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SQuAD
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In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: "Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.
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SQuAD
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SQuAD
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d056e2f6f7bd4742866cf33f44638a99
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What was this decision called?
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SQuAD
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The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.
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1bad6b07918f46f1b623399b5bd1fb57
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What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans?
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7ead0c53fabd4b5f91e4916b6609b148
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What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest?
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ed16193d39e248bcabc5da2399b2e315
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What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived?
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ae59109a4de8438e8b3fcfae87abab42
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What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book?
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f148ee00beb54f70993dd917ef66644b
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What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years?
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d05b9b5972d54115ac9a0588eac161c3
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When did Bluey die?
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3030825cf3814763846fc183b94d13ae
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What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?
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What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?
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0c63721bf3ba48f79e6333cc2a721fb3
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In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?
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Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized.
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What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?
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Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.
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Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?
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Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.
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f3611e2b00fd46398e527e12b283e81c
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According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog?
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Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.
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7c7ac71edb4e499a894714280a40b3dd
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Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?
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Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.
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What is increased in female dogs with neutering?
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Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.
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What is increased in male dogs with neutering?
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In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.
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2f477786eb6d45239ca8f9284c155cdd
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What is the Latin term for "dog.?"
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In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.
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|
e84803d75a3b476d9daa925bad4100d6
|
What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?
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2c60404dadfa45239d6dcd7e12fd1cf6
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Who published Systema Naturae?
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|
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b79469c0fa784f7396230efccce16c0d
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What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?
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In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.
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|
251d836d88cd426a82d75e22fafe3be7
|
What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?
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a96fec9c58f444e38f21a2092cb80a51
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What is the Latin word for dog?
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[
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SQuAD
|
In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.
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|
0645ed73645842a6a93a3bf0be156980
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Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?
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[
"family dog"
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SQuAD
|
In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.
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|
2662038589bd4d8d85361860ad60fa3f
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What is the Latin name for a wolf?
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[
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SQuAD
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|
54bc9eaf054647ca97fce0725610a44b
|
Feral dogs have what Latin classification?
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|
[
"Canis dingo"
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SQuAD
|
In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.
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|
f13115fdd69f42c19c6df40b052c96bb
|
What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?
|
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|
[
"1982"
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SQuAD
|
Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are a source of meat.
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|
d791c7da34c841d5be12ddc0225b859b
|
What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general?
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[
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SQuAD
|
Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are a source of meat.
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|
90da9947d5804aff8ff96007433acbef
|
What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures?
|
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|
[
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SQuAD
|
Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are a source of meat.
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|
559e6635ea894773858f1b37d03e77e1
|
Dogs are a source of what in some cultures?
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|
[
"meat"
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SQuAD
|
Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs.
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|
4cde2e3c038a40b6b1c9bcbb2e5c1206
|
What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is?
|
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|
[
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SQuAD
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7d39401991dc4c40b9d2a82d897c187b
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What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?
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3cb933b4cb5141d988409efc1064c0b1
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What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?
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d9ab3fdfde874a0f87a7125372294b7a
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What type of reptiles eat dogs?
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Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs.
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6adf4ac7cac642a89ee2ae0d7f961c53
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What is a known predator of village dogs in India?
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In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. Hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines.
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495695b6492d41588a28f545894f6226
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What is the name of the god of death?
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2f5add95d2bf4266911fe8f27afde02d
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8504d6a752594c49a1af7b6a3582e4ce
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Who owns two dogs with four eyes each in Hindu mythology?
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929f01d915044185af4d436c7cabbc7a
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What do Yama's dogs watch over?
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f80e2b44b1d44311820e3978d89a543c
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What does Muthappan use for his hunting dog for?
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ade355edd95a4ce98cb1e3474e7b56ad
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Offerings left at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?
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Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. These include the "old world dogs" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), "Mastiff"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), "herding"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and "all others" (also called "modern"- or "hunting"-type).
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ee7c39f7d1554774ac2fec73d9593e2a
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The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?
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A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many types of dogs being determinably distinct?
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7a48f8058e764cc29e11e1e55a84fa89
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What, according to the text, are two examples of "old world" dogs?
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How many main types of dogs are there?
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bf9fb3fb772b4c41a87ad2d2e518d2f1
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What type of dogs are Shar Peis?
