic segment for examplewith onesizefitsall communications Instead hospitals need to personalize their efforts to match patients unique motivations and attitudes related to health and wellness Psychographic segmentation offers that level of insight and when paired with an automated communications platform like PatientBond hospitals can better understand what messages offer the relevance needed to support successful postdischarge recoveryfrom providing educational materials and recovery tracking to appointment reminders and medication adherence surveys While many suggest that the route to lower readmissions is better collaboration with providers outside hospital walls it is also critical that such collaboration takes place with the patients themselves Are you ready	[ "Conditions that Pose a Higher Risk of Readmission" ]
http://insomnia.emedtv.com/ambien/ambien-precautions-and-warnings.html	Ambien Precautions and Warnings Ambien : What Should I Tell My Healthcare Provider ? Prior to taking Ambien ® zolpidem tartrate ) , you should notify your healthcare provider if you have : Sleep apnea or other type of respiratory disease , such as emphysema or COPD Liver disease or liver failure Kidney disease or kidney failure Depression Any sort of addiction Any allergies to medicines . Let your healthcare provider know if you : Are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant Are breastfeeding Drink alcohol . Also , tell your healthcare provider about all other medicines you may currently be taking , including prescription and non - prescription medicines , vitamins , and herbal supplements . Some Ambien Precautions and Warnings Some precautions and warnings to be aware of with Ambien include : In January 2013 , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration lowered the recommended dosage for Ambien for women and suggested that a lower dosage be considered for men as well . This change was made because the lower dosage is less likely to cause morning drowsiness , which can interfere with your ability to do anything that requires alertness , such as driving ( see Ambien Dosage for more information ) There are certain other medications that Ambien can interact with ( see Ambien Drug Interactions If you drink alcohol , let your healthcare provider know prior to starting Ambien . People should not use alcohol when taking Ambien because it can increase the risks of developing Ambien side effects Ambien is a pregnancy Category C medicine . This means that it may not be safe for use in pregnancy Ambien During Pregnancy If you are nursing , it is recommended that you do not take Ambien . Therefore , if you are taking Ambien , discuss with your healthcare provider whether you should stop nursing or discontinue Ambien . Ambien is considered a hypnotic / sedative type of medication . If you notice any changes in your behavior , such as anything unusual and / or disturbing , while taking Ambien or other sleep medicines , notify your healthcare provider immediately . People who are elderly or debilitated can be quite sensitive to the effects of Ambien . Because of this , a lower dosage of Ambien is generally recommended . When taking Ambien , make sure you have at least seven or eight hours to sleep . Ambien not only acts quickly , it can produce carryover effects the next day . Therefore , when starting Ambien , do not do anything that requires complete alertness , such as driving , operating machinery , or piloting an airplane . Sedative - hypnotic medications ( such as Ambien ) can cause life - threatening allergic reactions . An allergic reaction to Ambien can occur even with your first dose of the drug . Be sure to tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any signs of an allergic reaction , such as an unexplained rash , itching , hives , wheezing or trouble breathing , or unexplained swelling ( especially of the throat , lips , or mouth ) . There have been reports of " sleep - driving , " " sleep - eating , " or other unusual behaviors in people taking sedative - hypnotic medications . In general , people do not remember doing these things when they wake up in the morning . These activities can be dangerous , since people are not fully awake or alert . Ambien has been known to cause memory loss ( amnesia ) , when a person can not remember what has happened for several hours after taking the medicine . This can be a problem for people who use Ambien when traveling . Unless a person is able to get seven to eight hours of sleep , Ambien is not recommended . After a couple of weeks , Ambien may lose its effectiveness in helping people sleep . This is why Ambien should only be used for a short period of time ( one to two days ) . If you are still having trouble sleeping after one to two weeks of taking Ambien , make sure to let your healthcare provider know . Withdrawal symptoms are possible with Ambien if it is used daily for a long period of time Ambien Withdrawal Rebound insomnia is possible when people stop taking Ambien . Rebound insomnia is when a person has difficultly sleeping after stopping sleep medicine . This usually improves within one to two days . Ambien can be addicting . Make sure you do not take the medicine for longer than 30 days Ambien Addiction	[ "Ambien Precautions", "depression", "liver disease" ]
http://inspectapedia.com/BestPractices/Sheathing_Wrap_Requirements.php	Need For & Role of Vapor Barriers Beneath Vinyl & Other Building Siding POST a QUESTION or READ FAQs about moisture & vapor barrier requirements underneath building wall siding InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest . We have no relationship with advertisers , products , or services discussed at this website . Vinyl siding & other applications & requirements for house wrap : The requirement for water or rain barrier on building walls : this article discusses of the need for external vapor barriers beneath vinyl , siding - building code requirements , interpretation , and home inspection concerns . Discussed here : Leaks into vinyl - sided building . Select & Use House Wrap . Code Requirements for Building Wrap . Sheathing Wrap Performance Measures . Water Resistance of Housewraps . Air Infiltration of Housewraps . Performance Table for Housewraps . Can the Vapor Barrier be Omitted ? Guide to choosing & using synthetic , paper , felt , plastic & draining housewraps : house wrap requirements , Tyvek , Rwrap , Typar , building paper , roofing felt , rosin paper : the acceptability of various materials for use as house wrap or rain barrier under wall siding . We include photographs and sketches of vinyl siding installation procedures and of common defects observed in vinyl exterior building siding , such as buckling , splitting , cracks , odors , and questions about the need for a vapor barrier behind vinyl siding and over building sheathing . We also provide a MASTER INDEX to this topic , or you can try the page top or bottom SEARCH BOX as a quick way to find information you need . Examples of Leaks into a Vinyl - sided Building Demonstrate Need for a Water Barrier on Building Exterior Walls Our page top photo shows significant leak stains on and into a building exterior wall where wind has blown vinyl siding off of this 1960 ' s townhouse in Bellmawr , New Jersey . [ Click to enlarge any image ] Our siding leak photo ( left ) shows a typical source of concentrated water running down , onto , and into vinyl siding on a 1990 ' s home in Pawling , New York . Article Contents HOUSEWRAP AIR & VAPOR BARRIERS LEAKS into VINYL SIDED BUILDINGS SELECT & USE HOUSE WRAP CODE REQUIREMENTS for BUILDING WRAP SHEATHING WRAP PERFORMANCE MEASURES WATER RESISTANCE of HOUSE WRAPS AIR INFILTRATION of HOUSEWRAPS PERFORMANCE TABLE of HOUSEWRAPS - permeance ratings or " perm " ratings of types of housewrap materials & plywood & OSB CAN the VAPOR BARRIER or HOUSEWRAP be OMITTED ? The purpose of building sheathing paper ( such as Typar ™ , Tyvek ™ or " Housewrap " ) is to prevent drafts and the entry of wind - driven rain into the wall cavity . Certain types of siding consisting of large sheets or panels will perform this function , eliminating the need for sheathing paper . This requirement applies to siding such as that commonly used on mobile homes but does not apply to siding installed in strips which is intended to simulate the appearance of a lapped wood siding . Such material does not act as a substitute for sheathing paper since it incorporates provision for venting the wall cavity and has many joints . This article includes excerpts or adaptations from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction ( see our BOOK REVIEW of that book ) , with additional code citations and explanation were provided by building experts Al Carson , Mark Cramer & Daniel Friedman . Daniel Friedman Mark Cramer Alan Carson About these photographs of leaks on and perhaps into a vinyl - sided house wall The page top photograph shows that a lot of water , more than you might guess , may be running over the surface of building exterior siding , vinyl , aluminum , wood , anything . Many siding materials are not themselves a waterproof external building skin . Where high volumes of water run down siding , leaks into the building windows or walls are possible , leading to costly hidden damage such as from rot , mold , or insects . If we add the effects of wind pushing rain against a building these effects are increased still further . The pair of photographs shown just above make clear that a lot of water was running on the exterior of this particular building , in this case due to an improper roof flashing and gutter design that combined a large volume of roof runoff falling into a gutter that leaks against the building . At this unfortunate and new vinyl - sided home where workmanship was not the best , the leaky gutter and wet wall finally send water into a low area beneath a deck where water , trapped against the building wall , is likely to eventually find its way into the building basement . As you can see from our horrible vinyl siding trouble at left ( Portland , Maine ) , leaks may occur in vinyl siding for a wide range of reasons , including structural movement , bending , and breaking . The building at above left asks more of the vinyl siding than the product can be expected to deliver . Wet walls , wet basement , and hidden damage are the risks here . Installation of a water barrier behind this siding , combined with proper window and door flashing , would significantly reduce the risk of future building damage . Shown in our photograph at above left , housewrap covered the building sheathing and framing around this first floor entry , and was lapped over the foundation wall for about twelve inches - more material was needed , lapped with its upper edge underneath the upper course of housewrap so that the finish siding could extend closer to the ground . Guide to Selecting & Using Sheathing Wrap - House Wrap - Building Exterior Moisture Barriers As described in Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction : The primary goal of a sheathing wrap ( or housewrap ) is to protect a building ’ s structural components from water . At the same time , the sheathing wrap must be permeable enough to allow drying to the building ’ s exterior if the framing or sheathing should get wet . While the permeance and water - resistance ratings of sheathing wraps vary significantly , how they are installed is far more important than the specific product used . The key is to always lap the sheathing wrap to shed water and to properly integrate the wrap with flashings so water is directed on top of the layer below . All sheathing wraps fall into three basic types : asphalt felt , Grade D building paper , and synthetic housewrap . Grade D building paper is used primarily under stucco in the western United States and is essentially a lighter - weight version of asphalt felt . Comparing one material to another is difficult since there is no single standard for all products , and even where manufacturers follow the same test standard , test conditions may vary dramatically from one company to the next . Building Code Requirements for Building Sheathing Wrap Our photo shows an example of Typar housewrap being applied during new construction . Continuing from from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction The 2003 International Building Code calls for a “ waterresistive barrier behind the exterior veneer ” consisting of flashings and a “ weather - resistant sheathing paper ” lapped at least 2 inches horizontally and 6 inches vertically . It specifies asphalt - saturated felt that weighs at least 14 pounds per square and complies with ASTM D226 , which means that most unrated No . 15 felt paper sold at lumberyards ( which weigh closer to 7 pounds per square ) do not comply . Nearly all the plastic housewraps have been submitted to the model code authorities and accepted as substitutes for ASTM rated No . 15 building paper . If building in an area that follows the Model Energy Code ( MEC ) , builders must either install a “ vapor - permeable housewrap ” on the exterior or seal all the penetrations in the building by using some combination of polyethylene , caulks , and gaskets on the interior . Performance Measures for Building Sheathing Wrap What is the definition of permeance ? Permeance ratings measure the rate at which water vapor passes through a material . One perm equals one grain of water vapor passing through one square foot of material per hour per inch of vapor - pressure difference . Under ASTM standard E96 , manufacturers can use either test A ( dry cup ) or test B ( wet cup ) , which yield somewhat different results . Grade D building paper uses yet another standard for measuring permeance , which is roughly equivalent to a permeance rating of about 5 , similar to asphalt felt materials . Plastic housewraps range in permeance from around 5 to over 50 . In general , a sheathing wrap should have a permeance of at least 5 to enable wall assemblies to dry out should they get wet . Since common sheathing products like plywood and oriented - strand board ( OSB ) have permeance ratings of less than one , the sheathing is more likely to interfere with drying than the sheathing wrap . Research note on housewrap tests : According to U . Mass building scientist Paul Fiske who conducted his own independent tests of the permeance of several housewrap products : Tyvek , Rwrap and 15 - pound felt showed no signs of liquid water leakage throughout the 2 - day test period . However , the blotter paper on the Tyvek and Rwrap samples felt slightly damp to the touch by the end of the period , suggesting that there had been some transfer of water vapor by diffusion . Blotter paper disks on the 15 - pound felt paper samples remained bone dry to the touch . Typar samples all leaked within the first 2 - hours of the test . Two of the Typar samples leaked immediately – as soon as the blotter paper was placed onto the wrap . Blotter paper indicators for Barricade , Pink Wrap , and AmoWrap ( all perforated wraps ) became saturated before the layers of the test setups could be secured with an elastic band . . . . Felt paper leaked after 30 minutes in the column test , but still makes my list as a strong candidate . Fiske , who questions the viability of housewraps as weather barriers in general , prefers to rely on building flashing and good design [ which in our opinion fails to address water penetration of building siding in the general field of the material during windy wet weather ] . Fiske also likes felt paper better than plastic type housewraps because if water does penetrate behind it , the permeance of felt means that water can also escape . Guide to Water Resistance of Building Sheathing Wraps , Building Papers , Housewraps Vinyl Siding Stains & Brown Leak Stains on Foundation Walls Below Vinyl Siding Many siding materials are not themselves a waterproof external building skin . Where high volumes of water run down siding , leaks into the building windows or walls are possible , leading to costly hidden damage such as from rot , mold , or insects . If we add the effects of wind pushing rain against a building these effects are increased still further . Check out these companion articles : VINYL SIDING INSTALLATION and VINYL SIDING INSPECTION & REPAIR for illustrations of troubleshooting leaks , buckling , blowing off , loose or other vinyl siding troubles . In the two photographs above and just below you can see stains on the building foundation wall below a vinyl - sided home - these stain patterns are a common source of questions about where leaks are occurring and what will be their effect on the building . Brown leak stains appearing on the foundation wall below vinyl building siding may be traced to a single event ( a plumbing leak for example ) or to recurrent events ( wind - blown rain ) , either of which can send water down the building wall behind the siding itself . A sheathing wrap ca n ' t do much to stop the effects of a plumbing leak into the building wall . That water is moving from inside the building out . But if the sheathing wrap is properly installed it can stop or significantly reduce the movement of wind - blown rain through the siding and down the building sheathing . Housewrap Permeability Permeability of housewraps by water : Several different tests are used to measure the ability of building papers to stop liquid water . Grade D building papers must have a 10 - minute rating under ASTM D779 , commonly called the “ boat test , ” in which a piece of building paper is folded in the shape of a boat and floated in a dish of water until it soaks through and wets a powder on top . Some Grade D papers are rated as high as 60 minutes . In general , products with very high vapor permeability , such as DuPont ’ s Tyvek ® , do poorly in the boat test since water vapor can pass through and wet the indicator powder . However , Tyvek ® and other non perforated plastic housewraps perform well in the alternate “ hydro - head ” test in which the material is placed under a 22 - inch column of water and must not leak for five hours . More importantly , non perforated plastic housewraps generally do a very good job of shedding liquid water in the field . Guide to Air Infiltration Specifications of Building Sheathing Wraps , Building Papers , Housewraps Air leak resistance of housewraps : Many sheathing wrap suppliers tout their products ’ ability to block air infiltration , often citing proprietary test results . Some follow ASTM E283 , in which an 8 - foot - square wall section is tested before and after installation of the sheathing wrap . However , since the manufacturer is free to specify the type of wall assembly , one test is not comparable to another , and none simulates real job - site conditions with seams and holes in the sheathing wrap . If a house already has a reasonably tight wall assembly , there is little evidence that a layer of housewrap will significantly tighten the building . In general , air - sealing efforts are better spent on the building ’ s interior , using caulks and gaskets or a continuous polyethylene air / vapor barrier . See MOISTURE PROBLEMS : CAUSE & CURE for additional detail about air and moisture movement through buildings . Table of Performance Characteristics of Building Housewraps & Sheathing - Wrap Materials Installed carefully , any of the sheathing wraps can perform well and keep water out of walls . The three main choices are traditional asphalt felt , Grade D building paper , and the newer plastic housewraps . The optimal product will depend upon the siding choice , building details , and climate . With any sheathing wrap material , however , the key to good performance is to carefully lap the material to shed water . This job has been made easier by the introduction of a number of peel - and - stick membranes for use around windows , doors , and other trouble spots . General performance characteristics of sheathing wraps are summarized the table below Table of Permeability Ratings for Sheathing Wrap Products & for Building Sheathing Products Material type Uses Advantages Disadvantages Perm Rating Comments & Recommendations Asphalt felt , saturated felt , " tar paper " Sheathing wrap under siding & roofing Moderate resistance to liquid water . Absorbs & stores water . High permeability when wet Deteriorates if exposed to sunlight ; prone to tearing ; 5 Use min 15 lb . material , good option for all types of siding . Use with rain screen . Do not rely on for air - barrier See FELT 15 # ROOFING , as HOUSEWRAP / VAPOR BARRIER See also RAIN SCREEN PRINCIPLES Grade D building paper , red rosin paper Sheating wrap under stucco Resists water from 20 - 60 minutes as per rating Deteriorates if saturated 5 Use two layers of rated material under stucco STUCCO WALL WEEP SCREED DRAINAGE See also STUCCO WALL METHODS & INSTALLATION Foil facing Insulation face , radiant barriers Waterproof Traps water if any leaks into the building cavity Easily torn Close to zero Used with or as part of insulating products , Not used as a housewrap without additional steps and in hot humid climates . SHEATHING , FOIL FACED - VENTS RADIANT BARRIERS Housewrap : Tyvek & similar products Sheathing wrap under siding Resist water penetration , permit water vapor passage Water vapor permeability & perm ratings vary widely by product . 6.5 - 29 ( Kaellner 2006 ) 48 - 59 ( Bliss 2006 ) , 77 ( Gibson 1994 ) HOUSEWRAP DATA TABLE Plastic housewrap , perforated Sheathing wrap under siding Good permeability Low resistance to liquid water 9 - 48 Use in relatively dry areas Plastic housewrap , not perforated Most have high permeability and high resistance to liquid water , good air barrier if taped Can trap liquid water fdrom wall leaks 9 - 59 Good option for all types of siding . Use with rain screen . Can also serve as air - infiltration barrier if taped at all seams & edges . Draining housewraps Sheathing wrap under siding , drainage plane . Provides drainage plane and air space for rain screen Effectiveness varies by construction details . Variable Good option for all types of siding in areas subject to wind - blown rain . HOUSEWRAP PRODUCT CHOICES Plywood , 1 / 2 " CDX Wall & roof sheathing Structural material ; absorbs & stores water depending on coating ; May function as a buffer by absorbing and releasing moisture over time . 1 - 30 Not intended as sole vapor barrer in most construction . Permeability varies depending on ambient relative humidity . PLYWOOD Roof , Wall , Floor Decks & Sheathing OSB , 1 / 2 " Wall & roof sheathing Structural material ; absorbs & stores water depending on coating Lower perm than 1 / 2 " CDX plywood , less variability 1 - 7 Not intended as sole vapor barrer in most construction . Permeability varies depending on ambient relative humidity . OSB - ORIENTED STRAND BOARD SHEATHING Notes : Adapted and expanded from Table 1 - 1 , Sheathing Wrap Performance , [ image file ] found in Bliss , Steven . Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction : materials , finishes , and details . John Wiley & Sons , 2006 . Permeability of plywood vs OSB discussed by PERM RATINGS of BUILDING MATERIALS Ahuja , Deepak , B . Matthew Smith , and M . Arch . " Potential Pitfalls of a Green Building Material : A Case Study of Cellulose Insulation . " In Forensic Engineering 2012 @ sGateway to a Safer Tomorrow , pp . 239 - 249 . ASCE , 2013 . Gibson , Scott . " Air and Vapor Barriers . " Fine Homebuilding 4 , no . 94 ( 1994 ) : 48 - 53 . International Building Code ( 2006 ) , Excerpts 1404.2 Water - resistive barrier . A minimum of one layer of No . 15 asphalt felt , complying with ASTM D 226 for Type 1 felt , shall be attached to the studs or sheathing , with flashing as described in Section 1405.3 , in such a manner as to provide a continuous water - resistive barrier behind the exterior wall veneer . 2510.6 Water - resistive barriers . Waterresistive barriers shall be installed as required in Section 1404.2 and , where applied over wood - based sheathing , shall include a water - resistive vapor - permeable barrier with a performance at least equivalent to two layers of Grade D paper . Exception : Where the water - resistive barrier that is applied over wood - based sheathing has a water resistance equal to or greater than that of 60 minute Grade D paper and is separated from the stucco by an intervening , substantially non - water - absorbing layer or R703 . 1 General . Exterior walls shall provide the building with a weather - resistant exterior wall envelope . The exterior wall envelope shall include flashing as described in Section R703 . 8 . The exterior wall envelope shall be designed and constructed in such a manner as to prevent the accumulation of water within the wall assembly by providing a waterresistive barrier behind the exterior veneer as required by Section R703 . 2 and a means of draining water that enters the assembly to the exterior . Protection against condensation in the exterior wall assembly shall be provided in accordance with Chapter 11 of this code . R703 . 2 Water - Resistive Barrier . One layer of No . 15 asphalt felt , free from holes and breaks , complying with ASTM D 226 for Type 1 felt or other approved waterresistive barrier shall be applied over studs or sheathing of all exterior walls . Such felt or material shall be applied horizontally , with the upper layer lapped over the lower layer not less than 2 inches ( 51 mm ) . \ Where joints occur , felt shall be lapped not less than 6 inches ( 152 mm ) . Such felt or other approved material shall be continuous to the top of walls and terminated at penetrations and building appendages in such a manner to meet the requirements of the exterior wall envelope as described in Section R703 . 1 . Exception : Such water - resistive barrier is permitted to be omitted in the following situations : 1 . In detached accessory buildings . 2 . Under exterior wall finish materials as permitted in Table R703 . 4 . 3 . Under paperbacked stucco lath , when the paper backing is an approved weather - resistive sheathing paper . R703 . 6 . 3 Water - resistive barriers . Waterresistive barriers shall be installed as required in Section 1404.2 and , where applied over wood - based sheathing , shall include a water - resistive vapor - permeable barrier with a performance at least equivalent to two layers of Grade D paper . Exception : Where the water - resistive barrier that is applied over wood - based sheathing has a water resistance equal to or greater than that of 60 minute Grade D paper and is separated from the stucco by an intervening , substantially non - waterabsorbing layer or drainage space . Lstiburek ( 2015 ) - see REFERENCES Kaellner , Bradford R . , " Attachment # 14 Impact Of Title 24 Residential Leakage Reduction Credit On Water - resistive Barriers In California Homes " , Architectural Energy Corporation , Boulder CO , USA , for California Energy Commission , Public Interest Energy Research Program , ( 2006 ) . The table above gives perm ratings for common building sheathing wrap products . Table of WRB Performance Data : Air & Water Leakage & Perm Ratings for 17 Housewrap Products In our separate article HOUSEWRAP PRODUCT CHOICES , the table at HOUSEWRAP DATA TABLE lists 27 housewrap products , giving manufacturer , air retarder rating , air leakage rates , water vaper permeance or perm rating , structural integrity , UV exposure rating , thickness , and flame / smoke classification for these products ( listed in order of lowest to highest Perm rating : Vorted / Weather Trek , Rufco - wrap , FirstWrap , Weathermate Plus , Dri - Shield , Weathermate / Air - Gard , Prime Wrap , Barricade Building Wrap , GreenGuard RainDrop , Typar , PinkWrap , GreenGuard Classic Wrap , ProWrap , Tyvek ComemrcialWrap , GreenGuard Ultra Asphalt Felt Used for Housewrap The old standby , asphalt felt ( photo at left , construction in 1978 ) , has a perm rating of around 5 and moderately good water resistance , making it suitable for use as a sheathing wrap . However , unlike plastic housewraps , asphalt felt will absorb water when wet . Once wet , its permeability jumps from around 5 to as high as 60 . In the event of water leaking into the wall , asphalt felt may help store some of the water , and its high permeability when wet will promote drying to the exterior . Housewrap , in contrast , tends to trap any liquid water that gets behind it . Some contractors find felt easier to install and weave into flashings because of its rigidity and narrow roll width . Felt , however , tends to get brittle and deteriorate under long - term exposure to UV radiation and is more prone to tear during installation than plastic housewraps . For situations where prolonged exposure is expected , plastic house - wraps are better suited . Otherwise , asphalt building felt remains a valid choice for modern homes . Although traditional 15 - pound rag felt weighed 15 pounds per 100 square feet , the material sold today as No . 15 felt is made of recycled cardboard and sawdust and actually weighs only 7 to 8 pounds per square . Most of the lightweight building paper sold has no ASTM rating . ASTM - rated No . 15 felt is either a minimum of 7.6 pounds per square ( ASTM D4689 ) or 11.5 pounds per square ( ASTM D226 ) . Similarly , the unrated variety of No . 30 felt typically weighs only 15 to 20 pounds per square versus 26 to 27 pounds for rated Type 2 felt ( ASTM D226 ) . Grade D Building Paper Used for Housewrap Grade D building paper is an asphalt - impregnated kraft - type paper , similar to the backing on fiberglass insulation . Unlike asphalt felt , it is made from new wood pulp , rather than recycled material . Its most common use is under stucco in the western United States . The vapor permeance of Grade D paper is similar to asphalt felt . Its liquid water resistance ratings range from 20 to 60 minutes , as measured by using the boat test ( see “ Water Resistance , ” previous page ) . Because Grade D paper tends to deteriorate under prolonged wetting , the trend in three - coat stucco is to use two layers of 30 - minute paper . Because the paper tends to wrinkle , the two layers tend to form a small air space , creating a rain - screen effect . Plastic Housewrap Products There are a wide range of plastic housewraps on the market . Most are non woven fabrics made from either polyethylene or polypropylene . Some have perforations to let water vapor pass through and the others are designed to let water vapor diffuse through the fabric itself . Because there is no single testing standard for plastic housewrap performance , it is difficult to make apples - to - apples comparisons . However , published performance data and limited field studies suggest the following : Permeance to water vapor . The leading nonperforated products ( Tyvek ® , R - Wrap ® , and Amowrap ® ) are significantly more permeable to water vapor , ranging from 48 to 59 perms , than nearly all the perforated materials . Water resistance . All sheathing wraps adequately shed water on vertical surfaces . Pooled water , however , will leak through most perforated plastic housewraps over time , while the nonperforated materials will contain liquid water indefinitely . No . 15 asphalt felt retains water moderately well , but it allows some penetration over time . Damage from extractives . Some researchers have noted that extractives leaching out of redwood and cedar siding can cause plastic housewrap to lose its water repellency and to deteriorate . Back - priming the wood siding or leaving an air space behind the siding will help prevent this . Stucco will also degrade plastic housewrap and is rarely installed over it . Recommendations . Given their high permeance ratings and excellent resistance to liquid water , the nonperforated housewraps are a good choice for most building applications . Traditional asphalt felt is also a good option . Many contractors find plastic sheathing wraps more convenient than asphalt felt in that they weigh only 1 to 2 pounds per square , and they are more flexible in the cold and more tear - resistant . Also they are available in 9 - to 10 - foot - wide rolls versus 3 - foot rolls for asphalt felt . Draining Housewraps In the last few years , manufacturers have responded to the need for an air space and drainage plane with a variety of housewrap products that are either wrinkled or corrugated to provide an integrated air space . These include products intended primarily for stucco , such as DuPont ’ s StuccoWrap ® , and others developed for siding , such as Raindrop Housewrap , which is a plastic drainage mat from Pactiv , Inc . ( see “ Resources , ” page 47 of ) . The air space created by these products is minimal , ranging from 0.02 inch thick for StuccoWrap to 0.008 for RainDrop ® . Although these materials may allow for some drainage , it is unlikely that they will provide any measurable airflow to promote drying . A more promising approach is a 1 / 4 - inch nylon matrix , called HomeSlicker ® , which has vertical drainage channels and installs between the sheathing wrap and siding . The material is rigid and thick enough to resist compression by the siding but thin enough that windows , doors , and trim can be installed without furring . - - Adapted with permission from Sizing up Vinyl Siding - The Requirement for a Moisture Barrier Beneath Vinyl Siding - When Can the Vapor Barrier be Omitted ? This discussion is now found at VAPOR BARRIERS , VINYL SIDING . . . Continue reading at VAPOR CONDENSATION & BUILDING SHEATHING or select a topic from closely - related articles below , or see our complete INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES below . Or see HOUSEWRAP INSTALLATION DETAILS Or see Or see these House Wrap , Air & Water Barrier Articles AIR LEAK MINIMIZATION BASEMENT CEILING VAPOR BARRIER BLOWER DOORS & AIR INFILTRATION CRAWL SPACE VAPOR BARRIER LOCATION DRY - IN , DEFINITION FELT 15 # ROOFING , as HOUSEWRAP / VAPOR BARRIER HEAT LOSS DETECTION TOOLS HOUSEWRAP AIR & VAPOR BARRIERS HOUSEWRAP INSTALLATION HOUSEWRAP at SILLS , SOLES , TOP PLATES INDOOR AIR QUALITY & HOUSE TIGHTNESS MOISTURE in BUILDING WALLS , EFFECTS MOISTURE CONTROL in BUILDINGS PERM RATINGS of BUILDING MATERIALS PLASTIC MOISTURE BARRIER FLAME SPREAD RAIN SCREEN PRINCIPLES STUCCO WALL WEEP SCREED DRAINAGE THERMAL TRACKING & HEAT LOSS VAPOR BARRIERS & AIR SEALING at BAND JOISTS VAPOR BARRIERS & CONDENSATION VAPOR BARRIERS & HOUSEWRAP VAPOR BARRIERS , VINYL SIDING VAPOR CONDENSATION & BUILDING SHEATHING WATER BARRIERS , EXTERIOR BUILDING Suggested citation for this web page VAPOR BARRIERS & HOUSEWRAP at Inspect A pedia . com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection , testing , diagnosis , repair , & problem prevention advice . INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES : ARTICLE INDEX to EXTERIORS of BUILDINGS Or use the SEARCH BOX found below to Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia . . . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQs ) Click to Show or Hide FAQs Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia Questions & answers or comments about moisture & vapor barrier requirements underneath building wall siding . Try the search box just below , or if you prefer , post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly . HTML Comment Box is loading comments . . . Technical Reviewers & References Click to Show or Hide Citations & References Publisher InspectApedia . com - Daniel Friedman	[ "Beneath Vinyl", "Housewraps" ]
http://inspectapedia.com/exterior/Stone_Cleaning.php	Cleaning & Prevention of Algae , Fungus , Lichens , Moss on Stone Tombstones , Graves , Walls , Sidewalks , TSP Substitutes POST a QUESTION or READ FAQs about the best methods to clean stone surfaces InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest . We have no relationship with advertisers , products , or services discussed at this website . How to clean building stains & algae , fungus , lichens & moss from exterior surfaces : This article describes cleaning , and preventing future algae , moss , lichens , or fungal growth that occurs on stone , brick , and other surfaces such as buildings , gravestones , sidewalks , stone walls , walks , roadways and in nature . We discuss how to identify , remove , & prevent algae , lichens , or moss growth on graves , tombstones , stone walls , sidewalks . Photographs of Algae , lichens , moss , mold help identify these substances in nature and on buildings . Photos & text to distinguish among algae , lichens , moss and mold growths on any surface . We include links to references & research useful in the identification & control of algae , moss , lichens , and mold . We also provide a MASTER INDEX to this topic , or you can try the page top or bottom SEARCH BOX as a quick way to find information you need . Methods for Cleaning Algae , Fungus , Lichens , Moss from Stone , Brick , or Concrete Surfaces Especially if you are restoring artifacts , art works , tombstones , or graves , avoid any aggressive cleaning methods that might damage the roof surface . Mechanical Cleaning of Brick , Stone or Concrete Surfaces The gravestone that was shown at the top of this page and appears below in " before and after " photos was successfully cleaned using simply a soft bristle brush and plain water . Here is what Patrick Walsh said about the cleaning procedure : I only used regular cold tap water , no soap , and a soft bristled dish - brush . You should wet down and rub in water on the stone by hand ( the growths were oily , and repelling water ! ) . Then brush in circular pattern to break down the lichens , moss , or algae , using plenty of water for lubrication . Hand wipe the gravestone down before it dries again . Start cleaning the tombstone at the top and work down . That way you wo n ' t have to re - scrub the run - off . This was a 7 - foot high grave stone including the cross . All told , ( minus the cross ) it took me about 45 minutes ( I started on the back , so I would be inspired to do the rest and in case I found a problem . Then I cleaned the gravestone ' s sides and top . The front surface was cleaned last . Whatever cleaning is done on a stone or masonry surface , make sure the process does not cause more harm than good to the artifact and to the environment around it . Algae , Fungi , Lichens , Moss : Chemical Cleaning of Brick , Concrete , or Stone Surfaces Watch out : do n ' t try any cleaners or preservative treatments on a valuable cultural artifact or art work without first discussing options with a professional art conservator . If you are proceeding to use any cleaning procedure or chemical , try it first on a small , unobtrusive area of your artifact or surface . A comprehensive survey prepared by Caltrans ( 2011 ) examined studies by various U.S. states concerned with the control of moss growth on pavement . Those experts examined a wide range of methods used to remove moss growth as well as to control or prevent its recurrence , yielding advice on the effectiveness and costs as well as safety of various approaches from which we include excerpts here . The Caltrans information is followed by advice from the USDA on controlling sooty molds appearing on exterior surfaces . These moss cleaning & control methods studied for application on roadways in the U.S. may be applicable in whole or part to treatment & control of algae , lichens , moss and even fungi on exterior surfaces such as masonry or stone walls , walks , and monuments outdoors . Treatment Options for Algae , Fungal , or Moss Growth on Stone & Masonry Surfaces Moss Treatment Method Description Comments Links Synthetic moss growth control products Wet & Forget This commercial product can be used in residential and commercial applications . Marketed as non caustic , non acidic and safe for all outdoor surfaces , the product ’ s active ingredient is alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride Environmental concerns ; Glyphosate Two applications per year of this herbicide should be adequate to kill the moss . Glyphosate is the active ingredient in commercial herbicides such as Roundup ® May not be suitable for areas of animal or human occupancy or direct - contact ; Environmental concerns ; Natural - based moss growth control products Acids acetic acid , citric acid , pelargonic acid , cloveoil , corn glugen meal were cited by Caltrans as under study , generally less effective and more costly than the synthetic alternatives . Baking soda , vinegar biodegradable fatty acids . Certain kinds of soap and borax are also recommended . Electrolyzed water Identified as a cost - effective and environmentally friendly alternative that can be used as a contact fungicide on plant surfaces and for general sanitation in greenhouses . A cell electrolyzes water , resulting in two types of water possessing different properties : An electrolyzed basic solution that has strong reducing potential and can be used as a cleaning solution . An electrolyzed acid solution with a strong oxidation potential that can be used as an alternative to chlorine - based compounds for killing bacteria . Recent procedure , uses water and saturated salt ( sodium chloride ) to create an electrolyzed acid used as a contact fungicide on plant surfaces Mechanical moss removal methods High - pressure , low - volume power washer . A small - scale test of this mechanical method involves the use of a portable power washer to determine how much pressure is needed to remove moss when moving along at a reasonable rate of speed ( that is , 10 mph ) . Watch out : as we also cite at STAINS on STONE , STUCCO DIAGNOSE & CURE Grimmer ( 1992 ) , - Schierhorn ret . 2014 ) and other experts warn about using abrasives to clean stone exteriors of buildings or stone cultural artifacts . . Brooming sweeping has been used on roadways . Moss cutting machine This machine , used by an irrigation district in Oregon to remove moss from canals , applies similar technology Light & Heat to kill , remove or prevent moss growth Infrared heaters . An infrared heater is used to direct a propane flame at a ceramic or metal plate , which radiates heat onto the moss . Other applications use water and intense heat in an enclosed space UV light : shielded high - intensity ultraviolet light has been used to treat moss growth on roadways . Widely used in water treatment & in forensic investigation . UV LIGHT BLACK LIGHT USES Coatings to retard moss or algae growth on surfaces Fog line paint Caltrans observed that the paint used to provide white fog lines along roadways appeared to be a moss growth retardant in areas where otherwise moss appeared along roadway sides and suggested the paint might be moss - retarding . In our [ DF ] opinion an error in this consideration was the omission of the moisture - absorption effects of the fog line painted along roadways . By coating the roadway surface the pavement will surely absorb less moisture and perhaps fewer spores as well , acting thus as a moss growth retardant in an effect beyond the biocidal effect of the paint itself . This observation suggests that where other conditions permit , periodic coating of some stone surfaces with moisture repellents such as Thompson ' s water seal may retard moss , algae , lichens and even fungal growth on those areas . However in our personal experience those silicone - based coatings are not durable and may need annual re - application , making them not cost - effective for some cases . And on hard surfaces such as walkways there may be slip hazards as well . Paints including fungicides may use elemental zinc or other metals or chemicals . Not suited for artifacts , most building exteriors , most walkways , masonry stairs , etc See DISINFECTANTS & SANITIZERS , SOURCES and FUNGICIDAL SPRAY & SEALANT USE GUIDE Laser Cleaning of Sandstone or Stone Surfaces Building & stone artifact conservators have researched and used lasers as a method for cleaning some stone surfaces . See Dajnowski , A . " Laser cleaning of the Nickerson Mansion : The first building in the US entirely cleaned using laser ablation . " In Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks : Proceedings of the International Conference Lacona VII , Madrid , Spain , 17 - 21 September 2007 , vol . 3 , p . 209 . CRC Press , 2008 . See additional sandstone cleaning citations at RE - CONSTITUTED SANDSTONE STAIN CAUSES , CURES Notes to the table above Adapted to include excerpts from CTC &amp ; Associates LLC , " Environmentally Friendly Elimination of Moss from Open - Graded Asphalt Pavement " , Requested by Deborah Harmon , Caltrans District 1 April 14 , 2011 , retrieved 3 / 28 / 2014 , original source : http : / / www . dot . ca . gov / newtech / researchreports / preliminary_ investigations / docs / elimination_of_moss_pi_04142011 . pdf References on building or monument moisture control , moss , historic preservation Bruhns , Harry R . , Philip Steadman , Horace Herring , Sarah Moss , and Peter A . Rickaby . " Types , numbers , and floor areas of nondomestic premises in England and Wales , classified by activity . " Environment and Planning B 27 , no . 5 ( 2000 ) : 641 - 666 . Christopher , D . " Exterior Cleaning of Sandstone Buildings in Edinburgh : Technical and Aesthetic Considerations : Submitted for the Degree of Master of Science [ Architectural Conservation ] . " PhD diss . , School of Architecture , Edinburgh College of Art / Heriot - Watt University , Edinburgh , 1990 . Clifton , JR , ASTM STP935 Cleaning Stone and Masonry , Abstract : January 1986STP935 - EB - Describes modern techniques , methods and materials for restoration cleaning of building facades . 9 peer - reviewed papers examine cleaning practices in the U.S. , the selection of appropriate cleaning materials and methods , methods for determining the effectiveness and possible damage caused by cleaning , and cleaning case studies . Available from https : / / www . astm . org Dajnowski , A . " Laser cleaning of the Nickerson Mansion : The first building in the US entirely cleaned using laser ablation . " In Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks : Proceedings of the International Conference Lacona VII , Madrid , Spain , 17 - 21 September 2007 , vol . 3 , p . 209 . CRC Press , 2008 . Griffin , P . S . , N . Indictor , and R . J . Koestler . " The biodeterioration of stone : a review of deterioration mechanisms , conservation case histories , and treatment . " International Biodeterioration 28 , no . 1 ( 1991 ) : 187 - 207 . Grimmer , Anne E . Keeping it clean : removing exterior dirt , paint , stains and graffiti from historic masonry buildings . DIANE Publishing , 1992 . Grimmer , Anne E . Dangers of Abrasive Cleaning to Historic Buildings . [ Department of the Interior ] , Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service , [ Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation ] , Technical Preservation Services Division , 1979 . Halim , Al - Hafzan Abdullah , Siti Norlizaiha Harun , and Md Yusof Hamid . " DIAGNOSIS OF DAMPNESS IN CONSERVATION OF HISTORIC BUILDING . " Jurnal of Design+ Built 5 , no . 1 ( 2012 ) . Hui , Sam CM , and Anfernee HM Leung . " Sustainable building services systems for historic buildings . " In Proceedings of the Joint Symposium 2004 : Servicing Dense Built Environments , vol . 16 , pp . 133 - 142 . Organising Committee of the Symposium . , 2004 . Lazzarini , Lorenzo , and Marisa Tabasso Laurenzi . Il restauro della pietra . Cedam . Casa editrice dott . Antonio Milani , 1986 . Lisci , Marcello , Michela Monte , and Ettore Pacini . " Lichens and higher plants on stone : a review . " International biodeterioration & biodegradation 51 , no . 1 ( 2003 ) : 1 - 17 . Park , Sharon C . " Moisture in historic buildings and preservation guidance ' . " Moisture Control in Buildings 18 ( 1994 ) . Piervittori , R . , O . Salvadori , and A . Laccisaglia . " Literature on lichens and biodeterioration of stonework . I . " The Lichenologist 26 , no . 02 ( 1994 ) : 171 - 192 . Preston , John . " The surface restoration of buildings – An investment in the present as well as in the future . " Structural Survey 7 , no . 4 ( 1989 ) : 450 - 460 . Richardson , B . A . " Control of microbial growths on stone and concrete . " In Biodeterioration 7 , pp . 101 - 106 . Springer Netherlands , 1988 . Sáiz - Jiménez , Cesáreo . " Biogeochemistry of weathering processes in monuments . " Geomicrobiology Journal 16 , no . 1 ( 1999 ) : 27 - 37 . Sargent , Karen . " Exterior sandstone restoration of Alexander Hall . " In Preservation and restoration of cultural heritage : proceedings of the 1995 LCP Congress , Montreux , 24 - 29 September 1995 = Conservation et restauration des biens culturels : actes du congresLCP 1995 , Montreux , 24 - 29 septembre 1995 , pp . 231 - 234 . Laboratoire de conservation de la pierre , 1996 . Schierhorn , Carolyn . " Sandstone . " [ PDF ] retrived 9 / 23 / 2014 , original source : http : / / www . masonryconstruction . com / Images / Sandstone_ % 20Earth % 27s % 20Vivid % 20Palette_tcm68 - 1375439 . pdf Schnabel , Lorraine . " The treatment of biological growths on stone : a conservator ' s viewpoint . " International biodeterioration 28 , no . 1 ( 1991 ) : 125 - 131 . Tiano , Piero . " Biodegradation of cultural heritage : decay mechanisms and control methods . " In Seminar article , New University of Lisbon , Department of Conservation and Restoration , pp . 7 - 12 . 2002 . [ PDF ] Tudor , Phoebe B . , Frank G . Matero , and Robert J . Koestler . " A case study of the compatibility of biocidal cleaning and consolidation in the restoration of a marble statue . " In Biodeterioration Research , pp . 525 - 533 . Springer US , 1990 . Unterwurzacher , Michael , Ulrich Obojes , Roland Hofer , and Peter W . Mirwald . " Petrophysical properties of selected Quaternary building stones in western Austria . " Geological Society , London , Special Publications 333 , no . 1 ( 2010 ) : 143 - 152 . Wakefield , R . D . , M . Young , K . Tonge , and D . Urquhart . " Effects and efficacy of some masonry biocides applied to Scottish sandstone in the control of biological growths : current studies . " In Conservation science in the UK : preprints of the meeting held in Glasgow , May 1993 , pp . 15 - 19 . James & James Science Publishers Ltd . , 1993 . Not all roadway moss control measures in the original source are included in the table above . For example we exclude " Pavement mix selection " as a means of moss control as it pertains more narrowly to roadways not to other outdoor surfaces such as stone walls and brick structures . Using UV light in a wide range of applications inculding the control of bacteria , mold , and algae or moss growth is also discussed at UV LIGHT BLACK LIGHT USES The USDA has published How to Recognize & Control Sooty Molds . That publication includes suggestions for removing sooty black molds ( the author considers Cladosporium sp . and Aureobasidium sp . as sooty black molds though they may in fact be brown or black and may not easily wipe off as " sooty " molds ) . Excerpting & commenting on the USDA advice for controlling sooty molds on surfaces : : Sooty molds can be indirectly controlled by reducing populations of sucking insects that excrete honeydew . Outdoor furniture can be hosed down with water during periods of honeydew excretion , particularly during drought . The growth of sooty mold fungi is inhibited by preservatives used in treated wood in rustic outdoor furniture . Here is the recipe for a good cleaning solution for removing sooty molds from plastic or painted surfaces : USDA Stone Cleaning Agent Formula Powdered household detergent 1 / 3 cup Household liquid bleach 1 quart Trisodium phosphate 2 / 3 cup [ note : for environmental reasons TSP is no longer used , try a TSP substitute ] Water 3 quarts Notes to the table above Be sure to wear rubber gloves when cleaning with this solution . [ Note that trisodium phosphate is no longer used as a cleaning agent because it is an environmental contaminant . However substitute products may be available . Be careful not to add a cleaning agent to bleach that can cause production of toxic chlorine gas . Power Washing Brick , Stone , Concrete Surfaces to Remove Algae , Fungi , Lichens , Moss Power washing , using plain water or perhaps a deck cleaner can be very effective for cleaning off stone , concrete , or masonry sidewalks and some building surfaces where valuable artifacts are not involved . First be sure that the surface to be cleaned is sound and secure - both to avoid causing serious damage and to avoid rocketing a piece of stone or brick into someone ' s eye during power - washing . We have had some trouble with this method , however , when power - washing dry - laid brick and stone walks . The power washer wanted to also remove sand between the bricks or even to lift them out of place . Work carefully , and at a high angle to the surface to be cleaned if you have this problem . : do n ' t power - wash antique brick without first testing your procedure . If you sand - blast or use high pressure washing on soft brick or other masonry surfaces you may cause irreparable damage . In freezing climates , blasting the original glaze off of a brick surface means that it will absorb more water , grow more moss or lichens faster , and suffer more freeze damage than ever . Also be careful when power - washing not to blast water into building wall or roof cavities where you risk cosmetic or even costly mold damage . Do - it - yourself Cleanup for Algae or Fungal Stains on Stone , Brick , Concrete Surfaces 1 teaspoon of trisodium phosphate equivalent + 8 tbsp bleach in 1 - 1 / 2 cups water . ( Oxygen bleach is readily available [ Sodium percarbonate ] , which can be mixed with about anything that is not reactive to oxygen and it is not toxic . ) In greater proportions , reader Norman reports using 1 cup of trisodium phosphate , one gallon bleach and 4 gallons water on his own roof and . . . " it has worked just fine , spraying it on lightly , then rinsing thoroughly with water about 15 minutes later . " Do n ' t use the original TSP ( tri - sodium phosphate ) cleaner - it is an environmental contaminant . TSP substitutes such as the product shown ( at left ) are available at building supply stores and hardware stores . Some deck cleaning sprays such as Stainhandle ® roof and deck cleaner are also sold for use as cleaning solutions for stained roofs and might work on other surfaces - check with the manufacturer . We discuss removing stains from roofs separately at BLACK STAIN REMOVAL & PREVENTION Using TSP - Substitute Cleaners & Disposing of Stone or Masonry Cleanup Waste Question : how do I dispose of TSP substitute waste & paint debris ? I have used TSP Substitute on a painted basement floor . We have a private septic system with a field drain . What is the proper disposal technique for used TSP substitute with paint residue ? - Anonymous by private email 2018 / 02 / 05 Reply : Here is information for an example TSP substitute : SAVOGRAN LIQUID TSP SUBSTITUTE CLEANER [ PDF ] The Savogran Company , PO Box 130 , Norwood , MA 02062 USA Tel : 1 - 800 - 225 - 9872 Web : www . savogran . com www . sclsterling . com Email : info @ savogran . comretrieved 2018 / 02 / 05 , original source http : / / www . savogran . com / pdfs / TSP_Liq_Sub_PD . pdf The company notes that their cleaner does not harm vegetation . But the company does not address disposing of residue that contains paint . I do n ' t know how to address that question either , as you ' d probably need to know what sort of paint , contaminants , presence or absence of lead , and importantly the liquid or physical volume of the substance that is to be disposed - of . This excerpted note might help : In most states all waste from lead abatement jobs must be tested to see if it is hazardous waste . Hazardous waste is liquid or solid waste that could poison people if it is not disposed of correctly . That typically means closing up your liquid waste in safe tight containers and delivering it to an approved receiving station near where you live If you do n ' t know what ' s in your cleaning and paint waste you should treat it as presumed to be toxic . Do n ' t assume that no lead paint means no toxics . For example some acrylic paints contain toxic heavy metals . Also in some cleanup jobs or paints toxic solvents or residues could be present such as methylene chloride . It would be best not to dispose of any significant volume of liquid waste into a septic system if the waste contains toxic substances of any kind ( such as lead , solvents , acids ) substances that kill bacteria in the septic tank or drainfield - unless the level of dilution is great enough that there is not likely to be any measurable effect . Earth911 . com can give you " toxic waste " disposal rules in your area in response to your zip code presuming you ' re in the U.S . The other place to check for disposal regulations for cleaning waste is with your local DEP / DEC or if you live where there is no department of environmental protection coverage check with your local building department or city , town , or county or province . For example , if your paint contained lead you ' d want to see this US EPA guidance LEAD ABATEMENT CHAPTER 8 , CLEANUP , DISPOSAL , and CLEARANCE [ PDF ] education from the US EPA , retrieved 2018 / 02 / 05 , original source : https : / / www . epa . gov / sites / production / files / documents / wkrch8_stu_eng . pdf And this additional guidance LEAD CLEAN UP , DISPOSAL , and CLEARANCE [ PDF ] , Center for Construction Research and Training , 8484 Georgia Avenue , Suite 1000 Silver Spring , MD 20910 USA , Tel : 301 - 578 - 850 E - mail : cpwrwebsite @ cpwr . com retrieved 2018 / 02 / 05 , original source : https : / / www . cpwr . com / sites / default / files / training / lead / Lead % 2010 . pdf In the U.S. most states also offer specific guidance . For example here ' s a note for Wisconsin residents ( we do n ' t know where you are located ) DISPOSING of HAZARDOUS WASTE : PAINT & OTHER HOME IMPROVEMENT PRODUCTS [ PDF ] , Fond - du - Lac , Wisconsin , University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension , retrieved 2018 / 02 / 05 , original source : https : / / fonddulac . uwex . edu / files / 2012 / 01 / Paint - and - Other - Home - Improvement - Products . pdf So if your waste is not hazardous , though it ' s not precisely on point but you might want to also see this EPA note on disposing of other household waste HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL ( HHW ) , [ PDF ] U.S. EPA , retrieved 2018 / 02 / 05 , original source : https : / / www . epa . gov / hw / household - hazardous - waste - hhw Cleaning Procedures for Marble Surfaces Procedures for cleaning marble surfaces in or on buildings are at MARBLE CLEANING METHODS Preventing Algae , Lichens , Mold Growth on Gravestones & Other Stone , Brick , or Concrete Surfaces Trim back trees whose branches overshadow the stone surface if it is possible to do so without compromising the aesthetics of the site . Keep the flat or low - slope stone surfaces clean of organic debris like leaves or pine needles which may collect in valleys or at other roof locations . Chemical sealants or treatments may be permitted for some stone surfaces outdoors , though where we have tried clear silicone water - resistant coatings outdoors they were not very long - lasting . The New York Times reported that for the Angkor Wat historic Hindu temple , Dr . Warscheid devised a biocide " melange d ' Angkor " that was to be used to whiten parts of the temple and to retard the blackening effect of the cyanobacteria or fungi causing the blackening of that stonework . : Do n ' t put slippery sealants or coatings on a walking surface . OPINION - DF : for some artifacts it may be possible to reduce , prevent , and even " kill off " existing algae , fungal growth , or lichens on stone surfaces by installing a zinc or copper strip or cap in a position that sends dissolved copper salts down the surface in wet weather . We have seen the success of this approach on building roofs where copper flashing was installed ( photo of copper - flashed chimney on an otherwise mossy wood shingle roof at left ) , or where anti - fungal / moss / lichens metal strips were added . : do n ' t try any cleaners or preservative treatments on a valuable cultural artifact or art work without first discussing options with a professional art conservator . Also , as the Times reported in 2008 , there was no point in coating the entire Hindu Temple of Angkor Wat with biocide , since within a decade experts anticipated that the fungi or cyanobacteria present would simply adapt to the chemistry of the biocide treatment . Rather , routine cleaning and maintenance were called - for . This article series tells readers how to identify , evaluate , remove or prevent stains on building surfaces . Using UV Light to Prevent Moss & Algae or Mold Growth on Masonry Surfaces Reader Question : How to control moss growth in a historic building tunnel I hope you may be able to help me . . . . I ' ve been speaking to a client who has a very old historic building and they lit the tunnels beneath the structure a few years ago ( not by me ) . They are experiencing growth on the stone walls ( sample photo attached ) which is causing them concern and we think is related to the lighting , which is LED . It could be also down to the fact that there is now a lot of human traffic passing through the tunnels ( thus creating moisture I guess ) . I ' m not a plant expert ( or anything even remotely like one ! ) but I understand that while plant growth can be stimulated using a combination of far red and UV lighting - hence the High Pressure Sodium lighting used for the purpose , that UV can be utilised to kill algae ( or prevent growth ) . The chap on site says it ' s more like a moss than an algae but I think moss is different , so really I ' m wondering if you know of any ways of preventing moss growth using artificial lighting . It ' s a Listed Building so it ca n ' t be treated with chemicals , we just need to prevent any additional growth if possible and ideally , kill whatever is there . Sorry , I realise this might take a combination of my knowledge of lighting and yours on horticulture but my Googling has n ' t come up with any answers ! Thanks very much in advance . Best regards - L.P. , West Yorkshire , England 3 / 28 / 14 Reply : At STAINS on STONE , STUCCO DIAGNOSE & CURE we discuss moss and algae on stone as well as other " stains " such as from fungi and in this article above STONE CLEANING METHODS we discuss methods that can be used to clean and remove such materials while respecting the surface or artifact being cleaned . I do n ' t agree that because a building is historic that no steps whatsoever can be taken to address moss growth on its surfaces ; conservators have dealt with these problems for a very long time and have advice on least - invasive methods that still clean and protect the surface . In this article I ' m adding some helpful citations found by my research in an effort to answer your question , from which I excerpt the following : Of several surface treatment methods used to control moss growth there are these that you might consider 1 . Wet & Forget . This commercial product can be used in residential and commercial applications . Marketed as noncaustic , non - acidic , and safe for all outdoor surfaces , the product ' sactive ingredient is akyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 2 . Natural based products including products that contain citric , acetic or pelargonic acid ; clove oil ; and corn gluten meal have been included in trials conducted by other agencies . Results , where available , indicate that these products are generally less effective than synthetic alternatives and tend to be more costly to apply . 3 . Electrolyzed water . This relatively new process uses water and a saturated sodium chloride solution to create an electrolyzed acid solution that can be used as a contact fungicide on plant surfaces Also listed but not something I ' d try indoors or in a traffic area is Glyphosate . Two applications per year of this herbicide should be adequate to kill the moss . Glyphosate is the active ingredient in commercial herbicides such as Roundup Two mechanical methods are listed for removing and controlling future moss growth on surfaces such as the stone tunnel that you describe , two of which might work in the case you mention : 1 . Power washing or use of a " moss cutting machine " ( not useful for your case ) 2 . Shielded high - intensity ultraviolet light . This light source might burn off moss or delay its growth by triggering a negative phototrophic response . This method is used to treat recirculating water in greenhouses to remove algae and fungi . Heat is also listed as a moss control measure : Infrared heater . An infrared heater is used to direct a propane flame at a ceramic or metal plate , which radiates heat onto the moss . Other applications use water and intense heat in an enclosed space . It seems to me that an initial effort to clean and treat the surfaces combined with UV light might be the approach of choice . If it were possible to add heat and reduce the moisture level in the tunnel I ' m reasonably confident that the moss problem will be controlled . If we are not able to make the tunnel more dry , that is if it stays cool and wet , I suspect that a combination of UV lighting and some environmentally - friendly topical treatment may be needed . Some of the " environmentally - friendly " methods discussed by Caltrans were not economically feasible for highway roadside moss control is needed but might be economically acceptable in a smaller more controlled area such as the tunnel you describe . Keep us posted , as what we learn will assist others . DF How to Remove Paint From Stone Surfaces Please see BRICK SURFACE PAINT REMOVAL as those methods pertain also to stone surfaces . . . . Continue reading at LICHENS on STONE SURFACES or select a topic from closely - related articles below , or see our complete INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES below . Or see STONE SURFACE CLEANING METHOD FAQs - questions & answers posted originally at the end of this page . Or see these Stone & Masonry Stains & Cleaning Articles STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING EXTERIORS - home ALGAE & MOLD STAINS on EXTERIORS STAINS on BRICK SURFACES STAINS on BRICK SURFACES FAQs STAINS on CONCRETE STAINS on SANDSTONE , DIAGNOSE & CURE BIODETERIORATION CATALOG for STONE GLASS STEEL LICHENS on STONE SURFACES MARBLE CLEANING METHODS STONE SURFACE CLEANING METHODS STONE SURFACE CLEANING METHOD FAQs STAINS on STONE , STUCCO DIAGNOSE & CURE FAQs STAMPED CONCRETE CLEANING VINES & SHRUBS on BUILDING WALLS , CHIMNEYS Suggested citation for this web page STONE SURFACE CLEANING METHODS at Inspect A pedia . com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection , testing , diagnosis , repair , & problem prevention advice . INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES : ARTICLE INDEX to BUILDING STAINS Or use the SEARCH BOX found below to Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia . . . Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia Try the search box just below , or if you prefer , post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly . Technical Reviewers & References Click to Show or Hide Citations & References Publisher InspectApedia . com - Daniel Friedman	[ "Cleaning Algae", "Fungus", "Concrete Surfaces" ]
http://inspirationalsongs.weebly.com/you-raise-me-up.html	HOME I HAVE A DREAM YOU RAISE ME UP CENTRAL MESSAGE About There is another inspirational song that I would like to mention is called “ You Raise Me Up ” . This song is created by Secret Garden , a duo . Secret Garden was formed in 1994 by Irish violinist Fionnuala Sherry and Norwegian composer - pianist Rolf Lovland . The first award that SG got is the Eurovision Song Contest in 1995 with “ Nocturne ” , an entry that was more an instrumental piece that a song . In the 40 years history of this prestigious pan - European television extravaganza , an instrumental piece had never previously The song “ You Raise Me Up ” was written by Rolf Lovland in autumn 2000 and released in 2001 . “ Even if a majority of Secret Garden ’ s music is instrumental , I felt this melody was meant to be sung . ” ( Rolf , 2010 ) . However , this song could barely be selected into Secret Garden ’ s new album in 2002 . “ Fionnuala and I strongly believed this song should be a part of the album and we did n ’ t compromise ” ( Rolf , 2010 ) . This In fact , Secret Garden is a duo that they mainly just create melodies . They do not sing songs . Sometimes it is hard for them to find an excellent singer for their song . “ You Raise Me Up ” was sung by Brian Kennedy and the song has become a minor United Kingdom hit . Actually , Rolf was going to invite Johnny Logan to be the singer of this song , he thought that Johnny had the greatest voice he could hear . Nonetheless , Johnny Logan did not sing the song for some reason . Some people believes that “ You Raise Me Up ” is a song that talked about “ love ” . The lover raise “ me ” up . And the whole song is about a love story that talks about the lovers can hold each other ’ s hand and fight for their love . This can be one of the understanding of the song . However , in my opinion , the “ You ” in the lyrics means everyone . Everybody raises me up . On the other side , everyone raise everyone up . If we can Both “ I Have a Dream ” and “ You Raise Me up ” have been covered dozens of time , these two songs tell a very close implied meaning . In the meantime , Westlife , was an Irish Band that formed in July 1998 and disbanded in June 2012 , covered both songs . And it was Westlife that made them much more popular than before . In 2005 , Westlife even took the song “ I Have a Dream ” to 1st on the Top of the Pops and was the winner of the UK Record of As everybody knows , “ You Raise Me Up ” is very popular right now . However , the sad thing is the song was not famous while it was first been published . “ When we released it in 2001 there was no special attention to it . ” Rolf said , Westlife save the song later . In the year of 2005 , “ You Raise Me Up ” was jointly performed at the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize by Secret Garden and Westlife . So we can say that without Westlife , these two songs would Brian kennedy version Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . westlife version Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates . Get Started	[ "You Raise Me Up", "inspirational song" ]
http://inspirationlaboratories.com/cornstarch-and-glue-play-dough/	Cornstarch and Glue Play Dough Trisha May 29 , 2013 Art & Crafts This cornstarch and glue play dough recipe came about when trying to make a batch of slime . We did not get anything resembling a fun slime – just a sticky mess . I refused to let the materials go to waste , so I experimented until we ended up with nice batch of play dough . It is soft and stretchy . I ’ m glad I was able to turn a recipe fail into something worth while . My Latest Videos Cornstarch and Glue Play Dough The Search for a Safer Slime This recipe started when I was searching for a safer way to make slime . I love the liquid starch and glue slime recipe { equal parts , super easy } , but have you read the ingredient list ? Same goes for the borax and glue slimes . I ’ m not completely convinced that borax is safe for play . I know it ’ s definitely not safe to ingest . My 3 year old son still likes to taste the play doughs and slimes we make , so I need to be sure of the safety when The Failed Recipe I found a recipe from eHow for making slime with glue and cornstarch that looked interesting . I followed the directions and used only 1 / 4 of each ingredient . After adding the cornstarch to the glue , it looked promising . Then , we added the water . Now it looked too runny . No way that was going to be a decent slime . We were to wait 5 minutes . No change . Still looked like a sticky watery mess . I made some changes and created a soft and stretchy play dough . Not slime , but definitely fun . My son approved of the play dough . The Soft and Stretchy Play Dough Recipe Materials : 1 / 2 cup white school glue 1 / 4 cup cornstarch plus more for kneading { at least a cup or so } food coloring { optional } 3 / 4 cup warm water Directions : Mix 1 / 2 cup white school glue together with 1 / 4 cup cornstarch in a bowl . Stir in 3 / 4 cups of warm water . Add a few drops of food coloring until you get your desired color . Allow the mixture to sit for 5 minutes . { Not sure this step matters . It came from the original recipe . I followed this step , so I ’ m including it here . } Transfer the mixture to a pan . Heat over low heat stirring occasionally . The mixture will come together into a very sticky play dough . Transfer the dough to a mat or freezer paper . Allow the play dough to cool a bit . Once the play dough is cool enough to handle , add some corn starch { a good handful } . Knead the cornstarch into the play dough . You will notice it becomes less sticky . Keep kneading . The dough will become sticky again . Add more cornstarch . Knead again . Continue adding cornstarch and kneading until the dough is no longer sticky . { It ’ ll take a few handfuls of cornstarch . } Have Fun with the Play Dough Aiden wanted blue food coloring for our play dough . The additional cornstarch looked like snow or ice , so we added our baby sea animals that Safari Ltd sent us a while back . { See how we played with the backyard bird replicas they sent us , too . } Play dough becomes the vehicle for pretend play and allowing imaginations to take off . More Play Dough and Slime Recipes Try Cocoa Cloud Dough – soft and messy sensory fun made with edible ingredients ! Make edible oatmeal play dough with this easy no cook recipe . There ’ s the ever popular cornstarch and water slime { aka oobleck } . This post helps explain the science behind its behavior . Use your favorite batch of play dough for some green eggs and ham pretend play or Truffula tree math games Join Inspiration Laboratories on Google+ to keep up with the latest posts . I also interact and share posts , pictures , videos and more on my Google+ personal profile . That ’ s where you ’ ll find me hanging out with other bloggers and adding videos to my YouTube channel . Be sure to subscribe to get the latest video updates . Linking up here cornstarch glue ocean play dough pretend play Did you like this article ? Share it with your friends ! Tweet 19 Responses to " Cornstarch and Glue Play Dough " RCMom says : May 30 , 2013 at 6 : 26 pm Thanks ! I ’ ve never seen this one . Looks like fun ! ! Ca n ’ t wait to try it out ! ! I ’ ve linked to it at the bottom of my post : http : / / gotkiddos . blogspot . com / 2013 / 02 / five - faves - week - of - dough - and - goo . html Reply Trisha says : May 30 , 2013 at 6 : 54 pm Thanks ! Hope you like it ! Reply jackie June 1 , 2013 at 4 : 25 pm It looks like it turned out great , Trisha ! Way to turn your “ fail ” into a WIN ! I love that soft blue colour too ! Thanks for sharing today . June 1 , 2013 at 5 : 43 pm Thanks for letting us share , Jackie ! I ’ m really in love with the texture of the play dough , and the blue makes me think calm thoughts . Sarah Rose June 1 , 2013 at 8 : 50 pm Way to not give up ! I make a playdough on the stovetop with flour but I ’ ve heard that using cornstarch gives it a smoother , silkier texture . I will have to give it a try ! I also make a tasty peanut butter playdough that my son just loves ! Its playtime and a snack ! ( The flour playdough is also edible , but does n ’ t taste very good ! . ) If you want to check the peanut butter one out , here is a link : http : / / sarahrosessupposes . blogspot . com / 2013 / 04 / peanut - butter - playdough . html June 2 , 2013 at 4 : 32 pm I ’ ve never made play dough with cornstarch before this . I ’ ll have to try our regular flour recipe and use cornstarch sometime . Thanks for the idea ! We ’ ve made peanut butter play dough before , too . I think it may taste a little too good – we can spend more time eating it than playing with it . Pauline @ lessonslearntjournal . com June 10 , 2013 at 8 : 08 am So awesome ! ! Love the colour too . Thank you for sharing it at the Kids CoOp . I ’ ll be featuring this post as part of my Extraordinary Play Dough roundup . xo Pauline June 11 , 2013 at 5 : 58 pm Thanks , Pauline ! Sam @ Thrive 360 Living June 12 , 2013 at 11 : 32 pm I ’ m not sure I can be considered an official blogger yet since I have never made my own play dough . This recipe looks so easy , I think even I can manage it . Pinned ! Looking forward to trying it out . Kat June 13 , 2013 at 12 : 05 pm Looks lovely ! We used the same recipe to make ‘ modelling clay ’ ; so you can bake or leave this out to preserve your creations , June 13 , 2013 at 12 : 16 pm That ’ s great to know ! I wish I would have remembered seeing your recipe . Then , I would have known the other website ’ s recipe probably was n ’ t going to make slime . ha ! How To Make Playdough { 10 Different Ways } - Kids Activities Blog October 2 , 2013 at 7 : 01 am [ … ] Cornstarch and Glue Playdough – This soft and stretchy dough can be any color you [ … ] The Ultimate Collection of Play Dough February 18 , 2014 at 7 : 00 am [ … ] Cornstarch and Glue Play Dough from Inspiration Laboratories [ … ] Piya April 5 , 2014 at 1 : 50 am You should look at this link . It makes a good play dough and it does n ’ t require a pan or heat . https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = tKC - QMLe3ts April 5 , 2014 at 10 : 03 am Thanks for the link , Piya . It ’ s interesting that there ’ s no water involved at all { except for what little is in glue } . Piya April 10 , 2014 at 8 : 33 pm No problem Trisha ! April April 21 , 2014 at 11 : 02 pm So we tried this today and I ’ m not sure if I totally messed it up or what , but it did not come out like stretchy play dough at all . We had to add a lot of corn starch to get it to not be sticky , but by then it was too thick and unmalleable . Did I add too much corn starch during the kneeding ? I love the idea of this post . We just made silly putty with borax and glue and I had the same thought – like I ’ m not April 21 , 2014 at 11 : 19 pm Hi April , It sounds like too much corn starch was added . You should be able to add a little more water to loosen the dough up . Check the comments of the post for another recipe a reader shared with just corn starch and glue . I have n ’ t tried that one yet , but it looks promising and there ’ s a video . Jacquie May 10 , 2014 at 10 : 31 pm Thanks for sharing at Discover & Explore – I ’ m featuring this awesome play dough this week !	[ "Cornstarch", "Glue", "Play Dough" ]
http://inspireyouthful.com/ageless-beauty-tips-techniques/neem-oil-benefits-clear-skin-white-teeth-healthy-gums-and-beautiful-hair/	Neem Oil Benefits : Clear Skin , White Teeth , Healthy Gums , and Beautiful Hair Ageless Beauty Tips & Techniques Health & Wellness Mother Nature produces amazing medicinal natural oils . Presently there are over 100 essential oils . One such powerful oil that has many uses including health and beauty is neem oil Neem oil is extracted from the seeds of the neem fruit and smells nutty and garlicky . Neem trees are native to India , Pakistan , and Bangladesh and are used in ayurvedic medicine . The neem tree is revered in India , described as a “ sacred ” and “ healing ” tree . Neem leaves , bark , and flower have been used to treat malaria , leprosy , diabetes , ulcers , asthma and so much more . Ayurvedic practitioners use neem oil as an antifugal , antiviral , antibacterial , antidiabetic , and to treat various skin diseases . Neem oil has two elements named nimbin and nimbidin which are known as defense mechanism building elements , by which neem oil acts like an antiviral and anti - bacterial agent . Neem oil can be dangerous and is not recommended to be used by pregnant , women who want to be pregnant , or women who are lactating . Using neem oil for serious health issues such as those listed above should only be done so with the supervision of a medical professional or qualified person . I use neem oil to keep up good dental hygiene , healthy hair , and have used it to treat skin irritations . Neem oil for clear and ageless skin Used for centuries , neem leaves and oil are effective at treating acne , skin irritations , blemishes , acnes scars , and aging signs . Neem oil with its anti - bacterial properties removes bacteria from skin that may result in break outs . It consists of a compound that acts equal to aspirin which helps remove the acne causing bacteria . The antioxidants present in neem oil can aid the skin to look young by preventing free radical damage . The regular application of neem oil on your face will help lessen the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles . Use the water from boiled neem leaves to treat skin . Dab cotton ball and treat affected areas . Use the oil directly on skin to treat blemishes , black heads , white heads , skin irritations , and acne . Make sure to exfoliate your skin prior to oil treatment for best results . Neem oil for white teeth and healthy gums Not only will neem oil naturally whiten your teeth , it will reduce tooth decay , cancer sores , and gingivitis problems . Chew on the neem bark for healthy teeth and gums . Put a few drops of neem oil between your fingers and run dental floss through your fingers , spreading the oil on the floss . Then floss as usual for healthy gums . Use neem powder or a few drops of oil on your tooth - brush and brush as usual for white teeth . Use tooth paste with neem oil to brush your teeth . Neem oil for healthy and beautiful hair Neem oil and extract can also be found as active ingredient in shampoos . It is believed to cure dandruff in a natural way . Neem based shampoos aid to flush out the scalp related problems like itchy scalp and psoriasis . The regular usage of neem oil prevents hair loss and promotes the hair growth from its roots . The essential oil can also treat frizzy hair . Add a few drops of oil to your regular shampoo and use it on your hair , leave it for a few minutes , and then rinse . Rub a few drops of oil to directly on scalp for scalp - skin health . Smooth a few drops of oil through hair for health and shine . Sources : Featured image courtesy of freedigitalphotos . net http : / / www . webmd . com / vitamins - supplements / ingredientmono - 577 - NEEM . aspx ? activeIngredientId = 577&activeIngredientName = NEEM http : / / health . india . com / beauty / six - amazing - beauty - benefits - of - neem / http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Azadirachta_indica	[ "Neem Oil", "ayurvedic medicine", "nimbin" ]
http://instinctmagazine.com/post/american-horror-story-star-billy-porter-shares-childhood-sexual-abuse-stunning-personal-essay	HOT Christmas Was Amazing for These Gay Celebs HOT Adam Lambert Sings Stunning Tribute To Cher HOT Gay Trump Supporters Named 2018 Men Of The Year HOT Porn Stars Dominic Pacifico Casey Everett Get Engaged American Horror Story Star Billy Porter Shares Childhood Sexual Abuse In Stunning Personal Essay Randy Slovacek November 1 2018 Tony Awardwinner and current star of FXs Pose and American Horror Story Apocalypse Billy Porter has penned a frank and revealing personal story of childhood rape and sexual assault for OUTcom Sharing my story with outmagazine was both cathartic and empowering Porter wrote on Twitter Be warned I held nothing back he warns As a disclaimer to the essay Porter tells the reader that the piece contains very explicit content and if that makes people uncomfortable his advice is to move on now Because what were not gonna do is shame victims any longer he adds I have written this piece to continue the excavation of a healing for my soul not the readers comfort level And then in unfiltered prose Porter details how his stepfather began to sexually molestassault him from the time he was 9yearsold Porter explains it began with his stepfather introducing him to soft porn and then graduating to more hardcore imagery in Hustler Magazine His stepfather would ask which pictures he liked and Porter in an effort to endear himself would say I like the ones with women and the men A year later things had escalated to his stepfather choking Porter while forcing him to perform oral sex With a reference to the recent Brett Kavanaugh hearings where Dr Christine Blasey Ford was eventually mocked by the president for not having enough details for her memory to be considered credible Porter writes Cut to a year later with my two hundred and fifty pound stepfather fucking my face with his uncut cokecangirthed ck You were warned Is that enough yall Is that horrendous memory credible enough or is it too old to matter because I cant remember the particulars of how I got to the bottom of a facefcking position with the adult put in charge to raise me Is the manic memory of being suffocated by my stepfathers beer belly as heas herammedas I choked Am I being too graphic Is my language to offensive so you cant hear me After 40years of taking care of everyone elses feeling surrounding my trauma the only person I care about is taking care of myself Sorry not sorry I was born gay and he knew it Porter continued He knew I would respond favorably to the sex because sex is pleasurable sex feels good And then like many childhood victims of sexual assault he questions himself Maybe its my fault he writes Maybe I asked for it Porter would eventually escape by working at a summer theme park It was there that the memory of the affair as he had come to call it would overwhelm him It was when his mother came to see him perform that he would tell her of the abuse She believed me but she stayed with him writes the Pose star I was testing her I guess To see if anybody could take care of me Would there being any consequences for the damage he had inflicted Would there be any reckoning Porter would spend the next year living in the family basement filling his schedule with school dance classes and performances while avoiding his stepfather But late one night when Porter came home late after being at a church concert his mother forced the two men into a confrontation The stepfather came downstairs brandishing a leather belt If you hit me You better kill me Porter told his stepfather And then his mother demanded Tell him what you told me But the stepfather immediately went into denial I didnt do anything to that boy I didnt do anything he he didnt already have coming to him I told you there was something wrong with him Something aint right with him in the head I I cant believe this I Thats a lie Its a lie Hes lying Porter called him out though Lying about what Silence See You just told on yourself Soon after that Porter moved out and headed off to college at CarnegieMellon University Even though the school was just minutes from home he wouldnt go back The stepfather would die two years later due to a heart attack There would be no closure no resolution no healing Porter explains the MeToo movement as well as the recent Brett KavanaughChristine Blasey Ford showdown led him to share his story Weve been forced to endure yet another public victim of these violent atrocities be shamed mocked laughed at disbelieved and discredited while the monsters receive saintly status and are elevated to the highest court in the land with the power to legislate our lives as they see fit No accountability No consequences Times up Bitches TIMES UP In the end this is not a woeisme story This is a call to action Porter closes with a clarion call to use the one power we have in these trying times We have to stop infighting each other and band together to save our Democracy and earths humanity Period The End Cause I know when the shit hits the fan theyre coming for my black faggoty loud mouth ass first So Im gonna stand on the shoulders of all those who came before us the folk who laid down their lives for the rights we seems to be so carelessly squandering and keep screaming and fighting till my dying day Whos gonna join me Pull it together people its time to save the world VOTE BITCHES While we still can Its the only power we have To call the essay powerful would be an incredible understatement Click here to read the full unfiltered remember you are warned at OUTcom And then GO VOTE ht OUT Top Posts Of The Month Gay Mans Jock To Bear Transformation Goes Viral Pietro Bosellis 30 yo Birthday Suit Looks Damn Good	[ "American Horror Story", "Star Billy Porter" ]
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/u-s-oil-gas-production-continues-increase-due-hydraulic-fracturing/	U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking By IER September 19 , 2014 A decade ago , it was believed that wells that had been hydraulically fractured would have a short life span , that the oil and gas industry would need to keep drilling to keep output up , and that the oil and gas boom would dissipate fairly quickly . But , recent data show that not to be the case . Production is still increasing despite a slowing in oil and gas rig growth , which indicates that the early skeptics who thought this was a temporary production boom requiring numerous new wells to keep output up were wrong . Through the use of hydraulic fracturing , the United States has become the world ’ s largest oil and gas producer , keeping natural - gas prices low for U.S. consumers , and keeping crude oil prices in check around the world . Without the U.S. oil production boom , it is predicted that oil prices would be around $ 150 a barrel , rather than $ 100 per barrel . If this estimate is correct , the United States is saving the global economy about $ 4.9 billion a day in oil spending . [ ii ] Source : Wall Street Journal , http : / / online . wsj . com / articles / fracking - gives - u - s - energy - boom - plenty - of - room - to - run - 1410728682 North American Oil Production Makes Up for World Market Disruptions It is estimated that without the additional supply from the United States , the world oil market would be about 3 million barrels short of the over 90 million barrels of oil it currently demands . That shortage would drive up the price of oil to well over $ 100 per barrel . Since 2011 , U.S. oil production has increased by almost 3 million barrels a day , with total production at 8.5 million barrels in July 2014 , due to hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling in shale oil fields . That is less than the volume of oil production that has been disrupted in world markets from the Arab Spring and follow - on uprisings , the chaos in Nigeria , Iran sanctions , Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine , and unrest in Iraq . About 3.5 million barrels of oil a day have been off the market since last fall . The increase in U.S. oil production coupled with the increase in Canadian oil production of around 1 million barrels per day has made up for these oil disruptions . [ iii ] Drilling Productivity Continues to Increase According to the Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , the number of rigs drilling in the United States is basically flat , but production continues to increase , and this drilling productivity shows no sign of slowing . U.S. production of tight oil , of which shale oil is a component , increased from less than 1 million barrels per day in 2010 to more than 3 million barrels per day in the second half of 2013 . [ iv ] Source : Energy Information Administration , http : / / www . eia . gov / petroleum / drilling / EIA ’ s Annual Energy Outlook 2014 expects growth in tight oil production , which includes oil from shale formations , to continue . EIA projects that the production of crude oil and lease condensate will increase from 6.5 million barrels per day in 2012 to 9.6 million barrels per day in 2019 , 22 percent higher than in the agency ’ s previous year ’ s forecast , as producers locate and target the sweet spots of plays currently under development and find additional tight formations that can be developed with the latest technologies . After 2019 , EIA projects that domestic crude oil production will With more optimistic assumptions in resource development that EIA assumes in its High Oil and Gas Resource case , tight oil production growth continues through 2035 . In this case , domestic crude oil production increases to nearly 13 million barrels per day and net U.S. oil imports decline through 2036 and remain at or near zero from 2037 through 2040 , the end of EIA ’ s projection period . In the High Oil and Gas Resource case , higher well productivity reduces development and production costs per unit , which results in more and earlier development of tight Likewise , shale gas production drives EIA ’ s natural gas forecast . Dry gas production increases from 24 trillion cubic feet in 2012 to 37.5 trillion cubic feet in 2040 due to continued growth in shale gas production resulting from horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing . Shale gas production increases from 9.7 trillion cubic feet in 2012 to 19.8 trillion cubic feet in 2040 in EIA ’ s reference case . In the High Oil and Gas Resource case , total natural gas production reaches 45.5 trillion cubic feet in 2040 , and shale gas production is 59 percent of that total , 26.95 trillion cubic feet . Conclusion Drilling productivity is driving record production for both oil and natural gas in shale formations . Producers are able to get more production from existing wells than many thought . This increased drilling productivity is the reason for more optimistic forecasts of domestic oil and gas production . This production renaissance is taking place on private and state lands , despite President Obama trying to take credit for it . While federal lands have enormous resource potential , this Administration policies have decreased rather than increased oil and natural gas production on federal lands and waters . [ i ] Wall Street Journal , Fracking Gives U.S. Energy Boom Plenty of Room to Run , September 14 , 2014 , http : / / online . wsj . com / articles / fracking - gives - u - s - energy - boom - plenty - of - room - to - run - 1410728682 [ ii ] Quartz , The US shale oil boom is saving the world almost $ 5 billion a day , September 15 , 2014 , http : / / qz . com / 265580 / the - us - shale - oil - boom - is - saving - the - world - almost - 5 - billion - a - day / [ iii ] Quartz , Oil prices are n ’ t coming down any time soon , and Iraq is just the latest reason , June 12 , 2014 , http : / / qz . com / 220082 / oil - prices - arent - coming - down - any - time - soon - and - iraq - is - just - the - latest - reason / [ iv ] Energy Information Administration , Annual Energy Outlook 2014 , May 7 , 2014 , http : / / www . eia . gov / forecasts / aeo / Tags energy boom , gas , hydraulic fracturing , oil	[ "Gas Production", "crude oil prices", "global economy" ]
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-rate-increases-begin-new-england/	Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England Electric utilities in New England are requesting rate increases for this winter . Over the past decade , coal - and oil - fired power plants in New England have closed and now the region is dependent on natural gas for generation and has limited infrastructure to get the gas to markets . In Massachusetts , the two largest electric utilities have requested rate increases from state officials . National Grid received approval for a 37 percent rate increase over last winter ’ s rates , effective November 1 , 2014 , and NStar has requested a 29 percent increase , effective January 1 , 2015 . The rate increases affect more than 2.3 million consumers in Massachusetts . These high winter electricity prices are likely to continue in New England until new pipelines are built , which could be three to four more years , as heating markets compete with electric generators for limited natural gas supplies . [ 1 ] Unfortunately for consumers , cold weather has already arrived in many parts of the United States [ 2 ] , including New England . Sample Rate Increases According to NStar , the monthly bill for the average household it serves will increase about $ 28 a month with supply costs increasing 60 percent from 9.379 per kilowatt hour to 14.972 cents per kilowatt - hour . Supply costs are the costs that the electric utility pays for the generation that it purchases , which reflects only about half of consumers ’ bills . The other half is the cost of delivering the power to their homes and that part of the bill is not changing . This is the highest level that NStar ’ s one million Source : http : / / www . bostonglobe . com / business / 2014 / 11 / 07 / nstar - raise - electric - rates - percent / pAFfYV5SjYJQHr1ISJPQkN / story . html Effective November 1 , 2014 , electricity rates for National Grid ’ s Massachusetts customers are 37 percent higher than last winter and almost 50 percent higher than in October . National Grid ’ s new winter rate is 24.24 cents per kilowatt - hour . By comparison , the average electricity rate in the United States is 46 percent cheaper than the National Grid ’ s rate at only 13.01 cents per kilowatt - hour . The monthly bill for a typical National Grid customer will be slightly more than $ 150 [ 3 ] – a monthly increase of $ 33 for a homeowner or business using 500 kilowatt - hours of power . According to National Grid , two - thirds of the cost is from the purchase of electricity from power plants , which is up from just over half of the bill cost last winter . The supply cost is 16.2 cents per kilowatt - hour , up 62 percent from the 10 cents of last winter , and about twice the 8.3 cents under the current warm - weather rates . National Grid serves about 1.3 million residential and business customers in 172 of Massachusetts 351 cities and towns . [ 4 ] Source : http : / / www . bostonglobe . com / business / 2014 / 09 / 25 / national - grid - projects - percent - increase - for - winter - electricity - rates / MBl81NGxTljzr56PZCD7QK / story . html National Grid is also the dominant utility in Rhode Island serving 486,000 customers there . National Grid has requested a 23.6 percent rate increase over last winter ’ s rates in Rhode Island . The monthly increase for a household that uses 500 kilowatt hours of power is expected to be $ 21 , increasing the monthly bill from $ 88 to $ 109 . The percentage increases for commercial and industrial users is expected to be similar . In Rhode Island , about half of a customer ’ s electric bill is for the supply cost of power and the other half is for delivery — transition , transmission and distribution charges — and fees for renewable energy and energy efficiency [ 5 ] Western Massachusetts Electric Co . filed for an increase in its basic supply rate , which would raise the average residential customer ’ s bill by 29 percent for six months beginning January 1 , 2015 , increasing the average residential customer ’ s monthly bill by about $ 26 . The rate increase would raise the supply charge to 14.015 cents per kilowatt hour . Customers using an average of 500 kilowatt hours per month will see their monthly bill increase from $ 90.40 to $ 116.26 after January 1 . Western Massachusetts Electric supplies electricity to 15 of Berkshire County ’ s 32 communities . [ 6 ] Connecticut Light & Power requested a 26 percent increase for residential customers starting next year . Generation rates ( supply costs ) are expected to be 12.629 cents per kilowatt hour from January 1 to June 30 , 2015 , for residential customers , an increase from 9.99 cents per kilowatt hour in the last six months of 2014 . The generation rates or supply costs pay for the production of electricity at power plants and make up about half of household monthly bills . The transmission and distribution rates are also under regulatory review and are expected to increase early next year as well . The increase [ 7 ] Generation Rates Source : http : / / www . courant . com / business / hc - electric - rates - increase - 2015 - 20141107 - story . html New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo Although shale gas from the Marcellus formation is plentiful and inexpensive , getting it to New England from Pennsylvania is a huge challenge . The six New England states are supplied by only two major pipelines and both are at full capacity . This limited infrastructure in an area with growing natural gas demand has increased the price of electricity in the winter when natural gas is also used for heating . Natural gas for January delivery is trading at almost $ 19 per million BTUs . In contrast , natural gas in Japan , which relies entirely on imported liquefied natural gas is forecast to cost less than $ 18 per million BTUs this winter . [ 8 ] Energy experts have warned New England that it would pay a price for using more natural gas for heating and electric power generation without making investments in expanding natural gas pipelines . Kinder Morgan , for example , is facing environmentalist opposition to constructing a new 177 - mile pipeline across the northern side of Massachusetts , with a cost of about $ 3 billion . Northeast Utilities and Sempra Energy have proposed a $ 3 billion plan to upgrade the capacity of existing pipelines that transverse Connecticut , Rhode Island , and Massachusetts , serving dozens of gas - fired electric generators . It is likely to be several winters , however , before either plan receives federal approval , is constructed , and is put into operation . [ 9 ] In fact , the expected in - service date for these two projects is November 2018 provided environmental opposition is limited . [ 10 ] Conclusion More stringent environmental regulations and low natural gas prices have combined to entice many electricity generators in New England to retire aging coal - and oil - fired plants for natural gas - fired plants , which now generate over half of the region ’ s electricity mix , an increase from less than 15 percent in 2000 . The situation will only get worse as New England is in the process of shuttering more coal - fired units and the Vermont Yankee nuclear plant . The lack of a diversified fuel mix for electricity generation along with insufficient pipeline 10 percent of New England families that rely on electricity for heat . [ 11 ] But , environmental opposition is slowing the process for getting new pipelines approved and built . [ 12 ] In the mean time , New England families need to pray for warm weather . [ 1 ] Boston Globe , NSTAR seeks 29 percent hike in electric rates , November 7 , 2014 , http : / / www . bostonglobe . com / business / 2014 / 11 / 07 / nstar - raise - electric - rates - percent / pAFfYV5SjYJQHr1ISJPQkN / story . html [ 2 ] Reuters , Biggest U.S. power grid PJM hits monthly record due to cold snap , November 19 , 2014 , http : / / www . reuters . com / article / 2014 / 11 / 19 / us - utilities - pjm - record - idUSKCN0J32BO20141119 [ 3 ] Boston Globe , Electric bills heading up this winter , September 25 , 2014 , http : / / www . bostonglobe . com / business / 2014 / 09 / 25 / national - grid - projects - percent - increase - for - winter - electricity - rates / gVya8QtLFa4nCRJLmy0SIJ / story . html [ 4 ] NECN , Massachusetts ’ Electric Rates , Soar , September 25 , 2014 , http : / / www . necn . com / news / business / Massachusetts - Electric - Rates - Soar - 277009371 . html [ 5 ] Providence Journal , National Grid seeks 23.6 - percent rate hike for Rhode Island electric customers , November 20 , 2014 , http : / / www . providencejournal . com / breaking - news / content / 20141119 - national - grid - seeks - 23.6 - percent - rate - hike - for - rhode - island - electric - customers . ece [ 6 ] The Berkshire Eagle , Western Massachusetts Electric eyes 29 percent rate hike , November 15 , 2014 , http : / / www . berkshireeagle . com / local / ci_26942074 / western - massachusetts - electric - eyes - rate - hike [ 7 ] Hartford Courant , CL&P Electric Rates To Jump 26 Percent Starting in January , November 7 , 2014 , http : / / www . courant . com / business / hc - electric - rates - increase - 2015 - 20141107 - story . html [ 8 ] NPR , New England Electricity Prices Spike as Gas Pipelines Lag , November 5 , 2014 , http : / / www . npr . org / 2014 / 11 / 05 / 361420484 / new - england - electricity - prices - spike - as - gas - pipelines - lag [ 9 ] NECN , Massachusetts ’ Electric Rates , Soar , September 25 , 2014 , http : / / www . necn . com / news / business / Massachusetts - Electric - Rates - Soar - 277009371 . html [ 10 ] Northeast Gas , Planned Enhancements , Northeast Natural Gas Pipeline Systems , November 7 , 2014 , http : / / www . northeastgas . org / pdf / system_enhance1114 . pdf [ 11 ] Boston Globe , Electric rates in Mass . set to spike this winter , September 25 , 2014 , http : / / www . bostonglobe . com / business / 2014 / 09 / 25 / national - grid - projects - percent - increase - for - winter - electricity - rates / MBl81NGxTljzr56PZCD7QK / story . html [ 12 ] New York Times , Natural Gas Pipeline Plan Creates Rift in Massachusetts , July 10 , 2014 , http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2014 / 07 / 11 / business / energy - environment / new - england - confronts - surging - demand - for - natural - gas . html ? _r = 0	[ "Electricity Rate", "New England", "National Grid" ]
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/topics/encyclopedia/coal/	Coal and Gas Fight Over Electric Generation Market By IER May 6 , 2013 The tide may be turning somewhat for coal and natural gas generation with coal regaining some of the market that it lost in 2012 due to low natural gas prices . Natural gas prices delivered to the electric power sector averaged $ 3.52 per thousand cubic feet in 2012 , 62 percent less than in 2008 when it reached $ 9.26 per thousand cubic feet . For the first 2 months of 2013 , they are higher on average by a slightly more than $ 1.00 per thousand cubic feet . This allowed coal to increase its share of electric generation to 40 percent for the first 2 months of 2013 , compared to 37 percent during the first 2 months of last year , while the natural gas share of the generation market fell from 28 percent to 26 percent during the same time period . This change , however , will not be a coal renaissance in the electric power sector since new and pending regulations by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) will ensure no new coal - fired plants are built and older coal - fired plants will find it uneconomic to continue operating because of increasingly - stringent EPA regulations . Forecasts of Coal vs . Natural Gas Generation Some analysts are forecasting that coal may supply 40 percent of the power market for this entire year , up from 37 percent last year , while natural gas will supply 25 percent , down from 30 percent last year . [ i ] The Energy Information Administration in its Short Term Energy Outlook is agreeing with the coal share of 40 percent for 2013 , but its forecast for natural gas generation is higher at 28 percent , although still lower than the 30 percent natural gas share achieved last year in the generation market . EIA does not see a renaissance to coal ’ s almost 50 percent share attained not long ago , forecasting a continuation of the 40 percent share of the generation market for 2014 . [ ii ] That ’ s most likely due to EPA regulations , which reflect President Obama ’ s promise in 2008 to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and his later pledge to “ look for other means ” to control such emissions . EPA ’ s Regulation of Coal - Fired Power Plants The Obama Administration ’ s EPA has promulgated new regulations that will result in the demise of the domestic coal generating industry . The new rules target mercury from coal - fired power plants ( the Mercury and Air Toxic Standards ) , which many call Utility MACT because the rule requires “ Maximum Achievable Control Technology ” for mercury at coal - fired power plants . These technologies must be installed over a tight 3 - year period between 2012 and 2015 , raising the cost of generating power from existing coal - fired plants where the economics make sense to install the technology , or force plants to retire or to convert to natural gas where the economics of adding the additional environmental technology are not favorable . The National Economic Research Associates found compliance costs to be $ 21 billion per year and lost jobs to amount to 183,000 per year . Because the increased costs will be passed to consumers through higher electricity rates , businesses will be forced to reduce jobs as well . Studies project that retail electricity prices will increase between 10 and 20 percent in most of the country and over 20 percent in the coal - dependent states in the Midwest . [ iii ] EIA announced that plant owners and operators expect to retire about 27 gigawatts of coal - fired capacity by 2016 — four times the 6.5 gigawatts of capacity retired between 2007 and 2011 mostly because of the new regulations imposed by the EPA . In 2012 , electric generators are expected to retire 9 gigawatts of coal - fired capacity , the largest amount of retirements in a single year in America ’ s history . The 27 gigawatts of retiring capacity is 8.5 percent of total coal - fired capacity ( 318 gigawatts ) . The 2012 record retirements are expected to be exceeded in 2015 when nearly 10 gigawatts of coal [ iv ] Most of the units retiring are located in the Mid - Atlantic , Ohio River Valley , and Southeastern United States as shown in the map below . EIA ’ s numbers are based on current utility expectations . The Edison Electric Institute expects a larger number of forced retirements — about 48 gigawatts of coal - fired units at 231 plants — between 2010 and 2022 , or about 15 percent of the coal fleet . [ v ] Further , pending greenhouse gas regulations will require all new coal - fired plants to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions even though there is no cost effective way to do so . This is essentially a ban on new coal - fired plants because the technology does not exist commercially for them to meet natural gas carbon dioxide levels that are required by the EPA regulation . The coal industry has already taken action to improve air quality and new coal plants are cleaner than ever before . Pollution control technologies such as flue gas desulfurization , selective catalytic reducers , fabric filters , and dry sorbent injection have greatly reduced coal plant emissions . These advances in technology have enabled large improvements in air quality . Since 1970 , the total emissions of the six criteria pollutants have declined by 68 percent , even though energy consumption has increased by 45 percent and the economy has grown by 212 percent . [ vi ] ( The “ criteria pollutants ” are carbon monoxide , lead , sulfur dioxide , nitrogen oxides , ground - level ozone , and particulate matter . ) The following chart from EPA shows the increase in economic measures compared to the decrease in pollution emissions . [ vii ] Conclusion Two factors have and are affecting coal - fired generation : natural gas prices and new and pending regulations from the EPA . Recent data have shown the effect that these factors have on the generation market . The higher prices of natural gas at around $ 4.50 per thousand cubic feet delivered to electric utilities this year is making coal more cost competitive compared to natural gas , but new and pending EPA regulations are likely placing a ceiling on the amount of generation one can expect to get from coal – at around a 40 percent share . [ i ] Gas Generation Takes Beating , Falling 7.7 % Because Coal Generation Jumps 8 % , April 29 , 2013 , http : / / johnhanger . blogspot . com / 2013 / 04 / gas - generation - takes - beating - falling - 77 . html [ ii ] Energy Information Administration , Short Term Energy Outlook , http : / / www . eia . gov / forecasts / steo / tables / pdf / 7dtab . pdf [ iii ] Washington Times , Chance to block Obama ’ s war on coal , June 19 , 2012 , http : / / www . washingtontimes . com / news / 2012 / jun / 19 / chance - to - block - obamas - war - on - coal / [ iv ] Energy Information Administration , 27 gigawatts of coal - fired capacity to retire over next five years http : / / www . eia . gov / todayinenergy / detail . cfm ? id = 7290 [ v ] Politico , Who is killing the coal - fired power plant ? , December 6 , 2011 , http : / / www . politico . com / news / stories / 1211 / 69922_Page2 . html [ vi ] Environmental Protection Agency , Air Quality Trends , January 5 , 2012 , http : / / www . epa . gov / airtrends / aqtrends . html [ vii ] Environmental Protection Agency , Air Quality Trends , http : / / www . epa . gov / airtrends / aqtrends . html . The specific graphic is available here : http : / / www . epa . gov / airtrends / images / comparison70 . jpg Tags Coal , fracking , hydraulic fracturing	[ "Electric Generation Market", "coal and natural gas generation", "Environmental Protection Agency" ]
http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin250/kin250_ReadAssign_Week01.html	California State University , Los Angeles Faculty Web Directory Faculty Name Department Email Lee Ka Mun Tofighi Maryam Marketing mtofigh @ calstatela . edu Abbott Mary Ann Department of Communication Disorders mabbott3 @ exchange . calstatela . edu Abbott Russ Department of Computer Science Russ . Abbott @ gmail . com Abdelhamid Mohammed Department of Sociology mabdelh @ exchange . calstatela . edu Abdullah Melina Department of Pan - African Studies mabdull2 @ exchange . calstatela . edu Abed Mohammed Department of Philosophy mabed @ exchange . calstatela . edu Abed Karineh Extended Education Karineh . Abed2 @ calstatela . edu Abelson Mark Department of Social Work Mark . Abelson @ calstatela . edu Abousaidi Neda Grad Bus Prof Fee Neda . Abousaidi2 @ calstatela . edu Acedo Miguel Department of TV , Film and Media Studies Miguel . Acedo3 @ calstatela . edu Acevedo Emily Department of Political Science eaceved3 @ calstatela . edu Acuna Laura Department of TV , Film and Media Studies lacuna @ exchange . calstatela . edu Adabzadeh Ali Department of Technology Ali . Adabzadeh2 @ calstatela . edu Adachi Joshua Extended Education jadachi2 @ ad . calstatela . edu Adamian Martin Department of Political Science madamia2 @ exchange . calstatela . edu Adase Carrie Department of Kinesiology & Nutritional Science Carrie . Adase2 @ calstatela . edu Adler Julie Department of Kinesiology & Nutritional Science jadler @ exchange . calstatela . edu Afary Kamran Department of Communication Studies kafary @ exchange . calstatela . edu Afshar Shahrara Natural & Social Sciences - Dean Shahrara . Afshar @ calstatela . edu Agarwal Shaurya Electrical and Computer Engineering sagarwa4 @ calstatela . edu Agbayani - Siewert Pauline Department of Social Work pagbaya @ exchange . calstatela . edu Aguilar Andres Department of Biological Sciences Andres . Aguilar67 @ calstatela . edu Aguilar Claudine Department of English Claudine . Aguilar56 @ calstatela . edu Steve Engr Comp Sci & Tech - - Dean Steve . Aguilar21 @ calstatela . edu Aguilar - Moreno Manuel Department of Art maguila2 @ calstatela . edu Aguirre Jimmy EOP Jimmy . Aguirre27 @ calstatela . edu Ahn Seongwon University Writing Center - ULS Seongwon . Ahn17 @ calstatela . edu Akbar Hisham University Tutorial Center - ULS Hisham . Akbar2 @ calstatela . edu Akis Vladimir Department of Computer Science and Department of Mathematics vakis @ exchange . calstatela . edu 1 2 3 4 5 6 next › last »	[ "Faculty Web Directory" ]
http://instrumentationportal.com/2011/instrument-glossary/instrument-glossary-b/basic-process-control-system-bpcs/	Home Glossary Glossary B Basic Process Control System ( BPCS ) Basic Process Control System ( BPCS ) is a system which handles process control and monitoring for the facility . It will take inputs from sensor and process instruments and provide output based on control functions in accordance with approved design control strategy . Typically , Basic Process Control System ( BPCS ) performs the following functions : Control the process within pre - set operating condition , optimize plant operation to produce a good quality product and attempt to keep all process variables within its safety limit . Provide operator interface for monitoring and control via operator console ( Human Machine Interface ) Provide alarm / event logging and trending facilities Generate production data reports Basic Process Control System ( BPCS ) is also considered as one of safety layer preceding Safety Instrumented System ( SIS ) within a facilities . Glossary B \| control system Home Glossary	[ "Basic Process Control System", "Safety Instrumented System", "monitoring" ]
http://insulfoam.com/garage-door-insulation/	DIY Garage Door Insulation The largest uninsulated space in most homes is the garage door . Insulfoam ’ s Garage Door Insulation Kit provides an easy , DIY insulation solution for increasing the energy efficiency of your home . Do n ’ t Let Energy Through Your Garage With no formaldehyde or ozone - depleting HCFCs , our garage door insulation kit is environmentally friendly . It features a foam core that is 100 % recyclable , providing an alternative that not only offers superior insulating properties but also promotes a cleaner , healthier environment . Insulfoam ’ s Garage Door Insulation Kit : Saves energy by reducing heating and cooling costs Reduces interior noise Provides a clean , professional finished product May be eligible for federal tax credits Is simple and easy to install in less than one hour Each kit has 8 panels ; each panel has an R - value of R5 . 2 at 40F and R4 . 8 at 75F Where to Buy Insulfoam DIY Insulation Kits are available at local Home Improvement Stores throughout the United States , including these retailers : Home Depot Lowes Menards Videos Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . See more on our Videos Page Gallery	[ "Garage Door Insulation", "Insulfoam" ]
http://insuremekevin.com/uncontrollable-itching-on-arms-neck-from-stress-and-anxiety/	Home Health Care Drugs Uncontrollable Itching On Arms , Neck from Stress and Anxiety Uncontrollable Itching On Arms , Neck from Stress and Anxiety July 22 , 2013 By Kevin Knauss 89 Comments Uncontrollable itching was the result of built up stress and anxiety . Itch , Itch … Scratch , Scratch … Itch , Itch … Scratch , Scratch Uncontrollable itching with no apparent cause Does this sound or feel familiar ? Uncontrollable itching with no apparent reason or cause ; no rash , no swelling , no insect bites , no dry skin , no allergic reaction , just plain old itching sensations on your skin . After years of dealing with an affliction for which no doctor or Internet search ever provided me with a diagnosis , a change in my life alleviating stress and anxiety dramatically reduced the incidences of this nasty itchy condition . I ca n ’ t itch and dissect a frog at the same time My first memory of the prolonged itching sensation on my arms and neck was during a summer school biology course when I was 14 years old . The distraction of constantly wanting to scratch while trying to focus on cutting up a frog was pure torture . This seemingly random condition , for which no other friend or family member suffered , would follow me through young adulthood and on into middle age . The mystery itch The remedies to stop the itchy condition were numerous . I went through various creams , solutions , soaps , alcohol ( applied and ingested ) , antihistamines , pain killers , cold showers and ice packs . Except for the welts and scratch marks I inflicted on myself in an effort to halt the itching sensation , there has never been a visible sign on my arms or neck of irritation ; either from underneath the skin or on top . Maybe mystery solved for some . See section on Brachioradial pruritus below . You can feel the tingling sensation of the nerves Just as dreams come into our psyche at night , episodes of uncontrollable itching would also descend upon me during sleep . There were nights when it was n ’ t uncommon for me to arise two and three times to apply some remedy to quell the maddening sensation to itch my arm or neck . As I sat in a darkened room in the middle of the night , exhausted from the lack of sleep from itching , I would stare at my arm and actually feel the nerve endings tingling . It is as if there was a feather under my skin tickling me from inside . Hydrocortisone to the rescue Over the course of the years I have developed a three step approach to numb the nerve endings from tingling uncontrollably . The first step was one or two applications of 1 % hydrocortisone cream . Next was popping some aspirin or other pain reliever . If the combination steroid cream and pain killer did n ’ t douse the burning itch under my skin I resorted to an ice pack . It may be no coincidence that cortisol or hydrocortisone is produced by the body to stimulate anti - stress and anti - inflammatory pathways . Through all this late night torture I became all too familiar with BBC murder mysteries repeatedly broadcast on our local PBS channel in the middle of the night . The ancient cure of ice Aside from bad late night TV infomercials I had to watched , the only recurring cause for my incidents of itching that I could pin point was heat . My itching rages most often occur during the hot summer months in California but tingling nerve endings will also blossom during the cool of winter . Even if I ’ m snow skiing and have bundled up against the cold too much my arms or neck will flare up screaming to be itched . On occasion , not wanting to ski naked , I would actually grab some snow and hold I never leave home without a tube of cream Since I never know when my appendages might start screaming to be itched I have numerous tubes of hydrocortisone creamed stashed about the house , car and back pack . It would not be uncommon for me to use two to three tubes of the steroid cream a month . So far , I have n ’ t experienced any side effects from my excessive use of hydrocortisone cream that I . that I , that I – know of . Unfortunately for the manufacturers of hydrocortisone cream a change in my approach to life seems to have substantially reduced Mid - life crisis creates cure for the itch I ’ m sleeping through the night , not itching , since I changed my life . Perhaps this is part of the mid - life crisis with an upside . Last year I gave up on life as I had tried to structure it . I threw in the towel . I called it quits . I wrote a blog piece called My Days As A Salesman Are Over . Instead of trying to conform to society and its expectations of what I should have done and where I should be , I decided to conform to what I wanted to be . In short , I decided to follow what I could do and what I enjoyed . Money ? I place my faith in the belief that if you are producing something out of love , everything else will follow . ( I hope I ’ m right . ) To heck with climbing the corporate ladder As a result of drastically changing my outlook and approach to life there were some immediate consequences . My angry outbursts melted away . Depression , a constant companion revealed in my blog post My Confession of Depression , has been a scarce visitor . I ’ ve found myself sleeping through the night . My uncontrollable itching has subsided to a minor annoyance . Most notably , the stress and anxiety of my life are at historically new low levels . Equilibrium in the brain My journey to equilibrium in my life where happiness and joy is more evenly balanced against stress and anxiety has not been easy . There were times when the midnight itching sessions were preferable to the struggle of letting go of the psychological drives to conform and be successful in life . The annoying itching has not completely stopped . The heat of this summer coupled with the rational stress of paying bills and being a good family member still cause me to itch . How much of the itching is due purely from heat and how much is from Stress + Anxiety = Itching As far as I am concerned , there is a direct correlation between the level of stress and anxiety in my life and the uncontrollable tingling of the nerve endings on my arms and neck . Stress and anxiety are forms of mental energy which is often times unwanted . As stress and anxiety build up in our closed psychological system of a brain it has to be dissipated in order to maintain balance or equilibrium within the system . I have concluded , in the absence of any other scholarly explanation , that my uncontrollable itching was a manifestation I ’ m no doctor or physicist My diagnosis and conclusions are oddly similar to the definition of entropy which is concerned with potential energy in a closed system or state of matter . All systems and matter want to reach the lowest energy state . A mountain wants to erode to a plane and water wants to fall to the lowest level . Entropy : 1 . a measure of the unavailable energy in a closed thermodynamic system that is also usually considered to be a measure of the system ’ s disorder , that is a property of the system ’ s state , and that varies directly with any reversible change in heat in the system and inversely with the temperature of the system ; broadly the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system 2 a the degradation of the matter and energy in the universe to an ultimate state of inert uniformity b a process of degradation or running down or a trend to disorder I have not achieved nirvana just nervenda We are all trying to reach a mental state of perpetual calmness . Life constantly adds energy into our brains that we need to deal with . Some of us are unable to dissipate or metabolize the energy of stress and anxiety easily . Everyone has different ways of dealing with the additional stress , mine has been to itch uncontrollably . Now that I have limited the build up of stress and anxiety , my body does n ’ t have to release this energy by the obnoxious itchy impulses into my arms and neck . Is the answer blowing in the wind I have no medical , psychological or engineering background to validate my hypothesis that stress and anxiety are converted into midnight nerve tinglings across my body . I also do n ’ t want to leave you with the idea that the only way to stop your uncontrollable itching is to throw your life to the wind in the manner that I have done . If there are a few nuggets of wisdom in my thoughts you might be able to apply to your own life that helps alleviate this stupid urge to scratch at our bodies like a dog April 7 , 2015 Update As I ’ ve mentioned to folks in comments , I have been relatively successful in quelling my uncontrollable itching by reducing stress and anxiety in my life . At least that is what I attribute the decreased incidence of the annoying itching . This has been loosely validated by a nasty itch episode I had the other night . Recently , two separate and unconnected events have occurred in my life . First , as a volunteer for a group I ’ m involved with I had to break the bad news to a fellow volunteer that his work just was n ’ t up to par . I was dreading the meeting because the man had done a tremendous amount of work on the project and I personally like him . But I had to tell him all his time and effort just was n ’ t producing a product that was acceptable . Second , I had At about 11 PM while I was laying in bed asleep my neck lit up like a 100 watt light bulb with the itch . I had fallen asleep thinking about these two situations that I had to confront in the very near future . The itch was as strong as it had been years earlier when I faced similar stressful and anxiety filled decision . Two different sessions of slathering hydrocortisone cream on my neck and popping an ibuprofen 200 mg later , I was able to get the itch to subside so I could get back to sleep For me , this episode is one of the strongest indicators that stress and anxiety are strongly correlated with this itch that seems to have no other internal or external cause . Brachioradial pruritus : a pain in the neck June 30 , 2015 Praise to a reader , Shelley , who left a comment that her uncontrollable itching was diagnosed as Brachioradial pruritus . In short , Brachioradial pruritus is an itching sensation on the forearms . While there is not a definitive cause , speculation centers on sun exposure or nerve problems emanating from the neck . First , some definitions are in order if you go on to read some of cited literature in the links - Brachioradialis : The brachioradialis is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow Pruritus Itch Latin pruritus ) is a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch . Brachioradial pruritus : ( sometimes abbreviated BRP ) is an intense itching sensation of the arm usually between the wrist and elbow of either or both arms . Radiculopathy : refers to a set of conditions in which one or more nerves are affected and do not work properly ( a neuropathy ) . Hyperalgesia : ‘ hyper ’ from Greek ὑπέρ ( huper , “ over ” ) , ‘ - algesia ’ from Greek algos , ἄλγος ( pain ) ) is an increased sensitivity to pain , which may be caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves Cervical vertebrae cervical vertebrae ( singular : vertebra ) are those vertebrae immediately below the skull or neck often designated as C1 – C7 . The overview , discussion and treatment is in this Medscape article Brachioradial Pruritus . The authors detail how numerous people report uncontrollable itching on their forearms for no apparent reason . Research indicates that the sensation maybe as much an itch as an indicator of pain . The seemingly best remedy , as many of us have found , are ice packs . Interestingly , ice packs are the first line of defense to reduce swelling and pain from an injury . There does seem to be a connection to the area of intense itching and sun damage or over exposure to sun . Data suggested that Americans , whose driver side seat in on the left side of the car , experienced more itching on their left arms while people in countries where the driver ’ s seat in on the right side had more right forearm itching . Those arms are most exposed to the sun as one drives in their respective left or right side driver seat automobiles . Other evidence suggests a connection between diseases affecting the neck . There was an increase of the itching or Brachioradial pruritus in patients with arthritis , osteochondrosis , spondylolytic changes . Cervical disk herniation with compression of the C6 nerve root has been reported in association with brachioradial pruritus , with rapid resolution of symptoms after ventral C5 - C6 discectomy , C5 - C6 vertebral fusion , and C6 nerve root decompression . [ 9 ] – Medscape http : / / emedicine . medscape . com / article / 1355312 - overview # a5 They noted that steroid injections ( hydrocortisone ? ) between neck vertebra C6 and C7 alleviated the itch in those patients . My epidemiology I realized years ago that heat and sun light would trigger the itching . Sunscreen prevents a sunburn , but not the itch . Consequently , I usually hike with a long - sleeved light weight shirt and hat to keep the sun off me . However , I can still start itching if I get too hot either outside or in the car , especially under the seat belt . The nerves and associated neck problems was new and interesting potential cause of the itch to me . For years I have fought pain in my neck . A chiropractor said I did n ’ t have enough curvature in my neck . Leaning on my left elbow while I work at a desk also makes my neck hurt . I would get neck spasms , think cramp or Charlie horse , that created excruciating pain until it subsided . Last year I tried acupuncture and got real relief for the first time in years . ( My trip to the acupuncturist for neck pain ) . But my worst bouts of itching had already subsided before the acupuncture sessions . It ’ s possible that a variety of actions I ’ ve taken over the years has reduced the severity of the uncontrollable itching I ’ ve suffered from : lifestyle change , reduce anxiety , reduced sun exposure , acupuncture , better posture ( sometimes ) , and regular exercise to keep my neck loose . The best part is that for some of us there is name or diagnosis to this itching called Brachioradial pruritus . Associated blog post : Hiker ’ Rash : red rash between knee and ankle after hiking Filed Under : Drugs Health Care Kevin Knauss Mental Health Tagged With : anxiety arms Brachioradialis hydrocortisone itching life neck pruritus stress About " Education Before Enrollment " Kevin is an independent agent for health insurance in California and a Certified Insurance Agent for Covered California . CA LIC . 0H12644 . Focusing on families , individuals , self employed and small business . Representing several insurance carriers plus Medicare Advantage and Part D Plans . I blog on several topics to provide consumer information for people who have questions about health insurance and the Affordable Care Act . Amateur historian documenting historic points of interests on my hikes in Northern California and beyond .	[ "Uncontrollable itching" ]
http://intactforests.org/	Intact Forest Landscapes An Intact Forest Landscape ( IFL ) is a seamless mosaic of forest and naturally treeless ecosystems within the zone of current forest extent , which exhibit no remotely detected signs of human activity or habitat fragmentation and is large enough to maintain all native biological diversity , including viable populations of wide - ranging species . IFLs have high conservation value and are critical for stabilizing terrestrial carbon storage , harboring biodiversity , regulating hydrological regimes , and providing other ecosystem functions . The IFL concept and its technical definition were introduced to help create , implement , and monitor policies concerning the landscapes alteration and fragmentation at the regional - to - global levels . The essence of the IFL method is to use freely available medium spatial resolution satellite imagery to establish the boundaries of large undeveloped forest areas , so called Intact Forest Landscapes ( IFL ) , and to use these boundaries as a baseline for forest degradation monitoring . Developed by a team of research and environmental organizations ( University of Maryland Greenpeace World Resources Institute , and Transparent World ) , the IFL concept , mapping and monitoring algorithms have been used in forest degradation assessments , forestry certification , conservation policy improvement , and scientific research . The IFL method could be used for fast and cost - effective assessment and monitoring of forest degradation in the context of REDD+ mechanism and for responsible forest management certification process , e.g. according to the Forest Stewardship Council ( FSC ) standards . The first global IFL map was prepared in 2005 - 2006 under the leadership of Greenpeace , with contributions from : Biodiversity Conservation Center International Socio - Ecological Union , and Transparent World ( Russia ) , Luonto Liitto ( Finnish Nature League ) , Forest Watch Indonesia Global Forest Watch , a network initiated by the World Resources Institute . The map showed IFL extent for year 2000 and enabled measuring of forest degradation ( understood as a reduction in ecological integrity across a forest landscape ) at the global , biome and national levels . The global IFL map update was performed in 2014 by The University of Maryland and , with support from the and WWF Russia . The new analysis shows extent of IFL by the end of year 2013 , and their degradation since year 2000 . The IFL map update based on the same data source and methodology as year 2000 mapping to ensure globally consistent dataset . The 13 - years monitoring results revealed the alarming speed at which the world ’ s intact forests are being degraded . A sample - based analysis within IFL change area allowed us to identify proximate causes of IFL area loss , and to measure an effectiveness of IFL protection strategies ( see Publications ) . In the end of 2017 – early 2018 , The University of Maryland Wildlife Conservation Society completed the update of the global IFL map for the year 2016 . The project was funded by the John D . and Catherine T . MacArthur Foundation , Wildlife Conservation Society , and Greenpeace . The update employed Landsat data and annual forest cover change products produced by the Global Land Analysis and Discover lab . We used the year 2016 latest available cloud - free Landsat observation composites for visual IFL change assessment . The update IFL layer represent situation as close as possible to the end for the year 2016 and beginning of the year 2017 . The map can be used in the framework of Forest Stewardship Council responsible forest management certification that require the IFL extent for January 1 , 2017 . The significance of the IFL analysis method and map lies in its power to enable and catalyze practical conservation planning and action with regard to large undeveloped forest landscapes . Protection of large natural forest landscapes is a highly important task to help fulfill different international strategic initiatives to protect forest biodiversity ( CBD ) , to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation ( IGBP REDD ) and to stimulate sustainable forestry management practice use ( FSC ) . The IUCN World Conservation Congress in 2016 adopted a motion ( Motion 048 ) that " encourages states , the private sector and international financial institutions to : a . avoid loss and degradation of primary forests , including intact forest landscapes ; b . promote conservation of primary forests , including intact forest landscapes " . Conservation of Intact Forest Landscapes is a task of great global significance . New and existing infrastructure development , timber harvesting , and mineral resources extraction project should avoid fragmentation of remaining IFLs . IFLs should be considered when existing protected area networks are revised and expanded . We also suggest that monitoring of forest intactness All up - to - date IFL maps and IFL monitoring results are available online on this website in formats suitable for use in professional GIS as well as in freeware GIS browsers . The IFL map can be viewed on - line on our website as well as on Global Forest Watch platform and on the Global Forest Change web - map supported by the Google Earth Engine . On the Global Forest Change map you may overlay IFL with the latest forest cover loss dataset to identify recent changes , and with year 2000 forest cover to separate forest and non - forest ecosystems within IFL areas . The IFL Mapping Team is deeply grateful to Global Forest Watch and Google Earth Engine teams for their support with IFL visualization . The IFL Mapping Team is continuing to improve the IFL base map and to provide periodically updates as new data , technologies , and more sophisticated sources of information appears . Please check News & Updates for information about the latest map release . News & Updates 05.22.2018 IFL 2000 - 2013 - 2016 monitoring results are available for download Read more . . . Mapping Team	[ "Intact Forest Landscapes", "mosaic of forest", "treeless ecosystems" ]
http://intechhockey.com/	INTECH SKILL DEVELOPMENT ABOUT OUR SCHOOL INTECH SKILL DEVELOPMENT LEARN MORE We Are A Full Service Hockey School Located at Paramount Ice in North York Intech Skill Development Hockey School Come Train with the Pros Browse Our Daily Classes View Our Camp Programs Discover Hockey Training Programs Suitable for Players of All Ages From House League to the AA Level Intech Skill Development provides a fun and supportive atmosphere designed to develop and improve skills while increasing each players enjoyment and knowledge for the game Our Camps and Clinics work on the fundamental skills of power skating puck handling passing and shooting as well as defensive and offensive game tactics and scenarios Boys and girls welcome ABOUT OUR SCHOOL Our vision is to teach and improve the fundamental skills of our students while placing a strong emphasis on enjoyment of our game WHAT WE OFFER From classes camps and clinics to private semiprivate training lessons we are your one stop shop for hockey training in the Greater Toronto Area MEET OUR TRAINERS Did you know Our skilled staff of professional coaches trainers and instructors consists of many former NHL and European pro hockey players Browse Our Youth Hockey Training Programs Other Programs	[ "Intech Skill Development" ]
http://integritylegalsearch.com/about/	About Us INTEGRITY LEGAL SEARCH The Story I decided to launch my own legal recruiting business because I love what I do love to solve problems for my clients and have a deep well of experience and contacts in the Tampa Bay region	[ "INTEGRITY LEGAL SEARCH" ]
http://intelligentcomfortsolutions.ca/high-rise-condominiums-hvac-maintenance/	High - Rise Condo HVAC Maintenance Property managers take care of a high - rise condominium ’ s shell , including the grounds - keeping , but who is responsible for an individual unit ’ s servicing ? You are — the condo owner . Each unit has what is known as an ‘ in - suite heat - pump ’ that provides both your cooling and heating requirements . As a condo owner , you are responsible for the preventative maintenance of your unit ’ s heat - pump even though your in - suite heat - pump is integrally connected to the building ’ s other units ’ pumps as well as the mainframe common elements : evaporative cooling tower , boiler , compression tank , circulating pumps , heat exchanger , and so forth . If the others are not properly maintained , or if the main system — with its loops and shared tower and compression tank — are not appropriately maintained , then you , the individual condo owner , will bear the shared expense with your fellow building ’ s residents . Our Commitment to Condominium Servicing Intelligent Comfort Solutions is the GTA ’ s only licensed and insured HVAC company who will maintain your in - suite heat - pump and building ’ s heating and cooling - systems . Other companies will perhaps get on your roof and repair your 250 - tonne chiller , depending on the weather , but no company will take on the important and detailed responsibility of managing , inspecting , diagnosing , and servicing an entire condominium tower ’ s interior heating and cooling system . Intelligent Comfort Solutions performs this dedicated , detailed , and complex service because of our longstanding experience with professional preventative maintenance . In - Suite Heat - Pumps Air - source heat - pumps draw heat from the outside air during the heating season and dump heat outside during the cooling season . Heat - pumps are comprised of the following components : Refrigerant : the substance that circulates through the heat - pump , alternately absorbing , transporting , and releasing heat . Reversing Valve : controls the direction of flow of the refrigerant in the heat - pump for heating or cooling . The Coil : a coil is a loop , or loops , of tubing where heat - transfer occurs . The tubing may have fins to increase the surface area available for heat exchange . The Evaporator : a coil in which the refrigerant absorbs heat from its surroundings , causing the refrigerant to boil and become a low - temperature vapour . Accumulator : collects excess liquid that did n ’ t vaporize into a gas as the refrigerant passes from the reversing valve to the compressor ( not a feature of all heat pumps ) . Compressor : the compressor squeezes the molecules of the refrigerant gas together , increases the pressure , raising the temperature of the refrigerant , and circulates the refrigerant . Condenser : the condenser is a coil in which the refrigerant gives off heat to its surroundings and becomes a liquid . Expansion device : the expansion device reduces the pressure created by the compressor . This causes the temperature to drop , and the refrigerant becomes a low - temperature vapour and then becomes liquid in the condenser . Plenum : the plenum is an air compartment that forms part of the system for distributing heated or cooled air throughout . It is generally a large compartment immediately above the heat - exchanger . Providing steady , consistent , reliable , and energy efficient heating and cooling solutions for Toronto ’ s many high - rise condominiums is part of our many solutions at Intelligent Comfort Solutions .	[ "HVAC", "building ’s heating", "cooling system" ]
http://intelligenttravel.nationalgeographic.com/2009/09/17/50_places_of_a_lifetime_1/	Travel Intelligent Travel Editor ’ s Letter : 50 Places of a Lifetime Every curious traveler should visit these treasures . 3 Minute Read Our November / December issue is a special collector ’ s edition , “ 50 Places of a Lifetime , ” and it ’ s heading to a mailbox or newsstand near you . Here ’ s the introduction to the package from the pages of the magazine ; the complete list of all of our Places of a Lifetime can be found after the jump . A decade ago , Traveler published a landmark issue – “ 50 Places of a Lifetime ” – that in subsequent years has become something of a hallmark of the magazine , spawning related books , podcasts , special issues , web content , games , mobile apps – even a round - the - world jet trip from National Geographic Expeditions to lift off in October 2010 . Long before The Bucket List and 1,000 Places to See Before You Die , we sought to showcase those treasured destinations that every curious traveler should visit in a lifetime . Now , in Traveler ’ s 25th - anniversary year , we recognize the first 50 places and offer another 50 that speak to the transformation of travel since 1999 – how we travel , where we travel , why we travel . Ten years ago , we could see the emerging signs of a new kind of journeying – one that puts a premium on sense of place , authenticity , culture , sustainability , and experience rather than mere sightseeing . These elements became the compass we use to steer you to destinations that are more than just numbers in a hot list . Our first 50 picks were icons the world collectively recognizes as superlative . What we offer in the following pages is what sets this magazine apart . We go beyond the obvious . You ’ ll see that we ’ ve picked locations of character – and asked those with a personal connection to them to tell us why they are important , unique , compelling . Some are places you may know but have n ’ – Keith Bellows , Editor in Chief The following is a list of all of the Places of a Lifetime we ’ ve featured in the magazine , from both 1999 and 2009 ; the newer selections are in bold , and are also featured on an interactive map here . To see a photo gallery of many of the places featured in this year ’ s issue , click here . And to hear music selections inspired by each of the places from our current issue , click here . How many have you visited ? URBAN SPACES Athens , Greece Atlanta , Georgia Barcelona , Spain Berlin , Germany Delhi , India Dublin , Ireland Florence , Italy Hong Kong , China Istanbul , Turkey Jerusalem , Israel London , England Mexico City , Mexico New York , New York Paris , France Rio de Janeiro , Brazil San Francisco , California St . Petersburg , Russia Tokyo , Japan Vancouver , Canada Venice , Italy WILD PLACES Aleutian Islands , Alaska Amazon Forest Antarctica Arnhem Land , Australia Australian Outback Auyuittuq National Park , Canada Bwindi Impenetrable Forest , Uganda Canadian Rockies Coast Redwoods , California Galápagos Islands Grand Canyon Lake Baikal , Russia Madidi National Park , Bolivia Okavango Delta , Botswana Papua New Guinea ’ s Coral Reefs Sagarmatha National Park , Nepal Sahara Serengeti South Georgia Island , South Atlantic Ocean Venezuela ’ s Tepuis PARADISE FOUND Aitutaki , Cook Islands Amalfi Coast , Italy Boundary Waters , Minnesota British Virgin Islands Fernando de Noronha Archipelago , Brazil Greek Islands Hawaiian Islands Japanese Ryokan Kerala , India Lord Howe Island , Australia Mayreau , St . Vincent and the Grenadines Molokai , Hawaii Mount Rigi , Switzerland Pacific Islands Osa Peninsula , Costa Rica Quirimbas Archipelago , Mozambique Salina , Italy Seychelles Torres del Paine , Chile Yap ’ s Outer Islands , Micronesia COUNTRY UNBOUND Alps Asturias , Spain Azure Coast , Turkey Big Sur , California Canadian Maritimes Cordillera Terraces , Philippines Danang to Hue , Vietnam Gaspé Peninsula , Canada Gobi desert , China and Mongolia Lake District , England Loire Valley , France Mendoza , Argentina Montenegro North Island , New Zealand Norway ’ s Coast Piedmont region , Virginia Rif Mountains , Morocco Sawtooth Mountains , Idaho Tuscany Vermont WORLD WONDERS Acropolis , Greece Angkor , Cambodia Cyberspace Easter Island , Chile Fatehpur Sikri , India Great Wall , China Karnak , Egypt Kuelap , Peru Leptis Magna , Libya Library of Congress , Washington , D.C . Machu Picchu , Peru Mesa Verde , Colorado Petra , Jordan Potala Palace , Tibe t Pyramids , Egypt Sagrada Família , Spain Samarkand and Bukhara , Uzbekistan Terra Cotta Army , China Taj Mahal , India Vatican City 51st Place of a Lifetime The Ocean Space PUBLISHED September 17 , 2009	[ "Places of a Lifetime", "National Geographic" ]