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What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?
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On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted "The American Idol Experience" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the Idol set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real Idol judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminated in a "finals" show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a "Dream Ticket" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future American Idol audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014.
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3e8614ac98f44b188f2c073f9bf079a3
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What company has a them park attraction known as The American Idol Experience?
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In what year did The Walt Disney Company open The American Idol Experience?
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de0f4e6eaad2482d850f258620d3effd
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e295c4fc8ab948199ad3bba4a3a313a3
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What company had a partnership with The Walt Disney Company for The American Idol Experience?
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When did the American Idol Experience open?
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8a5ec9e41a0742208b1f0d145a57522a
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Where did it open?
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505063aa564a4608a26d1fcc3ea8209e
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What did the winner win?
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4b5166c3cf08498e9133ac19d9d627dc
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When did the Experience close?
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[
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There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.
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|
a3f15da926254233aedccae0c3566821
|
Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?
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|
4b1f64961cc04c2ebdb38b03f1c7c512
|
The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?
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[
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|
cad26ae0e9a544f39732914e6022ce6f
|
How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?
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There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.
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|
4cbf4ae66bda49c6a60a668a587f50a3
|
When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?
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[
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There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.
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|
3d2270dc8bdd4394a1bc52920cd969d2
|
A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?
|
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|
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.
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|
3c1f3f5b60764ca4b2ceb2c284005514
|
Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs?
|
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[
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SQuAD
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A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.
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|
1283eb8235a4484a9288556d5a498311
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Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs?
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[
"xylitol"
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SQuAD
|
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.
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|
cdaea5c873964b1b87882c805002b377
|
What type of nut is poisonous to dogs?
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[
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SQuAD
|
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.
|
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|
52e2b7aedecc45c396ae93a1255cbfc8
|
What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs?
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[
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SQuAD
|
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.
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|
36a5d6c840b649b79087b2c54226f94d
|
Some human foods can be what to dogs?
|
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SQuAD
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74e66a8bf6f14c9382158126e732cf1c
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SQuAD
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049cb64ebb0648e6994dd5b8049e3c1f
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What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?
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SQuAD
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|
f6224c79c7a94de39535d535f0e5a06d
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Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?
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1e49ba3b7441426aadd9281f7da1dd5a
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Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?
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7c8987852e7f4afebf83ef4645d0b8f4
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Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?
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[
"man's best friend"
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SQuAD
|
The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.
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|
314956d6e41f4915ae184b7df43bc49d
|
Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?
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[
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SQuAD
|
The global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available – all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses.
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3707b824c4c54a8794a358cb2c25b24e
|
What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?
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SQuAD
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Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.
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|
fafe039e395f438e99394c6f3be60523
|
Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?
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[
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SQuAD
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Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.
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|
30692ca55c444bff8aa056309fb5d805
|
How many "fixed" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?
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SQuAD
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|
870dd1f4ada14bfa85d391ae3b67d5fc
|
The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?
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SQuAD
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5a342424016f4c0f97e8ae9e9464d0d7
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What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?
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Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.
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27aa9b40725c4fd08c53cff643fb7488
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What do most dogs show less of than wolves?
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4bd08429b62d453ebd07205b37a14196
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Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?
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|
2e0eea8354374e6d88b7c9e945138783
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Why were dogs initially selected?
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a5681eddc7d8436b888be1c9845afe37
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For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?
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Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.
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|
d63ad20a60d24fdb96a6e595909e0e4f
|
Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?
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[
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SQuAD
|
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136
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|
ef64e29a935242fba307c7a83934e8dc
|
What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?
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[
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|
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136
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|
ffaaaa3bfd504de880368f04e8b141ff
|
What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?
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|
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|
0357b6e4f57547c0a594e541d005d6fd
|
What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?
|
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[
"bite inhibition"
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SQuAD
|
Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.
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|
74a8934888544b1bb79c2d728d52fd1f
|
What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?
|
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|
82b7f240af02430ab7c8d9fc7cc19d14
|
Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?
|
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d596d11dfbed40a3805d9cd3ec207896
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What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?
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72f131511ae64796925db02cab1ff831
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The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?
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Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.
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edc43a92a25a4c7da17faf2d1c4dc7a9
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What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?
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7a223c4642464202997d32f3056633d0
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What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night?
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