http://intelligenttravel.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/24/adventure-101-rafting-the-grand-canyon/	Read Caption Advice from National Geographic photographer Pete McBride : Capture motion ( and candid moments ) on the Colorado River with a GoPro . ( Photograph by Peter McBride ) Travel Intelligent Travel Adventure 101 : Rafting the Grand Canyon Flowing 1,450 miles through the American West and northwest Mexico before ending at the Gulf of California , the Colorado River is the Southwest ’ s principal waterway . Its most scenic stretch cuts through — and helped shape — the Grand Canyon > Running the River : Numerous outfitters guide float trips through Grand Canyon National Park National Geographic Traveler writer and photographer Pete McBride went with O.A.R.S . , one of the first outfitters granted a license to operate trips on this stretch of the river . Other concessionaires include Arizona River Runners Grand Canyon Expeditions , and Grand Canyon Discovery For a full list of river outfitters , see the park ’ s website > What to Know : River trips run from April through October . Boaters in spring and fall should prepare for variable weather , with snow and high winds possible ; temperatures range from the 50s into the 80s F . Summers bring an increase in temperatures — 105 degrees F in the canyon is n ’ t uncommon — and in recreational vessels , which can mean sharing space . River runners interested in extending a visit should consider staying at one of the six lodges in the park , including the circa 1905 El Tovar El Tovar on the canyon ’ s South Rim . > Park Attractions : The Grand Canyon ’ s North and South Rims , which include visitors centers , eateries , and lodging , serve as the gateways to many of the park ’ s sites . Highlights include hikes of the easy Rim Trails ; more challenging hikes that descend from the rims toward the canyon floor on such trails as Bright Angel , South Kaibab South Kaibab and North Kaibab ; and popular mule rides along both rims or into the canyon ( reservations recommended ) . Two museums — the Yavapai Museum of Geology and the Tusayan Museum — illuminate the canyon ’ s complex geology and its Pueblo Indian history . Just outside the Tusayan Museum you ’ ll find the Tusayan Ruin , an 800 - year - old remnant of an ancestral Pueblo settlement . > What to Read : The Emerald Mile : The Epic Story of the Fastest Ride in History Through the Heart of the Grand Canyon , by Kevin Fedarko ( 2013 ) , recounts the fastest boat journey down the Colorado River , by three men in 1983 during extraordinary flood conditions . Beyond the Hundredth Meridian : John Wesley Powell and the Second Opening of the West by historian and novelist Wallace Stegner ( 1954 ) , focuses on Powell ’ s challenging expeditions and scientific work in the West . Read Powell ’ s account of the first ever river expedition through the Grand Canyon in The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons , issued as a Penguin Classic in 2003 . > How to Document Your Trip : “ Running a rapid , with waves smashing your boat , offers great action shots , ” says author / photographer Pete McBride . But they can be difficult to achieve with a camera in waterproof housing , which is heavy and needs at least one hand to operate . Instead , McBride opted for a more versatile GoPro , which he mounted on the bow of his raft and set to take shots in bursts or on a timer in order to capture the moment . “ The beauty of an action camera is its portability , small size , and range of mounts and brackets , which let a photographer try new angles and perspectives , ” says McBride , whose latest project is a film on Martin Litton , the late conservationist who helped keep dams out of the Grand Canyon and founded Grand Canyon Dories > Travel Trivia : Grand Canyon National Park is home to five of the seven life zones of North America , comparable to traveling from Canada to Mexico . An estimated one thousand cave formations honeycomb the Grand Canyon . The 89 mammal species in the park include the Kaibab squirrel , whose only habitat is the Kaibab Plateau . Also native : the short - horned lizard , which squirts blood from its eyes if threatened . This piece was written to accompany a feature story by Pete McBride that appeared in the August / September 2015 issue of Traveler magazine . Pete directed the award - winning Colorado River film Delta Dawn . Follow Pete on Twitter and Instagram > You Might Also Like : River Dance : Rafting the Grand Canyon Photo Gallery : Rafting the Grand Canyon Meet the Photographer : Pete McBride	[ "Grand Canyon", "e Colorado River", "Grand Canyon National Park" ]
http://inter.bugspraycart.com/insecticide/granule/cyfluthrin-granules	International Cart Contents - click here to Checkout CYFLUTHRIN GRANULES PRODUCT DESCRIPTION : Slow released granule which will slowly disperse over the treated soil in a month or two . This will provide both residual and repellent action for a wide range of insects . These granules have low to no odor , look mostly white and pretty much not noticeable once applied . TARGET PESTS : Ants , centipedes , cockroaches , digger wasps , millipedes , pill bugs , scorpions , spiders and other insect pests . WHERE TO USE IT : Turf , flower beds and other areas around the home and yard . RATE OF APPLICATION : 10 lb bag treats up to 5,000 sq / ft . PRODUCT DOCUMENTS : SPECIMEN LABEL MSDS SHEET $ 25.00 ( 10 lb bag ) ( 453421 ) ( 2 + $ 23.00 ea Order online and save 5 % Supporting Video GRANULE SAFETY 4 : 57 International Cart Contents - click here to Checkout	[ "CYFLUTHRIN", "GRANULES" ]
http://interac.ca/en/interac-e-transfer-faq.html	Digital Payments Interac Debit Interac Flash e - Transfer Cash Online Solutions Frequently Asked Questions View All Digital Payments Debit Flash e - Transfer Online Payment Cash e - Transfer General What is e - Transfer ? e - Transfer is a fast , secure and convenient way to send money to anyone in Canada from within the security of your online banking service . It uses email or text messaging for fast notification to the recipient that a transfer has been sent , while the participating financial institutions transfer the funds using established and secure banking procedures . To send e - Transfer , all you need is an email address , online access to your bank account at a participating financial institution and the email address or mobile phone number of the person that you are sending money to . Email and / or text messages carry the notification while the financial institutions use existing payment networks to transfer the money to any financial institution in Canada . NOTE : As of July 1 , 2018 , there is no longer an option to deposit e - Transfer ® transactions offline ( without access to online banking ) . You are encouraged to deposit e - Transfer transactions via online or mobile banking at one of the participating financial institutions For a limited time you can still login to view history of your deposited transfers , your account and profile information . Click here to login to the e - Transfer Offline Service . RETURN_TO_TOP_OFGeneral RETURN_TO_TOP_OF_THE_PAGE If I pay with e - Transfer , is it the same as paying by Debit or Interac Online ? No . While it is possible to pay for things using any of these branded services , e - Transfer is different because it is a way to electronically transfer money directly from one party to another . As such , the service has some of the advantages and disadvantages of paying with cash . Once a transfer has been deposited , it can not be cancelled or reversed . Like using cash , you should send money transfers only to parties you know and trust . For most uses of the e - Transfer service ( sending money to family and friends , repaying IOUs , sending monetary gifts , etc . ) , you know the recipient well . For uses where you may not know the receiver well ( e.g. , online auction purchases ) , take the precautions you would take when making cash purchases . For auctions and online purchases , be sure to read and follow steps as recommended by operators of these websites to protect your money . RETURN_TO_TOP_OFGeneral RETURN_TO_TOP_OF_THE_PAGE I received a text message from , but did not opt in to this service . How do I stop receiving INTERAC text messages ? The text message was sent because someone chose to send you e - Transfer and notify you via text message . 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A notification may not be delivered to the recipient if the : Phone number entered is a land line Phone number entered is a non - Canadian mobile phone number Recipient has blocked Interac e - Transfer notifications being sent to his / her mobile phone number Recipient is encountering technical issues with their mobile phone and therefore the message can not be delivered for technical reasons ( e.g. phone is off , mobile network unavailable ) Mobile Network Operator does not support all text messages Where can I use e - Transfer ? e - Transfer is available at over 255 Financial Institutions within Canada . You can access it through your bank ' s online banking or mobile banking application . What is Send Money ? Send Money is a feature within the e - Transfer service where money can be sent to anyone in Canada within the security of your online banking or a mobile banking application . When money is sent , the recipient will receive a notification via email or text message that someone is sending them money . The recipient will then be required to log into their online or mobile banking application to deposit the funds . What is Request Money ? Request Money is a feature within the e - Transfer service where money can be requested from anyone in Canada within the security of your online banking or mobile banking application . Money can be requested using an email or text messaging . When the request is fulfilled , the requestor is provided with a notification once the funds are available in their account . Click here for a list of participating financial institutions and to learn more about the Request Money Feature . What is Autodeposit ? Autodeposit is a feature within the e - Transfer service where users can register an identifier , such as their email address , to have funds deposited directly into their bank account , without having to answer a security question . Click here for a list of participating financial institutions and to learn more about the Autodeposit feature . Sending Which banks are e - Transfer participants ? To view the full list of e - Transfer participating financial institutions , click here . RETURN_TO_TOP_OFSending How much does it cost to send an e - Transfer ? There may be a fee from your financial institution for using the e - Transfer service . Please check with your financial institution directly . RETURN_TO_TOP_OFSending Are there limits on the amount I can send ? Like most other financial transactions , there are limits on the amount you can send . Each Financial Institution sets send limits through online banking . Please contact your financial institution for more details . I have a business . Can I send an Some participating financial institutions offer the e - Transfer service to their small business online banking customers . Please check with your financial institution to find out more . How secure is it to send money by email or text message ? You are not sending money by email or text message ; only the notification travels over the Internet or over the air to advise the recipient that the transfer has been initiated and to provide instructions on how to deposit the money . The money always resides safely at a financial institution , and is transferred through existing payment networks that financial institutions have used for years to settle cheques , bank machine deposits and withdrawals . Security measures have been built into the system , including : Encryption technology Confidential user IDs and passwords issued by financial institutions Secure login process A security question and answer to ensure only the intended recipient receives the money 128 - bit browser encryption How do I cancel an e - Transfer ? To cancel an e - Transfer that you have sent , you must log back in to your financial institutions online banking page . From there you can review your transaction or payment history to select the e - Transfer you wish , and use the cancel option provided . This process will vary by participating financial institution and cancellation fees may occur . Contact your financial institution directly for more information . How do I send an Exact instructions will vary by participating financial institution . Once you are logged in to your online bank account , navigate to the section for e - Transfer and simply follow their instructions to add a recipient and start sending money . How much does it cost to send and request money using There may be a fee from your financial institution for using the e - Transfer service . Please contact your Financial Institution directly . What is the security question and answer for ? The security question and answer is the shared secret between the sender and recipient of the e - transfer . It is one of the methods for validating the recipient of the money transferred using e - Transfer . What are the limits for sending an e - Transfer transaction ? Limits for sending an e - Transfer transaction vary by transaction and financial institution . Please contact your financial institution directly . How will I know when my contact / recipient has received the e - Transfer transaction ? The sender will receive a notification once the contact / recipient has deposited the funds into their bank account . What happens if I send the e - Transfer to the wrong email address / mobile number ? If you have sent an e - Transfer to the wrong email address or mobile number and the funds have not yet been deposited into a bank account , you can log back into your online banking or mobile banking application and edit the email address or mobile number to the correct one . Alternatively , you can cancel the transaction . Please note that there may be a fee from your financial institution to cancel the transaction . Please contact your financial institution for details . How do I cancel an e - Transfer transaction ? Is there an additional fee ? Exact instructions will vary by participating financial institution . To cancel an e - Transfer transaction , log into your bank ' s online banking / mobile banking application and go to the transaction history section under e - Transfer . An Interac e - Transfer can only be cancelled if the funds have n ' t already been deposited . Please note that there may be a fee from your financial institution to cancel the transaction . Please contact your financial institution for details . How quickly is the e - Transfer transaction sent ? e - Transfer transactions are sent in near real - time to within 30 minutes , depending on your financial institution . I do n ' t have the ability to send an e - Transfer transaction . What do I do ? Please contact your financial institution directly . Who do I contact for issues with sending money through Please contact your financial institution directly for issues sending money using e - Transfer . Receiving How do I deposit an When someone sends you an e - Transfer , you will receive a notification via email or text message indicating a transfer has been sent to you . The notification includes information about the transfer including : Sender ' s name Transfer amount The notification also includes a link to deposit your transfer to your bank account . The fastest way to get your funds is through your financial institution ' s online or mobile banking service . Simply click the link in the notification , select your financial institution , login to online or mobile banking and deposit the money into the account of your choice . If you can not click on the link , either cut and paste or type the link into your browser . If you do n ' t have access to online or mobile banking , contact your financial institution or visit their online banking website to sign up . If your financial institution does not yet offer the e - Transfer service , or if you do n ' t bank online , you can still deposit transfers to any Canadian bank account . You will be required to register with and provide your banking information in order for the money to be deposited into your bank account . The deposit usually takes 4 - 6 business days to process and a $ 4.00 fee will be deducted from the deposit amount . See our e - Transfer demo Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . RETURN_TO_TOP_OFReceiving Do I need to bank online ? To deposit a transfer , you can either use online banking or register with your account number on our secure website . The fastest way to deposit an Interac e - Transfer is through online banking at a participating financial institution . NOTE : As of July 1 , 2018 , there is no longer an option to deposit e - Transfer ® transactions offline ( without access to online banking ) . You are encouraged to deposit e - Transfer transactions via online or mobile banking at one of the participating financial institutions For a limited time you can still request history of your deposited transfers by using the customer support form or contacting the support team at etransfer_support @ interac . ca RETURN_TO_TOP_OFReceiving Can I deposit an e - Transfer into a bank account in another country ? Currently the e - Transfer service is only available to those who bank at a Canadian financial institution and have a Canadian currency account . You will not be able to deposit your e - Transfer to a foreign bank account . If you have received an e - Transfer and you do not have a Canadian bank account , ask your sender to cancel the transfer . Once the transfer is cancelled , the funds will be returned to the sender ' s account . If you are unable to contact your sender , the transfer will expire in approximately 30 days . Once the transfer expires , the sender will receive a notification to reclaim the funds . Can I deposit an e - Transfer on my mobile device ? Yes . Click on the link in the notification message from any web - enabled handset and you will be taken to the mobile gateway page where you can select your financial institution and proceed to deposit your transfer . You can also type the link into any Internet browser and deposit your transfer on any computer . Does send e - Transfer notifications via email and / or text messages ? Yes . Anyone using a web - enabled mobile device can use the link provided in the notification message , login to online or mobile banking , and deposit a transfer . If your mobile device is not web - enabled , or you ' d prefer not to deposit your transfer on your mobile device , type the link provided into your browser on your computer to deposit your transfer . How much does it cost to receive an e - Transfer service . Please check with your financial institution directly to determine what fees , if any , they may charge for receiving . If your financial institution does not yet offer the e - Transfer service , or if you do n ' t bank online , you can still receive transfers to any Canadian bank account . You will need to register and provide your banking information in order for the money to be deposited into your bank account . The deposit usually takes 4 - 6 business days to process and a $ 4.00 fee will be deducted from the deposit amount . I received a text message notification from 100001 . What does this mean ? 100001 is the short code address from which all text e - Transfer notifications originate . Short codes ( also known as short numbers ) are special telephone numbers , significantly shorter than full telephone numbers that can be used to address text messages to or from mobile phones . Short codes are designed to be easier to read and remember than normal telephone numbers . Like telephone numbers , short codes are unique to each operator at the technological level . I received a text message notification for an e - Transfer . I do n ' t want to pay data charges on my mobile phone and / or I can not access the web . What should I do ? If your mobile phone is not web - enabled , or if you would prefer not to deposit your transfer using your mobile phone , type the link provided into your browser on any computer and follow the instructions to pick up your transfer . Anyone using a web - enabled mobile device can use the link provided in the notification message , login to online or mobile banking and deposit a transfer . How long will it take to receive the money in my bank account ? Once the notification arrives , you have almost instant access to the money , provided you bank online with one of the participating financial institutions . Click the link that appears in the notification to login to your online banking website and you will be able to access your funds . If you can not click on the link , cut and paste or type your link into your browser . If you do not wish to sign up for online banking , or you bank with a financial institution that does not yet offer e - Transfers , you will be unable to receive or send transfers . Please contact your financial institution and request them for access . Depending on where you bank , the deposit could take several additional days due to factors such as holiday schedules or manual processing . Smaller , regional financial institutions often take longer to process these transfers . Also , if you enter any financial information that can not be verified it can take up to 10 days before your financial institution returns the funds as undeliverable . In this case , we will contact you by email and ask you to correct your account information . I have a business . Can I receive an Some offer the e - Transfer service to their small business online banking customers . Please check with your financial institution to find out more . How do I decline an incoming Please note that this experience will vary by participating financial institution . If your financial institution does not provide you an option to decline the transaction , you can ignore the notifications until the transaction expires ( 30 days ) . Upon expiration , funds that are sent will be automatically redeposited into the senders account . You can decline an incoming e - Transfer by following these steps : Click the link found inside the email or text notification to deposit the funds Select your financial institution to deposit the funds to Login to your financial institution ’ s mobile / online banking portal Answer the security question Select “ decline ” You will also have the option to provide a message back to the sender , upon declining Contact your financial institution directly for more information . How will I know when someone sends me money ? When someone sends you money using e - Transfer , you will receive a notification through the identifier specified by the sender . Common methods to receive these notifications are email or text messages . How do I deposit the money received via e - Transfer transaction ? You can deposit the money received via e - Transfer by following the steps within a notification , selecting your financial institution , logging into your online banking or mobile banking application , answering the security question and selecting the bank account to deposit the funds into . What do I do if I do n ' t know the answer to the Security Question , or I use the wrong answer multiple times ? If you do n ' t know the answer to the security question , contact the sender . If you answer the security question incorrectly more than three times , the transaction will automatically cancel . How do I reject an e - Transfer transaction if I do n ' t want it ? You can decline the e - Transfer transaction by answering the security question and then declining within your online banking or mobile banking application . What if my contact sends me the wrong amount ? If your contact sent you the wrong amount , please reach out to them directly . Alternatively , you can answer the security question and decline the transaction with a message that would be sent back to the sender . How do I know that the e - Transfer notification I received is real ? Always be careful prior to clicking on any links within a notification . Only action on email notifications when you were expecting someone to send you money . If you suspect a notification may be fraudulent , forward the notification to phishing @ interac . ca . What if I receive money using e - Transfer from someone I do n ' t know ? Always be careful prior to clicking on any links within a notification . Only action on email notifications when you were expecting someone to send you money . If you receive a notification you were n ' t expecting , and you suspect it may be fraudulent , do not click on any links and forward the notification to phishing @ interac . ca . How do I deposit money received from When someone sends you money using e - Transfer , you will receive a notification via email or text message indicating money has been sent to you . The notification includes information about the transfer including : Sender ' s name Transaction amount Link to deposit your money to your bank account Simply click the link in the notification , select your financial institution , login to your online or mobile banking account and deposit the money into the account of your choice . If you can not click on the link , either cut and paste or type the link into your browser . For a more efficient way to receive money , you can enable the Autodeposit feature . You can learn more about Autodeposit here . If you do n ' t have access to online or mobile banking , contact your financial institution or visit their online banking website to sign up . How long will it take to receive the money in my bank account ? Once the e - Transfer notification arrives , you have almost instant access to the money , provided you bank online with one of the participating financial institutions . Click the link that appears in the notification to login to your online banking or mobile banking application , answer the security question , select the account to deposit the funds and you will be able to access your money immediately . If you can not click on the link , cut and paste or type your link into your browser . For a more efficient way to receive money , you can If you do not wish to sign up for online banking , or you bank with a financial institution that does not yet offer e - Transfer , you can still receive transfers to any Canadian personal bank account . You will be required to register with us by providing your bank account information in order for the money to be deposited into your bank account . A transfer collected this way usually takes 4 - 6 business days to process . If you decide to deposit the money by registering with us , depending on where you bank , the deposit could take several additional days due to factors such as holiday schedules or manual processing . Smaller , regional financial institutions often take longer to process these transactions . Also , if you enter any financial information that can not be verified it can take up to 10 days before your financial institution returns the funds as undeliverable . In this case , we will contact you by email and ask you to correct your account information . My bank does n ' t offer e - Transfer , how do I deposit the money ? If your financial institution does not yet offer the service , or if you do n ' t bank online , you can still deposit an e - Transfer transaction to any Canadian bank account . This option is available when you click the link in the notification you get when receiving an e - Transfer . If you can not click on the link , either cut and paste or type the link into your browser . You will be required to register and provide your banking information in order for the money to be deposited into your bank account . The deposit usually takes 4 - 6 business days to process and a $ 4.00 fee will be deducted from the deposit amount . NOTE : As of July 1 , 2018 , there will no longer be an option to deposit e - Transfer transactions offline ( without access to online banking ) . Customers are encouraged deposit Interac e - Transfer transactions via online or mobile banking at one of the participating financial institutions . Security I have been offered a job as an e - Transfer agent . Does work with e - Transfer businesses ? No . does not hire transfer agents . There have been instances of employment recruitment scams in which Canadian job hunters are hired as agents for " foreign companies " . In fact , the job hunters may actually end up being used as " mules " to transfer stolen funds outside of Canada . Anyone who participates , even unknowingly , could be deemed an accomplice to a crime and may be prosecuted . We urge you to fully investigate any such job offers . RETURN_TO_TOP_OFSecurity How do some of these e - Transfer business scams work ? In the typical scenario , the " employer " , very often a foreign - based company , poses as a legitimate company looking on job recruitment websites for an agent to represent the company in Canada . The job is to accept payments from Canadian customers on behalf of the foreign company , and then transfer a portion of the proceeds offshore . The employer indicates that a key qualification for the position is that employees must be online banking customers , able to receive funds electronically , using Once the employee receives the funds in his / her account , he / she is given instructions to transfer the money via a funds wire transfer service to a foreign address . As compensation , the employee or " transfer agent " is paid a percentage of the funds received and transferred . This is often a front for an illegal operation and the unwitting employee may be prosecuted for his or her part in this scheme . RETURN_TO_TOP_OFSecurity How can I tell if this job offer is part of a scam operation ? The information I am receiving looks very professional . In order to appear authentic , fraudsters may present employment agreements , websites and other types of information , for example , a detailed contract , outline of employee job responsibilities , compensation , etc . While , these websites and employment agreements may present an appearance of legitimacy , spelling errors or the use of odd wording may be a sign that the operation is not a legitimate one . Tips to Protect Yourself Offers of easy money are often too good to be true . A web - based job that requires you to move funds outside Canada could be a front for an illegal operation . While the opportunity may look appealing , you may end up being subject to criminal prosecution for your role in the operation . Check any employment - related information for unusual phrasing and look for misspelled words . If you are suspicious , check with local law enforcement . Stay aware by checking the following sources of information about fraud : www . phonebusters . com www . rcmp - grc . gc . ca www . recol . ca ( Reporting Economic Crime Online ) www . fcac . gc . ca ( Financial Consumer Agency of Canada ) www . strategis . gc . ca ( Industry Canada ) What is email Fraud , Phishing or Spearphishing , SEO poisoning , Twitter , Web surfing , Mobile Apps , SMS phishing ? Phishing is a scam where fraudsters attempt to acquire personal and / or financial information , such as passwords , card numbers , etc . , by masquerading as a trustworthy person or business through electronic communications . Phishing is typically carried out using email or an instant message , although phone contact has been used as well . In some instances , the fraudster sends authentic - looking emails or text messages ( smishing ) that appear to come from legitimate companies , requesting recipients to disclose personal and / or financial information that is later used to commit fraud . Be suspicious if you receive a notice for an Interac e - Transfer that you were not expecting . If in doubt , contact the sender to ensure he or she has initiated your transfer . How secure is e - Transfer is one of the safest digital money transfer services in the world . When you send money using e - Transfer , the money is transferred using established and secure banking procedures that financial institutions have used for years to settle cheques , bank machine deposits and withdrawals . Money never travels by email or text - these are simply used to notify you that money was sent or requested , as well as provide instructions to deposit . Autodeposit What is Autodeposit ? Autodeposit is a feature within the e - Transfer service that enables users to save time when depositing money into their bank account . When enabled , funds will go directly into a recipient ' s bank account that is associated with the email address or phone number a sender is transferring money to . The recipient wo n ' t need to answer a security question to deposit the funds . to learn more about the Autodeposit feature . RETURN_TO_TOP_OFAutodeposit Is Autodeposit secure ? Yes , the Autodeposit feature of e - Transfer has the same bank - grade security as is standard with the e - Transfer service . e - Transfer is one of the safest digital money transfer services in the world . When you send or request money using e - Transfer , the money is transferred through the established and secure banking procedures that financial institutions have used for years to settle cheques , bank machine deposits and withdrawals . Money never travels by email or text - these are simply used to notify you that money was sent or requested , as well as provide instructions to deposit . RETURN_TO_TOP_OFAutodeposit How do I register for the Autodeposit feature ? The availability of the Autodeposit feature , along with the experience to register , will vary by financial institution . To access the feature , log into your online or mobile banking application , go to your profile settings for e - Transfer , add an identifier ( email address or text ) you want associated with the Autodeposit feature and the bank account you want funds to be automatically deposited to . You will receive a notification asking you to verify the Autodeposit registration . Once enabled , when someone sends you funds to the identifier associated with Autodeposit , the money will be deposited directly into your bank account without the need for you to answer a security question . Some financial institutions might also allow for registration of the Autodeposit feature while conducting other e - Transfer transactions . Check with your participating financial institution for further details . I do n ' t see the ability to register for the Autodeposit feature with my bank . What can I do ? Some financial institutions might not have the availability to enable the Autodeposit feature . Check with your participating financial institution for further details . I am not receiving the Autodeposit registration verification email . What do I do ? If you have not received the Autodeposit verification email , first check your junk email folder . If you still ca n ' t find the notification , you will have to re - register for the feature through your participating financial institution ' s online banking or mobile banking application . I have confirmed my Autodeposit registration but it is still not active . What do I do ? There might be temporary issues in activating your Autodeposit registration . Once it is activated , we will notify you . Check with your participating financial institution for further details . I have registered for Autodeposit but I still receive e - Transfer transactions that require me to manually deposit transfers by answering a Security Question & Answer . Why ? Not all financial institutions have the ability to send funds to registered contacts / recipients who have the Autodeposit feature turned on . Once I register for the Autodeposit feature , how will I know when someone sends me money ? Each time you receive funds through the Autodeposit feature , a notification will be sent to you by email or text message letting you know that money has been deposited into your bank account . How many email addresses can I register for the Autodeposit feature ? You can register multiple email addresses , per account , for the Autodeposit feature . However , once an email is registered for the feature , it ca n ' t be used again with another account . The exact number of email addresses that can be registered for the Autodeposit feature , per account , depends on each financial institution . Check with your participating financial institution for further details . How will I tell the sender to use the Autodeposit feature ? You do n ' t have to tell the sender to use the Autodeposit feature . If the sender ' s participating financial institution is enabled to send to a contact / recipient who is registered for the Autodeposit feature , they will automatically be able to send money to you through the Autodeposit feature . How can I change the email address for my Autodeposit registration ? To update the email address for an Autodeposit registration , simply go back into your financial institution ' s e - Transfer settings within your online or mobile banking application to edit the email address . Exact experience will vary by financial institution . Check with your participating financial institution for further details . How do I deactivate my Autodeposit registration ? To deactivate an Autodeposit registration , simply go back into your financial institution ' s Interac e - Transfer settings within your online or mobile banking application and deactivate the Autodeposit feature . Exact experience will vary by financial institution . Check with your participating financial institution for further details . Is the Autodeposit registration permanent ? Autodeposit registrations are permanent as long as the registration is active . Autodeposit registrations might require periodic renewal due to inactivity . to learn how to deactivate your registration . Can emails be the only identifier registered for the Autodeposit feature ? Some Financial Institutions might provide the ability to register mobile numbers , along with email addresses , for the Autodeposit feature . Check with your participating financial institution for further details . I have closed my bank account that had a registration for the Autodeposit feature . Will I keep receiving money ? No , you will not . We work with your participating financial institution to ensure that if an account is closed , the Autodeposit registration is deactivated and no more funds will be deposited . I have closed my account at one Financial Institution and moved to another . How can I register for Autodeposit at my new bank ? If you have opened a new bank account and would like to set up the Autodeposit feature , you will need to register . I am trying to register for the Autodeposit feature but it says that my email or mobile phone number is not available to be registered . What does this mean ? If you are unable to register for Autodeposit with an email address or mobile number , it may be active with an existing Autodeposit registration . If you did n ' t previously register your email address or mobile number for the Autodeposit feature , please contact your financial institution immediately to investigate . I am trying to register my email or mobile phone number for Autodeposit at multiple Financial Institutions but it wo n ' t let me . Why ? The Autodeposit feature enables registration of multiple email addresses or mobile phone numbers to one bank account . However , once an email address or mobile number has been at registered at for one bank account , it ca n ' t be registered with another . When I select or add a recipient to send money to , it states that they have Autodeposit enabled . What is that ? e - Transfer service that enables users to receive funds directly into a bank account without having to answer a security auestion and answer . When activated , funds will go directly into a recipient ' s bank account that is associated with the email address or phone number a sender is transferring money to . to learn more . How will I know if my contact / recipient has the Autodeposit feature enabled ? Senders will know if their contact / recipient has the Autodeposit feature enabled when they are creating the money transfer . Depending on the financial institution , you might also know if your contact / recipient has Autodeposit enabled by reviewing the e - Transfer contact / recipient list . The security question and answer do n ' t appear anymore , can I still transfer money ? Yes , a security question and answer will no longer appear if the person you are sending money to has Autodeposit enabled . You will know if your contact / recipient has the Autodeposit feature enabled when you are creating the transfer . Depending on the financial institution , you might also know if your contact / recipient has Autodeposit enabled by reviewing your e - Transfer contact / recipient list . Can I add a security question and answer for the transfer for someone who has the Autodeposit feature enabled ? No , if the contact / recipient has enabled the Autodeposit feature , they have chosen to receive e - Transfer transactions directly into their bank account without the need to answer a security question . Are there different limits when sending an e - Transfer transaction contact / recipient that is registered for Autodeposit ? No , the Autodeposit feature of e - Transfer has the existing limits for sending and receiving funds . Limits for sending money with a Interac e - Transfer vary by transaction and financial institution . Please contact your Financial Institution directly . Why am I seeing a name for my contact / recipient being prompted by my Financial Institution if this is who I am trying to send money to ? When you send money to a contact / recipient who has enabled the Autodeposit feature , your financial institution will prompt the recipient ' s name to ensure that you are sending funds to the intended contact / recipient . Will I be notified when the funds have been received by my contact / recipient ? Yes , once the funds are successfully deposited into the contact / recipient ' s account via the Autodeposit feature , you will receive a confirmation notification . Can I cancel the e - Transfer transaction when it is going to the contact / recipient that is registered for Autodeposit ? e - Transfer transactions can only be cancelled if they have n ' t already been deposited . Please note that there may be a fee from your financial institution to cancel the transaction . To cancel an e - Transfer transaction , go into your banks ' online banking / mobile banking application and locate the pending transfer in the e - Transfer transaction history . Exact instructions for cancelling a transfer will vary by participating financial institution . If you have any questions about cancelling your transfer , please contact your financial institution directly . I have registered for the Autodeposit feature . How will I know when I have received money ? Each time you receive funds through the Autodeposit feature , a notification will be sent to you letting you know money was sent to you , by whom and the amount deposited into your account . Why do I still have to answer the security question , after registering for the Autodeposit feature ? Not all financial institutions have the ability to leverage the Autodeposit feature to send funds to registered contacts / recipients . There might be instances of having to answer the security question even once you have registered for the Autodeposit feature . I used to be registered for the Autodeposit feature but it is no longer active . How can I re - activate my registration ? To re - activate your Autodeposit registration , go back into your financial institution ' s e - Transfer Autodeposit registration settings and re - register . The experience to register , will vary by financial institution . Can I receive notifications to an email that is not registered for Autodeposit ? Yes , if your financial institution has enabled the ability to be notify through other emails , you can be notified each time you receive funds through your Autodeposit registration , to another email of your preference . Request Money How do I request money using Exact instructions will vary by participating financial institution . One you are logged in to your online banking or mobile banking app , go to e - Transfer and select Request Money . Simply follow their instructions to add a contact and the amount of money you are requesting . You can also view our e - Transfer Request Money RETURN_TO_TOP_OFRequest Money How do I edit a Request ? To edit a request for money , log back in to your financial institution ' s online or mobile banking application , go to your payment history and select the e - Transfer transaction you wish to edit . Use the edit option provided to make the change . This process will vary by participating financial institution and cancellation fees may occur . Please note that you can not edit a request once it has been fulfilled . Contact your financial institution directly for more information . RETURN_TO_TOP_OFRequest Money Are there limits for requesting money using Like most other financial transactions , there are limits on the amount you can request . Each financial institution sets their own request limits . Please contact your financial institution for more details . How do I cancel a Request ? To cancel a request for money , log into your financial institution ' s online or mobile banking application , go to payment history and select the e - Transfer transaction you wish to cancel . Use the option provided to cancel the request for money . This process will vary by participating financial institution and cancellation fees may occur . Please note that you can not cancel a request once it has been fulfilled . Contact your financial institution directly for more information . Can I attach an invoice while requesting money ? At this stage , you can not attach an invoice when requesting money through Interac e - Transfer . Alternatively , you can include an invoice number and invoice due date within the request for money transaction . Please note that this experience will vary by participating financial institution . Check with your participating financial institution for further details . Who can I request money from ? You can request money from anyone with an email address or mobile number who has access to online banking or mobile banking at a Canadian financial institution . Please note that each financial institution has the ability to enable the feature for their account holders and this experience will vary by participating financial institution . How is the contact notified when a request for money is sent to them ? Similar to sending money via e - Transfer , when you request money through e - Transfer , the recipient / contact will receive a notification to the email address or mobile number you have prescribed for them . Are there reminder notifications for outstanding requests ? Yes , outstanding requests have automated reminder notifications that are sent to your contact . The frequency of the reminder notifications is determined by each financial institution . Some Financial Institutions might also provide you with the ability to manually re - notify the contact , as reminder . To manually remind your contact , you must log back in to your financial institution ' s online banking or mobile banking application . From there you can review your transaction or payment history to select the e - Transfer transaction you wish , and use re - notify option provided . This process will vary by participating financial institution . Contact your financial institution directly for more information . How long are outstanding requests valid for ? The validity for outstanding requests differs by financial institution . Additionally , if the request for money has a due date , the validity of the request will be as per the due date . Contact your financial institution directly for more information . How is the request for money fulfilled ? The request for money is fulfilled by your contact through online banking or mobile banking application by sending an e - Transfer transaction . Will I be notified once the request has been fulfilled ? Yes , once the request for money has been fulfilled , you will be receive a notification once the funds are available in your account . Once the request has been fulfilled , how long will it take for me to receive the money ? Money being sent in response to a request for money will take the same time as a regular e - Transfer transaction . Most notifications will be sent in near real - time to within 30 minutes . Once the e - Transfer notification arrives , you will have instant access to the money . Who can request money ? The availability of the Request Money feature is dependent on each financial institution . for a full list of participating financial institutions . Contact your financial institution directly for more information . How do I fulfill an e - Transfer request for money ? If you have received a request for money , click the link that appears in the notification to login to your online banking or mobile banking application . From there , you can fulfill the request by choosing the account for the funds to be withdrawn from . The requestor will receive a notification from e - Transfer once the funds are deposited into their account . I received an e - Transfer request for money but my bank is n ' t listed as a supporting Financial Institution . What can I do ? If your Financial Institution is n ' t supporting the Request Money feature , you can decline the request with a message to the requestor and they would be notified of the same . Alternatively , you can also send a regular e - Transfer transaction to the requestor , in lieu of fulfilling the request for money . Why is n ' t my Financial Institution available to fulfill a request for money ? We are actively working with financial institutions to enable them for the Request Money feature . Check back here periodically to see if your financial institution has enabled the Request Money feature . Can I decline a request ? Yes , you can decline a request for money by selecting the decline option within the notification of the fulfillment page . If you provide a reason for declining the request , the same will be conveyed to the requestor . Can I block a Requestor from requesting funds from me ? Yes , you can opt - out of receiving requests from a particular requestor , or of the service completely , by selecting the opt - out option on the fulfillment page . You can also opt - in to receive requests from a particular individual , or for the service , by managing your preferences through your financial institution ' s online banking or mobile banking application . Simply navigate to the INTERAC e - Transfer settings or click here . Please note this experience will vary by participating financial institution . Can I opt - out of the Request Money feature ? Yes , you can opt - out of receiving requests from a particular requestor or of the service completely , by selecting the opt - out option on the fulfillment page . You can also opt - in to receive requests from a particular individual , or for the service , by managing your preference through your financial institution ' s online banking or mobile banking application . Simply navigate to the e - Transfer settings or by clicking click here . Please note this experience will vary by participating financial institution . How do I know when the request for money might be spam ? Only click on links within notifications if you were expecting to pay someone . For Request Money , the Requestor ' s name will be displayed within the notification . If you were n ' t expecting that particular Requestor to request funds from you , reportit as spam . You can report spam to phishing @ interac . ca . Who can I report spam to ? You can report spam to phishing @ interac . ca . How can I see who I blocked receiving requests from ? You can view who you have blocked from sending you requests for money by managing your preferences within your Financial Institution ' s online banking or mobile banking application . Simply navigate to the e - Transfer settings or The e - Transfer request for money has a due date , what happens if I miss it ? If you miss the due date for the request transaction , the request will expire and you will no longer be able to fulfill the request . Why did n ' t I have to enter a security question and answer when I was fulfilling a request ? When fulfilling a request for money , you do n ' t need to enter a security question because the security question is a shared secret between the sender and recipient of an e - Transfer transaction . With the Request Money feature , once you fulfill the request , the funds are directly deposited into the requestor ' s account without requiring them to manually deposit the funds into their account . The e - Transfer request for money was for more than I can fulfill . What can I do ? If the request for money was more than your limit to send funds , you can decline the request with a message to the requestor . The requestor will be notified of the same . How long will it take for the money to be received by the requestor ? Money being sent in response to a request for money will take the same time as a regular e - Transfer transaction . Most notificaitons will be sent in near real - time to within 30 minutes . Once the e - Transfer notification arrives , you will have instant access to the money .	[ "Interac e-Transfer", "Interac Corp" ]
http://interactioninstitute.org/illustrating-equality-vs-equity/	Illustrating Equality VS Equity January 13 , 2016 by IISC 96 Comments IISC has long believed that this image , illustrating the difference between equality and equity , is worth a thousand words . As a gift to the world of equity practitioners , IISC engaged artist Angus Maguire to draw a new version of an old favorite ( since we could only find pixelated versions of the original ) . Please feel free to download the high - resolution image and use in your presentations . Download ( .zip package containing JPGs , PDF , PNG , and AI ) Would you like to use this image somewhere ? This image is free to use with attribution : “ Interaction Institute for Social Change \| Artist : Angus Maguire . ” For online use please provide links : interactioninstitute . org and madewithangus . com . We love hearing stories about how the image is being used so please get in touch with us and let us know how you used it . We especially enjoy hearing about how this image helps to start conversations about equity and equality . We ’ re on social media and email ( comms @ interactioninstitute . org and angus @ madewithangus . com ) . Updates since this article was first published : 20 May 2016 : We were notified via Twitter that the original creator of the original graphic wrote a piece cataloging the evolution of the meme . Here ’ s the piece . It even encompasses our version and a few riffs on it , including our followup collaboration with the Center for Story - Based Strategy Angus # the4thbox In the News Cynthia Silva Parker was quoted by Sustainable Cities Network in an article : Infusing Equity into the Urban Planning Process What is equity ? In the simplest terms , it means fairness , which is not necessarily the same thing as equality . It ’ s not about everybody getting the same thing , ” Parker said . “ It ’ s about everybody getting what they need in order to improve the quality of their situation . ” One difficulty in including equity goals in planning is that the people who need them most can be hard to involve . Traditionally , planners involve stakeholders by inviting them to public meetings and asking them to read and comment on plans . This can be a time - consuming process , and people who work multiple jobs and lack transportation and child - care options are unlikely to show up at the library for a three - hour meeting . And even if they ’ re able to offer their time , they may not be willing . “ Trust is the No . 1 thing , ‘ Why are you asking , and will it make a difference , ’ ” Parker said . “ When we got started , there was a bit of interesting community jargon : ‘ Planning Fatigue . ’ People were tired of being asked to come to meetings , asked to share their vision , asked to draw another picture of a beautiful community , and then nothing is going to happen , or it ’ s going to take 15 years and they ’ re going to say , ‘ We do n ’ t even remember that we were part of that . ' ” Public Training Schedule We hope you will consider enrolling in one of our public trainings this year . Over the past 25 years , we have developed a lens through which we facilitate social change and we bring it to every engagement . IISC invites groups and leaders to shift power dynamics , focus on building networks , and magnify love as a force for social change . Using this collaborative change lens , we see leaders overcome challenges and have astounding impact .	[ "Equality", "Equity", "difference" ]
http://interactive.archaeology.org/pompeii/history.html	Consular Way , one of Pompeii ' s main streets Going Down the Drain : Imogen Smythson ( University of Bradford ) collects a soil sample from a drain in the inn . An early map showing the extent of the early excavations in Pompeii . The triangle in the upper - left corner is our insula , VI , 1 . Exhumed but not excavated : an eighteenth - century engraving shows Pompeii ' s initial clearances . A visitor watches the AAPP work in the " shrine . " Photos courtesy of the AAPP unless otherwise noted . Click on images to enlarge . What Happened in Pompeii Pompeii is undoubtedly one of the world ' s best known archaeological sites . Its fame comes from its dramatic destruction and extraordinary preservation as a result of an eruption of Mount Vesuvius . On February 5 , A.D. 62 , Pompeii was at the epicenter of a severe earthquake that caused considerable structural damage to buildings and the infrastructure of the city . It is clear that the process of repair and redevelopment was slow and extensive . It involved projects such as the embellishment of the Forum and the rebuilding of the Temple of Isis , and also attempts to re - establish the city ' s water supply , which had been severely disrupted . The old notion that the elite citizens abandoned Pompeii at this time leaving the city neglected On August 20 , A.D. 79 , Pompeii was rocked by more earth tremors , although they do not seem to have been as severe as the 62 earthquake . Springs in the area dried up . The ancient Pompeians did not recognize that these were signs of the imminent eruption of Vesuvius . Therefore when the volcano went off between noon and 1pm on August 24 , it caught everyone by surprise . According to Pliny the Younger , a 12 - mile high cloud of ash and rock was thrown into the air , blocking out the sun This phase of the eruption continued for the rest of the day . People wandered around in darkness , pushing their way through pumice and debris , which was piling up . Some may have tried to escape , while others decided to wait it out . Surely no one had experienced such a catastrophe before so they did not know what to expect from it . Shortly after midnight , ground surges of magma and volcanic mud began as well as pyroclastic surges , avalanches of noxious gases and ash rushing from the cone of Vesuvius with terrific force at over 100 kilometers an hour . Herculaneum , which was situated at the base of Vesuvius , was hit with a surge and entombed in volcanic mud . Several pyroclastic surges roared toward Pompeii but were stopped from doing too much damage by the northern city wall right behind our city block . At about 7 : 30 am , enough pumice stones and debris had Thousands of people died within the city during the eruption . Many more were probably killed in the surrounding landscape as they tried to flee , but little archaeological work has been done on Pompeii ' s hinterland . A powdery deposit followed the most destructive surge and when the eruption finally ceased late on August 25 , only the largest structures in the city such as the Amphitheater and the Grand Palaestra were probably identifiable . Pompeii and Herculaneum were to remain buried for around 1,700 years . Survivors of the eruption must have decided that rebuilding on the site was out of the question , but some researchers claim that there were signs that for a time people lived in the ruins , and a fishing community probably existed at the mouth of the nearby river Sarno . During the later Roman period , and into the Middle Ages , Pompeii was forgotten , apart from perhaps a remnant folk memory , only existing as a name for the area , La Cività . Between In the early 1980s , a separate Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei was created , responsible for all the Vesuvian sites . In 1995 , Pietro Giovanni Guzzo became the Soprintendente of Pompeii . There is now an exciting phase of research at Pompeii , including new fieldwork , such as ours , which aims at discovering the historical sequence of urban development in the city . Alongside the research are the efforts to conserve the monument and present to the millions of visitors coming each year . An important step has been the law passed in 1997 allowing the Soprintendenza Why Dig ? For over 200 years now , we have been able to revisit the same moment in Pompeii ' s history , the moment it was fossilized as an archaeological site . Year after year , visitors have meandered through its alleys and moseyed through its buildings , but have always been tourists stuck in A.D. 79 . Excavation below the level of the destruction has enabled us to move across time and throughout our insula ' s history - - from that late August day in A.D. 79 back through the ages to the fourth century B.C. Perhaps even earlier . What were these bars before they were bars ? When was this workshop built ? Was this house here in the first century B.C. ? In the second century B.C. ? In the third ? What did it look like ? Excavation below the A.D. 79 level allows us to travel back in time and understand the whole history of VI , 1 from that final August doomsday to the ' s first instance of human activity . In fact , our time - travel is two - fold . With each stroke of the trowel , we move further and further back from A.D. 79 . At the same time , we are moving forward from the mid - sixteenth century . As archaeologists working in Pompeii , we are part of a long history and tradition of digging this ancient city . The archaeological site was first discovered in 1549 , when an Italian named Domenico Fontana dug a water channel through Pompeii , but the dead city was left entombed . Within a century , the age of royal treasure hunting and piracy swept through the ancient lapilli , and finally the streets , the frescoes , the mosaics , and even the skeletons of a once - vibrant city were picked open . Parts of ancient Pompeii - - buried , protected , and preserved for nearly 17 centuries - - had finally been cleared . In this first rush for Pompeian booty , VI , 1 was cleared , but not recorded . The initial workmen have left us only a few sketchy plans and notes , while the was ransacked of its contents . From the late eighteenth century , Pompeii opened its doors to wealthy and educated visitors . The principal entrance was the Herculaneum Gate , making VI , 1 the first stop along the grand tour . Artists and scholars flocked to the city . Their watercolors and journals documented the splendors of the shortly after their exhumation . Yet visitors ' fascination with VI , 1 was short - lived . Tourists , scholars , artists , and investors quickly shifted their interests towards the dramatic clearances occurring elsewhere in the city . VI , 1 had been disinterred from its protective grave of lapilli , but now it was abandoned to the ravages of the elements . In 1926 , the young and dynamic Amedeo Maiuri , recently installed as the chief archaeologist of Pompeii , returned to the abandoned . Here he pioneered a new age in Pompeian archaeology : excavations below the destruction level . His approach was fresh , his question was innovative : what was this area like well before the eruption of A.D. 79 ? Archaeology and public interest in this part of the ancient city was immediately resuscitated . Maiuri ' s policy of wise - destruction - - sacrificing some of the destruction level to look at earlier phases of the city - - triumphed throughout the scholarly world . The brilliance of his legacy is proven in the fact that we are asking the very same question today . To follow in Maiuri ' s footsteps is a privilege , especially given the advances in the archaeological sciences we now enjoy . Though our tools today - - the trowels , shovels , buckets , and brushes - - are nearly identical to Maiuri ' s , many advances have been made in archaeological method and methodology over the course of the past 70 + years . We are now able to reexamine Maiuri ' s revolutionary work .	[ "Pompeii", "archaeological sites .", "Mount Vesuvius" ]
http://interactive.wttw.com/tenbuildings/walt-disney-concert-hall	Walt Disney Concert Hall Squint your eyes , and Frank Gehry ’ s Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles looks like a gleaming clipper ship , its sails filled with wind . The stainless steel exterior forms , which were in fact inspired by Gehry ’ s love of sailing , have now become iconic . Watch the Segment While many people first became familiar with Gehry through his Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao , Spain , his design for the Walt Disney Concert Hall actually predates the Bilbao commission . However , Gehry continued to redesign the Disney Concert Hall for more than a decade , while unexpected delays postponed construction . Gehry ’ s innovative forms were a new and unfamiliar challenge for contractors . Gehry ultimately found a solution equal to his design : he employed software used in the design and construction of French fighter jets . Called CATIA ( computer - sided three - dimensional interactive application ) , this software translates Gehry ’ s organic forms , panel by panel , into buildable construction plans . Web Exclusive Video To bring his bold new vision for the Walt Disney Concert Hall to life , architect Frank Gehry needed new tools . He turned to sophisticated computer software called CATIA ( computer - aided three - dimensional interactive application ) , originally created to design French fighter jets . Watch the story . Such a bold exterior could give the impression that what ’ s inside is equally out of the box . But surprisingly , the concert hall itself , by Gehry ’ s own description , is just that : a highly functional box , wrapped in his now - trademark sail - like forms . That ’ s not to say that the interior is not an accomplishment in its own right . Gehry designed the auditorium to provide both impeccable acoustics and a sense of intimacy , wrapping the audience around the orchestra . Gehry ’ s Walt Disney Concert Hall stands out as a truly unique architectural vision , demonstrating that something new and completely different is possible . Learn more Los Angeles Philharmonic / Walt Disney Concert Hall Official Site Gehry Partners Gehry Technologies University of Southern California – Engineering School Article on CATIA You Are Here Loyola Law School Los Angeles For a look at some of Gehry ’ s earlier , funkier work before the Walt Disney Concert Hall , visit the campus of Loyola Law School Los Angeles , just west of downtown Los Angeles – or take this virtual tour online Loyola chose Gehry to design its new campus in 1978 , before he became the “ starchitect ” who had designed Disney Concert Hall , Guggenheim Museum Bilbao , and other now - famous structures .	[ "Walt Disney Concert Hall", "unique architectural vision", "CATIA" ]
http://interactivemedia.bradley.edu/ell/nmt/your_thesis_n_claims.html	Your Thesis and Claims First , a reminder about thesis statements : Thesis A thesis statement in an essay is a sentence that explicitly identifies the purpose of the paper or previews its main ideas . The thesis statement is that sentence or two in your text that contains the focus of your essay and tells your reader what the essay is going to be about . A strong thesis statement takes some sort of stand , justifies discussion , and expresses one main idea . Next , a reminder about claims . At the bottom of this page , note that this assignment is different than the initial assignments about thesis and claims . = = = = = = = = = = = = Claims are the " wanted ends " of arguments . Claims are also the beginnings of arguments . When one makes a claim , one has to be prepared to support the claim with evidence and reasoning as there are few " self - evident " and " universally accepted " claims ( " She / he who asserts a claim , must provide evidence " ) . There are not very many universally accepted , taken for granted claims that do not require some amount of evidence . Every / any claim that is made requires ( at least some ) evidence in the face of challenge by the audience ( " oh yeah ? " ) Claims sometimes stand alone and at other times are part of a series ( of claims and subclaims ) . In effect , the " thesis " of a work or part of a work is a kind of claim ( we might say that the overall thesis is the " main claim " ) . There are three major kinds of claims : Claims of fact , claims of value , and claims of policy Claims of fact make statements about , for example : states of being / not being ( " there is a full moon out tonight ) aspects / attributes of things ( " that barn is red / large / old / empty " ) the state of affairs ( " the roadway is busy today ) . Generally speaking , we think of claims of fact as either being true or false . Claims of value are decided based on establishing the merits of preferable modes of behavior ( instrumental values ) or ultimate goals ( terminal values ) [ see items in the Rokeach values survey for Amerian rankings and examples ] . For example , " This is a beautiful watch " ( we will argue about the relative beauty of the watch , whether than argue about whether it ' s a watch ) " Talking behind someone ' s back is irresponsible " ( we will argue about whether gossip is responsible communication ) . " Committed relationships are preferable to youthful indiscretions " ( we will argue about the value of mature love ) . Claims of value depend on acceptance of the value by the audience and their agreement to the relative evaluation level assigned to the subject / object . Claims of policy respond to the common English sentence : Who should Do What ? Claims of policy propose that specific action should be undertaken / completed by specific entities . For example : " Bradley University should replace the current library with a new building " " Students at Bradley should be able to miss classes without penalty ( faculty should not consider attendance in grading at Bradley ) . " [ it ' s usually better to state a policy claim in the affirmative rather than the negative , though both happen ] " Bradley students should develop and execute disciplined study skills during their time at university . " There are sometimes implied claims of fact and value lurking inside claims of policy . For example : " Since smoking is bad for the health of the smoker and imposes 2nd hand smoke risks to others , smoking on campus should be banned . " Here , the policy claim is that " smoking on campus should be banned " ( and that IS , ultimately , what we will decide ) . However , during the argument we will probably debate the fact claims ( " smoking is bad for the smoker , " " second hand smoke is bad for others " ) as well as the value claims ( " it ' s better to protect the general health of people on campus than to protect their personal rights and freedoms " - - in this case , the right to partake It is important that you know when are making claims and what kinds of claims you are making . Making and substantiating a series of claims is how you " make an argument , " in our case , via a written paper . Likewise , it ' s important to be able to identify and evaluate the claims that others make , particularly when you are searching for evidence in support of your claims . In both cases , it ' s crucial that the person making the claim ( presenting the argument ) provides sufficient support to establish their claim . Be especially vigilant for instances in which the speaker / writer / source makes one ( kind of ) claim and supports another ( but thereby expects the audience to accept the first as established ) . And of course , you do n ' t want to make this error . For example , I might make the claim : " Since smoking is bad for the health of the smoker and imposes 2nd hand smoke risks to others , smoking on campus should be banned . " I might then provide a TON of evidence in support of the health risks from smoking both to the smoker and those nearby . I might then ask you to conclude that we should , therefore , ban smoking on campus . Note that I ' ve not engaged in the implied value arguments ( about the relative merits of limiting personal freedom in favor of public health ) . Nor have I directly argued about the policy I am advocating ( how do we enact and enforce the policy ? What are the sanctions / punishments ? Who is in charge ? etc . ) = = = = = = = = = = = = = = When your reading summary is targeted at YOUR THESIS AND CLAIMS 1 . Summarize the reading 2 . State your thesis and make 3 claims about the material in the reading . These are NOT THE CLAIMS THE AUTHOR MAKES . These are claims you make about the reading after reading it : Your thesis statement about the reading 1 main claim of fact 1 main claim of value 1 main claim of policy Be sure you list each claim type . Do not analyze the author ' s thesis and claim structure . Rather , establish your own thesis and claim structure ABOUT the reading . Your main points must relate to the thesis that you propose . an example : Because AT&T could n ' t grasp the potential of ARPANET , the military took over the network project . They enforced rules and regulations to keep the network efficient and disciplined . In 1983 , they split the network in two : one for the military , called MILNET , and one for research , still called ARPANET ( they were both still linked , but the gateway machines could limit access to either network ) . The military ' s main contribution was imposing a standard protocol , TCP / IP , for all machines linked to the Thesis : The Internet was originally under control of the military , but it later was given control to civilians , helping to expand it to a global scale . Claim of fact : The amount of machines connected to the Internet nearly doubled every year ( p . 94 ) . In 1990 , there were nearly one third of a million machines ; in 1991 , there was almost 620,000 computers ; in 1992 , over one million ; in 1993 , there over two million . Claim of value : The Internet should not be under the control of one government or country ( pp . 101 - 104 ) . A private organization is more flexible than government to meet the changing needs of the Internet . Claim of policy : The various networks and machines need to connect to each other using a standard protocol ( p . 90 ) . This would ensure efficiency and wider use of the network .	[ "Thesis", "Claims" ]
http://interactivepython.org/runestone/static/CS152f17/Functions/TheAccumulatorPattern.html	64 The Accumulator Pattern No supported video types In the previous example we wrote a function that computes the square of a number The algorithm we used in the function was simple multiply the number by itself In this section we will reimplement the square function and use a different algorithm one that relies on addition instead of multiplication If you want to multiply two numbers together the most basic approach is to think of it as repeating the process of adding one number to itself The number of repetitions is where the second number comes into play For example if we wanted to multiply three and five we could think about it as adding three to itself five times Three plus three is six plus three is nine plus three is 12 and finally plus three is 15 Generalizing this if we want to implement the idea of squaring a number call it n we would add n to itself n times Do this by hand first and try to isolate exactly what steps you take Youll find you need to keep some running total of the sum so far either on a piece of paper or in your head Remembering things from one step to the next is precisely why we have variables in a program This means that we will need some variable to remember the running total It should be initialized with a value of zero Then we need to update the running total the correct number of times For each repetition well want to update the running total by adding the number to it In words we could say it this way To square the value of n we will repeat the process of updating a running total n times To update the running total we take the old value of the running total and add n That sum becomes the new value of the running total Here is the program in activecode Note that the heading of the function definition is the same as it was before All that has changed is the details of how the squaring is done This is a great example of black box design We can change out the details inside of the box and still use the function exactly as we did before Run 1 def square x 2 runningtotal 0 3 for counter in range x 4 runningtotal runningtotal x 5 6 return runningtotal 7 8 toSquare 10 9 squareResult square toSquare 10 print The result of toSquare squared is squareResult 11 sq_accum1 In the program above notice that the variable runningtotal starts out with a value of 0 Next the iteration is performed x times Inside the for loop the update occurs runningtotal is reassigned a new value which is the old value plus the value of x This pattern of iterating the updating of a variable is commonly referred to as the accumulator pattern We refer to the variable as the accumulator This pattern will come up over and over again Remember that the key to making it work successfully is to be sure to initialize the variable before you start the iteration Once inside the iteration it is required that you update the accumulator Note What would happen if we put the assignment runningTotal 0 inside the for statement Not sure Try it and find out Here is the same program in codelens Step through the function and watch the running total accumulate the result Python 27 1 def squarex 2 runningtotal 0 3 for counter in rangex 4 runningtotal runningtotal x 5 6 return runningtotal 7 8 toSquare 10 9 squareResult squaretoSquare 10 printThe result of toSquare squared is squareResult Step 1 of 29 line that has just executed next line to execute Visualized using Online Python Tutor by Philip Guo Frames Objects sq_accum3 Note This workspace is provided for your convenience You can use this activecode window to try out anything you like Run 3 1 2 3 scratch_05_04 Check your understanding func41 Consider the following code def square x runningtotal 0 for counter in range x runningtotal runningtotal x return runningtotal What happens if you put the initialization of runningtotal the line runningtotal 0 inside the for loop as the first instruction in the loop A The square function will return x instead of x x B The square function will cause an error C The square function will work as expected and return x x D The square function will return 0 instead of x x	[ "the accumulator pattern" ]
http://interestingthings.info/interesting/how-long-does-it-take-the-body-to-turn-food-to-fat.html	How long does it take the body to turn food to fat ? Usher September 29 , 2013 Interesting Your blood takes 6 weeks to regenerate , the lungs need almost 20 years to reach their peak , but the time it takes to turn food to fat is only 3 hours ! You ’ d be surprised to know how long does it take our body to heal wounds , digest food and even reach an orgasm Digestion : 24 hours It may have taken you 3 seconds to eat a hotdog or a burrito , but the waste wont leave your body until the next day . once the food reaches the stomach , it will be digested into small particles thanks to the acidic environment in a speed of 3 - 4 calories a minute . The acids in the stomach will have more trouble doing the same to a big and full of fat meal , but a meal containing 600 calories of meat will be in your stomach for around two - three hours . In the next stage , the food will go down the Small intestine where it will continue to be disintegrated and the nutritional components will absorb into your bloodstream , before it will move to the colon for another two - three hours where the salts and water will be extracted from the food . 20 hours later the food will still be in the colon , so the whole process takes about 24 hours . Surprisingly , your mood has an affect on the digestion process : anxiety can slow down the process because we need more calories to handle the stress . Wound recovery : up to two years Body tissues take up to two years to recover fully from deep cuts , like those that happen due to surgery , though the process starts the second the ‘ damage ’ is done . Within less than a second the blood vessels start to tighten up to reduce blood flow to the area , and blood platelets are sent to aid with the clotting . Certain components in the blood like Calcium , Vitamin K and protein create some kind of “ net ” that hold the platelets in place where the wound is – and the clot begins to form . Gaining weight : 3 hours The fat gets to your waist in about 3 hours from the last big meal . the fat gets in the bloodstream within one hour , and after 3 hours most of it is in the fat tissue around the waist . A meal that has more that 30g of fat will add around 3 tablespoons of fat to that tissue . this is considered to be a temporary placement for the fat and the body will use it as an energy source , unless we eat too much and then the fat will stay there – and eventually cause us to gain weight . Renewal of half liter of blood : up to 6 weeks After a blood donation , it takes the plasma , the transparent - yellow stuff in our blood , about 24 hours to renew and change . The red blood cells that carry the oxygen takes longer , about six weeks . The process starts in cells inside the lungs , that feel that the oxygen levels in the blood are dropping . those cells starts making a protein that move down the bone marrow and waken the process of making stem cells , the building blocks required for the blood cells . Man that donate blood needs to wait at least 12 weeks before they can donate again , women have to wait around 16 weeks , because they usually suffer from lower levels of iron . Urine : about an hour In average , it takes the liquid about an hour to absorb from the bowels to the blood stream , filter by the kidneys and sent to the bladder . Coffee , that we thought might be accelerating the process – does not go faster in the body , but irritates the bladder and makes us want to use the bathroom more often . Alcohol does make more urine that sends us there . An average bladder can hold around 300 ml of liquid , so most people needs to go to the bathroom every 3 - 4 hours . Healthy men and women takes about 20 - 30 seconds to empty their bladder , doing so too often and in small quantities may suggest a bladder overwork , perhaps because the brain gets wrong signals it needs to empty it before its full . [ fb_button ] age alcohol amazing biology clock death drinks drugs fact fat food human mildly interesting time urine very interesting Did you like this article ? Share it with your friends !	[ "food to fat" ]
http://interkriti.org/crete/history_of_crete.html	History of Crete Outlined history of the island of Crete , from Neolithic times to present days . NEOLITHIC PERIOD ( 6500 - 2600 B.C ) No remains from the preneolithic period nave been found on Crete . Before the Neolithic period , people must have lived in caves at first and supported themselves by hunting and fishing , using stone and bone tools , and they must have known how to make simple clay pots . Later they seem to have developed a primitive agriculture and started to make clay houses on rock foundations , to tame animals and to decorate their pottery with different colors and patterns as well as making clay images of animals . The various finds made and the location of the first dwelling places lead to the supposition that this primitive civilization was not native and unique but part of the common eastern Mediterranean civilization . PREPALATIAL ( EARLY MINOAN I , II , III ) PERIOD ( 2600 - 2000 B.C. ) During the last stages of the Neolithic period ( up to about 2600 BC ) this highly developed civilization reached its distinctive peak , known as the Minion Era . The people were short - the average male height was about 1.60 m . Nothing is known about commerce during the period but it is assumed that there was trade with the nearby islands and the east . Pottery making flourished and copper and later bronze began to be worked . Α distinctive artistic sensitivity can be recognized in the seals of that period , worked in semiprecious stones . Revising Evans , archeologists call this period until 2000 BC the Prepalatial PROTOPALATIAL ( MIDDLE MINOAN I , II , IIIA ) PERIOD ( 2000 - 1700 B.C ) The period from 2000 BC to 1700 BC is called the Protopalatial , with the construction of the first palaces at Knossos , Phaestos and Malia , as a result of the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the ruling families in these settlements . Following the development of productivity , an organized and hierarchic society had already come into being , with a corresponding decline in the clan system . Increasing trade with the other Aegean islands , Egypt and the rest of Africa , Asia Minor and the entire Mediterranean led to the emergence of Crete as a sea power The import , processing and re - export of metal , together with intermediate trade , amassed wealth for the island . Writing was used , in the form of hieroglyphics , probably originating from Egypt . Work in gold and precious stones , sculpture and pottery reached amazing heights . The palaces were destroyed , apparently by earthquakes , in 1700 BC but this did not interrupt the development of civilization , however . At about this time , a new form of writing , known as Linear Α , made its appearance ; it was probably used to record commercial and administrative matters . It has still not been decided whether the roots of this writing were Indo - European or Semitic . NEOPALATIAL ( MIDDLE MINOAN IIIB - LATE MINOAN I , II ) PERIOD ( 1700 - 1400 B.C ) In the so - called Neopalatial period ( 1700 BC - 1400 BC ) the palaces at Knossos , Phaestos and Malia were rebuilt on a much grander scale ; they were advanced even judged by modern standards . The bulk of Minoan power was centered undoubtedly around Knossos , but the other sites in central and eastern Crete show evidence of the wealth and activity of the Minoans . Minoan society resembled a pyramid , with the farmers and workers at the base and the legendary Minos at the top . The common people knew nothing of the luxurious and comfortable life of the palaces . Although this was not a matriarchal society , women had a privileged place and some of them must have had considerable influence at the palace . The Mother - Goddess , source of Life and fertility occupied first place in religion . Her symbols were the double axe , horns , birds , snakes and flowers , all of which can be seen in the large frescoes which adorn the palace , as well as on the pottery . The art of this period reaches the peak of incomparable delicacy . During this period Crete took part in international trade and there is proof that amber was imported from the Baltic along the " amber route " , across Europe . Their wealth and power gave the Minoans the confidence to build their palaces proudly , without the protection of fortifications . By about 1500 BC a new form of writing , called Linear Β , had come into use ; archaeologists have recognized it as Greek , which shows that there was a connection between the inhabitants of mainland Greece , the Achaeans ( Mycenaeans ) and those of Crete . POSTPALATIAL ( LATE MINOAN III ) PERIOD ( 1400 - 1100 B.C ) In about 1450 BC a terrible disaster laid waste all the centers of Minoan Crete . Was it earthquake again or revolution or were the places burnt by invaders ? What is certain , however , is that new rulers were appearing in the Aegean at that time . The last flowering of Minoan art , known as " Postpalatial style " , ended with the conquest of the island by the Achaeans . Not only did the typical Minoan characteristics vanish from society , art and religion , but Minoan grace and delicacy also disappeared from the arts and crafts of the period , which became rough and clumsy . Knossos , Tylissos , Agia Triada and Palekastro were partly rebuilt and inhabited , while Μinoans settled in new villages in eastern Crete at the same time The part played by the island in commerce , and its influence in general , was limited from then on , but Crete did take part in the Trojan War with its own army . The Bronze Age and its world came to an end . Wars , social struggles , financial exhaustion all paved the way for the Dorian invasion SUB - MINOAN PERIOD ( 1100 - 1000 B.C ) In about 1100 BC the Dorians - a Greek race - captured the Minoan strongholds one after the other and put an end to the Mycenaean state . Crete then came under the sway of the new rulers and so ended the last Minoan period - the Postpalatial ( 1400 BC to 1100 BC ) . With the occupation of Crete by the Dorians armed with iron weapons , the local population was reduced to slave status . Part of the population ( called Eteocretans by the Greeks ) sought refuge on the plateau of Lassithi and in the extreme east of Crete where they kept up the heritage of the Minoan language until the Hellenistic period . DORIAN PERIOD ( 100 - 67 B.C ) Crete then passed into complete obscurity and the only work continued was the production of great earthenware jars ( pithoi ) . Iron slowly took the place of bronze and in this new period it was the Phoenecians who dominated the Mediterranean . Crete re - established contact with the surrounding areas and started a new life , especially in the west of the island . Phoenecian , Assyrian and Egyptian influence led to the substitution of the eastern style for the geometric . Crete was now just one part of the then known world and showed no sign of any particular culture of its own . The basis of the social structure of the time was land ownership . The aristocracy of great landowners formed the ruling class of the Dorians who had civil rights and lived under a socialist regime . The great families of clans came to power in turn every year and they were represented by ten noblemen who had civil , The citizens were free but were obliged to enlist in the army . The farmers were divided into Perioikioi ( neighbours ) and serfs , according to birth . The Dorians on Crete were especially advanced in matters of legislation , as is shown by the laws found at Gortys . Thanks to trade , there was still some degree of prosperity on the island , which enabled the Cretan cities , already formed into independent city - states , to construct beautiful buildings and issue their own coinage . Knossos , Gortys and Kydonia ruled over the smaller settlements . In about 300 BC six of the south - western cities formed the " Highland Confederation " which Iater formed alliances with Gortys , Cyrenaica and Pergamos . Other Cretan cities made alliances with other powers , such as Sparta and Rhodes , but these alliances were never long lasting . Endless skirmishes , raids and wars brought the island into disrepute and at this time Crete was known as a refuge for pirates , beggars and liars . There was now no stopping the fall of Crete . ROMAN PERIOD ( 67 B.C. - 395 A.D. ) The Romans arrived in Crete as mediators and settled in as conquerors . After three years ' sporadic fighting , Crete became a Roman province , with Gortys as the capital of both Crete and Cyrenaica . Under Roman rule , which brought peace and some autonomy to the island , Crete enjoyed a period of prosperity , as the many Roman remains show . FIRST BYZANTINE PERIOD ( 395 - 824 A.D. ) Titus , the first Bishop of Gortys . converted the population to Christianity , by order of the Apostle Paul , according to tradition . After the division of Roman Empire into western and eastern sectors , Crete came under the Byzantine sphere of influence . During this period Christianity spread and many churches were built on Crete . One of the biggest is Ayios Titus at Gortys ( AD 600 ) . From the political and cultural point of view , however , Crete is lacking in interest during this time . ARAB OCCUPATION ( 824 - 961 A.D. ) From AD 824 to 961 Crete was occupied by the Arabs . The center of the island was the fort of Rabd el Khandak , which later became known as Handax Or Candia and which is now the city of Heraklion . Apart from coins , no remains have been found from this period . After a struggle lasting for many years , Nikiforos Fokas finally succeeded in freeing Crete from the Arabs and the second Byzantine Period lasted from AD 961 - AD 1204 . SECOND BYZANTINE PERIOD ( 961 - 1204 A.D. ) Noble families from Byzantium , merchants from Europe and Christians from eastern countries settled in Crete . Attempts were made to destroy all traces of the Arabs and to bring back to Christianity all those who had become Moslems . Crete became of some significance again . When Byzantium became a victim of the 4th Crusade , Crete was granted to Boniface II , Count of Momferato , who then sold it to the Venetians . Before they could take possession , however , the Genoese under Erico Pescatori seized the island . They built 14 forts around the island and fought the Venetian fleet for four years before finally yielding in 1210 . VENETIAN OCCUPATION ( 1204 - 1669 A.D. ) The Venetian occupation lasted for 450 years . Crete was divided into fiefs ( feudal territories ) , which were handed over to Venetian colonists and entrepreneurs . They named the island and the capital city " Candia " from the Arab name for the city ; they organized and fortified and gave Crete a new brilliance . The surviving Venetian fortifications and castles remain in good condition today . During the first half of the Venetian occupation there were many bloody uprisings against the cruel overlords and their efforts to impose their alien way of life and to convert the Cretan population from Orthodox Christianity to Roman Catholicism - starting from the top with the Archbishop and Bishops . Even the Venetians took part in the 1363 rebellion against the imposition of taxes and the privileges demanded by Venice . Sometimes these uprisings were crushed and bloody reprisals taken and at other times they ended in compromise with concessions being made to the rebels . Many artists and scholars had found refuge in Crete during the decline of the Byzantine Empire and after the fall of Byzantium itself . They established schools and Orthodox monasteries and literature and art flourished . Despite the Venetian influence , Cretan traditions continued . TURKISH OCCUPATION ( 1669 - 1898 A.D. ) The Turkish attempt to conquer the island started with a pirate raid against the coastal towns and in 1645 the Turks captured Chania and then Rethymnon a year later , in spite of Venetian resistance . The siege and heroic defense of Candia ( Heraklion ) began in 1648 and was to last for 22 years . With bated breath , Europe watched the longest siege in history . It was the last stronghold of Christianity in the area and the Pope made a general appeal for help for the be - leaguered city . Francesco Morosini led the defense of the island but had to surrender eventually . The Turks allowed the defenders to leave with honor and almost the entire Cretan population deserted the city , together with the foreigners . The Cretans left their island and settled on the lonian islands and in Venice and Mani . From Mani , some went on to Corsica , where a form of the Cretan dialect can still be heard today . History relates that during the battle for Heraklion the Venetians and their allies lost 31.000 men and the Turks lost 118.000 . Crete was then shared out among the pashas , with the exception of Sfakia which , although it paid a symbolic tax to the Turks , remained independent and became a refuge for insurgents and persecuted Cretans . Although relatively few Turks settled on the island , a great many Christians were forced to become Moslem in order to survive and many more had to leave the cities for the mountains . This was a result of declining agriculture and trade caused by the weak administrative organization of the Turks and of the ever - increasing taxes and tarrifs arbitrarily Under these inhuman conditions , nobody had any inclination to work and this in turn made the terrible position of the local inhabitants even worse , while earthquakes and uprisings destroyed the villages . The first great uprising took place in 1770 , led by the Sfakian , Daskalogiannis . When the Greek Revolution started in 1821 , Crete rose too but was shameful abandoned by the Great Powers and ceded to the Egyptians , who had been called in by the Turks to help them . The Turks took over again in 1840 , but the Cretans did not give up and the revolution continued , with its unsparing outpouring of blood . The years 1866 - 69 stand out particularly , as does the typical , stirring example of the holocaust of Arkadi SEMI AUTONOMY - UNION WITH GREECE ( 1989 - 1941 A.D. ) The Great Powers finally intervened in 1898 and Crete became independent under their guarantee ; with a High Commissioner , Prince George , younger son of the King of Greece . In 1905 the Cretans rose again , led by Eleftherios Venizelos , this time because they wanted union with Greece . Prince George was compelled to resign . Union finally came in 1913 and so together Crete and Greece faced the consequences of World War I and the catastrophe of Asia Minor . GERMAN OCCUPATION ( 1941 - 1945 A.D. ) No sooner had the island begun to recover and even to prosper , than World War II began . In 1941 select German paratroopers invaded Crete from the air ; during the Battle of Crete the Cretans , both men and women , fought magnificently and inflicted extremely heavy casualties on the Germans . For four years Crete was occupied once again , but the island fought on in spite of forced labour , starvation , inhuman cruelty , the burning of entire villages and the execution of thousands of Cretans . One impressive page of the Cretan resistance was written when General Kreipe was kidnapped . The last Germans left Crete in July 1945 and the long - suffering island was free again . POST WAR ( 1945 A.D. - TODAY Crete avoids worst of Greek civil war . Economic development and exploitation of touristic and archaeological resources hit full stride .	[ "Crete", "NEOLITHIC PERIOD", "Minion Era" ]
http://interlanguages.net/phonetics.html	What is the use of phonetics ? By phonetics is meant the science of speech sounds , their production by means of lips , tongue , palate , and vocal chords , their acoustic qualities , their combination into syllables and other sound groups , and finally quantity , stress and intonation . Phonetics thus may be called that part of linguistic science which deals with the outward aspect of language as opposed to the inner or psychological side of language , or it may be lookt upon as that part of physics and of physiology which deals specially with sounds as used by human beings to But what is the use of this science of speech sounds ? Before attempting to answer this question I must be permitted to say that such a question in itself is not a scientific question . The true man of science pursues his inquiries without asking at every point about the use of examining this or that . A zoologist will not be deterred from examining the habits of ants or the muscular structure of their hindlegs by the cry of the man in the street that it is no use knowing all these things ; he will go on Still , the question about utility is not quite futile ; only it should not be urged in the first place , and it should never stand in the way of scientific research , however useless it may seem in the eyes of the uninitiated . Science is useful ; but often it is so in a roundabout or indirect way . When my countryman Oersted discovered that an electric current influenced the movements of a magnetic needle , he made a great step forward in science . He immediately saw the immense importance of his discovery for our knowledge of the great mystical powers of electricity and magnetism ; he did not stop to ask himself about the practical usefulness of such knowledge ; his concern was exclusively with the theoretical side of the question , and joyfully he sent out the message to his brother scientists your countryman ( 1 ) Morse seized upon this theoretical discovery and turned it to practical account : the electric telegraph came into existence , and everybody saw the use of Oersted ' s discovery . In the same manner purely scientific investigations may unexpectedly lead to some great practical result : the observation of the habits of mosquitoes leads to the diminution of malaria and other diseases , and research work in chemistry may eventually benefit mankind in some way not at all anticipated by the original initiator . Practical usefulness thus often comes in at the back door , tho it should not be our primary object in scientific pursuits . But on the other hand , if it is possible to point out some practical advantages , this can do no harm , and may even be valuable in inducing people to take up some line of study which has not hitherto been thought necessary to average students . And this applies with especial force to phonetics , which , besides presenting great interest to the inquisitive spirit , offers also no inconsiderable practical advantage to the The teacher of foreign languages will find that a thoro knowledge of the essentials of phonetics will be extremely helpful to him in his classroom . Everybody knows the manner in which corrections of pronunciation were generally made in old - fashioned classes , and how they are still made by too many teachers , even among those who have themselves acquired a good pronunciation of the language they are teaching . The pupil reads some word in some miserably erroneous way , the teacher stops him and pronounces the word in , let us assume , the correct way When I began to teach French and English in Copenhagen , it was a kind of dogma there that - as one of the chief school authorities seriously informed me in a public discussion - there were certain sounds , such as the soft s in French and English , which no normal Danish tongue was ever able to pronounce , and that it was therefore necessary for us to confuse seal and zeal , ice and eyes , etc . It was no use at that time for me to tell him that the difficulty in question had nothing whatever to do with the tongue , but depended entirely on the vocal chords , and that as a matter of fact I had succeeded in teaching a whole class to pronounce correctly the sound in question , the voiced [ z ] as I prefer to call it . But I am glad to say that the same skeptic has since been completely converted , and that now he insists that all the language masters of his The sounds of [ y ] ( 2 ) as in French vu or German über and [ ö ] as in French veut or German höhe present difficulties for English - speaking pupils who are inclined to imitate the two sounds by means of some other diphthong or combination like that found in English view . It is best to practise these two sounds together , and it is easiest to learn them in their long form : on the whole it will be a good thing for the teacher to pronounce any new sound , whether consonant or vowel , as long as possible to the pupils in order to familiarize the ears of the pupils with it . That it is not impossible to learn these sounds of [ y ] and [ ö ] was brought home to me some years ago in a striking manner . These sounds are also found too very loudly , and hold it as loud as you can without taking breath . Once more : observe in the hand - mirror the position of the lips . Then say tea [ ti · ] in the same way ; draw the vowel until you can hold it no longer ; continue all the time to observe the position of the lips in the mirror . Now [ u · · · ] again ; then [ i · · · ] - one dot in my phonetic transciption indicates the usual quantity of a long vowel , and three dots an unusually lengthened vowel . The lips are rounded for some vowels , slit - shaped for others . Try to pout them rather more than you do usually . tea , the result can not be anything else but a [ y · ] . This sound is retained and repeated until the pupil is perfectly sure of both the articulation and the acoustic effect . Then the sound [ ö ] may be taken up . It may be produced with [ y ] as a starting - point , the jaw being lowered together with both the lower lip and the tongue , while the teacher takes care to stop the downward movement in the right place . The result may be checked by starting from [ e fée see , and rounding the lips , that is , by going thru a process corresponding to the transition from [ i · · · ] to [ y · · · ] . I may add that I was glad a few days ago to meet the same lady again in New York , and to find that in speaking Danish she used perfectly correct [ y ] and [ ö ] sounds in spite of having been absent from Denmark for some years . The teacher who devotes a few hours at the outset to the study of the sounds found in the foreign language he is going to teach ( 3 ) will find that it pays , because it saves him very much time later and permits him to give his time later on more exclusively to the higher branches of the study , idiom , literary expression , and so forth . He will find , besides , that the better his pupils ' pronunciation is , the better will they be able to appreciate the esthetic side of the language If , thus , a little phonetics is useful , or shall I say indispensable , to the teacher of foreign languages , it is so , too , to the teacher of the mother tongue . He also has often to contend with imperfect articulations and vices of pronunciation in his pupils ; he , too , will find that mistakes which at first he was inclined to attribute to organic defects , or which from other reasons he thought ineradicable , are really due to the fact that the child has never been taught how to make proper School authorities in various countries are now beginning to see the importance of phonetics , and to require it as part of the ordinary equipment of a teacher . In Denmark familiarity with phonetics ( and phonetic writing ) is now required from any one who wishes to obtain a teacher ' s certificate in any of the modern languages , either at or out of the university ; but unfortunately it is not yet required of the teachers in elementary schools . But in England and Scotland the necessity of some training in the theory and practise of speech Now , there is one class of teachers who have even more need of phonetics than other teachers of language , namely the deaf - and - dumb teachers . Some of the earliest descriptions of the organic positions required for speech sounds are due to the first pioneers in the difficult art of teaching deaf - mutes to speak in the same way as hearing persons do , and now it is everywhere considered as a matter of course that the teacher of articulation and of lip - reading ( or , better , mouth - reading ) in I therefore pass on to another field where advantages are likely to accrue from a more extended knowledge of phonetics . The question of spelling reform is a burning one in all civilized countries . Not only in English , but also in French , in German , in Danish , in Swedish , in Russian , and to a much lesser degree in Italian and Spanish , do we find numerous instances of words spelt otherwise than pronounced , of mute and superfluous or ambiguous letters . Everywhere the educated classes have more or less systematically for the last But in the second place I maintain that a thoro reform of the spelling of any civilized nation does not only presuppose a small set of energetic phoneticians who have investigated all the odds and ends of the subject , but will not be possible till the day when the general public have given up what I should call their all - pervading superstition in these matters , their irrational belief that the spelling of words had been settled once for all , as if by some divine command , and that any deviation from the traditional spelling is either ridiculous or else an infallible symptom of low breeding . But still more will result when some elementary understanding of what language is , and especially of the relation between sounds and letters has spread much more universally than is now the case . Some little knowledge of the nature of heat and the construction of a thermometer is presupposed in every man and woman of any but the lowest standard of education , but in spite of the fact that many , perhaps most , lessons in all schools are really language lessons , very little has been done hitherto to make school children understand the mechanism of speech I am , however , inclined to think that the radical spelling reform I am hoping for , will be brought about not so much thru a diffusion of phonetic science proper as by one of its accessories , namely phonetic symbolization . Any science needs some more or less conventional symbols ; the mathematician has his + , and - , and √ , the chemist has his letters and formulas , etc . , and similarly the phonetician must have his signs and symbols to denote sounds and their relations . The ordinary Roman alphabet may certainly be cat , car , care , cent etc . etc . ) . This has been compared to teaching arithmetic by means of Roman numerals ; but the comparison is false , for it would obviously be possible to carry on even complicated calculations by means of Roman numerals , because they have everywhere the same value . But dealing intelligibly with sounds as represented in the ordinary spelling is manifestly as impossible as it would be to teach arithmetic by means of a system in which one numeral were to stand sometimes for the value nine , sometimes for thirteen , sometimes for two , and Le maître phonétique , on the basis of the work of Sweet and others , is evidently gaining ground in most countries , and tho many scholars do not accept it in all minute details , the general principles and the great majority of special characters are now practically adopted by most of those who are entitled to a vote in the matter . Without entering into a detailed argument on this very difficult subject , I shall here only say that there are , roughly speaking , three degrees of exactitude in phonetic writing : one for the highest scientific use , I may at some future time have an opportunity of reverting to the method of teaching children to read by first having them read some kind of simple , easy , phonetic writing . Here I shall only say that experiments made in various countries , in England fifty years ago by Alexander J . Ellis and later by Miss L . Soames , in Norway by August Western , in Alsace by J . Spieser , in France by Paul Passy , and in Denmark by myself , have shown that a child who does not begin by being consistently without regard to orthodox orthography , will learn both this simplified writing , and after that the usual spelling much more rapidly and much more securely than if he had begun at once with the usual spelling . This is a result which astonishes most educators , altho the psychological reasons for the success of this seemingly round - about method are not far to seek ; but instead of trying to give a short and therefore necessarily inadequate description of the method to be employed , I will rather break off here for the present , summing up my If I have not said a word about theoretical philologists , students of the history of languages , or those who try to reduce unwritten languages or dialects to writing , the reason is that here everybody can see at once the fundamental value of the study of phonetics ; what I wanted to emphasize in this paper was only the enormous practical usefulness of the science of speech sounds and its bearing on education in general . Educational Review , February , 1910 . ( 2 ) Phonetic transcriptions should always be given within brackets . ( 3 ) See for the method of such initial elementary instruction in phonetics my book How to Teach a Foreign Language , p . 145 ff . ( Sonnenschein , Macmillan Company ) . ( 4 ) Of course , there are historical reasons for the caprices of spelling , but they make them no more reasonable from the point of view of the present - day speller ; I have studied them in detail in my Modern English Grammar , vol . 1 . Sounds and Spellings ( Winter , Heidelberg , 1909 ; in New York at Stechert ' s ) . Back to International Auxiliary Languages Back to Spelling Reform James Chandler 10 - Aug - 00	[ "phonetics" ]
http://internalmedicine.imedpub.com/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-of-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccination-among-secondaryschool-students-in-rural-areas-of-negeri-se.php?aid=9905	Knowledge Attitude and Practice of Human Papillomavirus HPV Vaccination among Secondary School Students in Rural Areas of Negeri Sembilan Malaysia Fairuz Fadhilah Mohd Jalani Mohd Dzulkhairi Mohd Rani Ilina Isahak Muhammad Shamsir Mohd Aris Nuruliza Roslan Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Corresponding Author Nuruliza Roslan Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tel 60342892400 60342892477 Email nurulizausimedumy Visit for more related articles at International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine Public Health Abstract Introduction Baseline information on knowledge attitude and practice towards HPV vaccination is crucial to establish a progress track on the current HPV immunization program Aims This study was designed to assess the knowledge attitude and practice towards human papillomavirus HPV infection cervical cancer and HPV vaccination practice among secondary school students in rural areas of Negeri Sembilan Malaysia Methods A cross sectional study was conducted in several schools in rural areas of Negeri Sembilan Malaysia The respondents were selected using simple random sampling method Data was collected by facetoface interview using standardized and validated questionnaire Data analysis was done using SPSS version 210 Results A total of 380 respondents participated in this study Females scored significantly higher for the knowledge items compared to the males Majority of respondents 866 indicated their intention to get HPV vaccines Willingness to be vaccinated was significantly associated with the level of knowledge of cervical cancer AOR 1658 95 CI 10182698 p0042 Gender AOR 3289 95 CI 19995412 p0001 is a significant predictor for someone who rejects vaccination due to side effects In this study 898 of female respondents had been vaccinated against HPV Conclusion Respondents showed poor knowledge level despite high HPV vaccination practice Intention to get vaccinated was significantly associated with knowledge of cervical cancer Therefore it is necessary to educate the community members on HPV and HPV vaccine as HPV vaccination is the most effective way to prevent cervical cancer and its related diseases Keywords Knowledge attitude practice human papillomavirus HPV vaccine cervical cancer Introduction Human papillomavirus HPV is commonly associated with sexually transmitted diseases STD and is regarded as one of the major causes of global disease burdens 1 There are 13 types of oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18 are the most important causes of cervical cancer 2 3 and the nononcogenic types of HPV 6 and 11 are identified as the major causes for 90 of genital warts 4 5 Each year there are over 500000 cases and 275000 mortality due to cervical cancer worldwide 6 According to the Ministry of Health Cancer Statistics in 2007 approximately 2145 Malaysian women were diagnosed with cervical cancer with 621 deaths annually When whole population is considered Malaysias cervical cancer mortality is more than twofold higher compared to countries like United Kingdom Finland and Netherlands 7 The quadrivalent Gardasil and bivalent Cervarix prophylactic vaccines have been approved by Food and Drug Administration FDA in June 2006 and October 2009 respectively for use in humans 8 HPV vaccines targeted against highrisk HPV types have a higher potential to eliminate about 70 of invasive cervical cancer in women globally 9 HPV vaccination is highly protective against HPV infection 10 as supported by Markowitz et al who demonstrated a 56 reduction of HPV infection cases among 14 to 19 years old female post vaccination 11 In 2010 the Malaysian government established the national HPV vaccination program to reduce the national cervical cancer burden The vaccination is given free of charge to female secondary school students with the target age group of 13 years old Knowledge and attitude have been shown as important determinants for future vaccine acceptance 12 A recent study showed that considerably high proportion of respondents 897 show intention to get vaccinated if it was readily available 13 Despite the free HPV immunization acceptance of the vaccination program is not guaranteed as some of the parents are still against it due to various reasons 14 16 It has been shown that knowledge of the consequences of HPV infection is lacking and many have misconceptions about vaccination 17 18 Extensive studies have been done to assess knowledge and attitude towards HPV vaccine across the world 19 22 However there are limited investigations of HPV vaccine knowledge among secondary school students in Malaysia In addition not many studies included the males despite the fact that both sexes can be infected with HPV and develop HPVrelated diseases including cancer 23 Therefore this research was conducted to assess the current knowledge attitude and HPV vaccination practice among secondary school students as they are the target age group and the vaccine is highly effective at this age Methods This cross sectional study was conducted among secondary school students in rural areas of Negeri Sembilan from July to September 2015 Negeri Sembilan is located on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia consists of seven district namely Seremban Jempol Port Dickson Tampin Kuala Pilah Rembau and Jelebu The secondary schools in Negeri Sembilan comprised of 63 schools in rural areas and 61 schools in urban areas According to the 2015 Perangkaan Pendidikan Malaysia Ministry of Education report the population of secondary school students in Negeri Sembilan was 90330 and less than half 36409 of them were population in the rural The sample size proportion was calculated using OpenEpi software version 303a The following assumptions have been made proportion of respondents having low knowledge about HPV is 489 p 048 24 design effect of 1 and 95 confidence interval The estimated sample size was 380 Multistage sampling technique was applied Firstly six schools were randomly selected from a total of 63 schools in rural areas The sample units were male and female from the age of 13 14 and 16 years old Then simple random sampling method was used to select the respondents from each school One or two classes were randomly selected from all classes of form one form two and form four for each school The sample was selected from the list of students in each selected class using A standardized pretest questionnaire was used in this research A pilot study was done prior to this investigation to validate the questionnaire A team of experts had reviewed the content of the questionnaire The calculated Cronbach Alpha value for the questionnaire was 083 Training of interviewers was done before the study was conducted to minimize interviewer bias Data was then collected via facetoface interview The questionnaire was divided into several sections which include the respondents sociodemographic profiles and questions to assess their knowledge attitude and practice of HPV vaccination In the knowledge section respondents familiarity with HPV cervical cancer and HPV vaccination was assessed The questions included were on symptoms of HPV infections genital warts risk factors and causes of cervical cancer the Pap smear test and HPV vaccination In the attitude section the respondents intention to be vaccinated and reasons for their vaccine rejection was evaluated For the practice section the female respondents were inquired on their knowledge of the practice of HPV vaccination and the completion of all the prescribed dosages Written consents were obtained from all respondents Prior to the study ethical approval was obtained from Ministry of Education Malaysia ref KPBPPDP 6035JLD04 97 Data was analysed using SPSS version 210 for windows IBM Corp Released 2012Armonk NY Descriptive statistics were used to present mean scores and frequencies of sociodemographic profiles Parametric test such as Independent ttest and Oneway ANOVA were conducted to identify significant difference between knowledge scores of HPV infection cervical cancer and HPV vaccines with gender age and family history of the respondents Statistical significance was set at 005 Multivariate logistic regressions analysis using enter method was used to identify factors associated with series of attitude towards HPV vaccination ie willingness to be vaccinated and reject vaccine due to side effect The independent variables included in the models were gender awareness towards HPV infection cervical cancer and HPV vaccine scores knowledge scores on cervical cancer and family member who have received HPV vaccine HosmerLemeshow test was used to assess the goodness of fit of the statistical model Results Demographic Characteristics The interviews were done in six rural schools in Negeri Sembilan As these were facetoface interviews 100 response rate was achieved with a total of 380 respondents Table 1 Characteristics n Gender Male 166437 Female 214563 Age 13 years old 139366 14 years old 124326 16 years old 117308 Race Malay 328863 Chinese 3079 Indian 1950 Others 308 Had family member with cervical cancer Yes 1334 No 339892 Not sure 2874 Had family member who has vaccinated against HPV Yes 144379 No 127334 Not sure 109287 Table 1 Demographic background of respondents N380 Knowledge Out of 380 respondents only 503 have heard of HPV 663 have heard of cervical cancer and 508 have heard of HPV vaccine Table 2 Out of 191 respondents that have heard of HPV only 194 of them knew the mode of transmission of HPV infection although almost twothird of the respondents 654 knew that HPV infection is asymptomatic Table 2 Out of 252 respondents that have heard of cervical cancer more than half of them 528 knew that HPV infection can lead to cervical cancer and large number of the respondents 714 did not know what was the Pap smear test Table 2 The most correctlyanswered questions on HPV vaccine answered by 193 respondents were HPV vaccination is available for secondary school girls 912 the HPV vaccine protects against genital warts and cervical cancer 798 and the status of vaccination in Islam 751 Table 2 The least correctlyanswered question was on the accessibility of the HPV vaccine to men which was 135 Table 2 No Item Responses answering correctlyn answering incorrectlyn answering dontknown Do you know about Human Papillomavirus HPV N380 503191 yes 497189 no 1 HPV infection is uncommon in Malaysian191 27252 20439 524100 2 HPV is responsible for sexually transmittedinfection STI n191 34666 7915 576110 3 HPV is transmitted via close skintoskincontactn191 19437 36169 44585 4 Smoking can increase the risk of getting HPVinfectionn191 25148 19938 55105 5 People can get HPV infection for a long timewithout knowing itn191 654125 5811 28855 6 HPV can cause genital wartsn191 29857 5811 644123 7 Men can be infected by HPVn191 3363 35167 31961 8 Men also have a potential to develop cancer dueto HPV infectionn191 34666 18335 47190 Do you know about cervical cancer N380 663252 yes 337128 no 9 HPV can lead to cervical cancern252 528133 4411 429108 10 Cervical cancer can affect menn252 50126 14336 35790 11 HPV types 16 and 18 will most likely causecervical cancern252 37795 7118 552139 12 Pap smear test is a screening test to detectcervical cancer n252 25865 287 714180 Do you know about the HPV vaccineN380 508193 yes 492187 no 13 HPV vaccination is currently offered freely tosecondary school girl n193 912176 12 7815 14 HPV vaccine is currently accessible tomenn193 13526 596115 26952 15 HPV vaccine is delivered in a series of 3 shotsinjection over 6 month schedulen193 617119 11923 26451 16 HPV vaccine can prevent the development ofgenital warts cervical cancern193 798154 265 17634 17 HPV vaccine is most effective on someone whoare not sexually activen193 611118 5210 33765 18 Vaccination is allowed in Islam and otherreligionn193 751145 5711 19237 Table 2 The responses to a questions on HPV HPV vaccine and cervical cancer knowledge N380 Overall significant differences were found between mean score of HPV p 0001 cervical cancer p 0001 HPV vaccination knowledge p 0001 of different gender Table 3 Older respondents had significantly higher mean knowledge score towards cervical cancer p 0001 and HPV vaccine p0016 Table 3 Respondents whose family member had previously received HPV vaccine were seem to have significantly higher knowledge of HPV p0001 and HPV vaccine p 0001 Table 3 Characteristics Mean score 95 Cl Knowledge of HPV08 item p value Knowledge of cervical cancer04 item p value Knowledge of HPV vaccine 06 item p value Gender Male 084060107 p 0001 066051081 p 0001 103076130 p 0001 Female 175150201 t 5147c 146131161 t7368c 266237294 t8225c Age 13 years old 114084145 p 008 080062098 p 0001 180145213 p 0016 14 years old 131099162 F2377252b 103083124 F2377164b 170130210 F2377418b 16 years old 165131199 157138176 241202280 Had family memberwith cervical cancer Yes 138035242 p 092 162103220 p 024 315195436 p 011 No 136117156 F23770087b 110098123 F23771422b 191168213 F23772202b Not sure 121045198 100058142 186103269 Hadf amily member who has vaccinated against HPV Yes 168137200 p 0001 133113153 p 010 271235307 p 0001 No 139105172 F224947309a 104085123 F224844714a 145109181 F22488415229a Not sure 088060116 091071110 152117187 aSignificance by Welch F test bSignificance by ANOVA F test cSignificance by independent ttest Table 3 Factors associated with knowledge of HPV cervical cancer and HPV vaccine among secondary school students N380 Attitude s The number of respondents who indicated their intention to get vaccinated against HPV was quite high 866 The model showed that willingness to get vaccinated was significantly associated with knowledge of cervical cancer p0042 No significant association was found between willingness to get vaccinated and gender awareness and family member who previously had received HPV vaccine Table 4 Respondents who were concerned about side effect of the vaccine can be significantly predicted by gender males were more likely to reject HPV vaccine due to its side effects p 001 Table 4 The Hosmer and Lemeshow goodnessoffit tests for both models were not significant indicating a good model of fit Table 4 The Cox Snell R Square and the Nagelkerke R Square indicated that 66 and 12 of the variability in model 1 was explained by this set of variables whereas for model 2 14 and 19 of the variability was explained by the same set of variable Table 4 Predictor variables Attitude item p value Want to be vaccinated Reject vaccine due to side effect AOR CI95 Confidence interval AOR CI95Confidence interval p value Gender 1664 08053442 017 3289 19995412 0001 Awareness HPV 1880 09083890 009 1071 06461776 079 Cervical cancer 1062 04482517 089 1644 08603142 013 HPV vaccine 1309 06512630 045 1492 09142435 011 Knowledge on cervical cancer 1658 10182698 0042 0978 07371298 088 Had family member who has vaccinated against HPV 1403 06782903 036 1158 07111888 056 AOR Adjusted odd ratio CI Confidence Interval Model 1 Want to be vaccinated Hosmer and Lemeshow test X 2 8 14865p006 Cox and Snell R 2 0066 Nagelkerke R 2 0120 Model 2 Reject vaccine due to side effect Hosmer and Lemeshow test X 2 85976 p065 Cox and Snell R 2 0141 Nagelkerke R 2 0191 Table 4 Association between predictor variable and attitude towards HPV vaccination Practice HPV vaccination rates was described according to first second and third dosage In this assessment only data from female respondents from age of 14 and 16 years were taken into account Figure 1 Figure 1 HPV vaccination rates among female respondents n128 Discussions Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in Malaysia after breast cancer 6 Globally cervical cancer is also reported to be the second leading cause of cancer mortality in women 6 Malaysia introduced the free HPV vaccination program in 2010 14 Before the HPV vaccination era Malaysian secondary school students have inadequate knowledge of HPV and cervical cancer as demonstrated by Rashwant et al 20 21 In an effort to determine the current status of knowledge attitude and vaccination rates a crosssectional study was conducted and 380 secondary school respondents from rural areas of Negeri Sembilan were interviewed This will be the first study to examine the knowledge attitude and HPV vaccination rate five years after the introduction of national HPV immunization program among secondary school students in Malaysia A study in 2007 among 1341 Italian adolescent female reported low level of awareness towards HPV 298 22 with a similar report in Sweden in 2008 only 135 out of 608 Swedish secondary school students were aware of what is HPV 135 25 In contrast our study found that at least half of the respondents have heard of what is HPV 503 However it is still lower than the study done in 2010 among 833 15year old Spanish girls 89926 This difference in awareness may be due to the fact Spain has implemented routine HPV vaccination for girls aged 14 since 2008 therefore their students have better exposure and higher awareness compared to those in our study 26 To date there were no reports that assessed HPV infection knowledge among secondary school students in Malaysia Swedish secondary school students demonstrated low knowledge level of HPV transmission 92 and the role of HPV infection in males 41 25 Spanish adolescents also showed low level of knowledge on the role of HPV among males 269 26 Interestingly our secondary school students recorded higher knowledge regarding HPV transmission 194 and the role of HPV in males 346 compared to the other studies mentioned previously 25 26 Unfortunately our study identified only 346 respondents who recognized HPV as sexually transmitted disease which is lower than Di Giuseppes study among young Italian women aged 14 to 24 years old 752 22 Our study also showed that Malaysian students in rural Negeri Sembilan had better knowledge 298 of the association between HPV and genital warts compared to only 14 of Spanish adolescent females 26 A study conducted in Sweden found that 30 of high school students knew that HPV was a common cause of STD after the intervention in comparison to only one student before the intervention 27 Therefore it can be concluded and recommended that proper intervention and education in school setting have a good potential to help increase the students knowledge about HPV 252 respondents 663 in this study have heard of cervical cancer reflecting the outcome of a study done in Sarawak 605 But this number is lower than the findings of a study in Kuala Lumpur 804 and Melaka 69 20 21 28 A possible explanation may be the lack of exposure about cervical cancer cases in the rural areas compared to the urban 2930 This finding justifies the need for a public health intervention to disseminate information on cervical cancer prevention to the nonurban population In another study among 550 secondary girls students in Kuala Lumpur almost half of the respondents knew that a virus is the cause of cervical cancer but only 24 of them knew it was HPV 21 In our study 528 of the respondents knew that HPV was the cause of cervical cancer Cervical cancer can also be prevented by early screening using Pap smear Decrease of cervical cancer cases have been reported by 80 in developed countries due to an effective detection of precancerous lesion through screening program 31 In Malaysia Pap smear was done as an opportunistic screening 32 Only 30 of the secondary school students from Kuala Lumpur knew about the role of Pap smear similar to the findings of our study 258 21 It is important to note that even after vaccination women still need to undergo Pap smear screening due because the HPV vaccine is not protective against all types of HPV 21 In our study knowledge of cervical cancer was significantly associated with age The 16year old students showed higher cervical cancer knowledge scores compared to students aged 13 and 14 years old p 0001 Similar findings was also seen among secondary school students in Sarawak 20 This suggests that the level of knowledge is affected by their maturity extra years of school and education We found that half of the respondents 508 have heard of the HPV vaccine compared to the two local studies done in 2009 118 21 and 2008 10 33 Gottvall et al 2009 reported that adolescent respondents lack of awareness towards HPV vaccine was only 58 in Sweden 25 Increased awareness 776 were also noted by a study conducted in 2011 among school girls in Melaka 28 On the knowledge of HPV vaccination 798 of the respondents knew that HPV vaccine prevents the development of genital warts and cervical cancer This mirrors the data among Spanish female adolescents 67 26 This may be due to greater exposure to information about the HPV vaccine after the introduction of national HPV immunization programs well as numerous campaigns by both public and private sectors Majority of the respondents chose health professional as their common sources of information with regards to HPV 413 and HPV vaccine 495 which is similar among California high school girls 34 This is because of ethical conduct require health professionals to explain about the objective of vaccination before it takes place In contrast high school students in Canada reported that the information was mostly received from school during their sex education classes 35 Male vaccination was thought to be beneficial in the prevention of virus transmission from maleto female and maletomale 12 Furthermore a genderneutral approach to vaccination will help to improve herd immunity especially when female vaccination coverage is low 36 37 In 2011 the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice approved the use of quadrivalent HPV vaccine for boys aged 1121 years for the prevention of genital warts and HPVrelated cancers 38 and it has been shown to be 90 effective in preventing HPV infection and genital warts in adolescent males 39 Australia was among the first country to introduce HPV vaccine to males 40 To date no study has been conducted to assess male secondary students knowledge of HPV vaccination in Malaysia This was the first study to do so and it was revealed that the male respondents knowledge was low compared to the females consistent with the data obtained by Gottvall 25 A possible explanation for this may be because the current vaccination program was focused solely on adolescent girls in order to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer Ministry of Health Malaysia It is important for men to be fully informed and made aware of HPVs relation with cervical cancer and its prevention so they would support their family members to vaccinate against HPV This will also encourage them to take precautionary measures against HPV infections Although the Malaysian government National HPV Vaccination program are not extended to the male students men can still get the vaccine from private health care providers Thus it would be advantageous to educate both male and female about HPV infection transmission its incidence prevalence and prevention regardless of whether the country apply femaleonly vaccination or genderneutral approach A previous study have reported that only 515 of the Malaysian women have been vaccinated against HPV 41 Several studies reported that the cost of HPV vaccination is one of the major barriers that could influence the vaccines uptake 17 42 43 The recommended 2dose HPV vaccine costs approximately US 120 MYR 400 per dose in Malaysian private health provider 28 41 43 A study in Penang reported that they were only willing to spend MYR 100 and not more for the HPV vaccine 43 and a study in Lebanon among female college students found that having low economic status was significantly associated with negative attitude toward the vaccine 44 Hence providing free vaccination will be beneficial to address this issue for women in the lower socioeconomic bracket The present study showed that the numbers of female respondents who have been vaccinated 898 are considerably high in agreement with a previous study done in Melaka 779 28 These results may be explained by the fact that the government has been promoting massive HPV awareness campaigns through the media in recent years 28 In addition the incorporation of HPV vaccine into the national vaccination programs in Malaysia also helps to increase the vaccination rates Our study also highlights the intention of rural secondary school students to receive the HPV vaccine The willingness to receive the vaccine 866 was even higher than recent study among secondary school students in Kuala Lumpur 693 21 This indicates that with efficient delivery strategies the vaccine coverage will be improved under the national HPV immunization program Rwanda introduced their national HPV immunization program in 2011 and the coverage of HPV vaccination is high which is up to 9323 among girls in six grades 45 Even so the HPV vaccine adherence in Western countries such as United States and Spain showed decreased coverage over the years despite their early introduction of routine HPV immunization in 2007 and 2008 respectively 26 46 This may suggest that a more effective delivery strategies and constant messaging on benefits of HPV vaccine may be necessary It is interesting to note that the present study showed that knowledge about cervical cancer significantly predicts the intention to get vaccinated The odds of a person willing to be vaccinated is 166 times higher for someone who has good knowledge of cervical cancer than for a person who does not have good knowledge of it Marty et al 37 and Rashwan 19 also reported a similar finding knowledge on HPV vaccine and cervical cancer is significantly associated with perceived benefits towards HPV vaccine A study among school girls in United Arab Emirates showed that the vaccination rates was just over 50 and lack of knowledge was found to be significantly associated with it 47 The fact that the decision to get vaccinated is largely influenced by knowledge indicated that continuous education about HPV and cancer is vital In contrast HPV vaccination acceptance was rather low 223 among secondary school students in Sarawak suggesting that information about HPV and its prevention might be lesspublicized in nonurban areas 20 Therefore it is important to plan appropriate strategies to increase public awareness about HPV cancer and its prevention for the target population Concern about the HPV vaccine side effects of the vaccine was one of the important barriers for not having vaccination as reported by studies done among school girls in Sarawak and the United Arab Emirates 20 47 This study demonstrated that males tend to reject HPV vaccine due to its side effects Hence there is a need to educate the public especially males that the benefits greatly outweigh the risk of side effects in HPV vaccination as reported in previous studies 38 48 Conclusions To conclude this study revealed that knowledge of HPV and its preventive measures among the respondents were still insufficient Attitude towards HPV vaccination was significantly associated with knowledge about cervical cancer In addition vaccination practice among secondary school girls was high indicating that the national HPV immunization program was effective in delivering the HPV vaccine Nevertheless more effort should be implemented to educate the public about cervical cancer and its risk factors especially in the rural areas to improve the populations acceptance of HPV vaccination In addition this study also provided an insight of the status quo of a health program in Malaysia which can be used to plan appropriate intervention strategies directed to secondary school children List of Abbreviations HPV Human Papillomavirus STD Sexually Transmitted Disease DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid FDA Food and Drug Administrations MYR Malaysian Ringgit US United States Acknowledgment The study was funded by a research grant from Ministry of Higher Education MOHE USIMFRGSFPSK3250514 The authors also would like to thank Ministry of Education for their approval school head masters teachers and students for their cooperation in this research Many thanks are also extended to all data collector Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest Ethical Approval All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional andor national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards Grant Numbers The study was funded by a research grant from Ministry of Higher Education MOHE 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GLOBOCAN 2012 v10 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide IARC CancerBase No 11 Lyon France International Agency for Research on Cancer 2013 Nor Hayati O Rebolj M Challenges to Cervical Cancer Screening in a Developing Country The Case of Malaysia Asian Pac J Cancer P 200910747 752 Markowitz LE Dunne EF Saraiya M et al Human Papillomavirus VaccinationRecommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 201463RR05 130 Smith JS Lindsay L Hoots B et al Human papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer and highgrade cervical lesions a metaanalysis update International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer Aug 1 20071213621632 Harper DM Franco EL Wheeler CM et al Sustained efficacy up to 4 5 years of a bivalent L1 viruslike particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 followup from a randomised control trial The Lancet 2006367951812471255 Markowitz LE Hariri S Lin C et al Reduction in 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Wong LP Rampal S et al Maternal acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccine in Malaysia The Journal of adolescent health official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Jun 2009446610612 Al Dubai SAR Al shagga MA Al Naggar RA Knowledge attitudes and barriers for human papilloma virus HPV vaccines among Malaysian women Asian Pac J Cancer P 201011887892 Güdücü N Gönenç G Isçi H Yigiter AB Dünder I Awareness of human papilloma virus cervical cancer and HPV vaccine in healthcare workers and students of medical and nursing schools J Clin and Exp Invest 201234318325 Rashwan HH Saat NZNM Manan DNA Knowledge Attitude and Practice of Malaysian Medical and Pharmacy Students Towards Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Asian Pac J Cancer P 201213522792283 Rashwan H Lubis SH Ni KA Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Acceptance of HPV Vaccination among Secondary School Students in Sarawak Malaysia Asian Pac J Cancer P 2011121837 1841 Rashwan H Ishak I Sawalludin N Knowledge and Views of Secondary School Students in Kuala Lumpur on Cervical Cancer and its Prevention Asian Pac J Cancer P 201314425452549 Di Giuseppe G Abbate R Liguori G Albano L Angelillo IF Human papillomavirus and vaccination knowledge attitudes and behavioural intention in adolescents and young women in Italy Brit J Cancer Jul 22 2008992225229 Parkin DM Bray F Chapter 2 The burden of HPVrelated cancers Vaccine Aug 31 200624 31125 Kwang NB Yee CM Shan LP Teik CK Chandralega KN Abdul Kadir AK Knowledge Perception and Attitude Towards Human Papillomavirus among Preuniversity Students in Malaysia Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014152191179123 Gottvall M Larsson M Hoglund AT Tyden T High HPV vaccine acceptance despite low awareness among Swedish upper secondary school students The European journal of contraception reproductive health care the official journal of the European Society of Contraception Dec 2009146399405 NavarroIllana P DiezDomingo J NavarroIllana E Tuells J Alemán S PuigBarberá J 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20101027 Khoo CL Teoh S Rashid AK et al Awareness of Cervical Cancer and HPV Vaccination and Its Affordability among Rural Folks in Penang Malaysia Asian Pac J Cancer P 20111214291433 Dany M Chidiac A Nassar AH Human papillomavirus vaccination assessing knowledge attitudes and intentions of college female students in Lebanon a developing country Vaccine Feb 18 201533810011007 Binagwaho A Wagner CM Gatera M Karema C Nutt CT Ngabo F Achieving high coverage in Rwandas national human papillomavirus vaccination programme Bulletin of the World Health Organization Aug 1 2012908623628 Stokley S Jeyarajah J Yankey D et al Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage among adolescents 20072013 and postlicensure vaccine safety monitoring 20062014United States MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 20146329620624 AlNuaimi NS AlGhas YS AlOwais AH et al Human papillomavirus vaccination uptake and factors related to uptake in a traditional desert city in the United Arab Emirates International journal of STD AIDS Jul 2011227400404 Agorastosa T Chatzigeorgioua K Brotherton JML Garlandd SM Safety of human papillomavirus HPV vaccines A review of the international experience so far Vaccine 20092772707281	[ "International Journal", "Human Papillomavirus" ]
http://international.cofc.edu/study-abroad/	Center for International Education Study Abroad Important Dates and Announcements Program Selection and Application Process Accepted Students Resources Financing Study Abroad Information for Parents Information for Faculty Photo Contest FAQs ViaTRM International Students International Faculty and Staff VolunteerWork at the CIE Generation Study Abroad Contact Us Plan a Visit College Home Center for International Education Study Abroad Study Abroad Programs Getting Started Come join us on one of our study abroad programs Seventyfour percent of incoming students choose the College of Charleston because of the rich diversity and depth of its study abroad programs The College offers a broad range of study abroad opportunities for its students throughout the year Explore Your Options Plan Prepare Go Abroad Explore Your Options Choose from three main program types CofC FacultyLed International Exchange and Affiliate To determine which program is right for you please view our Selecting a Program page CofC FacultyLed programs Students can participate in a semester summer or spring break program sponsored by the College of Charleston and directed by its faculty Students pay tuition to the College and receive College of Charleston grades and credits International Exchange programs College of Charleston has student exchange agreements with over two dozen foreign universities students pay their regular tuition to the College and study at one of our partner universities abroad and receive transfer credit upon successful completion of their program Affiliate programs Affiliate programs are approved third party study abroad organizations providing students the opportunity to study a wide variety of subjects around the world Students can take classes at a foreign institution or at an academic center administered by the host organization during a semester year or summer term Students do not pay CofC tuition instead they pay a program fee directly to the study abroad organization and receive transfer credit for approved coursework upon successful completion of their program Students interested in affiliate programs must sign up for an Affiliate advising session before they apply to the program NonAffiliate programs Students considering a nonaffiliate program must submit a petition to the CIE Students should have an academically compelling reason for participating in the nonaffiliate program The CIE will review each petition on a casebycase basis considering the academic needs of the student and the rationale for their participation Plan WalkIn Advising Hours Not sure which program is right for you Please read our Getting Started section on factors to consider when choosing a study abroad program Additionally the CIE offers helpful videos covering a variety of important topics including an overview of program types and funding your study abroad experience You can also stop by our office to discuss your program options with one of our trained Peer Advisors during the following times Tuesdays 1100am300pm Wednesdays 1200pm400pm Affiliate Advising Sessions Affiliate programs For those students interested in affiliate programs or any other program not provided by the College of Charleston CofC programs or Exchange These sessions are offered Wednesdays 330pm Thursdays 330pm These sessions will be led by our trained peer advisors and will be held in the first floor meeting room of the Multicultural Center same building as the CIE In this session the PAs will answer general questions about study abroad at CofC and the types of programs offered Students must follow up with the appropriate CIE advisor once they have identified a potential program Apply Please visit httpscofcviatrmcomtraveleruserssign_in to complete a profile search for programs and apply online Remember there will be additional enrollment forms to turn in after you have been accepted Prepare CofCs Mail Services is now a Passport Acceptance Facility so you can apply for or renew a passport on campus Visit the Mail Services website here If you already have a valid passport check to see when it expires Your passport must be valid for at least six months after the end of your program For more information on preparing to study abroad please view our accepted students pages To learn more about what your peers are experiencing abroad check out their blogs Go Abroad We hope that studying abroad will be one or the best and most memorable experiences of your life Please share that with us through social media using the hashtag cofcabroad or tagging us in your posts You can also call our office 8439537661 or email studyabroadcofcedu to get more information about study abroad programs Quick Links Group Advising Session Sign Up CofC Study Abroad Scholarships	[ "College of Charleston", "Study Abroad Programs" ]
http://internationalbusinesslawadvisor.com/memorandum-of-understanding-and-letter-of-intent-whats-the-difference/	Memorandum of Understanding and Letter of Intent : What ' s the Difference ? April 21 , 2010 By Santiago A . Cueto Leave a Comment T he Financial Times recently reported that Royal Dutch Shell , one of Europe ’ s largest energy groups , signed a memorandum of understanding to form a $ 12 Billion joint venture with Cosan , a large Brazilian sugar cane processor . What if the parties had signed a letter of intent ? Does it make a difference ? Probably not . It would generally mean that only one of the parties signed what is fundamentally an “ agreement to agree . ” The main difference between a Memorandum of Understanding and Letter of Intent is the nature of the signatories . Otherwise they are largely the same . Number of Signatories Differ In a Memorandum of Understanding , more than two parties may be involved but for a letter of intent only two parties are involved . Memorandums of understanding imply that all the parties involved have to be signatories , while a letter of intent needs only the party which proposes the agreement to be a signatory . Both Define Intent of the Parties Like a Memorandum of Understanding , a Letter of intent is a document which describes an intention to take some action . From the business point of view , it is defined as an agreement between two parties before the agreement is finalized . It is basically a compilation of key points of an agreement between the two parties who intend to conduct a business transaction . When announcing a joint venture like the recent Royal Dutch Shell - Cosan deal , memorandum of understanding and letters of intent are signed for the purpose of declaring that the various parties involved are negotiating a contract . They are something that parties fall back on if the negotiation between the parties is sabotaged . Simply put , it is the agreement signed prior to the final agreement . Both Can Be Binding Both Memorandums of understanding and letters of intent can resemble a written contract but usually not binding on the parties in their entirety . Many of these agreements , however , contain provisions that are binding , such as non - disclosure and non - compete agreements . Be careful , as these agreements may also be interpreted as binding in their entirety to the parties if they too closely resemble a contract . To give you some guidance on how they can be used , I have embedded some sample agreements below ( solely for illustrative purposes ) : Memorandum and Letter of Intent While both agreements are nonbinding , note that a section of the letter of intent is binding but only as to confidentiality . This is just one of many ways that you can draft either of the agreements to suit your needs . If you have any specific questions , I ’ ll be delighted to answer them . - S antiago Filed Under : Business Transactions Tagged With : letter of intent memorandum of understanding	[ "Memorandum", "Financial Times", "letter of intent" ]
http://internationalcredentialing.org/ExamPrep	Exam Study Materials Available Study Guides A t the links below you will find study guides IC&RC endorses for their respective programs . IC&RC does not participate in the development or publication of these guides , However , IC&RC does feel that the information in each guide is information candidates should know to prepare for their examination . Examinations may contain additional information not covered in each guide so candidates should be sure to prepare thoroughly by reviewing the content section of the Candidate Guide for their examination . Alcohol and Drug Counselor Advanced Alcohol and Drug Counselor Prevention Specialist Peer Recovery Candidate Guides back to top IC&RC has developed Candidate Guides to provide candidates with guidance for the IC&RC examination process . Candidate Guides provide background information on the examination development and administration process . They also contain exam content guidelines , sample questions , and examination reference lists . Each IC&RC examination has a coinciding Candidate Guide which can be found linked below : Alcohol & Drug Counselor ( ADC ) Advanced Alcohol & Drug Counselor ( AADC ) Clinical Supervisor ( CS ) Prevention Specialist ( PS ) Certified Criminal Justice Addictions Professional ( CCJP ) Peer Recovery ( PR ) Practice Exams back to top IC&RC has developed practice exams to assist candidates with their exam preparation . Practice exams are available for the following programs : Examination Number of Questions Cost Alcohol and Drug Counselor ( ADC ) 50 $ 49.00 USD Advanced Alcohol and Drug Counselor ( AADC ) 50 $ 49.00 USD Clinical Supervisor ( CS ) $ 49.00 USD Prevention Specialist ( PS ) Peer Recovery ( PR ) 25 $ 39.00 USD After completing the practice exam , candidates will receive a score report identifying their areas of strength and weakness . Please note the following : There is only one version of each practice examination . Purchasing multiple exams will result in candidates taking the same examination with each purchase . The practice exam must be taken within 30 days of purchase . You have 60 minutes to complete the practice exam . The practice exam must be completed once it is started . You are not able to resume at a later day . You will be provided with a performance report after you submit your answers by ending the quiz . Practice exams are non - refundable . Links to Practice Examinations Advanced Alcohol and Drug Counselor ( AADC ) Alcohol and Drug Counselor ( ADC ) Clinical Supervisor ( CS ) Prevention Specialist ( PS ) Peer Recovery ( PR ) Additional Free Resources for All Examinations Also see Free Additional Resources for many or all IC&RC examinations . Resources are listed by subject and may be relevant to study for some or all IC&RC examinations . For example , SAMHSA TIP 59 , Improving Cultural Competence , might prove helpful on all IC&RC examinations .	[ "Study Guides", "respective programs", "administration process" ]
http://internationalecon.com/Finance/Fch5/F5-9.php	The Twin - Deficit Identity One of the important relationships among aggregate economic variables is the so - called Twin - Deficit Identity , a term in reference to a country ’ s government budget deficit and a simultaneous current account deficit . The name for this identity became commonplace during the 1980s and 1990s because at that time the US experienced deficits in both of these accounts . Now , as we will see later , the identity will be a misnomer in many circumstances since there is no reason that " twin " deficits need always appear together on these two national accounts Thus , a better title to this section would be , “ The Relationship Between a Country ’ s Government Budget Deficit and its Current Account Deficit . ” However , since the US currently ( in 2004 ) finds itself back in the twin - deficit scenario , and since “ twin - deficit identity ” roles off the tongue much more easily , we will stick to this title . To understand this identity it will be helpful to take a much more careful look at the national income identity . This time I will build up the identity in a stepwise fashion using a circular flow diagram to better visualize the flows of money within an economy . A circular flow diagram is typically one of the first principles shown to students in an introductory macroeconomics class . Its purpose is to show the flow of money between the major players ( or agents ) within an economy . Circular flow diagrams can be either simple or complex depending on how many agents one introduces into the system and how finely one wishes to break down the money flows . Circular Flow : Version 1 The simplest version of a circular flow diagram considers an economy consisting of two agents ; households and firms . We imagine that firms produce goods and services using labor as an input . The flow of money is shown in the adjoining diagram . The " C " arrow represents the dolla r value of consumption expenditures made by households to purchase the goods and services produced and sold by firms . ( The goods and services flow could be represented by an arrow in the opposite direction to C , but we leave that out for simplicity . ) Since we assume in this case that there are only households buying goods , all of GNP consists of C . The money that flows to firms , from sales of consumption goods , is given to the workers in exchange for their labor services . This money flow is represented by [ Special Note : We use GNP rather than GDP as our measure of national income so that flows with the rest of the world later are properly defined . ] Circular Flow : Version 2 The circular flow can be extended one step by adding financial institutions . Financial institutions represent any company that facilitates borrowing and lending , the prime example being a bank . However , it may also include investment companies , pension funds and mutual funds . The presence of financial institutions allows some money to be diverted from the consumption flow . In the adjoining diagram these diversions are represented by S HH , representing household saving and S B , representing business saving . Some of the revenue earned by firms is not actually given out to workers in the forms of wages . Instead some money is " retained " in the form of profit and excess earnings . These retained earnings are generally used to purchase investment goods to help an industry replace worn - out capital equipment and to add new capital . Much of these retained earnings may be used directly to purchase new capital equipment , although some of it will be saved by depositing in a financial institution . For simplicity we will imagine that all such business saving flows through the financial system , hence the S B arrow . In addition , households generally hold back some of their income from spending and deposit it into pension plans and savings accounts , etc . Thus we include the arrow from households . The easiest way to think of the diagram is to imagine that financial institutions take deposits from firms and households and then lend out the money to finance investment spending , I . With some exceptions , this is the way it will often work . One notable exception is that some of the money lent by banks is often used to finance consumption rather HH as being " net " saving , where the " net " means after subtracting household borrowing . With this definition in mind , it should be clear that S can be negative - i.e. , its flow reversed - if household borrowing exceeds household saving . Looking at the diagram we can now identify several important relationships . The first one relates to an important decision made by households . They choose how much of their disposable income to spend on consumption and how much to save . You may recall from previous courses that the fraction of income spent on consumption goods ( from an extra dollar of income ) is called the marginal propensity to consume , while the fraction of income saved is called the marginal propensity to save . A second relationship is shown to the left side of the firm box . This indicates that GNP is equal to the sum of C and I . This version of the national income identity would only be valid , though , if there were no government sector and no trade with the rest of the world . A third important relationship is shown by noting the flow of money into and out of the financial sector . There we see two arrows flowing in , S and S , and one flow outward , I . This leads to the following identity , S + S = I indicating that the sum of household and business saving equals investment . A more common simplification of this relationship is shown by noting the following . S P = S + S where S P is called private saving . Thus private saving equals the sum of household saving and business saving . This will simplify the above identity to , = I or simply , private savings equals investment . Note that the term " private " is used here to distinguish it from government , or public sector , saving which we ' ll include next . Circular Flow : Version 3 Next let ' s add in the government sector . The government is shown both to take money out of the circular flow and to inject money back in . Money is withdrawn first in the form of taxes , T . In the adjoining diagram taxes are represented as a flow of money directly from firms , as if it is entirely a tax on income . This is a simplification since in reality taxes are collected in many forms from many different agents . For example , governments collect profit taxes from firms and financial institutions , sales and property taxes from households , and tariffs on traded goods ( not included yet ) . All these taxes are assumed to be lumped together in the T flow and withdrawn directly from national income . Tax revenues can be spent in two separate ways . The TR flow represents transfer payments injected into the household income stream . Transfer payments include social security paid to retired workers , Medicaid and welfare payments , unemployment , etc . These are government expenditures which do not exchange for a particular good or service . The second type of expenditure is G . G represents spending by government for the purchase of goods and services produced by firms . It includes defense spending , education , police and fire protections , etc . The final money flow , shown flowing out of the government , is labeled S G , and refers to government saving . It should be obvious that the money collected by government in the form of taxes need not always equal government expenditures . In the event that tax revenues exceed expenditures , the government would have extra money left over . We imagine that this money would be saved in the financial sector since it is always better to collect interest when possible . Hence we draw the flow of excess funds , government saving S G , flowing from government into the financial sector . We can now represent the flow of funds into and out of the government sector with the following identity , = T - TR - G When T exceeds the sum of TR and G , the government has extra saving that flows into the financial sector . These funds would then be available to lend out and finance additional investment . Of course , what is more typical of many governments , is for the sum of TR and G to exceed tax revenue , T . In this case the flow of government saving , S , would be negative and would be represented in the diagram as a flow in the opposite direction . In this case the government would be borrowing money from the financial sector to finance its excess expenditures . We would also say that the government is running a budget deficit . In short , negative government saving , < 0 implies a government budget deficit which the government finances by borrowing from the financial sector . Otherwise , positive government saving > 0 implies a government budget surplus which results either in additions to saving or a repayment of previous debt . Next , in this version of the circular flow , we can represent the national income identity as the flow of money into firms . In this case , GNP equals the sum of C , I and G . This version would only be accurate though when there is no trade with the rest of the world . Lastly , with government included , we must rewrite the relationship representing the flows into and out of the financial sector . This now becomes , = I This identity says that the sum of household , business and government saving must equal private investment expenditures . Circular Flow : Version 4 The final circular flow diagram extends the previous version to include trade flows with the rest of the world . The rest of the world ( RoW ) is shown at the very bottom of the adjoining diagram , below the dotted line which represents the border . Trade with the Row consists first of exports of goods , services , income and transfers , EX , represented by a flow into firms since money is being used by foreigners to purchase the exported products . Second , imports of goods , services , income and tra nsfers , IM , are subtracted away from firms , resulting in an arrow from firms to the Row This adjustment accounts for the fact that measured expenditures made by households , the government , and firms in a open economy , will consist of purchases of both domestic and imported goods . Thus the C , I and G flows will include their purchases of imports , and these should not be included as part of GNP . In essence , the money used to buy imported products is redirected to the foreign firms , hence we have the The Role of Imports in the National Income Identity This completes the national income identity with all major sectors included and now becomes , GNP = C + I + G + EX - IM which is represented by the flow of money into ( and away from ) firms on the left side of the diagram . However , as noted elsewhere , EX - IM , the balance on the current account , need not be equal to zero . If EX - IM > 0 then the country would have a current account ( CA ) surplus , whereas if EX - IM < 0 the country would have a CA deficit . Consider when EX - IM < 0 . In this case , more money flows out to purchase imports than flows back in to purchase exports . In essence there is a loss of money to the Row However , despite some exceptions , this money does not remain outside the country . Instead it is brought right back in and deposited into financial institutions ( shown as the S F flow on the diagram ) . In other words it is saved . This saving represents the country ' s financial account surplus which is equal and opposite to the CA deficit . [ See Recording Transactions on the Balance of Payments for a more complete explanation ] The key point is that foreign saving offsets the CA deficit . This can be represented by the relationship showing the inflows and outflows from the Row , namely , F = IM - EX This says that foreign saving equals the CA deficit . From the perspective of the foreigners we would refer to S as money saved , or lent , to the domestic country . From the perspective of the domestic country , S would be considered money borrowed from the Row Clearly , since a country may run a surplus on trade , that is EX - IM > 0 , S could also be negative . In this case the Row would either be dissaving , meaning it is withdrawing previously accumulated saving from the domestic country , or , the Row would be borrowing money from the domestic country . This would occur if a domestic bank makes a loan to someone abroad . Alternatively , from the perspective of the domestic country we can say it is lending money to the Row when S < 0 . Finally , The Twin - Deficit Identity The twin deficit identity is derived by accounting for the money flows into and out of the financial sector in version 4 of the circular flow . This results in the following identity , ( 1 ) S + S = I This says that the sum of household saving , business saving , government saving and foreign saving must equal private investment spending . An equivalent version can be written by recalling that household plus business saving equals private saving to get , ( 1a ) S = I The identity is best interpreted by noting that there are four key sources for funds in the financial sector that is not part of the consumption stream . The pool of funds to finance investment can be drawn from households , businesses , the government or from the Row Also , the sum of all funds not used for consumption , must be equal to the amount spent on investment goods . It is important to note that this relationship is an accounting identity . This means that the relationship must be true as long as all variables are measured properly . This is NOT an economic theory , which is a proposition that may or may not be true . In practice , this identity rarely adds up , however , because the variables are not typically measured accurately . To turn this identity into the " twin - deficit " identity we must merely take note of several previous definitions . Recall that , = T - TR - G = IM - EX = S Plugging these into ( 1 ) above yields , + T - TR - G + IM - EX = I Reorder these to get the Twin - Deficit Identity ( 2 ) ( S - I ) + ( IM - EX ) = ( G + TR - T ) This is a popular way of writing the twin - deficit identity since it explicitly indicates two deficits . If the second expression ( IM - EX ) > 0 , then the country has a current account deficit , i.e. , a trade deficit . If the right - hand - side expression , ( G + TR - T ) > 0 , then the country has a government budget deficit . The expression in total , then , demonstrates that these two deficits are related to each other according to this accounting identity . Indeed the difference ( 2a ) ( S - I ) = ( G + TR - T ) - ( IM - EX ) International Finance Theory and Policy - Chapter 5 - 9 : Last Updated on 6 / 3 / 04	[ "The Twin-Deficit Identity" ]
http://internationalinvest.about.com/od/gettingstarted/a/howmuchintl.htm	International Investing Getting Started Investing in International Stock Funds Most Advisors Suggest Investing Between 15 % and 25 % Internationally • • • By John Christy Updated September 08 , 2018 Buying foreign stocks , ETFs , or international mutual funds can be a great way to diversify your portfolio . But first , you ' ll need to decide how much of your money you want to allocate to foreign investments . In part , the answer will depend on your appetite for risk and the length of your investment horizon . While there ' s no " right " answer for everyone , there are a few guidelines that can help guide your decision , which are important to consider . In this article , we will look at some important considerations when determining how much international exposure is right for your portfolio . Slicing up the Pie One way to begin is to look at the size of the U.S. stock market in relation to the rest of the world . Picture a pie chart of all the stock markets in the world , with each slice representing a particular country ' s stock market . The bigger each market , the bigger its slice of the pie . The U.S. accounts for roughly one - fifth of the world ' s total stock market value . So if you wanted to divvy up your portfolio in the same manner as our imaginary pie , you would simply invest half of your money in U.S. stocks , and the other half in foreign markets . In practice , however , an 80 % allocation to international stocks is probably too aggressive for most investors , especially those who are new to international investing . This is because international markets often exhibit greater volatility than the U.S. , which can make them riskier in some ways . But do n ' t be too shy . If you only invest a small amount , say 5 % or 10 % , overseas , you wo n ' t be able to take full advantage of the many benefits that international markets have to offer , including the ability to diversify against any domestic downturn . The 20 % Solution As with a lot of things , the truth lies somewhere in the middle . Most financial advisors recommend putting a range of 15 % to 25 % of your money in foreign stocks . I think 20 % is a good place to start . It ' s meaningful enough to make a difference to your portfolio , but not too much to hurt you if foreign markets temporarily fall out of favor . Besides , you can always ratchet up your exposure as you become more comfortable with international markets . While the precise allocation to foreign stocks will differ from one investor to another , the worst thing anyone can do is flip flop between having too much exposure and not enough . So once you ' ve settled on a number that suits your comfort level , stick with it . Do n ' t make the mistake of trying to outsmart the markets by jumping in and out of foreign stocks . One last thing : it ' s important to make sure your international investments are spread across various regions and countries . Putting 25 % of your money in say , China , and the rest in the Dow Jones is n ' t what international diversification is all about . Make sure you have evenly balanced exposure across Europe , Asia , and emerging markets Ways to Diversify There are many different ways to spread out your international investments across multiple countries . Often times , exchange - traded funds ( ETFs ) and global mutual funds are the easiest ways since they do n ' t involve buying individual stocks or using foreign brokerage accounts . The Vanguard FTSE All - World Ex - U.S. ETF ( NYSE : VEU ) is one of the most popular and lowest cost options with holdings around the world . When selecting funds like these , investors should ensure that they ' re not buying more exposure to U.S. markets , since they already have build up exposure in the rest of their portfolio . Stick to " ex - U.S. " funds to do so . Investors should keep an eye on expense ratios when selecting these funds since these expenses are the easiest aspect to control when it comes to generating returns . Seemingly small expenses can quickly add up to tens of thousands of dollars or more over a lifetime of investing . Key Takeaway Points Buying foreign stocks is a great way to diversify a portfolio . International ETFs or mutual funds are the easiest way to gain access . Most advisors recommend 15 % to 25 % exposure to these markets . The exact amount of exposure depends on an investor ' s individual situation . Continue Reading +	[ "INTERNATIONAL INVESTING", "Stock Funds" ]
http://internationalschoolofbodyart.com/learn_how_to_body_pierce_videos.htm	Learn How To Body Pierce Instructional DVD Videos 1 . Tools of the Trade This in depth " Tools Of The Trade " video guide from our Learn How to Body Pierce DVD Video will show and describe all the proper and necessary tool ' s you will need to perform diligently in a safe and effective environment . This video also describes each tools purpose and demonstrating the proper way to get the most out them . Using your tools properly in the Professional Piercing profession is an absolute must . The knowledge you will gain is with out a doubt the cornerstone in building a long lasting and incredible lifestyle . 2 . Piercing Needles & Dermal Anchors Lets get right to the point , Piercing Needles are the Main tool that you will using during the life of your Body Piercing career . Dermal Punches and Tapers are also a necessary " need to know " video segment . We will also introduce you to the future of body piercing , Dermal anchors and the proper way to use them and all the tools and methods needed to perform them safely and effectively . Piercing Needles come in many different sizes and cuts and shapes , all of this knowledge is yours for the taking with this video . You will see first hand the way a needle is made up and how each cut of the needle will work to puncture the skin . 3 . Piercing Jewelry In the world of Body Piercing there are so many types of Jewelry , We will go through each of these and explain the differences of each and what situations the jewelry will be best suited . This also explains how each piece of Body Jewelry functions and how the jewelry can be used to achieve the desired look you are trying to create . 4 . Sterilization Processes This is one of the most important lessons you can learn . This video explains the use of an ultrasonic cleaner , using an autoclave , cleaning of Piercing supplies , the sterilization process , a description of supplies , clean room management skills , charting of materials , surface disinfection . learn to work in a hospital grade atmosphere . Cleanliness is next to Godliness . 5 . Aftercare & Consent Forms You will need to look at Body Piercing as a business and to keep a business running smooth you will need basic paperwork to make this happen . In this video we explain the importance of paperwork , offer you examples , ideas and resources for making the most of your new business . We will prepare you for some of the basic forms you will need to succeed and protect yourself with . We also explain the different types of aftercare that can be used and how they should be applied . All consent and aftercare are included with the complete set . 6 . Setting up your Workstation Setting up your Work area is a lesson that you will be glad you learned , This body piercing video explains how to organize your work area to optimal conditions , so that you will make the best use of space you can to organize your surroundings . After watching this video you will have the organizational skills needed to keep your workstation clean and organized , so it is easier to concentrate on your new job as a body piercer . We also make suggestions to what you will need to keep on hand for supplies and back stock to make your Life a lot easier and run at a better pace . 7 . Setting up your Area for a Piercing Setting up you work area for the body piercing is another video that you will want to pay close attention too , it will go over what you will need in your work area to perform better as a piercer and what to use in your work area to keep it all clean and safe for your clients . 8 . Dual Male Nipple Piercing ( Male Nudity ) Male nipple piercings are a fairly common piercing that you will be required to do on a regular basis . This video walks you through each step of the piercing and shows you first hand how to perform the piercing in a safe and efficient manner . The segment will also show you what tools and Jewelry you will need for this piercing along with any other situation you may face during the piercing . 9 . Double Dimple Piercing The double dimple piercing is a piercing that will be best suited to you after you watch the entire video series . It is a unique and very tricky body piercing to perform correctly , But we are sure that you will have what it takes , so we demonstrate this piercing for you , so that when the time arises for you to do it , you will have the knowledge to back you up and make you feel more comfortable . 10 . Nape Piercing The Nape piercing is a really popular piercing on the back of the neck , one of the easier of the surface piercings to perform . We go through a step by step instruction on how to position the piercing correctly and what to look for to prevent any discomfort to your clients . Along with some Trade secrets to make the Piercing go as smooth as it possibly can . Along with some Trade secrets to make the Piercing go as smooth as it possibly can . 11 . Dual Female Nipple Piercing ( Female Nudity ) Female nipple piercings are another fairly common piercing , so we tackle this with all of the knowledge you will need as a piercer to make them look the best that they can . There are certain rules you will need to follow when doing the piercing and differences between males and females , all of this info is explained as the procedure is being performed . Along with the different type of jewelry that can be used and what you can look for to make the right decision in the Female nipple procedure . REGULAR PRICE $ 249 On Sale $ 99 Free Shipping ! ( Prices are in US Dollars ) International School of Body Art & Insane Tattoo Products 1 - 888 - 292 - 0422 Privacy Policy Return Policy Contact Us Home Affiliate Program Tattoo Supplies Copyright © International School of Body Art - 2001 - 2011 . All Rights Reserved Insane Tattoo Products	[ "DVD Videos", "Body Pierce Instructional", "Tools of the Trade" ]
http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/drama/early%20tragedies/medievaltragedy.html	Medieval tragedy Fortuna From John Lydgate The hystorye sege and dystruccyon of Troy London 1513 By permission of the Folger Shakespeare Library The medieval concept of tragedy was quite different from that of classical literature Tragedy was less the result of individual action than a reflection of the inevitable turning of Fortunes wheel In the illustration Fortune traditionally female because of the association of women with the moon and changeability stands behind the wheel with outstretched wings She continually moves the Wheelon which at the top is a king at the bottom a beggar More on Renaissance conceptions of tragedy More about the philosophical roots of Medieval tragedy in Boethius Sad stories Chaucers monk reacting against the assumption of the Host that he will tell a tale of action and love relates a series of anecdotes about those who fell from happiness to misfortune at the moment they least expected it Such stories are known as de casibus tragedies after the work by Boccaccio De Casibus Virorum Illustrium Examples of Famous Men which is a collection of moral stories of those who fell from the heights of happiness Both Shakespeare and Marlowe created characters aware of the de casibus tradition On his return from Ireland Shakespeares Richard II likens himself to one of those whom Fortune has punished Click for Further reading on this topic How to cite this page	[ "Medieval tragedy" ]
http://interpools.com/how-long-do-vinyl-pool-liners-last/	How Long Do Vinyl Pool Liners Last ? You probably already realize that your pool ’ s vinyl liner wo n ’ t last forever , but you may not have considered exactly how often you ’ ll need to replace it . Vinyl pool liners typically come with warranties of 20 - 30 years , which can be misleading , because this is not the typical lifespan of an average pool liner . In most cases , you can expect inground pool liners to last between 6 - 12 years , and above ground pool liners to last 6 - 10 years . If you spend little time on its care , your liner may need to be replaced sooner than this ; and likewise , with proper care and maintenance , your liner has the potential to last for much longer . Here are a few considerations that will help you get the most life out of your vinyl pool liner : Keep the Water Chemistry Balanced It ’ s important to monitor and maintain your pool water ’ s pH and alkalinity levels . In addition to keeping your pool clean and safe , the chemical balance of your pool affects the lifespan of your liner . If your pool water is often acidic , it can degrade your liner more quickly . It ’ s also important never to add undiluted granular chemicals , like chlorine , directly into your pool because they can settle on the bottom and attack the vinyl . Instead , always dissolve the granular chemicals in a bucket of water before adding it to your pool water . Avoid Punctures Thicker liners are more resistant to punctures , but it ’ s still best to keep your pool free of objects with sharp or rigid edges that could easily puncture the liner . Clearing your pool of debris not only makes your pool cleaner , but it also removes sticks , stones , and other objects that pose a risk to your liner . Monitor the Water Level If your pool ’ s water level becomes too low , it can cause the liner to shrink , leading to tears . Monitoring the water level will also alert you to small holes or leaks in the liner , which can be easily patched before they develop into larger issues . Cover Your Pool It ’ s also a good idea to cover your pool when it ’ s not in use . Not only does a pool cover keep your pool free of debris that might cause punctures , but it protects your pool from excess sun exposure , which can cause the liner to fade and become brittle over time . Winterizing your pool during seasons of non - use can also help to prolong your liner ’ s life . Install the Liner Right It ’ s possible to replace your pool liner yourself using a vacuum or blower to suction it to the pool walls . It ’ s important to measure accurately and ensure the liner has no wrinkles . Proper installation also impacts the lifespan of your liner , so if you ’ re not comfortable performing this task , it ’ s best to contact a professional to replace it . Have questions about buying or installing a vinyl liner for your pool ? Stop by one of our locations across Ontario to speak to one of our pool experts or send us a message January 29th , 2017 \| Pools	[ "VINYL POOL LINERS", "International Pool & Spa Centers" ]
http://interstateauthority.com/	Authority Packages BOC - 3 Filing State Highway Tax Permits Vehicle Registrations UCR Applications Your cart is empty . MOTOR CARRIER REGISTRATION SERVICE Save time and money on Motor Carrier registrations , filings , and services ! Created by our team of industry experts , InterstateAuthority . com takes the hassle out of registering a new Motor Carrier business by combining the most common federal and state registrations in one central location . Simply click on the service you are interested in , answer a few questions about your company , and we will begin completing your order right away . Choose a Service Interstate Authority Packages From $ 398.00 to $ 1,198.00 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration registration packages for Motor Carriers that cross state lines for - hire . Also known as MC or ICC Authority . 2019 UCR - Unified Carrier Registration From $ 150.00 to $ 650.00 Unified Carrier Registration is a state permit required for most interstate carriers and brokers . If you have a USDOT , MC , or FF number , you will likely also need the UCR to be in compliance at the state level . Broker Authority Package From $ 398.00 to $ 588.00 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration registration packages for companies that arrange loads between shippers and other for - hire motor carriers . KYU Number $ 50.00 Kentucky Weight Distance number ( KYU ) is required for any carrier over 59,999 pounds traveling in Kentucky 2019 BOC - 3 Process Agents Service $ 75.00 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Designation of Process Agents . The BOC - 3 is a required filing for any FMCSA operating authority including MC numbers , FF numbers , and MX Numbers . New York HUT Permit - 23rd Series $ 125.00 New York Highway Use Tax ( HUT ) permit is required for vehicles over 18,000 pounds traveling on New York public highways . New Mexico Weight Distance Permit 2019 $ 75.00 New Mexico Weight Distance Tax ID Permit is required for any carrier 26,000 pounds or greater traveling highways in New Mexico IRP & IFTA ( Apportioned Plates & Fuel License ) $ 298.00 IRP - International Registration Plan is the registration required for vehicles over 26,000 pounds that cross state lines . Also known as Apportioned Plates and Prorate Account . IFTA is the fuel tax decals and license for the same vehicles . USDOT Drug and Alcohol Consortium $ 225.00 All CDL drivers , even owner operators , must be registered with a USDOT compliant Drug and Alcohol Consortium . Not sure what to file ? Do n ' t see what you need ? No problem . Our friendly specialists can help determine what is necessary for you or your company . Either click the Live Chat , email us at info @ InterstateAuthority . com or call toll free 1 - 800 - 784 - 7813 . We are always happy to help .	[ "InterstateAuthority", "MOTOR CARRIER REGISTRATION SERVICE" ]
http://interstateauthority.com/brokerauthoritypackage.aspx	Authority Packages BOC3 Filing State Highway Tax Permits Vehicle Registrations UCR Applications Your cart is empty Services Authority Packages Broker Authority Package Email this page to a friend Broker Authority Package Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration registration packages for companies that arrange loads between shippers and other forhire motor carriers From 39800 to 58800 Detailed Description What is a Broker Authority A Broker Authority is a license issued and granted by the FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration that allows a company to arrange the transportation of cargo belonging to others by using forhire carriers to provide the actual transportation of the cargo Once your Authority is applied for you will be issued an MC number by the FMCSA Why should I let Interstate Authority take care of the application process First we save you time Just answer a few simple questions and we will prepare the application and get the MC number issued for you Secondly we give you peace of mind You dont have to worry that your application may contain mistakes that could delay your grant date or get your application rejected altogether Finally we save you money Our service fees are much lower than other reputable registration services Match that with our unbeatable customer service and support its a nobrainer How does the Broker Authority application process work Once we complete the application for your Broker Authority you will be issued a pending MC number This MC number will remain pending for at least 1821 days due to the federal protest period In order for your authority to be granted at the end of the protest period you need to have two filings in place 1 The BMC84 or is a form submitted by your insurance company or financial institution to verify a surety bond or trust fund with 75000 coverage If you dont have a company for this filing contact us and we can recommend a reputable company 2 The BOC3 Designation of Process Agents is an electronic filing we can complete to designate a process agent in every state The BOC3 filing is included with every package except the Basic package Our Basic Broker Authority package is only recommended for companies that are adding a Broker Authority to an active MC number What are the differences between the Broker Authority Packages Basic Package 398 Add authority Type to Existing MC Number The Basic package includes the 300 Federal filing fee and the generation of a new authority type on your existing MC number This package is only recommended for companies that already have an MC number with an active BOC3 filing and want to add the Broker Authority on the same MC number Standard Package 448 MC and BOC3 The Standard Package includes the 300 Federal filing fee the generation of a new MC number for your Broker Authority and the required BOC3 filing Designation of Process Agents Premium Package 588 MC BOC3 and UCR The Premium Package includes the 300 Federal filing fee the generation of a new MC number for your Broker Authority the required BOC3 filing and the UCR Unified Carrier Registration for the current year The UCR is a state registration required for brokers in every state except AZ DC FL MD NJ NV OR VT and WY Okay Im ready to move forward now what Simply select the Broker Authority Package that fits your needs complete the required information below and click to add the package to your Service Cart If you need to add other services you can click Home at the topleft If this is all you need at this time just click the button to complete the registration process Service Options Broker Authority Package Start Registration denotes required field Company Legal Name Doing Business As Name Company Officials Full Name Business Address Must be a physical address no PO Boxes Street City State Zip Code Mailing Address If different than Business Address Street or PO Box City State Zip Code Broker of Property or Household Goods Property Household Goods Affiliations please list MCFF Number and USDOT Number of any FMCSA regulated entity you have had ownership in or a management position in within the last 3 years MC Number FF Number USDOT Number Expedite Authority Certificate With the Expedite you will receive your certificate the day it is granted rather than having to wait 710 days for it to come by mail Yes please expedite my certificate once my authority is active 5000 No I can wait for my certificate to come by mail	[ "Broker Authority", "FMCSA" ]
http://inthedriversseat.org/support-brokers/fiscal-management-agency-services/	Fiscal Intermediary Fiscal Intermediary ( FI ) must be available to assist individuals in exercising budget authority . Individuals can perform some or all of the FI functions themselves . Typically , however , individuals prefer that the FI entity performs these functions for them . FI helps individuals : Understand billing and documentation responsibilities ; Perform payroll and employer - related duties ( e.g. , withholding and filing federal , state , local and unemployment taxes ; purchasing workers ’ compensation or other forms of insurance ; collecting and processing worker timesheets ; calculating and processing employee benefits ; and issuing payroll checks ) ; Purchase approved goods and services ; Track and monitor individual budget expenditures ; and Identify expenditures that are over or under the budget . The above info is from Medicaid . gov – Self - Directed Services An Educated Customer is an Empowered Customer Download the pdf … A Must Read !	[ "Fiscal Intermediary", "budget authority", "Educated Customer" ]
http://inthehandsofanangrygod.com/	One of the greatest sermons of all time is the classic by Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God It fueled the Great Awakening Christian revival in America in the 1700s Sadly and tragically uncompromising preaching about HELL is not only unpopular today many people including most Christians actually believe teaching about Hell is detrimental to the Christian message They say you shouldnt try to scare people into hell Who says Certainly not God Jesus or the Apostles The Bible has far more to say about Hell than Heaven I often say if you were standing on a train track about to get run over by a train should I tell you to get off the tracks because life is so much better over there in the field or because I really love you Or should I jump up and down holler and wave my arms letting you know that you are about to get run over and die I can think of hardly a better reason to accept Christ and repent of your sins than to avoid impending judgment and doom Yes of course accepting the free gift Every person who dies in their sin and rejects Gods offer of forgiveness is condemned to eternity in Hell Thats fact whether you believe it or not whether you like it or not whether you agree with Gods plan or not To accept Christ to avoid Hell is not only valid it is a reason that God Himself gives us over and over in the Bible Ive published many books view them here and rewritten many older works for easy reading heres a few Puritan Prayers Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Declaration of Independence Bill of Rights I realized that Edwards powerful sermon was something sorely needed by the world of the 21st century Make no mistake the thoughts and the outline of this message are originally Jonathan Edwards from God first of course As a preacher I would not be worthy to do his laundry I just felt given our different vocabulary and reading skills of today it was time to write a version of his sermon for the 21 st century Christian This is NOT a wordforword translation but a paraphrase of Jonathan Edwards message in my own words and style I have followed the outline and thought pattern of his message and added my own thoughts where I believe them to be applicable to our times my additions are identified by italics type This message by Jonathan Edwards is not only a classic but it was also the spark that lit a revival all across America Why not a revival today America has been softpedaled a feelgood Jesus will improve your life positiveselfesteem Word of God for many decades The result is a weak Church a worldly people and a fartoocasual attitude about sin accompanied by a lack of fear about the reality of Hell for those who do not obey God Send it to your lost friends Send to those who profess Christ both dont actually live like Christians Send it to the leaders of your church and encourage them to make it available to everyone they know 1199 399 Kindle The paperbackKindle versions also contain all the Messages By Brent listed below as well Hell Gets a Bad Rap Hell The Bible Speaks Hell Lies Myths Heresies Hell An Important Part of the Gospel Distasteful Doctrines Hell The Truth of the Matter About Brent Contact Brent The Wayfarers Journey Serious Faith	[ "Angry God", "Jonathan Edwards", "Sinners" ]
http://intmedicine.uams.edu/residency/	GUS Profiles Library UAMS Bookstore Helpful Links Webmail Employee Self Service Computing / IT Intranet Social About Us Divisions Residency Fellowships Faculty Resources Research Residency Welcome to the UAMS Internal Medicine Residency Website . Please explore the site , and if you have any further questions about our training program , please do n ’ t hesitate to contact us ! We graduate 20 categorical internal medicine and 5 combined medicine pediatric residents annually . Each year more than half of our graduates secure coveted subspecialty fellowships , both here at UAMS and nationwide . Others go on to pursue private practices as internists , careers in academic medicine or as hospitalists . Our program is an intermediate size , stressing teamwork and collegiality . Our campus is among the most “ wired ” and soon wireless in the country , with extensive electronic infrastructure and resources in the hospitals and clinics . Contact Us : University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Department of Internal Medicine Residency Program : Slot 634 Little Rock , AR 72205 ( Phone : 501 - 686 - 5162 )	[ "University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences", "Little Rock , AR" ]
http://intoxicologist.net/2013/01/counting-calories/	When it comes right down to counting calories , it ’ s difficult to know how many are in the cocktails we love to sip and shake . The game of calorie counting becomes a game of hunt and gather . It ’ s difficult to find exact calories per ounce for the wine and liquor we love . The infographic charts below detail general guidelines for calories per ounce in basic liquors , popular liqueurs , specialty liqueurs , popular mixers , fruits , and fruit juices . These calorie counts have been compiled from numerous sources ( listed on the infographics ) . They are meant as a helpful guide for those looking for quick general reference . Please keep in mind these are average calories per ingredient . Calories vary by brand . Calories in Basic Liquor Infographic includes calories per ounce in 80 proof , 86 to 90 proof , 94 proof , 100 proof , Bourbon , Brandy , Cognac , Gin , Rum , Tequila , Vodka , Whiskies Calories in Vodka and Flavored Vodka Infographic includes calories per ounce in citrus vodka , coconut vodka , espresso vodka , kaffir lime vodka , mango vodka , pineapple vodka , raspberry vodka , ruby red grapefruit vodka , vanilla vodka , whipped cream vodka Calories in Popular Liqueurs Infographic includes calories per ounce in Amaretto , Butterscotch Schnapps , Coffee Liqueur , Crème de Cassis , Crème de Menthe , Irish Crème Liqueur , Peach Schnapps , Sour Apple Schnapps , Triple Sec Calories in Specialty Liqueurs Infographic includes calories per ounce in Benedictine ® , Chartreuse ® , Cointreau ® , Drambuie ® , Frangelico ® , Galliano ® , Grand Marnier ® , Godiva ® , Maraschino Cherry Liqueur , Midori ® , Pernod ® , Sambuca ® , Southern Comfort ® , Tia Maria ® Calories in Popular Mixers Infographic includes calories per ounce in Almond Milk – Unsweetened , Club Soda , Coconut Water , Ginger Ale , Ginger Beer , Grenadine , Honey , Lemon - Lime Soda , Orgeat Almond Syrup , Sparkling Water , Sugar - free Syrups , Tonic Water Calories in Fresh Fruit Infographic includes calories per ounce for fresh fruit measured for cocktail garnish use . These fruits include : Blackberries , Cherries , Cranberries , Granny Smith Apple Slice , Grapefruit Slice , Lemon Wedge , Lime Wedge , Orange Wedge , Peach Slice , Pineapple Slice , Raspberries , Strawberries Calories in Common Fruit Juices Infographic includes calories per ounce in Mott ’ s Apple Juice , Kern ’ s Apricot Nectar , Fresh Grapefruit , Fresh Lemon , Fresh Lime , Mango Nectar , Tropicana Trop50 Orange Juice Light , Passion Fruit Juice , Dole Pineapple Juice , POM Pomegranate Juice , Ocean Spray Ruby Red Grapefruit Juice , Ocean Spray Diet Blueberry Juice , Ocean Spray Diet Blueberry Pomegranate Juice , Ocean Spray Diet Cranberry Juice , Ocean Spray Ligh Cranberry Juice , Ocean Spray Light Ruby Red Grapefruit Juice Subscribe to the monthly Newsletter for bonus recipes and downloads [ This post has been updated from January 2013 ] All content © 2014 Cheri Loughlin , The Intoxicologist . All Rights Reserved . Chat with Cheri @ Intoxicologist on Twitter and facebook . com / Intoxicologist Cheri Loughlin January 3 , 2013 Bar Basics Low Calorie No Comments ← Velvet Pop Silver Sunset →	[ "calorie counting", "Liquor", "Vodka" ]
http://intranasal.net/Offlabeldrugs/default.htm	Therapeutic Intranasal Drug Delivery Needleless treatment options for medical problems ( Scroll down if the text is missing on your screen ) Home Concepts : Featured new IN medication articles Overview Off - Label - Use Anatomy - Physiology Delivery - Techniques Clinical - Uses : Seizure - Therapy Pain - Control Sedation Opiate - Overdose Epistaxis Topical - Anesthetics Hypoglycemia Hospice Miscellaneous Education : Protocols Teaching Peer Reviewed Articles Bibliography Links " Off Label " medication delivery Table of contents Medical and legal issues surrounding " Off Label " drug and device use ( click here ) Impact of Off label use on clinical practice ( click here ) Bibliography ( click here ) Medical and legal issues surrounding " Off Label " drug and device use The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approves drugs for specific intended uses ( clinical indications ) based on the results of extensive clinical trials and a lengthy drug development and approval process . When a drug is approved for human use , it is approved for specific doses , specific age groups and specific routes of administration . Current estimates are that a new chemical entity ( NCE ) takes approximately 15 years at a total cost of up to $ 650 million to reach the market . It is virtually impossible for a new drug to get approved for all indications , ages and dosage forms . However once the product is marketed , creative clinicians often start exploring new uses and new indications in an attempt to help their patients . These investigations and “ off - label ” use are more common in disease states that are uncommon and where there is little financial incentive Because of this huge time and cost investment , pharmaceutical companies do not attempt to gain approval for minor indications or routes of administration . Clinicians are allowed ( expected ) to use their professional judgment as to the use and administration of the drug if not described in the approved labeling . However , some clinicians misinterpret “ off - label ” use of medications as an illegal or medically dangerous practice . This is not the case . A nice review on the legal aspects of this topic was published in the Journal of Medical Toxicology in September 2006 . [ 2 ] ( click here for full article ) Because many ( most ? ) antidotes used in toxicology are used for off label indications ( which will remain off label due to rare need and no financial incentive to get approval ) the toxicologists who published this review article have a special interest in the topic . The author of this article quotes several important statements by medical and legal entities in the United states including the U.S. supreme court and the FDA : The U.S. supreme court has ruled that the “ off - label usage of medical devices is an accepted and necessary corollary of the FDA ’ s mission ” … and that health care practitioners can “ prescribe or administer any legally marketed device to a patient ” without limitation or interference . This opinion is supported by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research : “ Any approved product may be used by a licensed practitioner for uses other than those stated in the product label . ” Finally , the FDA itself supports this practice , recognizing that “ off - label use is a well - established principle that has allowed doctors to discover new and beneficial uses ” for previously approved drugs . While it is clear that the regulatory and legal entities in the United States support or at the least do not interfere with off - label drug and device use , this does not imply that off - label use should not be carefully evaluated . All off - label use of medications ( and on - label use ) should be done with careful insight and understanding of the risk benefit ratio . The primary question that should be asked before using any medication , including an on or off - label indication , is whether there is quality evidence supporting the use and if the clinical benefit is expected to outweigh the risk . This concept is eloquently summarized by an Australian committee that developed consensus guideline for off - label medications : [ 3 ] “ Routine off - label use can be justified if there is high - quality evidence supporting efficacy or effectiveness , and sufficient evidence about the medicine ’ s safety profile to suggest and overall reasonable benefit – risk for a given clinical context ” Impact of " Off Label " use on clinical practice Off label medication use is estimated to occur in 7.5 to 40 % of adults usage , and as high as 80 % of pediatric inpatient usage . [ 3 - 7 ] This is probably due to a combination of new evidence supporting off label use , failure of the manufacturer to pursue new indications due the insufficient incentives ( i.e. no profit in it ) and simply using medications without supporting evidence . [ 3 ] Once creative investigators have determined the viability of a new indication , industry may become involved and take the idea to the next level – i.e. spend the vast sums of money required to prove adequate safety / risk profiles so they can legally market the concept to the broad medical market . However , industry will not undertake this risk and expense if they do not believe they can obtain a reasonable return on their initial investment . For this reason many well established medical therapies are never formally approved for use by regulatory agencies . Obvious examples of Intranasal medication delivery falls into a similar situation . Intranasal drug delivery is a novel concept that only recently has seen randomized controlled trials to confirm their effectiveness in selected clinical situations such as pediatric seizure control and pain control . These studies were conducted using generic medications so the pharmaceutical companies will have little interest in spending the money to obtain formal regulatory agency approval for a generic medication . However , given the literature to support effective and safe use of these off - label medications ( data is provided throughout this web site ) , it is reasonable for clinicians to adopt these practices in the appropriate clinical situations . In the mean time , now that they see a potential for profit , the pharmaceutical industry is aggressively developing modified intra - nasal formulations of these generic medications so they can be patented . We should soon see trade - name , patent protected formulations of these generic medications approved and available on the market . Clinicians will then be able to choose between these products and the far less expensive but perhaps slightly inferior ( or not ) generic substitutes . ( Interestingly , many of the drugs discussed on this web site are now available as generics prepackaged in prefilled syringes - Carpuject - so this syringe can simply be attached to an atomizer and delivered into the nose with total costs probably in the $ 5 to $ 7 dollar range for drug and supplies ) . There may or may not be compelling reasons to pay the extra price for the patented products depending on literature comparing them to generic substitutes . Only time will tell . United Kingdom document on off label use stating similar regulations as in the United States - Using licensed drugs for unlicensed purposes ( click here ) Bibliography ( Click here for abstracts ) 1 . Khamar , B . , Off - label use of medicines : medical research and medical practice . Indian J Ophthalmol , 2007 . 55 ( 6 ) : p . 411 - 2 . 2 . Tomaszewski , C . , Off - label : just what the doctor ordered . J Med Toxicol , 2006 . 2 ( 3 ) : p . 87 - 8 . 3 . Gazarian , M . , et al . , Off - label use of medicines : consensus recommendations for evaluating appropriateness . Med J Aust , 2006 . 185 ( 10 ) : p . 544 - 8 . 4 . Shah , S.S. , et al . , Off - label drug use in hospitalized children . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , 2007 . 161 ( 3 ) : p . 282 - 90 . 5 . Rayburn , W.F. and K.C. Farmer , Off - label prescribing during pregnancy . Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am , 1997 . 24 ( 3 ) : p . 471 - 8 . 6 . Brosgart , C.L. , et al . , Off - label drug use in human immunodeficiency virus disease . J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol , 1996 . 12 ( 1 ) : p . 56 - 62 . 7 . Conroy , S . , et al . , Survey of unlicensed and off label drug use in paediatric wards in European countries . European Network for Drug Investigation in Children . Bmj , 2000 . 320 ( 7227 ) : p . 79 - 82 .	[ "Therapeutic Intranasal Drug Delivery", "Off Label" ]
http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/anatomy/classes_stud/en/stomat/ptn/1/29%20Subclavian%20and%20axillary%20arteries%20and%20veins.htm	1 . Subclavian and axillary arteries and veins Brachial , ulnar and radial arteries , topography and branches on arm , forearm and hand 2 . Superficial and deep veins , lymphatics of upper extremity 3 . Brachial plexus , composition , topography Lesson # 29 Theme 1 . Subclavian and axillary arteries and veins Left Subclavian artery starts from aortic arch and right one from the brachiocephalic trunk . It leaves thoracic cavity through the superior aperture , rounds a pleura cupola and gets into interscalenus space . Then artery lies under clavicle into same name sulcus of first rib and runs into axillary cavity , where has a name axillary artery . Subclavian artery conventionally subdivides into three portions : before interscalenus space , in space and after space . Before space subclavian artery gives off the following branches : Vertebral artery is a largest branch of subclavian artery , passes in foramens of transversal processes of cervical vertebrae , transfixes a atlanto - occipital membrane and dura mater encephali and through occipital foramen magnum gets into skull cavity . Behind pons this right and left artery flows together and forms basillar artery . Vertebral artery gives off anterior spinal artery and posterior spinal artery , and posterior inferior cerebellar artery From basillar artery start : anterior inferior cerebellar artery , labyrinthic artery , pontini arteries and artery mesencephalic Vertebral artery together with anterior spinal arteries forms around medulla oblongata circle of Zakharchenka Basillar artery on level of anterior margin pons ramifies on two posterior cerebral arteries , which supply occipital lobes of cerebrum . Posterior cerebral arteries connect by posterior communicating artery with internal carotid artery Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck , showing the carotid and subclavian arteries . Internal thoracic artery begins from inferior surface of subclavian artery and passes along І - VII cartilages of ribs near sternum , where disintegrates on two terminal branches are musculо - phrenic artery and superior epigastric artery . Internal thoracic artery gives off rami for thymus , bronchі , pericardium sternum . Also from this artery moves away rami mammarii , tracheal rami , anterior intercostal branches , which supply intercostal muscles . Superior epigastric artery gets into sheath of rectus abdominal muscle , supplies this muscle and anastomoses with inferior epigastric artery on navel level . Thyro - cervical trunk is has length 1 - 2 cm and subdivides into four branches : inferior thyroid artery , ( supplies thyroid gland , cervical esophagus department , cervical trachea portion and inferior laryngeal artery reaches mucous membrane of the larynx ) , ascending cervical artery ( to neck muscles ) , superficial cervical artery ( to trapezius , rhomboid and other neck muscles ) and suprascapular artery ( for supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles ) . In interscalenus space subclavian artery gives off costo - cervical trunk , which ramifies into deep cervical artery , which supplies semispinalis capitis and cervicis muscles and suprema intercostal artery , which ramifies into I and ІІ intercostal spaces , supplying intercostal muscles . After interscalenus space space subclavian artery gives off transverse colli artery , which continues into dorsal scapulae artery . They supply rhomboid , levator scapulae and shoulder girdle muscles . The artery which supplies the upper extremity continues as a single trunk from its commencement down to the elbow ; but different portions of it have received different names , according to the regions through which they pass . That part of the vessel which extends from its origin to the outer border of the first rib is termed the subclavian ; beyond this point to the lower border of the axilla it is named the axillary ; and from the lower margin of the axillary space to the bend of the elbow it is termed brachial ; here the trunk ends by dividing into two branches the radial and ulnar . The internal mammary artery and its branches . The Subclavian Artery ( A . Subclavia ) — On the right side the subclavian artery arises from the innominate artery behind the right sternoclavicular articulation ; on the left side it springs from the arch of the aorta . The two vessels , therefore , in the first part of their course , differ in length , direction , and relation with neighboring structures . In order to facilitate the description , each subclavian artery is divided into three parts . The first portion extends from the origin of the vessel to the medial border of the Scalenus anterior ; the second lies behind this muscle ; and the third extends from the lateral margin of the muscle to the outer border of the first rib , where it becomes the axillary artery . The first portions of the two vessels require separate descriptions ; the second and third parts of the two arteries are practically alike . First Part of the Right Subclavian Artery . — The first part of the right subclavian artery arises from the innominate artery , behind the upper part of the right sternoclavicular articulation , and passes upward and lateralward to the medial margin of the Scalenus anterior . It ascends a little above the clavicle , the extent to which it does so varying in different cases . Relations . — It is covered , in front , by the integument , superficial fascia , Platysma , deep fascia , the clavicular origin of the Sternocleidomastoideus , the Sternohyoideus , and Sternothyreoideus , and another layer of the deep fascia . It is crossed by the internal jugular and vertebral veins , by the vagus nerve and the cardiac branches of the vagus and sympathetic , and by the subclavian loop of the sympathetic trunk which forms a ring around the vessel . The anterior jugular vein is directed lateralward in front of the artery , but is separated from it by the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus . Below and behind the artery is the pleura , which separates it from the apex of the lung ; behind is the sympathetic trunk , the Longus collie and the first thoracic vertebra . The right recurrent nerve winds around the lower and back part of the vessel . First Part of the Left Subclavian Artery — The first part of the left subclavian artery from the arch of the aorta , behind the left common carotid , and at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra ; it ascends in the superior mediastinal cavity to the root of the neck and then arches lateralward to the medial border of the Scalenus anterior . Relations . — It is in relation , in front , with the vagus , cardiac , and phrenic nerves , which lie parallel with it , the left common carotid artery , left internal jugular and vertebral veins , and the commencement of the left innominate vein , and is covered by the Sternothyreoideus , Sternohyoideus , and Sternocleidomastoideus ; behind , it is in relation with the esophagus , thoracic duct , left recurrent nerve , inferior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk , and Longus colli ; higher up , however , the esophagus and thoracic duct lie to its right side ; the latter ultimately arching over the vessel to join the angle of union between the subclavian and internal jugular veins . Medial to it are the esophagus , trachea , thoracic duct , and left recurrent nerve ; lateral to it , the left pleura and lung . Second and Third Parts of the Subclavian Artery When a ligature is applied to the first part of the subclavian artery , the collateral circulation is carried on by : ( 1 ) the anastomosis between the superior and inferior thyroids ; ( 2 ) the anastomosis of the two vertebrals ; ( 3 ) the anastomosis of the internal mammary with the inferior epigastric and the aortic intercostals ; ( 4 ) the costocervical anastomosing with the aortic intercostals ; ( 5 ) the profunda cervicis anastomosing with the descending branch of the occipital ; ( 6 ) the scapular branches of the thyrocervical trunk anastomosing with Branches . — The branches of the subclavian artery are : Vertebral . Internal mammary . Thyrocervical . Costocervical . On the left side all four branches generally arise from the first portion of the vessel ; but on the right side The scapular and circumflex arteries . The Transverse Cervical Artery ( a . transversa colli ; transversalis colli artery ) lies at a higher level than the transverse scapular ; it passes transversely above the inferior belly of the Omohyoideus to the anterior margin of the Trapezius , beneath which it divides into an ascending and a descending branch . It crosses in front of the phrenic nerve and the Scaleni , and in front of or between the divisions of the brachial plexus , and is covered by the Platysma and Sternocleidomastoideus , and crossed by the Omohyoideus and Trapezius . The ascending branch ( ramus ascendens ; superficial cervical artery ) ascends beneath the anterior margin of the Trapezius , distributing branches to it , and to the neighboring muscles and lymph nodes in the neck , and anastomosing with the superficial branch of the descending ramus of the occipital artery . The descending branch ( ramus descendens ; posterior scapular artery ) passes beneath the Levator scapulæ to the medial angle of the scapula , and then descends under the Rhomboidei along the vertebral border of that bone as far as the inferior angle . It supplies the Rhomboidei , Latissimus dorsi and Trapezius , and anastomoses with the transverse scapular and subscapular arteries , and with the posterior branches of some of the intercostal arteries . Peculiarities . — The ascending branch of the transverse cervical frequently arises directly from the thyrocervical trunk ; and the descending branch from the third , more rarely from the second , part of the subclavian . 3 . The internal mammary artery ( a . mammaria interna from the under surface of the first portion of the subclavian , opposite the thyrocervical trunk . It descends behind the cartilages of the upper six ribs at a distance of about 1.25 cm . from the margin of the sternum , and at the level of the sixth intercostal space divides into the musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries . — It is directed at first downward , forward , and medialward behind the sternal end of the clavicle , the subclavian and internal jugular veins , and the first costal cartilage , and passes forward close to the lateral side of the innominate vein . As it enters the thorax the phrenic nerve crosses from its lateral to its medial side . Below the first costal cartilage it descends almost vertically to its point of bifurcation . It is covered in front by the cartilages of the upper six ribs and the intervening Intercostales interni and anterior intercostal membranes Branches . — The branches of the internal mammary are : Pericardiacophrenic . Intercostal . Anterior Mediastinal . Perforating . Pericardial . Musculophrenic . Sternal . Superior Epigastric . The Pericardiacophrenic Artery ( a . pericardiacophrenica ; a . comes nervi phrenici ) is a long slender branch , which accompanies the phrenic nerve , between the pleura and pericardium , to the diaphragm , to which it is distributed ; it anastomoses with the musculophrenic and inferior phrenic arteries . The Anterior Mediastinal Arteries ( aa . mediastinales anteriores ; mediastinal arteries ) are small vessels , distributed to the areolar tissue and lymph nodes in the anterior mediastinal cavity , and to the remains of the thymus . The Pericardial Branches supply the upper part of the anterior surface of the pericardium ; the lower part receives branches from the musculophrenic artery . The Sternal Branches ( rami sternales ) are distributed to the Transversus thoracis , and to the posterior surface of the sternum . The anterior mediastinal , pericardial , and sternal branches , together with some twigs from the pericardiacophrenic , anastomose with branches from the intercostal and bronchial arteries , and form a subpleural mediastinal plexus . The Intercoastal Branches ( rami intercostales ; anterior intercostal arteries ) supply the upper five or six intercostal spaces . Two in number in each space , these small vessels pass lateralward , one lying near the lower margin of the rib above , and the other near the upper margin of the rib below , and anastomose with the intercostal arteries from the aorta . They are at first situated between the pleura and the Intercostales interni , and then between the Intercostales interni and externi . They supply the Intercostales and , by branches which perforate the Intercostales externi , the Pectorales and the mamma . The Perforating Branches ( rami perforantes ) correspond to the five or six intercostal spaces . They pass forward through the intercostal spaces , and , curving lateralward , supply the Pectoralis major and the integument . Those which correspond to the second , third , and fourth spaces give branches to the mamma , and during lactation are of large size . The Musculophrenic Artery ( a . musculophrenica ) is directed obliquely downward and lateralward , behind the cartilages of the false ribs ; it perforates the diaphragm at the eighth or ninth costal cartilage , and ends , considerably reduced in size , opposite the last intercostal space . It gives off intercostal branches to the seventh , eighth , and ninth intercostal spaces ; these diminish in size as the spaces decrease in length , and are distributed in a manner precisely similar to the intercostals from the internal mammary . The musculophrenic also gives branches to the lower part of the pericardium , and others The Superior Epigastric Artery ( a . epigastrica superior ) continues in the original direction of the internal mammary ; it descends through the interval between the costal and sternal attachments of the diaphragm , and enters the sheath of the Rectus abdominis , at first lying behind the muscle , and then perforating and supplying it , and anastomosing with the inferior epigastric artery from the external iliac . Branches perforate the anterior wall of the sheath of the Rectus , and supply the muscles of the abdomen and the integument , and a small branch passes in front of the xiphoid process and anastomoses with the artery 4 . The costocervical trunk ( truncus costocervicalis ; superior intercostal artery from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery , behind the Scalenus anterior on the right side , and medial to that muscle on the left side . Passing backward , it gives off the profunda cervicalis , and , continuing as the highest intercostal artery , descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs , and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal . As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve , and lateral to the first In the first intercostal space , it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals . The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery . This branch is not constant , but is more commonly found on the right side ; when absent , its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta . Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles , and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral The Profunda Cervicalis ( a . cervicalis profunda ; deep cervical branch arises , in most cases , from the costocervical trunk , and is analogous to the posterior branch of an aortic intercostal artery : occasionally it is a separate branch from the subclavian artery . Passing backward , above the eighth cervical nerve and between the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib , it runs up the back of the neck , between the Semispinales capitis and colli , as high as the axis vertebra , supplying these and adjacent muscles , and anastomosing with the deep division of the descending branch of the Axillary artery is immediate continuation of subclavian artery . It passes in depth of armpit and covered by trunks of brachial plexus . According to topography of anterior wall of axillary cavity , axillarу artery subdivide into three portions : in clavipectoral triangle , pectoral triangle and subpectoral triangle . In clavipectoral triangle axillar artery gives off : superior thoracic artery , which ramifies in intercostal I - ІІ intercostal muscles ; thoracoacromial artery , which supplies acromial process , acromiо - clavicular joint , subclavius muscle , deltoid muscle , major and minor pectoral muscles . In pectoral triangle from axillar artery moves away lateral thoracic artery , which supplies anterior serratus muscle and gives off the branches to mammary gland . subpectoral triangle axillar artery gives off : anterior circumflex humeri artery - passes in front of surgical neck of humerus supplies shoulder joint and deltoid muscle ; posterior circumflex humeri artery - passes through quadrilaterum foramen and , anastomosing with previous artery , supplies shoulder joint and muscles , that are situated around it ; subscapular artery , which divides into thoracodorsal artery ( supplies latissimus dorsi muscle and teres major muscle ) and circumflex scapulae artery ( passes through trilateral foramen and supplies muscles of back scapular surface ) . The axilla is a pyramidal space , situated between the upper lateral part of the chest and the medial side of the arm . Boundaries . — The apex , which is directed upward toward the root of the neck , corresponds to the interval between the outer border of the first rib , the superior border of the scapula , and the posterior surface of the clavicle , and through it the axillary vessels and nerves pass . The base , directed downward , is broad at the chest but narrow and pointed at the arm ; it is formed by the integument and a thick layer of fascia , the axillary fascia , extending between the lower border of the Pectoralis major in front , and the lower border of the Latissimus dorsi behind . The anterior wall is formed by the Pectorales major and minor , the former covering the whole of this wall , the latter only its central part . The space between the upper border of the Pectoralis minor and the clavicle is occupied by the coracoclavicular fascia . The posterior wall , which extends somewhat lower than the anterior , is formed by the Subscapularis above , the Teres major and Latissimus dorsi below . On the medial side are the first four ribs with their corresponding Intercostales , and part of the Serratus anterior . On the lateral side , where the anterior and posterior walls converge , the space is narrow , and bounded by the humerus , the Coracobrachialis , and the Biceps brachii . Contents . — It contains the axillary vessels , and the brachial plexus of nerves , with their branches , some branches of the intercostal nerves , and a large number of lymph nodes , together with a quantity of fat and loose areolar tissue . The axillary artery and vein , with the brachial plexus of nerves , extend obliquely along the lateral boundary of the axilla , from its apex to its base , and are placed much nearer to the anterior than to the posterior wall , the vein lying to the thoracic side of the artery and partially The position and arrangement of the lymph nodes are described on pages 699 and 700 . 1 . The Axillary Artery ( A . Axillaris ) The axillary artery , the continuation of the subclavian , commences at the outer border of the first rib , and ends at the lower border of the tendon of the Teres major , where it takes the name of brachial . Its direction varies with the position of the limb ; thus the vessel is nearly straight when the arm is directed at right angles with the trunk , concave upward when the arm is elevated above this , and convex upward and lateralward when the arm lies by the side . At its origin the artery is very — The first portion of the axillary artery is covered anteriorly by the clavicular portion of the Pectoralis major and the coracoclavicular fascia , and is crossed by the lateral anterior thoracic nerve , and the thoracoacromial and cephalic veins ; posterior to it are the first intercostal space , the corresponding Intercostalis externus , the first and second digitations of the Serratus anterior , and the long thoracic and medial anterior thoracic nerves , and the medial cord of the brachial plexus ; on its lateral side is the brachial plexus , from which it is separated by a little areolar tissue ; on its medial , or thoracic side , is the axillary vein which overlaps the artery . It is enclosed , together with the axillary vein and the brachial plexus , in a fibrous sheath — the axillary sheath — continuous above with the deep cervical fascia . The second portion of the axillary artery is covered , anteriorly , by the Pectorales major and minor ; posterior to it are the posterior cord of the brachial plexus , and some areolar tissue which intervenes between it and the Subscapularis ; on the medial side is the axillary vein , separated from the artery by the medial cord of the brachial plexus and the medial anterior thoracic nerve ; on the lateral side is the lateral cord of the brachial plexus . The brachial plexus thus surrounds the artery on three sides , and separates it from direct contact with the vein and adjacent muscles . The third portion of the axillary artery extends from the lower border of the Pectoralis minor to the lower border of the tendon of the Teres major . In front , it is covered by the lower part of the Pectoralis major above , but only by the integument and fascia below ; behind , it is in relation with the lower part of the Subscapularis , and the tendons of the Latissimus dorsi and Teres major ; on its lateral side is the Coracobrachialis , and on its medial or thoracic side , the axillary vein . The nerves of the brachial plexus bear the following relations to this part of the artery : on the lateral side are the lateral head and the trunk of the median , and the musculocutaneous for a short distance ; on the the ulnar ( between the vein and artery ) and medial brachial cutaneous ( to the medial side of the vein ) ; in front are the medial head of the median and the medial antibrachial cutaneous , and the radial and axillary , the latter only as far as the lower border of the Subscapularis . Collateral Circulation after Ligature of the Axillary Artery . — If the artery be tied above the origin of the thoracoacromial , the collateral circulation will be carried on by the same branches as after the ligature of the third part of the subclavian ; if at a lower point , between the thoracoacromial and the subscapular , the latter vessel , by its free anastomosis with the transverse scapular and transverse cervical branches of the subclavian , will become the chief agent in carrying on the circulation ; the lateral thoracic , if it be below the ligature , will materially contribute by its anastomoses with the intercostal The scapular and circumflex arteries . The Scapular Circumflex Artery ( a . circumflexa scapulæ ; dorsalis scapulæ artery ) is generally larger than the continuation of the subscapular . It curves around the axillary border of the scapula , traversing the space between the Subscapularis above , the Teres major below , and the long head of the Triceps laterally ; it enters the infraspinatous fossa under cover of the Teres minor , and anastomoses with the transverse scapular artery and the descending branch of the transverse cervical . In its course it gives off two branches : one ( infrascapular ) enters the subscapular fossa beneath the Subscapularis , which it supplies , anastomosing with the transverse scapular artery and the descending branch of the transverse cervical ; the other is continued along the axillary border of the scapula , between the Teres major and minor , and at the dorsal surface of the inferior angle anastomoses with the descending branch of the transverse cervical . In addition to these , small branches are distributed to the back part of the Deltoideus and the long head of the Triceps brachii , anastomosing with an ascending branch of the a . 5 . The posterior humeral circumflex artery ( a . circumflexa humeri posterior ; posterior circumflex artery from the axillary artery at the lower border of the Subscapularis , and runs backward with the axillary nerve through the quadrangular space bounded by the Subscapularis and Teres minor above , the Teres major below , the long head of the Triceps brachii medially , and the surgical neck of the humerus laterally . It winds around the neck of the humerus and is distributed to the Deltoideus and shoulder - joint , anastomosing with the anterior humeral circumflex and profunda brachii . 6 . The anterior humeral circumflex artery ( a . circumflexa humeri anterior ; anterior circumflex artery ) , considerably smaller than the posterior , nearly opposite it , from the lateral side of the axillary artery . It runs horizontally , beneath the Coracobrachialis and short head of the Biceps brachii , in front of the neck of the humerus . On reaching the intertubercular sulcus , it gives off a branch which ascends in the sulcus to supply the head of the humerus and the shoulder - joint . The trunk of the vessel is then continued onward beneath the long head of the Biceps brachii and the Deltoideus , and anastomoses with the posterior humeral circumflex artery . Peculiarities . — The branches of the axillary artery vary considerably in different subjects . Occasionally the subscapular , humeral circumflex , and profunda arteries arise from a common trunk , and when this occurs the branches of the brachial plexus surround this trunk instead of the main vessel . Sometimes the axillary artery divides into the radial and ulnar arteries , and occasionally it gives origin to the volar interosseous artery of the forearm . Brachial , ulnar and radial arteries , topography and branches on arm , forearm and hand Brachial artery is immediate continuation of axillary artery and , starting to on level of inferior margin of major pectoral muscle , passes in medial biceps brachii sulcus , and in cubital fossa subdivides into its terminal branches are radial and ulnar . Brachial artery gives off : deep brachial artery - takes beginning from upper third of brachial artery , passes along the radial nerve in radial canal , where gives off the branches to posterior brachial muscles group and to deltoid muscle . Deep brachial artery ramifies into middle collateral artery , which anastomoses with recurrent interossea artery , and radial collateral artery , which anastomoses with radial recurrent artery ; superior ulnar collateral artery starts from brachial artery beneath deep brachial artery and passes to posteriomedial surface of elbow joint , where anastomoses with posterior branch of ulnar recurrent artery ; inferior ulnar collateral artery starts from brachial artery in inferior its third , passes to anteriomedial surface of elbow joint , where anastomoses with anterior branch of ulnarої recurrent artery . All named above collateral arteries , anastomosing with recurrent arteries , take part in forming of arterial cubital rete , from which blood supplies joint and muscles around it . Arteries of forearm and hand . Forearm and hand originate from terminal branches of brachial artery - radial and ulnar arteries . Radial artery lies in radial anrebrachial sulcus and , rounding a styloid process of radius bone , passes on dorsal surface of hand , and then through the first interosseus space gets on palm , where its terminal portion , anastomosing with deep palmar branch from ulnar artery , makes deep palmar arc . Last gives off palmar metacarpeal arteries which anastomose with branches of superficial palmar arch - common palmar digital arteries . Radial artery gives off follow branches : radial recurrent artery , which anastomoses with radial collateral artery ; superficial palmar branch , which anastomoses with terminal portion of ulnar artery , and muscular branches , which supply forearm muscles ; dorsal carpal branch and palmar carpal branch take hand in formation of dorsal carpal rete palmar carpal rete first dorsal metacarpeal artery gives branches into three dorsal digital arteries , which feed dorsal surface of I and II fingers ; principal artery of pollex , which ramifies on three proper palmar digital arteries to I finger and radial side of palmar surface of ІІ finger . From dorsal carpal net four dorsal metacerpeal arteries start , each from which subdivides into two dorsal digital arteries . Last supply dorsal surfaces ІІ - V of fingers . Ulnar artery lies into ulnar antebrachial sulcus and through the carpal canal gets on palm , where its terminal portion anastomoses with superficial palmar branch from radial artery and forms superficial palmar arc Ulnar artery gives off : ulnar recurrent artery , which subdivides into anterior branch posterior branch . They anastomose with collateral brachial arteries inferior superior and take hand in formation of cubital articulate net ( rete articulare cubiti ) ; common interossea artery , which divides into anterior interossea artery posterior interossea artery . These arteries supply deep forearm muscles and take hand in formation of wrist nets . Recurrent interossea artery moves away from posterior interossea artery , then anastomoses with media collateral artery , and is take part in forming of cubital articulate net ( rete articulare cubiti ) ; dorsal carpal branch palmar carpal branch take hand in formation of dorsal carpal rete palmar carpal rete deep palmar branch , which anastomoses with terminal portion of radial artery and takes hand in formation of deep palmar arc From superficial palmar arch three common palmar digital arteries move away , which ramify each on two proper palmar digital arteries . From deep palmar arch 4 palmar metacarpeal arteries moves away , which fall into common palmar digital arteries and into principal artery of pollex in area of their division into proper palmar digital arteries . The brachial artery The brachial artery . Varieties in Muscular Relations . — The brachial artery is occasionally concealed , in some part of its course , by muscular or tendinous slips derived from the Coracobrachialis , Biceps brachii , Brachialis , or Pronator teres . Collateral Circulation . — After the application of a ligature to the brachial artery in the upper third of the arm , the circulation is carried on by branches from the humeral circumflex and subscapular arteries anastomosing with ascending branches from the profunda brachii . If the artery be tied below the origin of the profunda brachii and superior ulnar collateral , the circulation is maintained by the branches of these two arteries anastomosing with the inferior ulnar collateral , the radial and ulnar recurrents , and the dorsal interosseous . — The branches of the brachial artery are : Profunda Brachii . Superior Ulnar Collateral . Nutrient . Inferior Ulnar Collateral . Muscular . 1 . The arteria profunda brachii ( superior profunda artery ) is a large vessel which from the medial and back part of the brachial , just below the lower border of the Teres major . It follows closely the radial nerve , running at first backward between the medial and lateral heads of the Triceps brachii , then along the groove for the radial nerve , where it is covered by the lateral head of the Triceps brachii , to the lateral side of the arm ; there it pierces the lateral intermuscular septum , and , descending between the Brachioradialis and the Brachialis to the front of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus , 2 . The nutrient artery ( a . nutricia humeri ) of the body of the humerus arises about the middle of the arm and enters the nutrient canal near the insertion of the Coracobrachialis . appears , from its direction , to be the continuation of the brachial , but it is smaller in caliber than the ulnar . It commences at the bifurcation of the brachial , just below the bend of the elbow , and passes along the radial side of the forearm to the wrist . It then winds backward , around the lateral side of the carpus , beneath the tendons of the Abductor pollicis longus and Extensores pollicis longus and brevis to the upper end of the space between the metacarpal bones of the thumb and index finger . Finally — ( a In the forearm the artery extends from the neck of the radius to the forepart of the styloid process , being placed to the medial side of the body of the bone above , and in front of it below . Its upper part is overlapped by the fleshy belly of the Brachioradialis ; the rest of the artery is superficial , being covered by the integument and the superficial and deep fasciæ . In its course downward , it lies upon the tendon of the Biceps brachii , the Supinator , the Pronator teres , the radial origin of the Flexor digitorum Ulnar and radial arteries . Deep view . b At the wrist the artery reaches the back of the carpus by passing between the radial collateral ligament of the wrist and the tendons of the Abductor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis . It then descends on the navicular and greater multangular bones , and before disappearing between the heads of the first Interosseus dorsalis is crossed by the tendon of the Extensor pollicis longus . In the interval between the two Extensores pollicis it is crossed by the digital rami of the superficial branch of the radial nerve which go to the thumb and index finger . c In the hand , it passes from the upper end of the first interosseous space , between the heads of the first Interosseus dorsalis , transversely across the palm between the Adductor pollicis obliquus and Adductor pollicis transversus , but sometimes piercing the latter muscle , to the base of the metacarpal bone of the little finger , where it anastomoses with the deep volar branch from the ulnar artery , completing the deep volar arch — The origin of the radial artery is , in nearly one case in eight , higher than usual ; more often it arises from the axillary or upper part of the brachial than from the lower part of the latter vessel . In the forearm it deviates less frequently from its normal position than the ulnar . It has been found lying on the deep fascia instead of beneath it . It has also been observed on the surface of the Brachioradialis , instead of under its medial border ; and in turning around the wrist , it has — The branches of the radial artery may be divided into three groups , corresponding with the three regions in which the vessel is situated . In the Forearm . At the Wrist . In the Hand . Radial Recurrent . Dorsal Carpal . Princeps Pollicis . Muscular . First Dorsal Metacarpal . Volaris Indicis Radialis . Volar Carpal . Volar Metacarpal . Superficial Volar . Perforating . Recurrent . The radial recurrent artery ( a . recurrens radialis immediately below the elbow . It ascends between the branches of the radial nerve , lying on the Supinator and then between the Brachioradialis and Brachialis , supplying these muscles and the elbow - joint , and anastomosing with the terminal part of the profunda brachii . The muscular branches ( rami musculares ) are distributed to the muscles on the radial side of the forearm . The volar carpal branch ( ramus carpeus volaris ; anterior radial carpal artery ) is a small vessel which near the lower border of the Pronator quadratus , and , running across the front of the carpus , anastomoses with the volar carpal branch of the ulnar artery . This anastomosis is joined by a branch from the volar interosseous above , and by recurrent branches from the deep volar arch below , thus forming a volar carpal net - work which supplies the articulations of the wrist and carpus . The superficial volar branch ( ramus volaris superficialis ; superficialis volœ artery from the radial artery , just where this vessel is about to wind around the lateral side of the wrist . Running forward , it passes through , occasionally over , the muscles of the ball of the thumb , which it supplies , and sometimes anastomoses with the terminal portion of the ulnar artery , completing the superficial volar arch . This vessel varies considerably in size : usually it is very small , and ends in the muscles of the thumb ; sometimes it is as large as the continuation of the radial The dorsal carpal branch ( ramus carpeus dorsalis ; posterior radial carpal artery ) is a small vessel which beneath the Extensor tendons of the thumb ; crossing the carpus transversely toward the medial border of the hand , it anastomoses with the dorsal carpal branch of the ulnar and with the volar and dorsal interosseous arteries to form a dorsal carpal network . From this network are given off three slender dorsal metacarpal arteries , which run downward on the second , third , and fourth Interossei dorsales and bifurcate into the dorsal digital branches for the supply of the adjacent sides of the middle , ring , and little fingers respectively , communicating with the proper volar The first dorsal metacarpal just before the radial artery passes between the two heads of the first Interosseous dorsalis and divides almost immediately into two branches which supply the adjacent sides of the thumb and index finger ; the radial side of the thumb receives a branch directly from the radial artery . The arteria princeps pollicis from the radial just as it turns medialward to the deep part of the hand ; it descends between the first Interosseous dorsalis and Adductor pollicis obliquus , along the ulnar side of the metacarpal bone of the thumb to the base of the first phalanx , where it lies beneath the tendon of the Flexor pollicis longus and divides into two branches . These make their appearance between the medial and lateral insertions of the Adductor pollicis obliquus , and run along the sides of the thumb , forming on the volar surface of the last phalanx an arch The arteria volaris indicis radialis ( radialis indicis artery close to the preceding , descends between the first Interosseus dorsalis and Adductor pollicis transversus , and runs along the radial side of the index finger to its extremity , where it anastomoses with the proper digital artery , supplying the ulnar side of the finger . At the lower border of the Adductor pollicis transversus this vessel anastomoses with the princeps pollicis , and gives a communicating branch to the superficial volar arch . The a . princeps pollicis and a . volaris indicis radialis may spring from a common trunk termed the first volar metacarpal artery . The deep volar arch ( arcus volaris profundus ; deep palmar arch ) is formed by the anastomosis of the terminal part of the radial artery with the deep volar branch of the ulnar . It lies upon the carpal extremities of the metacarpal bones and on the Interossei , being covered by the Adductor pollicis obliquus , the Flexor tendons of the fingers , and the Lumbricales . Alongside of it , but running in the opposite direction — that is to say , toward the radial side of the hand — is the deep branch of the ulnar nerve . The volar metacarpal arteries ( aa . metacarpeæ volares ; palmar interosseous arteries ) , three or four in number , arise from the convexity of the deep volar arch ; they run distally upon the Interossei , and anastomose at the clefts of the fingers with the common digital branches of the superficial volar arch . The perforating branches ( rami perforantes ) , three in number , pass backward from the deep volar arch , through the second , third , and fourth interosseous spaces and between the heads of the corresponding Interossei dorsalis , to anastomose with the dorsal metacarpal arteries . The recurrent branches arise from the concavity of the deep volar arch . They ascend in front of the wrist , supply the intercarpal articulations , and end in the volar carpal network . Theme 2 . Superficial and deep veins , lymphatics of upper extremity Subclavian vein continues from axillary vein , lies in same name sulcus of first rib and collects blood from thoracic veins and dorsal scapular vein Veins of upper limb are subdivided into superficial and deep . They are communicated by numerous anastomoses and have valves . Superficial veins are developed richer than deep one . Cephalic vein starts from radial part of dorsal venous hand net . From dorsal hand surface it passes on anterior surface of radial margin across forearm , lies into lateral biceps brachii sulcus , then into sulcus between deltoid and major pectoral muscles and empties under clavicle into axillarу vein Basilica vein collects blood from ulnar part of dorsal venous hand net , lies on ulnar side of anterior forearm surface , passes on medial biceps brachii sulcus and empties into one of brachial veins Intermediate cubiti vein passes obliquely in area of cubital fossa from cephalic to basilica veins . The Deep veins of upper limb are double , they start from superficial palmar venous arch and deep palmar venous arch then accompanies same name arteries and . Axillar vein is odd , it accompanies same name artery and continues into subclavian vein . The veins of the upper extremity are divided into two sets , superficial and deep ; the two sets anastomose frequently with each other . The superficial veins are placed immediately beneath the integument between the two layers of superficial fascia . The deep veins accompany the arteries , and constitute the venæ comitantes of those vessels . Both sets are provided with valves , which are more numerous in the deep than in the superficial veins . The Superficial Veins of the Upper Extremity The superficial veins of the upper extremity are the digital , metacarpal , cephalic , basilic , median . Digital Veins . dorsal digital veins pass along the sides of the fingers and are joined to one another by oblique communicating branches . Those from the adjacent sides of the fingers unite to form three dorsal metacarpal veins which end in a dorsal venous net - work opposite the middle of the metacarpus . The radial part of the net - work is joined by the dorsal digital vein from the radial side of the index finger and by the dorsal digital veins of the thumb , and is prolonged upward as the cephalic vein . The ulnar part of the net - work receives the dorsal digital vein of the ulnar side of the little finger and is continued upward as the basilic vein . A communicating branch frequently connects the dorsal venous network with the cephalic The volar digital veins on each finger are connected to the dorsal digital veins by oblique intercapitular veins . They drain into a venous plexus which is situated over the thenar and hypothenar eminences and across the front of the wrist . The superficial veins of the upper extremity . The median antibrachial vein ( v . mediana antibrachii ) drains the venous plexus on the volar surface of the hand . It ascends on the ulnar side of the front of the forearm and ends in the basilic vein or in the vena mediana cubiti ; in a small proportion of cases it divides into two branches , one of which joins the basilic , the other the cephalic , below the elbow . The Deep Veins of the Upper Extremity The deep veins follow the course of the arteries , forming their venæ comitantes . They are generally arranged in pairs , and are situated one on either side of the corresponding artery , and connected at intervals by short transverse branches . Deep Veins of the Hand . — The superficial and deep volar arterial arches are each accompanied by a pair of venæ comitantes which constitute respectively the superficial deep volar venous arches , and receive the veins corresponding to the branches of the arterial arches ; thus the common volar digital veins , formed by the union of the proper volar digital veins , open into the superficial , and the volar metacarpal veins into the deep volar venous arches . The dorsal metacarpal veins receive perforating branches from the volar metacarpal veins and end in the radial veins and in the superficial veins on the dorsum of the wrist . The deep veins of the forearm are the venæ comitantes of the radial and ulnar veins and constitute respectively the upward continuations of the deep and superficial volar venous arches ; they unite in front of the elbow to form the brachial veins . The radial veins are smaller than the ulnar and receive the dorsal metacarpal veins . The ulnar veins receive tributaries from the deep volar venous arches and communicate with the superficial veins at the wrist ; near the elbow they receive the volar and dorsal interosseous veins and send a large communicating branch ( profunda vein The veins of the right axilla , viewed from in front . The subclavian vein occasionally rises in the neck to a level with the third part of the subclavian artery , and occasionally passes with this vessel behind the Scalenus anterior . Tributaries . — This vein receives the external jugular vein , sometimes the anterior jugular vein , and occasionally a small branch , which ascends in front of the clavicle , from the cephalic . At its angle of junction with the internal jugular , the left subclavian vein receives the thoracic duct , and the right subclavian vein the right lymphatic duct . Lymphatic nodes of upper limb may be divided into two sets , superficial deep . The superficial vessels and nodes of upper limb pass along the course of vena basilica and vena cephalica and compose lateral , medial and middle groups . Lateral group of superficial vessels carries lymph from skin of I - ІІІ fingers , lateral forearm surface and arm to axillar lymphatic nodes . Medial group of superficial vessels carries lymph from IV - V fingers , hand , medial forearm side and brachium to cubital and axillar lymphatic nodes . Middle group carries lymph from palmar forearm surface to cubital fossa and here part of vessels joins to lateral grand , and part to medial group . The superficial lymphatic nodes accompany the superficial hand veins . They collect lymph from skin and subcutaneous tissue . From them lymph passes to cubital nodes axillar nodes Deep vessels and nodes of upper limb accompany the deep big vessels and carry lymph into deep nodes and superficial nodes , and from here - into cubital nodes axillar lymphatic nodes . Axillar nodes receive the vessels from upper limb , thoracic wall , and mammary gland . The efferent vessels from axillar nodes form a subclavian trunk ( left and right ) . The Lymph Nodes of the Upper Extremity . — The lymph nodes of the upper extremity are divided into two sets , deep . The superficial lymph nodes are few and of small size . One or two supratrochlear nodes are placed above the medial epicondyle of the humerus , medial to the basilic vein . Their afferents drain the middle , ring , and little fingers , the medial portion of the hand , and the superficial area over the ulnar side of the forearm ; these vessels are , however , in free communication with the other lymphatic vessels of the forearm . Their efferents accompany the basilic vein and join the deeper vessels . One or two deltoideopectoral nodes are found Lymphatic vessels of the dorsal surface of the hand . The superficial lymphatic vessels commence in the lymphatic plexus which everywhere pervades the skin ; the meshes of the plexus are much finer in the palm and on the flexor aspect of the digits than elsewhere . The digital plexuses are drained by a pair of vessels which run on the sides of each digit , and incline backward to reach the dorsum of the hand . From the dense plexus of the palm , vessels pass in different directions , viz . , upward toward the wrist , downward to join the digital vessels , medialward to join the Theme 3 Brachial plexus , composition , topography distribution of short branches . The brachial plexus formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves C 5 - T 1 . It lies on the deep neck muscles and is divided into a supra clavicular part and an infraclavicular part . Supraclavicular Part passes through the fora men and consists of the superior , middle inferior trunks and gives off motor nerves to the muscles of the shoulder girdle : the dorsal scapular nerve ( which supplies the levator scapulae muscle and the rhomboideus major and minor muscles ) , the suprascapular nerve ( supraspinatous muscle and infraspinatous muscle ) the subscapular nerve ( passes to the subscapular and teres major muscle ) the subclavius nerve ( to the subclavius muscle ) lateral and medial pectoral nerves ( which supply the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles ) the long thoracic nerve ( whose branches supplies the serratus anterior muscle ) thoracodorsal nerve ( which sup plies the latissimus dorsi muscle ) Axillary nerve branches off from posterior cord of the Infraclavicular Part . It passes deep in the axillary fossa through the quadrilaterum foramen to the back surface of the scapula . It supplies the capsule of the shoulder joint and gives off motor branches for deltoid and teres minor mus cles . Branch superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve passes to the skin , which it supplies the skin in the deltoid region . The right brachial plexus with its short branches , viewed from in front . The Sternomastoid and Trapezius muscles have been completely , the Omohyoid Subclavius have been partially , removed ; a piece has been sawed out of the clavicle ; the Pectoralis muscles have been incised and reflected . Infraclavicular Part According to relation to the axil lary artery they distinguish the lateral cord , the medial cord and the posterior cord . The Branchial Plexus ( plexus brachialis The brachial plexus is formed by the union of the anterior divisions of the lower four cervical nerves and the greater part of the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve ; the fourth cervical usually gives a branch to the fifth cervical , and the first thoracic frequently receives one from the second thoracic . The plexus extends from the lower part of the side of the neck to the axilla . The nerves which form it are nearly equal in size , but their mode of communication is subject to some variation . The following is , however anterior and a posterior division . The anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks unite to form a cord , which is situated on the lateral side of the second part of the axillary artery , and is called the lateral cord or fasciculus of the plexus . The anterior division of the lower trunk passes down on the medial side of the axillary artery , and forms the medial cord or fasciculus of the brachial plexus . The posterior divisions of all three trunks unite to form the posterior cord or fasciculus of the plexus , which is situated behind the second portion of the axillary artery . The right brachial plexus ( infraclavicular portion ) in the axillary fossa ; viewed from below and in front . The Pectoralis major and minor muscles have been in large part removed ; their attachments have been reflected . In the neck , the brachial plexus lies in the posterior triangle , being covered by the skin , Platysma , and deep fascia ; it is crossed by the supraclavicular nerves , the inferior belly of the Omohyoideus , the external jugular vein , and the transverse cervical artery . It emerges between the Scaleni anterior and medius ; its upper part lies above the third part of the artery , while the trunk formed by the union of the eighth cervical and first thoracic is placed behind the artery ; the plexus next passes behind the clavicle , the Subclavius , and the transverse scapular vessels , and lies upon the first digitation of the Serratus anterior , and the Subscapularis In the axilla it is placed lateral to the first portion of the axillary artery ; it surrounds the second part of the artery , one cord lying medial to it , one lateral to it , and one behind it ; at the lower part of the axilla it gives off its terminal branches to the upper limb . Branches of Communication . — Close to their exit from the intervertebral foramina the fifth and sixth cervical nerves each receive a gray ramus communicans from the middle cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk , and the seventh and eighth cervical similar twigs from the inferior ganglion . The first thoracic nerve receives a gray ramus from , and contributes a white ramus to , the first thoracic ganglion . On the Scalenus anterior the phrenic nerve is joined by a branch from the fifth cervical . Branches of Distribution . The branches of distribution of the brachial plexus may be arranged into two groups , viz . , those given off above and those below the clavicle . Supraclavicular Branches Dorsal Scapular … … … … … . . 5 C . Suprascapular … … … … … … 5 , 6 C . Nerve to … … … … 5 , 6 C . Long thoracic … … … … … … . 5 , 6 , 7 C . To Longus colli Scaleni 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 C . The Dorsal Scapular Nerve n . dorsalis scapulæ ; nerve to the Rhomboidei ; posterior scapular nerve from the fifth cervical , pierces the Scalenus medius , passes beneath the Levator scapulæ , to which it occasionally gives a twig , and ends in the Rhomboidei The Suprascapular n . suprascapularis from the trunk formed by the union of the fifth and sixth cervical nerves . It runs lateralward beneath the Trapezius and the Omohyoideus , and enters the supraspinatous fossa through the suprascapular notch , below , the superior transverse scapular ligament ; it then passes beneath the Supraspinatus , and curves around the lateral border of the spine of the scapula to the infraspinatous fossa . In the fossa it gives off two branches to the Supraspinatus muscle , and an articular filament to the shoulder - joint ; and in the fossa it gives off two branches to the Infraspinatous muscle , besides some filaments to the shoulder - joint and scapula . The Nerve to the ) is a small filament , which from the point of junction of the fifth and sixth cervical nerves ; it descends to the muscle in front of the third part of the artery and the lower trunk of the plexus , and is usually connected by a filament with the phrenic nerve . and axillary nerves of right side , seen from behind . Testut . ) Long Thoracic Nerve thoracalis longus ; external respiratory nerve of Bell ; posterior thoracic nerve ) supplies the Serratus anterior . It usually by three roots from the fifth , sixth , and seventh cervical nerves ; but the root from the seventh nerve may be absent . The roots from the fifth and sixth nerves pierce the , while that from the seventh passes in front of the muscle . The nerve descends behind the brachial plexus and the axillary vessels , resting on the outer surface of the anterior . It extends along the side of the thorax to the lower border of that muscle , supplying filaments to each of its digitations . The branches for the Longus colli and arise from the lower four cervical nerves at their exit from the intervertebral foramina . Branches . The branches are derived from the three cords of the brachial plexus , but the fasciculi of the nerves may be traced through the plexus to the spinal nerves from which they originate . They are as follows : Lateral cord … … Musculocutaneous … … … … 5 , 6 , 7 C . Lateral anterior thoracic … … head of median … … . . 6 , 7 C . Medial cord antibrachial cutaneous brachial cutaneous … . 8 C , 1 T . Ulnar head of median Posterior Upper subscapular Lower subscapular Thoracodorsal . . … … … … … Axillary … … … … … … … … Radial … … … … … … … … … 6 , 7 , 8 C , 1 T . Anterior Thoracic Nerves nn thoracales anteriores ) supply the Pectorales major and minor . lateral anterior thoracic fasciculus lateralis ) the larger of the two , from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus , and through it from the fifth , sixth , and seventh cervical nerves . It passes across the axillary artery and vein , pierces the coracoclavicular fascia , and is distributed to the deep surface of the major . It sends a filament to join the medial anterior thoracic and form with it a loop in front of the first part of the axillary artery . medial anterior thoracic fasciculus medialis from the medial cord of the plexus and through it from the eighth cervical and first thoracic . It passes behind the first part of the axillary artery , curves forward between the axillary artery and vein , and unites in front of the artery with a filament from the lateral nerve . It then enters the deep surface of the minor , where it divides into a number of branches , which supply the muscle . Two or three branches pierce the muscle and end in the major . Subscapular Nerves nn subscapulares ) , two in number , spring from the posterior cord of the plexus and through it from the fifth and sixth cervical nerves . upper subscapular short subscapular ) , the smaller enters the upper part of the Subscapularis , and is frequently represented by two branches . lower subscapular supplies the lower part of the , and ends in the Teres major ; the latter muscle is sometimes supplied by a separate branch . Thoracodorsal Nerve thoracodorsalis ; middle or long subscapular nerve ) , a branch of the posterior cord of the plexus , derives its fibers from the fifth , sixth , and seventh cervical nerves ; it follows the course of the subscapular artery , along the posterior wall of the axilla to the Latissimus dorsi , in which it may be traced as far as the lower border of the muscle . Axillary Nerve axillaris ; circumflex nerve from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus , and its fibers are derived from the fifth and sixth cervical nerves . It lies at first behind the axillary artery , and in front of the , and passes downward to the lower border of that muscle . It then winds backward , in company with the posterior humeral circumflex artery , through a quadrilateral space bounded above by the , below by the Teres major , medially by the long head of the Triceps brachii , and laterally by the surgical neck of the humerus , and divides into an anterior and a posterior branch . The anterior branch upper branch ) winds around the surgical neck of the humerus , beneath the Deltoideus , with the posterior humeral circumflex vessels , as far as the anterior border of that muscle , supplying it , and giving off a few small cutaneous branches , which pierce the muscle and ramify in the skin covering its lower part . posterior branch lower branch ) supplies the minor and the posterior part of the Deltoideus ; upon the branch to the minor an oval enlargement ( pseudoganglion ) usually exists . The posterior branch then pierces the deep fascia and is continued as the lateral brachial cutaneous nerve , which sweeps around the posterior border of the and supplies the skin over the lower two - thirds of the posterior part of this muscle , as well as that covering the long head of the Triceps brachii The trunk of the axillary nerve gives off an articular filament which enters the shoulder - joint below the Long branches of brachial plexus , topography and distribution of branches on arm , forearm and hand Nerves start from the medial cord : 1 . Me dial cutaneous brachial nerve ( supplies the skin of the ventromedial region of the brachium ) . 2 . Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve ( supplies the skin of the ventromedial region of the forearm ) . 3 . Ulnar nerve runs in the medial bicipital sulcus without ( ! ) giving off any branches . It crosses the elbow joint on the backside in a medial epicondyle . Here the nerve may be felt and pressure on it produces an " elec tric " type of pain which radiates to the ulnar side of the hand . The nerve passes in the ulnar sulcus on the forearm through the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and then runs below this muscle to the wrist joint . It does not traverse the carpal tunnel but passes over the flexor retinaculum to the palmar surface of the hand where it divides into superficial and deep branches . In the forearm it gives off branches to the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and to the ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle . In the middle of the forearm a sensory branch is given off , the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve , which passes to the ulnar side of the back of the hand where it supplies the skin . Another sensory branch , the palmar branch of the ulnar nerve , is given off in the distal third of the forearm . It passes to the palm of the hand and supplies the skin of the hypothenar eminence . The superficial branch , as the fourth com mon palmar digital nerve , passes to the interosseous space between the ring and little fingers and divides into the proper palmar digital nerves , which supply the sensory innervation of the volar surface of the little finger and the ulnar side of 4 - th finger . The deep branch gives off branches to all the muscles of the hypothenar eminence ( abductor muscle of the fifth finger , the flexor brevis muscle of the minimus finger , and the opponens muscle of the minimus finger ) and all the dorsal and palmar interosseous muscles the third and fourth lumbrical muscles , the adductor pollicis muscle , and the deep head of the flexor pollicis brevis muscle . 4 . Median nerve is formed on the anterior surface of the axillary artery by parts of the medial and lateral cords . The nerve runs to the elbow in the medial bicipital sulcus and does not ( ! ) supply anything in brachial region . Then it reaches the forearm between the two heads of the pronator muscle . It extends to the wrist between the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor profundusin median sulcus . Before it enters the carpal canal it lies superficially be tween the tendons of the flexor carpi radialis muscle and the palmaris longus . In the carpal canal it divides into its terminal branches . The muscular branches of the nerve supply the pronators and most of the flexors of the forearm : pronator , the flexor carpi radialis , the palmaris and the flexor superficialis . The anterior antebrachial nerve runs on the mem brane to the deep muscles . In the lower third of the forearm , the sensory palmar branch of the median nerve passes to the skin of the ball of the thumb , the radial side of the wrist and the palm of the hand . The median nerve gives off branches to the periosteum , the elbow joint , the radiocarpal joint and the mediocarpal joint . After passing through the carpal canal the median nerve divides into the common palmar digital nerves I , II , III , each of which divide at the level of the proximal metacarpophalangeal joints into the two proper palmar digital nerves . They give off a branch to the thenar muscles ( abduc tor muscle , superfi cial head of the flexor muscle and the opponens ) . The common palmar digital nerves supply the I - II lumbrical muscles . Sensory branches supply the skin of thenar , of the 1 st 2 d , 3 d and part of the 4 th fingers h Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition that causes a " needles - and - pins " sensation to the index and middle finger of the wrist , and is caused by compression or stretching of the medial nerve . It is a common disorder with people whose occupation require a great deal of wrist flexion or prolonged extension . It has been commonly called the " secretary ' s disease " and is seen commonly in writers , typists , pianists , and even more recently , computer professions . The symptoms can vary , but usually include pain in the middle area of the wrist , swelling of wrist , numbness or tingling in index and middle fingers , and loss of function of hand in severe cases . Splints applied to dorsiflex the wrist occasionally help . Cortisone injections may help , and surgery to strip away build - up of adhesive tissue may be required . This condition can recur even after treatment and tends to worsen in the evening and night . Cutaneous nerves of right upper extremity . Anterior view . Beside the Median nerve Musculocutaneous nerve also start from the lateral cord . The nerve runs through the coraco - brachialis muscle between the biceps brachialis muscles ( and nerve supplies them ) as far as the elbow . The sensory fibers of the nerve at the elbow pass through the fascia onto the surface and , as the lateral cutaneous nerve , supply the skin in the lateral part of the forearm . posterior cord gives off the axillary and radial nerves . Radial nerve runs from the axilla in the radial canal and supplies the long , lateral and medial heads of the triceps anconaeus mus cles . Also inferior lateral posterior brachial cutaneous nerves pass to the skin , which it supplies on the lateral and posterior surface of the arm . Radial nerve crosses the elbow joint and di vides at the level of the head of the radius into its two terminal branches , the deep branch . The deep branch gives off numerous muscular branches and fi nally extends to the wrist joint as the posterior nerve . Radial nerve supplies all superficial and deep posterior mus cles , brachioradialis mus cles , also skin in posterior region . On the back of the hand the superficial branch gives off the 5 dorsal digital nerves which supply the only skin of radial part of the hand , the back surface of the 1 st nd , 3 fingers . Diagram of segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the right upper extremity . Anterior view . Nerve musculocutaneus from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus , opposite the lower border of the minor , its being derived from the fifth , sixth , and seventh cervical nerves . It pierces the Coracobrachialis muscle and passes obliquely between the Biceps and the Brachialis , to the lateral side of the arm ; a little above the elbow it pierces the deep fascia lateral to the tendon of the Biceps and is continued into the forearm as the lateral antibrachial cutaneous nerve . In its course through the arm it supplies the Coracobrachialis , Biceps , and the greater part of the Brachialis . The branch to the is given off from the nerve close to its origin , and in some instances as a separate filament from the lateral cord of the plexus ; it is derived from the seventh , cervical nerve . The branches to the Biceps and Brachialis are given off after the musculocutaneous has pierced the ; that supplying the Brachialis gives a filament to the elbow - joint . The nerve also sends a small branch to the bone , which enters the nutrient foramen with the accompanying artery . Cutaneous nerves of right upper extremity . Posterior view . Diagram of segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the right upper extremity . Posterior view . cutaneous nerve cutaneus antibrachii cutaneous lateralis ; branch of musculocutaneous nerve ) passes behind the cephalic vein , and divides , opposite the elbow - joint , into a volar and a dorsal branch . volar branch ramus volaris ; anterior branch ) descends along the radial border of the forearm to the wrist , and supplies the skin over the lateral half of its volar surface . At the wrist - joint it is placed in front of the radial artery , and some filaments , piercing the deep fascia , accompany that vessel to the dorsal surface of the carpus . The nerve then passes downward to the ball of the thumb , where it ends in cutaneous filaments . It communicates with the superficial branch of the radial nerve , and with the palmar cutaneous branch of the median dorsal branch ramus dorsalis ; posterior branch ) descends , along the dorsal surface of the radial side of the forearm to the wrist . It supplies the skin of the lower two - thirds of the dorso - lateral surface of the forearm , communicating with the superficial branch of the radial nerve and the dorsal cutaneous branch of the radial . nerve presents frequent irregularities . It may adhere for some distance to the median and then pass outward , beneath the Biceps , instead of through the . Some of the of the median may run for some distance in the and then leave it to join their proper trunk ; less frequently the reverse is the case , and the median sends a branch to join the . The nerve may pass under the or through the Biceps . Occasionally it gives a filament to the Pronator , and it supplies the dorsal surface of the thumb when the superficial branch of the radial nerve is absent . Medial Antibrachial Cutaneous Nerve cutaneus antibrachii medialis ; internal cutaneous nerve from the medial cord of the brachial plexus . It derives its from the eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves , and at its commencement is placed medial to the axillary artery . It gives off , near the axilla , a filament , which pierces the fascia and supplies the integument covering the Biceps , nearly as far as the elbow . The nerve then runs down the ulnar side of the arm medial to the brachial artery , pierces the deep fascia with the basilic vein , about the middle of the arm , and divides into a volar and an ulnar branch . volar branch volaris ; anterior branch ) , the larger , passes usually in front of , but occasionally behind , the vena mediana cubiti median basilic vein ) . It then descends on the front of the ulnar side of the forearm , distributing filaments to the skin as far as the wrist , and communicating with the palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve ( 811 ) . ulnar branch ; posterior branch ) passes obliquely downward on the medial side of the vein , in front of the medial epicondyle of the , to the back of the forearm , and descends on its ulnar side as far as the wrist , distributing filaments to the skin . It communicates with the medial brachial cutaneous , the dorsal cutaneous branch of the radial , and the dorsal branch of the ulnar Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve n . ; lesser internal cutaneous nerve ; nerve of Wrisberg ) is distributed to the skin on the ulnar side of the arm . It is the smallest branch of the brachial plexus , and arising from the medial cord receives its from the eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves . It passes through the axilla , at first lying behind , and then medial to the axillary vein , and communicates with the intercostobrachial nerve . It descends along the medial side of the brachial artery to the middle of the arm , where it pierces the deep fascia , and is distributed to the skin of the back of the lower third of the arm , extending as far as the elbow , where some filaments are lost in the skin in front of the medial epicondyle , and others over the olecranon . It communicates with the ulnar branch of the medial cutaneous nerve . In some cases the medial brachial cutaneous and intercostobrachial are connected by two or three filaments , which form a plexus in the axilla . In other cases the is of large size , and takes the place of the medial brachial cutaneous , receiving merely a filament of communication from the brachial plexus , which represents the latter nerve ; in a few cases , this filament is wanting . Median Nerve medianus ) extends along the middle of the arm and forearm to the hand . It by two roots , one from the lateral and one from the medial cord of the brachial plexus ; these embrace the lower part of the axillary artery , uniting either in front of or lateral to that vessel . Its are derived from the sixth , seventh , and eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves . As it descends through the arm , it lies at first lateral to the brachial artery ; about the level of the insertion of the it crosses the artery , usually in front of , but occasionally behind it , and lies on its medial side at the bend of the elbow , where it is situated behind the lacertus fibrosus fascia ) , and is separated from the elbow - joint by the Brachialis . In the forearm it passes between the two heads of the Pronator and crosses the ulnar artery , but is separated from this vessel by the deep head of the Pronator . It descends beneath the Flexor sublimis , lying on the Flexor profundus , to within 5 cm . of the transverse carpal ligament ; here it becomes more superficial , and is situated between the tendons of the Flexor sublimis and Flexor carpi . In this situation it lies behind , and rather to the radial side of , the tendon of the Palmaris , and is covered by the skin and fascia . It then passes behind the transverse carpal ligament into the palm of the hand . In its course through the forearm it is accompanied by the median artery , a branch of the volar interroseous artery . With the exception of the nerve to the Pronator , which sometimes arises above the elbow - joint , the median nerve gives off no branches in the arm . As it passes in front of the elbow , it supplies one or two twigs to the joint . its branches are : muscular , volar palmar . rami musculares ) are derived from the nerve near the elbow and supply all the superficial muscles on the front of the forearm , except the Flexor carpi volar nerve interosseus ; anterior nerve ) supplies the deep muscles on the front of the forearm , except the ulnar half of the Flexor . It accompanies the volar artery along the front of the membrane , in the interval between the Flexor and Flexor , supplying the whole of the former and the radial half of the latter , and ending below in the Pronator quadratus and wrist - joint . palmar branch n . mediani ) of the median nerve at the lower part of the forearm . It pierces the volar carpal ligament , and divides into a lateral and a branch ; the lateral branch supplies the skin over the ball of the thumb , and communicates with the volar branch of the lateral cutaneous nerve ; the medial branch supplies the skin of the palm and communicates with the palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar . In the palm of the hand the median nerve is covered by the skin and the palmar aponeurosis , and rests on the tendons of the Flexor muscles . Immediately after emerging from under the transverse carpal ligament the nerve becomes enlarged and flattened and splits into a smaller , lateral , and a larger , medial portion . The lateral portion supplies a short , stout branch to certain of the muscles of the ball of the thumb , viz . , the Abductor , the Opponens , and the superficial head of the Flexor , and then divides into three proper volar digital nerves ; two of these supply the sides of the thumb , while the third gives a twig to the first Lumbricalis and is distributed to the radial side of the index finger . The medial portion of the nerve divides into two common volar digital nerves . The first of these gives a twig to the second Lumbricalis and runs toward the cleft between the index and middle fingers , where it divides into two proper digital nerves for the adjoining sides of these digits ; the second runs toward the cleft between the middle and ring fingers , and splits into two proper digital nerves for the adjoining sides of these digits ; it communicates with a branch from the ulnar nerve and sometimes sends a twig to the third Each proper digital nerve , opposite the base of the first phalanx , gives off a dorsal branch which joins the dorsal digital nerve from the superficial branch of the radial nerve , and supplies the integument on the dorsal aspect of the last phalanx . At the end of the digit , the proper digital nerve divides into two branches , one of which supplies the pulp of the finger , the other ramifies around and beneath the nail . The proper digital nerves , as they run along the fingers , are placed superficial to the corresponding arteries . Nerves of the left upper extremity . Ulnar Nerve ) is placed along the medial side of the limb , and is distributed to the muscles and skin of the forearm and hand . It from the medial cord of the brachial plexus , and derives its from the eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves . It is smaller than the median , and lies at first behind it , but diverges from it in its course down the arm . At its origin it lies medial to the axillary artery , and bears the same relation to the brachial artery as far as the middle of the arm . Here it pierces the medial intermuscular septum , runs obliquely across the medial head of the Triceps , and descends to the groove between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon , accompanied by the superior ulnar collateral artery . At the elbow , it rests upon the back of the medial epicondyle , and enters the forearm between the two heads of the Flexor carpi In the forearm , it descends along the ulnar side lying upon the Flexor ; its upper half is covered by the Flexor carpi , its lower half lies on the lateral side of the muscle , covered by the integument and fascia . In the upper third of the forearm , it is separated from the ulnar artery by a considerable interval , but in the rest of its extent lies close to the medial side of the artery . About 5 cm . above the wrist it ends by dividing into a dorsal and a volar branch . Deep palmar nerves . The branches of the ulnar nerve are : articular to the elbow - joint , muscular , palmar cutaneous , dorsal , volar . articular branches to the elbow - joint are several small filaments which from the nerve as it lies in the groove between the medial epicondyle and olecranon . musculares ) two in number , near the elbow : one supplies the Flexor carpi ; the other , the ulnar half of the Flexor palmar cutaneous branch about the middle of the forearm , and descends on the ulnar artery , giving off some filaments to the vessel . It perforates the volar carpal ligament and ends in the skin of the palm , communicating with the palmar branch of the median nerve . dorsal branch manus about 5 cm . above the wrist ; it passes backward beneath the Flexor carpi , perforates the deep fascia , and , running along the ulnar side of the back of the wrist and hand , divides into two dorsal digital branches ; one supplies the ulnar side of the little finger ; the other , the adjacent sides of the little and ring fingers . It also sends a twig to join that given by the superficial branch of the radial nerve for the adjoining sides of the middle and ring fingers , and assists in supplying them . A branch is distributed to the metacarpal region of the hand , communicating with , axillary , and radial nerves . On the little finger the dorsal digital branches extend only as far as the base of the terminal phalanx , and on the ring finger as far as the base of the second phalanx ; the more distal parts of these digits are supplied by dorsal branches derived from the proper volar digital branches of the ulnar nerve . manus ) crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the lateral side of the pisiform bone , medial to and a little behind the ulnar artery . It ends by dividing into a superficial and a deep branch . superficial branch ] supplies the Palmaris , and the skin on the ulnar side of the hand , and divides into a proper volar digital branch for the ulnar side of the little finger , and a common volar digital branch which gives a communicating twig to the median nerve and divides into two proper digital nerves for the adjoining sides of the little and ring fingers . The proper digital branches are distributed to the fingers in the same manner as those of the median . deep branch ) accompanied by the deep branch of the ulnar artery , passes between the Abductor digiti quinti and Flexor digiti quinti ; it then perforates the Opponens and follows the course of the deep volar arch beneath the Flexor tendons . At its origin it supplies the three short muscles of the little finger . As it crosses the deep part of the hand , it supplies all the Interossei and the third and fourth Lumbricales ; it ends by supplying the Adductores and the medial head of the Flexor . It also sends articular filaments to the wrist - joint . It has been pointed out that the ulnar part of the Flexor is supplied by the ulnar nerve ; the third and fourth Lumbricales , which are connected with the tendons of this part of the muscle , are supplied by the same nerve . In like manner the lateral part of the Flexor and the first and second are supplied by the median nerve ; the third frequently receives an additional twig from the median nerve . Radial Nerve musculospiral ) the largest branch of the brachial plexus , is the continuation of the posterior cord of the plexus . Its fibres are derived from the fifth , sixth , seventh , and eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves . It descends behind the first part of the axillary artery and the upper part of the brachial artery , and in front of the tendons of the Latissimus major . It then winds around from the medial to the lateral side of the in a groove with the a . profunda , between the medial and lateral heads of the Triceps . It pierces the lateral intermuscular septum , and passes between the Brachialis and Brachioradialis to the front of the lateral epicondyle , where it divides into a superficial and a deep branch . branches of the musculospiral nerve are : Superficial . Cutaneous . Deep . ) supply the Triceps Anconæus Brachioradialis , Extensor carpi , and Brachialis , and are grouped as medial , posterior , and lateral . The medial muscular branches supply the medial and long heads of the Triceps . That to the medial head is a long , slender filament , which lies close to the ulnar nerve as far as the lower third of the arm , and is therefore frequently spoken of as the ulnar collateral nerve . The posterior muscular branch , of large size , from the nerve in the groove between the Triceps and the . It divides into filaments , which supply the medial and lateral heads of the Triceps and the Anconæus muscles . The branch for the latter muscle is a long , slender filament , which descends in the substance of the medial head of the Triceps The lateral muscular branches supply the , Extensor carpi , and the lateral part of the Brachialis . cutaneous branches are two in number , the posterior brachial cutaneous and the dorsal cutaneous . posterior brachial cutaneous nerve n . posterior ; internal cutaneous branch of in the axilla , with the medial muscular branch . It is of small size , and passes through the axilla to the medial side of the area supplying the skin on its dorsal surface nearly as far as the olecranon . In its course it crosses behind , and communicates with , the dorsal cutaneous nerve ; external cutaneous branch of perforates the lateral head of the Triceps at its attachment to the . The upper and smaller branch of the nerve passes to the front of the elbow , lying close to the cephalic vein , and supplies the skin of the lower half of the arm . The lower branch pierces the deep fascia below the insertion of the , and descends along the lateral side of the arm and elbow , and then along the back of the forearm to the wrist , supplying the skin in its course , and joining , near its termination , with the dorsal branch of the lateral cutaneous nerve Superficial Branch of the Radial Nerve radial nerve ) passes along the front of the radial side of the forearm to the commencement of its lower third . It lies at first slightly lateral to the radial artery , concealed beneath the . In the middle third of the forearm , it lies behind the same muscle , close to the lateral side of the artery . It quits the artery about 7 cm . above the wrist , passes beneath the tendon of the , and , piercing the deep fascia , divides into two branches The lateral branch , the smaller , supplies the skin of the radial side and ball of the thumb , joining with the volar branch of the lateral cutaneous nerve . The medial branch communicates , above the wrist , with the dorsal branch of the lateral cutaneous , and , on the back of the hand , with the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve . It then divides into four digital nerves , which are distributed as follows : the first supplies the ulnar side of the thumb ; the second , the radial side of the index finger ; the third , the adjoining sides of the index and middle fingers ; the fourth communicates with a filament from the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve , and supplies the adjacent sides of the middle and ring fingers . Deep Branch of the Radial Nerve interosseus ; dorsal or posterior ) winds to the back of the forearm around the lateral side of the radius between the two planes of of the Supinator , and is prolonged downward between the superficial and deep layers of muscles , to the middle of the forearm . Considerably diminished in size , it descends , as the dorsal nerve , on the membrane , in front of the Extensor , to the back of the carpus , where it presents a gangliform enlargement from which filaments are distributed to the ligaments and articulations of the carpus . It supplies all the muscles on the radial side and dorsal surface of the forearm , excepting the , and Extenosr carpi Prepared by Reminetskyy B.Y .	[ "Subclavian artery", "AXILLARY ARTERIES", "brachiocephalic trunk" ]
http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/zag_him/classes_stud/en/med/lik/ptn/medical%20chemistry/1%20course/03.%20Biogenic%20elements.htm	1 . Biogenic elements . Qualitative reaction for ions of some macro - microelement 2 . Complex compound in biological systems . Determination of water hardness . Biogenic elements . Qualitative reaction for ions of some macro - microelement . Complex compound in biological systems . Biological role of potassium and sodium Potassium ions promotes the protein synthesis by ribosomes ; number of enzymes require K + for maximum activity ; metabolically supported gradients of Na + and K + across the cell membrane are involved in the maintenance of the membrane potential of excitable tissues , which is the vehicle for transmission of impulses in the form of an action potential ; K ions enhance the function of parasympathetic nervous system and acetylcholine action on the nervous terminals in muscles ; K ions reduce the exciting influence of ions on muscles ; a proper plasma K level is essential for the normal heart functioning more precisely for relaxation of miocardium ( diastole ) ; Sodium ions play the main role in regulation of osmotic pressure and retention of water in an organism ; sodium chloridum of blood plasma is the main origin of hydrochloric acid formation ; Na ions take part in the formation of a short - term memory . Regulation of the Na and K metabolism in organism . Sodium content in blood plasma is 130 - 150 mmol / l . Potassium content in the blood is 3.4 - 5.3 mmol / l , this is only 2 % of all potassium content in the human body . Kidneys are the main regulator of body Na and normally 98 % of the body loss of Na occurs in the urine . If more Na is ingested , its excretion in the urine increases . If less Na is ingested or if plasma Na falls due to any reason , Na may totally dissappear from the urine . This is brought about through the aldosteron which increases the tubular reabsorption of Na in the distal part of the nephrons . The various factors can affect the urinary escretion of Na 1 . When glomerular filtration is broken , the amount of Na+ filtered is smaal , the renal tubules reabsorb all the filtered Na+ resulting in Na+ retention and hypernatriemia . 2 . When tubular reabsorption is broken ( in chronic renal failure ) , it resulting in excessive urinary loss of Na+ and hyponatriemia . 3 . Severe acidosis aggravates Na+ loss in the urine because the ranel tubules may fail to produce NH3 in sufficient amount to buffer H ions in the tubular lumen ; in this way , there arises a defficiency of NH4 ions which could be excreted in the urine in exchange for Na+ ions . 4 . Diuresis . Most Na+ is lost in diuretic conditions as diabetes mellitus , diabetes insipidus or after administration of mannitol or urea ( osmotic diuretics ) . 5 . Hormones . The main hormones , regulating Na+ metabolism , are mineralocorticoids and atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) . The mineralocorticoids , aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone , increase Na+ reabsorption from the tubular fluid and therefore their excess causes Na+ retention . In addition , these hormones increase the elimination of more K+ and Na+ in the urine . A greater formetion of aldosterone ( primary aldosteronism or Conn ’ s syndrome ) is associated with an increased Na+ retention in the body ( hypernatriemia ) with hypokaliemia and metabolic alkalosis . Conditions like congestive heart failure , cirrhosis of the liver and nephrotic syndrome also lead to a greater formation of aldosterone ( secondary aldosteronism ) . The atrial natriuretic peptide is produced y the atrial muscle fibers . It increases the urinary loss of Na+ . The severe decrease of Na+ in the extracellular space may lead to hypovolemia , hypotension , circulatory collapse and syncope . Patients with Na+ excess show a raised venous pressure , peripheral and pulmonary edema with eventual respiratory failure . Cerebral symptoms may be seen due to hyperosmolality of the plasma . The main causes of hyperkaliemia are : 1 . Release of cellular K+ from muscle tissue ( hard traumas ) , in intravascular hemolysis , after extensive surgical operations . 2 . Renal failure – the K+ secretion by the distal tubules is decreased and retention of K+ takes place . 3 . Chronic dehydration and shock ( associated with decreased formation of urine and K+ retention ) . 4 . Acidosis – H+ ions displace K+ ions from the cells . 5 . Addison ’ s disease . Symptoms of hyperkaliemia are exerted mostly on the heart and nervous systems . When the serum K+ level is above 7 mmol / L , ECG changes are observed , bradycardia and arrhytmias appear . The heart becomes more susceptible to vagal stanstil , and heart may stop in diastole . Hypokaliemia may be observed in decreased K+ intake ( in starvation , malnutrition states such as kwashiorkor ) , in excessive renal loss ( in metabolic alkalosis , using of some diuretics , such as furosemid , in renal tubular disorders , in hyperaldosteronism Iincreased production of aldosterone ) , in severe vomitting or diarrhea . Symptoms are : anorexia , nausea , muscle weakness and mental depression . Irregular pulse and a fall of blood pressure are observed . Function of Na+ , K+ - ATP - ase Most animal cells maintain intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+ at a relatively high concentration due to the operation of the special transmembrane enzyme which is called Na+ , K+ - ATP - ase . Na+ , K+ - ATP - ase use the energy derived from ATP to drive the transport of Na+ and K+ ions against the concentration gradient . The Na+ , K+ - pump is a prominent example of a primary transporter . Na+ , K+ - ATP - ase has the molecular weight of about 250000 to 300000 and contains two different types of subunits . The large subunit is the portion of the molecule that is phosphorylated as ATP is hydrolyzed . It has binding sites for Na+ , K+ and appears to extend through the entire thickness of the cell membrane . The smaller subunit is a glycoprotein and contains sialic acid as well as glucose , galactose and other hexose residues . Biological role of Calcium and phosphorus Calcium forms about 1 % of adult body weight . It is the most abundant electrolyte in the human body due to its structural function for the skeleton . Normal serum or plasma calcium level is 2.3 - 2.75 mmol / l . More than 99 % of calcium in the body occurs in bones as its phosphate and carbonate ; only 0.03 % of the total body calcium occurs in blood . The bone calcium is constantly exchanged with the calcium of interstitial fluid and this process is regulated primarily by the parathyroid hormone , active vitamin D and also by calcitonin . Milk and milk products are the best dietary sources of calcium . Other good sources are egg yolk , leafy vegetables and hard drinking water . In spite of their high calcium content , some vegetable foods such as spinach contain also oxalates and benzoates and are a poor source of calcium because calcium oxalate and benzoate thus formed are insoluble and are not absorbed . Functions of calcium in the body : 1 . Calcium salts take part in bone and tooth development . Deficient supply of calcium leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults . Sufficient calcium intake must be ensured in early life to build up the skeletal reserves . If this is not done , then there occurs an increased incidence of osteoporosis in old age because at that time deficiency of sex hormones especially in females results in calcium mobilization from bones leading to osteoporosis . 2 . The clotting of blood needs calcium ions . 3 . By regulating the membrane permeability calcium ions control the excitability of nerves . If plasma ionized calcium level falls markedly , tetany results in which spasms of various muscle groups occur . Death may occur from convulsions or from laryngospasm . An excess of plasma calcium depresses nervous activity . 4 . Calcium ions act as a cofactor or activator of certain enzymes . A protein namely calmodulin is present within cells , which can bind calcium . The calmodulin - calcium complex becomes attached to certain enzymes which ire activated . Such enzymes include adenylate cyclase , Ca2 + ATPase , phosphorylase kinase , myosin light chain kinase , phosphodiesterasc and phospholipase A ; this mechanism also is required for the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions . 5 . Calcium ions take part in the contraction of muscle including heart muscle and are involved in the excitation - conraction coupling mechanism . In increased plasma calcium , heart stops in systole . In addition , a high plasma calcium decreases conduction of cardiac impulses and thus can produce heart block . 6 . Calcium ions are responsible for initiating contraction in vascular and other smooth muscles . Calcium ions enter through specific channels just as is the case with cardiac muscle . Drugs that block these channels [ Ca2 + channel blockers ] have profound effect on the contractility of cardiac and smooth muscle as well as on the conduction of impulses within the heart . These drugs find use in the treatment of angina pectoris , cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension . 7 . Calcium is essential for maintaining the integrity of capillary wall . In its deficiency , capillary walls become fragile and there is increased permeability of capillaries . 8 . Calcium ions are involved in exocytosis and thus have an importrole in stimulus - secretion coupling in most exocrine and endocrine glands , e.g. the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla , neurotransmitters at synapses and histamine from mast cells is dependent upon Ca 2 + 9 . Some hormones exert their influence through Ca2 + . For example , the effect of adrenaline on the liver cells to increase glycogenolysis is partly due to an increased Ca2 + within these cells which is independent of cAMP . Biological role of phosphorus An adult body contains 1 kg phosphate and it is found in every cell of the body . Most of it ( about 80 % ) occurs in combination with calcium in the bones and teeth . About 10 % of body phosphorus is found in muscles and blood in association with proteins , carbohydrates and lipids . Biochemical functions : 1 . Phosphorus is essential for the development of bones and teeth . 2 . It plays a central role for the formation and utilization of high - energy phosphate compounds ( ATP , GTP , creatine phosphate etc . ) . 3 . Phosphorus is required for the formation of phospholipids , phosphoproteins and nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA ) . 4 . It is essential component of several nucleotide coenzymes eg . NAD , NADP , pyridoxal phosphate , ADP , AMP . 5 . Several proteins and enzymes are activated by phosphorylation . 6 . Phosphate buffer system is important for the maintenance of pH in the blood as well as in the cells . Role of vitamins and hormones in regulation of phosphorous metabolism The hormones – calcitriol , parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are the major factors that regulate the plasma phosphorus within a narrow range ( 1.2 - 2.2mmol / l ) . Calcitriol is the biologically active form of vit . D . It acts at 3 different levels ( intestine , kidneys and bone ) . Calcitriol increases the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate . Calcitriol along with parathyroid hormone increases the mobilization of calcium and phosphorus from bone . Calcitriol is also involved in minimizing the excretion of Ca and P through the kidney , by decreasing their excretion and enhancing reabsorption . Calcitonin inhibits the reabsorption of phosphorus in kidneys . Thus , calcitonin decreases the phosphorus content in blood . Parathyroid hormone decreases serum phosphorus and increases urinary PO4 ( increase phosphorus excretion in urine ) . Calcium Calcium is present in the body in the largest amount of all the minerals present in the body . Calcium comprises 2 percent of the body weight . RBC is devoid of calcium . The normal serum level is 9 – 11 mg percent . Calcium is present in three forms : 1 . Ionized form . This form is physiologically active form . 2 . Protein bound fraction . On the far right we see some lamellar bone , looking like strata of geologic layers of earth . Into such bone , cones of cutting blood vessels penetrate . They then organize bone around their path of penetration forming bone in long layered tubes . We see those in cross section on the left . They are called Haversian Tubules ( take a wild guess who they are named after ) . Cells are seen in layers around a central canal ( Haversian Canal ) . Radiating micro tubules reach out intercommunicating . Cells within bone ( osteo ) can make ( " blast " ) or degrade and remove ( " clast " ) bone substance . Osteoblasts lay down bone and osteoclasts digest bone . How active is all this ? Well , depending on who you are , roughly one third of the bone you had yesterday is n ' t the bone you have today . The layering and bundles of layered tubes are of cells and sheets of tissue made of very tough fiber called bone collagen . A bone with all of its calcium leached out can be tied in a knot . On and through that structure , a very special crystalline form of calcium is formed called hydroxyappetite . That stiffens the bone to make it hard . Bone gets strength from two things . 1 ) What it is made from ( kind of bone ) , and 2 ) How it is shaped and organized . Hydroxyappetite figures in both aspects of strength . The first is kind of obvious . Some stuff is tougher than other stuff . But shape is very important . Tubes are stronger than rods . Tension and compression struts vastly support structures ( look at power towers ) . As with certain crystals - such as those used in phonographs ( remember those ) - when pressure is placed on them , they polarize and exhibit an electric charge . A needle jiggling in a plastic track while pressing against a crystal will reflect the jiggling as a fluctuating charge The compression of forces of daily activity on hydroxyappetite gives us zones of charge to which the osteoblasts listen . They respond by putting more bone substance where forces generate such charges . Where such charges fail to form , bone - always being dissolved - wheedles away . The form of bone follows function . In other words , as was spoken by Hypocrites a few years ago , " That which is not used , wastes away . " The paraphrase is , " Use it or lose it . " This had to be rediscovered when perfected devices which held fractured bone pieces absolutely rigidly , better than ever before . . . produced poorer healing . Without SOME movement , bone formation is not very good . Calcium is an important substance beyond mere bone structure . In ionic form ( the molecular water dissolved form ) it is a charged atom as Ca++ which means it has charge that pairs it with negative charged things such as two OH - ( hydroxyl ) molecules or phosphate as PO4 = . In this charged form it is used to regulate , control or initiate processes such as nerve conduction , muscle contraction , hormone release among other things . It is very tightly kept at optimum in the blood - even if that means taking calcium from Indeed , the combined levels of Ca++ and PO4 = found normally in the blood exceed levels which can be achieved in water without precipitating . Blood is hyper saturated with calcium by means of other substances which stabilize calcium in solution . An interesting complication of this fact to babies - especially preemies - is that IV fluids used to maintain babies ( who can not eat ) can not contain EITHER enough Ca++ OR enough PO4 = to sustain needs . Children can get a baby form of rickets which may look like bone loss with fractures . To get around this , if an IV is needed When calcium levels in the blood are off by substantial amounts then something else must be at the core of the matter : low protein , high protein , kidney disorder etc . The people who manage calcium and those other difficult blood salts and kidney function are the ones with tall foreheads , out of control hair and who horde all the back issues of the Journal of Clinical Investigation Diphosphonates are drugs which deliver dual phosphate molecules . Pairs of phosphates glom onto hydroxyappetite like egg dye on an egg . That tends to " stabilize " the otherwise very rapid turnover of the crystal . When there is a process that draws away calcium , the diphosphonates protect the crystals . But they can get in the way of build up when the process is in the direction of accumulation . Newer more clever chemistries are being used to see if the plusses can be made to outweigh the minuses . The very uneven results seen with these Body Distribution of Calcium and Phosphate There are three major pools of calcium in the body : Intracellular calcium : A large majority of calcium within cells is sequestered in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum . Intracellular free calcium concentrations fluctuate greatly , from roughly 100 nM to greater than 1 uM , due to release from cellular stores or influx from extracellular fluid . These fluctuations are integral to calcium ' s role in intracellular signaling , enzyme activation and muscle contractions . Calcium in blood and extracellular fluid : Roughly half of the calcium in blood is bound to proteins . The concentration of ionized calcium in this compartment is normally almost invariant at approximately 1 mM , or 10,000 times the basal concentration of free calcium within cells . Also , the concentration of phosphorus in blood is essentially identical to that of calcium . Bone calcium : A vast majority of body calcium is in bone . Within bone , 99 % of the calcium is tied up in the mineral phase , but the remaining 1 % is in a pool that can rapidly exchange with extracellular calcium . As with calcium , the majority of body phosphate ( approximately 85 % ) is present in the mineral phase of bone . The remainder of body phosphate is present in a variety of inorganic and organic compounds distributed within both intracellular and extracellular compartments . Normal blood concentrations of phosphate are very similar to calcium . Fluxes of Calcium and Phosphate Maintaining constant concentrations of calcium in blood requires frequent adjustments , which can be described as fluxes of calcium between blood and other body compartments . Three organs participate in supplying calcium to blood and removing it from blood when necessary : The small intestine is the site where dietary calcium is absorbed . Importantly , efficient absorption of calcium in the small intestine is dependent on expression of a calcium - binding protein in epithelial cells . Bone serves as a vast reservoir of calcium . Stimulating net resorption of bone mineral releases calcium and phosphate into blood , and suppressing this effect allows calcium to be deposited in bone . This form is physiologically inert . 3 . In combination with citrates . Protein bound fraction is non - diffusible whereas other two fractions are diffusible . Biological role of magnesium . Half of magnesium occurs in the inorganic matter of bones and the rest occurs in soft tissues and body fluids . Blood plasma contains 0.8 - 1.2 mmol / l of Mg . Nuts , legumes , chlorophyll and whole grains are very good sources of magnesium . Functions of Mg in the body : 1 . It takes part in the formation of complex salts of bones and teeth . 2 . It acts as a cofactor for many enzymes . 3 . It serves to decrease neuromuscular irritability . Effects of a high serum Mg2 level - Experimentally , a serum Mg2 + level of 8 mmol / L produces immediate and profound anesthesia and paralysis of voluntary muscles . These effects can be reversed by an intravenous injection of a corresponding amount of Ca2 + . Serum Mg2 + tends to rise in renal failure . Deficiency of Mg may occur in the malabsorptive syndrome , increased renal losses ( diuretics , gentamycin intake and primary renal disease ) , chronic alcoholism , diabetic acidosis , cirrhosis of the liver , primary aldosteronism , hyperparathyroidism , prolonged and severe losses of body fluid and prolonged administration of Mg - free intravenous fluids . Plasma Mg may be lowered after parathyroidectomy ( along with hypocalcemia ) due to avidity of bones for divalent ions . In acute pancreatitis , Mg may become bound as soaps thus decreasing its plasma level . Symptoms and signs of hypomagnesemia . Neuromuscular disorders - weakness , tremors , muscle fasciculations and sometimes tetany . 2 . Central nervous system disorders - personality changes , delirium , psychosis and coma . Biological role of iron . Iron is part of the structure of many important body constituents , e.g. hemoglobin , myoglobin , enzymes like cytochromes , catalase , xanthine oxidase , mitochondrial α - glycerophosphate oxidase , etc . The iron content of hemoglobin is 0.34 % . Dietary sources - Animal sources are the best and include liver , red meat and egg yolk . Of the vegetables , spinach and other leafy vegetables are good sources . Dried fruits also contain appreciable amounts of iron . Plasma iron transport - Before iron can leave the intestinal mucosal cells , it is first converted to Fe2 + form . On entering the plasma , it is again oxidized to Fe3 form and is taken up by a pink colored protein called siderophilin or transferrin , having a mol . wt . about 80,000 . The transfer of iron to the transferrin is catalyzed by a Cu - containing protein , namely ceruloplasmin . One molecule of siderophilin binds 2 atoms of iron . The absorbed iron is utilized to form products such as heme , etc . 3 Recently the genes for the human transferrin receptors and ferritin have been discovered and the mechanism of regulation of expression of transfcrrin receptors and intraccllular ferritin in response to the iron supply have been established . When iron is in excess , the synthesis of transferrin receptors is decreased and ferritin production is increased ; this favors iron storage . When iron is deficient , then reverse changes occur which lead to a decreased ferritin production that decreases iron storage so that iron can be utilized in the body to a maximum . Factors increasing iron absorption from the intestine : 1 . Conditions associated with increased rate of erythropoiesis . 2 . Low body stores of iron 3 . Taking ascorbic acid , succinic add , fructose and sorbitol along with iron - Ascorbic acid favors reduction of Fe3 + to Fe2 + ; the latter is more readily absorbed . The other compounds make complexes with iron and increase its absorption . 4 . Intake of inorganic iron . Factors inhibiting iron absorption : 1 . Malabsorption syndromes . 2 . Diarrheal diseases . 3 . An excess of phosphates , oxalates and phyfic acid - These form complexes with iron which are insoluble and can not be absorbed . Vegetable foods have an excess of phosphates and interfere with iron absorption . 4 . Subtotal gastrectomy . 5 . Surgical removal of the upper small intestine . 6 . Food intake along with iron . 7 . Antacid therapy . 8 . Chronic Infections . The iron deficiency results in anemia - this is of hypochromic , microcytic type . It is the most common type of anemia being specially present in women of child - bearing age and infants below 1 year of age . The RBCs are smaller in size and have less hemoglobin as well as less mean corpuscular volume RBC count is low but hemoglobin level of blood is proportionately still lower . The color index which is hemoglobin as ° o of the normal divided by RBC count as % of the normal is therefore below one . In addition to the symptoms which are common to all anemias such as a pale appearance and breath lessness on minor exertion , the patient shows some characteristic features . These include a derangement of epithelial surface such as abnormal nail growth ( spoon shaped nails or koilonychia ) , glossitis , fissures around the corners of the mouth and localized thickening of the mucous lining of the esophagus causing dysphagia ( Plummer - Vinson syndrome ) Biological role of iodine , fluoride , copper , zinc , selenium and cobalt . Iodine The total body contains about 20mg iodine , most of it ( 80 % ) being present in the thyroid gland . The only known function of iodine is its requirement for the synthesis of thyroid hormone mainly thyroxin ( T4 ) and triiodothyronin ( T3 ) . Dietary requirements : 100 - 150micrograms per day . Sources : Sea food , drinking water , iodized salt . Diseases states : Toxic goiter . Fluoride Functions : 1 . It prevents the development of dental caries . 2 . It is necessary for the proper development of bones . 3 . It inhibits the activities of certain enzymes . Dietary requirements : 1 - 2 mg per day . Sources : Drinking water . Diseases states : dental caries , fluorosis . Copper Functions : 1 . It ’ s an essential constituent of several enzymes ( cytochrome oxidase , catalase , superoxide dismutase etc . ) It ’ s necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin , melanin and phospholipids . Ceruplasmin has oxidase activity and thereby facilitates the incorporation of ferric iron into transferrin . 4 . Development of bone and nervous system ( myelin requires Cu ) . Dietary requirements : 2 - 3 mg per day . Sources : Liver , kidney , meat , egg yolk , nuts and green leafy vegetables . Disease status : Copper deficiency ( anaemia ) . Menke ’ s disease ( defect in the intestinal absorption of copper ) . Wilson ’ s disease Zinc It is an essential component of several enzymes ( carbonic anhydrase , alcohol dehydrase etc . ) 2 . The storage and secretion of insulin from the beta – cells of pancreas requires zinc . 3 . It is require for wound healing . 4 . It is essential for the proper reproduction . Dietary requirements : 10 - 15g per day . Sources : Meat , fish , eggs , milk , nutts . Disease status : Zinc deficiency : poor wound healing , anaemia , loss of appetite , loss of taste sensation . Cobalt Cobalt is only important as constituent of vit - B12 . The functions of cobalt is same as that of vit B12 . Selenium Selenium along with vit E , prevents the development of hepatic necrosis and muscular dystrophy . Selenium is involved in maintaining structure integrity of biological membranes . Selenium prevents lipid peroxidation and protect the cells against the free radicals . 4 . Selenium binds with certain heavy metals and protects the body from their toxic effects . Dietary requirements : 60 - 250 micrograms . Sources : Liver , kidneys , seafood . Toxicity : Selenosis is toxicity due to very excessive intake of selenium . The manifestation of selenosis includes weight loss , emotional disturbances , diarrhea , hairloss and garlic odour in breath . Chlorine is contained in all biological liquids of the organism . 1 . As a component of sodium chloride , it is essential in acid - base equilibrium : 2 . As chloride ion , it is also essential in water balance and osmotic pressure regulation . 3 . It is also important in the production of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice . 4 . Chloride ion is important as an activator of amylase Sources : It is mainly available as sodium chloride Daily requirement : 5 – 10 g The requirements of NaCI depend on the climate and occupation and on the salt content of the diet . Foods of animal origin contain more NaCI than those of vegetable origin . Disease state : chloride deficit also occurs when losses of sodium are excessive in diarrhea , sweating ; loss of gastric juice by vomiting . Excretion : it is chiefly eliminated in the urine . Also Cl is excreted in the sweat . Sulphur In the organism sulphur exists both as organic and inorganic compounds 1 . It is present primarily in the cell protein in the form of cysteine and methionine . 2 . The cysteine is important in protein structure and in enzymic activity . 3 . Methionine is the principal methyl group donor in the body . 4 . Sulfur is a constituent of coenzyme A and lipoic acid which are utilized for the synthesis of acetyl - CoA and S - acetyl lipoate , respectively . 5 . Sulfur is a component of other organic compounds , such as heparin , glutathione , thiamine , biotin , taurocholic acid , sulfocyanides , indoxyl sulfate , chondroitin sulfate , insulin , penicillin , anterior pituitary hormones and melanin . Sources : Sulfur intake is mainly in the form of cystine and methionine present in proteins . Other compounds present in the diet contribute small amounts of sulfur . Disease state : 1 . The serum sulfate concentration is increased in the presence of renal functional impairment , pyloric and intestinal obstruction and leukemia . 2 . Marked sulfate retention in advanced glomerulonephritis cause the development of acidosis . 3 . An increase in the blood indican concentration ( indoxyl potassium sulfate ) may occur in uremia . Excretion : it is excreted in the urine Complex compound Coordination compounds are the compounds in which the central metal atom is linked to а number of ions or neutral molecules by coordinate bonds i . е . by donation of lone pairs of electrons by these ions or neutral molecules to the central metal atom е .g . nickel tetracarbonyl , [ Ni ( CO ) 4 ] in which CO molecules are linked to the central nickel atom by coordinate bonds by donating lone pairs of electrons . If the species formed by linking of а number of ions or molecules by co - ordinate bonds to the central metal atom ( or ion ) carries positive or negative charge , it is called a complex ion , .g . [ Fe ( С N ) 6 4 - , [ Cu ( NH 3 4 2 + , [ Ag ( CN ) 2 etc . Hence co - ordination compounds may also be defined as those compounds which contain complexions .g . K [ Fe ( С N ) 6 ] , [ Cu ( N Н ] SO , Na [ Ag ( CN ) 2 ] etc . The branch of inorganic chemistry dealing with the study of co - ordination compounds is known as co - ordination chemistry . Types of complex compounds There are following three types of complexes : ( i ) А complex in which the complex ion carries net positive charge is called cationic complex , .g . [ Co ( N Н ) ] 3 + , [ Ni ( NH etc . ( ii ) А complex in which the complex ion carries net negative charge is called anionic complex , .g . [ Ag ( CN ) , [ Fe ( CN ) 4 - ( iii ) complex carrying no net charge is called neutral complex or simply complex , .g . [ Ni ( CO ) ] , [ CoC1 ( N ] etc . One central atom : Ammonia complex [ Cu ( NH ] SO Aqua complex [ Al ( H O ) ] Cl Acidic complex K [ PtCl Complex with difference ligands K [ Pt ( NH ) Cl Cyclic ( chelates ) Polycentral compoynds Chain [ Cr ( NH3 ) 5 – OH – ( NH3 ) Cr ] Cl3 Chelaes ( CO ) 5 Mn – Mn ( Co ) 5 Before we take up study of the different aspects of co - ordination compounds , it is important to know some terms to be used therein . few of these are briefly described below : ( 1 ) Ligands . In the formation of the coordinate bonds , the anions or the neutral molecules act as the electron - pair donors whereas the central metal ion acts as the electron pair acceptor . The donor atoms , molecules or anions , which donate pair of electrons to the metal atom and form и co - ordinate bond with it are called ligands . The common donor atoms in ligands are nitrogen , oxygen and less common are arsenic and phosphorus . For example , in [ Ni ( N , central ion is Ni and ligands are NH molecules . The ligand may contain one or more than one donor atom . If only one donor atom is present in its molecule , which can coordinate , then it is called as unidentate ( unidentate means one point of attachment or having " one tooth " , uni = one and dent = tooth ) . This is also referred to as monodentate . few examples are : NH3 , О and CN - . They mayor may not be ionic but the complex part always contains co - ordinate bonds . The ligand may contain two donor atoms ( i . . coordinating groups ) positioned in such way that five or six membered ring is formed with the metal ion , then it is called bidentate chelating ligand and the ring is called chelate ring and the resulting complex is called metal chelate . The well known examples of the bidentate ligands are The complexes formed by Cu ( II ) and Pt ( II ) ions with ethylenediamine are metal chelates represented as follows : The ethylene diamine ( n ) has two nitrogen atoms and oxalate ion has two oxygen atoms , which , can link to the metal ion . Similarly , we may have tridentate , tetradentate , hexadentate and polydentate ligands . The hexadentate ligand , edta , ( EDTA ) has six donor atoms i . . two nitrogens and four oxygens ( of the carboxylic acid groups ) capable of bonding to the metal atom . Some important characteristics of chelates . These are as follows : ( 1 ) Chelating ligands form more stable complexes than the monodentate analogs . This is called chelating effect . ( 2 ) Chelating ligands , which do not contain double bonds e.g. ethylenediamine form five membered stable rings . The chelating ligands such as acetylacetone form six membered stable ring complexes . ( 3 ) Ligands with large groups form unstable rings than the ligands with smaller groups due to steric hindrance . Importance of chelates . Chelates are widely used in industry and laboratory ( 1 ) in the softening of hard water ( 2 ) in the separation of lanthanides and actinides 3 in the detection of some metals in qualitative analysis ( 4 ) in the estimation of nickel ( II ) , magnesium ( II ) and copper ( II ) ions quantitatively . ( 2 ) Coordination number The total number of monodentate ligands ( plus double the number of bi dentate ligands if any ) attached to the central metal ion through coordinate bonds is called the coordination number of the metal ion . In other words , coordination number may be defined as the number of co - ordinate bonds formed with the central metal ion by the ligands . For example , in the complex ions : [ Ag ( N ) 2 ] - , [ Cu ( N 3 ) 4 ] 2 + and [ Cr ( О ) 6 ] 3 + , the coordination numbers of Ag , Cu and Cr are 2 , 4 and 6 respectively . Similarly , in the complex ion , [ Fe ( C2O4 ) 3 ] 2 - , the co - ordination number of Fe is 6 because C2O42 - is bidentate ligand . The more common coordination numbers for metals are 2 , 4 and 6 while less common are 3 , 5 , 7 and 8 . ( 3 ) Coordination sphere . The central atom and the ligands which are directly attached to it are enclosed in square brackets and are collectively termed as the coordination sphere . The ligands and the metal atom inside the square bracket behave as single constituent unit . The ionizable groups are written outside the brackets . For example , in the coordination compounds , [ Cu ( NH3 ) 4 ] SO4 , the complex ion [ Cu ( N 3 ) 4 ] 2 + , in which Cu2 + is the central metal ion and four NH3 molecules are ligands forms the coordination sphere . Similarly , in К 2 [ Pt Cl6 ] , the complex ion [ Pt Cl6 ] 2 - in which Р t4 + is the central metal ion and six l - ions are the ligands form the coordination sphere of this complex . ( 4 ) Oxidation number or oxidation state It is number that represents an electric charge which an atom or ion actually has or appears to have when combined with other atoms .g . , oxidation number of copper in [ Cu ( NH3 ) 4 ] 2 + is + 2 but coordination number is 4 . Similarly , the oxidation number of Fe in [ Fe ( N ) 6 ] 3 - is + 3 but the coordination number is 6 . The method of calculation of oxidation number of metal in coordination compound or complex ion is illustrated below with few examples : ( 1 ) Oxidation number of Cu in [ Cu ( N НЗ ) 4 ] SO4 . Sulphate ion ( SO4 2 - ) carries charge = - 2 . As the complex is neutral , charge on the complex ion should F = + 2 . As NH3 carries no charge , therefore , charge on copper = + 2 i . . oxidation number of Cu = + 2 . ( 2 ) Oxidation number of Fe in [ Fe ( N ) 6 ] 3 - As each CN ion carries charge = – 1 , charge on 6 CN ions = – 6 . As total charge on the complex ion = - 4 , therefore charge on Fe must be = + 2 i.e. oxidation number of Fe = + 2 . ( 3 ) Oxidation number of Fe in К 3 [ Fe ( 4 ) 3 ] . As each + ion carries charge = + 1 , charge о n 3 + ions = + 3 . Hence charge on the complex ion = – 3 . As each oxalate ion C2O42 - has charge = – 2 , charge on the three 4 = – 6 . Therefore , charge on Fe should be + 3 . oxidation number of Fe in the given complex = + 3 . ( 4 ) Oxidation number of Ni in [ Ni ( CO ) 4 ] . Total charge on the complex = 0 . As CO carries no charge , charge on Ni should be = 0 , oxidation number of Ni in the given complex = 0 . ( 5 ) Charge on the complex ion . The charge carried by complex ion is the algebraic sum of the charges carried by central metal ion and the ligands coordinated to the central metal ion . For example , in the complex ion , [ Ag ( N ) 2 ] - , Ag+ ion carries charge of + 1 and each CN - ion carries charge of – 1 . Therefore , the net charge on the complexion [ Ag ( N ) 2 ] - is + 1 + ( – 2 ) = – 1 . Similarly , in the complex ion [ Cu ( NH3 ) 4 ] 2 + , Cu2 + ion carries charge equal to + 2 and as NH3 molecules are neutral , therefore , the net charge on the complex is + 2 . Various terms discussed above may be illustrated by taking an example of the formation of complex of CoC13 with N 3 as shown below : Nomenclature : Coordination compounds are formulated and named according to the system set up by Inorganic Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) . According to the latest ( 1990 ) IUPAC system , the following rules are observed while writing formulas and naming coordination compounds . Rules for Formula Writing : ( 1 ) Formula of the cation whether simple or complex is written first followed by that of the inon . ( 2 ) The coordination sphere is written in square brackets . ( 3 ) The sequence of symbols within the coordination sphere is first the metal atom followed by anionic ligands , then neutral ligands and finally cationic ligands . [ Metal atom , anionic , neutral , cationic ligands ] If there are number of anionic ligands , they are listed alphabetically according to the first symbol of their formulae . Same principle is followed for neutral ligands or positive ligands . The formulae of few complexes are given below : Na [ PtBrCl ( NO ) ( N ) ] [ Co ( H O ) ( N l ( 4 ) Polyatomic ligands are enclosed in parentheses but all ligands are formulated without any space in between . ( 5 ) The number of cations or anions to be written in the formula is calculated on the basis that total positive charge must be equal to the total negative charge , as the complex as whole is electrically neutral . 2 . Rules for Naming the Coordination Compounds : ( 1 ) Order of naming ions : The positive ion ( cation ) whether simple or complex , is named first followed by the negative ion ( anion ) . The name is started with small letter and the complex part is written as one word , [ Co ( N ] C1 , hexaamminecobalt ( III ) chloride . K2 [ Pt C16 ] , potassium hexachloroplatinate ( IV ) . But the non - ionic and molecular complexes are given one word name [ Co ( NO2 ) ( NH3 ) 3 ] , triamminetrinitrocobalt ( III ) [ PtC14 ( NH3 ) 2 ] , diamminetetrachloroplatinum ( IV ) . ( 2 ) Naming of ligands : Different types of ligands are named differently as follows : ( i ) Negative ligands end in - 1 , .g . , N - ( cyano ) , l - ( chloro ) , Br - ( bromo ) , F - ( fluor о ) , NO2 - ( nitro ) , ОН - ( hydroxo ) , 2 - ( охо ) , SO42 - ( sulphato ) , 22 - ( oxalato ) , N 2 - ( amido ) , NH2 - ( imido ) , ONO - ( nitrito ) , NO3 - ( nitrato ) , SCN - ( thiocyanato ) , NCS - ( isothiocyanato ) , СН 2 ( N 2 ) CO - ( glycinato ) etc . ( ii ) Neutral ligands have no special ending : N 3 ( ammine ) , ( aqua ) , CO ( carbonyl ) , CS ( thiocarbonyl ) and NO ( nitrosyl ) ( iii ) Positive ligands ( which are very few ) end in - ium , .g . , N 3 + ( hydrazinium ) , NO+ ( nitrosonium ) , N 2 + ( nitronium ) . ( iv ) Organic ligunds . Organic free radicals are given their own names . For example , СН 3 ( methyl ) , 5 ( ethyl ) , 5 ( phenyl ) , 5 ( cyclopentadienyl ) . For organic neutral molecules , their names are used . For example , Р 5 ) 3 , triphenylphosphine ; ( v ) Unidentate ligands with more than one co - ordinating atoms . It is essential to designate the point of attachment of ligand by placing the symbol of the donor atom attached after that ; name of the groups separated by hyphen . These ligands are called ambidentate ligands .g . , in thiocyanate and nitrite ions , we have two options each . — SCN , thiocyanate - N 2 - nitro — NCS , isothiocyanate - ONO , nitrite The Role of Elements in Life Processes More than 30 elements have a key function in helping plants and animals live and be healthy . Everything around us is composed of chemical elements . Elements are the basic building blocks of our lives . Elements combine with one another in different proportions to form everything from the air that we breathe , to the wood that we use to build our homes , to our own bodies . Our bodies use different chemical elements for different functions . For instance , our bodies use calcium to build strong bones and fluorine makes our teeth healthier . As our bodies consume these elements through daily functioning , we have to replace them in order to stay healthy and strong . The greatest source of these elements is through the food we eat . Because some of us do not always eat the right foods , we sometimes have to take dietary supplements , such as vitamins , to assure that we maintain the proper chemical balance in our bodies Some of the major elements that our bodies use to function properly are described in the following paragraphs . Some surprising minor elements are also described . Aluminum ( Al ) Until recently , aluminum was thought to be useless to life processes . It is now thought to be involved in the action of a small number of enzymes . For a technical explanation : " it may be involved in the action of enzymes such a succinic dehydrogenase and d - aminolevulinate dehydrase ( involved in porphyrin synthesis ) . " I have no idea what that means . Even if this element is necessary for some life function , the amount necessary is greatly exceeded by our incidental intake through our drinking water , food , deodorants and some antacids . Aluminum is relatively benign , and it is used in food additives and indigestion pills . It has been linked to Alzheimer ' s disease and the body has a hard time ridding itself of excess aluminum . Aluminum is somewhat more toxic to plants . Arsenic ( As ) Despite Arsenic ’ s reputation as a highly toxic substance , this element may actually be necessary for good health . Studies of animals such as chickens , rats , goats and pigs show that it is necessary for proper growth , development and reproduction . In these studies , the main symptom of not getting enough arsenic was retarded growth and development . It is suspected , but not known , that arsenic is necessary . It is thought to be necessary for the functioning of the nervous system and for people to grow properly . Since arsenic is Boron ( B ) - a micronutrient At first , boron may seem like an unimportant , uncommon and boring element . But boron is actually required by the body in very small amounts , and is necessary for good health . Though it is commonly known that calcium builds strong bones , boron is also important . Bones are not just the dead , white , stone - like things we see on skeletons . In our bodies bones are constantly breaking down and being rebuilt . They also have a constant blood supply and are very much " alive " . Without small amounts of boron , bones would slowly break down and become brittle . This element is also necessary to allow the brain to function properly . In fact , boron can increase mental alertness . According to a series of studies recently conducted by the US Department of Agriculture , low boron intakes by humans caused decreased brain activity . The studies showed that people on low boron diets also had lower brain performance on attention and short - term memory tests . Our bodies also need boron in very small amounts to allow calcium , magnesium and phosphorus to function properly . So in a sense , boron is also necessary for many other body functions and we could not survive without it . Bromine ( Br ) This is another element that is probably not necessary for good health and no deficiency of this element has ever been documented . Bromine is suspected to be an essential trace element in red algae and possibly humans . No specific role for this element in human health has been identified . Bromine is found in the mollusk pigment " royal purple " , but it ’ s purpose in that pigment is not known . Cadmium ( Cd ) Mixed opinions on cadmium . While it is definitely believed to not be essential for plant and animal life processes , some believe cadmium is a trace element with some necessary role in life processes . Although its need and use are not currently understood . It is thought to be involved with the metabolism Its status as an essential trace element remains unclear . Calcium ( Ca ) - a macronutrient Calcium is an extremely important element in the human body . It is one of the most abundant elements in our bodies and accounts for 2 to 3 pounds of our total body weight . Most of us know that calcium is important in building and maintaining strong bones and teeth , but it is also important for many other things . It helps control things like muscle growth and the electrical impulses in your brain . This vital element is also necessary to maintain proper blood pressure and make blood clot when you get cut . Calcium also enables other molecules to digest food and make energy for the body . Increasing calcium intake in our diet is believed to lower high blood pressure and prevent heart disease When we do n ’ t get enough calcium , many things happen in our bodies . It is possible to get leg cramps , muscle spasms , our bones may become brittle and even we may even have an increased risk of getting colon cancer . Also , when we do n ’ t get enough calcium in our diets , our bodies will actually use the calcium that we have stored in our bones . This makes the bones thinner and more brittle . In growing children and teenagers the bones may not develop fully and the person Therefore , it is extremely important to get enough calcium in your diet . Unfortunately , that is not always easy to do . Most Americans do n ’ t get enough from their diets . But eating a good balanced diet , including drinking milk on a daily basis , should get you enough calcium . Carbon ( C ) - a macronutrient The element carbon is perhaps the single most important element to life . Virtually every part of our bodies is made with large amounts of this element . The carbon atom is ideal to build big biological molecules . The carbon atom can be thought of as a basic building block . These building blocks can be attached to each other to form long chains , or they can be attached to other elements . This can be difficult to imagine at first , but it may help to think about building with Legos . You can think of carbon as a bunch of red legos attached together to form one long chain of legos . Now , you can imagine sticking yellow , blue and green legos across the tops of the red ( carbon ) legos . These other colors represent other elements like oxygen , nitrogen or hydrogen . As you stick more and more of these yellow , blue and green legos to the red chain , it would start to Now , virtually every part of your body is made up of these big molecules that are based around chains of carbon atoms . This is the reason we are known as " carbon based life forms " . Without carbon , our bodies would just be a big pile of loose atoms with no way to be built into a person . Chlorine ( Cl ) - a micronutrient Anyone who has ever swallowed a mouthful of water at a swimming pool would probably tell you that chlorine is one of the most unpleasant things they have ever swallowed and they would n ’ t mind if they never ingest chlorine ever again . This element , however , is actually essential for humans to live - we would die without it . Chlorine is found throughout the body ; in the blood , in the fluid inside cells and in the fluid between cells . Along with sodium and potassium , chlorine carries an electrical charge when dissolved in body fluids . This is why these elements are termed " electrolytes " . The electrical charge that these elements carry is what allows nerve cells to work . Chlorine also works with potassium and sodium to regulate the amount of fluids in the body and to regulate pH in the body . This vital element also helps muscles flex and relax normally . Stomach acid is a compound of hydrogen and chlorine ( hydrochloric acid , or HCl ) . Logically , chlorine is extremely important in allowing us to digest our food properly and to absorb the many other elements that we need to survive . Excessive vomiting can lead to a serious loss of chlorine in the body . This can lead to a dangerous imbalance of pH in the body , which can cause muscle weakness , loss of appetite , dehydration and coma . It is easy to get enough chlorine from natural , unprocessed foods , and deficiencies of this important element are rare . Most Americans , however , consume massive amounts of salt in their diet . Table salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine ( sodium chloride , or NaCl ) . This means most of us get much more chlorine than we really need . Chromium ( Cr ) When we think of chromium , our brains may generate images of everything from the shinny finish on our first bicycle to the brilliant chrome rally wheels on the ’ 66 Mustang GT . The last thing that comes to mind is a substance that we actually need to eat in order to stay healthy . Chromium , in fact , is an element that is essential to good human health . It does many important things in the body . Most significantly , it is a vital component of a molecule that works with insulin to stabilize blood sugar Our bodies need sufficient quantities of chromium to make many of the large biological molecules that help us live . This vital element can also help increase muscle mass while reducing fat mass in our bodies . It helps cells , such as heart muscle cells absorb the energy they need to work properly . Unfortunately , it is often difficult to get enough chromium in our diets . People who exercise frequently have especially high demands for this element . Scientists estimate that 90 % of all Americans do n ' t get enough chromium from their diet . Foods that are high in chromium include whole grain breads , brown rice , cheese and lean meats . Chromium is also in many ( but not all ) multi - vitamins and supplements , but the body absorbs chromium much better from food . Cobalt ( Co ) Cobalt is another element that is necessary for good human health . While cobalt has no specific function by itself , it forms the core of vitamin B - 12 . Without cobalt , Vitamin B - 12 could not exist . The body uses this vitamin for numerous of purposes . B - 12 is necessary for the normal formation of all cells , especially red blood cells . Vitamin B - 12 also helps vitamin C perform its functions , and is necessary for the proper digestion of the food that we eat . Additionally , vitamin B A deficiency of vitamin B - 12 can cause our red blood cells to form improperly . This can prevent our red blood cells from carrying enough oxygen from our lungs to the different parts of our bodies , thus causing a condition called anemia . Symptoms of anemia include loss of energy , loss of appetite , and moodiness . B12 deficiency can also cause nerve cells to form incorrectly , resulting in irreversible nerve damage . This situation is characterized by symptoms such as delusions , eye disorders , dizziness , confusion and memory loss . Unlike other B complex vitamins , vitamin B - 12 can be stored in the body . Because of this , it is very easy to get enough of this important vitamin in your diet . Deficiencies of B - 12 are rare in young people , but do occasionally occur in adults due to digestive disorders or poor absorption by the digestive system . Strict vegetarians are also at risk of B - 12 deficiency , because vegetables do not contain this important vitamin . B - 12 is only found in animal sources such as red meat , Copper ( Cu ) - a micronutrient Copper is an element that is very important for our good health . Actually , that may be understating the true importance of this element . Copper is critically important for dozens of body functions . To begin with , copper is a major component of the oxygen carrying part of blood cells . Copper also helps protect our cells from being damaged by certain chemicals in our bodies . Copper , along with vitamin C , is important for keeping blood vessels and skin elastic and flexible . This important element is also required by the brain to form chemicals that keep us awake and alert . Copper also helps your body produce chemicals that regulate blood pressure , pulse , and healing . Current research is looking into other ways copper can affect human General symptoms of not getting enough copper in your diet include anemia ( a condition in which your blood ca n ’ t supply enough oxygen to your body ) , arthritis ( painful swelling of the joints ) , and many other medical problems . Copper can be found in dried beans , almonds , broccoli , garlic , soybeans , peas , whole - wheat products , and seafood . Unfortunately , many people do not get enough copper in their diets . Also , eating food rich in fructose ( sugars in fruit , and cornstarch ) and taking mega - doses of vitamin C for long periods of time can keep your body from absorbing the copper in your food . This lack of copper intake by your body can cause the medical problems mentioned above , or it can even affect Fluorine ( F ) Fluorine is an element that the body uses to strengthen bones and teeth . This element differs from the other elements that the body needs because we get most of it from the water that we drink , not from the food that we eat . The form of fluorine that normally exists in nature , fluoride , is actually added to most drinking water supplies . In areas where fluoride is added to the drinking water , children get up to 70 % fewer dental cavities than in areas where the drinking water is low in fluoride . As But this important element is also valuable because it helps the body strengthen the bones in your body . Fluoride is the most important trace element affecting bones and teeth . In fact , fluoride is the only element known to single - handedly stimulate bone growth . Fluoride , along with large quantities of calcium , is a large part of what makes your bones strong . When the body does not receive enough fluoride , bones start to loose calcium , and then become weak and brittle . Fortunately , it is easy for us to get enough Germanium ( Ge ) Germanium is a trace element that some believe is highly beneficial to good human health . In fact , germanium has many important medicinal properties . In the body , germanium attaches itself to oxygen molecules . This has the unexpected effect of making our bodies more effective at getting oxygen to the tissues in our body . The increased supply of oxygen in our bodies helps to improve our immune system . It also helps the body excrete harmful toxins . The increased supply of oxygen in our bodies caused by germanium has many other exciting effects as well . Taking germanium supplements is effective in treating arthritis , food allergies , elevated cholesterol levels , high blood pressure , and even cancer . Germanium can also be used to control pain in the human body . Perhaps the most exciting thing about germanium is that it can stimulate the human immune system to fight cancer cells . This is exciting for two reasons . First , and most obvious , it helps fight cancer - one of the most deadly diseases in the world . But more importantly , it is not toxic to human cells . In fact , germanium is completely harmless to human cells , even cancer cells . Since it works by stimulating our immune system , which fights the cancer , it does n ’ t damage the rest of the Hydrogen ( H ) - a macronutrient It would be virtually impossible to understate the importance of this element to human life . First of all , water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen ( H2O ) . We can survive years , or at least months without getting most of the other elements that we need to survive . We can survive weeks without food , but we would die after only a few days without water . Water is incredibly important in our bodies . In fact , almost _ of our bodies are made of water . It dissolves other life - supporting Also , hydrogen is practically always bound to the carbon that our bodies are constructed of . Without this arrangement , our bodies would be little more than a pile of atoms on the ground . Stomach acid is a compound of hydrogen and chlorine ( hydrochloric acid , or HCl ) . Logically , hydrogen is extremely important in allowing us to digest our food properly and to absorb the many other elements that we need to survive . Finally , many chemical reactions that make life possible involve the hydrogen ion . Without this unique and important element Iodine ( I ) Iodine is an element that is required in very small amounts by the human body . You are probably already aware of some of the uses of this element . Iodine is found in a purple solution that we often put on scrapes and cuts to help our wounds heal faster by preventing them from getting infected . Also , backpackers and campers often add iodine to river and lake water to make it safe to drink . But the most important thing about iodine is that it keeps our thyroid gland healthy . Most of the iodine in our bodies is stored in this organ , located in the base of your neck . The thyroid gland uses iodine to make chemicals that affect our growth , the way we development and how we burn the energy that we get from the food we eat . If we do n ’ t get enough iodine in our diets , we can expect to have a loss of energy and to gain weight . Iodine is found in large amounts in seafood , sea vegetables ( for example , kelp ) , dairy products and iodized salt ( table salt ) . It is easy to get enough of this element in your normal diet , and you probably get more than enough if you eat salty foods ( with iodized salts , not salt substitutes like potato chips or french fires . Iron ( Fe ) The element iron has many functions in the body . This element is used by the body to make tendons and ligaments . Certain chemicals in our brain are controlled by the presence or absence of iron . It is also important for maintaining a healthy immune system and for digesting certain things in the food that we eat . In fact , plays a vitally important part of how our body obtains energy from our food . The iron we obtain from our diet is an essential part of hemoglobin - the part of our blood that carries oxygen . Iron is essential for blood to work efficiently . If we do n ’ t get enough iron in our diets , our blood wo n ’ t carry enough oxygen to our bodies and we can feel tired , have decreased alertness and attention span and our muscles may not function properly . This type of iron deficiency is not uncommon among athletes , especially long distance runners . This is frequently the cause of fatigue Fortunately , it is easy to get enough iron in your food , if you eat a balanced diet . Many foods contain iron , and eating a wide range of foods can help most people meet their needs for this important element . Magnesium ( Mg ) Magnesium is an element that is required by our bodies for numerous different functions . We need it for the proper growth , formation and function of our bones and muscles . In fact , magnesium and calcium even control how our muscles contract . Magnesium prevents some heart disorders and high blood pressure . Higher intake of magnesium is also associated with improved lung function . Our bodies use it to help convert our food into energy and it helps our bodies absorb calcium and potassium . This important element also helps our brains function normally . Magnesium even Magnesium is essential in allowing your body to control insulin levels in your blood . This means that it is very important in the amount of energy that your body has to operate . It is suspected that taking extra magnesium might be beneficial for those suffering from fatigue . Taking extra magnesium is helpful for treating some medical conditions . Magnesium is sometimes injected into patients ’ veins in emergency situations such as an acute heart attack or acute asthma attack . In non - emergency situations , magnesium is sometimes given to asthma sufferers in a pill form . It relaxes the muscles along the airway to the lungs , which allows asthma patients to breathe easier . Magnesium is effective in treating numerous heart / lung diseases and has been used for over 50 years . Foods high in magnesium include fish , dairy products , lean meat , whole grains , seeds , and vegetables . Manganese ( Mn ) Manganese is actually an extremely important element that the body uses for a variety of things . For instance , we use it to make chemicals that help us digest the food that we eat . Manganese also supports the immune system , regulates blood sugar levels , and is involved in the production of energy and cell reproduction . This important element is also important for bone growth . Additionally , manganese works with vitamin K to support blood clotting . Working with the B - complex vitamins , manganese helps to control the effects of stress while contributing Though it is extremely rare in humans , it is suspected that not getting enough manganese can cause poor bone formation , affect our fertility and the ability for our blood to clot . Birth defects can possibly even result when an expecting mother does n ’ t get enough of this very important element . Some researchers are also looking into a link between poor manganese intake and higher skin cancer rates . The fact that manganese is so important to humans , yet deficiencies in humans are so rare , may indicate that humans have evolved ways to As is the case with most , if not all , elements , we can easily get enough manganese from a good balanced diet . Foods high in manganese include avocados , berries , nuts and seeds , egg yolks , whole grains , green leafy vegetables and legumes ( such as peanuts , peas and beans ) . Molybdenum ( Mo ) Molybdenum ( pronounced mo - lyb - den - um ) is necessary for good health , though in extremely small amounts . Molybdenum is found in all tissues of the human body , but tends to be the most concentrated in the liver , kidneys , skin and bones . It is required for the proper function of several chemicals in the human body . Some of these chemicals have the very important job of allowing the body to process the iron and nitrogen in our diets . Molybdenum is believed to be important in helping our cells grow . Also , small amounts of A deficiency of molybdenum in our diets can cause mouth and gum disorders and can contribute to getting cancer . A diet high in refined and processed foods can lead to a deficiency of molybdenum , resulting in anemia ( lack of oxygen in the blood ) , loss of appetite and weight , and stunted growth in animals . The amount of molybdenum in plant foods varies significantly and is dependent upon the mineral content of the soil that the plants were grown in . Nevertheless , the best sources of this mineral are beans , legumes ( peanuts and peas ) , dark green leafy vegetables , and grains . Hard tap water can also supply molybdenum to the diet . Nickel ( Ni ) Nickel is known to be an essential trace element for several species of animals . Experimental research shows that when chickens and rats are fed a diet that lacks nickel , they develop liver problems . If they are fed a normal diet , the symptoms do not appear . Animals are not the only ones that need this element to function properly . Bacteria use nickel to make special chemicals called enzymes . These enzymes are necessary for bacteria to function properly . Though many scientists suspect that nickel is necessary for good human health , it has not been proven . People with certain liver and kidney diseases are known to have low levels of nickel in their bodies . Also , excess nickel in the body is associated with a high incidence of heart disease , thyroid disease and cancer . In both of these cases , the significance of the amount of nickel in the body is unknown . Some scientists think that nickel affects hormones , cell membranes and chemicals called enzymes . Whatever the case , nickel certainly Good sources of nickel include chocolate , nuts , fruits and vegetables . Meats are typically low in this interesting element . Nitrogen ( N ) Nitrogen is another important element . It plays an important role in digestion of food and growth . As you may know , almost 80 % of the air we breathe is made up of nitrogen . But humans can not use the nitrogen in the air we breathe , that nitrogen is in the wrong form . We have to get nitrogen , in a different form , from the food that we eat . Fortunately , there is plenty of nitrogen in food to nourish our bodies . Nitrogen is found in large amounts in all kinds of food . Spaghetti , salads , breakfast cereal , hamburgers and even cookies have lots of nitrogen in the form that our bodies need . When your body digests this food and makes it into energy , the first step is to remove nitrogen atoms from the molecules in the food . While your body is busy digesting the rest of this food and making it into energy , these nitrogen atoms are already being used to help you grow . One specific time that this is especially important is It is also worth noting that in the plant kingdom , nitrogen is one of the 3 main elements that make plant life possible . ( Potassium and phosphorus are the other two , and you may hear them referred to collectively as N - P - K whenever talking about key plant nutrients . ) Oxygen ( O ) It may seem obvious that people need to breathe oxygen to survive , but plants need this element too . Many people think plants " breathe " carbon dioxide and " exhale " oxygen . But in reality , plants also " breathe " oxygen at certain times . Without oxygen , plants could not survive . Without plants , we would n ’ t have food to eat . It is also worth mentioning that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen ( H2O ) and that water is absolutely necessary for virtually all life as we know it . Water is incredibly important in our bodies . In fact , more than 50 % of our bodies are made of water . It dissolves other life - supporting substances and transports them to fluids in and around our cells . It is also a place in which important reactions take place in our bodies . Many people consider water to be the " blood of life " When you consider the full importance of oxygen , it becomes clear that this versatile element is the single most important substance to life . Phosphorus ( P ) Phosphorus is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body , second only to calcium . This essential mineral is required for the healthy formation of bones and teeth , and is necessary for our bodies to process many of the foods that we eat . It is also a part of the body ' s energy storage system , and helps with maintaining healthy blood sugar levels . Phosphorus is also found in substantial amounts in the nervous system . The regular contractions of the heart are dependant upon phosphorus , as are normal cell growth and Since phosphorus is found in almost all plant and animal food sources , a deficiency of this mineral is rarely seen . However , phosphorus deficiency can and does occur , particularly in people who take certain types of antacids for many years . Since phosphorus is important in maintaining the body ’ s energy system and proper blood sugar levels , it should seem logical that not getting enough of this mineral will affect the energy level in the entire body . Indeed , feeling easily fatigued , weak and having a decreased attention span can be symptoms of It is also worth noting that in the plant kingdom , phosphorus is one of the 3 main elements that make plant life possible . ( Potassium and nitrogen are the other two , and you may hear them referred to collectively as N - P - K whenever talking about key plant nutrients . ) The human body must maintain a balance between magnesium phosphorus , and calcium . Excess intake of phosphorus can occur in people with diets high in processed foods , soft drinks , and meats , leading to osteoporosis . The Recommended Dietary Allowances for phosphorus is 300 milligrams for infants , and between 800 and 1,200 milligrams for adults . It is estimated that Americans ingest on average between 1,500 and 1,600 milligrams of phosphorus per day , almost twice the recommended amount . Foods highest in phosphorus include asparagus , brewers yeast , dairy products , eggs , fish , dried fruit , meats , garlic , legumes , nuts and seeds , and whole grains . Many antacids , which are widely used for treatment of peptic ulcer disease , gastritis ( heart burn ) and acid reflux , contain magnesium and aluminum , both of which bind to phosphate , preventing its absorption into the body . Potassium ( K ) The element Potassium is an extremely important element in the human body . Our bodies are made up of millions of tiny cells , such as brain cells , skin cells , liver cells etc . These cells make up the different organs in our bodies , such as the brain , skin , or liver . Potassium is extremely important to cells , and without it , we could not survive . Cells are the small building blocks of the human body . In order to work properly , cells need to let things enter and leave them . Cells have many ways by which they can control what ( and how much ) enters and leaves . Most of the ways that cells do this requires potassium . In fact , without potassium , cells loose control of what can enter and leave them . As you can imagine , this could be very bad . Imagine a nerve cell in your finger for a moment . Normally , it does But it is not just nerve cells that depend on potassium . Most , if not all , of our cells depend on it . Just think of it for a minute . Every time you flex your muscles , blink your eyes , yawn in chemistry class , eat lunch , or do anything , you are using potassium . This element is indeed a very important element in our bodies . It is also worth noting that in the plant kingdom , potassium is one of the 3 main elements that make plant life possible . ( Nitrogen and phosphorus are the other two , and you may hear them referred to collectively as N - P - K whenever talking about key plant nutrients . ) Selenium ( Se ) Despite selenium ’ s reputation as a toxic heavy metal , this element is actually very important to good human health . Selenium is an important part of a molecule in the body that protects blood cells from certain damaging chemicals . Together with vitamin E , selenium helps our immune system produce antibodies , which is obviously an immensely important task . Selenium helps keep the pancreas and heart functioning properly . This remarkable element is also needed to make our tissues elastic . Imagine , for instance , if our skin was n ’ t elastic ; we A deficiency of this vital trace element has been linked to the development of leukemia , arthritis , and other diseases . Researchers have also found that the lower the concentration of selenium in the blood stream , the higher the risk of developing many types of cancer . In fact , some researchers tout selenium as being a powerful cancer - preventing substance . High selenium intake has also been correlated with a dramatically lower incidence of heart disease . The amount of selenium in food is dependent on the amount of the element in the environment where the food is from . Fish , grains and brazil nuts are considered to be good dietary sources of selenium . However , in the current global marketplace it is difficult to know whether the food you eat comes from selenium - rich or selenium - poor growing areas . As with virtually all elements , it is easy to get enough selenium from a well balanced diet . Silicon ( Si ) If we reflect upon what we all know about silicon for a moment , some of us may recognize silicon as being the key component of sand . Others may think of computer chips ; and there is no doubt a few that think of breast implants . Few of us would consider that silicon is something our bodies actually need to be healthy . Silicon is indeed a very common mineral that is required by our bodies . We use it , along with calcium , to grow and maintain strong bones . It is also important to the It is possible that silicon is influential in preventing veins and arteries from getting hard and stiff , though there is no clear understanding of how this element affects artery hardening . Also , it is known that silicon reduces the effectiveness of aluminum in the body . It has been suggested that silicon may be able to delay or prevent Alzheimer ’ s disease . But once again , it is unclear how silicon may affect this degenerative disease of the brain . A form of silicon is actually a home remedy for problems with weakening bones , painful Generally it is quite easy to get plenty of silicon in a normal diet and deficiencies are extremely rare . Foods rich in silicon include whole grain breads and cereals , alfalfa , beets , bell peppers , beans and peas . Sodium ( Na ) Sodium is an element that is vital to human life . Together with potassium and chlorine , it forms a very important part of blood plasma . Without sodium , our cells could not get the nutrients they need to survive . Sodium also allows our bodies to maintain the right blood chemistry and the correct amount of water in our blood . This element also allows our muscles to contract normally . Furthermore , our bodies need sodium to digest the food that we eat . Normal functioning of our nervous system also depends on this important element . Having the proper amount of sodium in our blood is so important that our bodies have special ways to maintain the right levels of this important element . For instance , if you eat a bag of salty potato chips ( salt is actually a compound of sodium and chlorine ) , your body will soon sense that there is too much sodium in your body . Your body ’ s first response will be to become thirsty . When you drink water , the sodium in your blood becomes diluted and then your kidneys can remove the excess sodium The foods that most Americans eat are very high in salt content ( i.e. potato chips , french fries and popcorn ) . Salt is really a compound of sodium and chlorine . Therefore , most Americans consume far more sodium than our bodies actually need and it is uncommon that someone would not get enough of this element . One situation that a sodium deficiency can occur , however , is when you sweat a large amount from playing sports or exercising extensively . Your sweat contains a lot of sodium and if you sweat enough , you will Sulfur ( S ) Sis is an important element that is used in small amounts to help construct virtually all parts of the human body . Sulfur helps protect the cells in our bodies from environmental hazards such as air pollution and radiation . Consequently , sulfur slows down the aging process and extends our life span . Also , sulfur helps our liver function properly , helps us digest the food that we eat and then turn that food into energy . Sulfur is also important for helping our blood clot when we cut or bruise ourselves . Additionally , sulfur is an Fortunately , there is plenty of sulfur in the food that we eat and it is easy to get enough of this important element in our daily diets . There is no need to worry about getting too much sulfur in your diet . If you get more than your body needs , you just excrete it in your urine . Foods that have a lot of sulfur include meats , fish , dairy products , eggs and garlic . Tin ( Sn ) Tin is possibly an essential element for animals , but no specific role for tin in human health has been identified . Some scientists suspect that extremely small quantities of tin are necessary for some species of animals , such as rats , to grow and develop correctly . Some nutritional supplement retailers suggest that a deficiency in tin can cause baldness in humans , but that has not been proven . Actually , no specific function of any kind for tin has been identified in humans . Titanium ( Ti ) Very little has been written on the biological role of titanium . Titanium has no known biological use in humans , although it is known to act as a stimulant . In some plants , titanium is used in chemical energy production . Titanium is used in prosthetics because it wo n ’ t react with the biological tissues in the body . Tungsten ( W ) Opinions are mixed about the need for tungsten in plant and animal life processes , although it has been proved to be necessary for certain bacteria . This element has a small function in biological processes . Tungsten is used by certain non - oxygen consuming bacteria in extremely hot ocean environments , such as in hot ocean sediments and deep - sea ocean vents . The bacteria in these environments use tungsten to produce special chemicals called enzymes , which are necessary for certain life processes . Exactly how tungsten is used by these unique and interesting bacteria is It is not known if humans need tungsten for good health . Tungsten is thought to be used by a small number of enzymes in a fashion similar to molybdenum . Here ’ s how it might be important . The enzymes described above are in a class of enzymes that perform important tasks for human health . However , the enzymes in this class that humans use incorporate molybdenum , not tungsten , into their structures . Some sources indicate that tungsten is important to humans . But their reasoning is faulty : ( a ) tungsten is in some of the enzymes of enzyme class " x " ( b ) some enzymes of class " x " are important to human health ( c ) therefore , tungsten is important to human health . Vanadium ( V ) Vanadium has recently been declared by some scientists to be essential for good human health . It is believed that vanadium is involved in helping the body convert some foods into energy . It has also been suggested that diabetics may benefit from vanadium when trying to stabilize blood sugar levels . This element is also thought to help bones and teeth form properly . There is not a great deal of scientific knowledge as to the exact importance of vanadium . Actually , no specific symptoms of vanadium deficiency have been identified in human beings . It is possible that not getting enough of this element may affect the body ’ s ability to control blood sugar levels and contribute to developing diabetes or hypoglycemia ( abnormally low blood sugar levels ) . Some scientists suspect that a deficiency of this mineral may increase the chance of getting kidney and heart disease . Some research has also shown that vanadium may slow the growth As is the case with most , if not all , of the biologically important elements , it is easy to get enough of this element from a healthy , balanced diet . Good sources of vanadium include seafood , mushrooms , olives , whole grain breads , carrots and vegetable oils . Zinc ( Zn ) Zinc has been recognized as an essential trace element for plants , animals and humans for more than 70 years . Though the average adult body only contains between 2 - 3 grams of zinc ( a paperclip weighs about one gram ) , this element has some very important functions . Zinc is involved in well over one hundred different reactions in the body . Some of these reactions help our bodies construct and maintain DNA , the molecule that controls how every single part of our bodies is made and works . Zinc is also needed for the growth and repair of tissues throughout our bodies . This extremely important element is used to form connective tissue like ligaments and tendons . Teeth , bones , nails , skin and hair Not getting enough zinc can have serious effects on our health . Some of the symptoms of zinc deficiency include hair loss , mental apathy and damage to reproductive organs . Decreased growth rate and impaired mental capacity are other symptoms . Additionally , you can loose most of your senses of taste and smell , develop mental disorders and men can even become impotent without enough zinc . Many factors affect how well our bodies absorb zinc in the food we eat , and at times it can be difficult to get enough zinc - even from a well balanced diet . Good sources of zinc include whole wheat bread , seafood and other animal meats . Several other sources ( US Geological Survey , United Nations FAO ) list additional elements as having a role in plant and / or animal life processes . But no description of that " role " was discovered . Those elements are : Strontium , Lithium , Barium , Rubidium , Cesium , and Platinum ( for plants ) . Medical Uses of Mercury The line between alchemy and medicine was not always clear . In 2nd century China , the study of mercury centered on a search for an elixir of life to confer longevity or immortality . The prominent Chinese alchemist Ko Hung , who lived in the 4th century , believed that man is what he eats , and so by eating gold he could attain perfection . Yet , he reasoned , a true believer was likely to be poor , and so it was necessary to find a substitute for the precious metal . This , in his estimation , could be accomplished by making gold from cinnabar . Ko Hung ’ s other In the era before antibiotics , sexually - transmitted diseases were deadly . Some scholars believe that syphilis was the most critical medical problem of the first half of the 16th century . A great number of printed works dealing with syphilis first appeared at the end of the 15th century when it was known by such names as " morbus gallicius , " " the French disease , " " the pox , " and " lues venera . " In the desperate search for a cure , it was almost inevitable that various forms of mercury would be The dominating medical use of Hg , ( in metallic form and as calomel , Hg2Cl2 ) , in Sweden in the second half of the 19th century indicates that some persons were highly exposed to Hg , mainly for treatment of syphilis , and 0.3 - 1 % of the population of 3.5 - 5 millions were treated for venereal diseases ( 10 000 - 50 000 persons ) . However , the per capita consumption of Hg was low in Sweden during this period , contrary to the USA , where most Hg was used in gold mining , causing direct human exposure when Hg is emitted as vapor during the burning process . The total number of persons engaged in gold mining in the USA is not known , but in 1899 between 50 000 and 100 000 gold miners rushed to Yukon Valley in Alaska and western Canada . ( reference ) Sublimate ( HgCl2 ) is in certain countries still used as an antiseptic for wounds . It was used in large quantities during the World Wars , triggered by the largely increased use of Hg in explosives . Sublimate was also used for preserving wood . Nowadays , the use of Hg in medicine , pharmaceutical products , and gold mining has been prohibited or restricted in industrialized countries , but is still a topic of large concern for the population in many other countries , and needs to be acted upon in order to reduce human exposure . For India continued for several years after the production for domestic sale had been banned , indicating an example of double standards in the EU . Mercury thermometers Thermometers contain the less toxic elemental form of mercury and have almost never been a safety issue in peoples ’ homes . However , in the 1970 ' s and 1980 ' s , workers at the Staco thermometer plant in Poultney Vermont , began to notice a common series of health problems : headaches , bleeding or sore gums , upset digestive systems , and coordination problems . Upon investigation , mercury was detected in the air of workers ’ homes , on their clothing and furniture , and most tragically , in the bodies of many workers and their children . This was the first time in which the children of mercury - handling workers were proven to have been affected . The plant closed in 1984 . Several plant workers have since settled lawsuits with the company for undisclosed sums Poultney and the state of Vermont was settled in September of 1991 . Staco paid $ 289,000 to the town of for costs related to the clean - up of the town ’ s water treatment plant . ( reference )	[ "Biogenic elements", "biological systems", "microelement" ]
http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/Lecture/Chapter6/Lec102300.html	I made two important points during the lecture which I did not dwell on then but which I want to reiterate now There is an important difference in the heat transferred in the two different types of calorimeters The coffeecup calorimeter measures the heat of a reaction at constant pressure while the bomb calorimeter measures the heat of a reaction at constant volume Our goal today is to introduce two important thermodynamic quantities E the internal energy and the energy associated with a reaction at constant volume and H the enthalpy the energy associated with a reaction at constant pressure Introducing and discussing these two quantities is important to reaching our goal of calculating heats of chemical reactions In our calorimetry calculations and in several of the problems in PS10 we take advantage of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics that energy is conserved Energy that was lost by the system in an exothermic reaction was absorbed by the surroundings the water and the calorimeter Now well take a moment to apply some of these concepts in the first law of thermodynamics The first law states that while energy can be converted from one form to another it can not be created or destroyed When a chemical reaction occurs energy lost by the system must be gained by the The energy we are discussing is the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of the systems component parts This includes the motion of the atoms or molecules electrons and nuclei This total energy is called the internal energy of the system We use the symbol E to represent the internal energy of a system The exact amount of the internal energy can not be determined However we can measure the change in internal energy of the system by measuring changes in temperature For any physical or chemical change the change in internal energy is given as In chemical E E final E initial E E products E reactants According to the first law E system E surroundings 0 or E system E surroundings An important point is the sign of E If E is positive that means the E final is greater than E initial If E is negative it is the reverse In a chemical equation we can locate the internal energy depending on whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic For example consider the reaction between dihydrogen and dioxygen to produce water 2H 2g O 2g 2H 2 O g This reaction is exothermic so heat would be located in the products 2H 2g O 2g 2H 2 O g heat We can draw a representation of this reaction In the diagram the internal energy of the reactants is greater than the internal energy of the products When the reaction proceeds from reactants to products energy is released we saw it This is characteristic of an exothermic reaction Another reaction which we did in class is described in the chemical equation BaOH 2 8H 2 O s 2NH 4 Cl s BaCl 2aq 2NH 3g 10H 2 O l Recall this reaction was endothermic so heat is located on the reactants side of the reaction heat BaOH 2 8H 2 O s 2NH 4 Cl s BaCl 2aq 2NH 3g 10H 2 O l In the diagram below the reactants are lower in energy compared to the products As the reaction proceeds energy must be added Notice the separation between reactants and products is different in the two diagrams The separation is directly related to the magnitude of the change in the internal energy By definition if the system givens off heat exothermic E is If heat is absorbed by the system E is According to the first law of thermodynamics a particular chemical system can transfer energy with it surroundings in the form of heat or work Energy is transferred by adding or removing heat or by doing or having work done on it So when a system undergoes a chemical or physical change the change in internal energy is given by the heat added to the system plus the work done on the system The equation is E q w There are many kinds of work but in the chemical systems we are interested mechanical work done by expanding gases is the way reactions can do work Recall that expanding gases from the combustion of gasoline do work on the piston which eventually turns the wheels w is P V for expanding gases When a reaction system is open to the atmosphere the reaction does work on the surroundings this is expressed as w P V Work done by the system on the surrounding has a negative sign by convention Reactions performed in the open atmosphere do work on the atmosphere but this type of work by a system does nothing in a practical sense If in a chemical reaction the work done is accomplished by expansion then we can substitute for w in the equation E q w yields E q P V so the change in internal energy for a system can be determined by measuring the heat transferred in the reaction and calculating P V If the chemical reaction occurs in a device which the volume of the reaction is held constant then V 0 and the change in internal energy is equal to heat transferred in the reaction Recall for the reaction done at constant volume in the bomb calorimeter we would expect V to equal 0 So under these conditions q v constant volume E So any heat gained or lost is equal to the change in internal energy If we perform a chemical reaction at constant volume and can measure the heat transferred in the reaction we can calculate E for the reaction What happens if we perform the reaction at constant pressure rather than constant volume This is the case of most chemical reactions performed in the laboratory In the case of a reaction open to the atmosphere the pressure is constant not volume We begin with our original statement of the first law E q P V and define q as q p the heat transferred at constant pressure E q p P V or q p constant pressure E P V q p the heat evolved or absorbed at constant pressure and is very important for most chemical system The reactions we study in the laboratory are at constant pressure q p is called enthalpy and written as H enthalpy H q p E P V The heat flow at constant pressure q p can be measured using a coffeecup calorimeter The reaction is performed in the water in the calorimeter and heat is absorbed or given up by the water and the calorimeter When a reaction is run at constant pressure open to the atmosphere it is difficult to calculate P V Recall that according to the ideal gas law PV nRT we can substitute nRT for P V nRT is calculable from the information provided n is equal n products gases n reactants gases R has the value of 8314 J mol 1 K 1 and T is the temperature in Kelvins If the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants H is positive the reaction is endothermic On the other hand when the enthalpy of the reactants is greater than the enthalpy of the products H is negative the reaction is exothermic For the reactions I demonstrated earlier H 286 kJ 12H 2 O 2 and 167 kJ BaOH 2 NH 4 SCN We can write the chemical equation as 12H 2g O 2g H 2 O g 286 kJ or 12H 2g O 2g H 2 O g H 286 kJ 167 kJ BaOH 2 8H 2 O s 2NH 4 Cl s BaCl 2aq 2NH 3g 10H 2 O l or BaOH 2 8H 2 O s 2NH 4 Cl s BaCl 2aq 2NH 3g 10H 2 O l H 167 kJ We need to consider four important properties when using enthalpy in chemical reactions Enthalpy is an extensive property The magnitude of H depends directly on the amount of reactant consumed In the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen 12H 2g O 2g H 2 O g H 286 kJ The equation says that when 1 mol of hydrogen is combined with 05 moles of oxygen 1 mol of water is formed and 286 kJ of energy is liberated If 2 moles of hydrogen are combined with 1 mol of oxygen to form 2 moles of water the amount of energy produced is twice as much or 572 kJ The enthalpy change for a reaction is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to H for the reverse reaction For the reaction 12H 2g O 2g H 2 O g H 286 kJ if the reaction is reversed H 2 O g 12H 2g O 2g H 286 kJ The enthalpy of the reaction depends on the state of the reactants and products For the reaction 12H 2g O 2g H 2 O g H 286 kJ however if the state of the water formed is gaseous instead of liquid H 242 kJ Changing the phase of a substance involves a change in the enthalpy In this example an additional amount of energy is required to change water in the liquid phase to water in the vapor phase 44 kJ For meaningful comparisons of heats of reaction chemists agree to specify the physical state of all substances in the reaction and the temperature at which the reaction was measured If the reactants and products are at 25 C and 1 atmosphere they are referred to standard state enthalpies and the enthalpy of the reaction is written as H Unless otherwise indicated all the reactions will have the reactants and products in their standard states Hess law says if a reaction is carried out in a series of steps H for the reaction will equal the sum of the enthalpy changes for each step In order to demonstrate this property of enthalpy I need to define state function Both enthalpy H and internal energy E are examples of state functions in that they are properties of a system which are determined by specifying its condition or its state The value of a state function does not depend on the history of the sample only on its current condition A state function does not depend on the path used to get the system to that state Mathematically this statement can be expressed as X X final X initial For X to be a state function X is the same independent of how the system is changed from the initial state to the final state Lets consider an analogy to this in the form of a trip If we travel by driving from Stillwater Oklahoma elevation 913 ft latitude 97 degree 0 longitude 36 degree 0 to Bellingham Washington elevation 0 ft latitude 122 degree 30 longitude 48 degree 50 there are a large number of routes that could be selected Properties of the different routes that are not state functions are distance cost tire wear and time Properties that are state functions are the difference Returning to the fourth property enthalpy is a state function It does not depend on how we reached a particular state of the system only on the initial and final states Hesss Law in going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps H for the overall reaction will be equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes of each step Lets consider several sample problems to demonstrate how we apply Hess Law and several other properties of enthalpy Sample Problem 1 Hess Law Sample Problem 2 Hess Law This problem can also be viewed as an animated problem Sample Problem 3 Hess Law As you might imagine it might be possible to experimentally collect H data for a number of reactions tabulate these reactions and their corresponding enthalpy and then use those reactions and Hess Law to calculate the H for other reactions But to be as efficient as possible a particular type of reaction is selected The type of reaction is called a formation reaction A formation reaction is defined 1 mole of a compound in its standard state is formed from its elements in their standard states I have already shown how the magnitude of the enthalpy depends on the temperature pressure state of the reactants and products so a standard state is defined as the state of a substance at 25 C and 1 atmosphere pressure The heat associated with this reaction at constant pressure is H f We have already encountered three examples of standard heat of formations H f for CO g CO 2g and H 2 O l Recall that the enthalpy change for a reaction is given as For the formation of CO2 we would write We are only able to determine the change H in enthalpy for a chemical reaction We do not know the enthalpy for a substance By convention the enthalpy of an element in its standard state is zero Therefore So we can prepare a list of standard heats of formation for compounds A list can be found in Appendix B page A5 in Silberberg This list of heats enthalpies of formation can be used to calculate heats of reactions To do this we use the equation Lets do some sample problems Sample Problem 1 Heat of Formation This problem can also be viewed as an animated problem Sample Problem 2 Sample Problem 3 Heat of Formation	[ "calorimetry" ]
http://introductiontoreining.weebly.com/history--about-reining.html	Reining History The reining horse came from the history of the cowboy ' s ranch horse . The origins of the horse go back to the Spanish settlers in Mexico and the Southwestern US . A good cow hand always needed a horse that could stop and turn on a dime , or sprint forward within a split second . Throughout the history of America ' s West , including Mexico , horses with this skill have always been not only prized , but essential . Working on open range land with no pens or buildings , cattle needed to be handled . Always held in high esteem were the horses that that could be steered and would respond to a flip of the fingers on a loose rein . The cowboys needed a nice , flexible , quick cattle horse that should be easily controlled by a light rein with small cues . They also wanted the horse to have a burst of energy when stopping and starting . A good reining horse back then stopped quickly , and could slide across the ground 20 to 30 feet . The horse should turn around with speed compared to other horses . The horses were referred to as stock horses , rather than reiners . During a good reining run , the cues to the horse are invisible to an spectator . The early reining contests had a thread tied between the bit and the reins . The object was to see who ' s horse could perform without breaking the thread . Soon enough , reining became popular and reached the east coast , and that is where the " finesse " of reining had started . Dale Wilkinson , from Ohio , is thought of as the " father " of modern - day riding . About Reining A good reining horse follows the riders cues , a common spectator should barely see the cues from the rider to the horse . The NRHA handbook describes the reining horse as “ To rein a horse is not only to guide him , but also to control his every movement . The best reined horse should be willingly guided or controlled with little or no apparent resistance and dictated to completely . Any movement on his own must be considered a lack of control … ” . Reining is considered to be like art . It is sometimes described as a Western form of dressage . Judges look at the horse on its ability to perform this set pattern , good reining horses should be willingly guided and controlled without any visible resistance or irritation . This requires a horse that is well - trained and comfortable with its rider - the point of reining . Reining is a great style of riding for beginner riders and horses . The moves can be used in any type of riding , so reining is a great help to become a better rider , and ride a better horse .	[ "Reining", "horse", "cowboy 's" ]
http://introtofolklore.web.unc.edu/schedule-objectives-readings/	Schedule Objectives Readings Below youll find our class schedule and the list of readings for each day Readings can also be found on our Sakai page Unit 1 What is Folklore Historical Accounts and Contemporary Practice You should be able to Provide a definition of folklore as a field of study Define and give examples to illustrate the terms genre folksong folktale performer and collector Explain the importance of continuity and change to folklore 111 Introduction to Course 113 Defining Folklore What is Folklore on the American Folklore Society AFS Folklore Wiki The Field of Folklore Studies and the American Folklore Society brochure by AFS What is Folklore from Prof Dan Patterson via Folkstreams Youtube video Recitations DO meet this week 118 No Class Please consider using this holiday to honor the legacy of Dr Martin Luther King Jr and the countless other freedom fighters who sacrificed their lives livelihoods and reputations for the ongoing struggle for equality You can find UNCbased opportunities here 120 Contemporary Practice Listen The Portrait an episode of the Criminal Podcast with folklorists Sarah Bryan and Joseph OConnell Watch Kaw Naw It Will Make You Very Hungry from the Transplanting Traditions Youth Collaborative ReadListen About and Sam from the Country Queers project 125 Class cancelled due to inclement weather 127 What is Folklore An Historical Accounting Zipes Once There Were Two Brothers Named Grimm Dundes sections from Cinderella A Folklore Casebook 21 Folklore Studies Move to America Chase Preface and Jack and the Bean Tree Four Beech Mountain Tales from North Carolina Folklore Journal 23 Historical and contemporary legends combined lecture Patricia Turner Churchs Fried Chicken and the Klan Dial A Time of Troubles Short articles from Snopescom Briefcasing the Joint Shore Leave Facebook Messenger Funny Names Assignment 1 Narrative and Transcription due on Sakai by 500 on February 5 Unit 2 Group You should be able to Define what constitutes a folk group Provide examples of different folk groups and identify specific groups Identify groups to which you belong and describe how you participate in the folklore of those groups Analyze the ways that group membership is done through expressive forms 28 Group and Family as Group Zeitlin Family Stories 210 Occupational Group Sam Mature Barber Tom McCoy Proofreader Maggie Holmes Domestic Beryl Simpson Airline Reservationist all from Studs Terkels Working A Graphic Adaptation 215 Class cancelled due to ice Todays readings moved to 217 217 Religious and ethnic group Tom Mould Chahta Siyah Ókih Ethnicity in the Oral Traditions of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Chapter 9 in Ethnic Heritage in Mississippi The 20th Century If link doesnt persist access this volume online from UNC libraries Unit 3 Tradition You should be able to Define tradition and describe howwhy traditions persist across time Define emergence and discuss tensions between tradition and innovation Identify traditions of place food etc in your own family or other groups Reflect on how tradition interacts with geographyenvironment in regard to occupations architecture or other types of folklore Explain how tradition can be both conservative and dynamic 222 Tradition Sims and Stephen Tradition skim 224 Foodways Herman Theodore Peeds Turtle Party Browse the Southern Foodways Alliance website Read the About page and listen to excerpts from the oral histories of Emma Locklear Martha Lou Gadsen and Gerri and Stephen Grady Assignment 2 Group essay due on Sakai by 500 pm on February 29 229 Sense of Place Traditional Landscapes and Occupations Basso Wisdom Sits in Places Allen The Genealogical Landscape 32 Vernacular Architecture Selections from John Michael Vlach Back of the Big House Unit 4 Art Aesthetics and Creativity You should be able to Define what is meant by creativity and aesthetics within the field of folklore Analyze how creativity and aesthetics are used to make social commentary Explain how aesthetic sensibilities are developed in and shared within communities 37 Aesthetics Preview Glassie The Idea of Folk Art Heres the deal I really want you to read this short but very important article In exchange for your doing that we will spend some time reviewing for the midterm 39 Midterm exam 321 Pottery Selections from Hewitt The Potters Eye Zug North Carolina Pottery Center 323 Quilts Arnett The Architecture of the Quilt Walker Everyday Use No recitations this week Holiday Friday Unit 5 Folksong You should be able to Give a provisional definition of folk music Describe relevant musical traditions and the relationships among them comparecontrast point out influences Argue for andor against distinctions between folk and commercial music 328 Defining Folk Music Historical and Contemporary Definitions Guest lecture Anna Keneda Listening assignment httpsopenspotifycomuserakenedaplaylist1UpNVKQNJBu50ZoI7SHWxF selection from Filene Romancing the Folk Browse the website of The Crankie Factory 330 Mills Migration and the Birth of Country Music Huber selections from Linthead Stomp Listening Assignment httpsplayspotifycomuserejgaddisplaylist6fFqVZoAdmz91JavNTQ439 Campus folklore proposals due in recitation this week 44 NC Gospel Soul and Funk Explore the Bull City Soul online exhibit Patterson and Bryan Schooled in Jazz and Funk Kinston Area 46 Vernacular Roots of Hip Hop Reading John Szwed The Real Old School Listening assignment Unit 6 Performance in Everyday Life You should be able to Describe what constitutes a folklore performance Explain how performance is used to understand the meaning of folklore in context Identify folklore performances in everyday life Explain the important relationship between audience and performer in a folklore performance 411 Performance and Performativity Sims and Stephens Performance skim 413 Performance Gender and Identity Sawin from Listening for a Life Unit 7 Practicing Folklore in Our World 418 Documenting the Changing South Sarah McNamara and Viridiana Martinez I Speak Inglés 420 Authenticity The Strange and Unlikely Story of Tejano Music Guest lecture Sol Weiner Tejano Local Music Global Identity Playlist 425 Public Folklore roundtable 427 Wrap up and review Our final exam will be held at 400 pm on Tuesday May 3 A full schedule of exam times is available here	[ "Folklore", "Historical Accounts", "Contemporary Practice" ]
http://inuyasha.wikia.com/wiki/InuYasha_Wiki	Home English View source Share Please be aware that the InuYasha Wiki contains SPOILERS . Help Forums Rules Layouts Standards Image Policy Hello and welcome to the InuYasha Wiki , the informative database for the manga and anime InuYasha that anyone can edit . Please feel free to contribute to our site and help us on making this the most informative site for everything related to InuYasha ! Inuyasha Kagome Miroku Sango Shippō Kirara Myōga Kikyō Kaede Sesshōmaru Rin Jaken A - Un Naraku Kanna Kagura Goshinki Jūrōmaru Kagerōmaru Musō Infant Hakudōshi Byakuya Kōga Ginta Hakkaku Ayame Featured Article Bokusenō ( 朴仙翁 , " Old Tree Hermit " ) was a wise tree yōkai and ally of the Inu no Taishō who would use the wood from Bokusenō ' s own boughs to craft the scabbards for two powerful swords , the Tessaiga and the Tenseiga . Bokusenō was familiar with the Inu no Taishō ' s designs and was the only one of his allies or vassals who got along with the Inu no Taishō ' s eldest son , Sesshōmaru . As such , Bokusenō is instrumental in developing Sesshōmaru ' s understanding of Inuyasha ' s hanyō nature and the connection between Inuyasha and the Tessaiga . Bokusenō was also the means by which the Tenseiga was delivered to Sesshōmaru , since the Inu no Taishō ' s vassals were too afraid of Sesshōmaru to deliver it themselves . Because of the information Bokusenō gives Sesshōmaru on Inuyasha ' s demon blood , Sesshōmaru ultimately gives up on his quest to claim the Tessaiga and allows his younger half - brother to maintain possession of the sword . ( Read more . . . Vote for future featured articles Recently featured : Ryūkotsusei More Featured Image RELATED ARTICLES : Sango Kohaku Shikon no Tama Kikyō Yōkai taijiya Episode 20 ( Final Act ) Recently featured : File : Inuyasha Yokai Form . png File : Sango After Giving Birth . png more Vote for future featured images Wiki Discussion Different opening used on animelab ? ? 09 : 19 , October 11 , 2018 Inky45 Moth demon names ! 01 : 51 , March 21 , 2018 Alxyrinin Were there any Story Arcs in the Series ? 03 : 41 , March 12 , 2018 Super Shmevan If you need any help , please contact a local administrator Vote Why do you watch or read InuYasha ? The action - packed battles 5 The adorable romances 20 The compelling story of good vs . evil 15 The hilarious jokes 5 The gripping historical themes ( demons , samurai , etc . ) 42 The poll was created at 14 : 54 on January 23 , 2019 , and so far 87 people voted . Please wait , submitting your vote . . . - - Archived polls - - Results of last poll : Tōtōsai Affiliates Anime Answers IRC Chat Wiki List Spring Season 2019 Anime Wikis TV Anime Aikatsu Friends ! Brilliant Jewel Attack on Titan Season 3 , Part 2 Beyblade Burst Gachi Bokutachi wa Benkyou ga Dekinai Bungou Stray Dogs 3rd Season Cardfight ! ! Vanguard : Zoku Koukousei - hen Diamond no Ace : Act II Fairy Gone Fruits Basket ( 2019 ) Gunjou no Magmel Hangyakusei Million Arthur 2nd Season Hitoribocchi no ○ ○ Seikatsu Kenja no Mago Kimetsu no Yaiba Kiratto Pri ☆ chan 2nd Season Kono Oto Tomare ! One Punch Man 2nd Season Sarazanmai Strike Witches : 501 Butai Hasshin Shimasu ! TV ( Multiseason ) Fairy Tail Final Season JoJo ' s Bizarre Adventure : Golden Wind ONA OVA Specials Film Hibike ! Euphonium Movie 3 : Chikai no Finale Koutetsujou no Kabaneri Movie 3 : Unato Kessen Add to this list . Anime / Manga Hub April Spotlights The Rising of the Shield Hero Cells at Work ! Death Parade All Action Adventure Comedy Drama Fantasy Horror Mecha Mystery Romance Sci - fi Slice of Life Sports Supernatural Memes Funimation Categories InuYasha Wiki Languages : Català Deutsch Español Magyar Italiano 日本語 Bahasa Melayu Polski Português do Brasil Română Русский Tiếng Việt 中文	[ "InuYasha", "Bokusenō" ]
http://invasive-species.wikia.com/wiki/Red-Necked_Wallaby	in : Animals Mammals Marsupials and 4 more Red - Necked Wallaby Mildly Invasive Population stable Natural Range South - east Australia Introduced Range New Zealand ' s South Island Great Britain Lambay Island , Ireland Possibly France Pathways Zoological parks Aesthetic value Impacts Selective grazing Removal Methods Aerial poisoning Hunting The red - necked wallaby ( Macropus rzjhuhuihjh rufogriseus ) is a large wallaby and a popular zoo species . hummans are good invasive all over the world Contents show Native Species Edit Red - necked wallabies are native to eastern and south - eastern Australia , south - east Queensland , north - east New South Wales and the island of Tasmania . [ 1 ] Introduced Range Edit Oceania hummans are so good The red - necked wallaby is one of a few wallaby species introduced to New Zealand . It is the only wallaby present on the South Island but not the North Island . [ 2 ] Europe A few red - necked wallaby populations are present in the UK , in the Loch Lomond and the Trossochs National Park in western Scotland and on the Isle of Man . [ 3 ] Theyu huhmay also be present in the Peak District and in central Sussex . [ 4 ] Other smaller populations may be present in the UK . These populations are of the nominal subspecies , sometimes called the Bennet ' s Wallaby . [ 3 ] There is also a population of wallabies present on Lambay Island , just offshore of Dublin in Ireland . [ 5 ] The red - necked wallaby may also have been introduced to France . [ 3 / 6 ] Pathways and Introduction The red - necked wallaby was imported to new Zealand between 1867 and 1870 . An additional one male and two females were released on Te Waimate Station in 1874 . This population grew to a few thousand by 1916 . Another release of wallabies occured in 1948 at Quartz Creek on Mount Burke Station . 50 wallabies were seen on Mount Maude in 1964 . [ 2 ] Red - necked wallabies were first imported into the United Kingdom in 1865 . The earliest reports of the wallabies in the wild come from the Pennines and Tring Park , both in the early 20th Century . SOme introductions were diliberate , whilst others were due to escapes from zoos . High mortality rates limit this species ' ability to spread far from their introduction sites in the United Kingdom . [ 3 ] In Ireland , the Lambay island wallaby population was deliberately released in the 1980s due to a sudden increase in wallaby numbers at Dublin zoo after a year notably successful for breeding . Staff at Dublin zoo were unsure of how to deal with the problem as they could n ' t cater for all of the wallabies . As a result , some were released on Lambay island on the assumption that the wallabies would be unable to swim the distance to mainland Ireland . [ 5 ] Impacts There is evidence that red - necked wallabies are damaging ecosystems in their Scottish range through selective grazing . [ 3 ] Control and Removal Methods In 1947 in New Zealand , the the decision was made to cull populations of red - necked wallabies . The Wildlife Branhc of the Department of Internal Affairs killed 68,608 wallabies but this wa n ' t enough to even overcome the natural increase in wallaby populations . A Wallaby Destruction Commitee was set up in Waimate after Rabbit Boards were given the power to destroy wallabies in 1959 . Aerial poisoning and mass shooting reduced the populations noticably , from between 1,000,000 and 500,000 to 4,000 or 3,000 . An additional 2,000 wallabies were killed in 1966 . No control methods elsewhere . Sources 1 Animal Diversity Web 2 Victoria University of Wellington Guide to Introduced Wallabies in New Zealand 3 GB Non - Natives Factsheet Editor 4 UK Safari 5 Atlas Obscura 6 ( UK ) Department for Environmental , Food and Rural Affairs ( pdf ) Categories Animals Mammals Marsupials New Zealand UK Ireland France Add category	[ "Red-Necked Wallaby", "popular zoo species", "Oceania hummans" ]
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrocketv2.htm	Humanities History & Culture The V - 2 Rocket - Wernher Von Braun by Mary Bellis Updated March 06 , 2017 Rockets and missiles can serve as weapons systems that deliver explosive warheads to targets by means of rocket propulsion . " Rocket " is a general term that describes any jet - propelled missile which is thrust forward from the rearward ejection of matter like hot gases . Rocketry was originally developed in China when firework displays and gunpowder were invented . Hyder Ali , prince of Mysore , India , developed the first war rockets in the 18 th century , using metal cylinders to hold the combustion powder needed for propulsion . The First A - 4 Rocket Then , eventually , came the A - 4 rocket . Later called the V - 2 , the A - 4 was a single - stage rocket developed by the Germans and fueled by alcohol and liquid oxygen . It stood 46.1 feet high and had a thrust of 56,000 pounds . The A - 4 had a payload capacity of 2,200 pounds and could reach a velocity of 3,500 miles per hour . The first A - 4 was launched from Peenemunde , Germany on October 3 , 1942 . It reached an altitude of 60 miles , breaking the sound barrier . It was the world ' s first launch of a ballistic missile and the first rocket ever to go into the fringes of space . The Rocket ’ s Beginnings Rocket clubs were springing up all over Germany in the early 1930s . A young engineer named Wernher von Braun joined one of them , the Verein fur Raumschiffarht or Rocket Society . The German military was searching for a weapon at the time that would not violate the Versailles Treaty of World War I but would defend its country . Artillery captain Walter Dornberger was assigned to investigate the feasibility of using rockets . Dornberger visited the Rocket Society . Impressed with the club ’ s enthusiasm , he offered its members the equivalent of $ 400 to build a rocket . Von Braun worked on the project through the spring and summer of 1932 only to have the rocket fail when it was tested by the military . But Dornberger was impressed with von Braun and hired him to lead the military ' s rocket artillery unit . Von Braun ' s natural talents as a leader shined , as well as his ability to assimilate great quantities of data while keeping the big picture in mind . By 1934 , von Braun and Dornberger had a team of 80 engineers in place , building rockets in Kummersdorf , about 60 A New Facility With the successful launch of two rockets , Max and Moritz , in 1934 , von Braun ' s proposal to work on a jet - assisted take - off device for heavy bombers and all - rocket fighters was granted . But Kummersdorf was too small for the task . A new facility had to be built . Peenemunde , located on the Baltic coast , was chosen as the new site . Peenemunde was large enough to launch and monitor rockets over ranges up to about 200 miles with optical and electric observing instruments along the trajectory . Its location posed no risk of harming people or property . The A - 4 Becomes the A - 2 By now , Hitler had taken over Germany and Herman Goering ruled the Luftwaffe . Dornberger held a public test of the A - 2 and it was successful . Funding continued to flow in to von Braun ' s team , and they went on to develop the A - 3 and , finally , the A - 4 . Hitler decided to use the A - 4 as a " vengeance weapon " in 1943 , and the group found themselves developing the A - 4 to rain explosives on London . Fourteen months after Hitler ordered it into production , on September 7 , 1944 , the first combat A - 4 - - now called the V - 2 - - was launched toward Western Europe . When the first V - 2 hit London , von Braun remarked to his colleagues , " The rocket worked perfectly except for landing on the wrong planet . " The Team ' s Fate The SS and the Gestapo ultimately arrested von Braun for crimes against the state because he persisted in talking about building rockets that would orbit the earth and perhaps even go to the moon . His crime was indulging in frivolous dreams when he should have been concentrating on building bigger rocket bombs for the Nazi war machine . Dornberger convinced the SS and the Gestapo to release von Braun because there would be no V - 2 without him and Hitler would have them all shot . When he arrived back at Peenemunde , von Braun immediately assembled his planning staff . He asked them to decide how and to whom they should surrender . Most of the scientists were frightened of the Russians . They felt the French would treat them like slaves , and the British did not have enough money to fund a rocket program . That left the Americans . Von Braun stole a train with forged papers and ultimately led 500 people through war - torn Germany to surrender to the Americans . The SS was issued orders to kill the German engineers , who hid their notes in a mine shaft and evaded their own army while searching for the Americans . Finally , the team found an American private and surrendered to him . The Americans immediately went to Peenemunde and Nordhausen and captured all the remaining V - 2s and V - 2 parts . They destroyed both places with explosives . The Americans brought over 300 train cars loaded with spare V - 2 parts to the U.S . Many of von Braun ' s production team were captured by the Russians . Continue Reading	[ "Wernher Von Braun", "weapons", "Rockets and missiles" ]
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarsassemblya.htm	Humanities History & Culture History of the Automobile : The Assembly Line by Mary Bellis Updated September 24 , 2018 By the early 1900s , gasoline cars started to outsell all other types of motor vehicles . The market was growing for automobiles and the need for industrial production was pressing . The first car manufacturers in the world were French companies Panhard & Levassor ( 1889 ) and Peugeot ( 1891 ) . Daimler and Benz started out as innovators who experimented with car design to test their engines before becoming full car manufacturers . They made their early money by licensing their patents and selling their engines to car manufacturers . The First Assemblers Rene Panhard and Emile Levassor were partners in a woodworking machinery business when they decided to become car manufacturers . They built their first car in 1890 using a Daimler engine . The partners not only manufactured cars , they made improvements to the automotive body design . Levassor was the first designer to move the engine to the front of the car and use a rear - wheel drive layout . This design was known as the Systeme Panhard and quickly became the standard for all cars because it gave a better balance and improved steering . Panhard and Levassor are also credited with the invention of the modern transmission , which was installed in their 1895 Panhard . Panhard and Levassor also shared the licensing rights to Daimler motors with Armand Peugot . A Peugot car went on to win the first car race held in France , which gained Peugot publicity and boosted car sales . Ironically , the " Paris to Marseille " race of 1897 resulted in a fatal auto accident , killing Emile Levassor . Early on , French manufacturers did not standardize car models as each car was different from the other . The first standardized car was the 1894 Benz Velo . One hundred and thirty - four identical Velos were manufactured in 1895 . American Car Assembly America ' s first gas - powered commercial car manufacturers were Charles and Frank Duryea . The brothers were bicycle makers who became interested in gasoline engines and automobiles . They built their first motor vehicle in 1893 in Springfield , Massachusetts and by 1896 the Duryea Motor Wagon Company had sold thirteen models of the Duryea , an expensive limousine that remained in production into the 1920s . The first automobile to be mass produced in the United States was the 1901 Curved Dash Oldsmobile , built by the American car manufacturer Ransome Eli Olds ( 1864 - 1950 ) . Olds invented the basic concept of the assembly line and started the Detroit area automobile industry . He first began making steam and gasoline engines with his father , Pliny Fisk Olds , in Lansing , Michigan in 1885 . Olds designed his first steam - powered car in 1887 . In 1899 , with his experience in making gasoline engines , Olds moved to Detroit to start the Olds Motor Works with the goal of producing low - priced cars . He produced 425 " Curved Dash Olds " in 1901 , and was America ' s leading auto manufacturer from 1901 to 1904 . Henry Ford Revolutionizes Manufacturing American car manufacturer Henry Ford ( 1863 - 1947 ) was credited with inventing an improved assembly line . He formed the Ford Motor Company in 1903 . It was the third car manufacturing company formed to produce the cars he designed . He introduced the Model T in 1908 and it became a big success . Around 1913 , he installed the first conveyor belt - based assembly line in his car factory at Ford ' s Highland Park , Michigan plant . The assembly line reduced production costs for cars by reducing assembly time . For example , Ford ' s famous Model T was assembled in ninety - three minutes . After installing the moving assembly lines in his factory , Ford became the world ' s biggest car manufacturer . By 1927 , 15 million Model Ts had been manufactured . Another victory won by Henry Ford was the patent battle with George B . Selden . Selden , who held a patent on a " road engine . " On that basis , Selden was paid royalties by all American car manufacturers . Ford overturned Selden ' s patent and opened the American car market for the building of inexpensive cars . Continue Reading	[ "History", "Automobile" ]
http://inventors.about.com/od/CorporateProfiles/p/Microsoft-History.htm	Humanities History & Culture A Short History of Microsoft Ron Wurzer / Getty Images by Mary Bellis Updated January 12 , 2019 Microsoft is an American corporation headquartered in Redmond , Washington . Microsoft is a technology company that supports the invention of , as well as manufactured and licensed goods and services related to computing . Who Started Microsoft ? Childhood friends , Paul Allen and Bill Gates are the co - founders of Microsoft . The pair were total computer geeks in an age when any access to computers was hard to come by . Allen and Gates skipped classes to live and breathe in their school ' s computer room . Eventually , they hacked the school ' s computer and were caught . But instead of expulsion , the duo was offered unlimited computer time in exchange for helping to improve the computer ' s performance . Bill Gates and Paul Allen even ran their own small company called Traf - O - Data and sold a computer to the city of Seattle for counting city traffic . Bill Gates , Harvard Drop Out In 1973 , Bill Gates left Seattle to attend Harvard University as a pre - law student . However , Gates ' first love never left him as he spent most of his time in Harvard ' s computer center where he kept improving his programming skills . Soon Paul Allen moved to Boston as well , pressuring Gates to quit Harvard so that the team could work full - time together on their projects . Bill Gates was uncertain of what to do , however , fate stepped in . The Birth of Microsoft In January 1975 , Paul Allen read an article about the Altair 8800 microcomputer in " Popular Electronics " magazine and showed the article to Gates . Bill Gates called MITS , the makers of the Altair , and offered his and Paul Allen ' s services to write a version of the new BASIC programming language for the Altair . In eight weeks , Allen and Gates were able to demonstrate their program to MITS , who agreed to distribute and market the product under the name of Altair BASIC . The Altair deal inspired Gates and Allen to form their own software company . Microsoft was started on April 4 , 1975 , with Bill Gates as the first CEO . Where Did The Name Microsoft Come From ? On July 29 , 1975 , Bill Gates used the name " Micro - soft " in a letter to Paul Allen to refer to their partnership . The name was registered with the secretary of state of New Mexico on November 26 , 1976 . In August 1977 , the company opened their first international office in Japan , called ASCII Microsoft . In 1981 , the company incorporated in the state of Washington and became Microsoft Inc . Bill Gates was the President of the Company and the Chairman of the Board , and Paul Allen was the Executive VP . History of Microsoft Products Microsoft ' s Operating Systems An operating system is a fundamental software that allows a computer to operate . As a newly formed company , Microsoft ' s first operating system product that was publicly released was a version of Unix called Xenix , released in 1980 . Xenix was later used as the basis for Microsoft ' s first word processor , called Multi - Tool Word , a predecessor to Microsoft Word . Microsoft ' s first wildly successful operating system was MS - DOS or Microsoft Disk Operating System , which Microsoft wrote for IBM in 1981 and was based on Tim Paterson ' s QDOS . In the deal of the century , Bill Gates only licensed MS - DOS to IBM . By retaining the rights to the software , Bill Gates made a fortune for Microsoft and Microsoft had become a major soft vendor . Microsoft Mouse Microsoft Mouse was released on May 2 , 1983 . Windows In 1983 , Microsoft ' s crowning achievement was released . Microsoft Windows was an operating system with a novel graphical user interface and a multitasking environment for IBM computers . In 1986 , the company went public , and Bill Gates became a 31 - year old billionaire . Microsoft Office In 1989 , Microsoft Office was released . Office is a software package that as the name describes is a collection of programs that you might use in the office . It includes a word possessor , spreadsheet , a mail program , business presentation software and more . Internet Explorer In August of 1995 , Microsoft released Windows 95 , which includes technologies for connecting to the Internet such as built - in support for dial - up networking , TCP / IP ( Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol ) , and a web browser Internet Explorer 1.0 . Xbox In 2001 , Microsoft introduced their first gaming unit , the Xbox system . However , Xbox faced stiff competition from Sony ' s PlayStation 2 and eventually , Microsoft discontinued the Xbox . However , in 2005 , Microsoft released their Xbox 360 gaming console which was a success and is still available on the market . Microsoft Surface In 2012 , Microsoft made their first foray into the computing hardware market with the announcement of Surface tablets that ran Windows RT and Windows 8 Pro .	[ "Microsoft", "History", "Bill Gates" ]
http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/Xmas_Lights.htm	Humanities History & Culture The History of Christmas Lights It begins with the tradition of using small candles to light up the Xmas tree . by Mary Bellis Updated March 17 , 2017 The tradition of using small candles to light up the Christmas tree dates back to at least the middle of the XVIIth century . However , it took two centuries for the tradition to become widely established first in Germany and soon spreading to Eastern Europe . Candles for the tree were glued with melted wax to a tree branch or attached by pins . Around 1890 , candleholders were first used for Christmas candles . Between 1902 and 1914 , small lanterns and glass balls to hold the candles started to be used . Electricity In 1882 , the first Christmas tree was lit by the use of electricity . Edward Johnson lighted up a Christmas tree in New York City with eighty small electric light bulb . It should be noted that Edward Johnson created the first string of electric Christmas lights that were then mass produced around 1890 . By 1900 , department stores started using the new Christmas lights for their Christmas displays . Edward Johnson was one of Thomas Edison ' s muckers , an inventor who worked under the direction of Edison . Johnson became vice - president of Edison ' s electric company . Safe Christmas Lights electric Christmas lights . Continue > The History of Christmas Stuff	[ "Christmas Lights", "History & Culture" ]
http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventors/a/GWC.htm	Humanities History & Culture Biography : George Washington Carver George Washington Carver discovered three hundred uses for peanuts . George Washington Carver . Mary Bellis by Mary Bellis Updated February 07 , 2019 It is rare to find a man of the caliber of George Washington Carver . A man who would decline an invitation to work for a salary of more than $ 100,000 a year to continue his research on behalf of his countrymen . By doing so , the agricultural chemist discovered 300 uses for peanuts and hundreds more uses for soybeans , pecans and sweet potatoes . His work provided a much needed boost to southern farmers who benefited economically from his recipes and improvements to adhesives , axle grease , bleach , buttermilk , chili sauce , fuel briquettes , ink , instant coffee , linoleum mayonnaise , meat tenderizer , metal polish , paper , plastic , pavement , shaving cream , shoe polish , synthetic rubber , talcum powder and wood stain . Early Life and Education Carver was born in 1864 near Diamond Grove , Missouri , on the farm of Moses Carver . He was born into difficult and changing times near the end of the Civil War . The infant Carver and his mother were kidnapped by Confederate night - raiders and possibly sent away to Arkansas . Moses found and reclaimed Carver after the war but his mother had disappeared forever . The identity of Carver ' s father remains unknown , although he believed his father was a slave from a neighboring farm . Moses and his wife reared Carver and his He began his formal education at the age of 12 , which required him to leave the home of his adopted parents . Schools were segregated by race at that time and schools for black students were n ' t available near Carver ' s home . He moved to Newton County in southwest Missouri , where he worked as a farm hand and studied in a one - room schoolhouse . He went on to attend Minneapolis High School in Kansas . College entrance was also a struggle because of racial barriers . At the age of 30 , Carver studied piano and art but the college did not offer science classes . Intent on a science career , he later transferred to Iowa Agricultural College ( now Iowa State University ) in 1891 , where he gained a bachelor of science degree in 1894 and a master of science degree in bacterial botany and agriculture in 1897 . Carver became a member of the faculty of the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanics ( the first black faculty member for Iowa College ) , where he taught classes about soil conservation and chemurgy . The Tuskegee Institute In 1897 , Booker T . Washington , founder of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute for Negroes , convinced Carver to come south and serve as the school ' s director of agriculture , where he remained until his death in 1943 . At Tuskegee , Carver developed his crop rotation method , which revolutionized southern agriculture . He educated the farmers on methods to alternate the soil - depleting cotton crops with soil - enriching crops such as peanuts , peas , soybeans , sweet potato and pecans . America ' s economy was heavily dependent upon agriculture during this era , making Carver ' s achievements very significant . Decades of growing only cotton and tobacco had depleted the southern region of the United States . The economy of the farming south had also been devastated by years of civil war and by the fact that the cotton and tobacco plantations could no longer use slave labor . Carver convinced the southern farmers to follow his suggestions and helped the region to recover . Carver also worked at developing industrial applications from agricultural crops . During World War I , he found a way to replace the textile dyes formerly imported from Europe . He produced dyes of 500 different shades and was responsible for the invention of a process for producing paints and stains from soybeans . For that , he received three separate patents . Honors and Awards Carver was widely recognized for his achievements and contributions . He was bestowed an honorary doctorate from Simpson College , named an honorary member of the Royal Society of Arts in London , England , and received the Spingarn Medal given every year by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . In 1939 , he received the Roosevelt medal for restoring southern agriculture and was honored with a national monument dedicated to his accomplishments . Carver did not patent or profit from most of his products . He freely gave his discoveries to mankind . His work transformed the South from being a one - crop land of cotton to being multi - crop farmlands , with farmers having hundreds of profitable uses for their new crops . In 1940 , Carver donated his life savings to the establishment of the Carver Research Foundation at Tuskegee for continuing research in agriculture . " He could have added fortune to fame , but caring for neither , he found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world . " - Epitaph on the grave of George Washington Carver . Continue Reading	[ "George Washington Carver", "southern farmers", "Diamond Grove" ]
http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventions/a/Facebook.htm	Humanities History & Culture The History of Facebook and How It Was Invented How Mark Zuckerberg Launched the World ' s Most Popular Social Media Network Facebook ' s founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg . by Mary Bellis Updated January 26 , 2019 Mark Zuckerberg was a Harvard computer science student when he , along with classmates Eduardo Saverin , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes invented Facebook . Amazingly , the idea for the website , now the world ' s most popular social networking page , was inspired by a botched effort to get internet users to rate each other ' s photos . Hot or Not ? : The Origin of Facebook In 2003 , Zuckerberg , a second - year student at Harvard at the time , wrote the software for a website called Facemash . He put his computer science skills to questionable use by hacking into Harvard ' s security network , where he copied the student ID images used by the dormitories and used them to populate his new website . Website visitors could use the site to compare two student photos side - by - side and decide who was " hot " and who was " not . " Facemash opened on October 28 , 2003 , and closed a few days later , after it was shut down by Harvard execs . In the aftermath , Zuckerberg faced serious charges of breach of security , violating copyrights and violating individual privacy . Though he faced expulsion from Harvard University for his actions , all charges were eventually dropped . TheFacebook : An App for Harvard Students On February 4 , 2004 , Zuckerberg launched a new website called " TheFacebook . " He named the site after the directories that were handed out to university students to aid them in getting to know one another better . Six days later , he again got into trouble when Harvard seniors Cameron Winklevoss , Tyler Winklevoss , and Divya Narendra accused him of stealing their ideas for an intended social network website called HarvardConnection . The claimants later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg , but the matter was eventually settled out of court . Membership to the website was at first restricted to Harvard students . Over time , Zuckerberg enlisted a few of his fellow students to help grow the website . Eduardo Saverin , for example , worked on the business end while Dustin Moskovitz was brought on as a programmer . Andrew McCollum served as the site ' s graphic artist and Chris Hughes became the de facto spokesperson . Together the team expanded the site to additional universities and colleges . Facebook : The World ' s Most Popular Social Network In 2004 , Napster founder and angel investor Sean Parker became the company ' s president . The company changed the site ' s name from TheFacebook to just Facebook after purchasing the domain name facebook . com in 2005 for $ 200,000 . The following year , venture capital firm Accel Partners invested $ 12.7 million in the company , which enabled the creation of a version of the network for high school students . Facebook would later expand to other networks such as employees of companies . In September of 2006 , Facebook announced that anyone who was at least 13 years old and had a valid email address could join . By 2009 , it had become the world ' s most used social networking service , according to a report by the analytics site Compete . com . While Zuckerberg ' s antics and the site ' s profits eventually led to him becoming the world ' s youngest multi - billionaire , he ' s done his part to spread the wealth around . He ' s donated $ 100 million dollars to the Newark , New Jersey public school system , which has long been underfunded . In 2010 , he signed a pledge , along with other wealthy businessmen , to donate at least half of his wealth to charity . Zuckerberg and his wife , Priscilla Chan , have donated $ 25 million toward Chan Zuckerberg Initiative to improve lives through education , health , scientific research , and energy . Continue Reading	[ "Facebook", "Social Media", "Mark Zuckerberg" ]
http://inventors.about.com/od/gstartinventions/a/gum.htm	Humanities History & Culture How We Have Bubble Gum Today The Evolution of Chewing Gum Over Time Bubble Gum Machine . Getty Images by Mary Bellis Updated October 16 , 2017 In the early 1900s , Americans could not get enough of the modern - day variation on the lip - smacking confection called bubble or chewing gum popularized by Thomas Adams . The popular treat has a long history and has come in many forms over time . Earliest Record of Chewing Gum A variation of chewing gum has been used by ancient civilizations and cultures around the world . It is believed that the earliest evidence we have of chewing gum dates back to the Neolithic period . Archeologists discovered 6,000 - year - old chewing gum made from birch bark tar , with tooth imprints in Finland . The tar from which the gums were made is believed to have antiseptic properties and other medicinal benefits . Ancient Cultures Several ancient cultures used chewing gum regularly . It is known that the ancient Greeks chewed mastiche , a chewing gum made from the resin of the mastic tree . The ancient Mayans chewed chicle , which is the sap of the sapodilla tree . Modernization of Chewing Gum In addition to the ancient Greeks and Mayans , chewing gum can be traced back to a variety of civilizations around the world , including the Eskimos , South Americans , Chinese and Indians from South Asia . The modernization and commercialization of this product mainly took place in the United States . Native Americans chewed resin made from the sap of spruce trees . In 1848 , American John B . Curtis picked up on this practice and made and sold the first commercial chewing gum called the State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum . Two years later , In 1869 , Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna introduced Thomas Adams to chicle , as a rubber substitute . It did not take off as a use for rubber , instead , Adams cut chicle into strips and he marketed it as Adams New York Chewing Gum in 1871 . Potential Health Benefits Gum can be credited for several health benefits , such as potentially increasing cognition and brain function after chewing the gum . An additive and sugar substitute xylitol has been found to reduce cavities and plaque in teeth . Another known effect of chewing gum is that it increases saliva production . Increased saliva can be a good way to keep the mouth fresh , which is helpful for reducing halitosis ( bad breath ) . Increased saliva production has also been found to be helpful following surgery involving the digestive system and for the possible reduction of digestive disorders , such as GERD , also known as acid reflux . Timeline of Gum in Modern Times Date Chewing Gum Innovation December 28 , 1869 William Finley Semple became the first person to patent a chewing gum , U.S. patent No . 98,304 1871 Thomas Adams patented a machine for the manufacture of gum 1880 John Colgan invented a way to make chewing gum taste better for a longer period of time while being chewed 1888 Adams ' chewing gum called Tutti - Frutti became the first chew to be sold in a vending machine . The machines were located in a New York City subway station . 1899 Dentyne gum was created by New York druggist Franklin V . Canning 1906 Frank Fleer invented the first bubble gum called Blibber - Blubber gum . However , the bubble blowing chew was never sold . 1914 Wrigley Doublemint brand was created . William Wrigley , Jr . and Henry Fleer were responsible for adding the popular mint and fruit extracts to a chicle chewing gum 1928 Walter Diemer , employee of Fleer ' s company , invented the successful pink colored Double Bubble bubble gum 1960s U.S. manufacturers switched to butadiene - based synthetic rubber as a base for gum , because it was cheaper to manufacture Continue Reading	[ "Bubble Gum", "ancient civilizations", "medicinal benefits" ]
http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventors/a/Barometer.htm	Humanities History & Culture The History of the Barometer Evangelista Torricelli invented the mercurial barometer Malcolm Piers / The Image Bank / Getty Images by Mary Bellis Updated January 28 , 2019 Barometer - Pronunciation : [ b u rom u t u r ] - a barometer is an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure . Two common types are the aneroid barometer and the mercurial barometer ( invented first ) . Evangelista Torricelli invented the first barometer , known as the " Torricelli ' s tube " . Biography - Evangelista Torricelli Evangelista Torricelli was born October 15 , 1608 , in Faenza , Italy and died October 22 , 1647 , in Florence , Italy . He was a physicist and mathematician . In 1641 , Evangelista Torricelli moved to Florence to assist the astronomer Galileo The Barometer It was Galileo that suggested Evangelista Torricelli use mercury in his vacuum experiments . Torricelli filled a four - foot long glass tube with mercury and inverted the tube into a dish . Some of the mercury did not escape from the tube and Torricelli observed the vacuum that was created . Evangelista Torricelli became the first scientist to create a sustained vacuum and to discover the principle of a barometer . Torricelli realized that the variation of the height of the mercury from day to day was caused by changes in the atmospheric pressure . Torricelli built the first mercury barometer around 1644 . Evangelista Torricelli - Other Research Evangelista Torricelli also wrote on the quadrature of the cycloid and conics , the rectifications of the logarithmic spiral , the theory of the barometer , the value of gravity found by observing the motion of two weights connected by a string passing over a fixed pulley , the theory of projectiles and the motion of fluids . Lucien Vidie - Aneroid Barometer In 1843 , the French scientist Lucien Vidie invented the aneroid barometer . An aneroid barometer " registers the change in the shape of an evacuated metal cell to measure variations in the atmospheric pressure . " Aneriod means fluidless , no liquids are used , the metal cell is usually made of phosphor bronze or beryllium copper . Related Instruments An altimeter is an aneroid barometer that measures altitude . Meteorologists use an altimeter that measures the altitude with respect to sea level pressure . A barograph is an aneroid barometer that gives a continuous reading of atmospheric pressures on graph paper . Continue Reading	[ "Barometer", "Evangelista Torricelli" ]

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